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__label__cc	0.551344	0.448656	McConnell’s Legislative Graveyard Congressional Democrats are sending a message that is focused on Majority Leader Mitch McConnell. Here is House Speaker Nancy Pelosi’s version. Here is a video from Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer’s Facebook page. As you see in Schumer’s video, McConnell likes to call himself the “grim reaper,” which is a rather odd label for a politician to embrace during a year when he is running for reelection. But I suppose that if you want to cast yourself as the champion of “nostalgia voters” and embrace a revanchist agenda, killing off anything that helps the country adapt to the future might work. But one thing is worth noting about McConnell’s response to this latest messaging. When discussing it with Laura Ingraham, the majority leader embraced his role as the grim reaper killing off “socialism.” The examples he gave weren’t the ones noted by Pelosi and Schumer in the videos above, because they all have broad bipartisan support among voters. Instead, he named proposals that haven’t passed in the House: the Green New Deal, single-payer health care, and discussions about granting statehood to Washington, D.C. and Puerto Rico. That last one is especially odd because it has absolutely nothing to do with socialism. What McConnell obviously wants to avoid is the fact that he has blocked efforts to limit dark money in politics, net neutrality, background checks for all gun purchases, protections for Dreamers, paycheck fairness, and the Violence Against Women Act. We can now add that he is blocking attempts to protect our elections from foreign interference. Two years ago I wrote that Democrats should do to McConnell what Republicans have done to Pelosi. I was referring to the way that she became the poster child that every Republican ran against. [E]very Democratic candidate for Senate could make the case that a vote for their opponent is a vote for McConnell and against our values in a democracy. This is one time when I don’t mind taking a page out of the Republican playbook. Beating McConnell in 2020 and taking back the Senate are just as important as beating Donald Trump. Exposing voters to the way in which the majority leader has made the Senate a graveyard for legislation that has broad support among voters is a great way to start. David Lienemann, Wikicommons; SAUL LOEB/Getty Images Why Biden Might Not Need McConnell’s Permission by Peter M. Shane The president-elect has more tools for staffing the new administration than may be ...read more Paul Glastris Notes From the Insurrection by Paul Glastris Before the Capitol siege, I was at the protests and had the sense that anything could happen ...read more Electoral College Certification is Dividing the GOP. Good. by Bill Scher Democrats can't reject all Republicans as deplorables. They need to find the ones they can work with.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1367
__label__cc	0.541448	0.458552	Our team is here to help all our doctors during this challenging time. Contact us 02 8353 9000 / info@wave.com.au or visit our socials for updates. 1300 780 525 Login Register Medical Job Specialties Anaesthetist Jobs Obstetrician and Gynaecologist Jobs Paediatrician Jobs Psychiatrist Jobs Radiologist Jobs Surgery Jobs Healthcare Executive Jobs Locum Doctor Jobs Permanent Doctor Jobs Doctor Travel Updates Overseas Doctors Refer a Doctor Regulatory and Migration Services for Doctors COVID-19 education for Doctors Medical Recruitment Services Regulatory and Migration Services - Employers Healthcare Provider Partnerships 4 reasons why Doctors should consider the move to New Zealand Supporting mental health this Christmas 3 ways doctors can manage stress and burnout Medical Careers Locum Divergent Careers Clients Regulatory & Migration Charity Work Wavelength Other Digital Health and the future of healthcare Divergent Careers Regulatory & Migration 10 minutes read time Categories: Divergent Careers, Medical Careers, Wavelength Understanding the role Digital Health can play in healthcare At the beginning of the year, Wavelength International, Ccentric Group and Creative Careers in Medicine partnered up to carry out a first of its kind research about the ‘Changing face of clinical careers’. The aim of the research was to provide a glimpse into the future of healthcare, while also gauging the skills and interests of the current workforce. A growing interest in Digital health Globally and in Australia, healthcare is evolving, driven by an ageing population, technological developments, increasingly complex care models, consumer expectations, geographical challenges, and pressures of financial sustainability. Alongside this change, the role of healthcare professionals is also drastically changing. Nowadays, clinicians face the challenge of not only being experts in their own clinical fields but are now expected to demonstrate skills in areas such as healthcare policy, digital health, communication and health economics to name a few. As such, there is an increasing interest from doctors to get more out of their current career as well as exploring the non-clinical aspects of healthcare roles. Drivers and inspirations behind this trend include the need for variety and diversity, a desire for greater flexibility and work/life balance, however, there was also more sombre reasons such as burnout and frustration. “One of the findings that jumped out for me is the reasons people gave for investigating divergent careers. There are a bunch of positive indicators: ’I’d like some variety, I’m passionate about it, I’m already doing it’, but then there was also the negative side: ‘I’m burnt out, I’m dissatisfied.’ That was really telling. The reason doctors get into medicine can be different from the experience of what it means to work in the practice of medicine.” - Dr. Louise Schaper – CEO Australasian Institute of Digital health. According to our research of over 850 clinicians, 72% of doctors would consider a divergent career in medicine at some point in their career. Interestingly, one area of interest that really stood out amongst clinicians was digital health with 42% of doctors indicating an interest in some form of digital health. For the purposes of our research, digital health also includes categories such as “AI/machine learning”, “Health informatics”, “Data Analytics” and “Telemedicine”. Out of the cohort of doctors interested in digital health, only 15% of clinicians stated having expertise in this area, highlighting a big gap between interest and skills. Although there is a growing interest in digital health, there is a lot that needs to be done before this transformation can be realised. It is interesting that, despite developments in Digital Health, self-identified expertise was still low even among the more junior staff, an indication perhaps that curricula have not yet evolved to incorporate Digital Health and health technology. How can Universities and Medical schools reduce the skills gap in Digital Health The above statistic provides a clear illustration of the need to build clinicians capabilities and expertise in digital health, as well as redesigning training programs to incorporate these skills. “The large gap between digital health interest and expertise is not surprising - the healthcare sector is not resourced to support digital health.To equip medical students to become the leaders, innovators and forward thinkers of healthcare, it is essential to integrate digital health content in curriculum and not just add it as a separate topic. It is very competitive to do so but the demand from medical students is there and any University who successfully integrates digital health into their curriculum will have a considerable competitive advantage.” - Dr. Louise Schaper – CEO Australasian Institute of Digital health. The big question is, how can universities and hospital training programs adapt to support the development of clinicians in digital health? There is a need for universities to update curricula to encompass these new skills needed further down the line and consideration by hospitals needs to be given to upskill the current workforce, as well as developing new roles with a specific focus on digital health. However, there should be a focus on how to intertwine technology with the human skills needed to ensure they are effective and optimise the delivery of exceptional healthcare. Historically, these institutions had one purpose and that was to prepare doctors up until completion of their internship, with little interest as to what happens beyond this point. With this type of framework in place, newly qualified doctors are not prepared for what is expected of them when they begin to work. “There needs to be more understanding of the other areas of work that interest doctors outside of traditional medicine.” - Dr Grant Phelps, Director of Rural Workforce Agency Victoria & Associate Professor of Clinical Leadership, Deakin University. When these changes are made, only then can the healthcare sector evolve and cater for these new opportunities. “Digital health is going to be something that doctors are going to need to use regardless if they want to or not. Therefore, we need to be upskilled and trained in these areas.” - Dr Ashe Coxon, General Practitioner, Career Counsellor and Founder of Medical Career Planning What role does Digital Health play in the future of healthcare The possibilities that these new technologies are creating are almost infinite and there is no denying the benefits that digital health offers the healthcare sector. The concept of ‘value’ in healthcare is taking on new meaning, driven by patient expectation and ‘outcomes that matter’ rather than volume and cost. Digital Health has the potential to transform healthcare design, delivery and experience, use of real-time data and the potential to truly engage patients and consumers as advocates in their own healthcare. “A real-life example would be from when I was working on the Gold Coast. We delivered an integrated electronic medical record system.The pharmacists got together and saw a possibility to utilise real-time information. We could see what doctors were prescribing on the wards and quickly worked out that an algorithm could be developed to send a real-time alert to pharmacists working on the ward if there is a potential medication dispensing error about to happen, due to some combination of drugs that may have been incorrectly dispensed or diagnosed. Therefore, pharmacists on the ward were able to intervene in real-time and prevent a medication error from occurring.” - Damian Green, CEO of eHealth Queensland & Chief Information Officer Queensland Health Telemedicine also represents a sector-wide opportunity providing access to health care from virtually anywhere and playing a major role in reducing geographic maldistribution across Australia. Telehealth will also help address the high level of preference from clinicians for working remotely, as highlighted in our research. This became very clear in July 2020, when According to an AMA survey - physicians using telehealth has doubled since 2016, with nearly 30% of doctors adopting some form of digital health technology. The Australian Department of Health also reported that more than 4.3 million telehealth services had been delivered to more than 3 million patients through telehealth items introduced to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. This rapid increase in the use of telehealth not only shows how effective it can be, but it also plays a part in reducing the risk of transmission as millions of consultations now move online. As patients and doctors have become more familiar with the use of technology in 2020, we can expect this to stick around for the foreseeable future. More specific skills such as AI/machine learning will be of particular interest to certain disciplines, for example those working in surgery and diagnostic roles. The future of healthcare will be about using technology to provide predictive, proactive treatment that is ‘patient centred” with “consumer empowerment, convenience, and timeliness” being at the heart of everything. - Dr Simon Kos, Chief Executive Officer at Next Practice & Former CMO at Microsoft By implementing the right tools, technology and strategy, costs can be reduced, efficiency increased, and patient wellbeing improved. All the while building a system that is mutually beneficial to all stakeholders involved. What attributes are needed for clinicians to be successful in Digital Health? Pursuing a career in digital health or just even incorporating it into an existing role can be daunting since it is still a relatively new arena. However, as digital continues to transform the healthcare sector and new roles are created, we need to review what is considered desirable when hiring for divergent careers. So, what are some of the attributes of clinicians who have successfully transitioned into the digital space? A “common passion – not only in digital health but an underlying passion and ability to see past the way things are currently done and into how they could be done better. A passion for better patient and healthcare system outcomes – do things digitally, share data digitally with patients, hospitals, clinicians etc.” - Dr. Louise Schaper – CEO Australasian Institute of Digital health. There is no special formula that will guarantee you are successful. However, by staying “optimistic”, “resilient” and having the “ability to motivate yourself”, you won’t go to far wrong. - Damian Green, CEO of eHealth Queensland & Chief Information Officer Queensland Health It is also important to remember that doctors who work in digital health are mostly valued for their domain expertise in healthcare and only need a cursory familiarity with some of that technical expertise. They often provide guidance, review business processes and user acceptance criteria, or lead sales efforts or change management. “You necessarily have to do what I did and what others do, which is to understand yourself well enough to recognise the gap in your knowledge and then find a way to fill that gap.” – Dr Grant Phelps, Director of Rural Workforce Agency Victoria & Associate Professor of Clinical Leadership, Deakin University. Interested in exploring a divergent career in digital health? We have regular discussions with digital health leaders and healthcare innovators about what the future might hold and what roles clinicians will play. To learn more about digital health job opportunities or to identify training courses within the medical technology and innovation sector, please get in touch with Carole today. If you would like to learn more about our recent research, download your FREE copy here. Share this blog article What is it like to Locum during COVID-19? Join the Wave Blog list to receive the latest articles right in your inbox. This form requires Javascript enabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript and refresh this page. FAQs Privacy Policy Terms and Conditions My Account Compliance Our Partners Sitemap	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1369
__label__cc	0.567764	0.432236	Change a Default Virus Detection Action in Kaspersky Total Security Edited by Lukward Thomason, VisiHow, Eng Video: Change a Default Virus Detection Action in Kaspersky Total Security You're watching VisiHow. This is a tutorial on how to change the action on threat detection in Kaspersky Total Security. The first thing you need to do is open Kaspersky Total Security An icon for the program saved on the desktop in this video. When the program has been opened, click the gear icon in the bottom-left corner of the window Clicking the gear icon will allow you to access the "Settings" menu. When the "Settings" menu opens, click "Scan" on the left-hand side of the window On the right-hand side, there is a subheading called "Action on threat detection". To change the action on threat detection, click the "Action on threat detection" drop-down menu Click one of the existing options These options are: "Select action automatically", "Notify", "Disinfect", "Disinfect, if not possible - delete", and "Delete". Choose this setting according to your preference. This has been a VisiHow tutorial on how to change the action on threat detection in Kaspersky Total Security. If you're having trouble changing the action on threat detection in Kaspersky, then simply leave your questions, comments, or suggestions in the area below; and we'll do our best to get back to you. Thanks for choosing VisiHow! Have a great day! Categories : Software Recent edits by: VisiHow, Lukward Thomason Place Image Files in Adobe InDesign CS6 Use Shape Builder Tool in Adobe Illustrator CS6 Add Comments to HTML5 Code to Properly Document Functions and Intent Create an Instagram Account We'd like to introduce Frank, Started programming the Commodore VIC-20 at the age of 11 and over the next 15 years turned that into a Computer Science Degree with a minor in Math. Currently work as a database administrator for the government. Some of articles he has participated are: How To Control A Samsung TV With Your Smartphone; How To Turn An iPhone or iPad Into A Universal Remote Control; How To Stream Movies And TV Shows To Your TV With An Android; How To Turn An Android Into A Universal Remote Control	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1370
__label__cc	0.744349	0.255651	Get the facts before you vote. August 27, 2019 — Special Election Invest in unbiased information With your support, we can reach and inform more voters. Donate now to spread the word. ☰ Hide Menu Election Home Open drop down menu Voting Info Voting Info —August 27, 2019 —Special Election You can navigate the sections of the Voting information section by following the links. For most screenreaders, you can hit Return or Enter to enter a tab and read the content within. My Voting Location My polling location and hours Open from 7 a.m. - 8 p.m. on Election Day, August 27, 2019. No polling location information is available on a county search. Check your polling location with your county elections office. Check for Early Voting locations caearlyvoting.sos.ca.gov Try searching for your street address. Check my polling place There is no polling location look up available from your county elections office. Voting is Easy: Sign Up, Get Ready, Vote! Fill out a voter registration form to vote in the November 3, 2020 General Election by Monday, October 19, 2020. NEW: Even if you missed the deadline, you can still register and vote at any voting location up to and through Election Day. Check here to see how! 1. Sign Up! You are eligible to vote if you are a U.S. citizen, 18 years or older, no longer in prison or on parole for a felony conviction, and have not been found by a court to be mentally incompetent. You must register to get on the official list of voters in your county. The deadline to register is Monday, October 19, 2020. Fill out the form online at registertovote.ca.gov. You can also pick up a voter registration form at your library or post office or call 1-800-345-8683 to have a registration form mailed. It is important to fill out the form completely. You will be asked to include your driver’s license number or other identification. Missed the deadline? You can still register and vote in this election at any voting location up to and through Election Day. If you go to your assigned location, then your ballot will be sure to include all the contests on which you’re allowed to vote. Check here to see how! Once you are on the list, you only need to re-register if you change your address, change your name, want to change your political party, need to update your signature, or are no longer on parole for a felony conviction. For more information, check Can I Register To Vote? 2. Get Ready! Before you vote, it helps to learn about what you will be voting on. All registered voters receive two things in the mail: A county Voter Information Guide that lists everything that will be on your ballot along with where you vote. An Official Voter Information Guide about statewide candidates and measures. You can use this Voter's Edge California site for more information about everything on your ballot plus a handy way to find your polling place. 3. Vote! This year, if you are already registered to vote, you will receive a ballot in the mail. You choose whether to vote in person at your voting location, or return the ballot you received either by mail or by dropping it off. By Mail. If you wish to use the mailed ballot instead of voting in person, fill it out and mail it back early so that it is postmarked no later than Election Day. Or Dropoff. You may drop off your ballot at any voting location in your county. Your county may also open secure ballot drop box locations starting about a month before Election Day. Or In Person. For voting in person on Tuesday, November 3, the polls are open from 7 a.m. to 8 p.m. Early Voting. You may also be able to vote in person before Election Day. Check caearlyvoting.sos.ca.gov. Watch How to Return Your Completed Vote-by-Mail Ballot. Check Ways to Vote for more information. Visit the Easy Voter Guide for more voting information and to download a copy in English, Spanish, Chinese, Vietnamese, or Korean. Can I register to vote? To register to vote in California, you must be: A United States citizen living in California 18 years of age or older on Election Day No longer in prison or on parole for a felony conviction Not found by a court to be mentally incompetent For more information on the rights of people who have been incarcerated, check Rights of people with criminal convictions or visit Voting Rights for Californians with Criminal Convictions or Detained. Online at registertovote.ca.gov If you have a California driver license or identification card number, you can authorize use of that signature for the registration form. Fill out the online application and simply hit “submit” at the end. If there is no signature on file with the Department of Motor Vehicles, you will need to: Enter your date of birth and last four digits of your social security number. Click “print.” Sign the paper application. Mail it to the address provided. No printer? Go ahead and click “I don’t have the ability to print” and your county elections official will mail you a form to sign and return. By calling 800.345.VOTE (800.345.8683) and asking to have a voter registration form sent to your home. By picking up an official registration postcard form from your county elections office, any DMV office, or a public library, post office, public assistance office, or any government office that serves the disabled. When should I register to vote? Fill out a voter registration form no later than Monday, October 19, 2020 for the Tuesday, November 3, 2020 General Election. It is important that your voter registration application be filled out completely and: Submitted online no later than Monday, October 19, 2020; or Postmarked or hand-delivered to your county elections office no later than Monday, October 19, 2020. Even if you missed the voter registration deadline, it isn't too late to vote. With Same-Day Voter Registration, you can register up to and on Election Day. Missed the voter registration deadline? You can still register and vote! Even if you missed the voter registration deadline, it isn't too late to vote. Same-day register and vote in person. To register up to and on Election Day, go to any voting location and complete three simple steps: 1. Register to vote. 2. Vote. 3. Seal your ballot in the provided envelope, and sign it. You can do this at any voting location in your county, but if you go to your assigned location, then your ballot will be sure to include all the contests on which you’re allowed to vote. Check your polling location. This is called Conditional Voter Registration (CVR) or Same-Day Registration. Your vote will be counted after elections officials verify your voter registration and confirm that you have not already voted in this election. Check here to find locations where you can register and vote at the same time - starting early and going all the way up through Election Day! Same-day register and vote from home. If you need to register after the deadline and want to vote from home, contact your County Elections Office to find out how to register and get a vote by mail ballot through Election Day. What happens after I submit my registration form? If time permits, your county elections official will contact you when your voter registration application is approved, or if more information is needed to confirm your eligibility. You can check with your county elections office to make sure you’re registered. Check the status of your voter registration. What if I need language assistance? The California Secretary of State's online voter registration application is available in: ខ្មែរ Khmer ภาษาไทย Thai What if sharing my address could put me in a life-threatening situation? If sharing your address could put you in a life-threatening situation then you may qualify for the Safe At Home confidential address program. Victims of domestic violence, stalking and sexual assault are able to use a free P.O. box instead of their home address to help them maintain their privacy when receiving first-class mail and registering to vote. Safe at Home registrants can receive their voter information and sample ballots at this P.O. box. While in the program, participants are required to vote by mail. Please do not apply to register to vote using the Secretary of State’s online registration site. Contact the Safe At Home program toll-free at (877) 322-5227 or by using the Safe At Home email. Once I am registered to vote do I ever have to register again? You must re-register if you: Move to a different address. Change your name. Wish to change political parties or to register with no party preference. Were removed from the registration rolls while in prison or on parole for the conviction of a felony. What is a permanent vote-by-mail voter? When you register you can choose to have vote-by-mail ballots (“absentee” ballots) automatically sent to you for every election. If you are already registered, you may also contact your county elections office to change your status to be a permanent vote-by-mail voter. For more information, check How do I vote by mail? Do I have to register as a member of a political party? You have a choice. You may choose among qualified political parties or choose “other,” OR If you do not want to register as a member of a political party you can mark the box next to “No, I do not want to disclose a political party preference” on the voter registration form. Your choice to register with no party preference may affect your ability to vote in a March Primary Election for U.S. President and County Central Committees, but you will still be able to vote for other offices and measures on the ballot. You may register with no party preference and still vote for any candidate on the ballot in the November General Election. For more information, check How California Primary Elections Work: The Top-Two System. How do I register if I am military, overseas, or I live abroad? Register to vote either using California’s online voter registration or by filling out the Federal Post Card Application (FPCA) if you are a U.S. citizen who is: a member of the Uniformed Services (on active duty) or an eligible dependent a member of the Merchant Marine or an eligible dependent a commissioned corps of the Public Health Service a commissioned corps of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration residing outside the United States For more information on using or obtaining an FPCA, visit the California Secretary of State or this federal site. Be sure to fill out and submit the online voter registration or FPCA as early as 60 to 90 days before an election. This will allow time for voter information and ballots to be sent to you and for you to return your ballot. The absolute deadline for your registration form to be submitted online, postmarked, or delivered in person to the county elections office is 15 days before an election. When you register to vote you will have the option to choose to have your ballot sent to you by mail, fax, or email. You will receive a permanent vote by mail status, but each time you move you must fill out either a new online California voter registration form or FPCA. For information on voting, check How do I vote if I am military, overseas, or I live abroad? How do I register if I am a college student? As a Californian living away from home while attending a college, trade school or technical school, you may choose to register to vote using either the home away from home address you use while at school, or your traditional home address. Choosing which address to use when you register to vote is a personal decision. Whatever you decide, you may not register to vote in two places during the same election cycle. Can I register if I am homeless? Yes, you can register if you are homeless if: You have a fixed location where you can be assigned to a voting precinct. You must describe your location using cross streets, landmarks, or other information to explain where you live. AND you have a place where you can receive mail, such as a post office box or homeless shelter. Big Changes - Every Registered Voter in California Will Be Mailed a Ballot This year you have more options to vote safely and easily. The biggest change is that every registered voter in California will receive a ballot in the mail a month before the election. There are 3 ways to vote. You can choose to mail back your ballot, drop it off, or you can vote in person. Your in-person voting location may be different than the one you usually visit. It will be set up for safe voting, following health and safety guidelines for COVID-19. Get ready for your mailed ballot Register to vote by October 19 at registertovote.ca.gov. Check your registration to make sure it’s up to date. If your signature has changed over time, then re-register to update your signature at voterstatus.sos.ca.gov. If you want to get voting materials in a language other than English, make that choice at voterstatus.sos.ca.gov. Missed the voter registration deadline? You can still register and vote at any voting location, all the way up to and including Election Day. For more information on same-day voter registration, check Missed the voter registration deadline? You can still register and vote! Mail your ballot back early! You can fill it in and mail it back as soon as you receive it. No stamp? No problem. You do not need a stamp to mail back your ballot in the envelope provided. Mark your ballot and seal it inside the envelope provided. Follow the directions on the ballot to mark your choices. Check that you are using the return envelope with your name on it. Put your ballot into the envelope & seal. Only 1 ballot in each envelope. Sign and date the envelope Date and sign your name on the back of the envelope using ink. Check your signature to make sure it looks like the one on file. If you registered to vote at the DMV or online, the signature will be the one on your Driver’s License or State ID. Uncertain? Re-register with your updated signature. You can assign anyone to drop off your ballot at a voting location on Election Day. Fill in the information on the return envelope. Return your ballot early. If you mail your ballot back, don’t delay. Your completed vote-by-mail ballot must be postmarked by the United States Postal Service on or before Election Day, Tuesday, November 3, 2020. Once mailed and postmarked, the ballot must be received by the elections office no later than Friday, November 20, 2020. NEW - Track your Ballot! Sign up at wheresmyballot.sos.ca.gov or call 800-345-VOTE (8683) to find out where your ballot is in the process and when it has been accepted. Drop Off Your Ballot Follow the instructions in Vote by Mail to fill out your ballot and envelope. If you decide to hand in your ballot instead of mailing it, you must drop it off no later than 8PM on Election Day, November 3. Drop off your ballot at any voting location in your county. Some counties will also offer secure Ballot Dropboxes. For details and locations check caearlyvoting.sos.ca.gov. Watch How to Return Your Completed Vote-by-Mail Ballot Vote Early In Person You may be able to vote in person either at your County Elections Office or at another early voting location before Election Day. Some early voting locations are also open through Election Day. In-Person Voting Tip If you choose to vote in person, it may help to bring the ballot that was mailed to you. If you don’t bring your mailed ballot, some counties will require you to vote using a provisional ballot that will be counted once elections officials check that you are eligible to vote. If you live in one of the following “Voter’s Choice” counties, you can get a regular ballot at any Vote Center, even if you didn’t bring the ballot that was mailed to you: Amador, Butte, Calaveras, El Dorado, Fresno, Madera, Mariposa, Los Angeles, Napa, Nevada, Orange, Sacramento, San Mateo, Santa Clara, and Tuolumne. For more information check the California Secretary State. Check here for a list of early voting and ballot drop-off locations in your county. Vote In Person on Election Day Your voting location may be different this year. Counties are working to provide the best options for safe, socially distanced, in-person voting. Please wear a mask when you vote in person! At in-person Voting Locations you can: Vote in person Drop off your completed ballot Vote with an accessible voting machine Get help and voting materials in multiple languages. How do I vote at the polling place or vote center in person? Polling places are open from 7 AM to 8 PM on Election Day, Tuesday, November 3, 2020. Early voting, starting before Election Day, will be available in some locations. Find Early Voting and Ballot Dropbox locations at caearlyvoting.sos.ca.gov. In Person Voting Tip How do I find my polling place? If you provided your voting address, then your polling location is printed here in the My Voting Location section of this site. You can find your polling place location on the back of the Voter Information Guide mailed to you by your county; or, You can contact your County Elections Office to find your polling place. You can text "Vote" to GOVOTE (468683); or You can call (800) 345-VOTE (8683) and choose option 5. What are the basic steps for voting in person? Go to the registration table. Say your name and address and sign the list of voters. A poll worker will give you a ballot. For paper ballots Mark (fill out) your ballot by following the instructions. Tear off the stub at the top of the ballot. You may use this stub later to check that your ballot was counted. To preserve the secrecy of your vote you will place your ballot in an envelope or folder, or fold it if instructed by your county. Cast your ballot by following the procedures required by your county. Put your ballot into either a ballot box or a scanner if your polling location uses a scanner. For touchscreen voting machines Not all California counties use the same type of touchscreen voting machines. The poll worker will give you either a unique passcode or a computer memory card to gain access to the type of touchscreen in your county. Follow the instructions on the machine. If you have questions, ask a poll worker. Voting Basics Where's My Ballot? Every registered voter in California will receive a ballot in the mail a month before the election. NEW: You can track your ballot by signing up at Where’s My Ballot or by calling 800-345-VOTE (8683). This service will alert you when your ballot is mailed to you, when it is received by your county elections office, and when it is officially counted. You can choose to get emails, text messages, or automated voice messages anytime there is an update to the status of your ballot. Signatures for Mail Ballots - Double Check and Update! People’s signatures change over time and for other reasons. When you use a mailed ballot you’ll need to sign the back of the envelope. Check here for how to vote by mail. Check your signature to make sure it looks like the one the elections office has on file. Other Signature Reminders If you ask someone else such as a family member or friend to return your ballot for you, they also need to sign and date the ballot, and list their relationship to you. What happens if I use the wrong signature? If you didn’t sign your ballot envelope or used the wrong signature, you will have a chance to correct it. Your county elections office will let you know there was an issue after the election. You will have until December 1, 2020 to correct any issue with your signature. If you used the wrong signature, you will need to submit a signature verification statement by mail, email, fax, or in person. If you didn’t sign your ballot envelope, you will need to sign the envelope at your county elections office or submit a statement by mail, email, fax, or in person. What if I cannot sign my name? If you have a disability and cannot sign your name, you can still vote. Just make a mark and have a witness write their name. The witness must be at least 18 years old. Learn more about signing your name with a disability at Disability Rights California. Do I have to show identification to vote? To register to vote, you will need to provide your California driver’s license or ID card number or the last four digits of your Social Security number. Most of the time, on Election Day you are not required to show identification at the polling place unless: You are voting for the first time in a Federal election and you registered by mail. You did not provide either your driver's license number, state ID number, or the last four digits of your social security number on the registration card when registering by mail. Acceptable forms of ID include a California driver’s license, California identification card, passport, or a student ID card showing your name and photograph. Visit the California Secretary of State for more information on acceptable identification. What if I am not on the list of voters at my polling place? If your name is not on the list of registered voters at your polling place you have the right to cast a provisional ballot. For more information check What is a provisional ballot? What is a provisional ballot? A provisional ballot is a regular ballot that is put inside of a provisional envelope. Who must vote a provisional ballot? Voters who: Do not appear on the list of voters at the polling place. Moved into a new precinct and did not update their registration. Registered by mail, but did not provide a CA drivers license number, CA ID number or the last 4 digits of their Social Security Number when they registered. Return vote-by-mail ballots to the polls without an envelope. Vote by mail, but decide that they would prefer to vote in person and do not bring their vote-by-mail ballot to turn in at the polling place. Register too late for their names to be printed on the list of voters. For a more extensive list of people who must vote with a provisional ballot, check the California Secretary of State. Are all provisional ballots counted? If voters are eligible to vote and vote provisionally, their ballots will be counted. What if I go to the wrong polling place and have to vote a provisional ballot, will my ballot still be counted? Firstly, you must always vote in the county where you are registered to vote. If you're in the right county but the wrong polling place, then all of the candidates and measures that are on the ballot you were supposed to vote on, if you had gone to the correct location, will be counted. But any contests and measures that are not also on the ballot at your correct polling place will not be counted. How are provisional ballots handled? Fill out your name and current address on the provisional envelope and sign it. After the polls close, the ballot is returned to the election office, where the information on the envelope is verified against the voter registration records. If the information that the voter has written on the envelope matches, then the ballot is removed from the envelope and counted. Can I check the status of my provisional ballot? You may contact your county elections office to learn whether your provisional ballot was counted and if it was not counted, the reason why. How do I correct a voting mistake? I damaged, lost, or marked my ballot incorrectly. What do I do to fix this? You can get a new ballot as long as you have not already cast (voted) your ballot. If you vote at a polling place ask a poll worker for a new ballot. If you have your vote-by-mail ballot, you can turn it in and request a new ballot either at your county elections office or polling place. If you do not have your original vote-by-mail ballot you can vote using a provisional ballot. The process to correct a voting mistake is a little different if you live in a Voter’s Choice county (Amador, Butte, Calaveras, El Dorado, Fresno, Los Angeles, Madera, Mariposa, Napa, Nevada, Orange, Sacramento, San Mateo, Santa Clara, and Tuolumne). As long as you haven’t already voted, you can get a regular ballot at a Vote Center without turning in your vote-by-mail ballot. Where do I vote if I am registered but moved within California? If you moved on or before the registration deadline, which is 15 days prior to the election, then you should re-register at your new address. Check How do I register to vote? NEW Now all Californians can Same-Day Register (or re-register) and vote with a provisional ballot at every voting location in your county. Read more about what you can do if you missed the deadline to register to vote. I moved within the same county: If you moved within 14 days before the election you can vote at the polling place for your old address, but only for that election. You may vote a provisional ballot at your new polling place or at the county elections office. You will need to show identification that indicates your new residence and fill out a written confirmation that you’re eligible to vote and registered in the county where you’re voting. If you moved to an address that is assigned to the same polling location as your old address, then no matter when you moved you may vote at that location. However, you must confirm your change of address at the polling place. I moved to a new county: If you moved on or before the registration deadline, which is 15 days prior to the election, then you must re-register at your new address in order to vote at the upcoming election. Check How do I register to vote? How do I vote if I am military, overseas, or live abroad? For information on registering check How do I register if I am military, overseas, or live abroad? Receive and complete your ballot: When you registered to vote using California’s online voter registration or a Federal Post Card Application (FPCA) you had the option to receive your ballot by mail, fax or email. In some counties you may be allowed to download a ballot. Check the county list to see if downloading is possible. You should receive your ballot between 45 and 30 days before Election Day. If you do not receive one, contact your county. If you do not receive a ballot 30 days before Election Day you may be able to request Federal Write-In Ballot that allows you to vote in federal, but not California, elections. Check with your county elections office about this. Follow the directions received with your ballot to fill it out. Review the ballot to make sure you voted for every contest you intended. Return your ballot: Fill out and sign as directed on the back of the return envelope. Mail it using US Post Office if you are in the U.S. If outside the U.S. use APO/FPO or diplomatic pouch mail. OR use foreign postal system and make sure you use the correct postage. Consult your post office to find out when the ballot should be mailed to make sure it is postmarked no later than Election Day and arrives in your county no later than three days after Election Day. In other words, mail your ballot back before Election Day. By fax if you are living outside the territorial US: Fax the ballot plus the completed return envelope. Fax an Oath of Voter form that your county provides. The oath waives your right to confidential voting because you are faxing your ballot. Your faxed ballot and materials must be received by county elections office by 8 p.m. Pacific time on Election Day. While you may request your ballot by email or download it, you may not return your completed ballot by email. Visit the California Secretary of State for more information. Why am I in a mail-only precinct? Under California law, if you live in a precinct with 250 or fewer registered voters, then you may receive vote-by-mail ballots and not have the option to vote in person at the polls on Election Day. Check How do I vote by mail? for directions. How do I vote if I have disabilities? Disability Rights California (DRC) will operate a toll-free hotline on Election Day for voters with disabilities. The service is designed to help those who have difficulty accessing polling places, casting ballots or simply have questions about voting. The toll-free number for voice calls is 888-569-7955. The statewide number for video calls is 800-719-5798. Watch the Center for Independence's video on Why You Should Vote. The state Official Voter Information Guide that is mailed to each registered voter is available in a downloadable MP3 audio version, audio cassettes, in American Sign Language, and in large print. You may call (800) 345-8683 to request these versions. The California Secretary of State also maintains a Voter Hotline for voters who are deaf, hard of hearing, or speech-impaired at: (800) 833-8683 - TTY/TDD Accessible voting places Before each election, registered voters are notified as to whether or not their polling places are accessible. This notification appears on the Voter Information Guide mailed by your county. Signing in at the polling place You can vote even if you can't sign your name! Accessible voting machines Each polling place must have one voting machine that allows voters, including those who are blind or visually impaired, to cast a ballot without assistance. The voting machine permits voters to privately and independently verify vote choices and, if there is an error, allows them to correct those choices before submitting their final ballot. Voting Assistance You may choose up to two people to help in the polling place. However, the person who provides assistance may not be: Your employer or someone who works for your employer; or Your labor union leader or someone who works for your labor union. Curbside voting Poll workers must provide curbside voting for voters with disabilities who need this assistance. Parking for curbside voting will be provided as close as possible to the voting area. A poll worker will bring the list to sign, the ballot, and other required materials to the voter’s car. The poll worker will take everything back into the polling place and put the ballot in the ballot box or scanner. For more information check Rights of voters with disabilities. Remote accessible vote-by-mail Remote accessible vote-by-mail (RAVBM) systems provide an accessible option for voters with disabilities to receive their ballots at home and mark them independently and privately before sending them back to elections officials. Contact your County Elections Office for more information. Disability Rights California has a great video with information on remote accessible vote-by-mail, a new way for people with disabilities to vote from home. You can read more about remote accessible vote-by-mail on the Disability Rights California website. How do I vote if I speak a language other than English? The Secretary of State's office provides voting-related materials and assistance in nine languages other than English. For answers to your questions about voting and elections, or to request mail delivery of a voter registration form, vote-by-mail application, or the Official Voter Information Guide in any of these languages, please call one of the toll-free Voter Hotlines shown below. (800) 232-VOTA (8682) - Español / Spanish (800) 339-2857 - 中文 / Chinese (888) 345-2692 - हिन्दी / Hindi (800) 339-2865 - 日本語 / Japanese (888) 345-4917 - ខ្មែរ / Khmer (866) 575-1558 - 한국어 / Korean (800) 339-2957 - Tagalog (855) 345-3933 - ภาษาไทย / Thai (800) 339-8163 - Việt ngữ / Vietnamese (408) 320-7454 - Punjabi (provided by Jakara Movement) For more information on in-language voting resources visit the California Secretary of State and read this handy Language Assistance Fact Sheet. This and other documents are available in several languages on the Asian Americans Advancing Justice website. To find out what languages are available in your county, contact your county elections office. The information is often listed on the county's web site and may also appear on the county voter guide you receive in the mail. For more information check Rights of voters to language assistance. Are emergency ballots available if I can’t get to the polls on Election Day? If it is six or fewer days before Election Day, you may be able to get an emergency vote-by-mail ballot. Situations where emergency ballots are available: You can make a written request for this ballot if you: Are hospitalized, in a nursing home, sanatorium, or in your residence and you are too sick to get to the polling place. Have a physical handicap that causes you to be unable to get to your polling place. Have a physical handicap that makes you unable to vote at your polling place due to architectural barriers denying you physical access to the polling place, voting booth, or voting apparatus or machinery. Are unable to go to your polling place because of conditions resulting in your absence from the precinct on Election Day. How do I make the emergency request? Make a written request. Your county elections office might have a pre-printed form for you to use. If you don’t have a form, then make sure that the request authorizes a particular person to bring you the ballot and is signed under the penalty of perjury. You can use this Los Angeles County Emergency Vote-by-Mail Application sample request as a guide to help you write a request to your county. Mark the ballot as directed. For detailed instructions check How do I vote by mail? Return the ballot and envelope personally, or through your authorized representative, to either the county elections office or any polling place in your county. Or, if you are able, you can go to your county elections office during open hours and vote early in person. For more information and sample requests, visit Disability Rights California. What is ranked choice voting? Ranked choice voting allows voters to election a 1st, 2nd, and 3rd choice candidate for a single office. This makes it possible to elect local officials by majority vote without the need for a second run-off election. How ranked-choice voting works: To start, every first-choice selection is counted. Any candidate who receives a majority (more than 50%) of the first-choice selections is declared the winner. If no candidate receives more than 50% of the first-choice selections, the candidate who received the fewest number of first-choice selections is eliminated. Voters who selected the eliminated candidate as their first choice will have their vote transferred to their second choice. The votes are then recounted. If any remaining candidate receives more than 50% of the votes, they are declared the winner. If no remaining candidate receives more than 50% of the votes, the process of eliminating candidates and transferring votes to the next ranked candidate is repeated until one candidate has a winning majority. For more information on ranked-choice voting, check out FairVote California’s video in English or Spanish and their info cards in English, Spanish, and Chinese. You can also read or listen to the Ranked Choice FAQs from the Alameda County Registrar’s office. Voting in the November General Election Check out this easy-to-use chart explaining How to Vote in a California General Election from the Center for Civic Design and the League of Women Voters of Voters of California Education Fund. How do I write in a candidate? Each race has a blank spot with a line drawn on it for a write-in candidate. Mark the spot beside the line as if you were voting for a candidate whose name is printed on the ballot. Write the name of the candidate you wish to vote for on the line. Each county publishes a list of qualified write-in candidates. The list will be available at your polling place and the county elections office. If you write in the name of a qualified write-in candidate, your vote will be counted. A vote for someone who is not on the qualified candidate list will not be counted. What is a special election? A special election happens when an elected official has left the office before the end of the term. This usually happens when the official dies or has resigned from the office. What is a recall election? A recall election decides whether or not an elected official will be removed from the elected job, and who will replace that official. For more information visit Recall Elections. What is an initiative? An initiative is a law proposed by a group of citizens by means of a petition containing the signatures of the required number of voters. Initiatives can propose a new law (statutory initiative) or amend the state constitution. For more information visit Fast Facts on State Ballot Measures. What is a referendum? A referendum is a vote on whether a law passed by the legislature and signed by the governor should be enacted. There are some important dates and deadlines for California voters to know. To see if you have upcoming local elections in your area, check the Secretary of State's list of upcoming elections. When is the voter registration deadline? In order to vote in the November 3 General Election, you must register to vote no later than Monday, October 19, 2020. Submitted online no later than Monday, October 19; OR postmarked or hand-delivered to your county elections office no later than Monday, October 19. You can also check the status of your voter registration to make sure you’re registered. For detailed information check Register to Vote. When is the vote-by-mail application deadline? This year every registered voter is getting a ballot mailed without any need to send in an application. However, if you register to vote after the October 19 deadline and would like to vote by mail, it is best to try to register no later than Tuesday, October 27, 2020 to allow your elections office to mail you a ballot in time. For detailed information, check How do I vote by mail? When do I vote? Both vote-by-mail and early-in-person voting start Monday, October 5, 2020 and go through Election Day, Tuesday, November 3, 2020. From Monday, October 5 through Election Day, Tuesday, November 3. Your completed vote-by-mail ballot must be postmarked on or before Election Day, Tuesday, November 3. Once mailed and postmarked, the ballot must be received by the elections office Friday, November 20. Early-in-person You can always vote early at your County Elections Office starting on Monday, October 5. Some counties will have more voting locations open before Election Day. Check caearlyvoting.sos.ca.gov for locations and hours. On Election day Tuesday, November 3, from 7 a.m. to 8 p.m. For more detailed information check Ways to Vote. Local Election Dates & Deadlines Your county may have an election at various times over the course of a year. Check for election dates, voter registration, and vote-by-mail deadlines in your area. My Rights as a Voter California's Voter Bill of Rights 1. The right to vote if you are a registered voter. You are eligible to vote if you are: a U.S. citizen living in California registered where you currently live not in prison or on parole for a felony 2. The right to vote if you are a registered voter even if your name is not on the list. You will vote using a provisional ballot. Your vote will be counted if elections officials determine that you are eligible to vote. 3. The right to vote if you are still in line when the polls close. 4. The right to cast a secret ballot without anyone bothering you or telling you how to vote. 5. The right to get a new ballot if you have made a mistake, if you have not already cast your ballot. You can: Ask an elections official at a polling place for a new ballot; or Exchange your vote-by-mail ballot for a new one at an elections office, or at your polling place; or Vote using a provisional ballot, if you do not have your orginal vote-by-mail ballot. 6. The right to get help casting your ballot from anyone you choose, except from your employer or union representative. 7. The right to drop off your completed vote-by-mail ballot at any polling place in the county where you are registered to vote. 8. The right to get election materials in a language other than English if enough people in your voting precinct speak that language. 9. The right to ask questions to elections officials about election procedures and watch the election process. If the person you ask cannot answer your questions, they must send youto the right person for an answer. If you are disruptive, they can stop answering you. 10. The right to report any illigal or fraudulent election activity to an elections official or the Secretary of State's office. On the web at the Secretary of State's website By phone at (800) 345-VOTE (8683) By email at elections@sos.cac.gov If you believe you have been denied any of these rights, call the Secretary of State's confidential toll-free voter hotline at (800) 345-VOTE (8683). Download your California Voter Bill of Rights from the Secretary of State in any of the following languages: Check out the Voter Bill of Rights video! Reporting problems: Help is just a phone call away Your County Elections Office Contact your County Elections Office to get any voting problem resolved quickly. The California Secretary of State If you believe you have been denied any of your voting rights, or you are aware of any election fraud or misconduct, you can call the Secretary of State's confidential toll-free Voter Hotline at (800) 345-VOTE (8683). If you encounter any issues in casting your ballot, or feel like your rights were violated, visit the Election Protection website or call one of the hotlines below to get help resolving your dispute and reporting your claim. English: 866-OUR-VOTE (866-687-8683) Español/Spanish: 888-VE-Y-VOTA (888-839-8682) For more voting information in English and Spanish, visit ¡Ve y Vota! 中文/Chinese, Tiếng Việt/Vietnamese, 한국어/Korean, বাংলা/Bengali, اُردُو/Urdu, हिंदी/Hindi, and Filipino/Tagalog: 888-API-VOTE (888-274-8683) Arabic: 844-YALLA-US (844-925-52872) Punjabi: (408)-320-7454 Download Know Your Voting Rights in: አማርኛ/Amharic 中文/Chinese (Simplified) 中文/Chinese (Traditional) فارسی/Farsi hmoob/Hmong 日本語/Japanese ខ្មែរ/Khmer 한국어/Korean ລາວ/Lao ਪੰਜਾਬੀ/Punjabi Filipino/Tagalog Tiếng Việt/Vietnamese Check here for more information about Election Protection. Disability Rights California Voice: 1-888-569-7955 California Relay Service: Dial 711 Disability Rights California will explain your rights, work to resolve a problem, and help file a complaint If you have a disability and: You cannot get into your polling place The accessible voting machine is not working Other people can see how you are voting You are told you cannot vote because you have a disability You have a question about you right to vote For more information for voters with disabilities, check Disability Rights California Rights of voters with disabilities What are my rights to access and vote at polling places? State and federal laws require polling places to be physically accessible to voters with disabilities. Access to the polling place County elections officials inspect each site and often make temporary modifications to homes, libraries, churches, businesses, schools, or other facilities for Election Day. Poll workers are trained on election laws and the rights of voters with disabilities, including the need to make reasonable modifications of policies and procedures to ensure equal access. Before each election, every registered voter is notified whether their polling place is accessible. This notification appears on the Voter Information Guide mailed to each voter by their county. The California Secretary of State has approved several voting systems for use that allow voters with disabilities to cast their votes privately and independently. The voting machine permits voters to verify their choices and, if there is an error, allows them to correct those choices before submitting their final ballot. Poll workers must provide curbside voting for voters with disabilities who need this assistance. Remote accessible vote-by-mail (RAVBM) systems provide an accessible option for voters with disabilities to receive their ballots at home and mark them independently and privately before sending them back to elections officials. Contact your County Elections Office for more information. You can also read more about remote accessible vote-by-mail on the Disability Rights California website. For more information check How do I vote if I have disabilities? or visit Disability Rights California. To learn more about the rights of voters with mental disabilities, read this guide prepared by the Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law. Rights of voters to language assistance What rights do I have for language assistance? Local elections officials are required to provide services and official election materials to bilingual voters in precincts where there are a certain number of people who speak the language. In some localities, voter information pamphlets and sample ballots are translated into Chinese, Spanish, Tagalog and Vietnamese, among other languages. In some polling places, bilingual poll workers are available to assist voters in their own language. Know your rights in 16 languages. Get information about your rights in sixteen languages from Asian Americans Advancing Justice, California. The materials will help first-time voters, immigrant voters, and limited-English proficient voters exercise their right to vote on Election Day. They have instructions on how to register to vote, how to vote, how to access language assistance in the voting process, and how to handle problems encountered during Election Day, among other subjects. Cambodian/Khmer For more information visit the California Secretary of State. Rights of people with criminal convictions What are my voting rights if I have a misdemeanor? A misdemeanor conviction does not affect your right to vote at all. You can vote in all elections. What are my voting rights if I have a felony? If you have a felony conviction, you can vote IF you: Are on probation, even if you are in county jail as a condition of your probation, or Have completed your probation, or Are awaiting a judge’s decision on a probation violation, or Are on mandatory supervision, or Are on post-release community supervision, or Have completed your parole. The only time you are not allowed to vote is IF you: Have a felony conviction and you are still in state prison, or Are serving an 1170(h) felony sentence in county jail, or Are awaiting transfer to a state prison, or Are on parole. Once you have completed your sentence and parole, you can register to vote. If you are unsure what type of sentence you are serving check with your parole or probation officer. Can I vote when I am on parole? No. You can only vote once you have completed your parole. Can I vote on mandatory supervision? Yes! You can vote at all times when you are on mandatory supervision. Can I vote while I am on post-release community supervision? Yes! You can vote at all times when you are on post-release community supervision. Can I vote when I am on probation? Yes! You can vote at all times when you are on probation, whether your conviction is a felony or a misdemeanor Can I vote while I am in county jail? Maybe. You can vote IF you are in county jail: Awaiting trial for any crime, or For a misdemeanor conviction, or On a probation violation, or On felony probation. The only time you lose the right to vote while in county jail is when you are: In state prison for a felony conviction, or In jail awaiting transfer to a state prison for a felony conviction, or Serving an 1170(h) felony sentence in the county jail, or In jail for a parole violation. How do I get back my right to vote? In California, you do not need to do anything to “restore” your right to vote. It is automatically restored once you have completed your sentence and are no longer on parole. However, you must register or re-register to vote in an upcoming election. For more information visit Let Me Vote. Download brochures in English and in Spanish. You can also download and print Let Me Vote palm cards in English and Spanish. Is voter registration information confidential? Voter registration rolls are not available to the general public. Your social security number, your driver license number, and your signature are never provided to anyone requesting information. California law allows certain voter information to be released to a member of the California Legislature or U.S. Congress, or to any candidate, any committee for or against a proposed ballot measure, any person for election, scholarly, journalistic, or political purpose, or for governmental purposes. Commercial use of voter registration information is prohibited by law and is a misdemeanor. If sharing your address could put you in a life-threatening situation then you may qualify for the Safe At Home confidential address program in order to register to vote and vote by mail. For more information check What if sharing my address could put me in a life-threatening situation? More Voting Info Be an Election Day Poll Worker in California What does it take to be a poll worker? You must be A registered California voter or legal resident of the United States. A high school student who Is a United States citizen Is at least 16 years old on Election Day Is attending a public or private high school Has at least a 2.5 grade point average Has permission from parents and school Attends a training session What does a poll worker do? Sets up and closes a polling place Helps voters understand their rights Protects ballots and voting equipment Why be a poll worker? Get involved and assist voters Contribute to your community Earn extra money (varies by county) How do you apply? Contact your county elections office for an application. Interactive map of County Elections Offices Check out this interactive map providing contact info and quick stats on your county’s elections. Information about political parties What is a political party? A political party is a group of people who try to determine public policy and influence government by getting its candidates elected to office. What is a “qualified political party?” A qualified political party is entitled to participate in any primary election or presidential general election. A political group may qualify as a party in one of two ways: voter registration or petition. With the voter registration method, the Secretary of State must be able to verify that the political party obtained voter registrations equal in number to .33 percent of the total registration, by the qualification deadline. With the petition method, the petition submitted to the secretary of state must have signatures of registered voters equal to 10 percent of the votes cast at the last gubernatorial election. What are the qualified political parties in California? For more information, visit the California Secretary of State or read How to Choose a Political Party. How do I find out what political districts I live in? For information on State legislative districts and U.S. Congressional Offices, visit the California Secretary of State. For information on your city, county, and other local offices contact your county elections office. Evaluating state ballot measures Evaluating state ballot measures: Examine what the measure seeks to accomplish. Do you agree with these goals? Who are the real sponsors and opponents of the measure? Check Voter’s Edge California to follow the money for state measures. Is the measure written well? Will it create conflicts in law that may require court resolution? Does the measure create its own revenue source? Does it earmark, restrict or obligate government revenues? Does the measure mandate a government program against the cost of reducing overall flexibility in the budget? Does the measure deal with one issue that can be easily decided by a YES or NO vote? Or, is it a complex issue that should be thoroughly examined in the legislative arena? If the measure amends the Constitution, consider whether it really belongs in the Constitution. Be wary of distortion tactics and commercials that rely on image but tell nothing of substance about the measure. Be aware of half truths. Evaluating California budget and taxes Visit Fast Facts: State Taxes and Budget. Bonds are a form of long-term borrowing that the state uses to raise money for large projects. The state sells bonds to investors and agrees to repay the investors, with interest, over a certain number of years, somewhat like a mortgage. Why are bonds used? Projects such as roads, school building, prisons, parks, office buildings, and housing for veterans involve large dollar costs, and are used over many years. The use of bonds helps to fund the initial large dollar costs, which are hard to fund out of day-to-day operating revenues. Also the repayment of these bonds over time means that future taxpayers who benefit from the facilities will help to pay for them. What types of bonds does the state sell? General Obligation Bonds These are the most common type of bonds, and are largely repaid from the state's unrestricted general tax revenues. These bonds have to be approved by the voters, and their repayment is guaranteed by the state. These are repaid from a designated source, such as bridge tolls. Revenue bonds do not require voter approval and repayment is not guaranteed by the state. Lease-Revenue Bonds There are repaid from lease payments by state agencies using the leased facilities. Lease-Revenue bonds do not require voter approval and repayment is not guaranteed by the state. What are the direct costs of bond financing? The state must repay the principal of the bonds over time to the investors until the bonds are fully paid off, plus annual interest costs. The interest cost of repaying bonds depends on the current interest rate and the time period over which the bonds are to be repaid. Voter registration drives Visit the California Secretary of State's Guide to Voter Registration Drives. Future of California Elections The Future of California Elections (FoCE) is a collaboration between election officials, civil rights organizations and election reform advocates to examine and address the unique challenges facing the State of California’s election system. Visit the Voter Experience Index. This informative set of tools was developed to improve the voter experience. It is a collection of research, publications and “how-to” guides produced by members of Future of California Elections and partners. Contact the League of Women Voters of California Education Fund Contact the League of Women Voters California Education Fund for additional election information. Contact the League of Women Voters in your county Find your local League of Women Voters Contact Election Office Contact state election office To find contact information for your local election office, search for your county or address here or find your county election office on the California Secretary of State website. Contact county election office Siskiyou County Clerk Yreka, CA 96097 clerk.registrar@sisqvotes.org Copy a link to this page Embeddable content Please share this site to help others research their voting choices. Get a link to share Subscribe for updates on upcoming elections Get a link to this page The Voter's Edge California 2020 voter guide provides in-depth information about what's on your ballot. Enter your address to get a personalized list of candidates and ballot measures, including biographies, top priorities, who supports each candidate, and more. The 2020 voter guide includes descriptions of each California ballot measure and who is spending money for and against each measure. With Voter’s Edge, you have all the election information you need at your fingertips. How we get our data Icon attribution Share, promote, or embed Create Your Own Guide The content on this site is licensed with a Creative Commons license. Attribution-NonCommercial CC BY-NC PUBLISHING:PRODUCTION SERVER:PRODUCTION	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1374
__label__cc	0.538735	0.461265	The Roundup Window (part 4) By Laura Leigh The Roundup Window, (part 3: Fish Creek) Wild Horse Education is in the news often. We have found it impossible to keep these pages current. Laura Leigh, horse activist, checks on the well being of the horses in a horse management area of Antelope Valley, NV Thursday March 3, 2016. (photo by Randi Lynn Beach) A recent article in the Las Vega Review Journal HERE BY JOHN M. GLIONNA SPECIAL TO THE REVIEW-JOURNAL Horse activist Laura Leigh drives a monster-sized truck, an imposing Ford F-250 4-by-4 with its chassis jacked up so high she often must tumble down from the driver’s seat, the vehicle’s battered white finish filthy and mud-caked from all of her bumpy, teeth-loosening, off-road escapades. It’s her fourth pickup truck in seven years — the cost of a controversial 100,000-mile annual journey across six western states and a nomadic lifestyle that often means sleeping inside her truck cab or in cheap motels, guzzling reheated gas-station coffee and downing peanut-butter sandwiches behind the wheel. She’s always red-eyed, always on the road. Leigh tracks the people who track and corral America’s wild mustangs. She’s a tough-talking New Jersey native with long red hair, cowboy boots and a tattered denim Carhartt jacket, a woman who slides into a Sopranos-like accent when she talks about her blue-collar childhood riding and caring for horses, telling tales of the city girl who went to school smelling like horse manure, who quickly fell in love with the animals’ indomitable spirit. In 2009, Leigh fled an abusive marriage in Washington state and moved to Nevada to become a high-desert loner. Four seasons a year, she documents the actions of conservative tight-lipped ranchers whose free-roaming cattle compete with mustangs for precious grass. And she challenges federal officials from the Bureau of Land Management, the government stewards of the public lands whose policy is often to remove the horses from the range. READ THE REST HERE…. http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/water-environment/activist-chronicles-wild-horse-roundups-guard-against-mistreatment	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1378
__label__cc	0.519346	0.480654	body {opacity: 1 !important;} Why Wings Etc. Franchisee Stories Wings Etc. Grill & Pub to open Shelbyville, IN location Jan. 28 Wings Etc. Grill & Pub to open Shelbyville location Jan. 28 Fast-growing Wings Etc. Grill & Pub will open its first Shelbyville location on January 28. SHELBYVILLE, Ind., Monday, January 27, 2020— A new Wings Etc. Grill & Pub location will open in Shelbyville, Ind. on January 28 at 11 a.m. Indiana-based Wings Etc. Inc. is a fast-growing sports bar franchise known for its laid-back, family-friendly atmosphere, award-winning jumbo wings, diverse pub menu and local craft beer options. The chain operates over 70 franchised and company-owned locations in 10 states. The new Shelbyville location is owned by Wings Etc. franchisee, Ken Trout. Trout is a well-established Wings Etc. franchisee with Shelbyville being his fourth location. Wings Etc. Shelbyville is located at 2541 East State Road 44 Shelbyville, Indiana 46176. For more information visit www.wingsetc.com or https://www.facebook.com/WingsEtcShelbyville/ About the Wings Etc. Grill & Pub Franchise Opportunity Founded in 1994 by Jim Weaver in the South Bend, Indiana area, Wings Etc. is a family-friendly grill and pub with a diverse menu featuring award-winning jumbo Buffalo wings, 22 signature sauces, fresh- never-frozen gourmet burgers, smoked ribs, sandwiches, subs, wraps, salads, kids meals, over 40 domestic and craft beer selections in bottles and on tap, dozens of large HDTVs tuned to the best sports programming, and a casual, non-corporate-y, laid-back “vibe” that makes people want to just come in and hang out. In addition to its popular sports programming, menu and beverage options, Wings Etc. offers kid-friendly, arcade-quality video games, weekday lunch and food specials, online ordering and much more. Franchising since 2004, Wings Etc. Grill & Pub has been named one of Restaurant Business Magazine’s “Future Franchises” for three consecutive years and has also been named one of Franchise Gator’s “Top 100 Franchises” for four consecutive years. Wings Etc. continues to grow and succeed by partnering with franchise operators who share the Wings Etc. Vision, Mission and Values, a commitment to building a successful business while helping build stronger communities and people, and to having fun! Wings Etc. offers single and multiunit franchise options. The initial franchise fee is $39,500, with a $200,000 liquid cash investment, and $500,000 minimum net worth requirement for interested prospects. Wings Etc. offers one of the lowest startup costs and break-even franchise opportunities in the full-service restaurant segment. Priority growth markets include Indiana, Tennessee, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Illinois, Ohio, Alabama and Florida. For more information about the Wings Etc. franchise opportunity, visit www.wingsetcfranchise.com. Section: Expansion New Location Opening New Location Opening Wings Etc. Grill & Pub to open Martinsville location Jan. 12 Wings Etc. Grill & Pub to open Hartland location Oct. 6 Wings Etc. Grill & Pub to open Connersville location Sept. 29 Some like it hot… and here’s why This week’s Food Find: Wings Etc. Wings Etc. set to open in Topeka Wings Etc. Grill & Pub to open Topeka location June 23 Wings Etc. Welcomes New Franchisees Dwayne And Tami O’Dell Wings Etc. Grill & Pub to open Rochester, Ind. location Dec. 17 About Us FAQ Available Markets Get Started Consumer Site The franchise sales information on this site do not constitute an offer to sell a franchise by Wings Etc., Inc. or any party. The offer of a franchise can only be made through the delivery of a franchise disclosure document. Certain states require Wings Etc., Inc. to register the franchise disclosure document in those states. The communications on this web site are not directed by Wings Etc., Inc. to the residents of any of those states. Moreover, Wings Etc., Inc. will not offer or sell franchises in those states until we have registered the franchise (or obtained an applicable exemption from registration) and delivered the franchise disclosure document to the prospective franchisee in compliance with applicable law.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1380
__label__wiki	0.762352	0.762352	Trucker driver charged in Route 24 crash State Police photo From Virginia State Police: Police are continuing their investigation into an early morning crash which occurred on Route 24 at the intersection of Joppa Mill Road shortly after 6:00 am this morning. The preliminary investigation revealed that a 2000 Volvo tractor-trailer was heading southbound on Joppa Mill road approaching Route 24 when the driver stated his brakes failed causing him to go through the intersection striking a guard rail. The truck was blocking both lanes of Route 24 when a Lincoln Navigator which was traveling westbound on Route 24 struck the trailer portion of the tractor-trailer which was blocking its lane. The driver of the tractor-trailer John E. Taylor, age 58, of Moneta, Virginia was not injured in the crash and he was charged with reckless driving. The driver of the Lincoln Navigator Kenneth Tuck, age 82 of Roanoke , Virginia and his passenger Chester Bates, age 54, of Moneta, Virginia both suffered minor injuries in the crash but they were not transported to the hospital. The Virginia State Police motor carrier division was called in to assist with the crash investigation. No further information regarding the investigation is available at this time.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1383
__label__wiki	0.679405	0.679405	Home » Yiwu News » Yiwu: India Takes Up Traders’ Case With China Again \| news.outlookindia.com 30 MarYiwu: India Takes Up Traders’ Case With China Again \| news.outlookindia.com Posted by yiwu in Yiwu News , Followed with Comments Off on Yiwu: India Takes Up Traders’ Case With China Again \| news.outlookindia.com India today asked China to allow two Indian traders facing legal proceedings in this country to return home pending resolution of their case, but Beijing said they cannot leave without paying dues to local businessmen. The issue of Deepak Raheja and Syam Sunder Agrawal, who had threatened to commit suicide if they were not sent home, was taken up by External Affairs Minister S M Krishna with his Chinese counterpart Yang Jiechi on the sidelines of the BRICS summit in New Delhi. This was the third time in the last two months that Krishna took up the traders’ issue with Yang, Indian embassy sources here told PTI. Indian officials said they have been urging the Chinese Foreign Ministry to permit the duo to go back home as they can return whenever the court wants them. Foreign Ministry spokesman Hong Lei, however, told a media briefing here today that the two should comply with the court order to pay compensation to the Chinese businessmen. As a country under rule of law, China “protects the legitimate rights and interests of people concerned,” he said replying to a question on the traders. “As far as we know (a) local court has tried to mediate the case and handled it according to law. Since the two Indian businessmen up to now have not honoured their compensations commitment relevant court has ordered these two not to leave. “This order is still in effect. Hope the businessmen will truly respond to the demand of relevant Chinese businessmen so that the issue can be properly handled,” he said. Hong was referring to a lower court’s order in Yiwu. But since early this month, the case has been taken up by a higher court in Jinhua, which reserved its order on the duo’s plea that they were only employees of a company which owed dues to the tune of over a million RMB (USD 1.58 lakh) to the local businessmen. Raheja said that though they were earlier accused of owing 10 million RMB, the court document only says over a million RMB. The Indian consulate in Shanghai said they had to arrange a lawyer with the great difficulty as no advocate in the city was willing to take up the duo’s case. Besides funding their lodging, food and medical expenses for a month, the consulate sent its officials to be present in the court. A diplomat, S Balachandran, was manhandled when he tried to seek their release in Yiwu court in January. Indian officials here also met the Chinese Foreign Ministry officials and appealed to them to permit the two to go home as they can return any time the court wants them. So far the consulate has spent 43600 RMB (about USD 7000) on the case and now stopped the payment saying that they have no provision to continue to pay their expenses. They want USD 128 per day for maintenance. Meanwhile, the two are on hunger strike since yesterday, a day after they were thrown out of the hotel where they were staying due to pending bills, and sent e-mails to media threatening to commit suicide one after another in a week if they were not sent back home. The Indian consulate today arranged to get their passports back from the hotel and send them to Yiwu to renew their visas, sources at the embassy here said. The court has put a travel ban on them. The Indian embassy and consulate are doing what they can do, an embassy official said. “We have arranged their train tickets for Yiwu and gave some pocket money.” He said rules permitted Indian missions to provide financial assistance to stranded Indians only for 15 days, whereas in this case the expenses of the duo have been paid for a month. Post Tagged with yiwu indian, yiwu market, yiwu news	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1388
__label__wiki	0.513443	0.513443	Positive Open players are viral shedding - Two Australian Open tennis players who tested positive to COVID-19 are likely to be classified as viral shedding. Police release video of Rockhampton supermarket robbery - Police are appealing for public assistance to identify a man who robbed a Rockhampton supermarket yesterday morning. Around 5am the man, pictured, ... Morrison open to regional quarantine camps - Prime Minister Scott Morrison is open to Queensland's push to make all international arrivals quarantine at remote mining camps instead of hotels. PM open to regional quarantine camps - Prime Minister Scott Morrison is open to Queensland's push to make all international arrivals quarantine at remote mining camps instead of hotels. ... We can play tennis and pick fruit, says PM - Prime Minister Scott Morrison has distanced himself from colleagues criticising the Victorian government for accepting international tennis players bu ... Competitive rental market sees Gladstone families struggle to find homes - Gladstone families are struggling to find places to live as demand for rental accommodation continues to climb due to the coronavirus downturn. The ... Competitive rental market sees Rockhampton families struggle to find homes - Rockhampton families are struggling to find places to live as demand for rental accommodation continues to climb due to the coronavirus downturn. T ... More COVID cases linked to Australian Open - Australian Open boss Craig Tiley has rejected calls to shorten men's matches at the grand slam as the number of coronavirus cases linked to the to ... POLL: Should we bring in foreign workers to harvest our crops? - Australia's agriculture minister has all but given up on trying to convince young and unemployed people to move to the bush for farming jobs. Ins ... Truck flip leaves man with significant leg injury - Emergency crews rushed to the intersection of Leichardt and Dawson Highways at the southern end of Banana around 2am. An RACQ Capricorn Rescue spok ... Breakfast with Hammo Rob Kidd 2020 Retro Countdown Competition Conditions Advertising Enquiry No one likes extensive rules and regulations, however, consumers have asked for specific rules when it comes to winning prizes on radio stations, and due to this, we outline our General Competition Conditions for you below. 1 - General Competition Rules 1.1 - Grant Broadcasters Pty Ltd (ABN: 65 000 667 470) (GB) operates a number of radio stations across Australia of which the station referred to in this website is one. Grant Broadcasters may conduct competitions from time to time pursuant to which prizes of money or other property are made available to eligible persons (as set out in clause 3.1) ("Grant Broadcasters Competition"). 1.2 - These rules say who is eligible to enter a Grant Broadcasters Competition, how prizes will be awarded and how they may be claimed ("General Competition Rules"). In addition to the General Competition Rules, other specific terms and conditions may also apply to particular Grant Broadcasters Competitions ("Specific Competition Rules"). Any Specific Competition Rules applicable to any particular Grant Broadcasters Competition will be posted on www.Grant Broadcasters.com.au ("Web-Site") and available upon request from Grant Broadcasters reception, during normal business hours, located at the location specified in the contact section of this website. 1.3 - To the extent that there is an inconsistency between the General Competition Rules and the Specific Competition Rules, the General Competition Rules prevail. 1.4 - A person who enters a Grant Broadcasters Competition agrees to be bound by: (a) the General Competition Rules; and (b) the Specific Competition Rules. 2 - Conduct of Competitions At all times a Grant Broadcasters Competition will be conducted by Grant Broadcasters in its absolute discretion (including, without limitation, decisions in relation to who may enter and who has won a prize in a Grant Broadcasters Competition). A decision of Grant Broadcasters is binding and conclusive and will not be challenged on the grounds that Grant Broadcasters failed to act reasonably, fairly, in good faith or otherwise in accordance with the principles of procedural fairness. A decision of Grant Broadcasters will not be challengeable even if it can be demonstrated that Grant Broadcasters made a decision which was wrong, based on a factual error or an irrelevant or irrational consideration. It is not the policy of Grant Broadcasters to enter into negotiations with any person who challenges a decision of Grant Broadcasters. 3 - Eligibility 3.1 - Any person may enter a Grant Broadcasters Competition, except for the following: (a) a person who has previously submitted an entry in that particular Grant Broadcasters Competition; (b) an employee, officer, servant, agent or associate (as defined in section 9 of the Corporations Act) of Grant Broadcasters, or of its related bodies corporate (as defined in section 9 of the Corporations Act); (c) a direct family member of a person referred to in paragraph (b) above (and for this purpose a direct family member is taken to include a spouse, parent, child or sibling of that person); (d) a person who is not ordinarily or usually resident in Australia; (e) a person who has refused to provide all or any of the Personal Information (as defined in clause 4.10) requested by Grant Broadcasters, in the absolute discretion of Grant Broadcasters; (f) a person who within the 30 days prior to the day on which the Grant Broadcasters Competition was first announced has won a prize in a Grant Broadcasters Competition conducted earlier in time the value of which is greater than or equal to $50; (g) a person who within the 90 days prior to the day on which the Grant Broadcasters Competition was first announced has won a prize in a Grant Broadcasters Competition conducted earlier in time the value of which is greater than or equal to $1,000; (h) a person who within the 12 months prior to the day on which Grant Broadcasters Competition was first announced has won a prize in a Grant Broadcasters Competition conducted earlier in time the value of which is greater than or equal to $10,000; (i) a competitor of Grant Broadcasters or of any of its related bodies corporate (as defined in section 9 of the Corporations Act); (j) an employee, officer, servant, agent or associate (as defined in section 9 of the Corporations Act) of a person referred to in paragraph (i) above; (k) a direct family member of a person referred to in paragraph (j) above (and for this purpose a direct family member is taken to include a spouse, parent, child or sibling of that person); and (l) any other person or class or persons prescribed by Grant Broadcasters in any Specific Competition Rules. (a) For the purposes of clause 3.1 a "person" means a natural person and no other kind of person. (b) For the purposes of clause 3.1 (f) to (h): (i) a person will be taken to have won a prize if he or she was announced as the winner by Grant Broadcasters in the region and on the radio frequency or on the Web-Site of the station referred to in this website (or in any other place) and will be taken to have won the prize on the day that the announcement was first made, irrespective of whether that person collects the prize within the prescribed period; (ii) the value of the prize which a person has won in a Grant Broadcasters Competition includes a prize won in more than one Grant Broadcasters Competition conducted during the relevant time period; and (iii) Grant Broadcasters will, in its absolute discretion, determine the value of the prize won by a person in a Grant Broadcasters Competition during a time period. (c) For the purpose of clause 3.1(i) a person will be taken to be a competitor of Grant Broadcasters or any of its related bodies if that person competes (directly or indirectly) for listeners of, or advertisers with, Grant Broadcasters or a related body corporate of Grant Broadcasters, as the case may be. 3.3 - For the avoidance of doubt, a person described in clauses 3.1 (a) to (l): (a) has no entitlement, right or interest in: (i) Grant Broadcasters Competition for which he or she is ineligible, even if by the oversight of Grant Broadcasters or for any other reason an entry submitted by that person is accepted or received by Grant Broadcasters; or (ii) any prize awarded in relation to Grant Broadcasters Competition for which he or she is ineligible, even if that person is announced as the winner the prize; and (b) will be required at the direction of Grant Broadcasters to return, refund or otherwise make restitution of any prize awarded to that person by Grant Broadcasters in relation to Grant Broadcasters Competition for which he or she is ineligible. 3.4 - Grant Broadcasters reserves the right at all times and in its absolute discretion to withdraw an announcement that a person described in clause 3.1 (a) to (l) has won a prize in a Grant Broadcasters Competition for which he or she is ineligible. 4 - Competition Entries 4.1 - Grant Broadcasters may in its absolute discretion accept entries in a Grant Broadcasters Competition by any of the following means: (a) telephone; (b) facsimile; (c) e-mail; (d) Short-Message-Service ("SMS") message; (e) through the Web-Site; and (f) any other means, and using any technology, that Grant Broadcasters (in its absolute discretion) thinks fit. 4.2 - Grant Broadcasters may prescribe the means by which it will accept entries in a particular Grant Broadcasters Competition in any Specific Competition Rules applicable to that Grant Broadcasters Competition. Grant Broadcasters is under no obligation to accept entries by any or all of the means described in clause 4.1. The fact that Grant Broadcasters has accepted one or some entries by one of the means described in clause 4.1 does not mean that it is required to do the same in relation to other entries. 4.3 - For the purpose of these General Competition Rules (including without limitation clause 1.4), a person will be taken to have entered a Grant Broadcasters Competition when he or she: (a) is connected by telephone line to Grant Broadcasters; (b) successfully transmits a facsimile to Grant Broadcasters; (c) sends an e-mail to Grant Broadcasters; (d) sends a SMS message to Grant Broadcasters; or (e) submits an entry form over the Web-Site, as the case may be, for the purpose of entering the relevant Grant Broadcasters Competition. (a) A person who enters a Grant Broadcasters Competition: (i) may be required by Grant Broadcasters in its absolute discretion to participate in any promotional activities selected by Grant Broadcasters in its absolute discretion for the benefit of Grant Broadcasters (including, without limitation, participating in a sound recording, photograph, video or film session); and (ii) must not participate in any media activities (including without limitation any activity involving radio, print, television or the internet) for the purpose of, or which involves, discussing, commenting on, expressing a view of or giving an account of Grant Broadcasters, its operations, its related bodies corporate or a Grant Broadcasters Competition without the prior written consent of Grant Broadcasters. (b) A person who participates in promotional activities referred to in clause 4.4(a) must express a positive view (and refrain from expressing a negative or disparaging view) of Grant Broadcasters, its operations, its related bodies corporate or the Grant Broadcasters Competition. 4.5 - A person who has entered a Grant Broadcasters Competition acknowledges that Grant Broadcasters has the right to use any materials generated pursuant to activities referred to in clause 4.4 (and any other material generated by it in the conduct of a Grant Broadcasters Competition) in any medium and in any manner it sees fit. 4.6 - Grant Broadcasters Competition entries and material submitted in connection with any Grant Broadcasters Competition (whether in written, audio, electronic, visual (still or moving) or other form, or any combination of them) or any photographs, video, film footage or audio recording taken of a person who enters a Grant Broadcasters Competition, together with any intellectual property rights associated with them, are at all times the property of Grant Broadcasters. Grant Broadcasters may use that material and any intellectual property rights in it in any medium and in any manner it sees fit. For the avoidance of doubt copyright in any such material becomes and remains the sole property of Grant Broadcasters. 4.7 - Grant Broadcasters may publicise, broadcast or otherwise disclose the name, character, likeness, statements or any recording of the voice of a person who enters a Grant Broadcasters Competition in advertising or promotional activities concerning a Grant Broadcasters Competition, or for any other purpose. Grant Broadcasters may promote or advertise that a winner has won a prize in a Grant Broadcasters Competition in any form and in any medium it thinks fit. 4.8 - If in the course of a Grant Broadcasters Competition: (a) a telephone line or internet connection breaks up, drops out or otherwise fails; or (b) there is a dispute arising out of the use of telephone lines or internet connection (including situations where multiple telephone lines or internet connections are used); or (c) two telephone lines are crossed during a Grant Broadcasters Competition, Grant Broadcasters, in its absolute discretion, may: (i) disqualify the relevant person from the Grant Broadcasters Competition; and (ii) award the prize to another person. 4.9 - If an event described in clause 4.8(a), (b) or (c) arises and a person is disqualified from a Grant Broadcasters Competition: (a) Grant Broadcasters will not be responsible for awarding a prize to that person; and (b) the decision of Grant Broadcasters will be final and conclusive and no discussion or correspondence will be entered into. 4.10 - A person who enters a Grant Broadcasters Competition may be required to submit personal or confidential information about himself or herself (including without limitation his or her name, address, telephone number, e-mail address, marital status, occupation, spending preferences or any other such information) ("Personal Information") to Grant Broadcasters. Grant Broadcasters will treat any Personal Information obtained from a person who enters a Grant Broadcasters Competition in accordance with its Privacy Policy. Grant Broadcasters may: (a) record and use the Personal Information for its own marketing, planning, product development, promotional and research purposes; and (b) refuse to accept an entry which does not contain all or any of the Personal Information requested by Grant Broadcasters. 4.11 - A person who enters a Grant Broadcasters Competition releases from and indemnifies Grant Broadcasters from and against, all liability, cost, loss or expense arising out of acceptance of any prize or participation in any Grant Broadcasters Competition including (but not limited to) personal injury and damage to property and whether direct, indirect, consequential, foreseeable, due to some negligent act or omission, or otherwise. 5 - Prizes 5.1 - Prizes in a Grant Broadcasters Competition will be awarded in the absolute discretion of Grant Broadcasters. For the avoidance of doubt, a decision in relation to a prize in a Grant Broadcasters Competition is subject to clause 2. 5.2 - It is a condition to claiming a prize in a Grant Broadcasters Competition that the person claiming the prize: (a) is eligible to enter Grant Broadcasters Competition to which the prize relates under clause 3.1; (b) is announced by Grant Broadcasters as the winner of that prize in in the region and on the radio frequency or on the Web-Site of the station referred to in this website or through any other means; (c) demonstrates to the satisfaction of Grant Broadcasters that he or she is the winner of the prize (for example, by producing photo-identification, such as driver's licence or passport); (d) is not prohibited by any rule of law from using or otherwise enjoying the prize for which he or she has been announced as the winner; and (e) has complied with any request made by Grant Broadcasters under the General Competition or any Specific Competition Rules which apply to that Grant Broadcasters Competition, including without limitation a direction under clauses 4.4(a)(i) and 5.9. 5.3 - For the purpose of clause 5.2(d) if it is a requirement of law that a person be of a minimum age to be able to lawful use or otherwise enjoy the prize in question, the person claiming the prize must demonstrate to the satisfaction of Grant Broadcasters that he or she is at least the age required by law for that purpose (eg, by drivers' licence, passport or other means) and may be required by Grant Broadcasters to sign a declaration to that effect. Where the winner of a prize is below the lawful age to use or otherwise enjoy the relevant prize, Grant Broadcasters may, in its absolute discretion, award the prize to the winner's lawful parent or guardian. 5.4 - All prizes must be collected within 3 months of the date on which the prize was won (as determined in accordance with clause 3.2(b)(i)). After that time, unclaimed prizes will be dealt with according to legislative requirements. Grant Broadcasters is under no obligation to notify a winner in person of the fact that he or she has won a prize or of the amount of time he or she has to collect the prize. At all times, it is the sole responsibility of the winner to collect his or her prize. 5.5 - All prizes must be claimed in person from Grant Broadcasters at Grant Broadcasters's operating headquarters unless the winner is otherwise advised by Grant Broadcasters. 5.6 - In exceptional circumstances, Grant Broadcasters may elect in its absolute discretion to deliver the prize to the winner by post or courier. However, no responsibility will be accepted by Grant Broadcasters for the safe and effective delivery of the prize. The winner accepts all risk in relation to the safe and timely delivery of the prize. All prizes must be collected within 30 days. 5.7 - Subject to acceptance by Grant Broadcasters in its absolute discretion, a winner may nominate a designated representative to collect a prize. The representative will be required to present written authorisation from the winner and produce photo identification which demonstrates to the satisfaction of Grant Broadcasters that he or she is the winner's representative. 5.8 - In the event that a winner fails to collect a prize within the prescribed time limit or chooses not to accept a prize, that person irrevocably relinquishes all right, title or interest in the prize. All claims to that prize will be dealt with by Grant Broadcasters in its absolute discretion. For the purpose of clauses 3.1 a person described in this clause 5.8 will be deemed to have won a prize in a Grant Broadcasters Competition on the day referred to in clause 3.2(b)(i) notwithstanding their failure collect it. 5.9 - If requested to do so by Grant Broadcasters, the winner of a prize under a Grant Broadcasters Competition must: (a) sign a copy of the General Competition Rules and any Specific Competition Rules; and (b) sign a form declaring that he or she has received and accepted the prize; and (c) execute a Deed of Release and Indemnity in the form prescribed by Grant Broadcasters releasing and indemnifying Grant Broadcasters in respect of any liability of Grant Broadcasters in connection with the Grant Broadcasters Competition under which he or she has won the prize and any liability in connection with the acceptance, use and enjoyment of the prize. 5.10 - Nothing in clause 5.9(a) or (b) affects the time on which the person who has entered the Grant Broadcasters Competition is taken to have agreed to be bound by the General Competition Rules or the Specific Competition Rules. 5.11 - If the winner of a prize is a minor (ie under the age of 18 years) on the date he or she wishes to collect the prize, that person must be accompanied by a parent or guardian. Both the winner and the parent or guardian may be required to: (a) sign a copy of the General Competition Rules and any Specific Competition Rules as an indication of their acknowledgment and understanding of them; (b) produce photo-identification to establish their identities to the satisfaction of Grant Broadcasters; and (c) execute a Deed of Release and Indemnity in a form prescribed by Grant Broadcasters in respect of any liability of Grant Broadcasters in connection with the Grant Broadcasters Competition for which the minor was awarded the prize and any liability in connection with the acceptance, use and enjoyment of the prize by the minor or any other person. 5.12 - Any prizes won in a Grant Broadcasters Competition are not transferable and must not be redeemed for cash. In applicable cases, the prize must be used on the dates specified and in the manner directed by Grant Broadcasters. 5.13 - All prizes are accepted entirely at the risk of the winner, and Grant Broadcasters excludes all warranties in connection with any prize (including representations as to merchantability and fitness for purposes) to the extent permitted by law. 5.14 - Grant Broadcasters, its officers, employees, servants, agents, affiliates, sponsors and representatives are not responsible for defective prizes or misuse of any prize, or for any claims, liability, loss or damage (whether foreseeable or not) arising out of or in connection with any Grant Broadcasters Competition, whether caused by the negligence of any of the aforementioned or not. 5.15 - If a specified prize becomes unavailable, Grant Broadcasters may substitute a replacement prize in its absolute discretion. If the prize involves the winner meeting or attending a function with a celebrity or other figure, Grant Broadcasters accepts no responsibility or and shall not be liable because of the failure of the winner to meet that person for whatever reason. 5.16 - Unless otherwise specified, the class of travel for any travel prize incorporating an airfare is economy class. 5.17 - If a person who has entered a Grant Broadcasters Competition wins a prize in a Grant Broadcasters Competition, that person is responsible for any and all taxes payable as a result of a prize being awarded or received. 6 - General 6.1 - Grant Broadcasters may enforce the General Competition Rules and any Specific Competition Rules in its absolute discretion. If Grant Broadcasters in its discretion decides not to enforce the General Competition Rules or any Specific Competition Rules it will not give rise to any claim by any person. 6.2 - Grant Broadcasters reserves the right to regard itself as bound by the General Competition Rules and any Specific Competition Rules as it sees fit and in its absolute discretion. 6.3 - Grant Broadcasters may extend the time for, vary or terminate any Grant Broadcasters Competition at any time in its absolute discretion. In the event of such termination, Grant Broadcasters may in its absolute discretion elect not to award any prize in respect of the terminated Grant Broadcasters Competition. 6.4 - These General Competition Rules and any Specific Competition Rules may be varied by Grant Broadcasters at any time. Grant Broadcasters accepts no responsibility for and will not be liable because of any reliance placed on the General Competition Rules or any Specific Competition Rules before they were varied. 6.5 - Grant Broadcasters reserves the right to disqualify participants from future competitions for any reason. 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__label__wiki	0.515269	0.515269	Home All issues Volume 539 (March 2012) A&A, 539 (2012) A1 Full HTML Volume 539, March 2012 2. Photospheric velocity data 3. Inferred magnetic ... Appendix A: Lagrangian coherent structures in photospheric flows and their implications for coronal magnetic structure⋆ A. R. Yeates1,⋆⋆, G. Hornig2 and B. T. Welsch3 1 Department of Mathematical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK e-mail: anthony.yeates@durham.ac.uk 2 Division of Mathematics, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK e-mail: gunnar@maths.dundee.ac.uk 3 Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA e-mail: welsch@ssl.berkeley.edu Aims. We show how the build-up of magnetic gradients in the Sun’s corona may be inferred directly from photospheric velocity data. This enables computation of magnetic connectivity measures such as the squashing factor without recourse to magnetic field extrapolation. Methods. Assuming an ideal evolution in the corona, and an initially uniform magnetic field, the subsequent field line mapping is computed by integrating trajectories of the (time-dependent) horizontal photospheric velocity field. The method is applied to a 12 h high-resolution sequence of photospheric flows derived from Hinode/SOT magnetograms. Results. We find the generation of a network of quasi-separatrix layers in the magnetic field, which correspond to Lagrangian coherent structures in the photospheric velocity. The visual pattern of these structures arises primarily from the diverging part of the photospheric flow, hiding the effect of the rotational flow component: this is demonstrated by a simple analytical model of photospheric convection. We separate the diverging and rotational components from the observed flow and show qualitative agreement with purely diverging and rotational models respectively. Increasing the flow speeds in the model suggests that our observational results are likely to give a lower bound for the rate at which magnetic gradients are built up by real photospheric flows. Finally, we construct a hypothetical magnetic field with the inferred topology, that can be used for future investigations of reconnection and energy release. Key words: magnetic fields / Sun: photosphere / Sun: corona / Sun: magnetic topology Movies are available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org ⋆⋆ Previously at Division of Mathematics, University of Dundee. This paper proposes a straightforward method to study the time-dependent build up of structure in the Sun’s coronal magnetic field, based on observations of horizontal velocity fields in the solar photosphere. The ultimate objective is to determine whether the energy built up and released in the coronal magnetic field as a result of photospheric convection is sufficient to heat the corona via the Parker mechanism (Parker 1972). In this theory, footpoint braiding generates localised magnetic gradients and thin current sheets in the corona, leading to ubiquitous reconnection. There are two requirements that must be satisfied by the observed motions if this is to work: (1) they must have a tendency to create the required magnetic gradients, and (2) they must do so quickly enough to generate a sufficient overall reconnection rate. The method proposed here aims to investigate these questions in a practical way, given currently available observations. Numerous studies have found that the topology and connectivity of the coronal magnetic field play a primary role in determining when and where magnetic reconnection will take place (Birn & Priest 2007). An increasingly popular means to characterise the connectivity of 3D magnetic fields has been through the so-called squashing factor Q of the magnetic field line mapping (Titov et al. 2002). Quasi-separatrix layers (QSLs), where Q is high, represent locations in the magnetic field with large gradients in field line connectivity. They have been identified with the locations of flares and X-ray bright points (Démoulin et al. 1996a, 1997; Mandrini et al. 1996; Gaizauskas et al. 1998; Wang et al. 2000). Magnetic reconnection is suggested to occur preferentially at QSLs (Démoulin 2006; Santos et al. 2008). Although Q is defined solely by the connectivity of field lines (the mapping between photospheric footpoints), existing studies have all calculated Q by first constructing a 3D magnetic field, then tracing field lines to determine the mapping. Our method determines the field line mapping, and hence Q, in a fundamentally different way. Given some initial field line mapping at time t0, and assuming an ideal evolution of the coronal magnetic field, the field line mapping at a later time depends only on the sequence of photospheric footpoint motions. We propose to take advantage of this fact to compute the field line mapping directly from photospheric velocity data. The main advantage of our proposed method is that it avoids the need to extrapolate a 3D magnetic field from photospheric magnetograms. This is problematic for studies of magnetic topology because standard techniques (such as potential fields) applied to a sequence of photospheric magnetograms will not give the correct field line topology commensurate with an ideal evolution from one time to the next. To avoid this problem, a number of studies have used time-dependent 3D simulations to model how topological structure develops in response to simple boundary motions (Milano et al. 1999; Galsgaard et al. 2003; Aulanier et al. 2005; Masson et al. 2009) or to boundary motions derived directly from observed magnetograms (Mackay et al. 2011). But such time-dependent simulations inevitably suffer from numerical dissipation, leading to inaccuracies in magnetic topology. Our method avoids this. The main limitation of our proposed method is that it cannot determine the initial field line mapping at time t0, only that resulting from subsequent footpoint motions. The initial mapping will likely contain pre-existing magnetic structure and QSLs. Unfortunately, existing extrapolation techniques cannot uniquely determine this initial magnetic topology from available magnetogram observations. Note that this limitation is shared by all of the studies cited in the previous paragraph, which must also assume some initial magnetic field; typically a potential field extrapolation is used. A similar limitation applies to studies of magnetic helicity using photospheric flows and magnetograms (Démoulin & Pariat 2009). In this paper, we simply assume a uniform initial field, whose field line mapping is the identity. This is the most conservative choice: Q values derived from the subsequent mappings will almost certainly be a lower bound for the real coronal magnetic field. An advantage of taking the initial field to be uniform is that one may construct a hypothetical magnetic field with the correct topology simply by taking the magnetic field lines to be the trajectories of the velocity field. Examples of such trajectories are shown in Fig. 1, where time increases vertically. The cross-sections show the magnitude of Bz for this hypothetical magnetic field; these may be thought of as the photospheric magnetograms at subsequent times. (See Appendix A for details of the calculation.) The concentration of magnetic flux in a “network” of convective cell boundaries is evident. Of course, this hypothetical field does not represent a realistic extrapolation of the magnetic field that would be seen on the Sun, since it starts from a uniform field at t0, and only takes into account photospheric motions at one end of the field lines. Rather, we envisage using it as the starting point for 3D MHD simulations investigating energy release, with the advantage of having determined accurately the change in field line mapping. Fig. 1 A hypothetical magnetic field (Appendix A) whose field line mapping matches that inferred from the observed velocity field. The magnetic field lines in this particular field are simply trajectories of tracer particles in the 2D, time-dependent velocity field (with time increasing vertically). Contour slices show Bz at different z with the colour scale in Gauss: the initial distribution (on the lower boundary) is a uniform field Bz(x,y,0) = 88 G, which was the average field strength in this region of the original SOT magnetogram. To demonstrate the proposed method, we apply it to a 12 h sequence of photospheric velocities derived by local correlation tracking in Hinode/SOT (Solar Optical Telescope, Tsuneta et al. 2008) magnetograms. The observed velocities are described in Sect. 2, while the inferred magnetic field line mapping is presented in Sect. 3. In addition to Q, we compute the finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) field σ. This measure is a popular method in fluid mechanics for identifying so-called Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCSs) in velocity fields. Like Q, σ measures the maximum separation rate of initially nearby trajectories, and we illustrate how QSLs in the field line mapping correspond to LCSs in the photospheric velocity field. In Sect. 4 we explain the pattern observed in the Q or σ fields using a simple analytical model of photospheric convection. By varying the model parameters, we predict how the field line mapping would be expected to change given observations at higher resolution of faster flows. Conclusions are given in Sect. 5. Top: location of the 12.4 Mm × 12.4 Mm analysis region (black box) in the full SOT line-of-sight magnetogram (1′′ = 725 km). Bottom: histogram of measured \|v\| in the analysis region, over the entire 12 h dataset. The solid line shows the filtered data, while the dashed line shows the original unfiltered data. Each curve is normalised by its own maximum. Our velocity data have been derived by local correlation tracking in magnetograms, although the method could be applied to velocity fields from any source. Detailed analysis of the data reduction procedure is given by Welsch et al. (2011). Briefly, we use Stokes V/I from Hinode/NFI (Narrowband Filter Imager) observations in Fe I 6302 Å of active region 10930. These were calibrated to Gauss following Eq. (1) of Isobe et al. (2007), and the noise level estimated at ~17 G by fitting the core of histogrammed field strengths (Hagenaar et al. 1999). In view of the subsequent reduction of noise by averaging in the tracking procedure, a tracking threshold of 15 G was chosen, with no velocities assigned to pixels below this threshold. The magnetogram pixels are binned (2 × 2) from 0.16′′ to 0.32′′, consistent with SOT’s 0.3′′ diffraction limit at this wavelength. The cadence of the images is ~121 s, and the sequence runs from 14:00 UT on 12 December to 02:58 UT on 13 December 2006. The velocity field is extracted from the magnetograms using the Fourier local correlation tracking (FLCT) method (Welsch et al. 2004; Fisher & Welsch 2008). The method has a number of parameters: optimum values have been determined by an autocorrelation analysis, aiming to maximise frame-to-frame correlations and ensure robustness in the velocity estimate (see Welsch et al. 2011). Here, the windowing/apodization parameter is set to 4 to avoid too much spatial averaging of small-scale flows. The sampling time between subsequent frames is chosen as Δt = 8 min. This is small enough to avoid significant decorrelation, but large enough to allow for boxcar averaging of 5 magnetograms to produce each frame, which greatly reduces noise. We have repeated the calculations with Δt = 4 min with qualitatively similar results. For the analysis in this paper, we select a unipolar plage region of size 12.4 Mm × 12.4 Mm (approximately 17′′ × 17′′), away from the main sunspots, as shown in Fig. 2 (top). This is to avoid the large-scale flow associated with emerging flux and rotation of the sunspots. Since the magnetic flux in our region is concentrated in the supergranular lanes, there are inevitably areas where the line-of-sight magnetic field is too weak for reliable estimation of the velocity. This particular region has been chosen to minimise this problem over the length of the time sequence, although there are several regions where the velocity suffers locally from high-frequency noise. We have removed this noise with minimal disturbance to the well-resolved regions by applying a low-pass (Butterworth) filter to the velocity fields in Fourier space. Histograms of the velocities both with and without filtering are shown in Fig. 2 (bottom). The mean flow speed is of the order 0.1 km s-1, which is rather lower than reported speeds for granular flows (~1 km s-1, Rieutord & Rincon 2010). There are a number of possible reasons for this. Firstly, there is a likely averaging effect due to the convective cells being close to our spatial resolution of 0.3′′. In addition, comparative tests show that FLCT has a bias toward underestimating speeds (Welsch et al. 2007). However, it should be noted that the FLCT method tracks coherent magnetic features, which are expected to move more slowly than surrounding plasma due to suppression of convection (Title et al. 1992; Berger et al. 1998). The possible effect of faster flows is explored in Sect. 4. Figure 3 shows snapshots of the horizontal divergence of the (filtered) velocity, (1)and vertical component of the vorticity, (2)The root-mean-square (rms) divergence over the whole 12 h dataset is 2.06 × 10-4 s-1 (or 3.49 × 10-4 s-1 before filtering), while the rms ω is 1.97 × 10-4 s-1 (3.16 × 10-4 s-1 before filtering). Thus the divergence and curl of the velocity field are comparable in magnitude. This will be important for understanding the inferred magnetic field line mapping. Snapshots of Δ (left) and ω (right) in the analysis region, at 14:04 UT. The grey scale extends to the maximum absolute value of each quantity. 3. Inferred magnetic field line mapping The field line mapping is simply given by following trajectories (particle paths) in the observed time-dependent 2D velocity field. So a particle starting from (x0,y0) at time t0 is mapped to f(x0,y0,t1) = (fx(x0,y0,t1),fy(x0,y0,t1)) at time t1, where f is found by integrating (3)from t = t0 to t = t1, for which we use a second-order method. The observed velocity fields are interpolated using a local tricubic method (Lekien & Marsden 2005) that also gives continuous first derivatives of v. Linear interpolation does not produce smooth enough trajectories for computing the Lagrangian structures we are interested in. Equation (3)is integrated on a grid of 864 × 864 starting points to give the 2D field line mapping at a given end-time t1. The high resolution is needed to accurately determine the Q and σ fields, which typically vary on a smaller scale than the velocity field itself (see Shadden 2011). To analyse the resulting time sequence of mappings for different t1, we compute two measures of the mapping gradient: the squashing factor Q and the FTLE field σ. The former is frequently used to characterise 3D magnetic field structure, while the latter is used to characterise particle paths in time-dependent 2D velocity fields. In fact, both are rather similar measures of the local rate of stretching at a given point, and both are defined in terms of the Jacobian matrix (4) 3.1. Quasi-separatrix layers The squashing factor at a point (x0,y0) of the mapping from time t0 to t1 is (5)where T = Tr(JTJ) ≡ a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 and D = det(J) ≡ ad − bc. It is a dimensionless measure of the local degree of stretching and squashing of a magnetic flux tube under the field line mapping (Titov et al. 2002). Large values of Q signify the locations of strong gradients in the mapping. We find computation of Q to be more robust using the equivalent form (6)where is the ratio of singular values of J (i.e., λ ± are the eigenvalues of the positive-definite matrix JTJ; Titov et al. 2002; Richardson & Finn 2011). We have computed Q as a function of t1 using the inferred field line mapping, and the resulting distribution of log 10Q is shown in Fig. 4 at two different times. The logarithmic scaling is introduced because certain trajectories typically become exponentially separated in time: these are precisely the locations of strong gradients in the resulting field line mapping. These thin “ridges” of high Q, usually known as quasi-separatrix layers (QSLs), are visible at a number of locations in the 12-h snapshot. They are interspersed with more diffuse regions of Q. As a simple measure of the overall structure, we show the time variation of as the thick, solid curve in Fig. 6. This shows an approximately linear increase through the twelve hours of observations. All of our figures are shown in the “initial” frame (x0,y0), so that QSLs correspond to unstable manifolds (Richardson & Finn 2011). By definition, Q is independent of the direction of mapping along a particular field line, but when calculated for the inverse mapping and plotted at (fx(x0,y0,t1),fy(x0,y0,t1)), the pattern would differ and the apparent QSLs would then correspond to stable manifolds. These stable manifolds tend to be visible observationally because they form the “network” along which magnetic flux concentrates over time. This effect is visible in Fig. 1. Conversely, we would expect an anti-correlation between the pattern of photospheric magnetic flux at time t1 and the locations of QSLs in Fig. 4, which correspond to unstable manifolds. Contours of log 10Q after six and twelve hours (at 20:24 UT and 02:24 UT respectively), with initial time t0 at 14:04 UT (available as a movie). Finite-time Lypanunov exponent (FTLE) field σ at times 20:24 UT and 02:24 UT (available as a movie). 3.2. Lagrangian coherent structures An alternative measure of the mapping gradient is given by the finite-time Lyapunov exponent or FTLE (Haller 2001; Shadden et al. 2005; Shadden 2011), defined as (7)where as before λ + is the largest eigenvalue of JTJ. The quantity σ gives the separation rate between two initially nearby trajectories: if two points are initially separated by a small distance \|ξ0\| at time t0, then their separation at a later time t1 will be \|ξ1\| ≈ exp [σ(t1 − t0)] \|ξ0\|. We shall use only the forward time FTLE, although one may define also a backward FTLE using the inverse mapping. In fact, comparing the definition of σ to that of Q in Eq. (5)shows that both quantities measure essentially the norm of the matrix JTJ (which is the Cauchy-Green tensor of the deformation imposed by the field-line mapping). The quantity Q uses the Frobenius norm of the matrix, whereas σ uses the spectral norm. They differ further in that σ includes the logarithm in its definition, and has units of inverse time, whereas Q is dimensionless. In the particular case that D = 1, it follows, in the high-Q layers, that Q ≈ \|λ + \|, so that we may make the direct correspondence lnQ ≈ 2\|t1 − t0\|σ. The distribution of σ is shown in Fig. 5, for the same two times t1 as Fig. 4. We see the development of thin ridges of large (positive) σ, which represent the locally strongest repelling material surfaces in the flow. These are interspersed by regions of negative σ, indicating converging trajectories. The ridges in Fig. 5 coincide precisely with the quasi-separatrix layers in Fig. 4; in the fluid dynamical context they are known as Lagrangian Coherent Structures (Haller & Yuan 2000; Shadden et al. 2005). They are termed “lagrangian” because they are defined by the fluid motion rather than an instantaneous snapshot, and “coherent” because they have distinguished stability compared to other nearby material surfaces. Analysis of such structures has become an important tool in fluid dynamics because they often reveal the mechanisms underlying transport in complex fluid flows: for example, the patterns traced out by visual markers such as dye. With our assumption of ideal MHD, the coronal magnetic field inherits these topological structures directly from the photospheric flow. The spatial patterns of Q and σ in Figs. 4 and 5 reveal the topological structure of the coronal magnetic field generated by the observed photospheric velocities. We can understand the origin of this structure using a simple analytical model of two-dimensional convection, similar to that of Simon & Weiss (1989). We will demonstrate the effects of both diverging and rotational flows, before using the model to predict how the inferred field line mapping might differ using higher-resolution velocity observations. 4.1. Analytical model We present three models, each computed on a grid of size 12 Mm × 12 Mm. Diverging flow. Here the velocity field v is a superposition of convective “plumes” (8)where (Xi,Yi) is the centre of the ith plume, , and the plumes have a purely radial velocity with respect to their centre of (9)Thus ω = 0 and Δ ≠ 0. The centres (Xi,Yi) of the N = 81 plumes are selected at random from a uniform distribution, over a larger domain − 3 ≤ Xi ≤ 15, − 3 ≤ Yi ≤ 15 to avoid boundary effects. To approximate the observations, the peak velocities Vi are selected from a normal distribution with mean ⟨ Vi ⟩ = 0.1 km s-1 and standard deviation sd(Vi) = 0.03 km s-1, while the widths Ri are selected from a normal distribution ⟨ Ri ⟩ = 1 Mm and sd(Ri) = 0.3 Mm. For computational convenience, the same pattern of plumes is used for a “coherence time” of 15 min, before a new pattern is chosen. (Qualitatively similar results are obtained if plumes are given a Gaussian profile in time, with randomly distributed peak times.) The choice of 15 min is consistent with the observations of Welsch et al. (2011) for flows on this spatial scale. Rotational flow. Here the velocity field v is a superposition of vortices (10)where is the centre of the ith vortex, , and the vortex has an azimuthal velocity (11)Now ω ≠ 0 and Δ = 0. We choose vortices, with centres on an extended grid as in model 1. Since ω and Δ are observed to have comparable scales (Sect. 2), the widths are again selected from a normal distribution with and . The strengths are selected from a normal distribution with zero mean and . The latter value makes the rms ω in the box approximately equal to the rms Δ in model 1 (approximately 2 × 10-4 s-1). Again, a constant pattern of vortices is applied for each coherence time. Integrated squashing factor, as a function of time for the observed velocity field (thick lines) and analytical models of Sect. 4 (thin lines). The solid lines correspond to the observed v and combined model 3. Dotted and dashed lines correspond respectively to vdiv (or model 1) and vrot (or model 2). The given slopes are for a least-squares linear fit to the observed data. Finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) field σ after 6 h for photospheric flows in the analytical models with a) diverging flow only, b) rotational flow only, and c) both diverging and rotational flow. Finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) field σ at 02:24 UT for the a) diverging component vdiv and b) the rotational component vrot of the Helmholtz-decomposed observed velocity field. Diverging and rotational flow. The velocity field is the superposition of those from models 1 and 2. In each model, an initial grid of 864 × 864 tracer points has been integrated in the same way as for the observational data, following trajectories of the model flows. The resulting σ fields for each model after 6 h (corresponding to 24 coherence times) are shown in Figs. 7a–c. The time evolution of dxdy is shown by the thin lines in Fig. 6 for models 1 (dotted), 2 (dashed) and 3 (solid). Note that the combined model 3 leads to a linear increase at a rate comparable to the observed flow (thick solid line). This rate is approximately double that of models 1 or 2. 4.2. Origin of the observed pattern From the σ fields for the three analytical models in Fig. 7, we can see that the qualitative structure of the observed σ field (Fig. 5) reflects predominantly the influence of divergence Δ in the velocity field. This is responsible for generating the visible ridge network of LCSs (or QSLs), interspersed with regions where σ < 0. Note that this network differs from that of the magnetic flux distribution (Fig. 1): the latter collects along the stable manifolds rather than the unstable manifolds. Model 2, with purely rotational flow (Fig. 7b), generates a very different σ field: there are still localised ridges, but these are more diffuse and space-filling than in the diverging flow. There are no regions of σ < 0. When both flows are superimposed (Fig. 7c), the σ field visually resembles that of the diverging flow, with the contribution of vorticity being to locally perturb the ridge network and to infill some of the σ < 0 regions with new ridges (although, in fact, dxdy increases at twice the rate of model 1). This model, where Δ and ω are comparable in magnitude, corresponds most closely with the observed velocity field. Although rotational component of the combined flow has little visual effect on the LCS/QSL pattern, this does not mean that it is incapable of leading to gradients and subsequent reconnection in the coronal magnetic field. Rather, the superposition of a diverging flow has perturbed the picture of the σ and Q fields so as to mask the contribution from ω. It may therefore prove useful for future analysis to extract the two components from the observed velocity field. This may be done through a Helmholtz decomposition (12)where vdiv = ∇φ and vrot = ∇ × (ψez), for scalar functions φ(x,y,t), ψ(x,y,t). This decomposition is not unique but we can fix a particular solution by specifying the boundary conditions that n·vrot = 0 on the boundary of our square region, where n is the unit normal to the boundary. Then v·n = vdiv·n on the boundary. The function φ is determined by solving the Poisson equation ∇2φ = Δ with the Neumann boundary conditions that n·∇φ = n·v on the boundary. The function ψ is determined by solving the Poisson equation (13)in this case with the Dirichlet condition of constant ψ on the boundary. Given ω from the observed velocity, we calculated ψ(x,y,t) at each time slice by solving Eq. (13)using a standard fast Poisson solver (van Loan 1992). The σ fields were then calculated for vdiv and vrot separately, and are shown at 02:24 UT in Fig. 8. This confirms our qualitative picture from the analytical model of the rather different σ fields for the two types of flow. The thick dotted and dashed curves in Fig. 6 show that dxdy for both vdiv and vrot increases at about half the rate of that for the combined velocity, again in accordance with the model. Effect of an increased flow speed in the analytical model. In panels a)–c) the mean plume velocity is 0.3 km s-1, while in panels d)–f) it is 0.5 km s-1. As in Fig. 7, the σ field is shown after 6 h for models 1 (left column), 2 (middle), and 3 (right). 4.3. Predicted structure from faster flows Since our method relies on the photospheric velocity field v(x,y,t) as input, the inferred magnetic structure is necessarily affected by limitations in the velocity observations used. In addition to the limited spatial resolution of SOT (which has a diffraction limit of approximately 0.3′′), the velocities we report have been averaged in both space and time in order to reduce noise in the local correlation tracking. Previous studies of granular convection on the Sun report cells of size 0.5−2 Mm with typical lifetimes of ~10 min, and velocities from 0.5−1.5 km s-1 (Rieutord & Rincon 2010). While the “cells” we find are comparable to the larger end of this size range, our velocities (Fig. 2b) are a factor of 5 − 10 smaller due to the effect of the averaging. Fig. 10 Finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) field σ after 6 h of a stationary velocity field in the analytical models with a) diverging flow only, b) rotational flow only, and c) both diverging and rotational flow. To predict the magnetic structure that would arise from faster flows, we re-run the analytical model with plume velocity increased first to ⟨ Vi ⟩ = 0.3 km s-1 and then to ⟨ Vi ⟩ = 0.5 km s-1. To keep the rms vorticity comparable to the rms divergence, we also increase to 0.00144 s-1 and 0.0024 s-1 respectively. The resulting σ fields in models 1, 2 and 3 after 6 h are shown in Fig. 9. The results are striking: in model 1 (diverging flow), the effect of faster flows is to sharpen the LCSs, increasing the maximum value of σ but maintaining the overall pattern. By contrast, in model 2 (rotational flow), faster flows lead not only to sharper LCSs but also to greater filling of space with these structures. Interestingly, model 3 (combined flows) sees not only the sharpening effect of model 1 but also an increased infilling of the σ < 0 regions with new LCSs resulting from the vortices. The infilling arises because, with strong enough vorticity, LCSs “wind up” around centres in the flow pattern. This is particularly evident in regions where the vorticity is strong but the divergence is weak; for example, compare the region around x = 1, y = 1.5 in Figs. 9d–f. This “wind up” phenomenon was found by Démoulin et al. (1996b) who computed QSLs in analytical flux tubes of increasing twist. Similarly, Birn et al. (1989) found that field line connectivity in a 3D plasmoid varies on smaller and smaller scales as the axial field is reduced relative to the azimuthal field, with the boundaries between regions of different connectivity wrapping round and round the flux tube axis. The initial rate of increase in dxdy (corresponding to the slopes in Fig. 6) increases from ~8 when ⟨ Vi ⟩ = 0.1 km s-1 to ~44 when ⟨ Vi ⟩ = 0.3 km s-1 and ~91 when ⟨ Vi ⟩ = 0.5 km s-1, although the rate of increase slows considerably in the latter case during the 6 h. This may correspond to a “saturation” of the infilling evident in models 2 and 3 once the σ field has become homogenised, in accordance with previous studies of LCSs in turbulent convection (Lapeyre 2002). At this stage, magnetic field lines in the whole region will have become mixed/braided in a manner likely to promote reconnection and subsequently heating of the coronal plasma. A saturation is also seen in the maximum value of σ, and this occurs after a shorter time for higher flow speed. This may be due to the LCS widths falling below the tracing grid scale, but it is unclear what other effects might cause such saturation; this bears further investigation. Note that certain consequences of a faster plume velocity, namely (i) sharper LCS with higher peaks of σ, and (ii) a faster rate of increase in dxdy, would also result if one left the plume velocities unchanged but increased their coherence time. This is demonstrated in Fig. 10, which shows model results after six hours with a single velocity pattern, rather than changing the pattern every 15 min. The peak σ (cf. Fig. 7) and slope of the dxdy curve (not shown) become comparable to the run with ⟨ Vi ⟩ = 0.3 km s-1. Yet there are fewer LCS, filling less of the area. This illustrates how the pattern of σ depends on the time history of the flow, not just on its pattern at any given instant. For simplicity, the models here are limited to convective cells with a single spatial scale, flow speed and lifetime. On the real Sun, convection seems to operate simultaneously on a range of scales. Experiments with superimposing a “supergranular” flow in the model (cells 10 times larger, with slower speeds and longer lifetimes) indicate that the LCS pattern and increase of dxdy are determined primarily by the original, faster flow component. The supergranular flow can generate localised magnetic gradients only over a longer timescale of many hours. We have proposed a practical method for inferring the topology of the 3D coronal magnetic field not by extrapolation (as is typically used) but rather by integrating trajectories of an observed sequence of horizontal flows in the photosphere. Assuming an ideal evolution in the corona, this enables us to infer the resulting magnetic field line mapping between photospheric footpoints, and therefore the squashing factor Q of this mapping. The method has been demonstrated using a particular sequence of observed flows derived from Hinode SOT magnetograms, although it applies equally to any velocity data and does not require magnetic information. Since the inferred field line mapping results directly from the observed photospheric flow, quasi-separatrix layers in the coronal magnetic field correspond to so-called Lagrangian Coherent Structures in the flow. These are ridges of high finite-time Lyapunov exponent σ where neighbouring trajectories diverge most strongly. With a simple analytical model, we have demonstrated that the pattern of the σ (or equivalently Q) field differs significantly between a flow composed of irrotational convective plumes and one composed of purely incompressible vortices. The diverging flow pattern in the first case leads to a network of long thin LCSs, whereas the vortical flow leads to a space-filling pattern of shorter LCSs that look a priori more favourable for widespread reconnection. The observed velocity field is found to have comparable \|∇·v\| and \|∇ × v\|, and the observed σ field is in qualitative agreement with a combined model incorporating both effects. In the combined case, the appearance of the σ and Q fields follows that of the diverging flow model: the diverging part of the velocity acts to quickly stretch and deform the picture. However, the rate of increase of integrated log 10Q in the combined model is double that of the original model, and we hypothesise that the vortical structure remains “hidden” in the magnetic field topology. We have demonstrated how the vortical part may be extracted from an observed velocity field, but further study is required to determine whether the vortical part is a more appropriate predictor of subsequent reconnection. Due to the limitations of the observational technique used for the demonstration in this paper, the typical flow speeds measured were only 0.1 km s-1, a factor of 5–10 slower than real granular flows. From investigation of the analytical model, we predict that faster flow speeds (for the same size and lifetime of granules) will result in significantly faster development of strong gradients in the magnetic field. Our initial results are therefore very much a lower bound for the complexity that we expect to develop in the coronal magnetic field over this time. The model also indicates that, if the real vorticity is also larger, then the combined σ field will show greater infilling of LCSs. In this case, the mixing of trajectories is sufficient that the model begins to show a process of “homogenisation” of the σ field as found in simulations of turbulence (Lapeyre 2002). A proper investigation of the rate of this mixing will require higher resolution velocity data, but the simple model indicates that it is likely to be effective on timescales much shorter than the observed 12 h. Realistic numerical simulations of photospheric convection (e.g., Stein & Nordlund 1998; Gudiksen & Nordlund 2005) could also give tighter constraints on the expected magnetic structure. Finally, the method proposed here – which assumes a perfectly ideal evolution in the corona – will break down if and when sufficiently high magnetic gradients have formed for magnetic reconnection to set in. Determining this threshold for reconnection will likely require detailed study of numerical MHD simulations. To this end, we have proposed a method for reconstructing a 3D magnetic field with the inferred field line mapping. This field is neither unique nor (likely) in equilibrium, but it has the significant advantage over existing extrapolation techniques of having the correct field line topology. A.R.Y. and G.H. were supported by the UK STFC (grant ST/G002436/1) to the University of Dundee. 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T. 2011, ApJ, submitted [arXiv:1110.6117] [Google Scholar] Appendix A: Magnetic field construction The method outlined in this paper infers the magnetic field line mapping from a photospheric flow. However, the field line mapping defines the 3D magnetic field B only up to an ideal deformation. In particular, a hypothetical plasma flow in the volume, which vanishes on the photospheric boundaries, can deform B while leaving the field line mapping invariant. Conversely, two fields B resulting from applying the same photospheric footpoint motions to the same initial magnetic field can differ at most by an ideal deformation. It would be useful for future investigations to generate a particular magnetic field of the required topology. Here we present a general method for constructing such a field. Given a velocity field v(x,y,t), the strategy is to set (A.1)so that the field lines of B are simply the trajectories of v with z corresponding to time. The scalar function λ is then adjusted to make B divergence-free and match a given normal component Bz(x,y,0) on the lower boundary. From ∇·B = 0 we find (A.2)where the z-derivative is taken along a magnetic field line and Δ ≡ ∇·v as before. Integrating from t = 0 to t = z along the field line f(x0,y0,t) gives (A.3)so at the point (x,y,z) = f(x0,y0,z) we can integrate to find (A.4)Notice that the magnetic field is entirely determined by knowing both its magnetic field lines and the distribution of Bz on the lower boundary. The magnetic field in Fig. 1 was constructed in this way from the observed velocity field. Movie of Fig. 4 (Access here) Recurrent coronal jets induced by repetitively accumulated electric currents The standard flare model in three dimensions — III. Slip-running reconnection properties Estimation of the squashing degree within a three-dimensional domain Current sheet formation in quasi-separatrix layers and hyperbolic flux tubes Can we explain atypical solar flares?	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1400
__label__cc	0.706843	0.293157	Otras Montañas How to climb ACONCAGUA EXPERTS Mallku Expediciones is your expert for expeditions to climb Mount Aconcagua and other mountains in the Andes. We are a family company for those who are looking for a more individual trip. We are a family of passionate climbers, and we see our guests as our friends. We welcome you from all over the world, from Mountaineer to Mountaineer. We support your expedition with tailor-made services. We are operating our business since 28 years, we know what we do. We are ACONCAGUA EXPERTS! Victor Herrera Victor Herrera is a professional Mountain Guide and the founder of the company 'Mallku Expediciones'. He was also founder and president of the Andinist Rescue Group of Mendoza, founder member of the Mendoza Association of High Mountain and Trekking Professional Guides and founder member of the Chamber of Aconcagua Provincial Park Services Leaders. Victor summited Aconcagua many times for different routes, excelling in the first world record in solitary and ascending in a day via the polish glacier. He also climbed other mountains in the Andes, Himalaya (Nepal) and Karakoram (Pakistan). He took part in the Expedition "Argentineans in Himalaya" in honor to the first Argentinean expedition to ascend Dhaulagiri (8167 m). He summited successfully on May 14th 2004. Victor is registered at the EPGAMT-Provinical School of Hight Mountain and Trekking Guides, Reg. No. 0011. Mallku Expediciones The name Mallku has it's origin in the language of the Incas, in Quechua. Mallku stands for the spirit and the power of the mountains. The spirit of the mountains found it's physical presence in a bird, the Condor. This bird is one of the largest birds that can fly. It crosses our skies in the Andes and shows us it's majesty permanently. The Condor was therefore a sacred animal for the Incas. We try to keep that spirit of the mountains alive. Perú 1499 Ciudad 5500 Mendoza ©2018 Mallku-Expediciones - Victor Herrera; Todos los derechos reservados - Está prohibido copiar, almacenar, reproducir o utilizar contenido! All rights reserved - It is forbidden to copy, save or use any content! - Alle Inhalte dieser Seiteunterliegen dem Urheberrecht - Es ist verboten Inhalte zu kopieren, zu speichern, zu vervielfältigen!	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1403
__label__cc	0.618473	0.381527	December 22, 2020 / Acumium — Happy Twenty Twenty (D)one: Holiday Memories and Wishes from Acumium Select a topic Acumium NewsAnalyticsApp-Web Design Development Cloud Enablement Custom Software DevelopmentDigital MarketingSocial Media MarketingSEOContent Marketing, Email, and Social Media E-commerceIT Managed ServicesInformation TechnologyAzureIT Cloud ComputingAmazon Web ServicesGeneralLeadership InsightsOnline AdvertisingUser Experience Design - UX Website Design and Development As this “unprecedented” year comes to a close, we debated what kind of holiday blog to write. How do you acknowledge a year that most of us will be glad to have in the rearview mirror? With many of our holiday traditions on forced hiatus, we decided to let this blog be about memories. We thought we’d give you a peek into some of our team’s favorite holiday memories and traditions, as well as some of our hopes for the coming year. Favorite holiday tradition or memory as a child? “Sleigh rides on my grandparents’ farm, followed by hot cocoa and sledding.” –Deb Norslien, UX Designer “I am one of five girls. The year I was four and my oldest sister was 12, Grampa Ashton took out his dentures, put his lower lip over his nose and chased us all around the house, laughing and screaming and running. The dogs joined in. It was chaos. Every year at Christmas, we would beg him to do it again. I miss Grampa’s scrunchy face.” —Rachel Bolger, Business Development Executive, CultureTrax “My grandmother was a good cook and made a lot of sweets around the holidays. My favorite was chocolate peanut butter balls.” —Ryan Ralston, Web Developer “On Christmas Eve, while my brother and I were sleeping, Santa would barricade us in our rooms with a web of crisscrossed, twisted red and green streamers. There was always one space toward the bottom big enough to carefully crawl through. On Christmas morning, we’d open our doors, see the streamers, and know Santa had been there. It was magical, and now Santa barricades my kids in on Christmas, too.” —Caroline Sober-James, Director of User Experience "Driving to Chicago for our extended family Christmas at Grandma's house." —Jason Sajdak, Director of IT “We celebrated Christmas Guatemala-style by staying up late on Christmas Eve and eating a tamale and opening gifts at midnight. As a kid, this was miserable. We would beg our parents to let us open gifts early and basically have a meltdown because we were so overtired. We would pass out by 2 a.m. in our new pile of toys.” —Victoria Echeverria, Customer Success and Engagement Manager, CultureTrax What about as an adult? “Our annual Christmas Eve party where we invite our closest friends and neighbors over to celebrate the season together.” —Becky Held, Sales Manager “I lost my Grandpa just this past October. So, I guess my favorite memory as an adult is the same one I had as a child. Going to my grandparents’ house for Christmas Eve. I’d walk in and my grandpa would be standing in the doorway. He would smile and say, ‘Well hello, my Kimmie Jo.’” —Kim Brunner, Director of Operations "Actually being IN Guatemala City on Christmas with my father in 2006. This was the first and only time I spent Christmas in Guatemala. The whole city of 3 million people light fireworks at midnight on Christmas Eve. It's insane. The city is on a range of mountains and valleys and we stayed with a cousin who lives up on a ridge. We looked out over the city below, lit up with fireworks that lasted hours. And then they do it again the next day at noon." —Victoria Echeverria “My wife hates waiting to give people presents so every year I make it as difficult and time-consuming as possible to find out what she bought me.” —Ryan Ralston "I mostly just love making Christmas special for my kids. I've even grown fond of the last-minute Christmas Eve wrapping frenzy at the dining room table that usually lasts until midnight, but that might have something to do with the two or three bourbon-laced eggnogs that go with it." —Caroline Sober-James “The multi-family Christmas tree hunt.” —Paul Lackner, Executive Creative Director How we rank some classic holiday movies For the most loved and critical additions to any holiday movie night, our team’s clear favorite was "A Christmas Story." “I saw it in the theater and then it became a Farmer family tradition to watch every year,” said Erik Farmer, Account Manager. “Jean Shepherd is an amazing writer.” Scott Johnson, Front End Developer, was torn between two classics. “It’s a tie between ‘A Christmas Story’ and ‘Die Hard.’ Too bad the timelines don’t match up because Ralphie growing up to be John McClane would make Die Hard 2’s icicle to the eye so much cooler.” Other top favorites included: — Home Alone — Elf — It’s a Wonderful Life — National Lampoon’s Christmas Vacation — Die Hard And, don't judge, but the ones still lingering on most of our watch lists include: — Meet Me in St. Louis — Bad Santa — Love, Actually — The Polar Express The holiday tunes we have on repeat “I love Winter Wonderland, because when it comes on the whole family belts it out.” —Rachel Bolger “Vince Guaraldi Trio’s ‘A Charlie Brown Christmas.’ [The animated special] was my first introduction to cool jazz trios, and it is not only my clear favorite Christmas record, but one of my top five jazz records.” —Paul Lackner “Happy Xmas (War is Over) by John Lennon because it speaks about the hope of peace and equality for all of humanity. And, well…it’s John Lennon.” —Kim Brunner “Percy Faith Christmas. Captures the traditional and fun side of the season. Great arrangements and singing.” —Erik Farmer “The Ventures’ Christmas Album…because Surf. Rock.” “Ella Fitzgerald’s ‘Ella Wishes You a Swinging Christmas.’ The whole album. It’s super singable, start to finish, and that lady’s impeccable phrasing gives me liiiiife.” Looking for a new mix of holiday tunes? Our team put together some of our favorites. Go check out our Acumium Holiday Mix 2020 on Spotify. Our favorite holiday “guilty pleasure” foods "Crimson Pie, but with a sour cream crust." (Paul) "Spinach Madeline. It’s a Cajun recipe from my husband’s side of the family. It sounds healthy because it has the word 'spinach' in it. It’s cheesy and spicy. Delicious comfort food." (Rachel) "Rumaki, the mightiest of the retro appetizers, though we skip the version with the chicken livers." (Caroline) "Pfeffernüsse! Tiny spice cookies that are unbelievably wonderful. The name translates to 'pepper nuts' in German, Danish, and Dutch." (Kim) "Mashed potatoes." (Jason) "I was introduced to Fairy Food from Blain’s Farm & Fleet when I moved to the Midwest. What is this stuff and why can’t I put it down?" (Victoria) "Scotcharoos. They are so addictive. I only eat them at Christmastime." (Becky) "Chocolate peanut butter balls. I’m pretty sure my mom has started hiding them to ration how quickly I eat them." (Ryan) What we’re hoping for, or most looking forward to, in 2021 We found some definite themes in what we're wishing for next year. One is political. Multiple people acknowledged looking forward to Inauguration Day and the new administration coming in, with hopes to start healing the deep divides in our democracy. The other theme was personal. Or, more accurately, people. We really miss people. Rachel misses hugs. Scott is looking forward to seeing his friends in person. Victoria said "Oofda, hugging my mother." Paul echoed he couldn't wait to "have my children and their children in my home whenever they want. And I in theirs." And we're ready to be done with COVID. Becky looks forward to "hopefully getting a vaccine and getting back to 'normal' life again," including visits with friends and maybe a tropical vacation. Erik wished "a healthy year for all." Lastly Ryan, who's anticipating the birth of his second child, said, "Obviously the kid, but I have high hopes for a second Chiefs Super Bowl, too." Sending you our warmest holiday wishes These socially distanced holidays look and feel different than what we may be used to, but as the classic song says, “Someday soon, we all will be together.” From our Acumium family to yours, we wish you a happy and healthy holiday season, full of warm memories and hopes for wonderful things to come in 2021. Merry Christmas to you, and Happy New Year.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1405
__label__wiki	0.880741	0.880741	Vermont to send 100 National Guard troops to Washington COLCHESTER, Vt. (AP) — The Vermont National Guard is going to be sending about 100 infantry soldiers to Washington to help provide security for the inauguration of President-elect Joe Biden. Most of the soldiers will be from the 86th Infantry Brigade Combat Team. Vermont Adjutant Gen. Greg Knight, the head of the Vermont National Guard, says they are honored to help secure the presidential inauguration. The mission was approved by Vermont Gov. Phil Scott. “After the tragic events at our Capitol on January 6, we must do all we can to secure a peaceful transition of power on Inauguration Day,” Scott said in a statement. “I am grateful to the brave men and women of the Vermont National Guard for their service and doing their part during this deployment to protect our republic and the democratic values we hold dear.” The Vermont soldiers will be among nearly 20,000 National Guard soldiers being called upon to provide security after last week’s assault on the U.S. Capitol by a mob of insurrectionists. All the Vermont soldiers will follow COVID-19 protocols and may quarantine on their return from Washington. Authorities rescue 31 dogs from overcrowding situation in Weymouth Clark University Black Student Union calls for tuition decrease, campus police to be disarmed	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1408
__label__cc	0.573918	0.426082	« Bergman, Waters, Moore & More Coming to The Criterion Collection in June 2018 Forgotten Friday Flick – “High Art” » Pitch Perfect 3 (4K UHD Blu-ray Review) Every popular film must find itself a way to being a trilogy, right? Well, that’s the case now with the Pitch Perfect franchise. Personally, I found the first film to be charming enough and it was quite popular enough to warrant an encore performance or a victory lap of sorts. That victory lap turned into a really really awful film, but it did make money, so here with are with our third film about a zany female collegiate acapella group. And hey, it didn’t total as much money as the second film, but still made plenty enough to count your winnings take it home and bid the world adieu. This final performance of the Bellas will be making its way to 4K Ultra-HD Blu-ray on March 20th (The first two films will also see an upgrade on this date). Don’t be one of those lazy pitches, pre-order yourself to have it on release. Now graduated from college, realizing it takes more than a cappella to get by, all the Bellas return in the final chapter in the beloved series. After the highs of winning the World Championships, the Bellas find themselves split apart and discovering there are no job prospects for making music with only your mouth. But when they get the chance to reunite for a European USO tour, this group of awesome nerds will come together to make some music, and some questionable decisions, one last time. Upfront, while there are some problematic issues with the narrative and some characters in the first Pitch Perfect film, I found it to be fun and charming enough to overcome it and be a decent little film. The second film was a bit of a mess and just on overload and made me rethink or embarrassed to have said I liked the first film. Now, here with the third and presumably final (PLEASE PLEASE PLEASE) film, I wasn’t sure if I was going to survive the experience. The third film is outlandish, dumb, unfunny and goes way overboard and too far. No, its not like there wasn’t room to tell a third story, but this almost feels like a 12th film based off a movie that was focused on the silliness of collegiate A Capella competitions. This is basically the series’ having nowhere to go but space. There’s an idea of what might have been a novel idea and may have redeemed this series from the dreadful second installment. They could have gone the Christopher Guest faux documentary route, catching up with the Bellas and centering it around the first reunion to perform in X amount of years. But, no, that idea is a silly side gag just to start or give Elizabeth Banks and John Michael Higgins reason to be in the film. Instead we get some stupid plot about Fat Amy’s dad showing up, kidnapping and an action sequence on a boat. Things just don’t work the fourth time around at all. All good will was extinguished in the second film. No more is it charming. Fat Amy has become the Steve Stifler of the series, making you wonder what you may have ever been laughing at in the first place. Anna Kendrick looks like she can’t wait til this film wraps. A lot of the times, one wonders if this movie isn’t an advertisement for how great DJ Khaled apparently is (Play a drinking game every time he’s mentioned/name dropped and you’ll be in a hospital with alcohol poisoning). There are just so many decisions and interactions that don’t make sense, aren’t earned, just happen because and only caused me to become infuriated. For instance, when the Bellas meet the other acts they are competing with, they are made fun of for only doing covers and having no original material. The only times we see the other bands play, all they are playing is covers. Pitch Perfect wasn’t able to stretch its formula enjoyably beyond one film. During Fat Amy kung fu kicking scarred 90s action film thugs aboard a deluxe yacht, eating a peanut butter sandwich and setting a toaster to explode while the Bellas perform “Toxic” to Jon Lithgow’s crime boss (And father to Amy) as a last request before he executes them…I turned to my wife and said “Remember when this was just about trying to win a singing competition and finding your place in college?”. Amusingly, the Fast & The Furious franchise was able to get crazy in a believable and enjoyable way without us even blinking and jumping right in, but…Pitch Perfect doesn’t even sniff this. Not everybody can pull a Torretto. The Bellas tried and failed so so so hard. Encoding: HEVC / H.265 Resolution: 4K (2160p) Layers: BD-66 Clarity/Detail: Pitch Perfect 3 was finished with a 2.8K DI and comes to 4K Ultra-HD Blu-ray as a 4K upscale. And really, it looks pretty good. Granted, you have to sit through this garbage to see it, but it looks really pretty. It has some great color saturation and the image is vivid and comes right off the screen. Details are plenty strong and the picture looks crisp and sharp. Depth: Great spacing appears in this image, crafting a three dimensional looking appeal at many times. Movements are smooth and natural. No blurring or juttering was found. Black Levels: Blacks have some good saturation and look deep and natural while not having much in the way of crushing and holding strong to details like textures, patterns, hair follicles and more. Color Reproduction: Colors are probably the strong suit here. Blonde hair and much of the clothing worn really pops and stings here in the image with good reds, yellows, blues among others. Neon lights, signs and car lights take advantage of the HDR as well. Flesh Tones: Skin tones are natural and consistent from start to finish of the film. Facial features and textures come through pretty clear in medium and closeup shots the whole way through. Noise/Artifacts: Clean Audio Format(s): English DTS:X (English 7.1 Dolby TrueHD compatible), Spanish 7.1 DTS-HD, French 5.1 DTS Dynamics: Pitch Perfect 3 gives a nice balanced and well layered performance with its DTS:X track, utilizing all the speakers and immersive capabilities of the format. The singing and musical numbers are the highlight of the whole thing, but action actually plays well too. The dynamics and unique depth the number with instruments and individual vocals really shine here. Height: From above you gets some water sounds, flight of planes/helicopters, ambiance and some more things to complete the full room experience. Low Frequency Extension: Bass, drums, explosions, gunshots, hitting people with a frying pan and more get a bump from the subwoofer. Its a nice thump, but I feel could have been a little stronger. Surround Sound Presentation: Speakers are all active, bringing the environments to life. Some singing pops here and there from all around, as well as environmental sounds that go beyond ambiance. Dialogue Reproduction: Vocals are audible at all times and plenty clear. Singing sounds better than the dialogue which doesn’t sound as distinct and loose as it could have been, a little lower in the mix too. Pitch Perfect 3 comes with the standard Blu-ray edition and a digital copy of the film. Aside from commentaries, all bonus features appear on the standard Blu-ray disc. 4K Ultra-HD Blu-ray Disc With Director Trish Sie With Producers Paul Brooks & Max Handelman New Musical Performances (HD, 4:24) Fat Amy & Fergus Casino Duet The Bellas: “See You Smile” Lullaby Extended Musical Performances (HD, 8:50) Evermoist: “How a Heart Unbreaks” Young Sparrow / DJ Dragon Nutz: “You Got It” Saddle Up: “Ex’s and Oh’s” Deleted Scene: Aubrey At Amy’s Hotel Door (HD, 1:01) Gag Reel (HD, 3:22) Competition Crescendo (HD, 6:37) – Behind the scenes of the riff-off scene in the film. A Cappella Action (HD, 3:15) – A full break down of the scene where Fergus betrays Fat Amy and kidnaps the Bellas, taking us through performance aspects and stunt work. The Women of Pitch Perfect 3 (HD, 4:21) – Focuses on how the series has bucked trends about all-female lead movies and the goes against industry stereotypes. Don’t Mess with Rebel (HD, 4:27) – In this featurette, we see the training and stunt work that Rebel Wilson had to put in for the film. The Headliner: DJ Khaled (HD, 3:01) – We see how DJ Khaled fits into the film and how he got along with the cast and crew. The Final Note: John and Gail (HD, 2:22) – The Talk-a-pella podcasters are the focus of this feature, going on about their place in the story of the film. Just Because He’s a Bad Guy… (HD, 1:54) – This is a piece on John Lithgow joining the cast of the film and the chemistry between he and Rebel Wilson as they play father and daughter. The Final Performance (HD, 4:30) – We get to look at the emotional final wrap for the series during the shoot. “Freedom! ’90 x Cups” Official Music Video (HD, 2:36) Hollywood of the South (HD, 2:28) – A pieces on shooting films in Atlanta. If you couldn’t tell, I wasn’t a fan of Pitch Perfects final piece of its A Capella trilogy. Comedy sequels are a tough go of it, and none of the Pitch Perfects became the exception to the rule. And here I thought Bad Moms Christmas was the bad comedy sequel fro 2017, that one is Monty Python and the Holy Grail in comparison to this third Bella adventure. The 4K Ultra-HD Blu-ray looks and sounds great if you’re willing to stomach it. The extras look a long list, but most of them are short and full of empty calorie EPK material. If you really must have the film, this is the best performance you’re going to get it at, but I’d certainly wait for a Black Friday sale to complete your Pitch Perfect collection in your home video library. Tags: Alexis Knapp, Anna Kendrick, Brittany Snow, Elizabeth Banks, Hailee Steinfeld, Jessica Chaffin, John Lithgow, John Michael Higgins, Rebel Wilson, Ruby Rose. This entry is filed under 4K UHD Blu-ray Review, Amazon Pre-Orders, Blu-ray Reviews . You can follow any responses to this entry through RSS 2.0 . You can skip to the end and leave a response. Pinging is currently not allowed.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1411
__label__wiki	0.906623	0.906623	Fresh Air opens the window on contemporary arts and issues with guests from worlds as diverse as literature and economics. Terry Gross hosts this multi-award-winning daily interview and features program. Suit filed against SEPTA over drug testing PlanPhilly staff Local 234 of the Transport Workers Union and five SEPTA employees have filed suit against the authority in federal court, alleging that changes SEPTA made to its drug-testing policies violate some workers’ constitutional rights. The employees say that SEPTA’s announcement that it would be extending random drug and alcohol testing to a new group of employees violates their rights under the 4th and 14th amendments. The five employees all work as vehicle readiness coordinators, and their responsibilities revolve around coordinating and scheduling maintenance repairs on SEPTA vehicles and operating them in depots. They don’t operate vehicles carrying passengers. The suit was filed Sept. 10 in District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania and asks the court to overturn the policy and award unspecified damages to the employees. Discovery was scheduled to begin Sept. 25. The union has also filed a grievance with SEPTA about the new policy. SEPTA employs about 40 vehicle readiness coordinators. Most are assigned to the job after having been declared medically unfit — because of an illness, injury or other medical condition — to work at their previous jobs with the authority. The union says that the work the coordinators perform isn’t a “safety-sensitive” position and thus shouldn’t be subject to random drug testing performed on employees who do things like operate SEPTA buses on routes. The union’s labor agreement with SEPTA allows the authority to carry out random drug testing of employees, like bus drivers, who could cause “extraordinary” hazards if they report to work under the influence, the suit says. SEPTA argues that the coordinators should be subject to random drug testing because they are required to have a commercial driver’s license and because they operate vehicles in SEPTA depots, according to spokesman Andrew Busch. Previously, the coordinators were subject to a drug test if there was a “reasonable suspicion” that they were under the influence of drugs or alcohol while on the job. The authority announced in August that it would begin testing coordinators beginning Sept. 6. Judge Mitchell S. Goldberg issued an injunction stopping the testing on Sept. 11. Neither the local nor the law firm representing it returned messages left Monday afternoon. Posted by Anthony Campisi. Contact him at campisi.anthony@gmail.com View Http-planphilly-com-sites-planphilly-com-files-complaint_0-pdf PDF Brought to you by PlanPhilly In-depth, original reporting on housing, transportation, and development. Regional Rail train strikes car in the first SEPTA collision of 2020 The non-fatal collision was the ninth at a SEPTA grade-crossing since 2016. One year after a 7-year-old fell from train to his death, SEPTA to experiment with locked doors On the heels of an investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board, SEPTA is to test locks on train doors. Strollers pose safety problems for Philly families riding SEPTA When a mother fell down the stairs and died in the New York subway last month, parents in Philadelphia reacted with a combination of horror and recognition.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1412
__label__cc	0.575918	0.424082	Introduction to Welfare (21:I) Revision as of 01:49, 22 July 2016 by Desy Wahyuni (talk \| contribs) (→‎B. Referrals) Welfare is a basic form of income support provided by the state to those in need. In BC, the provincial government administers welfare via the Ministry of Social Development and Social Innovation (the MSDSI). Welfare is a “payer of last resort”, which means that in order to receive welfare, a person must demonstrate that he or she has exhausted all other forms of support. This chapter will use the term “welfare” to describe all forms of income support provided by the BC government under the province’s welfare legislation. B. Referrals See Chapter 22: Referrals for additional referrals. Community Legal Assistance Society (CLAS) Address 300 – 1140 West Pender Street Vancouver, BC V6E 4G1 B.C. Public Interest Advocacy Centre E-mail: bcpiac@bcpiac.com Vancouver, BC V6E 2N7 Disability Alliance of BC C. The Welfare Legislation Employment and Assistance Act, SBC 2002, c 40 [EAA]; Employment and Assistance Regulation, BC Reg 263/2002 [EAR]; Employment and Assistance for Persons with Disabilities Act, SBC 2002, c 40 [EAPWDA]; and Employment and Assistance for Persons with Disabilities Regulation, BC Reg 265/2002 [EAPWDR]. Forms regulations under the EAA and EAPWDA create many of the forms that MSDSI uses in administering welfare. See also the Child in the Home of a Relative Transition Regulation, BC Reg 48/2010. Be current. The statutes and especially the regulations governing welfare in BC can change often. Therefore, it is very important that students check the BC Laws website and confirm that one is dealing with the most current legislation. Occasionally, legislation on the MSDSI’s website is updated faster than BC Laws. Legislation is found on the MSDSI’s site at: http://www.eia.gov.bc.ca/ministry/leg.htm Be comprehensive. Be sure to read the relevant section of the appropriate act or regulation in its entirety and to scan the legislation for other relevant sections. The legislation is complex and often a number of provisions work together to govern a particular program or benefit. Be alert to mandatory versus discretionary wording. Welfare legislation contains a mix of mandatory provisions (requiring the government to do or provide something) and discretionary provisions (which permit, but do not require, the government to act in a particular way). Consider whether the legislative provisions relevant to the client’s case are mandatory or discretionary. D. Welfare policy E. Types of Welfare On disability assistance, a single person under age 65 currently receives $906.42 per month to cover housing, utilities, food, transportation, clothing, and all other basic necessities. HARDSHIP ASSISTANCE. This is a support and shelter allowance provided under s 5 of the EAA and s 6 of the EAPWDA to persons who are not otherwise eligible for income assistance, PPMB, or disability assistance (see also part 4 of the EAR and part 4 of the EAPWDR). Some (but not all) categories of hardship assistance are repayable, i.e. a person receiving hardship assistance may accrue a debt owing to the government. It is usually temporary assistance. People with the PPMB or PWD designation may also receive hardship assistance, if they are not otherwise eligible for PPMB or PWD benefits. Therefore, there are different rates of hardship assistance. On disability hardship assistance, a single person under age 65 currently receives $906.42 per month to cover housing, utilities, food, transportation, clothing, and all other basic necessities. HEALTH SUPPLEMENTS. Recipients of income assistance, PPMB, and disability assistance may qualify for various health supplements from the MSDSI. See Part 5, division 5 of the EAR, and the EAPWDR. The MSDSI has a useful table summarizing health supplements that may be available, at http://www.sdsi.gov.bc.ca/forms/rfs/health_supplements_eligibility.pdf SUPPLEMENTS These are other forms of assistance that may be provided on a case-by-case basis for specific purposes set out under the EAA and EAPWDA and their associated regulations. See especially Part 5 of the EAR, Part 5 of the EAPWDR, and MSDSI website. F. Useful Publications by Outside Agencies In addition to this LSLAP manual chapter, students may wish to refer to the following publications: BC Disability Benefits Help Sheets. These 15 guides are published by Disability Alliance BC. They are available at http://www.disabilityalliancebc.org and cover many areas relating to applying for benefits and appealing decisions. Your Welfare Rights, a plain language guide published by the Legal Services Society for welfare clients and advocates. It is available at http://www.lss.bc.ca and gives an excellent overview of welfare issues.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1413
__label__wiki	0.516675	0.516675	Difference between revisions of "Community of Official Languages/Newsletter" < Community of Official Languages Melanie.ladouceur (talk \| contribs) [[:en:Communauté des langues officielles/Infolettre\|'''FRANÇAIS''']] _TOC_ <div style="width:80%; margin: 0 0 15px 8px">{{Main page box (left)\|border-color=#005172\|background=#005172\|colour=white\| title= <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; color: white">The OL Connection</span>\|\|content= Home References Tools Newsletter Reports Contact FRANÇAIS _TOC_ The OL Connection Guide to Non-Imperative Staffing (Published May 20, 2020) Non-imperative staffing is a staffing procedure for a bilingual position that allows the consideration of applicants who meet all the essential qualifications except the required language skills. Need more details on when to use this staffing procedure and its requirements? Click on this link. Expansion of Public Service Commission measures (Published May 20, 2020) Due to COVID-19, the Public Service Commission (PSC) has reviewed and expanded the Second Language Evaluation (SLE) measures in place to ensure that departments and agencies can meet their staffing needs for all positions. You will find the information here. Who should you contact? Do you have questions about these new measures? Consult the PSC's recently published inventory of questions and answers or contact your PSC Staffing Support Advisor (SSA). To find out who your Staffing Support Advisor is, please consult this list. Best Practices on the promotion of English and French (Published on May 20, 2020) Looking for best practices to promote English and French? Canadian Heritage has prepared a compendium of best practices drawn from the Official Languages Reviews (Part VII) of several federal institutions. The examples deal specifically with the promotion of English and French in Canadian society. You will find the compendium here. If you have any best practices for the promotion of both official languages that emerged during the pandemic, we invite you to share them with Portal41/Gateway41 at pch.portail41-gateway41.pch@canada.ca. These circumstances may give rise to good innovative measures that deserve to be known and shared within official languages networks or included in a future edition of this collection of best practices. A new COVID-19 Pandemic Lexicon (Published May 20, 2020) To support the federal government in its communications on the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the Translation Bureau at Public Services and Procurement Canada has developed a standardized bilingual glossary based on online scientific articles and newspapers as well as Canadian government and World Health Organization documents. The COVID-19 Pandemic Glossary clarifies basic concepts in both official languages and will enable clear communications with the general population. The glossary is available online, and its content has been added to TERMIUM Plus®, the Government of Canada's terminology and linguistic database. The Translation Bureau will monitor the media and update the glossary as terminology evolves. We invite you to consult and use this new glossary. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to write to Bureaudelatraduction.TranslationBureau@tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca. Upcoming Events (Published May 20, 2020) The Departmental Advisory Committee on Official Languages (DACOL) will be meeting virtually on May 29, 2020 from 10:00 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. The Crown Corporation Advisory Committee on Official Languages (CCACOL) will be meeting on May 29, 2020 from 1:30 p.m to 2:30 p.m. Invitations have been sent to members and include teleconferencing information and the Slido event code. Is there an issue you would like to raise? E-mail our team at OLCEInformationCELO@tbs-sct.gc.ca with your questions or comments. We look forward to meeting virtually with you! Update from the Official Languages Centre of Excellence (Published March 30, 2020 at 1:00pm) This exceptional situation brought on by the global pandemic presents challenges at all levels, including in the world of official languages. The various measures taken here and there to counter this scourge may have an impact on your work as the person responsible for official languages. For example, the Public Service Commission's decision to allow assessing second language proficiency are only available for term appointments to bilingual positions that are related to the COVID-19 situation or to ensure the effective functioning of the Government of Canada. Please be advised that we are aware of the difficulties that the current situation may bring and are always available to respond to any concerns that may arise. The Official Languages Centre of Excellence (OLCE) team is working to explore options to address the various challenges that could arise from the measures related to the COVID-19 crisis. At this time, if you have other specific issues that require our assistance in a rapid manner, we invite you to contact Marie Madeleine Chourouba at mariemadeleine.chourouba@tbs-sct.gc.ca, including OLCEInformationCELO@tbs-sct.gc.ca on your correspondence. She will ensure, with the help of the members of the OLCE, to respond to you as soon as possible. Let us support you during this situation which effects us all. Take care of you and your loved ones. PSC’s New Measures to Provide Flexibility in Relation to Assessment of Second Language (Published March 31, 2020 at 4:40pm) We invite persons responsible for official languages (PROL) and human resources advisors to consult the Public Service Commissions’s Q&A at the following link: https://www.canada.ca/en/public-service-commission/information-human-resources-specialists/questions-answers-human-resources-specialists.html Scroll down to « Two new measures to provide flexibility in relation to assessment of second language » to view the bank of questions and answers. Retrieved from "http://wiki.gccollab.ca/index.php?title=Community_of_Official_Languages/Newsletter&oldid=28608" Content is available under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1414
__label__cc	0.686137	0.313863	Updated: Virgin Atlantic creditors aprove restructuring; (files for BK in US Court) Brickell305 Re: Virgin Atlantic facing collapse Experimental wrote: MIflyer12 wrote: VS is the largest single competitor to BA long-haul, is it not? Do you think passengers will be happy paying BA prices in an environment with less competition? There are very few routes (SEA, LAS, some Caribbean) where VS is BA's only competition. Exactly. Actually, only MIA and LAS come to my mind. In the absence of VS, DL will definitely fly SEA. And even LAS and MIA have competition from LGW through Norwegian. If I am not mistaken, there is not a single route out of LHR flown by VS that is not flown by BA. And even if those destinations (SEA, LAS, MIA) don't see nonstop competition, they all have competition via various connecting points/hubs. KingB123 wrote: Caluma350 wrote: Virgin is a great airlines. I see a lot of ignorance in this feed. ALL airlines in the UK are currently in discussion with the UK government for support / possibility of bail outs. That includes EasyJet and BA. ALL these airlines have taken cost cutting measures to ensure their survival. It really saddens me to see people attack an airlines like Virgin which hasn't always had government support through out the years and have had to stay in business with their competitiveness and offering customers choice and better value for money than their competitors. I believe Virgin will come out the other side of all this and remain Britains second flag carrier. Just out of curiosity, did it not make you sad that employees of flybe, thomas cook etc etc lost their jobs? How is that relevant to the current situation? KingB123 Because those airline employees lost their jobs too thats why its relevant King B It would be extremely short-sighted if VS is deliberately left unsupported. Virgin Atlantic is not in a unique position - as lots of other companies find themselves in the same boat, a solution regarding delayed lease, rent and other payments has to be applied to everyone. If the UK Government does not support VS, in the end it is going to hurt its own economy as other governments will bail their carriers. The loss would be for the UK and its flying public, not for Sir Richard Branson - he may take a hit but he will be ok. Opus99 wrote: IAG and Virgin are both private companies. Why is one's request for money more valid than the others? SRB may be loathsome, but do you really want the government picking favorites? I would expect you would see governments looking to preserve the jobs and the service. I assume when you say private you mean not owned by government then yes. The thing is the government isn’t hot on bailing virgin out because a few reasons. First of all they have to take a look at the business finances to see if an investment is worth it. Secondly, their 50% owned by delta and then you have bransons tax issues which ministers aren’t to hot on so you can call this optics and then there’s the fact that the government has put a lot in place for people who lose their jobs in this period so their employees will be somewhat taken care of. And finally there’s the the idea that operationally they won’t be missed because there’s nowhere that virgin goes that BA does not. I think my point is that bailing out airlines isn't about saving corporations; it's about saving the things those corporations provide: jobs, travel capacity, competition within the industry, etc. IAG is 25% owned by QR as well, no? Of course they offer all those other benefits but for the UK government because of how already uncomfortable they are with bailing virgin Atlantic out they seem to have an excuse for all those points. And yes IAG is 25% owned by Qatar but at least with British Airways the economic and operational impact will be too heavy to not bail out if need be and also BA have been the main airline running repatriation flights for the UK and the foreign sec has made sure we know that’s its BA running those flights again which goes to show their role as Britain’s flag carrier GCT64 "Nearly a fifth of all small and medium-sized businesses in the UK are unlikely to get the cash they need to survive the next four weeks, in spite of unprecedented government support. That's according to research from a network of accountants which suggests between 800,000 and a million firms nationwide may soon have to close." Then read the comments online about the prospect of Virgin Atlantic getting a bail out (It's trending on Twitter with overwhelming negative views being expressed). I would say that UK public opinion is clear ... no special treatment for VS. Furloughed staff can get 80% of their salary paid by the government through the company (except for the higher paid ones, like pilots), so if the company wants to help them, it can. Flown in: A20N,A21N,A30B,A306,A310,A319,A320,A321,A332,A333,A343,A346,A359,A388,BA11,BU31,(..56 more types..),VC10,WESX VS11 wrote: The only airline I’m sure the government will definitely bail out is BA and of course regional carriers like Loganair etc Boeing74741R I will preface by saying my thoughts at this time are with all VS staff. They do not deserve to suffer this uncertainty and I hope the airline pulls through as the country needs more than one airline in the long-haul business and an airline that's prepared to explore markets north of the Watford Gap. chonetsao wrote: Virgin parent company should be asked first. Since Richard Branson owns 51% of the company, he must use his own money to support his own company. Delta owns 49%, Delta should help as well. SRB has already pledged a few hundred million into various Virgin companies, VS included. VS is not critical to UK economy as its routes are covered by other airlines. Not all. You will also find VS have more of a commitment towards long-haul routes originating outside of London than BA do. The current government makes a lot of noise about levelling up the economy, so if you ask me having a situation where there's only one scheduled airline in the UK and operate everything out of London goes against that. I'm not saying the government should subside routes outside of London, but global connectivity plays in the old 'north-south divide' argument. It should be rescued by its shareholder, not the UK government. Whilst I agree shareholders have some sort of obligation, they're not running the company and there is a limit as to how much they should reasonably be expected to put in, especially if one of them has problems of their own (i.e. Delta). I also think that despite not being left-leaning, it's in the government's interests to ensure businesses thrive and if there is a case for a state-led intervention to ensure a business survives for the good of the economy and protecting jobs, they should look at it and act accordingly - if a case can be made. I'm also not sure governments want to be entering elections painted by opposition parties as responsible for putting thousands of people out of work. It's bad enough the UK has lost Monarch, FlyBMI, Thomas Cook Airlines and Flybe within the space of 2 1/2 years. What VS did to Flybe should always be remembered. By that logic, we should always remember what BA did to VS in the early-90's. Google the Dirty Tricks scandal to see what I mean. There's also a documentary about it from the time on YouTube somewhere. That was far worse than the failure of Connect Airways to ensure Flybe survived, especially given the dire straits Flybe were in for years. If the ginger at necker island doesn’t want to pay up. Good riddance to Virgin. Our tax payers money needs to spent on our health service during this crisis and not a failing private airline that provides no benefit to the MAJORITY of British Nationals x I don't think VS employees along with all those in the supply chain that rely on VS will agree with you. raylee67 wrote: It should be noted that the airlines (and ALL of us) are in current situation because the governments (almost all of them) acted too slow to mitigate the disaster. Asking for the governments to bail out for a short period of time, especially during the time that the governments are telling people not to fly, isn't that outrageous. Indeed. Despite being on the grounds of public health, governments across the world (including our own) pulled the rug from underneath the airline's market by telling people not to travel and, in some cases, closing borders to travellers from certain countries. To me, that should be one reason alone for governments to lend some sort of support to airline's who are facing what is an unprecedented situation. It's also different to circa-2008 when banks were being bailed out because the way some had behaved over the years were coming to a head and the implications of their collapse would have had on the economy. It left a sour taste in many people's mouths when some of them reportedly returned to "business as usual" within a short timescale and reports of bonuses being paid out did the rounds. As far as I can see, airlines haven't been behaving recklessly. Did they lose their jobs because the air travel market collapsed under them? So, essentially, we don't like Virgin so screw those guys? Detroit313 Let Delta and Richard save it. No taxpayer money! FT explains it as the political ramifications of bailing virgin and easyJet out apparently doesn’t sit well with the government. Read this arcticle: https://www.ft.com/content/eb82e1e1-b09 ... 79948b7585 Boeing74741R wrote: I don’t think employees of flybe agree with you either. If Virgin Atlantic cannot survive due to its owners not willing to cough up and ride the storm. Then let it sink. The tax payer should not fund this hiflyeras It might have been a colossal mistake by Delta to have spent millions if not billions to buy interest in Virgin Atlantic, Aeromexico, etc. DL owns 49% of VA and AM, 20% of LAMTAM...their shares may be completely worthless if they collapse or are bailed out by their governments. Hmm wonder how those employees felt when the previous recession hit too. I dont get why you’re defending a bailout of a billionaires airline with my tax money when you should feel pity for the employees, whose employer told them to take 8 WEEKS UNPAID LEAVE. Why aren’t people questioning the ethical practice of airlines against their employees. Beyond a joke What loss? The destinations are covered by BA. Other airlines will jump in. Competitive laws will come into play. VS have a tiny network in london, basic network in Manchester. And one flight from BFS and GLA ableit that being seasonal. Only loss is for the employees that Virgin Atlantic failed to protect and now will drop them in the hands of the state. PANAMsterdam Has anyone already mentioned this article about Richard Branson investing over 200 million pounds in Virgin? https://www.ft.com/content/4010625e-6c5 ... bea055720b Every country has an airline. The world has Pan Am. fcogafa [quote=]Tell me; when was the last time the EU closed its borders? Right. Never in it's history.[/quote] A couple of years ago during the refugee crisis? The governments did it with banks in 2008/09. Same can be done. The airlines issue preferred shares for government to buy. Preferred shares come with promise to pay good dividend (ahead of common shares receiving any dividend). The preferred shares can also come with options for the company to buy back at a fixed price after X years (or at any time). Strings should be attached too, such as no bonus for executives as long as the preferred shares are still outstanding. That way, the company can get the cash flow now. The government doesn't lose out since it will be paid dividend when the economy bounces back and VS (or the airlines in general) turns a profit. And the executives have the incentive to buy back these preferred shares as soon as they can get the money from the market since they don't get bonus until they kick the government out. So the ownership (and risk) to governments are short term and minimal, which is the goal. Unfortunately, it's looking more and more like demand is going to be dramatically reduced for much more than a "short period of time". These rescue packages are likely going to be largely quixotic ventures where you either ultimately have to let the airline fail, or alternatively end up with another Al Italia on your hands. Byrdluvs747 PANAMsterdam wrote: The problem is that the cash infusion will be split amongst the entire Virgin group and not VS entirely. I'm not sure if VA is to be included in this as well. Last edited by Byrdluvs747 on Wed Apr 01, 2020 5:08 pm, edited 1 time in total. The 747: The hands who designed it were guided by god. Sure. I just disagree I guess. Similarly with the US majors and their love of the stock buyback should still be given support, because they provide a vital service, and it's not the government's roll to be making decisions based on "the optics" of them. fcogafa wrote: [quote=]Tell me; when was the last time the EU closed its borders? Right. Never in it's history. A couple of years ago during the refugee crisis?[/quote] Borders were not closed. I could still book a flight to CDG. Byrdluvs747 wrote: The problem is that the money is for the entire Virgin group and not VS entirely. I'm not sure is VA is to be included in this as well. I agree, but it’s not that Branson isn’t helping Virgin Atlantic. I got the impression that some people here thought that he was currently only busy with swimming in his money like Scrooch McDuck, but that isn’t the case. Last edited by PANAMsterdam on Wed Apr 01, 2020 5:12 pm, edited 1 time in total. Um...what are you on about? The whole point of these bailouts is so that Virgin continues to employ people. How am I ignoring their welfare when I am advocating them keeping their jobs? When you have a major stockholder that is personally wealthy... any government bailout money should be tied to some kind of match program from the wealthy owner. Perhaps £1 government money for every £2 (or 3, 4) of the wealthy owners money. I'm open to the argument that the government should provide some help. But only if the wealthy owner provides clearly most of it first. JannEejit JannEejit wrote: He is 'painted' as withdrawing from bidding for a WCML franchise renewal because of the pensions issue. In the public eye, that's walking away. Some people probably don't appreciate having their pension scheme being used as a bargaining chip. Factually wrong. The DfT were asking bidders to essentially agree to an unlimited figure worth of pension liabilities, the consortium that Virgin was involved in challenged that requirement as they weren't prepared to accept that (understandable given how pension liabilities have crippled even the biggest of organisations over the years and is why final salary pension schemes are rare nowadays), the DfT then excludes the consortium Virgin was involved in on the grounds of the bid being non-compliant. That is completely different to walking away. Still, if that doesn't suit the narrative then carry on. I'm not talking about the 'facts' I'm talking about how Branson is perceived by the great unwashed in the current climate. The tabloid press that fuel public opinion told them, 'the public' that Branson is the man who walked away, the man who tried to make money out of the NHS, the man sitting on millions with his cap in hand, not to be trusted, just wants your money when it suits him. In terms of the current discussion that's a relevance you're going to have to take into account during the great clamour for public bail outs. Like it or not, Branson is currently as popular as Fred Goodwin during the 2008 banking crisis. 2175301 wrote: Write that into law then. Be prepared for it to be a lengthy process. You can start with the Limited Liability Act of 1855. SamYeager2016 I don't believe that act says anything about receiving a bailout from the government or the conditions that may be attached to the bailout. IMHO VS should look to its shareholders in the first place through a rights issue. If that's not feasible they should be looking at at loans. Any government bailout should be the last resort rather than the first, If the only option for VS is a bailout then the terms of any bailout are agreed between the government and VS and frankly VS would not have strong bargaining hand. cedarjet If half of climate science is real (and it is), we should not be subsiding heavily polluting industries fly Saha Air 707s daily from Tehran's downtown Mehrabad to Mashhad, Kish Island and Ahwaz Then why is this the responsibility of the UK GOV? Why isn't virgin keeping these people on by pumping more of its own money into keeping the airline alive? It is not the job of the UK GOV neither is it the Job of the TAX PAYER to pay for failing airlines. Period. raylee67 umichman wrote: When I say "short period of time", I am again comparing to the bank deals from 2008/09. The government typically owned their preferred shares of the banks for a few years back then, and gradually exited their positions in around 2012 to 2015. So that's the horizon I am looking at, i.e. around 5 to 7 years. You would not have Alitalia at hand since this is a one-off event. These airlines are generally well run. The virus will come to pass eventually. We will either develop a vaccine or cure, or the general population will eventually acquire herd immunity after 50-70% of people have been infected. Either way, it will end, and life moves on after this one-off event. This cannot be compared to Alitalia. This should be compare to WWII, where life would resume after a huge one-off disruption. So don't get me wrong. The disruption will be significant. Again, I am looking at a WWII scale disruption in terms of both economic and even potentially human toll. Humans, at least those in East Asia, North America and Europe, have been living on good times for too long that we forgot about these disruptions. This is war-time. The governments need to do whatever it takes to minimize the overall damage. Nothing should be off the table. But everything needs to be considered with the big picture in mind, not towards one single company. 319/20/21 332/33 342/43/45 359/51 388 707 717 732/36/3G/38/39 74R/42/43/44/4E/48 757 762/63 772/7L/73/7W 788/89 D10 M80 135/40/45 175/90 DH1/4 CRJ/R7 L10 AY LH OU SR BA FI LX AA DL UA NW AC CP WS FL NK PD CI NH SQ KA CX JL BR OZ TG KE CA CZ NZ JQ RS I thought we were worrying about the welfare of the workers? Guess not. I can see being against state aid if you think Virgin will still fail, but if they aren't a risk (and they have been pretty consistently improving up until the market disappeared), why do you particularly care? Their existence definitely has benefited British consumers. Governments should be doing what they can to maintain the stability of their economies and the quality of life of their citizens; and preserving one of the things which keeps BA from exploiting it's dominant position (again) would seem to be one of them. If you leave VS's fate to Branson and Delta, what are you going to do when they decide it makes sense for them to liquidate and sell off VS's assets? Do you trust you will benefit from those choices? It's a weird one. VS is arguably the best UK airline from a product perspective. I'd hate to see them go. Once again the actual staff are what is important here. If it was solvent before CV19 then there's an argument to help. But how does the uk gov explain and position itself having to back a corporate entity which sued the NHS, the larger group headed up by a billionaire non dom. How do you explain we didnt have enough cash for PPE, ventilators or enough ICU beds in comparison to others nations but can suddenly drop a few billions to support an airline. How do you square that with rainbow drawings and 'thankyou NHS' pictures in windows across the country. There would be an uproar. You could arguable send every NHS worker on holiday with the money and it'd probably be a more popular use of cash. We could relax ownership rules and let someone else buy it - granted not sure who would want/willing to currently. If we do have to bail out the sector then we should take majority control ensuring that UK tax payer is first in line for any profit or assets. If the shareholders wont save it they should take the hit on their investments inc Mr B and DL - as was the risk. If the entire sector needs support then they should be given a share of help. Potentially merging two entities a la like Lloyds & Halifax (adding EZY and VS together for example to have a stronger second carrier for example, or if BA needs help too slots and assets should be moved to a competitor - to actually benefit the uk competition). I think the British taxpayer wont look too friendly on being expected to bailout companies that quite often dont do the right thing, going after the NHS, not paying tax or EZY paying a dividend of millions but then attempting to stop feeding crew etc. There's not a lot of sense in hanging thousands of people out to dry only to pay them benefits either. But this should be about keeping workers employed for the sake of our economy further down the road - not lining shareholders pockets. MontyP BA won’t be bailed out, they (IAG) are not even a British company and they have stated that they don’t want a bailout. They want their competitors to go to the wall first. skipness1E cedarjet wrote: I agree. Let’s ban shipping and close data centres. Don’t get me started on air conditioning. Look mate, if you think green taxes are aimed at saving the planet I have some magic beans I want to sell you! Green taxes are just additional taxes because the west continues to spend way more money than it can afford and borrows heavily. APD hasn’t saved a single polar bear and COVID 19 has concentrated minds on just how much of the green agenda is a left wing, anti free market, controlled economy cult. Environmentalism has been hijacked by radicals. As for SRB, well he burned his bridges on Brexit. He can afford to save VS, but he won’t. That’s how you become a billionaire. He’s gone from radical entrepreneur to sucking at the teet of the taxpayer. Also Stelios is harming easyJet with his continued tone deaf interviews, affirming in the public eye that it’s owned by the coddled son of a family of Greek billionaires. It’s not, it’s been a PLC for years and is markedly different to VS and SRB. Waterbomber2 As I have been saying from the start of this crisis, cash is going to be trivial to survival. Airlines have a lot of illiquid assets in their balance sheets: ie aircraft and airport infrastructure. When things turn sour at the global level like now, aircraft are difficult to sell for a decent price. VS however has assets that may still have very decent value: their LHR and LGW slots. So they should look into selling those or get loans where the slots act as collateral. SRB did a master move on AF-KLM by redacting the deal to sell them shares in VS. That move has backfired big time now. He should have taken the money while VS was worth something. This goes to show that even the big boys are powerless against the unknown. LHRFlyer I suspect Virgin may get some form of support, but the Treasury will call the shots. "Optics" mean that Richard Branson will have to be seen to pay for this. As a number of UK airlines are seeking state support, do not rule out some "blue sky thinking" from the Treasury. Irishbean wrote: I think the best solution here for any governments would be to look at a shareholding, they can then sell on at a later date. dilute or remove SRB shareholding/ or Delta. Cash injection is bad use tax payer money and a loan has to be repaid I agree. If the UK bails them out then both SRB and Delta should be removed from VS. It was especially foolish for DL to go around investing in other airlines instead of their own but that's another subject. This should be compare to WWII, where life would resume after a huge one-off disruption. Too much hyperbole. This doesn't begin to compare to WWII. However, I'll play along. The one word you missed was "sacrifice", which is something the British govt had to do a lot of in that time, and will have to do now. There is no way for the govt to keep every company up and running. Depending on their circumstances, some industries/companies will fail. Others will be deemed necessary to the national interest an receive particular attention. At 10 Downing St, I'm sure they're asking whether the money used to save VS could be used to save a more important company. VS may have to be sacrificed for other priorities since they provide nothing that BA doesn't. Any talk of consumer choice, is a luxury for more prosperous times. If Branson and Delta see fit to liquidate VS, what gives the UK govt the aviation clairvoyance to suddenly know otherwise? JamesCousins Aesma wrote: Armodeen wrote: This opinion is popular but a little grating. While SRB had a before crash net worth of £4bn, it is certainly significantly less now. It’s also mostly tied up in assets, it’s not like he has a literal pile of money on which he sleeps on Necker island as you imply. SRB doesn’t have anything like the sort of money required to save VS, billionaire or not. DL will have enough problems preventing its own collapse and I’m sure cannot bail out other airlines. This is an unprecedented situation. Also, VS employs 8500 people. Most of those will tell you what a great company they are to work for. How about showing a little empathy and thinking about them? VS is in an interesting position and I personally don't want to see any airline go under but if SimProgrammer's entire comment is true it is going to be difficult to persuade the government to intervene. I think you mean the UK public. The current UK government is in love with these kind of people, same with Dyson. I don't actually believe they are - this government so far have shown signs of being a more centre-right (most prominent in the pre-pandemic budget) than previous Conservative leaders. I believe they are much more keen to sit on the side of public opinion and less keen on a totally business centred approach. Yes they will always advocate for lower taxes than the left-wing opposition but the days of worshipping tax dodgers and ruthless business brains may well be over. Dyson have had a series of unpopular decisions but they're a great British business working on ventilators at present, public opinion currently lies in their favour imo. Branson on the other hand... Q400, A320-200, A321-200, 737-500, 737-800, 747-400, 757-200, 787-9 // FCA, TOM, TUI, MON, MT, BA, VS, DL, BE, X9, OLY // Upcoming: W6 A320, W6 A321, EVA 77W, VS 787-9m AS A320, VS A35K, KLM E190, KLM 738, LS 737 JamesCousins wrote: and walking away from a new Virgin Trains operator contract because of his unwillingness to underpin the staff pensions scheme associated with the West Coast line franchise renewal. I'm by no means the biggest Branson fan, but this disingenuous. They said it was not financially viable to bid for a franchise under the terms of underpinning the expensive BritishRail pensions, and they may well be right. Virgin Trains left at the end of the agreed contract term when the whole thing was up for tender again anyways and had just as much chance as being awarded to someone else. VTWC did a huge amount of good for the WCML, earned a lot of money doing so, but created some of the most drastic rail improvements (eventually) a single UK franchise has ever seen. This constant Branson-bashing is boring. Attack him for the stuff with substance. I'm not arguing with you, I'm attempting to explain his chances of winning the UK taxpayer over in terms of sympathy and perception. He is 'painted' as withdrawing from bidding for a WCML franchise renewal because of the pensions issue. In the public eye, that's walking away. Some people probably don't appreciate having their pension scheme being used as a bargaining chip. The lack of empathy for Thomas Cook and Flybe employees may not help his cause either. I agree with your general point - the chances of him winning the UK taxpayer over are at next to zilch. The governments have closed the borders and routes etc. They have made business impossible. Compensation should happen. Amsterdam wrote: the UK government has closed no borders... other governments maybe, so maybe those governments should pay? Galwayman VS is not critical to UK economy as its routes are covered by other airlines. It should be rescued by its shareholder, not the UK government. Virgin has never competed with BA , it generally seeks to charge exactly or more for seats on exactly the same routes and it only goes for the rich routes ( it’s more of a parasite than a competitor ) and it pays its cabin crew some of the poorest wages in the industry - absolutely no political or economic reason to bailout Branson ... MIflyer12 Who is virgin? What is 'its own money'? Do you mean Branson personally? If the UK govt wants equity, diluting Branson's and Delta's stakes, fine. That is a mechanism in the U.S. carrier bailout package, relevant to both grants and secured loans. You're having a laugh. Are you serious? Shall we just keep the borders open so that more positive cases flood into the country and infect everyone. Please go read. Not a chance should we compensate airlines. They know their risks in the business, and should have been somewhat prepared. It just shows poor planning on their part. It is a risk and the airline business knows it is a risk factor. There should always be a contingency plan. Virgin Group, Own money = the billions sitting abroad. Galwayman wrote: But yet we still have folk claiming that we should spend our taxes to bail out the airline. The worlds gone mad. If Virgin hasnt been able to make profits and build up reserves over all these years , it’s time to let it go ... Wasn't Virgin in the red? (or still is?). I agree, the UK can survive without Virgin, survival of the fittest and no matter how many fan boys on here try to defend it. It's time to put it to rest. Users browsing this forum: AAguy1992, ABEguy, AC4500, airzona11, Algoz66, American 767, atbPy, atrude777, Baidu [Spider], Bing [Bot], Boten, BreezeA220, ContinentalEWR, crimsonchin, Cubsrule, davidjohnson6, DENfan, Duartelmatos, enginesrus, ethernal, floridaflyboy, FromCDGtoSYD, gaystudpilot, gustywinds, hl8208, IAHWorldflyer, IFlyVeryLittle, inlikepitt, Ishrion, jamie86, jetmatt777, KLM747er, Kno, MAH4546, MCOAviationFan, MD80MKE, Mikey711MN, MILakes, Noise, phllax, PixelFlight, polywad6963, RSWflyer, Runway28L, Sightseer, speedbird2263, STT757, SXI899, USAavdork, Wildlander, xpfg, ZOASAN and 299 guests	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1419
__label__wiki	0.866986	0.866986	Jan 14 Surfers, Designers and Animals Frolick On The Beach in WAVE!! x Heaven's Design Team Collaboration Illustration by Theron Martin, Dec 19th 2005 Battle Angel Alita: Last Order G.novel 6 The battle between the Space Angels and Guntroll for the right to move on to the second round of the Z.O.T. tournament reaches its climax as Alita completes her defeat of Qu Tsang and faces off against their final remaining combatant: Caerula Sanguis, the 600-year-old founder of the Stellar Nursery Society who, unbeknownst to most, is a vampire. Alita faces one of her stiffest challenges ever against an opponent who might not match her in raw power but is a master of many forms of martial arts and unrivaled at both anticipating an opponent's actions and directing a battle towards a lethal ending for the opposition. She also seems to know more about Alita's Panzer Kunst fighting style than Alita does herself! And is it possible that a past connection exists between the two? The battle also conjures up memories from Alita's past, memories which, when explored, lead to some disturbing observations, encounters, and revelations. Meanwhile Sechs gets repaired and upgraded, the Stellar Nursery Society makes their getaway, and Ping, Alita's hacker partner, discovers that his alliance with Alita may reap benefits beyond his wildest dreams. Yukito Kushiro's classic manga about a small, cute, and very deadly female cyborg rebuilt from a scrap heap continues in this latest installment of his alternate ending to his original series. While the previous volume got bogged down in its prolonged combat tournament scenes and repetitive use of Alita's self-doubts, this volume recaptures the freshness and inventiveness that has long been a hallmark of Kushiro's creation. Yeah, there's another lengthy tournament battle scene, but the sense of menace in Alita's conflict with Caerula is back as it quickly becomes clear that this battle is not one of the typical “my combat style can defeat yours” kind of affairs. And, most importantly, the star is back on center stage in the battle scenes rather than her sidekicks. Most significant about this volume, however, is the window it opens into Alita's past. Some of the gaps in the events leading up to Yoko's near-death above Mars 200 years ago, and the circumstances surrounding her destruction, are filled in, with the promise of more to come in the next volume. These are revelations that any true Alita/ GUNNM fan has probably been anticipating for a very long time, and Kushiro doesn't disappoint. There are few new insights into Aga Mbadi's machinations, however; he is an observer and commentator only for this volume. As ever, Kushiro's knowledge of even the most obscure martial arts styles, and his extrapolation of future martial arts styles, is tremendously impressive. His vision of a future universe where mankind has achieved immortality through the use of technology is as inventive as anything to be seen in science-fiction media. His disarming use of cuteness and silliness also continues, which sometimes provides welcome comic relief from very dark and serious content but other times is a distraction. And this wouldn't be a Kushiro work without a generous dose of extreme graphic content. The original Battle Angel Alita / GUNNM series helped set the standard for modern ultraviolent manga, and this volume continues the tradition with a gloriously gory 13-page battle sequence which will not easily be topped. “So stark. . . so merciless. . . so plain in its beauty,” the text says as the scene comes to an end, and it's hard to deny the truth of those words. Several lesser bits of bloodshed and mechanical carnage are also scattered throughout. It should go without saying that this is not something that children or even younger teens should be reading, and it's not for older teens or adults who have a weak stomach. Kushiro's exceptionally detailed artistry is among the cleanest and most appealing manga art one will find in any manga title. All too often complex action scenes in manga become so cluttered by motion lines and other attempts to suggest swift movement that it can be difficult to make out exactly what's going on. Not so with this title! A reader can always clearly tell what's happening even in the most stupefyingly complicated maneuvers. Mechanical designs and gore are also rendered in loving detail. Kushiro's penchant for odd and sometimes cutesy character designs (and especially expressions) is ever-present, but whether intended to be serious or not the designs are always well-rendered and usually well-detailed. Shading sometimes can be a little on the heavy side, but it does suit the generally dark tone of the series. All-in-all, though, Last Order joins the original series as one of the finest examples of quality work in manga artistry to make its way across the Pacific. Viz Media 's translation of Last Order retains the right-to-left format of the original but translates all the sound effects, although it does endeavor to retain the relative size, positioning, and shapes of the originals so their English versions look very natural. Those of a more purist bent may not care for this alteration, but it does make things easier to understand and helps events to flow along more smoothly, thus allowing a reader to concentrate on the story and great artistry. Like the previous volume, it includes a story background and character introduction at the beginning, which can be helpful given the large gap of time since the previous volume's release. The comical “NG Theater” strips seen in earlier volumes (but absent from the previous one) are also back at the end of this one. Fans of action-oriented manga who don't mind a healthy dose of ultraviolence will find a lot to like in this newest installment. It is an attractive-looking, detail-rich work which puts the series back on track. Overall : A- Story : B+ Art : A + Exceptionally detailed and well-drawn artistry, long-awaited revelations, gloriously gory. − Sometimes too cutesy, translated sound effects may bother some readers. Add this manga to Add this Graphic novel to Production Info: Story & Art: Yukito Kishiro Full encyclopedia details about Battle Angel Alita: Last Order (manga) Release information about Battle Angel Alita: Last Order - The Angel & the Vampire (GN 6) Review homepage / archives	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1425
__label__wiki	0.925718	0.925718	Anorak News \| Better Than Sex? Better Than Sex? by \| 10th, June 2004 ‘IS scoring a goal better than sex? Its the question footballers are routinely asked by mens magazines and other soft porn publications. Alas! We will not see the arrival of baby Lisboa in nine months’ time The answers vary between no, no, and it depends whom Ive scored with. But the Mirror now tells us that sex and football will not be mixing in the run-up to Englands match with France this Sunday. Both sets of players have been instructed not to have sex before the big game. Indeed, the French have been banned from lamour for the duration of the tournament. Meanwhile, wives and girlfriends have been banned from the Italian teams hotel, although there is a one-hour long window of opportunity to hook up every night after dinner. Portugal have followed the French example and banned their players from sex for the duration of the tournament, and the Bulgarians will deal with requests for nooky on an individual basis. While we imagine the Bulgarian FA casting its eye over players wives and girlfriends and delivering the thumbs up or down to each, the Sun looks at the England-France match proper. And it hears from Arsenals Ashley Cole whos telling his team-mates that the worst thing they could do is to antagonise Thierry Henry. Ive told all the England players the very worst thing you can do is upset Thierry, says Cole. Ive seen some people suggesting you can put him off his game if you get involved in the verbal stuff with him. But I think youll find the exact opposite is true. But you can wind up Robert Pires, Coles other French colleague at Highbury. Before we came to Portugal, says Cole, I said to Robert If I get the chance, Im just going to kick you! and to be honest that will be my aim. Its a noble ambition that should see Pires hobble off – swiftly followed by a red-carded Cole. But if Cole intends to shame England with his tactics, the Mail says that its nothing compared with the state of US athletics. The Mail brings news that Tim Montgomery, the 100m world-record holder, has been notified that charges are to be brought against him for his links to the controversial Bay Area Laboratory Cooperative (BALCO). Marion Jones, who won a record five medals at the Sydney Olympics, has been questioned by Americas anti-doping police and is to be asked further questions about her relationship with BALCO. And Kelli White, who won gold at last years World Championships, has been suspended from the sport for two years after failing a test for a banned stimulant. She also has links to BALCO. Much is only alleged, but mud sticks and the sport of athletics is very much in the mire.’ Posted: 10th, June 2004 \| In: Back pages Comment \| TrackBack \| Permalink	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1428
__label__cc	0.556627	0.443373	Andrew Mitchell, Chief Information Officer, Macpherson Kelley Dave Goff, Senior VP & CIO, ECMC Group Madan Murthy, Director of Technology, Crimson & Co Sam Davies, Security Manager, Australasia, International SOS Ray Downes, CEO, Kemp Kevin Lee, Chief Digital Officer, IKEA China Gavin Teo, Co-Founder, Straits Venture Capital And Board Partner, B Capital Group Discusses Leading Startups On The Path To Progress Scott Sorley, Executive Director (ICT Services), University of Southern Queensland Digitizing Ticket Information Counters with Interactive Kiosks By Apac CIO Outlook \| Thursday, September 10, 2020 The installations of digital signage and interactive kiosks have simplified traveling for the riders and helps in keeping the passengers up-to-date with the announcements FREMONT, CA: Public transportation like bus and rail have stopped sorting through the documents and schedules. They have developed an interactive software run on an 8-foot tall kiosk. It can do the chaotic work of handling the papers and mapping out the itinerary digitally. The world of public transportation has undergone technological metamorphosis. Interactive kiosks and digital signage have made life easier for both bus and rail travelers. These travelers have real-time access to the arrival information, which can assist the planning of the trip within the transit system while exploring first and last-mile options. Additionally, the trip planning module also enables interaction with the database mapping pinpointing to the specific places to see. The itineraries created by the users can be saved and emailed to themselves as well. Fulfilling Every Travelers Needs: The route information available in real-time not only contains the traveler-related information but provides an overview of the ride's route from the beginning to the end. This allows the rider to modify or customize their travels accordingly. Customer service for solving route-related queries and connections can be avoided as all the information is accessible by a single tap. The kiosks are handicap friendly, helping them navigate efficiently. Simplifying Transport and its Management: A controller has more power, and his task is simplified along with the travelers. Kiosks make it easier for authoritative personnel to make public service announcements. This crucial information can be conveyed to the riders via notifications in kiosks and digital signage. The kiosks also act as a source of income for the governing authorities in the form of paid advertising. The 18 inches from the top of the 32-inch screen is giving for advertising. The sales team in the administration has opened up slots to display 10 to 60 second worth advertising to boost the local businesses. The kiosk management software also notes down the statistics related to the usage of kiosks, which can be leveraged to recognize the travelers' patterns and behaviors. With the installation of interactive kiosks, many other components like digital-screens with real-time information displayed in rail stations have also proven to be resourceful. Even though digital signage is not interactive like the kiosks, it has gained equal popularity. Check out: Top Digital Signage Companies real-time access https://www.apacciooutlook.com/news/digitizing-ticket-information-counters-with-interactive-kiosks-nwid-7063.html	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1430
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On July 16, 1790, the Residence Act was passed, creating the Federal District of Columbia, or Washington, D.C., home base to all three branches of the United States federal government and more than 680,000 residents. The "District" is comprised of eight separate wards, each featuring vibrant neighborhoods along with eclectic dining, shopping and entertainment. Attractions and Landmarks in D.C. No trip to D.C. is complete without a visit to the National Mall, home to renowned monuments, including the White House and the Lincoln Memorial. Book-lovers should be sure to stop by the Library of Congress, which houses over 164 million books and maintains the largest law library in the world. D.C. Neighborhoods Washington, D.C. neighborhoods represent a wide range of options, as you'd expect in such a culturally diverse city. Some notable neighborhoods include: Foggy Bottom: Home to George Washington University, this is a favorite for students and the younger crowd. The area has been responsible for much of the industrial development of D.C., with a large concentration of breweries, glass makers and gas works. Adams Morgan: Noted for its diversity, this area hosts the annual Adams Morgan Day Festival, a must-see local event featuring live music, art, food and more. DuPont Circle: Named for Civil War Union general, Samuel Francis DuPont, this neighborhood comprises the "Old Town". Queen Anne and Richards Roman revival architectural styles define the area's rowhouses. Columbia Heights: This area is home to the renovated Tivoli Theatre, Howard University and George Washington University. Downtown: This is the official business district, located in the northwest, with numerous attractions, including International Spy Museum, Smithsonian American Art Museum and Verizon Center. Georgetown: With its cobblestone walkways and Georgetown University, Georgetown is a picturesque neighborhood and a go-to for fine dining and shopping. Public Transportation and Commuting in D.C. The Metro connects all four quadrants of D.C. to parts of Maryland and Virginia, making it ideal for commuters. There are three airports in the area, including Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport, Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport and Washington Dulles International Airport. Fun, Free Things to do in D.C. Check out our top picks for free attractions in D.C.: The White House: Tour the historic home of the nation's first family and learn about the history of such famous rooms as the Red Room, State Dining Room and the East Room. Lincoln Memorial: Read the words of the famous Gettysburg Address etched into the side of this iconic monument. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum: Check out the planetarium and aircraft collections on display at this family-friendly museum. National Gallery of Art: From Henri Matisse to Claude Monet, the National Gallery of Art is filled with must-see works by renowned artists. National WWII Memorial: Stop by this breathtaking memorial which honors the more than 400,000 Americans who gave their lives in World War II. Top Washington, D.C. Adventures Check out six of our favorite adventures as you get to know the city: Grab the peanuts and Cracker Jacks to watch the Washington Nationals play at Nationals Park. Rub elbows with your legislators (or at least eat in the same restaurant) at The Capital Grille, one of the city's top restaurants. The DuPont Circle Citizens Association promotes the circle traffic area and offers tours of historical buildings on the National Register of Historic Places. Capture great photos of the 555-foot Washington National Monument at Washington National Monument Park. Visit the 17 museums and galleries owned by the Smithsonian Institution for an afternoon of discovery and exploration. Head to FedExField to catch the Washington Redskins in action for an NFL football game. Do you know why American foreign policy has been described as "foggy?" The U.S. Department of State is headquartered in Foggy Bottom, Washington, D.C. The Washington Nationals are the third Major League Baseball team to be based in Washington since 1901. The two previous teams, both called the Senators, moved out of the city to become the Minnesota Twins (1961) and Texas Rangers (1971). Family and Family Fun in D.C. Kids have a blast exploring the interactive exhibits at the International Spy Museum, or spend the day at the Smithsonian National Zoo. D.C. is home to 59 different school districts, providing families with excellent school choices throughout the District. Don't miss the world-renowned cherry blossom trees lining Tidal Basin that bloom every spring. Yards Park features a waterfall, gardens, a dog run and a boardwalk. The venue often hosts outdoor entertainment such as live music, free movies and fitness classes. Getaways from D.C. D.C. is close to the beaches of Delaware, Maryland, Virginia and New Jersey. Cape May, New Jersey is a 3.5-hour drive and offers a variety of family-friendly weekend activities. Washington, D.C. Communities Washington, D.C., is one of the nation's most diverse cities. As most D.C. residents are very career focused, it can be difficult to find your social comfort zone and people to truly connect with. If you're new to the city, be patient. It takes time to develop a sense of community in D.C. The best way to make new friends is to get involved in activities that interest you. The nation's capital has a wide variety of things to do and many interesting people. It's an easy city to stay active and there are many organizations that you can join to get involved in the community. There are a variety of resources to help seniors, military families and pet-lovers connect with one another and find support. Senior communities in D.C. D.C. is a great city for an aging population as there are many museums, historic landmarks and cultural institutions that offer educational opportunities. Seniors especially enjoy the ability to stay connected and volunteer at the hundreds of non-profits where they can contribute to social, economic and cultural development. Many resources are available to support the senior community and encourage an independent and a healthy lifestyle. Agencies on aging Department of Aging and Community Living is a D.C. government agency that serves residents 60 and older, adults living with disabilities and caregivers. Through partnerships with more than 20 community-based organizations, the agency provides community activities and events, healthcare and insurance counseling, transportation services and caregiver support resources. DC Senior Advisory Coalition is an advocacy group that seeks to improve and expand services for D.C.'s older population. Subgroups focus on transportation, nutrition, housing and support services. Social activities and organizations for seniors Department of Parks and Recreation Senior Programs include sports, camps, aquatics, health and wellness programs and other social activities Smithsonian Associates is open to all ages but is particularly popular among seniors. It's the largest museum-based education program in the world, offering educational and cultural programming covering the full scope of the humanities, sciences and arts. Caregivers and healthcare suggestions for seniors Whether you're looking for full-time or part-time care, D.C. offers a variety of caregiver options. While there are many national companies and websites offering caregiver services, the following are locally owned-businesses. Georgetown Home Care specializes is a non-medical home care staffing agency that serves the Washington, D.C., Metro Area. The company offers a wide range of services including personal care, light housekeeping, errands and transportation. ABA Home Health Care provides healthcare, including private duties, nursing services and home health care to children and the elderly. Nursing services include health care in a patient's home, assisted living facility or retirement center. Home Care Partners is a private non-profit agency providing comprehensive home care services in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. Their mission is to enable vulnerable people to remain in their own homes in comfort, safety and dignity. Their home care aide training institute provides continuing education classes for all of their employees. Apartment Guide renting resources for seniors Senior Living Renter's Guide is a great tool for seniors looking for places to live. It provides an overview of senior living options and resources to retirement communities, independent living communities, nursing homes and faith-based senior centers. This guide will help you weigh the costs and benefits of each option so that you make the right decision for yourself or loved one. Military and veteran communities in D.C. As the nation's capital, D.C. has a large community of active-duty military and veterans and many resources that provide support to their families. The D.C. Veterans Resource Guide provides websites and phone numbers to dozens of agencies that assist with employment, health care, housing, legal assistance and more. Local organizations for active-duty military and veterans There are more than 45,000 non-profit organizations in the U.S. that provide services for the military, veterans and their families. Many of them have headquarters and branches in Washington, D.C. The U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs has compiled a directory of service organizations with details about their mission and the community that they serve. Many organizations provide support services, as well as social activities to bring people together. Mental health and healthcare support for active-duty military and veterans Washington, D.C. VA Medical Center is the only health care system that specifically provides care to Veterans. With seven locations in the capital region, the VA medical center provides specialized services and care, such as cardiology, home based primary care, women's health, trauma services, nutritional services, homeless outreach, substance abuse treatment, recreation therapy and a wide variety of Telehealth services. VA Centers are community-based readjustment counseling centers that provide social and psychological services to veterans, active duty service members and their families. National Coalition for Homeless Veterans focuses on homeless veterans' issues by promoting collaboration, shaping policy, ensuring accountability and managing a referral helpline for veterans. Apartment Guide rental resources for active-duty military and veterans Apartment Guide offers a number of blogs posts and guides to help veterans, active-duty military members and their families with housing resources. Pet-friendly communities in D.C. Washington, D.C., is full of green spaces and public parks which makes it a great city for your four-legged friends. It's pretty easy to find a pet-friendly apartment or house rental in just about every neighborhood. The city has plenty of pet-related businesses, services and even outdoor dining hot spots that welcome well-behaved dogs. Resources for pet lovers in D.C. D.C. Department of Parks and Recreation manages about a dozen dog parks throughout the city. These are great places to let your pooch run off leash, as well as meet fellow pet lovers. Bring Fido is a helpful resource for pet owners. It offers many services, including individual or group dog walks, dog sitting and grooming. It also compiled a list of more than 300 dog-friendly restaurants in Washington, D.C. D.C. Dog Sitter is a boutique pet care company serving the D.C. Metro area. Services include walks, hiking adventures, feedings, play times and companionship. District Pet Care is a locally-owned business providing dog walking and cat sitting services. Dogma located on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C., provides outdoor and indoor daycare, overnight care and training for dogs Pet Stores in D.C. PetMAC Marketplace & Adoption Center sells a range of small-animal foods, toys, supplies and provides adoptions for dogs, cats and other pets. Howl to the Chief is committed to natural pet and food supplies and located in the Capitol Hill neighborhood. Animal shelters and rescue organizations in D.C. Humane Rescue Alliance -- District of Columbia Animal Care and Control rescues and cares for animals in need. This is a great place to adopt a pet or find affordable medical care for your cat or dog. City Dogs Rescue & City Kitties is not a shelter, rather it rescues adoptable dogs and cats in overcrowded and high-kill shelters, where resources are severely limited. D.C. PAWS Rescue is an all-volunteer organization committed to rescuing homeless animals from high-kill animal control facilities that are under-funded. Apartment Guide resources for pet lovers Apartment Guide's pet-friendly housing guide is dedicated to helping pet lovers find housing options for themselves and their furry friends. You'll also find a variety of articles on all things pet-related from housing to the best apartment dogs. Frequently Asked Questions About Washington Looking for a cheap Washington apartment? For the best deal, we recommend using our cheap apartments filter. You can also filter by price: Under $900, Under $1000, Under $1100, Under $1200, Under $1300 Are you living by yourself, with your family, or do you have roommates? Choose the number of bedrooms that match your needs: Studio, 1 Bedroom, 2 Bedroom, 3 Bedroom. How Can I Tour Virtually During Covid19 & Social Distancing? You can virtually tour any apartment by using our Washington, DC Virtual Tours filter. All properties in this filter contain either a 3d tour or a video tour. Do you need a pet-friendly Washington apartment? If you have a dog or cat, you'll need to find an apartment in Washington that accepts pets. Apply Apartment Guide's pet friendly filter to see only Washington apartments that accept pets. Remember to read the apartment's specific guidelines for acceptable pet breeds and weights if applicable. Avoid ScamsContact UsSite MapDistrict of Columbia Site MapWashington Site MapManager LoginAccessibilityCOVID-19 Living In Washington Things to do in Washington We're full of beans for Washington's coffee shop scene. Get your dance shoes on, Washington looks good for nightlife. Washington is team green. Parks get a high score. A high number of parks per resident 76% more parks than areas of a similar size A shopaholic favorite. Washington has a lot of style. Pumped and lifting a solid 4.5 stars for fitness. A high number of gyms per resident Washington is real pawsitive for your pets. 51% fewer pet facilities than areas of a similar size Washington Demographics Average Rent in Washington Top Schools in Washington Bannockburn Elementary School 6520 Dalroy Ln Apartments Near Bannockburn Elementary School Bradley Hills Elementary School 8701 Hartsdale Ave Apartments Near Bradley Hills Elementary School Eaton Elementary School 3301 Lowell St Nw Apartments Near Eaton Elementary School Glenarden Woods Elementary School 7801 Glenarden Pkwy Apartments Near Glenarden Woods Elementary School Janney Elementary School 4130 Albemarle St Nw Apartments Near Janney Elementary School 1030 N Mckinley Rd Ross Elementary School 1730 R St Nw Apartments Near Ross Elementary School Stoddert Elementary School Apartments Near Stoddert Elementary School Bethesda Elementary School 7600 Arlington Rd Apartments Near Bethesda Elementary School Burning Tree Elementary School 7900 Beech Tree Rd Apartments Near Burning Tree Elementary School 5001 Dana Pl Nw Apartments Near Key Elementary School 5701 Broad Branch Rd Nw Apartments Near Lafayette Elementary School 4430 Newark St Nw Apartments Near Mann Elementary School Maury Elementary School 1840 Constitution Ave Ne Apartments Near Maury Elementary School Murch Elementary School Apartments Near Murch Elementary School Apartments Near Shepherd Elementary School Cooper Middle School 977 Balls Hill Rd Apartments Near Cooper Middle School Thomas W. Pyle Middle School 6311 Wilson Ln Apartments Near Thomas W. Pyle Middle School Deal Middle School 3815 Fort Dr Nw Apartments Near Deal Middle School 2000 Westmoreland St Apartments Near Longfellow Middle School North Bethesda Middle School 8935 Bradmoor Dr Apartments Near North Bethesda Middle School Takoma Park Middle School 7611 Piney Branch Rd Apartments Near Takoma Park Middle School Hardy Middle School 1819 35th St Nw Lowr Apartments Near Hardy Middle School Mary Ellen Henderson Middle School Apartments Near Mary Ellen Henderson Middle School Westland Middle School 5511 Massachusetts Ave Apartments Near Westland Middle School 300 University Blvd E Apartments Near Eastern Middle School Swanson Middle School Apartments Near Swanson Middle School Williamsburg Middle School 3600 N Harrison St Apartments Near Williamsburg Middle School Charles Carroll Middle School 6130 Lamont Dr Apartments Near Charles Carroll Middle School Jefferson Middle School Academy Apartments Near Jefferson Middle School Academy Silver Spring International Middle School 313 Wayne Ave Apartments Near Silver Spring International Middle School Stuart-Hobson Middle School 410 E St Ne Apartments Near Stuart-Hobson Middle School Benjamin Banneker Academy High School 800 Euclid St Nw Apartments Near Benjamin Banneker Academy High School School Without Walls High School 2130 G St Nw Apartments Near School Without Walls High School 6560 Braddock Rd Bethesda-Chevy Chase High School 4301 East West Hwy Apartments Near Bethesda-Chevy Chase High School Duke Ellington School Of The Arts Apartments Near Duke Ellington School Of The Arts Langley High School 6520 Georgetown Pike Apartments Near Langley High School Mckinley Technology High School 151 T St Ne Apartments Near Mckinley Technology High School Wilson Senior High School 3950 Chesapeake St Nw Apartments Near Wilson Senior High School George Mason High School Apartments Near George Mason High School Mclean High School 1633 Davidson Rd Apartments Near Mclean High School Walt Whitman High School Apartments Near Walt Whitman High School Phelps Architecture, Construction And Engineering High School 704 26th St Ne Apartments Near Phelps Architecture, Construction And Engineering High School Yorktown High School 5200 Yorktown Blvd Apartments Near Yorktown High School Montgomery Blair High School 51 University Blvd E Apartments Near Montgomery Blair High School Oxon Hill High School 6701 Leyte Dr Apartments Near Oxon Hill High School Washington Liberty High School 1301 N Stafford St Apartments Near Washington Liberty High School Getting Around Washington Washington Transportation What to Say When You Call an Apartment Complex	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1438
__label__wiki	0.738093	0.738093	From Michigan, With Love: One Man's Worldwide Quest for Peace posted on: Sep 2, 2020 Yusif By: Holly Johnson/Arab America Contributing Writer Peace, love, truth, and compassion. These are four adjectives that Yusif Barakat lives by. Known simply as Yusif, Barakat, an 85-year-old advocate for harmony, has spent more time than he can count getting into, as John Lewis so eloquently stated, “good trouble.” Born in 1935 in Haifa, Palestine, Barakat recalls idyllic childhood summers spent swimming in the Jordan River and riding horseback with his warm, yet remote father. For all of his boyhood fun, Barakat’s childhood came to an abrupt end at the age of 12, when his family was forced to flee Palestine following the Israeli occupation. “I can remember things changing almost in a matter of a day. We went from a normal family with no traumas to fleeing violence and running for our lives,” said Barakat when asked about their sudden move. “I remember seeing these tall buildings and yellow cars that seemed like something out of a fantasy story once we docked, and wondering if somehow I had made it to outer space.” Although Barakat admits that his precarious age shielded him from the enormity of their situation, he recalls staring over the bow of the ship, his gangly, youthful legs lengthening with the perch of the tips of his toes, trying desperately to catch one more peek at the majestic region he called home. Seven days at sea did little to alleviate his family’s nerves as they docked at Ellis Island with the looming New York skyline providing an unusual backdrop. “I remember seeing these tall buildings and yellow cars that seemed like something out of a fantasy story once we docked, and wondering if somehow I had made it to outer space,” recalls Barakat. It was here, disembarking from that fateful ship, that Barakat resolved to be a force of change, in the hopes that no one else would have to endure the heartache and suffering that his family had upon their forced migration. Despite the shock of assimilating to an entirely new culture, Barakat and his family worked diligently to familiarize themselves with American customs in an effort to not only blend in socially, but to survive financially. No stranger to hard work, thanks in part to his Arab heritage, Barakat found himself accepting his first job offer at 14, delivering newspapers. Working rain or shine, Barakat gave any money he earned to his parents to help with expenses. At the age of 16, tragedy struck the Barakat family, as his father passed away unexpectedly. Already accustomed to helping his family with expenses, Barakat’s giving nature rose to a higher level when he began to work two jobs in between school assignments and household chores, assuming the role as his family’s protector and provider. Barakat at Williams International protesting the use of bombs/1990’s Undeterred by struggles sent his way, Barakat persevered, continuing to provide for his family while pursuing higher education, becoming a revered psychotherapist notable for his work with juveniles, as well as in family therapy and drug rehabilitation. Although Barakat’s chosen profession offered the ability to help others, the opportunity for serving the public in a larger role came knocking on his door in 1972, when he ran for U.S. Congress in the state of Michigan, losing by three-thousand votes (the number of Republican voters in a predominantly Jewish neighborhood within his district). “In a time of great upheaval, war, and social change, I ran as a bearded Palestinian with a progressive platform, urging people to think outside the box,” said Barakat. “I was ahead of my time.” “My whole life has been about helping others and raising the collective consciousness. I believe in goodness in people, and compassion, which is found within.” Though Congress was not in the cards for Barakat, his elation at having discovered like-minded citizens who sought peace spurred his desire for harmony, inspiring decades of worldwide travel in the name of activism. Barakat in Gaza Between days-long marches protesting Gaza blockades, to being detained on civil disobedience charges at Williams International advocating for the cessation of bombs, Barakat has never wavered in his belief of innate purity in the world. “My whole life has been about helping others and raising the collective consciousness. I believe in goodness in people, and compassion, which is found within.” Following decades of protests, marches, campaigns, and public speaking engagements, Barakat was approached by the FBI in 2008, told by agents that someone had turned him into the bureau for being an “anti-American, terroristic threat” to the United States. In true Barakat-fashion, within an hour of inviting the luxuriously clothed agents into his home, the threesome had become fast friends, trading stories, and laughter over tea. While the premise of his encounter with the FBI set a disappointing tone for Barakat, he remains steadfast in the notion that although he did not actively choose to settle in the United States, he loves this country and the liberating tenets for which it stands. Barakat with his running partners/2020 To date, Barakat continues to defy societal norms by remaining active in both personal and professional endeavors. Continuing his efforts for promoting peace, a feature film production and literary series are current dreams of his, as he seeks to both educate and motivate others about the dangers of conflict. When he’s not traveling the world or launching peace talks, Barakat can often be found swimming daily in the lake by his home or walking three miles a day with his and his neighbor’s dogs. A beacon of light in a world that can be touched by darkness, Barakat remains devoted to touching lives one higher consciousness at a time. Check out Arab America’s blog here! American Muslims for Palestine Presents: Forgotten Palestine Strangers in Their Homeland Decolonizing Israel, Liberating Palestine Love Is An Ex Country: Randa Jarrar discusses Fat, Queer, Muslim Womanhood Kofia: a Revolution Through Music - Online Film Preview Yorkshire & NE Socialism 101: Palestine, Zionism & the Fight for Liberation Women, Philanthropy and Nationalism in Mandate Palestine	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1440
__label__wiki	0.566454	0.566454	THE ASTRAEA LESBIAN FOUNDATION FOR JUSTICE is the only philanthropic organization working exclusively to advance LGBTQI human rights around the globe. We support brilliant and brave grantee partners in the U.S and internationally who challenge oppression and seed change. We work for racial, economic, social, and gender justice, because we all deserve to live our lives freely, without fear, and with dignity. Astraea At 40 Organizational Pillars Over the past four decades, Astraea has devoted over $31,000,000 to grassroots activists in nearly half the world. From Missoula, Montana to Cape Town, South Africa, we’ve supported countless struggles and successes in LGBTQI human rights. To learn more about the passionate activists behind these movements for gender, racial, economic, and social justice, take our interactive globe for a spin! Grantee Partners Donor Spotlights Acey Award U.S. Fund International Fund Intersex Fund Global Arts Fund A donation to Astraea reaches across the globe, fueling campaigns for constitutional protections, combating forced “rehabilitation” clinics for lesbians, and fighting for the right for self-determination for trans people. Very few foundations are supporting the crucial work of LGBTI activists in the U.S. and around the globe—in fact, 0.2% of all foundation dollars nationally support these issues. Astraea exists to change that. And you can too. Estate and Planning Giving Share Stock Astraea Donor Briefing – November 2019 Join Astraea's new Director of Individual Giving and Special Events, Dondy Marie Moreland, for a donor webinar on the state of Astraea now and our plans for future. During our time together, we will share some strategic priorities and a special announcement—thereafter, we will hold space for a Q&A on these priorities and opportunities you’re seeing in this economic and political moment. Please RSVP using the form below. Financial Statements and Form 990 Create A Personal Fundraising Page Intersex Human Rights Fund CommsLabs Astraea Lesbian Foundation For Justice \| 116 East 16th Street, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10003 \| P: 1.212.529.8021 \| F: 1.212.982.3321 \| info@astraeafoundation.org Privacy Policy © 2019 Astraea Lesbian Foundation for Justice. All Rights Reserved. Astraea Lesbian for Justice is a 501(c)(3) and all donations are tax deductible. Astraea Foundation, Inc. - EIN #13-2992977	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1444
__label__cc	0.702323	0.297677	In The News \| December 11, 2020 There is a growing trend across the nation of state courts in “Judicial Hellholes” rejecting U.S. Supreme Court precedent and improperly expanding personal jurisdiction for those courts. The American Tort Reform Foundation’s 2020 Judicial Hellholes report highlights this emerging problem and points to a handful of 2020 decisions that highlight it. Judicial Hellholes are deemed the most unjust local courts and state civil justice systems in the country. The 2020 report ranks nine Judicial Hellholes while shining a light on lawsuit abuse. It further demonstrates that these jurisdictions are outliers in contrast to the rest of the nation The U.S. civil justice system costs $373 billion annually. Excessive tort costs and lawsuit abuse in Judicial Hellholes clog courts, drain government tax revenue, and drive employers and jobs out of the state. An emerging commonality among Judicial Hellholes is a failure of judges to weed out cases that simply don’t belong in in their courts. State judges must follow the supreme court of the land when there is controlling precedent and resist the urge to open their courtroom doors to plaintiffs across the country. The U.S. Supreme Court held in its 2016 Bristol-Myers Squibb decision that a state cannot exercise personal jurisdiction over a company that is not incorporated or headquartered in that state, when the plaintiffs do not live in the state, and events related to the alleged injury did not occur there. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that in California, a perennial Judicial Hellhole and No. 3 on this year’s list, the courts lacked the specific personal jurisdiction required to hear the case. Following this landmark decision, state courts have had numerous opportunities to properly apply the precedent and restrict abusive forum shopping. While many states strictly adhere to SCOTUS precedent, a handful of state courts in Judicial Hellholes refuse to comply… Read More on Medium Want to learn more about ATRA and how you can get involved? Complete this form to receive information about ATRA membership. Organization/Company Name*	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1449
__label__wiki	0.636904	0.636904	Loki Ragnarok By: Mark Binder Narrated by: Mark Binder Categories: Literature & Fiction, Poetry Who says Thor and Odin are the good guys? Loki Ragnarok is a story of betrayal, madness, and murder based on the Norse myth of the end of the world. In the shadow of prophecy, Loki's family is torn asunder, leading to betrayal, torture, madness, and revenge. Loki Ragnarok is not a Marvel spin-off. Based on the two Norse epics, the Prose Edda and the Poetic Edda, it flips the original myths on their heads. Thor and especially Odin are not the heroes they are portrayed in popular culture. Instead, like a criminal on trial, Loki pleads his case, justifying everything. Written by Mark Binder, an award-winning author and performing storyteller, Loki Ragnarok is a brief epic, a dynamic blend of prose and poetry. The language in this telling saunters between elevated and crass. This is not a story for children. "Mark Binder — Providence-based author, storyteller, and sometime political candidate — returns with a well-told tale of the Norse gods. This one is told not from the point of view of the heroic Thor or Odin, but through the eyes of Loki, the trickster. Not really a god but rather a giant, Loki is always the outsider in Asgard, the gods’ land. And as he tells of their lies and manipulations, it’s clear why he likes it that way. Here are the gods — and Loki — pretending to deal in good faith with a man who offers to repair the wall around Asgard, but secretly plotting to cheat and kill him. (Of course, the builder, it turns out, has not been dealing honestly, either.) Here are the gods persecuting Loki’s children — a wolf-boy, a snake-boy, and a daughter aptly named Hel — and causing the death of their mother, Loki’s lover. Here is Loki, arranging the murder of one of the most beloved gods and taunting others for their sexual inadequacies. (Thor’s hammer, it turns out, is less impressive than he’d like people to think.) And here, at last, is the all-out battle called Ragnarok, in which — spoiler alert — everyone dies. As Binder says in his introduction, this is not for children. But the stories are well-told, both in their writing — Binder adapted them from the Norse poetic and prose sagas called the Edda — and in their performance. Binder’s voice swoops and soars, now angry, now gleeful and now mocking, as Loki tells these stories of the gods run amok." -- Alan Rosenberg, The Providence Journal ©2017 Mark Binder (P)2017 Mark Binder Cinderella Spinderella A Holiday Present The Misadventures of Rabbi Kibbitz and Mrs. Chaipul What listeners say about Loki Ragnarok 4 out of 5 stars 4.1 out of 5.0 Um... okay? I’m quite disappointed. I may have enjoyed it a bit more if the author/ narrator knew how to pronounce the Nordic names... and if he didn’t over do the “silly” voice. It’s a nice concept, but severely lacking in actual story telling. Jason Burry Good reader—could be great Good general overlay of the Norse Mythos. I enjoyed the narrators enthusiasm and tone...but I was immediately ripped out of the story when he continuously mispronounced words. Specifically Jotun, Mjolnir, and Jörmungandr.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1451
__label__wiki	0.74464	0.74464	ArtScroll Mesorah Publications (10) Torah Commentaries (5) Halachah Series - Jewish Law And Practices (4) Jewish Thought (3) Passover Haggadahs (3) Pesach / Passover (4) Feinstein, Rabbi David (10) Rohr, Pinchos Osher (3) Titles by Rabbi David Feinstein Order By: Relevance A-Z ↓ Z-A ↑ Highest Price ↑ Lowest Price ↓ Best Selling Release Date Layout: List View Cover View Quick Order List Grid Browsing The Jewish Calendar Its Structure and Laws By Rabbi David Feinstein Catalog #: TJCH How is our present-day calendar designed? What are its complex computations? Why can't Rosh Hashanah fall out on Sunday, Wednesday, or Friday? How are the leap years determined, and how is it that the solar years and lunar years are kept in equilibrium? T Laws of the Seder The comprehensive Kol Dodi exposition of the laws and rituals of the Seder night Catalog #: LOSH Haggadah Anah Dodi The complete Passover Haggadah with comments, insights and ideas. Catalog #: HANH In a unique approach to the Haggadah, the author analyzes the construction of phrases, compares them with similar texts, delves into human nature, and sheds light on its halachic and ethical teachings. Seasonings of the Torah Fascinating Parashah allusions based on letters, vowels, numbers and history Catalog #: SOTH Enter the world of deep Torah insights through the eyes of Hagaon Harav David Feinstein. The Rosh Yeshiva of Mesivtha Tifereth Jerusalem, Rabbi Feinstein is one of the most distinguished halachic authorities in this generation. Less known, but of signific Original comments, insights, and ideas on the book of Esther, adapted from the shiurim of Rabbi David Feinstein. By Rabbi David Feinstein, Pinchos Osher Rohr, Rabbi Nosson Scherman Catalog #: EDOH Rabbi David Feinstein is Rosh Yeshivah of Mesivtha Tifereth Jerusalem and one of the great poskim of this generation. He is famous for his original insights on Chumash and Tanach. Now his broad and illuminating thoughts are available in print. Comments, insights, and ideas on the book of Ruth, adapted from the shiurim of Rabbi David Feinstein. Catalog #: KORH Rabbi David Feinstein, Rosh Yeshivah of Mesivtha Tifereth Jerusalem, is renowned as one of the world's leading poskim (authorities in Torah law). Every day, rabbis and laymen present him with complex questions regarding ritual, commerce and health, and ac Kol Dodi on the Haftaros The Haftaros: comments, insights and their connection to the Parashah Catalog #: KDHH Maran HaGaon Harav David Feinstein shlit"a is renowned as one of the world's premier authorities in Torah Law. Less well-known is that he has an encyclopedic knowledge of Tanach, and his weekly shiurim on the Parashah attract a wide variety of people anx Kol Dodi On Torah Comments, insights and ideas on the weekly sidrah, adapted from the shiurim of Rabbi David Feinstein. By Rabbi David Feinstein, Pinchos Osher Rohr Catalog #: KODH Haggadah Kol Dodi / Hebrew - English Commentary The complete Passover Haggadah with translation and the laws of the seder. Status: Discontinued Catalog #: HDHH The Haggadah with a thorough and clear practical halachic exposition of the entire Seder, including practical decisions by one of the leading halachic authorities of our day, Rabbi Moshe Feinstein. Full color soil resistant laminated cover. Haggadah Kol Dodi / English Commentary The complete Passover Haggadah with translation and the laws of the seder Catalog #: HDOH A clear and practical halachic exposition of the entire Seder, including decisions the author and his great father, Rabbi Moshe Feinstein, followed by the complete text and translation of the Haggadah.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1454
__label__wiki	0.618213	0.618213	Home > Interview > Michael Perschke: ‘We don’t believe another luxury brand will wholeheartedly embrace electrification by 2025’ Michael Perschke: ‘We don’t believe another luxury... Michael Perschke: ‘We don’t believe another luxury brand will wholeheartedly embrace electrification by 2025’ by Ronan Glon, Autocar UK 03 Mar 2020 Michael Perschke: "We are only going to build electric or zero-emissions cars. That’s clear. Our objective is always to have only cars with zero-emissions technology." At 90, Pininfarina is ready to ruffle a few feathers. The Mahindra-owned design house is morphing into a high-end automaker whose goal is to conquer territory held sacred by some of its past clients. Michael Perschke, the CEO of Automobili Pininfarina, says the brand’s first shot is a 1900bhp EV named Battista and a salvo of SUVs will follow in the coming years. An insight on what the company will look like in 2025. Battista production will start in late 2020. How many reservations do you have so far? It depends on the region. In the United States, we’re about 60 to 70% sold out; it’s our strongest region. That’s partly because we first showed the car in Pebble Beach in 2018. It’s at about 50% or slightly less in Europe, and in Asia we just started showing the car towards the end of 2019. We see a strong demand, but we need to bring the car back there. We’ll build 125 to 150 units, and we expect about 50% of the production will go to the American market. We’re working on allocations; it’s a little bit of push and pull. We predict a lot of conversion will happen prior to the test drives. People have kind of that typical fear of losing out. There’s a limited number of cars available, and the test drives are coming up. Nobody’s ever driven an electric hypercar because none are really on the market yet. The segment doesn’t exist, so people are definitely still in the consideration phase. They’re more open to the idea than they were a year and a half ago, though. We saw a big change from Pebble Beach 2018 to Pebble Beach 2019. You’re using Rimac technology for the Battista. What’s your relationship like? We’re friends and we’re also competitors. Do we really complete for the same client? I would say no. If the person decides to spend £2 million (Rs 18.64 crore) on a Rimac, it’s probably 50% because he loves Mate and his story, and 50% because he wants a cool tech tool. I think we’re the more natural choice for someone who is really brand- and design-conscious. These brands sit side by side. You wouldn’t compare a Tesla and a Ferrari, right? I think that’s where we see Rimac and us. It’s a very different customer profile, a very different target audience, and very different positions. Even the vehicle attributes are different. Sure, the cars share a battery and components, but the ride and handling will be different. The Battista is a limited-edition model. Will you cap production of your next cars? As a luxury brand, you should always make slightly fewer cars than the market demands. That’s logic. Speaking of, Pininfarina’s next car is an SUV. Why did you choose to release the Battista first? You can only build a brand once. It took Audi about 30 years to move from an Opel/Ford image to a Mercedes-Benz/BMW image. Moving up the ladder is much more complicated than moving down. We said “Pininfarina is a collector’s item.” Go to Pebble Beach, check out the auctions, and one out of five cars is Pininfarina-branded. We have a very good reputation with collectors and connoisseurs. If you have a brand like Chateau Lafite Rothschild, you wouldn’t start going to Aldi or Lidl to market your wine. We have this chance only once, and we’re building a brand with ‘the Battista’. We saw that very clearly at customer clinics. If you put a Battista on the stand and then you show people a concept like the Pura Vision, there is an immediate halo effect on the pricing. People perceive you in a different price category because you’re proving you’re part of that luxury club. If you start directly with a product on a lower level, your price ambition would probably deteriorate by 10 or 15% because you’re lacking that halo effect. It’s important, especially in the luxury segment. It’s how people perceive you as a brand. Is your upcoming SUV based on Rivian technology as rumours claimed? No. We intended to work with Rivian until November 2018, but then Amazon acquired part of the company and asked it to focus only on its own models, and not to work with anyone who is not a shareholder. That’s why there’s a Rivian-based Lincoln in the works. We did a feasibility study. We liked the Rivian skateboard, though it would not have allowed us to do body styles like GTs because it’s purely made for SUVs. We believe we have something which gets very close to Rivian’s platform, though. Where do you see Pininfarina in five years? We don’t believe another luxury brand will wholeheartedly embrace electrification by 2025. From day one, we’re going to be 100% electrified and 100% zero emissions. If you’re Lamborghini, and you have three combustion-engined models, you can make the fourth one electric but that still means 80 or 90% of your model portfolio is going emit about 300, 400, or 500 grams of carbon dioxide per kilometre. You have a legacy, and that is a liability. We don’t have that legacy; we don’t carry that baggage. We have the ability to start with a white piece of paper. So, if the product portfolio comes into place, and if the brand acceptance is there, we could come close to Bentley or Lamborghini. Maybe not today, and not tomorrow, but when we have three consecutive models in the right segments. That likely means a combination of sports cars, GTs, and SUVs. I think the market potential is principally there. Is there room in your future range for a petrol- or diesel-powered car? We are only going to build electric or zero-emissions cars. That’s clear. Our objective is always to have only cars with zero-emissions technology. That means no hybrids, then? No, unless you define a fuel cell-electric combination as a hybrid. Is this technology in the works? We are an integrator. Our objective is to find the best technology available with partners. We’re not going to start developing hydrogen technology from a white piece of paper. We’d look at companies we want to partner with. But, for us, hydrogen is a technology we won’t see until after 2030. Pininfarina Automobili unveils ultra-exclusive Battista Anniversario Mahindra Racing and Automobili Pininfarina join forces to bring race track tech to the road Pininfarina Battista: how Formula E is readying buyers for 1900bhp EV Pininfarina teams up with engineering giants for new EV platform Pininfarina to launch range of luxury EVs before 2025 Tags: Pininfarina, Mahindra, Mahindra design house, Pininfarina Battista, Michael Perschke /interview/michael-perschke-‘we-don’t-believe-another-luxury-brand-will-wholeheartedly-embrace-electrification-by-2025’-55744 Michael Perschke: ‘We don’t believe another luxury brand will wholeheartedly embrace electrification by 2025’ Michael Perschke, the CEO of Automobil Pininfarina says the brand’s first shot is a 1900bhp EV named Battista and a salvo of SUVs will follow in the coming years. An insight on what the company will look like in 2025. https://www.autocarpro.in/Utils/ImageResizer.ashx?n=http://img.haymarketsac.in/autocarpro/5e189fbd-1564-4206-b362-8cde86f6a337.jpg Interview 55744 55744 55735 55744, Israel’s StoreDot launches 5-minute charge capable lithium-ion battery... Forsee Power launches thin lithium-ion batteries for commercial vehicl... Indian Oil and Israel’s Phinergy test aluminium-air battery on Mahindr...	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1459
__label__wiki	0.7326	0.7326	Conversion therapy: Should you electrify your classic car? Is it sacrilege to convert a Volkswagen Camper or Golf GTI to battery power, or is it a timely way of injecting fresh life into a much-loved classic? We take a closer look I might have imagined it, but I’m sure that Kit Lacey has been eyeing up the Baby Shark. Not because he wants to buy it or covets the sheer wonderfulness of my E21 BMW. Nope, it’s because it has a state-of-the-art (in 1979) three-speed automatic gearbox, which will mate up to an electric motor and inverter and could easily house a battery pack under the cloth rear seats. Lacey’s company, eDub Services, converts conventionally combustionengined cars into electric ones. Indeed, I’ve already spotted an immaculate Volkswagen Golf GTI Mk2. My heart misses a beat, not least because this king of hot hatches is also missing something fundamental: its 1.8-litre engine. It’s all going to be fine, though, as Lacey shows me the 3D details of the unique Golf subframe on his phone. “Fabrication is the most difficult part,” he tells me. “But it’s absolutely crucial in getting the installation to work. Until we can engineer the position of the motor using the existing hard points of the bodywork, it isn’t going to work. Once the motor is in, we then install the driveshafts, batteries and all the other ancillaries.” If rewiring an iconic Golf GTI for a battery pack makes you queasy, then hold tight, because eDub’s big project, due in a matter of months, is an electric Porsche 911. “It’s being engineered as a stand-alone kit,” says Lacey. “Customers can bring their cars to us for conversion or buy our own range of pre-built models.” So how did it get to this point? Well, Lacey can blame his mum. Not only was she an early adopter of a Nissan Leaf in 2011 but also a senior university lecturer specialising in battery degradation. Although Lacey modestly claims he has no actual qualification or background for this sort of business, there’s no denying that he has a plan – and he employs all the right engineers to make his ideas happen. “I’ve always been a fan of the Volkswagen T2 and was familiar with the Porsche and Subaru engine upgrades, but I became fascinated by a full battery conversion,” he says. “There weren’t many options available, but I came across a converted American import that had been mostly restored and was in grey primer. I had it swapped to righthand drive and went for a full camper look. The technology wasn’t fully there, as the battery management system was designed for solar power so quite basic and flawed.” Things have moved on massively since then. In the workshop is a customer’s grey T2 with a Nissan Leaf motor, gearbox and inverter re-engineered for rear-wheel drive. The holy grail, though, is a Tesla unit. Conveniently enough, there’s one on the workshop floor, and it’s tiny. In the footprint of a spare wheel are a motor, inverter and gearbox. Not only that but Tesla batteries, says Lacey, are the most energy-dense. In a battery cupboard are piles of things, looking like silver, ultra-long Battenberg cakes. Lacey says just four or five are needed for the low-voltage T2 and around 14 for the high-voltage model: “We put the batteries under the rear seats, and that instantly makes the handling better.” To test out that claim, we go for a drive. Actually, we do part of what eDub successfully markets as EV camper van hire trips in the spectacular Yorkshire Dales. We’re in a 1973 Bay Window T2 with an off-the-shelf CALB battery pack powering an HPEVS motor bolted onto the standard gearbox. It has around 65kW, which is plenty enough to push us along enthusiastically, and all we can hear is some whine and the clatter of a 47-year-old vehicle. When it’s stationary, there’s a buzzy brake servo, but that will be upgraded soon. You barely miss the flat burble of the petrol engine, and I doubt anyone watching would realise it’s an EV. It operates conventionally with three pedals, can’t ever be stalled and eats hills, so it’s perfect for bumbling around the Dales. There’s even an illuminated ‘Turbo’ switch, which delivers a jolt of extra acceleration. The steering is currently unassisted and may necessitate a 32-point turn in tight spots, but a digital fix is on the way. The recommendation for the hire eCampers is a maximum of 80 kilometres per day, which leaves a 30-kilometre cushion, then it fully charges overnight while you sleep in the back at the campsite. Brilliant. Today isn’t about having an ‘are EVs good or bad?’ debate, and whether the mining of rare earth materials and shipping them around the globe is a truly environmentally friendly enterprise. There’s no time for the relative whole-life cost comparison between conventional engines and electric power, either. Whether we’re talking about a T2 Camper, a Golf GTI or a 911, these are classic cars. If someone wants to pay to have them converted, that’s their choice. Lacey has clearly proved there’s a market for this service, which admittedly is reassuringly expensive, because doing it properly and doing it safely always has to be. On the long drive back home from North Yorkshire, I have time to think it all through. Certainly the way Lacey is doing these conversions is textbook, and everything is reversible, so I have the utmost respect for the way eDub operates: if you want your petrol power back, it’s easy enough to do. That GTI belongs to a Volkswagen collector who has boxed up the original engine, so it may live to drink fossil fuels once again. My battery bottom line is this: go ahead and electrify your classic if you want to. For me, it nullifies the whole point of owning a historically significant and rare car, and it’s also prohibitively costly for the everyday motorist or classic car owner who isn’t a numbskull EV hater but who doesn’t feel the need to expensively eco-virtue. If that makes me an old combustion-engined dinosaur, then so be it. My Baby Shark BMW, meanwhile, has completed a 371-mile round trip with the briefest of comfort and top-up breaks. Conversion costs An eCamper 25t – eDub’s Volkswagen T2 Camper Van Conversion kit – consists of a Tesla motor, which gives more than four times the original power, and replaces the gearbox, so there’s no clutch or gearstick. It has a 25kWh battery so should be good for up to 100 kilometres of real-world range per charge. It takes four hours to fully charge at 7kW and costs AUD$60,000, excluding the Camper Van itself. Alternatively, for AUD$85,000, the eCamper 75 offers around 350 kilometres of real-world range and can charge from 0-80% in 90 minutes at 40kW. Restoration of the T2 to a high standard with all the usual trimmings is roughly AUD$25k to AUD$35k, depending on vehicle condition. James Ruppert Exclusive partner content by Peugeot 208 to go all-electric Car News AutoExpress - January 19, 2021 All-electric powertrain will be only option for next-generation Peugeot 208 2021 Mercedes-Benz EQA 250 Prototype First Drive Car News Autocar - January 19, 2021 Mercedes has turned its accomplished GLA crossover into an EV to take on the Volkswagen ID 3. Is this a recipe for success? 2021 Renault Megane RS Trophy Review Car Reviews Autocar - January 19, 2021 Renault updates hot Megane RS Trophy for 2021 with more power, but the lack of a manual transmission does more harm than good. This is... © Copyright 2020 - Automotive Daily - Motoring Media Network Pty Ltd - ABN: 75161489872	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1460
__label__wiki	0.658798	0.658798	Tesla to hike UK prices by 5 per cent next year Cost of an entry-level Tesla Model S 60 will rise by almost £3,000 from 1 January Tesla has confirmed that it will increase prices across its entire model by 5 per cent next year due to ‘currency fluctuations’. The price hike comes into force as of 1 January, but models ordered before that date will not be effected despite customers taking delivery when the price hike is in force. The news also follows Tesla’s decision to stop the free use of its supercharging stations for customers who order a Tesla from 2017 onwards. The cost of an entry-level Model S 60 will rise by £2,945 to £61,845, while an entry Model X 75D will rise by £4,100 to £86,100. The biggest price increase will come on the Model X P100D which is set to increase by £6,435 to £135,135. Earlier this week, Tesla also announced plans to introduce an idle penalty fee at its supercharger stations for customers who leave vehicles plugged in when fully charged. A fine of 40p per minute is then incurred once the driver has been notified by the Tesla app that the vehicle is fully charged. Are you thinking of buying a Tesla? Let us know you thoughts on the price increases below... Tesla applies for UK electricity provider licence The American EV manufacturer is preparing to build a new UK energy company, based on the battery technology used in its electric vehicles “A Tesla merger? How about one with Volkswagen?” With Elon Musk saying if a merger with another firm were on the cards he “would have this conversation”, and Volkswagen streamlining its operations, c… Tesla ‘Full Self-Driving beta’ released but drivers must pay constant attention to the road Controversial move by Californian EV maker follows criticism from road safety experts of the naming of its driver assistance systems “Tesla is now the hunted instead of the hunter” Chief reviewer Sean Carson thinks Tesla can’t afford to rest on its laurels at the top of the electric car tree with the likes of Audi, BMW and Merced…	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1462
__label__cc	0.538965	0.461035	OPC Training Events Back on Track in 2010 Thomas Burke, president and executive director of the OPC Foundation, announces the resumption of OPC training events for 2010 and previews a development effort to adapt legacy OPC solutions to the Microsoft .NET environment. Welcome to the November 2009 edition of OPConnect, the official newsletter of the OPC Foundation. 2009 has been a very challenging year economically for both the OPC Foundation and for many of the OPC Foundation members. Because of the recession, we put our road show program on hold this year, as well as the OPC Foundation’s participation in many of the industry trade shows. What we learned was that these events are very important to vendors and end-users in the marketing and evangelism of the OPC vision. And so, I’m very excited to announce that we plan to restart the OPC training events in 2010, and we will hold a special OPC international conference in Amsterdam during the year. We will also continue to host the very successful developer workshops and interoperability workshops, which further expand the adoption and validation of the OPC technology. I invite you to regularly check the OPC Foundation Website for upcoming event announcements and schedules. The OPC Foundation Mission I am often asked, what is the mission of the OPC Foundation? The mission of the OPC Foundation is to deliver the best specifications, technology and corresponding process to facilitate secure, reliable interoperability. This enables our members to deliver the highest quality products that work in a multiplatform, multi-vendor scenario. After defining the mission of the OPC Foundation, it makes sense to ask, how do we measure success? My standard answer is: Success is measured by level of adoption. OPC is dedicated to solving the problems that end-users want solved with respect to multivendor interoperability, which in turn provides a solid foundation for the vendor community to actually deliver products and services. The OPC Foundation is not interested in developing non-pragmatic technology that end-users and vendors do not want or need. This is not a research endeavor; this is all about increasing revenue and decreasing costs. My personal responsibility as president and executive director is to facilitate the OPC Foundation vendors’ successful delivery and deployment of products that clearly leverage the OPC Foundation technology. We are dedicated to collaboration and continuing to enhance the portfolio of specifications, technology and corresponding processes that will expand the reach of secure, reliable interoperability. The OPC Foundation has been actively engaged in many areas outside of the typical industrial automation arena, including building automation, security, home automation and energy, such as the smart grid. By collaborating with other standards organizations, we have been able to leverage the infrastructure of OPC to promote interoperability through partnerships. A good example of this is the key initiative to enhance the OPC Foundation portfolio through the inclusion of the Express Interface (Xi) technology. Xi is a client-server architecture, based on the Microsoft .NET framework, that provides secure and robust real-time and historical data transfer between Xi client and Xi servers, regardless of their network location. A group of OPC vendors are developing a solution to integrate classic OPC, which uses the Microsoft Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) for data transport, and address problems of security, reliability and complex configuration on Microsoft platforms in a .NET environment. I encourage you to actively participate in the many OPC Foundation programs and establish regular dialogues with the OPC Foundation staff. For all administrative topics and discussions, please contact Mike Bryant, administrative director, at Michael.Bryant@opcfoundation.org. For technical topics and discussions, please contact Jim Luth, technical director, at Jim.Luth@opcfoundation.org. For marketing related topics, contact Manny Mandrusiak, vice president of marketing, at Manny.Mandrusiak@opcfoundation.org. For compliance related topics, contact Nathan Pocock, our director of certification, at Nathan.Pocock@opcfoundation.org. And, most importantly, for anything related to your OPC Foundation membership, contact Lynne Froehlich at Lynne.Froehlich@opcfoundation.org. The OPC Foundation Web site, at www.opcfoundation.org, is an excellent source to locate OPC and OPC UA products. It includes an online product catalog and information on vendors that have certified their OPC products in the independent certification test lab. For more information on the OPC working groups and consortiums, you can also visit the OPC Foundation Web site, or send me your thoughts and comments at Thomas.Burke@OPCfoundation.org. Belden HighFlex VFD Cables Available from Digi-Key Belden's series of UL-rated, extra flexible VFD cables provides supremely pliable, flexible constructions for use on-machines (16-8 AWG) and increases ease of installation without sacrificing any crucial elements.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1463
__label__cc	0.512299	0.487701	Exclusive Bugatti crashed in an accident in a collision with hay bale September 9, 2020 0 By autotimesnews The only existing Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport Vitesse L’Or Blanc crashed into hay bales during an exotic car race A video of an exotic car race organized by the Swiss club Supercar Owners Circle has appeared online. Arrivals took place on the runway of Gstaad airport. The unique Bugatti Veyron became the hero of the event. The video shows the hypercar flying past the finish line and crashing into hay bales at the end of the runway. The air brake is seen to apply and the squeal of tires is heard after the driver presses the brake pedal in an attempt to stop the vehicle. At some point, a plume of smoke erupts from behind and after a few moments the Bugatti Veyron stops. According to one of the eyewitnesses who managed to see the hypercar after arrival, the owner will have to replace the front bumper. One of the ribs passing through the center of the right air intake is cracked in half and cannot be repaired. Given the exclusivity of the car, it will come at a price. But for a person who has the means to buy a one-of-a-kind hypercar, this is not a problem. Besides, it could have ended worse. La vidéo de la journée d’hier au #SupercarOwnersCircle est en ligne. Lien de la vidéo dans la bio 👊🏼. 50 Hypercars, Des accélérations et donuts en Chiron 👌🏼 The video of the #SupercarOwnersCircle is live. Link of the video in my bio 👊🏼 Video credit : @onlycars38 — #TheSupercarSquad A post shared by The Supercar Squad ® (@thesupercarsquad) on Sep 6, 2020 at 11:00am PDT The head of Volkswagen called Tesla Model Y a benchmark Musk about Volkswagen ID.3: Not bad for a normal car How to configure the Koenigsegg Jesko hypercar?	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1465
__label__cc	0.638341	0.361659	AXA Investment Managers is a global asset manager with an active, long term and responsible approach to investment. Fund Centre The Fund Centre provides detailed information about our full product range, including performance, prices and fund manager comments. Fund document library Investment Capabilities AXA IM is an active, long-term, global asset manager with expertise across the asset class spectrum. Framlington Equities Rosenberg Equities AXA IM Chorus We are organizing expert meetings on a regular basis. Click here for the details CEO Sustainability Agenda China Platform for European Institutional Investors Economists Events Knooppunt Shanghai Online Media Round Tables China Platform Webinar From green bonds to impact investing; negative screens to active stewardship, AXA IM's offering spans the full ESG spectrum. 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They help finance a myriad of initiatives, including renewable energy, pollution prevention, access to healthcare, affordable housing and female empowerment. However, in terms of these bonds there is no overall industry standards on what constitutes a ‘green’ or ‘social’ bond - so we have developed our own framework for assessment. This framework not only drives investments towards authentic green and social projects but also looks to raise the standards of the whole market. Selectivity is key in ensuring that only the most relevant and impactful projects receive the necessary financing. This framework has so far been used to review more than 450 green and social bond issuances and has led us to exclude around a fifth of bonds presented to us as green or social as it falls short of our assessment criteria. 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__label__wiki	0.613469	0.613469	Sample records for contrasting native environments Contrasting Pollinators and Pollination in Native and Non-Native Regions of Highbush Blueberry Production. Full Text Available Highbush blueberry yields are dependent on pollination by bees, and introduction of managed honey bees is the primary strategy used for pollination of this crop. Complementary pollination services are also provided by wild bees, yet highbush blueberry is increasingly grown in regions outside its native range where wild bee communities may be less adapted to the crop and growers may still be testing appropriate honey bee stocking densities. To contrast crop pollination in native and non-native production regions, we sampled commercial 'Bluecrop' blueberry fields in British Columbia and Michigan with grower-selected honey bee stocking rates (0-39.5 hives per ha to compare bee visitors to blueberry flowers, pollination and yield deficits, and how those vary with local- and landscape-scale factors. Observed and Chao-1 estimated species richness, as well as Shannon diversity of wild bees visiting blueberries were significantly higher in Michigan where the crop is within its native range. The regional bee communities were also significantly different, with Michigan farms having greater dissimilarity than British Columbia. Blueberry fields in British Columbia had fewer visits by honey bees than those in Michigan, irrespective of stocking rate, and they also had lower berry weights and a significant pollination deficit. In British Columbia, pollination service increased with abundance of wild bumble bees, whereas in Michigan the abundance of honey bees was the primary predictor of pollination. The proportion of semi-natural habitat at local and landscape scales was positively correlated with wild bee abundance in both regions. Wild bee abundance declined significantly with distance from natural borders in Michigan, but not in British Columbia where large-bodied bumble bees dominated the wild bee community. Our results highlight the varying dependence of crop production on different types of bees and reveal that strategies for pollination improvement in Gibbs, Jason; Elle, Elizabeth; Bobiwash, Kyle; Haapalainen, Tiia; Isaacs, Rufus Highbush blueberry yields are dependent on pollination by bees, and introduction of managed honey bees is the primary strategy used for pollination of this crop. Complementary pollination services are also provided by wild bees, yet highbush blueberry is increasingly grown in regions outside its native range where wild bee communities may be less adapted to the crop and growers may still be testing appropriate honey bee stocking densities. To contrast crop pollination in native and non-native production regions, we sampled commercial 'Bluecrop' blueberry fields in British Columbia and Michigan with grower-selected honey bee stocking rates (0-39.5 hives per ha) to compare bee visitors to blueberry flowers, pollination and yield deficits, and how those vary with local- and landscape-scale factors. Observed and Chao-1 estimated species richness, as well as Shannon diversity of wild bees visiting blueberries were significantly higher in Michigan where the crop is within its native range. The regional bee communities were also significantly different, with Michigan farms having greater dissimilarity than British Columbia. Blueberry fields in British Columbia had fewer visits by honey bees than those in Michigan, irrespective of stocking rate, and they also had lower berry weights and a significant pollination deficit. In British Columbia, pollination service increased with abundance of wild bumble bees, whereas in Michigan the abundance of honey bees was the primary predictor of pollination. The proportion of semi-natural habitat at local and landscape scales was positively correlated with wild bee abundance in both regions. Wild bee abundance declined significantly with distance from natural borders in Michigan, but not in British Columbia where large-bodied bumble bees dominated the wild bee community. Our results highlight the varying dependence of crop production on different types of bees and reveal that strategies for pollination improvement in the same crop can Contrasting xylem vessel constraints on hydraulic conductivity between native and non-native woody understory species Maria S Smith Full Text Available We examined the hydraulic properties of 82 native and non-native woody species common to forests of Eastern North America, including several congeneric groups, representing a range of anatomical wood types. We observed smaller conduit diameters with greater frequency in non-native species, corresponding to lower calculated potential vulnerability to cavitation index. Non-native species exhibited higher vessel-grouping in metaxylem compared with native species, however, solitary vessels were more prevalent in secondary xylem. Higher frequency of solitary vessels in secondary xylem was related to a lower potential vulnerability index. We found no relationship between anatomical characteristics of xylem, origin of species and hydraulic conductivity, indicating that non-native species did not exhibit advantageous hydraulic efficiency over native species. Our results confer anatomical advantages for non-native species under the potential for cavitation due to freezing, perhaps permitting extended growing seasons. Native herbivore exerts contrasting effects on fire regime and vegetation structure Jose L. Hierro; Kenneth L. Clark; Lyn C. Branch; Diego Villarreal Although native herbivores can alter fire regimes by consuming herbaceous vegetation that serves as fine fuel and, less commonly, accumulating fuel as nest material and other structures, simultaneous considerations of contrasting effects of herbivores on fire have scarcely been addressed. We proposed that a colonial rodent, vizcacha (Lagostomus maximus... Non-Native Japanese Listeners' Perception of Vowel Length Contrasts in Japanese and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) Tsukada, Kimiko This study aimed to compare the perception of short vs. long vowel contrasts in Japanese and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) by four groups of listeners differing in their linguistic backgrounds: native Arabic (NA), native Japanese (NJ), non-native Japanese (NNJ) and Australian English (OZ) speakers. The NNJ and OZ groups shared the first languageâ€¦ Developing native grass seed industries for revegetation in Australia and the western United States: A contrast in production and adoption C. M. Waters; N. L. Shaw Globally, an increased desire to restore, rehabilitate or revegetate with native plants represents a shift toward more ecologically focused restoration goals. In the Australian rangelands, an increasing need to address revegetation is not being matched by an availability of seed material. This contrasts with the United States where a well-structured native seed... Improvements in the native development environment for Sony AIBO Csaba KertÃ©sz Full Text Available The entertainment robotics have been on a peak with AIBO, but this robot brand has been discontinued by the Sony in 2006 to help its financial position. Among other reasons, the robot failed to enter into both the mainstream and the robotics research labs besides the RoboCup competitions, however, there were some attempts to use the robot for rehabilitation and emotional medical treatments. A native software development environment (Open-R SDK was provided to program AIBO, nevertheless, the operating system (Aperios induced difficulties for the students and the researchers in the software development. The author of this paper made efforts to update the Open-R and overcome the problems. More enhancements have been implemented in the core components, some software methodologies were applied to solve a number of restrictions and the achievements are summarized here. Do lichens have "memory" of their native nitrogen environment? Munzi, Silvana; Loppi, Stefano; Cruz, Cristina; Branquinho, Cristina This study aimed to deepen the knowledge about intraspecific mechanisms regulating nitrogen tolerance in lichens to wet nitrogen deposition. Thalli of the nitrophilous lichen Xanthoria parietina were collected from environments with different nitrogen availabilities and immersed in 80 mL of ammonium sulphate (NHâ‚„)â‚‚SOâ‚„ solutions with distinct concentrations (0, 0.025, 0.05 and 0.25 M) for 5 h per day during 3 days in a week. After each soaking event, lichens were air dried. After each treatment, maximal PSII efficiency, localization of ammonium ions, concentrations of K+ and MgÂ²+ and thalli buffer capacity were determined. Our results show that lichens are marked by their native nitrogen environment, since there were important differences between the physiological responses of X. parietina thalli previously grown in an area with high nitrogen deposition (nitrogen emissions of ca. 13,000 t/year) and those previously grown in an unpolluted area (nitrogen emissions of ca. 500 t/year). Greater N availability seems to enable X. parietina to cope better with the effects of nitrogen pollution. Contrasting patterns of herbivore and predator pressure on invasive and native plants Engelkes, T.; Wouters, B.; Bezemer, T.M.; Harvey, J.A.; Putten, van der W.H. Invasive non-native plant species often harbor fewer herbivorous insects than related native plant species. However, little is known about how herbivorous insects on non-native plants are exposed to carnivorous insects, and even less is known on plants that have recently expanded their ranges within Plant-associated bacterial populations on native and invasive plant species: comparisons between 2 freshwater environments. Olapade, Ola A; Pung, Kayleigh Plant-microbial interactions have been well studied because of the ecological importance of such relationships in aquatic systems. However, general knowledge regarding the composition of these biofilm communities is still evolving, partly as a result of several confounding factors that are attributable to plant host properties and to hydrodynamic conditions in aquatic environments. In this study, the occurrences of various bacterial phylogenetic taxa on 2 native plants, i.e., mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum L.) and cow parsnip (Heracleum maximum Bartram), and on an invasive species, i.e., garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande), were quantitatively examined using nucleic acid staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization. The plants were incubated in triplicates for about a week within the Kalamazoo River and Pierce Cedar Creek as well as in microcosms. The bacterial groups targeted for enumeration are known to globally occur in relatively high abundance and are also ubiquitously distributed in freshwater environments. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses of the bacterioplankton assemblages revealed that the majority of bacterial cells that hybridized with the different probes were similar between the 2 sites. In contrast, the plant-associated populations while similar on the 3 plants incubated in Kalamazoo River, their representations were highest on the 2 native plants relative to the invasive species in Pierce Cedar Creek. Overall, our results further suggested that epiphytic bacterial assemblages are probably under the influences of and probably subsequently respond to multiple variables and conditions in aquatic milieus. Leaf gas exchange and water status responses of a native and non-native grass to precipitation across contrasting soil surfaces in the Sonoran Desert. Ignace, Danielle D; Huxman, Travis E; Weltzin, Jake F; Williams, David G Arid and semi-arid ecosystems of the southwestern US are undergoing changes in vegetation composition and are predicted to experience shifts in climate. To understand implications of these current and predicted changes, we conducted a precipitation manipulation experiment on the Santa Rita Experimental Range in southeastern Arizona. The objectives of our study were to determine how soil surface and seasonal timing of rainfall events mediate the dynamics of leaf-level photosynthesis and plant water status of a native and non-native grass species in response to precipitation pulse events. We followed a simulated precipitation event (pulse) that occurred prior to the onset of the North American monsoon (in June) and at the peak of the monsoon (in August) for 2002 and 2003. We measured responses of pre-dawn water potential, photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance of native (Heteropogon contortus) and non-native (Eragrostis lehmanniana) C(4) bunchgrasses on sandy and clay-rich soil surfaces. Soil surface did not always amplify differences in plant response to a pulse event. A June pulse event lead to an increase in plant water status and photosynthesis. Whereas the August pulse did not lead to an increase in plant water status and photosynthesis, due to favorable soil moisture conditions facilitating high plant performance during this period. E. lehmanniana did not demonstrate heightened photosynthetic performance over the native species in response to pulses across both soil surfaces. Overall accumulated leaf-level CO(2) response to a pulse event was dependent on antecedent soil moisture during the August pulse event, but not during the June pulse event. This work highlights the need to understand how desert species respond to pulse events across contrasting soil surfaces in water-limited systems that are predicted to experience changes in climate. Epigenetic variation in mangrove plants occurring in contrasting natural environment. Catarina Fonseca Lira-Medeiros Full Text Available Epigenetic modifications, such as cytosine methylation, are inherited in plant species and may occur in response to biotic or abiotic stress, affecting gene expression without changing genome sequence. Laguncularia racemosa, a mangrove species, occurs in naturally contrasting habitats where it is subjected daily to salinity and nutrient variations leading to morphological differences. This work aims at unraveling how CpG-methylation variation is distributed among individuals from two nearby habitats, at a riverside (RS or near a salt marsh (SM, with different environmental pressures and how this variation is correlated with the observed morphological variation.Significant differences were observed in morphological traits such as tree height, tree diameter, leaf width and leaf area between plants from RS and SM locations, resulting in smaller plants and smaller leaf size in SM plants. Methyl-Sensitive Amplified Polymorphism (MSAP was used to assess genetic and epigenetic (CpG-methylation variation in L. racemosa genomes from these populations. SM plants were hypomethylated (14.6% of loci had methylated samples in comparison to RS (32.1% of loci had methylated samples. Within-population diversity was significantly greater for epigenetic than genetic data in both locations, but SM also had less epigenetic diversity than RS. Frequency-based (G(ST and multivariate (beta(ST methods that estimate population structure showed significantly greater differentiation among locations for epigenetic than genetic data. Co-Inertia analysis, exploring jointly the genetic and epigenetic data, showed that individuals with similar genetic profiles presented divergent epigenetic profiles that were characteristic of the population in a particular environment, suggesting that CpG-methylation changes may be associated with environmental heterogeneity.In spite of significant morphological dissimilarities, individuals of L. racemosa from salt marsh and riverside presented Contrasting growth phenology of native and invasive forest shrubs mediated by genome size. Fridley, Jason D; Craddock, AlaÃ¤ Examination of the significance of genome size to plant invasions has been largely restricted to its association with growth rate. We investigated the novel hypothesis that genome size is related to forest invasions through its association with growth phenology, as a result of the ability of large-genome species to grow more effectively through cell expansion at cool temperatures. We monitored the spring leaf phenology of 54 species of eastern USA deciduous forests, including native and invasive shrubs of six common genera. We used new measurements of genome size to evaluate its association with spring budbreak, cell size, summer leaf production rate, and photosynthetic capacity. In a phylogenetic hierarchical model that differentiated native and invasive species as a function of summer growth rate and spring budbreak timing, species with smaller genomes exhibited both faster growth and delayed budbreak compared with those with larger nuclear DNA content. Growth rate, but not budbreak timing, was associated with whether a species was native or invasive. Our results support genome size as a broad indicator of the growth behavior of woody species. Surprisingly, invaders of deciduous forests show the same small-genome tendencies of invaders of more open habitats, supporting genome size as a robust indicator of invasiveness. Â© 2015 The Authors. New Phytologist Â© 2015 New Phytologist Trust. One Way or Another: Evidence for Perceptual Asymmetry in Pre-attentive Learning of Non-native Contrasts Liquan Liu Full Text Available Research investigating listenersâ€™ neural sensitivity to speech sounds has largely focused on segmental features. We examined Australian English listenersâ€™ perception and learning of a supra-segmental feature, pitch direction in a non-native tonal contrast, using a passive oddball paradigm and electroencephalography. The stimuli were two contours generated from naturally produced high-level and high-falling tones in Mandarin Chinese, differing only in pitch direction (Liu and Kager, 2014. While both contours had similar pitch onsets, the pitch offset of the falling contour was lower than that of the level one. The contrast was presented in two orientations (standard and deviant reversed and tested in two blocks with the order of block presentation counterbalanced. Mismatch negativity (MMN responses showed that listeners discriminated the non-native tonal contrast only in the second block, reflecting indications of learning through exposure during the first block. In addition, listeners showed a later MMN peak for their second block of test relative to listeners who did the same block first, suggesting linguistic (as opposed to acoustic processing or a misapplication of perceptual strategies from the first to the second block. The results also showed a perceptual asymmetry for change in pitch direction: listeners who encountered a falling tone deviant in the first block had larger frontal MMN amplitudes than listeners who encountered a level tone deviant in the first block. The implications of our findings for second language speech and the developmental trajectory for tone perception are discussed. In vivo X-Ray Computed Tomographic Imaging of Soft Tissue with Native, Intravenous, or Oral Contrast Wathen, Connor A.; Foje, Nathan; van Avermaete, Tony; Miramontes, Bernadette; Chapaman, Sarah E.; Sasser, Todd A.; Kannan, Raghuraman; Gerstler, Steven; Leevy, W. Matthew X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) is one of the most commonly utilized anatomical imaging modalities for both research and clinical purposes. CT combines high-resolution, three-dimensional data with relatively fast acquisition to provide a solid platform for non-invasive human or specimen imaging. The primary limitation of CT is its inability to distinguish many soft tissues based on native contrast. While bone has high contrast within a CT image due to its material density from calcium phosphate, soft tissue is less dense and many are homogenous in density. This presents a challenge in distinguishing one type of soft tissue from another. A couple exceptions include the lungs as well as fat, both of which have unique densities owing to the presence of air or bulk hydrocarbons, respectively. In order to facilitate X-ray CT imaging of other structures, a range of contrast agents have been developed to selectively identify and visualize the anatomical properties of individual tissues. Most agents incorporate atoms like iodine, gold, or barium because of their ability to absorb X-rays, and thus impart contrast to a given organ system. Here we review the strategies available to visualize lung, fat, brain, kidney, liver, spleen, vasculature, gastrointestinal tract, and liver tissues of living mice using either innate contrast, or commercial injectable or ingestible agents with selective perfusion. Further, we demonstrate how each of these approaches will facilitate the non-invasive, longitudinal, in vivo imaging of pre-clinical disease models at each anatomical site. PMID:23711461 Omorgus suberosus and Polynoncus bifurcatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Trogidae in exotic and native environments of Brazil CÃ©sar M. A. Correa Full Text Available Trogidae beetles are important for the decomposition of organic material in ecosystems. In the Neotropical region, little is known about this family, except for their taxonomy. In this study, we report the presence of Omorgus suberosus (Fabricius, 1775 and Polynoncus bifurcatus (Vaurie, 1962 in exotic and native environments of Brazil, sampled with different baits. The beetles were captured in pastures with introduced grass (Brachiaria spp. and in patches of native forest (Brazilian savanna. We used pitfall traps baited with carrion and human feces every two weeks, from January to December 2011, and with carrion, cow dung, human feces and pig manure at the beginning of the rainy season (October 2011. Over the course of one year, 24 individuals of O. suberosus were captured, 16 in the exotic and eight in the native environment, respectively. In the sampling performed at the beginning of the rainy season, 32 individuals of O. suberosus and seven of P. bifurcatus were obtained. Omorgus suberosus specimens were sampled in both environments, suggesting a possible tolerance to anthropogenic environments, as in the case of introduced grasses. Polynoncus bifurcatus individuals were captured only in native environments, which may indicate a strong relationship with more heterogeneous and/or relatively preserved habitats. We discuss such relationships in light of published data and new information provided here. The relationship between native allophonic experience with vowel duration and perception of the English tense/lax vowel contrast by Spanish and Russian listeners. Kondaurova, Maria V; Francis, Alexander L Two studies explored the role of native language use of an acoustic cue, vowel duration, in both native and non-native contexts in order to test the hypothesis that non-native listeners' reliance on vowel duration instead of vowel quality to distinguish the English tense/lax vowel contrast could be explained by the role of duration as a cue in native phonological contrasts. In the first experiment, native Russian, Spanish, and American English listeners identified stimuli from a beat/bit continuum varying in nine perceptually equal spectral and duration steps. English listeners relied predominantly on spectrum, but showed some reliance on duration. Russian and Spanish speakers relied entirely on duration. In the second experiment, three tests examined listeners' use of vowel duration in native contrasts. Duration was equally important for the perception of lexical stress for all three groups. However, English listeners relied more on duration as a cue to postvocalic consonant voicing than did native Spanish or Russian listeners, and Spanish listeners relied on duration more than did Russian listeners. Results suggest that, although allophonic experience may contribute to cross-language perceptual patterns, other factors such as the application of statistical learning mechanisms and the influence of language-independent psychoacoustic proclivities cannot be ruled out. The relationship between native allophonic experience with vowel duration and perception of the English tenseâˆ•lax vowel contrast by Spanish and Russian listeners Kondaurova, Maria V.; Francis, Alexander L. Two studies explored the role of native language use of an acoustic cue, vowel duration, in both native and non-native contexts in order to test the hypothesis that non-native listenersâ€™ reliance on vowel duration instead of vowel quality to distinguish the English tenseâˆ•lax vowel contrast could be explained by the role of duration as a cue in native phonological contrasts. In the first experiment, native Russian, Spanish, and American English listeners identified stimuli from a beatâˆ•bit continuum varying in nine perceptually equal spectral and duration steps. English listeners relied predominantly on spectrum, but showed some reliance on duration. Russian and Spanish speakers relied entirely on duration. In the second experiment, three tests examined listenersâ€™ use of vowel duration in native contrasts. Duration was equally important for the perception of lexical stress for all three groups. However, English listeners relied more on duration as a cue to postvocalic consonant voicing than did native Spanish or Russian listeners, and Spanish listeners relied on duration more than did Russian listeners. Results suggest that, although allophonic experience may contribute to cross-language perceptual patterns, other factors such as the application of statistical learning mechanisms and the influence of language-independent psychoacoustic proclivities cannot be ruled out. PMID:19206820 Delexical Structures Contrastively: A Common Trap for Non-Native Speakers Marjeta Vrbinc Full Text Available This article deals with delexical structures and in particular with the problems non-native speakers are faced with when encoding. First, it gives reasons why it is necessary to study the structures and then it discusses the delexical structures in English (monolingual context. The second part of the article focuses on the bilingual aspect, i.e. the translation of English delexical structures into Slovene. Some problems concerning the bilingual context are presented, especially as regards aspect and the difference between the translation of English delexical structures in isolation (e.g. in a dictionary and within the context. The last part of the article concentrates on the dictionary treatment of delexical structures and provides some examples taken from the latest editions of the leading EFL monolingual dictionaries. Differential Difficulties in Perception of Tashlhiyt Berber Consonant Quantity Contrasts by Native Tashlhiyt Listeners vs. Berber-NaÃ¯ve French Listeners. HallÃ©, Pierre A; Ridouane, Rachid; Best, Catherine T In a discrimination experiment on several Tashlhiyt Berber singleton-geminate contrasts, we find that French listeners encounter substantial difficulty compared to native speakers. Native listeners of Tashlhiyt perform near ceiling level on all contrasts. French listeners perform better on final contrasts such as fit-fitt than initial contrasts such as bi-bbi or sir-ssir. That is, French listeners are more sensitive to silent closure duration in word-final voiceless stops than to either voiced murmur or frication duration of fully voiced stops or voiceless fricatives in word-initial position. We propose, tentatively, that native speakers of French, a language in which gemination is usually not considered to be phonemic, have not acquired quantity contrasts but yet exhibit a presumably universal sensitivity to rhythm, whereby listeners are able to perceive and compare the relative temporal distance between beats given by successive salient phonetic events such as a sequence of vowel nuclei. The impact of the home learning environment in native- vs. second-language acquisition Bleses, Dorthe; HÃ¸jen, Anders; Dale, Philip S. ., 2007). However, little is known about the relative importance of the HLE for native- vs. second-language acquisition. This question was examined in 1,200 second-language and 8,000 native-language learners of Danish. The parents of the 3-5-year-old children completed a HLE questionnaire......The home literacy environment (HLE) has been shown to impact language and literacy skills in preschool-aged children via factors such as availability of books, frequency of reading and child age when parents began reading to the child (Burgess, Hecht, & Lonigan, 2002; Payne, Whitehurst, & Angell......, 1994). Many dual language learners (DLL) rely on interactions in the second language outside the home to acquire second-language proficiency, but the HLE also influences second-language development in DLL, whether the native language or the second language is the primary home language (Duursma et al... W. Matthew Leevy Full Text Available X-ray Computed Tomography (CT is one of the most commonly utilized anatomical imaging modalities for both research and clinical purposes. CT combines high-resolution, three-dimensional data with relatively fast acquisition to provide a solid platform for non-invasive human or specimen imaging. The primary limitation of CT is its inability to distinguish many soft tissues based on native contrast. While bone has high contrast within a CT image due to its material density from calcium phosphate, soft tissue is less dense and many are homogenous in density. This presents a challenge in distinguishing one type of soft tissue from another. A couple exceptions include the lungs as well as fat, both of which have unique densities owing to the presence of air or bulk hydrocarbons, respectively. In order to facilitate X-ray CT imaging of other structures, a range of contrast agents have been developed to selectively identify and visualize the anatomical properties of individual tissues. Most agents incorporate atoms like iodine, gold, or barium because of their ability to absorb X-rays, and thus impart contrast to a given organ system. Here we review the strategies available to visualize lung, fat, brain, kidney, liver, spleen, vasculature, gastrointestinal tract, and liver tissues of living mice using either innate contrast, or commercial injectable or ingestible agents with selective perfusion. Further, we demonstrate how each of these approaches will facilitate the non-invasive, longitudinal, in vivo imaging of pre-clinical disease models at each anatomical site. Thermal physiology of native cool-climate, and non-native warm-climate Pumpkinseed sunfish raised in a common environment. Rooke, Anna C; Burness, Gary; Fox, Michael G Contemporary evolution of thermal physiology has the potential to help limit the physiological stress associated with rapidly changing thermal environments; however it is unclear if wild populations can respond quickly enough for such changes to be effective. We used native Canadian Pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) sunfish, and non-native Pumpkinseed introduced into the milder climate of Spain ~100 years ago, to assess genetic differences in thermal physiology in response to the warmer non-native climate. We compared temperatureÂ performance reaction norms of two Canadian and two Spanish Pumpkinseed populations born and raised within a common environment. We found that Canadian Pumpkinseed had higher routine metabolic rates when measured at seasonally high temperatures (15Â°C in winter, 30Â°C in summer), and that Spanish Pumpkinseed had higher critical thermal maxima when acclimated to 30Â°C in the summer. Growth rates were not significantly different among populations, however Canadian Pumpkinseed tended to have faster growth at the warmest temperatures measured (32Â°C). The observed differences in physiology among Canadian and Spanish populations at the warmest acclimation temperatures are consistent with the introduced populations being better suited to the warmer non-native climate than native populations. The observed differences could be the result of either founder effects, genetic drift, and/or contemporary adaptive evolution in the warmer non-native climate. Copyright Â© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. The value sphere of native and newcomer youth in their subjective assessment of the environment of a megalopolis. Kruzhkova, O. V. Full Text Available Currently, in the Russian Federation more and more attention is being paid to the quality of human capital. The innovative future of the country as a whole and its regions in particular depends on having young people with an active lifestyle, a high level of education, and a desire to be included in the development process of their country, region, city, or town. In most regions of the Russian Federation, programs and projects are supported that promote the self-actualization of young people and create conditions to ensure a full and rich life for the younger generation. But, despite these measures, as well as major government funding, the process of active internal migration and the outflow of talented young people from provincial areas into the central regions, as well as from rural to urban settlements, lead to the significant negative skewing of socioeconomic development in the regions of the Russian Federation. Thus, these are the issues: which characteristics of life in a megalopolis are valuable and attractive to young people and are there differences in the images of a big city held by native young people and newcomers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the characteristics of the value-sense and need-motivational spheres of native and newcomer youth in a megalopolis as well as to reveal the specifics of their images of a contemporary megalopolis. A comprehensive study conducted in Ekaterinburg among young people in the senior classes of secondary schools, colleges, and universities, as well as among young working men and women (N = 1108; ages 17-25, disclosed the base values in the subjective evaluation of the environment of a megalopolis by native and newcomer youth. In accordance with the objectives of the study, the sample was divided into two contrasting groups: native residents of Ekaterinburg (living there since birth 437; newcomer residents of Ekaterinburg (living there fewer than 3 years who were actively adapting Do Native Insects and Associated Fungi Limit Non-Native Woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, Survival in a Newly Invaded Environment? Laurel J Haavik Full Text Available Sirex noctilio F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae is an introduced pest of pines (Pinus spp. in several countries in the Southern Hemisphere. Although S. noctilio is established in North America (first discovered in 2004, it has not been a destructive pest there so far, where forest communities more closely resemble those in its native Eurasian rangeâ€”where it is not a pest. To investigate the influence of the existing community of associated insects (competitors + natural enemies and fungi (vectored by insects on S. noctilio survival in North America, we examined stage-specific mortality factors and their relative importance, generating life tables drawn from experimentally-manipulated and natural cohorts of Sirex spp. (mostly S. noctilio, but some native S. nigricornis F.. For both natural and experimentally-manipulated cohorts, factors which acted during the earliest Sirex life stages, most likely tree resistance and/or competition among fungal associates, were paramount in dictating woodwasp survival. Experimentally-manipulated life tables revealed that protection from the community of associates resulted in a significantly, and substantially larger (>15x S. noctilio F1 generation than exposure to it. Seventy percent of generation mortality in the exposed cohort was due to tree resistance or unknown causes early in larval development, which could have included competition among other bark- or wood-inhabiting insects and/or their fungal associates. Only 46% of generation mortality in the protected cohort was due to tree resistance and/or unknown causes. Parasitoids, particularly endoparasitoids (Ibalia spp., showed limited ability to control S. noctilio, and reduced the experimentally-established cohort by only 11%, and natural cohorts an average of 3.4%. The relative importance of tree resistance vs. competition with bark- and wood-borers in reducing S. noctilio survival remains unclear. Tree resistance and/or competition likely contribute more Optimization of Photosynthetic Productivity in Contrasting Environments by Regulons Controlling Plant Form and Function Barbara Demmig-Adams Full Text Available We review the role of a family of transcription factors and their regulons in maintaining high photosynthetic performance across a range of challenging environments with a focus on extreme temperatures and water availability. Specifically, these transcription factors include CBFs (C-repeat binding factors and DREBs (dehydration-responsive element-binding, with CBF/DREB1 primarily orchestrating cold adaptation and other DREBs serving in heat, drought, and salinity adaptation. The central role of these modulators in plant performance under challenging environments is based on (i interweaving of these regulators with other key signaling networks (plant hormones and redox signals as well as (ii their function in integrating responses across the whole plant, from light-harvesting and sugar-production in the leaf to foliar sugar export and water import and on to the plantâ€™s sugar-consuming sinks (growth, storage, and reproduction. The example of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes from geographic origins with contrasting climates is used to describe the links between natural genetic variation in CBF transcription factors and the differential acclimation of plant anatomical and functional features needed to support superior photosynthetic performance in contrasting environments. Emphasis is placed on considering different temperature environments (hot versus cold and light environments (limiting versus high light, on trade-offs between adaptations to contrasting environments, and on plant lines minimizing such trade-offs. What Students Really Learn: Contrasting Medical and Nursing Students' Experiences of the Clinical Learning Environment Liljedahl, Matilda; Boman, Lena Engqvist; FÃ¤lt, Charlotte PorthÃ©n; Bolander Laksov, Klara This paper explores and contrasts undergraduate medical and nursing students' experiences of the clinical learning environment. Using a sociocultural perspective of learning and an interpretative approach, 15 in-depth interviews with medical and nursing students were analysed with content analysis. Students' experiences are described using aâ€¦ Contrasting water use pattern of introduced and native plants in an alpine desert ecosystem, Northeast Qinghaiâ€“Tibet Plateau, China Wu, Huawu; Li, Xiao-Yan; Jiang, Zhiyun; Chen, Huiying; Zhang, Cicheng; Xiao, Xiong Plant water use patterns reflect the complex interactions between different functional types and environmental conditions in water-limited ecosystems. However, the mechanisms underlying the water use patterns of plants in the alpine desert of the Qinghaiâ€“Tibet Plateau remain poorly understood. This study investigated seasonal variations in the water sources of herbs (Carex moorcroftii, Astragalus adsurgens) and shrubs (Artemisia oxycephala, Hippophae rhamnoides) using stable oxygen-18 isotope methods. The results indicated that the native herbs (C. moorcroftii, A. adsurgens) and one of the shrubs (A. oxycephala) mainly relied on water from the shallow layer (0â€“30 cm) throughout the growing season, while the introduced shrub (H. rhamnoides) showed plasticity in switching between water from shallow and deep soil layers depending on soil water availability. All studied plants primarily depended on water from shallow soil layers early in the season. The differences of water use patterns between the introduced and native plants are closely linked with the range of active root zones when competing for water. Our findings will facilitate the mechanistic understanding of plantâ€“soilâ€“water relations in alpine desert ecosystems and provide information for screening introduced species for sand fixation. - Highlights: â€¢ Stable oxygen-18 in soil water experienced great evaporation enrichment. â€¢ H. rhamnoides experiences a flexible plasticity to switch between shallow and deep soil water. â€¢ Native plants mostly relied on shallow and middle soil water. â€¢ Water-use patterns by introduced-native plants are controlled by root characteristics. In Situ Persistence and Migration of Biochar Carbon and Its Impact on Native Carbon Emission in Contrasting Soils under Managed Temperate Pastures. Bhupinder Pal Singh Full Text Available Pyrogenic carbon (PyC is an important component of the global soil carbon (C pool, but its fate, persistence, and loss dynamics in contrasting soils and environments under planted field conditions are poorly understood. To fill this knowledge gap, a 13C-labelled biochar, as a surrogate material for PyC, produced from Eucalyptus saligna by slow pyrolysis (450Â°C; Î´13C -36.7â€° was surface (0-10 cm applied in C3 dominated temperate pasture systems across Arenosol, Cambisol and Ferralsol. The results show a low proportion of the applied biochar-C mineralised over 12 months in a relatively clay- and C-poor Arenosol (i.e., 2.0% loss via mineralisation, followed by a clay- and C-rich Cambisol (4.6%, and clay-, C- and earthworm-rich Ferralsol (7.0%. The biochar-C mean residence time (MRT, estimated by different models, varied between 44-1079 (Arenosol, 18-172 (Cambisol, and 11-29 (Ferralsol years, with the shorter MRT estimated by a one-pool exponential and the longer MRT by an infinite-pool power or a two-pool exponential model. The two-pool model was best fitted to biochar-C mineralisation. The biochar-C recovery in the 12-30 cm soil layer varied from between 1.2% (Arenosol, 2.5-2.7% (Cambisol and 13.8-15.7% (Ferralsol of the applied biochar-C after 8-12 months. There was a further migration of biochar-C below the 50-cm depth in the Arenosol, as the combined biochar-C recovery in the mineralised pool and soil profile (up to 30 or 50 cm was 82%, in contrast to 101% in the Cambisol and 104% in the Ferralsol after 12 months. These results indicate that the downward migration of biochar-C was greatest in the Arenosol (cf. Cambisol and Ferralsol. Cumulative CO2-C emission from native soil-plant sources was lower (p <0.10 in the biochar-amended vs. non-amended Ferralsol. This field-based study shows that the downward migration of biochar-C exceeded its loss via mineralisation in the Arenosol and Ferralsol, but not in the Cambisol. It is thus important to Genetics of phenotypic plasticity and biomass traits in hybrid willows across contrasting environments and years. Berlin, Sofia; HallingbÃ¤ck, Henrik R; Beyer, Friderike; Nordh, Nils-Erik; Weih, Martin; RÃ¶nnberg-WÃ¤stljung, Ann-Christin Phenotypic plasticity can affect the geographical distribution of taxa and greatly impact the productivity of crops across contrasting and variable environments. The main objectives of this study were to identify genotype-phenotype associations in key biomass and phenology traits and the strength of phenotypic plasticity of these traits in a short-rotation coppice willow population across multiple years and contrasting environments to facilitate marker-assisted selection for these traits. A hybrid Salix viminalis â€‰Ã—â€‰( S. viminalis Ã— Salix schwerinii ) population with 463 individuals was clonally propagated and planted in three common garden experiments comprising one climatic contrast between Sweden and Italy and one water availability contrast in Italy. Several key phenotypic traits were measured and phenotypic plasticity was estimated as the trait value difference between experiments. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping analyses were conducted using a dense linkage map and phenotypic effects of S. schwerinii haplotypes derived from detected QTL were assessed. Across the climatic contrast, clone predictor correlations for biomass traits were low and few common biomass QTL were detected. This indicates that the genetic regulation of biomass traits was sensitive to environmental variation. Biomass QTL were, however, frequently shared across years and across the water availability contrast. Phenology QTL were generally shared between all experiments. Substantial phenotypic plasticity was found among the hybrid offspring, that to a large extent had a genetic origin. Individuals carrying influential S. schwerinii haplotypes generally performed well in Sweden but less well in Italy in terms of biomass production. The results indicate that specific genetic elements of S. schwerinii are more suited to Swedish conditions than to those of Italy. Therefore, selection should preferably be conducted separately for such environments in order to maximize biomass Invasive Acer negundo outperforms native species in non-limiting resource environments due to its higher phenotypic plasticity. PortÃ©, Annabel J; Lamarque, Laurent J; Lortie, Christopher J; Michalet, Richard; Delzon, Sylvain To identify the determinants of invasiveness, comparisons of traits of invasive and native species are commonly performed. Invasiveness is generally linked to higher values of reproductive, physiological and growth-related traits of the invasives relative to the natives in the introduced range. Phenotypic plasticity of these traits has also been cited to increase the success of invasive species but has been little studied in invasive tree species. In a greenhouse experiment, we compared ecophysiological traits between an invasive species to Europe, Acer negundo, and early- and late-successional co-occurring native species, under different light, nutrient availability and disturbance regimes. We also compared species of the same species groups in situ, in riparian forests. Under non-limiting resources, A. negundo seedlings showed higher growth rates than the native species. However, A. negundo displayed equivalent or lower photosynthetic capacities and nitrogen content per unit leaf area compared to the native species; these findings were observed both on the seedlings in the greenhouse experiment and on adult trees in situ. These physiological traits were mostly conservative along the different light, nutrient and disturbance environments. Overall, under non-limiting light and nutrient conditions, specific leaf area and total leaf area of A. negundo were substantially larger. The invasive species presented a higher plasticity in allocation to foliage and therefore in growth with increasing nutrient and light availability relative to the native species. The higher level of plasticity of the invasive species in foliage allocation in response to light and nutrient availability induced a better growth in non-limiting resource environments. These results give us more elements on the invasiveness of A. negundo and suggest that such behaviour could explain the ability of A. negundo to outperform native tree species, contributes to its spread in European resource Light comfort zones of mesopelagic acoustic scattering layers in two contrasting optical environments RÃ¸stad, Anders We make a comparison of the mesopelagic sound scattering layers (SLs) in two contrasting optical environments; the clear Red Sea and in murkier coastal waters of Norway (Masfjorden). The depth distributions of the SL in Masfjorden are shallower and narrower than those of the Red Sea. This difference in depth distribution is consistent with the hypothesis that the organisms of the SL distribute according to similar light comfort zones (LCZ) in the two environments. Our study suggest that surface and underwater light measurements ranging more than10 orders of magnitude is required to assess the controlling effects of light on SL structure and dynamics. Rø stad, Anders; Kaartvedt, Stein; Aksnes, Dag L. The effect on recognition memory of noise cancelling headphones in a noisy environment with native and nonnative speakers Brett R C Molesworth Full Text Available Noise has the potential to impair cognitive performance. For nonnative speakers, the effect of noise on performance is more severe than their native counterparts. What remains unknown is the effectiveness of countermeasures such as noise attenuating devices in such circumstances. Therefore, the main aim of the present research was to examine the effectiveness of active noise attenuating countermeasures in the presence of simulated aircraft noise for both native and nonnative English speakers. Thirty-two participants, half native English speakers and half native German speakers completed four recognition (cued recall tasks presented in English under four different audio conditions, all in the presence of simulated aircraft noise. The results of the research indicated that in simulated aircraft noise at 65 dB(A, performance of nonnative English speakers was poorer than for native English speakers. The beneficial effects of noise cancelling headphones in improving the signal to noise ratio led to an improved performance for nonnative speakers. These results have particular importance for organizations operating in a safety-critical environment such as aviation. What students really learn: contrasting medical and nursing students' experiences of the clinical learning environment. This paper explores and contrasts undergraduate medical and nursing students' experiences of the clinical learning environment. Using a sociocultural perspective of learning and an interpretative approach, 15 in-depth interviews with medical and nursing students were analysed with content analysis. Students' experiences are described using a framework of 'before', 'during' and 'after' clinical placements. Three major themes emerged from the analysis, contrasting the medical and nursing students' experiences of the clinical learning environment: (1) expectations of the placement; (2) relationship with the supervisor; and (3) focus of learning. The findings offer an increased understanding of how medical and nursing students learn in the clinical setting; they also show that the clinical learning environment contributes to the socialisation process of students not only into their future profession, but also into their role as learners. Differences between the two professions should be taken into consideration when designing interprofessional learning activities. Also, the findings can be used as a tool for clinical supervisors in the reflection on how student learning in the clinical learning environment can be improved. Cartilage quality in rheumatoid arthritis: comparison of T2* mapping, native T1 mapping, dGEMRIC, Î”R1 and value of pre-contrast imaging Buchbender, Christian; Scherer, Axel; Kroepil, Patric; Quentin, Michael; Reichelt, Dorothea C.; Lanzman, Rotem S.; Mathys, Christian; Blondin, Dirk; Wittsack, Hans-Joerg; Antoch, Gerald; Miese, Falk; Koerbl, Birthe; Bittersohl, Bernd; Zilkens, Christoph; Hofer, Matthias; Schneider, Matthias; Ostendorf, Benedikt To prospectively evaluate four non-invasive markers of cartilage quality - T2* mapping, native T1 mapping, dGEMRIC and Î”R1 - in healthy volunteers and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Cartilage of metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints II were imaged in 28 consecutive subjects: 12 healthy volunteers [9 women, mean (SD) age 52.67 (9.75) years, range 30-66] and 16 RA patients with MCP II involvement [12 women, mean (SD) age 58.06 (12.88) years, range 35-76]. Sagittal T2* mapping was performed with a multi-echo gradient-echo on a 3 T MRI scanner. For T1 mapping the dual flip angle method was applied prior to native T1 mapping and 40 min after gadolinium application (delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage, dGEMRIC, T1 Gd ). The difference in the longitudinal relaxation rate induced by gadolinium (Î”R1) was calculated. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AROC) was used to test for differentiation of RA patients from healthy volunteers. dGEMRIC (AUC 0.81) and Î”R1 (AUC 0.75) significantly differentiated RA patients from controls. T2* mapping (AUC 0.66) and native T1 mapping (AUC 0.66) were not significantly different in RA patients compared to controls. The data support the use of dGEMRIC for the assessment of MCP joint cartilage quality in RA. T2* and native T1 mapping are of low diagnostic value. Pre-contrast T1 mapping for the calculation of Î”R1 does not increase the diagnostic value of dGEMRIC. (orig.) Cartilage quality in rheumatoid arthritis: comparison of T2* mapping, native T1 mapping, dGEMRIC, {delta}R1 and value of pre-contrast imaging Buchbender, Christian; Scherer, Axel; Kroepil, Patric; Quentin, Michael; Reichelt, Dorothea C.; Lanzman, Rotem S.; Mathys, Christian; Blondin, Dirk; Wittsack, Hans-Joerg; Antoch, Gerald; Miese, Falk [University Duesseldorf, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf (Germany); Koerbl, Birthe [Heinrich-Heine-University, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Rheumatology, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf (Germany); Heinrich-Heine-University, Leibniz Centre for Diabetes Research, Institute of Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Centre, Duesseldorf (Germany); Bittersohl, Bernd; Zilkens, Christoph [Heinrich-Heine-University, Department of Orthopaedics, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf (Germany); Hofer, Matthias [Heinrich-Heine-University, Medical Education Group, Medical School, Duesseldorf (Germany); Schneider, Matthias; Ostendorf, Benedikt [Heinrich-Heine-University, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Rheumatology, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf (Germany) To prospectively evaluate four non-invasive markers of cartilage quality - T2* mapping, native T1 mapping, dGEMRIC and {delta}R1 - in healthy volunteers and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Cartilage of metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints II were imaged in 28 consecutive subjects: 12 healthy volunteers [9 women, mean (SD) age 52.67 (9.75) years, range 30-66] and 16 RA patients with MCP II involvement [12 women, mean (SD) age 58.06 (12.88) years, range 35-76]. Sagittal T2* mapping was performed with a multi-echo gradient-echo on a 3 T MRI scanner. For T1 mapping the dual flip angle method was applied prior to native T1 mapping and 40 min after gadolinium application (delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage, dGEMRIC, T1{sub Gd}). The difference in the longitudinal relaxation rate induced by gadolinium ({delta}R1) was calculated. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AROC) was used to test for differentiation of RA patients from healthy volunteers. dGEMRIC (AUC 0.81) and {delta}R1 (AUC 0.75) significantly differentiated RA patients from controls. T2* mapping (AUC 0.66) and native T1 mapping (AUC 0.66) were not significantly different in RA patients compared to controls. The data support the use of dGEMRIC for the assessment of MCP joint cartilage quality in RA. T2* and native T1 mapping are of low diagnostic value. Pre-contrast T1 mapping for the calculation of {delta}R1 does not increase the diagnostic value of dGEMRIC. (orig.) Traditional Healing, Biomedicine and the Treatment of HIV/AIDS: Contrasting South African and Native American Experiences Flint, Adrian Traditional healing remains an important aspect of many peopleâ€™s engagement with healthcare and, in this, responses to the treatment of HIV/AIDS are no different. However, given the gravity of the global HIV/AIDS pandemic, there has been much debate as to the value of traditional healing in this respect. Accordingly, this paper explores the extent to which meaningful accommodation between the biomedical and traditional sectors is possible (and/or even desirable). It does this through a consideration of Native American and South African experiences, looking at how the respective groups, in which medical pluralism is common, have addressed the issue of HIV/AIDS. The paper points to the importance of developing â€œculturally appropriateâ€� forms of treatment that emphasise complementary rather than adversarial engagement between the traditional and biomedical systems and how policymakers can best facilitate this. PMID:25903057 Adrian Flint Full Text Available Traditional healing remains an important aspect of many peopleâ€™s engagement with healthcare and, in this, responses to the treatment of HIV/AIDS are no different. However, given the gravity of the global HIV/AIDS pandemic, there has been much debate as to the value of traditional healing in this respect. Accordingly, this paper explores the extent to which meaningful accommodation between the biomedical and traditional sectors is possible (and/or even desirable. It does this through a consideration of Native American and South African experiences, looking at how the respective groups, in which medical pluralism is common, have addressed the issue of HIV/AIDS. The paper points to the importance of developing â€œculturally appropriateâ€� forms of treatment that emphasise complementary rather than adversarial engagement between the traditional and biomedical systems and how policymakers can best facilitate this. Foraging behaviour of juvenile female New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri in contrasting environments. Elaine S Leung Full Text Available Foragers can show adaptive responses to changes within their environment through morphological and behavioural plasticity. We investigated the plasticity in body size, at sea movements and diving behaviour of juvenile female New Zealand (NZ sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri in two contrasting environments. The NZ sea lion is one of the rarest pinnipeds in the world. Most of the species is based at the subantarctic Auckland Islands (AI; considered to be marginal foraging habitat, with a recolonizing population on the Otago Peninsula, NZ mainland (considered to be more optimal habitat. We investigated how juvenile NZ sea lions adjust their foraging behaviour in contrasting environments by deploying satellite-linked platform transmitting terminals (PTTs and time-depth recorders (TDRs on 2-3 year-old females at AI (2007-2010 and Otago (2009-2010. Juvenile female NZ sea lions exhibited plasticity in body size and behaviour. Otago juveniles were significantly heavier than AI juveniles. Linear mixed effects models showed that study site had the most important effect on foraging behaviour, while mass and age had little influence. AI juveniles spent more time at sea, foraged over larger areas, and dove deeper and longer than Otago juveniles. It is difficult to attribute a specific cause to the observed contrasts in foraging behaviour because these differences may be driven by disparities in habitat/prey characteristics, conspecific density levels or interseasonal variation. Nevertheless, the smaller size and increased foraging effort of AI juveniles, combined with the lower productivity in this region, support the hypothesis that AI are less optimal habitat than Otago. It is more difficult for juveniles to forage in suboptimal habitats given their restricted foraging ability and lower tolerance for food limitation compared to adults. Thus, effective management measures should consider the impacts of low resource environments, along with changes that can Effects of absolute luminance and luminance contrast on visual search in low mesopic environments. Hunter, Mathew; Godde, Ben; Olk, Bettina Diverse adaptive visual processing mechanisms allow us to complete visual search tasks in a wide visual photopic range (>0.6 cd/m 2 ). Whether search strategies or mechanisms known from this range extend below, in the mesopic and scotopic luminance spectra (search in more complex-feature and conjunction-search paradigms. The results verify the previously reported deficiency windows defined by an interaction of base luminance and luminance contrast for more complex visual-search tasks. Based on significant regression analyses, a more precise definition of the magnitude of contribution of different contrast parameters. Characterized feature search patterns had approximately a 2.5:1 ratio of contribution from the Michelson contrast property relative to Weber contrast, whereas the ratio was approximately 1:1 in a serial-search condition. The results implicate near-complete magnocellular isolation in a visual-search paradigm that has yet to be demonstrated. Our analyses provide a new method of characterizing visual search and the first insight in its underlying mechanisms in luminance environments in the low mesopic and scotopic spectra. Variation of contrast sensitivity after femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis in changes environments Jing Zhou Full Text Available AIM: To evaluate the difference of contrast sensitivity(CSin photopic and scotopic environments in eyes with myopia and myopic astigmatism operated with femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis(femto-LASIKand laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK.METHODS: In a prospective study 160 myopia and myopic astigmatism patients' eyes were involved, which accepted femto-LASIK or LASIK in our hospital from January 2010 to February 2012. The myopia degree was -1.50ï½ž-10.00D, the astigmatism degree â‰¤-6.0D. Eighty eyes were treated with femto-LASIK in group A, and 80 eyes were treated with LASIK in group B, All patients in the treatment group completed the final 6mo of follow-up. The uncorrected visual acuity(UCVAand the best spectacle-corrected visual acuity(BSCVA, objective and manifest refractions, results of slit-lamp examination, the side effects, intraocular pressure, corneal topography, CS in photopic and scotopic environments were noted.RESULTS: All of operations on 160 cases were successful without severe complication after 6 mo follow-up. CS of femto-LASIK group(group Aat each spatial frequency environment were higher than that of LASIK group(group B. In group A, after 1mo the photopic CS, after 3mo of scotopic CS recovered to the preoperative level, 6mo after surgery improved than before the operation. In group B, after 3mo photopic CS to the preoperative level, scotopic CS at 6mo after operation was still not recovered to the preoperative level.CONCLUSION:Femto-LASIK for correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism, in improving the postoperative contrast sensitivity under shade environment has more advantages than LASIK. Effects of the level of early productivity on the lifespan of ewes in contrasting flock environments. Douhard, F; Jopson, N B; Friggens, N C; Amer, P R Selection for high levels of prolificacy has allowed substantial improvements in the production efficiency of New Zealand (NZ) sheep farms, but the consequences on ewe lifetime performance are mostly unknown. In this study, the relationship between the level of prolificacy early in ewes' productive lives and their probability to survive later (i.e. stayability) was evaluated in two contrasting NZ flock environments. Records were obtained from 6605 ewes from four ram breeder flocks representing either a moderate (n=2) or a highly variable (n=2) nutritional environment. All ewes lambed for the first time at 2 years of age and were mated the following year. The number of lambs born during the first 2 years of productive life (NLB2-3) was used as a measure of early prolificacy. Effects of NLB2-3 on stayability to 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 years old were analysed using logistic regression. Curvilinear effects (logit-transformed) were detected (Pewe stayability was reduced when the proportion of the litter that survived from birth to weaning (i.e. ewe rearing ability) was submaximal during the early productive life. High prolific ewes had a low rearing ability whatever the environment whereas the rearing ability of lowly prolific ewes was apparently more sensitive to the nutritional environment. The poor maternal performance of ewes with low levels of NLB2-3 led to a premature culling by breeders whereas the high early reproductive effort associated with high levels of NLB2-3 seemed to be at the cost of ewes' survival, even in the moderate flock environment. In conclusion, the flock environment influenced the level of early prolificacy beyond which ewe longevity was reduced. It is suggested that further selection for high and early prolificacy in NZ flocks is likely to impair ewes' lifetime productivity. Transpiration and stomatal conductance in a young secondary tropical montane forest: contrasts between native trees and invasive understorey shrubs. Ghimire, Chandra Prasad; Bruijnzeel, L Adrian; Lubczynski, Maciek W; Zwartendijk, Bob W; Odongo, Vincent Omondi; Ravelona, Maafaka; van Meerveld, H J Ilja It has been suggested that vigorous secondary tropical forests can have very high transpiration rates, but sap flow and stomatal conductance dynamics of trees and shrubs in these forests are understudied. In an effort to address this knowledge gap, sap flow (thermal dissipation method, 12 trees) and stomatal conductance (porometry, six trees) were measured for young (5-7 years) Psiadia altissima (DC.) Drake trees, a widely occurring species dominating young regrowth following abandonment of swidden agriculture in upland eastern Madagascar. In addition, stomatal conductance (gs) was determined for three individuals of two locally common invasive shrubs (Lantana camara L. and Rubus moluccanus L.) during three periods with contrasting soil moisture conditions. Values of gs for the three investigated species were significantly higher and more sensitive to climatic conditions during the wet period compared with the dry period. Further, gs of the understorey shrubs was much more sensitive to soil moisture content than that of the trees. Tree transpiration rates (Ec) were relatively stable during the dry season and were only affected somewhat by soil water content at the end of the dry season, suggesting the trees had continued access to soil water despite drying out of the topsoil. The Ec exhibited a plateau-shaped relation with vapour pressure deficit (VPD), which was attributed to stomatal closure at high VPD. Vapour pressure deficit was the major driver of variation in Ec, during both the wet and the dry season. Overall water use of the trees was modest, possibly reflecting low site fertility after three swidden cultivation cycles. The observed contrast in gs response to soil water and climatic conditions for the trees and shrubs underscores the need to take root distributions into account when modelling transpiration from regenerating tropical forests. Colour and luminance contrasts predict the human detection of natural stimuli in complex visual environments. White, Thomas E; Rojas, Bibiana; Mappes, Johanna; Rautiala, Petri; Kemp, Darrell J Much of what we know about human colour perception has come from psychophysical studies conducted in tightly-controlled laboratory settings. An enduring challenge, however, lies in extrapolating this knowledge to the noisy conditions that characterize our actual visual experience. Here we combine statistical models of visual perception with empirical data to explore how chromatic (hue/saturation) and achromatic (luminant) information underpins the detection and classification of stimuli in a complex forest environment. The data best support a simple linear model of stimulus detection as an additive function of both luminance and saturation contrast. The strength of each predictor is modest yet consistent across gross variation in viewing conditions, which accords with expectation based upon general primate psychophysics. Our findings implicate simple visual cues in the guidance of perception amidst natural noise, and highlight the potential for informing human vision via a fusion between psychophysical modelling and real-world behaviour. Â© 2017 The Author(s). Estuarine environments as rearing habitats for juvenile Coho Salmon in contrasting south-central Alaska watersheds Hoem Neher, Tammy D.; Rosenberger, Amanda E.; Zimmerman, Christian E.; Walker, Coowe M.; Baird, Steven J. For Pacific salmon, estuaries are typically considered transitional staging areas between freshwater and marine environments, but their potential as rearing habitat has only recently been recognized. The objectives of this study were two-fold: (1) to determine if Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch were rearing in estuarine habitats, and (2) to characterize and compare the body length, age, condition, and duration and timing of estuarine occupancy of juvenile Coho Salmon between the two contrasting estuaries. We examined use of estuary habitats with analysis of microchemistry and microstructure of sagittal otoliths in two watersheds of south-central Alaska. Juvenile Coho Salmon were classified as estuary residents or nonresidents (recent estuary immigrants) based on otolith Sr : Ca ratios and counts of daily growth increments on otoliths. The estuaries differed in water source (glacial versus snowmelt hydrographs) and in relative estuarine and watershed area. Juvenile Coho Salmon with evidence of estuary rearing were greater in body length and condition than individuals lacking evidence of estuarine rearing. Coho Salmon captured in the glacial estuary had greater variability in body length and condition, and younger age-classes predominated the catch compared with the nearby snowmelt-fed, smaller estuary. Estuary-rearing fish in the glacial estuary arrived later and remained longer (39 versus 24 d of summer growth) during the summer than did fish using the snowmelt estuary. Finally, we observed definitive patterns of overwintering in estuarine and near shore environments in both estuaries. Evidence of estuary rearing and overwintering with differences in fish traits among contrasting estuary types refute the notion that estuaries function as only staging or transitional habitats in the early life history of Coho Salmon. Phenotypic and genetic effects of contrasting ethanol environments on physiological and developmental traits in Drosophila melanogaster. Luis E CastaÃ±eda Full Text Available A central problem in evolutionary physiology is to understand the relationship between energy metabolism and fitness-related traits. Most attempts to do so have been based on phenotypic correlations that are not informative for the evolutionary potential of natural populations. Here, we explored the effect of contrasting ethanol environments on physiological and developmental traits, their genetic (covariances and genetic architecture in Drosophila melanogaster. Phenotypic and genetic parameters were estimated in two populations (San Fernando and Valdivia, Chile, using a half-sib family design where broods were split into ethanol-free and ethanol-supplemented conditions. Our findings show that metabolic rate, body mass and development times were sensitive (i.e., phenotypic plasticity to ethanol conditions and dependent on population origin. Significant heritabilities were found for all traits, while significant genetic correlations were only found between larval and total development time and between development time and metabolic rate for flies of the San Fernando population developed in ethanol-free conditions. Posterior analyses indicated that the G matrices differed between ethanol conditions for the San Fernando population (mainly explained by differences in genetic (covariances of developmental traits, whereas the Valdivia population exhibited similar G matrices between ethanol conditions. Our findings suggest that ethanol-free environment increases the energy available to reduce development time. Therefore, our results indicate that environmental ethanol could modify the process of energy allocation, which could have consequences on the evolutionary response of natural populations of D. melanogaster. Selection of inbred maize (Zea mays L.) progenies by topcrosses conducted in contrasting environments. Rodrigues, C S; Pacheco, C A P; Guedes, M L; Pinho, R G V; Castro, C R The aim of this study was to identify inbred progenies of S 0:1 maize (Zea mays L.) plants that were efficient at a low level of technology and responsive at a high level of technology through the use of topcrosses. Two contrasting environments were created using two levels of base fertilization and topdressing, so that the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were applied four times higher in one environment than in the other. We used S 0:1 progenies derived from commercial hybrids in topcrosses with two testers (an elite line from the flint heterotic group and an elite line from the dent heterotic group). The progenies and three controls were evaluated in an augmented block design in Nossa Senhora das Dores, SE, Brazil in the 2010 crop season. The average grain yield in the high-technological level was 21.44% greater than that in the low-technological level. There were no changes in progeny behavior in the two technological levels for grain yield. The testers did not differ in the average grain yield of the progenies at the two technological levels. Therefore, it is possible to select progenies derived from commercial hybrids that have an efficient response to fertilization. Phenotypic and Genetic Effects of Contrasting Ethanol Environments on Physiological and Developmental Traits in Drosophila melanogaster CastaÃ±eda, Luis E.; Nespolo, Roberto F. A central problem in evolutionary physiology is to understand the relationship between energy metabolism and fitness-related traits. Most attempts to do so have been based on phenotypic correlations that are not informative for the evolutionary potential of natural populations. Here, we explored the effect of contrasting ethanol environments on physiological and developmental traits, their genetic (co)variances and genetic architecture in Drosophila melanogaster. Phenotypic and genetic parameters were estimated in two populations (San Fernando and Valdivia, Chile), using a half-sib family design where broods were split into ethanol-free and ethanol-supplemented conditions. Our findings show that metabolic rate, body mass and development times were sensitive (i.e., phenotypic plasticity) to ethanol conditions and dependent on population origin. Significant heritabilities were found for all traits, while significant genetic correlations were only found between larval and total development time and between development time and metabolic rate for flies of the San Fernando population developed in ethanol-free conditions. Posterior analyses indicated that the G matrices differed between ethanol conditions for the San Fernando population (mainly explained by differences in genetic (co)variances of developmental traits), whereas the Valdivia population exhibited similar G matrices between ethanol conditions. Our findings suggest that ethanol-free environment increases the energy available to reduce development time. Therefore, our results indicate that environmental ethanol could modify the process of energy allocation, which could have consequences on the evolutionary response of natural populations of D. melanogaster. PMID:23505567 Home Environment and Self-Efficacy Beliefs among Native American, African American, and Latino Adolescents. Bradley, Robert H Context helps determine what individuals experience in the settings they inhabit. Context also helps determine the likelihood that those experiences will promote adaptive development. Theory suggests likely interplay between various aspects of home context and development of ideas about self that influence patterns of development for children. This study addressed relations between two aspects of home life (companionship and investment, modeling and encouragement) and three types of self-efficacy beliefs (enlisting social resources, independent learning, self-regulatory behavior) considered important for long-term adaptive functioning. The study focused on three groups of minority adolescents (Native American, African American, Latino). Relations were examined using regression models that also included four aspects of household risk that often hinder the development of self-efficacy. Although findings varied somewhat across the three groups, significant relations emerged between the two domains of home life examined and self-efficacy beliefs in all three groups, even controlling for overall household risk. Companionship and investment appeared particularly relevant for African American adolescents, while modeling and encouragement appeared particularly relevant for Native American adolescents. Both were relevant for Latino adolescents. Â© 2018 Family Process Institute. Transpiration Response and Growth in Pearl Millet Parental Lines and Hybrids Bred for Contrasting Rainfall Environments Susan Medina Full Text Available Under conditions of high vapor pressure deficit (VPD and soil drying, restricting transpiration is an important avenue to gain efficiency in water use. The question we raise in this article is whether breeding for agro-ecological environments that differ for the rainfall have selected for traits that control plant water use. These are measured in pearl millet materials bred for zones varying in rainfall (8 combinations of parent and F1-hybrids, 18 F1-hybrids and then 40 F1-hybrids. In all cases, we found an agro-ecological variation in the slope of the transpiration response to increasing VPD, and parental line variation in the transpiration response to soil drying within hybrids/parent combinations. The hybrids adapted to lower rainfall had higher transpiration response curves than those from the highest rainfall zones, but showed no variation in how transpiration responded to soil drying. The genotypes bred for lower rainfall zones showed lower leaf area, dry matter, thicker leaves, root development, and exudation, than the ones bred for high rainfall zone when grown in the low VPD environment of the greenhouse, but there was no difference in their root length neither on the root/shoot index in these genotypes. By contrast, when grown under high VPD conditions outdoors, the lower rainfall hybrids had the highest leaf, tiller, and biomass development. Finally, under soil drying the genotypes from the lower rainfall accumulated less biomass than the ones from higher rainfall zone, and so did the parental lines compared to the hybrids. These differences in the transpiration response and growth clearly showed that breeding for different agro-ecological zones also bred for different genotype strategies in relation to traits related to plant water use.Highlights:â€¢ Variation in transpiration response reflected breeding for agro-ecological zonesâ€¢ Different growth strategies depended on the environmental conditionsâ€¢ Different ideotypes reflected Transpiration Response and Growth in Pearl Millet Parental Lines and Hybrids Bred for Contrasting Rainfall Environments. Medina, Susan; Gupta, S K; Vadez, Vincent Under conditions of high vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and soil drying, restricting transpiration is an important avenue to gain efficiency in water use. The question we raise in this article is whether breeding for agro-ecological environments that differ for the rainfall have selected for traits that control plant water use. These are measured in pearl millet materials bred for zones varying in rainfall (8 combinations of parent and F 1 -hybrids, 18 F 1 -hybrids and then 40 F 1 -hybrids). In all cases, we found an agro-ecological variation in the slope of the transpiration response to increasing VPD, and parental line variation in the transpiration response to soil drying within hybrids/parent combinations. The hybrids adapted to lower rainfall had higher transpiration response curves than those from the highest rainfall zones, but showed no variation in how transpiration responded to soil drying. The genotypes bred for lower rainfall zones showed lower leaf area, dry matter, thicker leaves, root development, and exudation, than the ones bred for high rainfall zone when grown in the low VPD environment of the greenhouse, but there was no difference in their root length neither on the root/shoot index in these genotypes. By contrast, when grown under high VPD conditions outdoors, the lower rainfall hybrids had the highest leaf, tiller, and biomass development. Finally, under soil drying the genotypes from the lower rainfall accumulated less biomass than the ones from higher rainfall zone, and so did the parental lines compared to the hybrids. These differences in the transpiration response and growth clearly showed that breeding for different agro-ecological zones also bred for different genotype strategies in relation to traits related to plant water use. Highlights : â€¢ Variation in transpiration response reflected breeding for agro-ecological zones â€¢ Different growth strategies depended on the environmental conditions â€¢ Different ideotypes reflected ALS-causing profilin-1-mutant forms a non-native helical structure in membrane environments. Lim, Liangzhong; Kang, Jian; Song, Jianxing Despite having physiological functions completely different from superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), profilin 1 (PFN1) also carries mutations causing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with a striking similarity to that triggered by SOD1 mutants. Very recently, the C71G-PFN1 has been demonstrated to cause ALS by a gain of toxicity and the acceleration of motor neuron degeneration preceded the accumulation of its aggregates. Here by atomic-resolution NMR determination of conformations and dynamics of WT-PFN1 and C71G-PFN1 in aqueous buffers and in membrane mimetics DMPC/DHPC bicelle and DPC micelle, we deciphered that: 1) the thermodynamic destabilization by C71G transforms PFN1 into coexistence with the unfolded state, which is lacking of any stable tertiary/secondary structures as well as restricted ps-ns backbone motions, thus fundamentally indistinguishable from ALS-causing SOD1 mutants. 2) Most strikingly, while WT-PFN1 only weakly interacts with DMPC/DHPC bicelle without altering the native structure, C71G-PFN1 acquires abnormal capacity in strongly interacting with DMPC/DHPC bicelle and DPC micelle, energetically driven by transforming the highly disordered unfolded state into a non-native helical structure, similar to what has been previously observed on ALS-causing SOD1 mutants. Our results imply that one potential mechanism for C71G-PFN1 to initiate ALS might be the abnormal interaction with membranes as recently established for SOD1 mutants. Copyright Â© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Contrasting germination responses to vegetative canopies experienced in pre- vs. post-dispersal environments Leverett, Lindsay D.; Auge, Gabriela A.; Bali, Aman; Donohue, Kathleen Background Seeds adjust their germination based on conditions experienced before and after dispersal. Post-dispersal cues are expected to be more accurate predictors of offspring environments, and thus offspring success, than pre-dispersal cues. Therefore, germination responses to conditions experienced during seed maturation may be expected to be superseded by responses to conditions experienced during seed imbibition. In taxa of disturbed habitats, neighbours frequently reduce the performance of germinants. This leads to the hypotheses that a vegetative canopy will reduce germination in such taxa, and that a vegetative canopy experienced during seed imbibition will over-ride germination responses to a canopy experienced during seed maturation, since it is a more proximal cue of immediate competition. These hypotheses were tested here in Arabidopsis thaliana. Methods Seeds were matured under a simulated canopy (green filter) or white light. Fresh (dormant) seeds were imbibed in the dark, white light or canopy at two temperatures (10 or 22Â Â°C), and germination proportions were recorded. Germination was also recorded in after-ripened (less dormant) seeds that were induced into secondary dormancy and imbibed in the dark at each temperature, either with or without brief exposure to red and far-red light. Key Results Unexpectedly, a maturation canopy expanded the conditions that elicited germination, even as seeds lost and regained dormancy. In contrast, an imbibition canopy impeded or had no effect on germination. Maturation under a canopy did not modify germination responses to red and far-red light. Seed maturation under a canopy masked genetic variation in germination. Conclusions The results challenge the hypothesis that offspring will respond more strongly to their own environment than to that of their parents. The observed relaxation of germination requirements caused by a maturation canopy could be maladaptive for offspring by disrupting germination responses Contrasting the excited-state dynamics of the photoactive yellow protein chromophore: Protein versus solvent environments Vengris, M.; Horst, M.A.; Zgrablic, G.; van Stokkum, I.H.M.; Haacke, S.; Chergui, M.; Hellingwerf, K.J.; van Grondelle, R.; Larsen, D.S. Wavelength- and time-resolved fluorescence experiments have been performed on the photoactive yellow protein, the E46Q mutant, the hybrids of these proteins containing a nonisomerizing "locked" chromophore, and the native and locked chromophores in aqueous solution. The ultrafast dynamics of these Assessing the active living environment in three rural towns with a high proportion of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Hafoka, Siosaia F Background: Existing literature on the built environment and physical activity in rural areas is very limited. Studies have shown that residents in rural areas are less likely to meet physical activity requirements than their counterparts living in urban and suburban areas. They are also less likely to have access to amenities and programs that promote physical activity. This study seeks to fill gaps in the literature by assessing the built environment in three rural towns in Hawai'i that have a high proportion of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Methods: The Rural Active Living Assessment (RALA) tools will be used to assess the built environment. The RALA has three components - Policy and Program Assessment (PPA), Town Wide Assessment (TWA), and Street Segment Assessment (SSA) which will be used to provide a comprehensive assessment of the active living environment. Assessments were completed in September and October 2016. Results: One assessment was completed in each town for the TWA and PPA. The SSA was completed with 60 segments (20 from each town). Conclusion: The RALA tools identified supports in these three rural towns. The assessment also identified barriers and gaps - especially with the town and school polices of each town. Total resistance of native bacteria as an indicator of changes in the water environment Harnisz, Monika [Department of Environmental Microbiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, PrawocheÅ„skiego 1, 10-957 Olsztyn (Poland) This study analyzes changes in the total (intrinsic and acquired) resistance of autochthonous bacteria in a river which is a receiver of treated wastewater. In the analyzed samples, tetracycline contamination levels were low and characteristic of surface water bodies. An increase in the populations of tetracycline-resistant and fluoroquinolone-resistant microorganisms was noted in downstream river water samples in comparison with upstream river water samples, but the above trend was not observed in bacteria resistant to macrolides and Î²-lactams. The counts of doxycycline-resistant bacteria (DOX{sup R}) were significantly correlated with doxycycline levels. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for doxycycline in DOX{sup R} isolates were higher in downstream river water than in upstream river water samples. The discharge of treated wastewater had no effect on the multi-drug resistance of oxytetracycline-resistant and doxycycline-resistant isolates. The results of the experiment indicate that the presence of doxycycline-resistant bacteria is a robust indicator of anthropogenic stress in river water. -- Highlights: â–º The total resistance of native bacteria in river which is a receiver of treated wastewater was analyzed. â–º Tetracyclines contamination levels were low. â–º The counts of doxycycline-resistant bacteria were correlated with doxycycline levels. -- The presence of doxycycline-resistant bacteria in rivers can be a robust indicator of anthropogenic stress. Harnisz, Monika This study analyzes changes in the total (intrinsic and acquired) resistance of autochthonous bacteria in a river which is a receiver of treated wastewater. In the analyzed samples, tetracycline contamination levels were low and characteristic of surface water bodies. An increase in the populations of tetracycline-resistant and fluoroquinolone-resistant microorganisms was noted in downstream river water samples in comparison with upstream river water samples, but the above trend was not observed in bacteria resistant to macrolides and Î²-lactams. The counts of doxycycline-resistant bacteria (DOX R ) were significantly correlated with doxycycline levels. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for doxycycline in DOX R isolates were higher in downstream river water than in upstream river water samples. The discharge of treated wastewater had no effect on the multi-drug resistance of oxytetracycline-resistant and doxycycline-resistant isolates. The results of the experiment indicate that the presence of doxycycline-resistant bacteria is a robust indicator of anthropogenic stress in river water. -- Highlights: â–º The total resistance of native bacteria in river which is a receiver of treated wastewater was analyzed. â–º Tetracyclines contamination levels were low. â–º The counts of doxycycline-resistant bacteria were correlated with doxycycline levels. -- The presence of doxycycline-resistant bacteria in rivers can be a robust indicator of anthropogenic stress Does hybridization of endophytic symbionts in a native grass increase fitness in resource-limited environments? Faeth, Stanley H.; Oberhofer, Martina; Saari, Susanna Talvikki to their grass hosts, especially in stressful environments. We tested the hybrid fitness hypothesis (HFH) that hybrid endophytes enhance fitness in stressful environments relative to non-hybrid endophytes. In a long-term field experiment, we monitored growth and reproduction of hybrid-infected (H+), non......-hybrid infected (NH+), naturally endophyte free (E-) plants and those plants from which the endophyte had been experimentally removed (H- and NH-) in resource-rich and resource-poor environments. Infection by both endophyte species enhanced growth and reproduction. H+ plants outperformed NH+ plants in terms...... of growth by the end of the experiment, supporting HFH. However, H+ plants only outperformed NH+ plants in the resource-rich treatment, contrary to HFH. Plant genotypes associated with each endophyte species had strong effects on growth and reproduction. Our results provide some support the HFH hypothesis... Two Hymenophyllaceae species from contrasting natural environments exhibit a homoiochlorophyllous strategy in response to desiccation stress. Flores-Bavestrello, Alejandra; KrÃ³l, Marianna; Ivanov, Alexander G; HÃ¼ner, Norman P A; GarcÃa-Plazaola, JosÃ© Ignacio; Corcuera, Luis J; Bravo, LeÃ³n A Hymenophyllaceae is a desiccation tolerant family of Pteridophytes which are poikilohydric epiphytes. Their fronds are composed by a single layer of cells and lack true mesophyll cells and stomata. Although they are associated with humid and shady environments, their vertical distribution varies along the trunk of the host plant with some species inhabiting the drier sides with a higher irradiance. The aim of this work was to compare the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus during desiccation and rehydration in two species, Hymenophyllum dentatum and Hymenoglossum cruentum, isolated from a contrasting vertical distribution along the trunk of their hosts. Both species were subjected to desiccation and rehydration kinetics to analyze frond phenotypic plasticity, as well as the structure, composition and function of the photosynthetic apparatus. Minimal differences in photosynthetic pigments were observed upon dehydration. Measurements of Ï•PSII (effective quantum yield of PSII), Ï•NPQ (quantum yield of the regulated energy dissipation of PSII), Ï•NO (quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation of PSII), and TL (thermoluminescence) indicate that both species convert a functional photochemical apparatus into a structure which exhibits maximum quenching capacity in the dehydrated state with minimal changes in photosynthetic pigments and polypeptide compositions. This dehydration-induced conversion in the photosynthetic apparatus is completely reversible upon rehydration. We conclude that H. dentatum and H. cruentum are homoiochlorophyllous with respect to desiccation stress and exhibited no correlation between inherent desiccation tolerance and the vertical distribution along the host tree trunk. Copyright Â© 2015 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. "His Native, Hot Country"1: Racial Science and Environment in Antebellum American Medical Thought. Willoughby, Christopher D Relying on a close reading of more than 4,000 medicals student theses, this essay explores the evolving medical approaches to race and environment in the early national and antebellum United States and highlights the role that medical school pedagogy played in disseminating and elaborating racial theory. Specifically, it considers the influence of racial science on medical concepts of the relationship of bodies to climates. At their core, monogenesis-belief in a single, unified human race-and polygenesis-the belief that each race was created separately-were theories about the human body's connections to the natural world. As polygenesis became influential in Atlantic medical thought, physicians saw environmental treatments as a matter of matching bodies to their natural ecology. In the first decades of the nineteenth century, Atlantic physicians understood bodies and places as in constant states of flux. Through proper treatment, people and environments could suffer either degradation or improvement. Practitioners saw African Americans and whites as the same species with their differences being largely superficial and produced by climate. However, by the 1830s and 1840s medical students were learning that each race was inherently different and unalterable by time or temperature. In this paradigm, medical students articulated a vision of racial health rooted in organic relationships between bodies and climates. Â© The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. Floc Size and Settling Velocity Observations From Three Contrastingly Different Natural Environments in the USA Manning, Andrew; Schoellhamer, David; Mehta, Ashish; Nover, Daniel; Schladow, Geoffrey Environmentally, monitoring the movement of suspended cohesive sediments is highly desirable in both estuaries and lakes. When modelling cohesive sediment transport and mass settling fluxes, the settling speed of the suspended matter is a key parameter. In contrast to purely non-cohesive sandy sediments, mud can flocculate and this poses a serious complication to the modelling of sediment pathways. As flocs grow in size they become more porous and significantly less dense, but their settling speeds continue to rise due to a Stokes' Law relationship. Much research has been conducted on the flocculation characteristics of suspended muddy sediments in saline/brackish tidal conditions, where electrostatic particle bonding can occur. However very little is known about freshwater floc dynamics. This is primarily due to flocs being extremely delicate entities and are thus very difficult to observe in situ. This paper primarily describes a recently developed, portable, low intrusive instrument INSSEV_LF, which permits the direct, in situ measurement of both floc size (D) and settling velocity (Ws), simultaneously. Examples of floc spectra observed from three different environments within the USA are presented and compared. The first site was the turbidity maximum zone in San Francisco Bay, where the suspended solids concentration (SSC) was 170 mg.l-1 and many low density macroflocs up to 400 Î¼m in diameter, settling at speeds of 4-8 mm.s-1 were observed. The second location was the shallow (1.7 m mean depth), freshwater environment of Lake Apopka in Florida. It is highly eutrophic, and demonstrates a turbid SSC of 750 mg.l-1 within a benthic suspension layer. These conditions resulted in D from 45 Î¼m up to 1,875 Î¼m; 80% of the floc were > 160 Î¼m (i.e. macroflocs). Present theories for the settling of flocs rely on fractal theory of self-similarity, but this does not appear to be applicable to the Lake Apopka flocs because they do not possess any basic geometric unit Spatial and temporal variability of contaminants within estuarine sediments and native Olympia oysters: A contrast between a developed and an undeveloped estuary Granek, Elise F.; Conn, Kathleen E.; Nilsen, Elena B.; Pillsbury, Lori; Strecker, Angela L.; Rumrill, Steve; Fish, William Chemical contaminants can be introduced into estuarine and marine ecosystems from a variety of sources including wastewater, agriculture and forestry practices, point and non-point discharges, runoff from industrial, municipal, and urban lands, accidental spills, and atmospheric deposition. The diversity of potential sources contributes to the likelihood of contaminated marine waters and sediments and increases the probability of uptake by marine organisms. Despite widespread recognition of direct and indirect pathways for contaminant deposition and organismal exposure in coastal systems, spatial and temporal variability in contaminant composition, deposition, and uptake patterns are still poorly known. We investigated these patterns for a suite of persistent legacy contaminants including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and chemicals of emerging concern including pharmaceuticals within two Oregon coastal estuaries (Coos and Netarts Bays). In the more urbanized Coos Bay, native Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida) tissue had approximately twice the number of PCB congeners at over seven times the total concentration, yet fewer PBDEs at one-tenth the concentration as compared to the more rural Netarts Bay. Different pharmaceutical suites were detected during each sampling season. Variability in contaminant types and concentrations across seasons and between species and media (organisms versus sediment) indicates the limitation of using indicator species and/or sampling annually to determine contaminant loads at a site or for specific species. The results indicate the prevalence of legacy contaminants and CECs in relatively undeveloped coastal environments highlighting the need to improve policy and management actions to reduce contaminant releases into estuarine and marine waters and to deal with legacy compounds that remain long after prohibition of use. Our results point to the need for better understanding of the ecological and Friend or foe? Biological and ecological traits of the European ash dieback pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus in its native environment Cleary, Michelle; Nguyen, Diem; MarÄ�iulynienÄ—, Diana; Berlin, Anna; Vasaitis, Rimvys; Stenlid, Jan Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, an introduced ascomycete fungus and primary causal agent of European ash dieback, was investigated on Fraxinus mandshurica trees in its native range in Primorye region of Far East Russia. This evidence is the first report of H. fraxineus on healthy, asymptomatic F. mandshurica trees. High-throughput sequencing revealed 49 distinct fungal taxa associated with leaves of F. mandshurica, 12 of which were identified to species level. Phyllosphere fungal assemblages were similar among sites despite being largely geographically distant. Many organisms comprising the foliar fungal community on F. mandshurica in Far East Russia have similarity to those reported inhabiting F. excelsior in Europe based on previous studies. However, Mycosphaerella sp., the most dominant species in this study and detected in nearly all samples, was associated only with F. mandshurica. Genetic diversity of H. fraxineus was significantly higher in the Far East Russian population than in Europe. In contrast to its aggressive behaviour on Fraxinus excelsior in Europe, H. fraxineus appears to be a benign associate of indigenous F. mandshurica that initially induces quiescent and asymptomatic infections in healthy trees prior to active host colonization normally associated with modification of host tissue during senescence. Differences in Competitive Ability between Plants from Nonnative and Native Populations of a Tropical Invader Relates to Adaptive Responses in Abiotic and Biotic Environments Liao, Zhi-Yong; Zhang, Ru; Barclay, Gregor F.; Feng, Yu-Long The evolution of competitive ability of invasive plant species is generally studied in the context of adaptive responses to novel biotic environments (enemy release) in introduced ranges. However, invasive plants may also respond to novel abiotic environments. Here we studied differences in competitive ability between Chromolaena odorata plants of populations from nonnative versus native ranges, considering biogeographical differences in both biotic and abiotic environments. An intraspecific competition experiment was conducted at two nutrient levels in a common garden. In both low and high nutrient treatments, C. odorata plants from nonnative ranges showed consistently lower root to shoot ratios than did plants from native ranges grown in both monoculture and competition. In the low nutrient treatment, C. odorata plants from nonnative ranges showed significantly lower competitive ability (competition-driven decreases in plant height and biomass were more), which was associated with their lower root to shoot ratios and higher total leaf phenolic content (defense trait). In the high nutrient treatment, C. odorata plants from nonnative ranges showed lower leaf toughness and cellulosic contents (defense traits) but similar competitive ability compared with plants from native ranges, which was also associated with their lower root to shoot ratios. Our results indicate that genetically based shifts in biomass allocation (responses to abiotic environments) also influence competitive abilities of invasive plants, and provide a first potential mechanism for the interaction between range and environment (environment-dependent difference between ranges). PMID:23977140 The influence of microvascular injury on native T1 and T2* relaxation values after acute myocardial infarction. Implications for non-contrast-enhanced infarct assessment Robbers, Lourens F.H.J.; Nijveldt, Robin; Beek, Aernout M.; Teunissen, Paul F.A.; Hollander, Maurits R.; Biesbroek, P.S.; Everaars, Henk; Royen, Niels van; Rossum, Albert C. van [VU University Medical Centre, Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam (Netherlands); Ven, Peter M. van de [VU University Medical Centre, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam (Netherlands); Hofman, Mark B.M. [VU University Medical Centre, Department of Physics and Medical Technology, Amsterdam (Netherlands) Native T1 mapping and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging offer detailed characterisation of the myocardium after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We evaluated the effects of microvascular injury (MVI) and intramyocardial haemorrhage on local T1 and T2* values in patients with a reperfused AMI. Forty-three patients after reperfused AMI underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) at 4 [3-5] days, including native MOLLI T1 and T2* mapping, STIR, cine imaging and LGE. T1 and T2* values were determined in LGE-defined regions of interest: the MI core incorporating MVI when present, the core-adjacent MI border zone (without any areas of MVI), and remote myocardium. Average T1 in the MI core was higher than in the MI border zone and remote myocardium. However, in the 20 (47%) patients with MVI, MI core T1 was lower than in patients without MVI (MVI 1048Â±78ms, no MVI 1111Â±89ms, p=0.02). MI core T2* was significantly lower in patients with MVI than in those without (MVI 20 [18-23]ms, no MVI 31 [26-39]ms, p<0.001). The presence of MVI profoundly affects MOLLI-measured native T1 values. T2* mapping suggested that this may be the result of intramyocardial haemorrhage. These findings have important implications for the interpretation of native T1 values shortly after AMI. (orig.) Implications of selection in common bean lines in contrasting environments concerning nitrogen levels Isabela Volpi Furtini Full Text Available Grain productivities of 100 bean lines were evaluated in the presence and absence of nitrogen fertilizer in order to identify those with high nitrogen use efficiency (NUE and to determine the correlated response observed in a stressed environment following selection in a non-stressed environment. The genetic and phenotypic characteristics of the lines, as well as the response index to applied nitrogen, were determined. The average grain productivities at both locations were 39.5% higher in the presence of nitrogen fertilizer, with 8.3 kg of grain being produced per kg of nitrogen applied. NUE varied greatly between lines. Lines BP-16, CVII-85-11, BP-24, Ouro Negro and MA-IV-15-203 were the most efficient and responsive. The results showed that it is possible to select bean lines in stressed and non-stressed environments. It was inferred that common bean lines for environments with low nitrogen availability should preferably be selected under nitrogen stress. OH Reactivity Observations during the MAPS-Seoul Campaign: Contrasts between Urban and Suburban Environments Sanchez, D.; Jeong, D.; Blake, D. R.; Wang, M. D.; Kim, D. S.; Lee, G.; Lee, M.; Jung, J.; Ahn, J.; Cho, G.; Guenther, A. B.; Kim, S. Direct total OH reactivity was observed in the urban and suburban environments of Seoul, South Korea using a comparative reactivity method (CRM) during the MAPS-Seoul field campaign. In addition, CO, NOx, SO2, ozone, VOCs, aerosol, physical, and chemical parameters were also deployed. By comparing the observed total OH reactivity results with calculated OH reactivity from the trace gas observational datasets, we will evaluate our current status in constraining reactive gases in the urban and suburban environments in the East Asian megacity. Observed urban OH reactivity will be presented in the context of the ability to constrain anthropogenic reactive trace gas emissions. It will then be compared to the observed suburban results from Taehwa Research Forest (located ~ 50 km from the Seoul City Center). Our understanding of reactive trace gases in an environment of high BVOC emissions in a mildly aged anthropogenic influences will be evaluated. Using an observational constrained box model with detailed VOC oxidation schemes (e.g. MCM), we will discuss: 1) what is the amount of missing OH reactivity 2) what are the potential sources of the missing OH reactivity, and 3) what are the implications on regional air quality? Light energy partitioning, photosynthetic efficiency and biomass allocation in invasive Prunus serotina and native Quercus petraea in relation to light environment, competition and allelopathy. Robakowski, Piotr; Bielinis, Ernest; Sendall, Kerrie This study addressed whether competition under different light environments was reflected by changes in leaf absorbed light energy partitioning, photosynthetic efficiency, relative growth rate and biomass allocation in invasive and native competitors. Additionally, a potential allelopathic effect of mulching with invasive Prunus serotina leaves on native Quercus petraea growth and photosynthesis was tested. The effect of light environment on leaf absorbed light energy partitioning and photosynthetic characteristics was more pronounced than the effects of interspecific competition and allelopathy. The quantum yield of PSII of invasive P. serotina increased in the presence of a competitor, indicating a higher plasticity in energy partitioning for the invasive over the native Q. petraea, giving it a competitive advantage. The most striking difference between the two study species was the higher crown-level net CO 2 assimilation rates (A crown ) of P. serotina compared with Q. petraea. At the juvenile life stage, higher relative growth rate and higher biomass allocation to foliage allowed P. serotina to absorb and use light energy for photosynthesis more efficiently than Q. petraea. Species-specific strategies of growth, biomass allocation, light energy partitioning and photosynthetic efficiency varied with the light environment and gave an advantage to the invader over its native competitor in competition for light. However, higher biomass allocation to roots in Q. petraea allows for greater belowground competition for water and nutrients as compared to P. serotina. This niche differentiation may compensate for the lower aboveground competitiveness of the native species and explain its ability to co-occur with the invasive competitor in natural forest settings. Scaling Limit of Symmetric Random Walk in High-Contrast Periodic Environment Piatnitski, A.; Zhizhina, E. The paper deals with the asymptotic properties of a symmetric random walk in a high contrast periodic medium in Z^d, dâ‰¥1. From the existing homogenization results it follows that under diffusive scaling the limit behaviour of this random walk need not be Markovian. The goal of this work is to show that if in addition to the coordinate of the random walk in Z^d we introduce an extra variable that characterizes the position of the random walk inside the period then the limit dynamics of this two-component process is Markov. We describe the limit process and observe that the components of the limit process are coupled. We also prove the convergence in the path space for the said random walk. Modelling the buried human body environment in upland climes using three contrasting field sites. Wilson, Andrew S; Janaway, Robert C; Holland, Andrew D; Dodson, Hilary I; Baran, Eve; Pollard, A Mark; Tobin, Desmond J Despite an increasing literature on the decomposition of human remains, whether buried or exposed, it is important to recognise the role of specific microenvironments which can either trigger or delay the rate of decomposition. Recent casework in Northern England involving buried and partially buried human remains has demonstrated a need for a more detailed understanding of the effect of contrasting site conditions on cadaver decomposition and on the microenvironment created within the grave itself. Pigs (Sus scrofa) were used as body analogues in three inter-related taphonomy experiments to examine differential decomposition of buried human remains. They were buried at three contrasting field sites (pasture, moorland, and deciduous woodland) within a 15 km radius of the University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK. Changes to the buried body and the effect of these changes on hair and associated death-scene textile materials were monitored as was the microenvironment of the grave. At recovery, 6, 12 and 24 months post-burial, the extent of soft tissue decomposition was recorded and samples of fat and soil were collected for gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis. The results of these studies demonstrated that (1) soil conditions at these three burial sites has a marked effect on the condition of the buried body but even within a single site variation can occur; (2) the process of soft tissue decomposition modifies the localised burial microenvironment in terms of microbiological load, pH, moisture and changes in redox status. These observations have widespread application for the investigation of clandestine burial and time since deposition, and in understanding changes within the burial microenvironment that may impact on biomaterials such as hair and other associated death scene materials. The influence of microvascular injury on native T1 and T2* relaxation values after acute myocardial infarction: implications for non-contrast-enhanced infarct assessment. Robbers, Lourens F H J; Nijveldt, Robin; Beek, Aernout M; Teunissen, Paul F A; Hollander, Maurits R; Biesbroek, P Stefan; Everaars, Henk; van de Ven, Peter M; Hofman, Mark B M; van Royen, Niels; van Rossum, Albert C Native T1 mapping and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging offer detailed characterisation of the myocardium after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We evaluated the effects of microvascular injury (MVI) and intramyocardial haemorrhage on local T1 and T2* values in patients with a reperfused AMI. Forty-three patients after reperfused AMI underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) at 4 [3-5] days, including native MOLLI T1 and T2* mapping, STIR, cine imaging and LGE. T1 and T2* values were determined in LGE-defined regions of interest: the MI core incorporating MVI when present, the core-adjacent MI border zone (without any areas of MVI), and remote myocardium. Average T1 in the MI core was higher than in the MI border zone and remote myocardium. However, in the 20 (47%) patients with MVI, MI core T1 was lower than in patients without MVI (MVI 1048Â±78ms, no MVI 1111Â±89ms, p=0.02). MI core T2* was significantly lower in patients with MVI than in those without (MVI 20 [18-23]ms, no MVI 31 [26-39]ms, pvalues. T2* mapping suggested that this may be the result of intramyocardial haemorrhage. These findings have important implications for the interpretation of native T1 values shortly after AMI. â€¢ Microvascular injury after acute myocardial infarction affects local T1 and T2* values. â€¢ Infarct zone T1 values are lower if microvascular injury is present. â€¢ T2* mapping suggests that low infarct T1 values are likely haemorrhage. â€¢ T1 and T2* values are complimentary for correctly assessing post-infarct myocardium. Native fruit traits may mediate dispersal competition between native and non-native plants Clare Aslan Full Text Available Seed disperser preferences may mediate the impact of invasive, non-native plant species on their new ecological communities. Significant seed disperser preference for invasives over native species could facilitate the spread of the invasives while impeding native plant dispersal. Such competition for dispersers could negatively impact the fitness of some native plants. Here, we review published literature to identify circumstances under which preference for non-native fruits occurs. The importance of fruit attraction is underscored by several studies demonstrating that invasive, fleshy-fruited plant species are particularly attractive to regional frugivores. A small set of studies directly compare frugivore preference for native vs. invasive species, and we find that different designs and goals within such studies frequently yield contrasting results. When similar native and non-native plant species have been compared, frugivores have tended to show preference for the non-natives. This preference appears to stem from enhanced feeding efficiency or accessibility associated with the non-native fruits. On the other hand, studies examining preference within existing suites of co-occurring species, with no attempt to maximize fruit similarity, show mixed results, with frugivores in most cases acting opportunistically or preferring native species. A simple, exploratory meta-analysis finds significant preference for native species when these studies are examined as a group. We illustrate the contrasting findings typical of these two approaches with results from two small-scale aviary experiments we conducted to determine preference by frugivorous bird species in northern California. In these case studies, native birds preferred the native fruit species as long as it was dissimilar from non-native fruits, while non-native European starlings preferred non-native fruit. However, native birds showed slight, non-significant preference for non-native fruit Academic Performance of Native and Immigrant Students: a Study Focused on the Perception of Family Support and Control, School Satisfaction and Learning Environment Miguel A. Santos Full Text Available The international assessment studies of key competences, such as the PISA report of the OECD, have revealed that the academic performance of Spanish students is significantly below the OECD average; in addition, it has also been confirmed that the results of immigrant students are consistently lower than those of their native counterparts. Given the context, the first objective of this work is to observe the variables (support, control, school satisfaction and learning environment which distinguish between native and immigrant students with high and low academic performance; the second objective is to check, by comparing the native and immigrant students with high and low performance and separating the two levels, to find out which of the selected variables clearly differentiate the two groups. To this end, a sample of 1359 students was used (79.8% native students and 20.2% immigrant students of Latin American origin, who were enrolled in the 5th and 6th year of Primary Education (aged 10-11 years and in the 1st and 2nd year of Secondary Education (aged 12-13 years. The origin and the fact of being a retained student or not were estimated as independent variables, whereas their responses to the variables of perceived family support and control (paternal and maternal separately, their school satisfaction and assessment of the learning environment were taken into account as dependent variables. Considering that the reliability of the scales used is adequate, along with the optimal factorization in a series of coherent constructs, it was revealed that the main differences consisted of individual dimensions (perception of family support and control and, to a lesser extent, of dimensions related to the context (assessment of the school and learning environments. Given the results obtained, our intention is to provide solid evidence that would facilitate the design of family involvement programs, helping to improve students' educational performance. Anisotropy of streambed sediments of contrasting geomorphological environments and its relation to groundwater discharge Sebok, Eva; Duque, Carlos; Engesgaard, Peter; BÃ¸gh, Eva As a main factor controlling surface water-groundwater exchange, spatial variability in streambed hydraulic conductivity and anisotropy is a key to understand groundwater discharge patterns to streams. Here we report on a field investigation in a soft-bedded stream, where horizontal and vertical streambed hydraulic conductivities were determined in order to, (i) detect spatial and seasonal variability in streambed hydraulic conductivity and anisotropy, (ii) relate this variability to channel morphology and different streambed sediments. The study was carried out at a field site located along Holtum stream in Western Denmark. The 5 m wide stream has a soft sandy streambed, an average discharge of 1000 l/s and an average depth of 0.7 m. Hydraulic tests were carried out in 8 transects across the stream with 5 test locations in each transect to study the spatial variability and streambed hydraulic anisotropy across the stream. Different geomorphological environments were compared by having two transects in a straight channel and six transects across a channel bend with a depositional and an erosional bank. Streambed horizontal hydraulic conductivity (Kh) 0.5 meters below the streambed was determined with slugtests in piezometers. At the same locations falling head tests were conducted in standpipes to calculate vertical hydraulic conductivity (Kv) on a 0.5 m long streambed material column some of which were later removed for grain size analysis. In order to account for any seasonal changes in the temperature-related fluid properties the falling head tests and slugtests were carried out in December 2011 and August 2012. Both the Kh and Kv values show greater variability in the summer dataset. During both seasons the shallow, depositional streambank displays the highest Kh values, while the erosional bank at the thalweg is characterised by lower Kh. Vertical streambed hydraulic conductivities do not show any spatial trend across the stream. Streambed anisotropy values of Intensity of bitterness of processed yerba mate leaves originated in two contrasted light environments Miroslava Rakocevic Full Text Available The bitterness intensity of beverage prepared from the leaves produced on the males and females of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis, grown in the forest understory and monoculture, was evaluated. The leaves were grouped by their position (in the crown and on the branch tips and by the leaf age. The leaf gas exchange, leaf temperature and photosynthetic photon flux density were observed. Inter and intra-specific competition for light and self-shading showed the same effect on yerba mate beverage taste. All the shading types resulted in bitterer taste of the processed yerba mate leaves compared to the leaves originated under the direct sun exposure. The leaves from the plants grown in the monoculture showed less bitterness than those grown in the forest understory. This conclusion was completely opposite to the conventionally accepted paradigm of the yerba mate industries. The leaves from the tips (younger leaves of the plants grown in the monoculture resulted a beverage of softer taste; the males produced less bitter leaves in any light environment (forest understory or in the crown in monoculture. The taste was related to the photosynthetic and transpiration rate, and leaf temperature. Stronger bitterness of the leaves provided from the shade conditions was related to the decreased leaf temperature and transpiration in the diurnal scale.Mediu-se a intensidade de amargor da bebida preparada a partir de folhas da erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis de diversas idades, situadas em duas posiÃ§Ãµes na copa (interior e ponteiras, produzidas por plantas masculinas e femininas cultivadas na floresta antropizada e em monocultura. As trocas gasosas foliares, a temperatura de folhas e a densidade de fluxo de fÃ³tons fotossinteticamente ativos tambÃ©m foram medidas. Com isso verificou-se que a idÃ©ia corrente de que o sombreamento estÃ¡ diretamente relacionado ao sabor suave do chimarrÃ£o Ã© completamente equivocada, jÃ¡ que as competiÃ§Ãµes inter- e intra An Invasive Clonal Plant Benefits from Clonal Integration More than a Co-Occurring Native Plant in Nutrient-Patchy and Competitive Environments You, Wenhua; Fan, Shufeng; Yu, Dan; Xie, Dong; Liu, Chunhua from clonal integration more than co-occurring native J. repens, suggesting that the invasiveness of A. philoxeroides may be closely related to clonal integration in heterogeneous environments. PMID:24816849 New data on the Hyrkkoelae U-Cu mineralization: the behaviour of native copper in a natural environment Marcos, N.; Ahonen, L. The Hyrkkoelae Cu-U mineralisation (SW Finland) is studied as an analogue to the behaviour of copper canister in crystalline bedrock. Uranium-native copper and uranium-copper corrosion products interactions are also addressed in this study. The integration of uranium series disequilibrium (USD) studies gives an estimate of the time-scales of the corrosion processes. The mineral assemblages native copper-copper sulfide, copper sulfides - copper iron sulfides, and native copper-copper oxide (cuprite) occur in open fractures at several depth intervals within granite pegmatites (GP). The surfaces of these open fractures have accumulations of uranophane crystals and other unidentified uranyl compounds. The secondary uranium minerals are mainly distributed around copper sulfide grains. Microscopic intergrowths of copper sulfides and uranyl compounds also have been observed. The surface of the fracture where native copper and cuprite occur is covered with uranium-rich smectite. The very low 234 U/ 238 U activity ratio (0.29 - 0.39) in the main uranium fraction in smectite indicates chemical stable conditions (e.g., oxidising) during at least a time period comparable to the half-life of the 234 U isotope (T 1/2 = 2.44 x 10 5 a). Groundwater samples were collected from intervals where copper minerals occur within open fractures. The Eh and pH conditions were measured during long-term pumping (2-4 weeks per sample). Eh was measured both in situ and an the surface using three electrodes (Pt, Au, C). The actual groundwater conditions are oxidising and would not allow the sulfidization of native copper. Sulfidization may be considered as on old phenomenon, older than the precipitation of uranyl phases in the samples. The end of sulfidization may be earlier than the precipitation and/or remobilisation of U(VI) phases in a time span from about 2 x 10 5 years (precipitation of uranophane) to 2.44 x 10 5 (remobilisation of U from smectite). (orig.) Academic Performance of Native and Immigrant Students: A Study Focused on the Perception of Family Support and Control, School Satisfaction, and Learning Environment Santos, Miguel A.; GodÃ¡s, AgustÃn; Ferraces, MarÃa J.; Lorenzo, Mar The international assessment studies of key competences, such as the PISA report of the OECD, have revealed that the academic performance of Spanish students is significantly below the OECD average. In addition, it has also been confirmed that the results of immigrant students are consistently lower than those of their native counterparts. Given the context, the first objective of this work is to observe the variables (support, control, school satisfaction, and learning environment) which distinguish between retained and non-retained native and immigrant students. The second objective is to check, by comparing the retained and non-retained native and immigrant students and separating the two levels, in order to find out which of the selected variables clearly differentiate the two groups. A sample of 1359 students was used (79.8% native students and 20.2% immigrant students of Latin American origin), who were enrolled in the 5th and 6th year of Primary Education (aged 10â€“11 years) and in the 1st and 2nd year of Secondary Education (aged 12â€“13 years). The measurement scales, which undergo a psychometric analysis in the current work, have been developed in a previous research study (Lorenzo et al., 2009). The construct validity and reliability are reported (obtaining alpha indices between 0.705 and 0.787). Subsequently, and depending on the results of this analysis, inferential analyses are performed, using as independent variables the ethno-cultural origin and being retained or not, whereas, as dependent variables, the indices referring to students' perception of family support and control, as well as the assessment of the school and learning environment. Among other results, the Group Ã— Being retained/Not being retained [F(1, 1315) = 4.67, p < 0.01] interaction should be pointed out, indicating that native non-retained subjects perceive more control than immigrants, as well as the Group Ã— Being retained/Not being retained [F(1, 1200) = 5.49, p < 0 Academic Performance of Native and Immigrant Students: A Study Focused on the Perception of Family Support and Control, School Satisfaction, and Learning Environment. Santos, Miguel A; GodÃ¡s, AgustÃn; Ferraces, MarÃa J; Lorenzo, Mar The international assessment studies of key competences, such as the PISA report of the OECD, have revealed that the academic performance of Spanish students is significantly below the OECD average. In addition, it has also been confirmed that the results of immigrant students are consistently lower than those of their native counterparts. Given the context, the first objective of this work is to observe the variables (support, control, school satisfaction, and learning environment) which distinguish between retained and non-retained native and immigrant students. The second objective is to check, by comparing the retained and non-retained native and immigrant students and separating the two levels, in order to find out which of the selected variables clearly differentiate the two groups. A sample of 1359 students was used (79.8% native students and 20.2% immigrant students of Latin American origin), who were enrolled in the 5th and 6th year of Primary Education (aged 10-11 years) and in the 1st and 2nd year of Secondary Education (aged 12-13 years). The measurement scales, which undergo a psychometric analysis in the current work, have been developed in a previous research study (Lorenzo et al., 2009). The construct validity and reliability are reported (obtaining alpha indices between 0.705 and 0.787). Subsequently, and depending on the results of this analysis, inferential analyses are performed, using as independent variables the ethno-cultural origin and being retained or not, whereas, as dependent variables, the indices referring to students' perception of family support and control, as well as the assessment of the school and learning environment. Among other results, the Group Ã— Being retained/Not being retained [ F (1, 1315) = 4.67, p family support. Given the results obtained, our intention is to provide solid evidence that would facilitate the design of family involvement programs, helping to improve students' educational performance. Correlations between cultured pearl size parameters and PIF-177 biomarker expression in Pinctada margaritifera families reared in two contrasting environments Blay, Carole; Parrad, Sophie; Cabral, Philippe; Aiho, Vaite; Ky, Chin-Long The black-lipped pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera, produces the largest and most valuable coloured pearls in the world. Cultured pearl size remains one of the most important quality traits. Despite the great geographical area covered by pearl farms in the atolls of French Polynesia, little is known about the influence of grow-out site effects on pearl size attained. To explore the genetic and environmental impact on the size of pearls as well as the genetic Ã— environment interaction, a uniform experimental graft was designed on two contrasting macro-geographical lagoons. Five biparental families of donor oysters were grafted and then reared at both sites. After 18 months of culture, phenotypic parameters corresponding to pearl size, i.e. nacre weight and thickness, were recorded among the harvested pearls. The expression of Pif-177 gene, a biomarker encoding protein in the aragonite nacreous layer, was analysed in the corresponding pearl sac. The results show a family effect for nacre weight and thickness on both sites, with family F058 producing the heaviest and thickest nacre, and F805 the lightest and thinnest. By contrast, inter-site comparison revealed no significant site effects for these two parameters. In addition, grow-out location did not modify the relative gene expression of Pif-177 in the pearl sac between donor families in either culture site. Both nacre weight and thickness were positively correlated with the level gene expression of Pif-177. These results suggest that pearl size parameters were not affected by the environment in the present study and this is supported by the relative gene expression of Pif-177 observed. This knowledge constitutes an initial step in the study of pearl size trait inheritance, which will be helpful in the near future for the diffusion of genetically selected donor oyster lines produced by hatchery systems throughout production sites. Frequency Analysis of Extreme Sub-Daily Precipitation under Stationary and Non-Stationary Conditions across Two Contrasting Hydroclimatic Environments Demaria, E. M.; Goodrich, D. C.; Keefer, T. Observed sub-daily precipitation intensities from contrasting hydroclimatic environments in the USA are used to evaluate temporal trends and to develop Intensity-Duration Frequency (IDF) curves under stationary and nonstationary climatic conditions. Analyses are based on observations from two United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Service (ARS) experimental watersheds located in a semi-arid and a temperate environment. We use an Annual Maximum Series (AMS) and a Partial Duration Series (PDS) approach to identify temporal trends in maximum intensities for durations ranging from 5- to 1440-minutes. A Bayesian approach with Monte Carlo techniques is used to incorporate the effect of non-stationary climatic assumptions in the IDF curves. The results show increasing trends in observed AMS sub-daily intensities in both watersheds whereas trends in the PDS observations are mostly positive in the semi-arid site and a mix of positive and negative in the temperate site. Stationary climate assumptions lead to much lower estimated sub-daily intensities than those under non-stationary assumptions with larger absolute differences found for shorter durations and smaller return periods. The risk of failure (R) of a hydraulic structure is increased for non-stationary effects over those of stationary effects, with absolute differences of 25% for a 100-year return period (T) and a project life (n) of 100 years. The study highlights the importance of considering non-stationarity, due to natural variability or to climate change, in storm design. Marcos, N. [Helsinki Univ. of Technology, Espoo (Finland); Ahonen, L. [Geological Survey of Finland, Helsinki (Finland) The Hyrkkoelae Cu-U mineralisation (SW Finland) is studied as an analogue to the behaviour of copper canister in crystalline bedrock. Uranium-native copper and uranium-copper corrosion products interactions are also addressed in this study. The integration of uranium series disequilibrium (USD) studies gives an estimate of the time-scales of the corrosion processes. The mineral assemblages native copper-copper sulfide, copper sulfides - copper iron sulfides, and native copper-copper oxide (cuprite) occur in open fractures at several depth intervals within granite pegmatites (GP). The surfaces of these open fractures have accumulations of uranophane crystals and other unidentified uranyl compounds. The secondary uranium minerals are mainly distributed around copper sulfide grains. Microscopic intergrowths of copper sulfides and uranyl compounds also have been observed. The surface of the fracture where native copper and cuprite occur is covered with uranium-rich smectite. The very low {sup 234}U/{sup 238}U activity ratio (0.29 - 0.39) in the main uranium fraction in smectite indicates chemical stable conditions (e.g., oxidising) during at least a time period comparable to the half-life of the {sup 234}U isotope (T{sub 1/2} = 2.44 x 10{sup 5} a). Groundwater samples were collected from intervals where copper minerals occur within open fractures. The Eh and pH conditions were measured during long-term pumping (2-4 weeks per sample). Eh was measured both in situ and an the surface using three electrodes (Pt, Au, C). The actual groundwater conditions are oxidising and would not allow the sulfidization of native copper. Sulfidization may be considered as on old phenomenon, older than the precipitation of uranyl phases in the samples. The end of sulfidization may be earlier than the precipitation and/or remobilisation of U(VI) phases in a time span from about 2 x 10{sup 5} years (precipitation of uranophane) to 2.44 x 10{sup 5} (remobilisation of U from smectite). (orig.) Distribution and relevance of iodinated X-ray contrast media and iodinated trihalomethanes in an aquatic environment. Xu, Zhifa; Li, Xia; Hu, Xialin; Yin, Daqiang Distribution and relevance of iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) and iodinated disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs) in a real aquatic environment have been rarely documented. In this paper, some ICM were proven to be strongly correlated with I-DBPs through investigation of five ICM and five iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs) in surface water and two drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) of the Yangtze River Delta, China. The total ICM concentrations in Taihu Lake and the Huangpu River ranged from 88.7 to 131Â ngÂ L -1 and 102-252Â ngÂ L -1 , respectively. While the total I-THM concentrations ranged from 128 to 967Â ngÂ L -1 in Taihu Lake and 267-680Â ngÂ L -1 in the Huangpu River. Iohexol, the dominant ICM, showed significant positive correlation (pÂ environment. Characteristics of the I-THM species distributions indicated that I-THMs may be transformed by natural conditions. Both DWTPs showed negligible removal efficiencies for total ICM (<20%). Strikingly high concentrations of total I-THMs were observed in the finished water (2848Â ngÂ L -1 in conventional DWTP and 356Â ngÂ L -1 in advanced DWTP). Obvious transformation of ICM to I-THMs was observed during the chlorination and ozonization processes in DWTPs. We suggest that ICM is an important source for I-DBP formation in the real aquatic environment. Copyright Â© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. [Mycotrophic capacity and efficiency of microbial consortia of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi native of soils from Buenos Aires province under contrasting management]. Thougnon Islas, Andrea J; Eyherabide, Mercedes; EcheverrÃa, HernÃ¡n E; Sainz Rozas, HernÃ¡n R; Covacevich, Fernanda We characterized the infective and sporulation capacities of microbial consortia of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) native of Buenos Aires province (Argentina) and determined if some soil characteristics and mycorrhizal parameters could allow to select potentially beneficial inocula. Soil samples were selected from seven locations in Buenos Aires province all under agricultural (A) and pristine (P) conditions. The AMF were multiplied and mycorrhizal root colonization of trap plants was observed at 10 weeks of growth. Spore number in field was low; however, after multiplication spore density accounted for 80-1175 spores per 100g of soil. The principal component analysis showed that the P and Fe soil contents are the main modulators of infectivity and sporulation capacity. The mycorrhizal potential was determined in three locations, being high in Pristine LoberÃa and Agricultural Trenque Lauquen and low in JunÃn. Agricultural LoberÃa (AL) and Pristine LoberÃa (PL) inocula were selected and their efficiency was evaluated under controlled conditions. Even though shoot dry matter increases after inoculation was not significant (p>0.05) mycorrhizal response was greater than 40% for tomato and 25% for corn, particularly after inoculation with inocula from the agricultural management. These results could be associated to the incipient development of mycorrhizae in both species. Additional research should be conducted to further develop our findings in order to determine the factors involved in the selection of efficient inocula. Copyright Â© 2014 AsociaciÃ³n Colombiana de PsiquiatrÃa. Publicado por Elsevier EspaÃ±a. All rights reserved. Distribution of lipid biomarkers and carbon isotope fractionation in contrasting trophic environments of the South East Pacific I. Tolosa Full Text Available The distribution of lipid biomarkers and their stable carbon isotope composition was investigated on suspended particles from different contrasting trophic environments at six sites in the South East Pacific. High algal biomass with diatom-related lipids (24-methylcholesta-5,24(28-dien-3Î²-ol, C25 HBI alkenes, C16:4 FA, C20:5 FA was characteristic in the upwelling zone, whereas haptophyte lipids (long-chain (C37-C39 unsaturated ketones were proportionally most abundant in the nutrient-poor settings of the centre of the South Pacific Gyre and on its easter edge. The dinoflagellateâ€“sterol, 4Î±-23,24-trimethylcholest-22(E-en-3Î²-ol, was a minor contributor in all of the studied area and the cyanobacteria-hydrocarbon, C17n-alkane, was at maximum in the high nutrient low chlorophyll regime of the subequatorial waters near the Marquesas archipelago. The taxonomic and spatial variability of the relationships between carbon photosynthetic fractionation and environmental conditions for four specific algal taxa (diatoms, haptophytes, dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria was also investigated. The carbon isotope fractionation factor (Îµp of the 24-methylcholesta-5,24(28-dien-3Î²-ol diatom marker, varied over a range of 16% along the different trophic systems. In contrast, Îµp of dinoflagellate, cyanobacteria and alkenone markers varied only by 7â€“10â€°. The low fractionation factors and small variations between the different phytoplankton markers measured in the upwelling area likely reveals uniformly high specific growth rates within the four phytoplankton taxa, and/or that transport of inorganic carbon into phytoplankton cells may not only occur by diffusion but also by other carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCM. In contrast, in the oligotrophic zone, i.e. gyre and eastgyre, relatively high Îµp values, especially for the diatom marker 9Ã… structure of the COPI coat reveals that the Arf1 GTPase occupies two contrasting molecular environments. Dodonova, Svetlana O; Aderhold, Patrick; Kopp, Juergen; Ganeva, Iva; RÃ¶hling, Simone; Hagen, Wim J H; Sinning, Irmgard; Wieland, Felix; Briggs, John A G COPI coated vesicles mediate trafficking within the Golgi apparatus and between the Golgi and the endoplasmic reticulum. Assembly of a COPI coated vesicle is initiated by the small GTPase Arf1 that recruits the coatomer complex to the membrane, triggering polymerization and budding. The vesicle uncoats before fusion with a target membrane. Coat components are structurally conserved between COPI and clathrin/adaptor proteins. Using cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging, we determined the structure of the COPI coat assembled on membranes in vitro at 9 Ã… resolution. We also obtained a 2.57 Ã… resolution crystal structure of Î²Î´-COP. By combining these structures we built a molecular model of the coat. We additionally determined the coat structure in the presence of ArfGAP proteins that regulate coat dissociation. We found that Arf1 occupies contrasting molecular environments within the coat, leading us to hypothesize that some Arf1 molecules may regulate vesicle assembly while others regulate coat disassembly. Photosynthetic characteristics of an amphibious plant, Eleocharis vivipara: Expression of C4 and C3 modes in contrasting environments Ueno, Osamu; Samejima, Muneaki; Muto, Shoshi; Miyachi, Shigetoh Eleocharis vivipara Link, a freshwater amphibious leafless plant belonging to the Cyperaceae can grow in both terrestrial and submersed aquatic conditions. Two forms of E. vivipara obtained from these contrasting environments were examined for the characteristics associated with C 4 and C 3 photosynthesis. In the terrestrial form, the culms, which are photosynthetic organs, possess a Kranz-type anatomy typical of C 4 plants, and well-developed bundle-sheath cells contain numerous large chloroplasts. In the submersed form, the culms possess anatomical features characteristic of submersed aquatic plants, and the reduced bundle-sheath cells contain only a few small chloroplasts. 14 C pulse- 12 C chase experiments showed that the terrestrial form and the submersed form fix carbon by way of the C 4 pathway, with aspartate (40%) and malate (35%) as the main primary products, and by way of the C 3 pathway, with 3-phosphoglyceric acid (53%) and sugar phosphates (14%) as the main primary products, respectively. The terrestrial form showed photosynthetic enzyme activities typical of the NAD-malic enzyme-C 4 subtype, whereas the submersed form showed decreased activities of key C 4 enzymes and an increased ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity. These data suggest that this species can differentiate into the C 4 mode under terrestrial conditions and into the C 3 mode under submersed conditions Ecological disequilibrium drives insect pest and pathogen accumulation in non-native trees. Crous, Casparus J; Burgess, Treena I; Le Roux, Johannes J; Richardson, David M; Slippers, Bernard; Wingfield, Michael J Non-native trees have become dominant components of many landscapes, including urban ecosystems, commercial forestry plantations, fruit orchards, and as invasives in natural ecosystems. Often, these trees have been separated from their natural enemies (i.e. insects and pathogens) leading to ecological disequilibrium, that is, the immediate breakdown of historically co-evolved interactions once introduced into novel environments. Long-established, non-native tree plantations provide useful experiments to explore the dimensions of such ecological disequilibria. We quantify the status quo of non-native insect pests and pathogens catching up with their tree hosts (planted Acacia, Eucalyptus and Pinus species) in South Africa, and examine which native South African enemy species utilise these trees as hosts. Interestingly, pines, with no confamilial relatives in South Africa and the longest residence time (almost two centuries), have acquired only one highly polyphagous native pathogen. This is in contrast to acacias and eucalypts, both with many native and confamilial relatives in South Africa that have acquired more native pathogens. These patterns support the known role of phylogenetic relatedness of non-native and native floras in influencing the likelihood of pathogen shifts between them. This relationship, however, does not seem to hold for native insects. Native insects appear far more likely to expand their feeding habits onto non-native tree hosts than are native pathogens, although they are generally less damaging. The ecological disequilibrium conditions of non-native trees are deeply rooted in the eco-evolutionary experience of the host plant, co-evolved natural enemies, and native organisms from the introduced range. We should expect considerable spatial and temporal variation in ecological disequilibrium conditions among non-native taxa, which can be significantly influenced by biosecurity and management practices. Published by Oxford University Press on Anthropogenic and geomorphic controls on peatland dynamics in contrasting floodplain environments during the Holocene and its impact on carbon storage Verstraeten, Gert; Broothaerts, Nils; Notebaert, Bastiaan Peatlands are an important store of carbon in terrestrial environments, and scientific interest in peatlands has increased strongly in the light of the recent global climatic changes. Much attention has been paid to peatland dynamics in extensive arctic and boreal wetlands or to blanket peat in temperate regions. Nevertheless, long-term dynamics of peat in alluvial wetlands in temperate regions remains largely underresearched. In this study, data from three contrasting environments were used to provide more insights in the anthropogenic and geomorphic controls on peatland dynamics. The results show a high variability in alluvial peatland dynamics between the different study sites. In the central Belgian Loess Belt, alluvial peatlands developed during the early Holocene but gradually disappeared from the Mid-Holocene onwards due to the gradual intensification of agricultural activities in the catchment and consequent higher sedimentation rates in the floodplain system. The end of peat growth is shown to be diachronous at catchment scale, ranging between 6500 and 500 cal a BP. The disappearance of the alluvial peatlands has important implications since it potentially reduces the storage of locally produced C. Nevertheless, it was shown that this reduced production of local C but was outbalanced by the burial of hillslope derived C. Also within the sandy catchments of the Belgian Campine region alluvial peatlands initiated in the early Holocene but, here, they abruptly disappeared in the Mid-Holocene before the onset of intense agricultural activities in the catchment. This suggests that for the sandy regions, anthropogenic impact on peatland dynamics is less important compared to natural factors. For these regions, the disappearance of alluvial peatland formation resulted in a sharp decline in alluvial carbon storage as there is no compensation through hillslope derived C input. For the upper Dee catchment in NE Scotland, Holocene carbon floodplain storage varies Eleocharis vivipara Link, a freshwater amphibious leafless plant belonging to the Cyperaceae can grow in both terrestrial and submersed aquatic conditions. Two forms of E. vivipara obtained from these contrasting environments were examined for the characteristics associated with C4 and C3 photosynthesis. In the terrestrial form (Î´ 13C values = -13.5 to -15.4â€°, where â€° is parts per thousand), the culms, which are photosynthetic organs, possess a Kranz-type anatomy typical of C4 plants, and well-developed bundle-sheath cells contain numerous large chloroplasts. In the submersed form (Î´ 13C value = -25.9â€°), the culms possess anatomical features characteristic of submersed aquatic plants, and the reduced bundle-sheath cells contain only a few small chloroplasts. 14C pulse-12C chase experiments showed that the terrestrial form and the submersed form fix carbon by way of the C4 pathway, with aspartate (40%) and malate (35%) as the main primary products, and by way of the C3 pathway, with 3-phosphoglyceric acid (53%) and sugar phosphates (14%) as the main primary products, respectively. The terrestrial form showed photosynthetic enzyme activities typical of the NAD-malic enzyme-C4 subtype, whereas the submersed form showed decreased activities of key C4 enzymes and an increased ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.39) activity. These data suggest that this species can differentiate into the C4 mode under terrestrial conditions and into the C3 mode under submersed conditions. Images PMID:16593980 Contrasting effects of climate change in continental vs. oceanic environments on population persistence and microevolution of Atlantic salmon. Piou, Cyril; PrÃ©vost, Etienne Facing climate change (CC), species are prone to multiple modifications in their environment that can lead to extinction, migration or adaptation. Identifying the role and interplay of different potential stressors becomes a key question. Anadromous fishes will be exposed to both river and oceanic habitat changes. For Atlantic salmon, the river water temperature, river flow and oceanic growth conditions appear as three main stressing factors. They could act on population dynamics or as selective forces on life-history pathways. Using an individual-based demo-genetic model, we assessed the effects of these factors (1) to compare risks of extinction resulting from CC in river and ocean, and (2) to assess CC effects on life-history pathways including the evolution of underlying genetic control of phenotypic plasticity. We focused on Atlantic salmon populations from Southern Europe for a time horizon of three decades. We showed that CC in river alone should not lead to extinction of Southern European salmon populations. In contrast, the reduced oceanic growth appeared as a significant threat for population persistence. An increase in river flow amplitude increased the risk of local extinction in synergy with the oceanic effects, but river temperature rise reduced this risk. In terms of life-history modifications, the reduced oceanic growth increased the age of return of individuals through plastic and genetic responses. The river temperature rise increased the proportion of sexually mature parr, but the genetic evolution of the maturation threshold lowered the maturation rate of male parr. This was identified as a case of environmentally driven plastic response that masked an underlying evolutionary response of plasticity going in the opposite direction. We concluded that to counteract oceanic effects, river flow management represented the sole potential force to reduce the extinction probability of Atlantic salmon populations in Southern Europe, although this might The Effects of Anthropogenic Structures on Habitat Connectivity and the Potential Spread of Non-Native Invertebrate Species in the Offshore Environment. Simons, Rachel D; Page, Henry M; Zaleski, Susan; Miller, Robert; Dugan, Jenifer E; Schroeder, Donna M; Doheny, Brandon Offshore structures provide habitat that could facilitate species range expansions and the introduction of non-native species into new geographic areas. Surveys of assemblages of seven offshore oil and gas platforms in the Santa Barbara Channel revealed a change in distribution of the non-native sessile invertebrate Watersipora subtorquata, a bryozoan with a planktonic larval duration (PLD) of 24 hours or less, from one platform in 2001 to four platforms in 2013. We use a three-dimensional biophysical model to assess whether larval dispersal via currents from harbors to platforms and among platforms is a plausible mechanism to explain the change in distribution of Watersipora and to predict potential spread to other platforms in the future. Hull fouling is another possible mechanism to explain the change in distribution of Watersipora. We find that larval dispersal via currents could account for the increase in distribution of Watersipora from one to four platforms and that Watersipora is unlikely to spread from these four platforms to additional platforms through larval dispersal. Our results also suggest that larvae with PLDs of 24 hours or less released from offshore platforms can attain much greater dispersal distances than larvae with PLDs of 24 hours or less released from nearshore habitat. We hypothesize that the enhanced dispersal distance of larvae released from offshore platforms is driven by a combination of the offshore hydrodynamic environment, larval behavior, and larval release above the seafloor. Native excellence Bower, T. Syncrude Canada Ltd., operator of the oil sands mine and processing plant near Fort McMurray, Alberta, produces 11% of Canada's crude oil and is the country's largest private-sector employer of native Canadians. Syncrude has the goal of employing about 10% native Canadians, which is about the percentage of natives in the regional population. Examples are presented of successful native employment and entrepreneurship at Syncrude. Doreen Janvier, once employed at Syncrude's mine wash bays, was challenged to form her own company to contract out labor services. Her company, DJM Enterprises, now has a 2-year contract to operate three highly sophisticated wash bays used to clean mining equipment, and is looking to bid on other labor contracts. Mabel Laviolette serves as liaison between the oil containment and recovery team, who recover oil skimmed off Syncrude's tailings basin, and the area manager. The team approach and the seasonal nature of the employment fit in well with native cultural patterns. The excellence of native teamwork is also illustrated in the mine rescue team, one unit of which is entirely native Canadian. Part of Syncrude's aboriginal policy is to encourage development of aboriginal enterprises, such as native-owned Clearwater Welding and Fabricating Ltd., which has held welding and fabricating contracts with most major companies in the region and is a major supplier of skilled tradesmen to Syncrude. Syncrude also provides employment and training, encourages natives to continue their education, and promotes local community development. 4 figs Native listeners Cutler, A. Becoming a native listener is the necessary precursor to becoming a native speaker. Babies in the first year of life undertake a remarkable amount of work; by the time they begin to speak, they have perceptually mastered the phonological repertoire and phoneme co-occurrence probabilities of the [Native plant resources to optimize the performances of forest rehabilitation in Mediterranean and tropical environment: some examples of nursing plant species that improve the soil mycorrhizal potential]. Duponnois, Robin; Ramanankierana, Heriniaina; Hafidi, Mohamed; Baohanta, Rondro; Baudoin, EzÃ©kiel; Thioulouse, Jean; Sanguin, HervÃ©; BÃ¢, Amadou; Galiana, Antoine; Bally, RenÃ©; Lebrun, Michel; Prin, Yves The overexploitation of natural resources, resulting in an increased need for arable lands by local populations, causes a serious dysfunction in the soil's biological functioning (mineral deficiency, salt stress, etc.). This dysfunction, worsened by the climatic conditions (drought), requires the implementation of ecological engineering strategies allowing the rehabilitation of degraded areas through the restoration of essential ecological services. The first symptoms of weathering processes of soil quality in tropical and Mediterranean environments result in an alteration of the plant cover structure with, in particular, the pauperization of plant species diversity and abundance. This degradation is accompanied by a weakening of soils and an increase of the impact of erosion on the surface layer resulting in reduced fertility of soils in terms of their physicochemical characteristics as well as their biological ones (e.g., soil microbes). Among the microbial components particularly sensitive to erosion, symbiotic microorganisms (rhizobia, Frankia, mycorrhizal fungi) are known to be key components in the main terrestrial biogeochemical cycles (C, N and P). Many studies have shown the importance of the management of these symbiotic microorganisms in rehabilitation and revegetation strategies of degraded environments, but also in improving the productivity of agrosystems. In particular, the selection of symbionts and their inoculation into the soil were strongly encouraged in recent decades. These inoculants were selected not only for their impact on the plant, but also for their ability to persist in the soil at the expense of the residual native microflora. The performance of this technique was thus evaluated on the plant cover, but its impact on soil microbial characteristics was totally ignored. The role of microbial diversity on productivity and stability (resistance, resilience, etc.) of eco- and agrosystems has been identified relatively recently and has led Interaction of amines with native aluminium oxide layers in non-aqueous environment: Application to the understanding of the formation of epoxy-amine/metal interphases Mercier, D.; Rouchaud, J.-C.; Barthes-Labrousse, M.-G. Interaction of propylamine (PA), 1,2-diaminoethane (DAE) or 3-aminomethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexylamine (isophorone diamine, IPDA) with native aluminium oxide layers in non-aqueous environment has been studied using time-resolved inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The formation of several surface complexes has been evidenced. Monodentate and bidentate metal-bond surface complexes (MBSC) result from interactions between the amine terminations of the molecule and aluminium cations by donation of the N lone electron pair to the metal ion (Lewis-like mechanism leading to O-Al...N bonds). Monodentate and bidentate hydrogen-bond surface complexes (HBSC) are due to interaction of the amino group with surface hydroxyl groups by protonation of the amine termination (Bronsted-like mechanism leading to the formation of Al-OH...N bonds) or interaction with carbonaceous contamination (C x O y H z ...N bonds). Diamines can also form mixed complexes with one amino group forming an O-Al...N bond and the other group forming an Al-OH...N or C x O y H z ...N bond. Al-OH...N and C x O y H z ...N bonds are less stable under vacuum than O-Al...N bonds, leading to partial desorption of the DAE molecules in vacuum and modification of the interaction modes. Only DAE and IPDA can lead to partial dissolution of the aluminium native (hydr)oxide films. A detailed mechanism of dissolution has been proposed based on the formation of mononuclear bidentate (chelate) MBSC by ligand exchange between the terminal Î· 1 -OH and bridged Î¼ 2 -OH surface sites and the amino terminations of the molecule. The detachment of this complex from the surface is likely to be the precursor step to the formation of the interphase in epoxy-amine/metal systems Dispersal and selection mediate hybridization between a native and invasive species Kovach, Ryan P.; Muhlfeld, Clint C.; Boyer, Matthew C.; Lowe, Winsor H.; Allendorf, Fred W.; Luikart, Gordon Hybridization between native and non-native species has serious biological consequences, but our understanding of how dispersal and selection interact to influence invasive hybridization is limited. Here, we document the spread of genetic introgression between a native (Oncorhynchus clarkii) and invasive (Oncorhynchus mykiss) trout, and identify the mechanisms influencing genetic admixture. In two populations inhabiting contrasting environments, non-native admixture increased rapidly from 1984 to 2007 and was driven by surprisingly consistent processes. Individual admixture was related to two phenotypic traits associated with fitness: size at spawning and age of juvenile emigration. Fish with higher non-native admixture were larger and tended to emigrate at a younger ageâ€”relationships that are expected to confer fitness advantages to hybrid individuals. However, strong selection against non-native admixture was evident across streams and cohorts (mean selection coefficient against genotypes with non-native alleles (s) Â¼ 0.60; s.e. Â¼ 0.10). Nevertheless, hybridization was promoted in both streams by the continuous immigration of individuals with high levels of non-native admixture from other hybrid source populations. Thus, antagonistic relationships between dispersal and selection are mediating invasive hybridization between these fish, emphasizing that data on dispersal and natural selection are needed to fully understand the dynamics of introgression between native and non-native species. . Sources of SOA gaseous precursors in contrasted urban environments: a focus on mono-aromatic compounds and intermediate volatility compounds Salameh, Therese; Borbon, AgnÃ¨s; Ait-Helal, Warda; Afif, Charbel; Sauvage, StÃ©phane; Locoge, Nadine; Bonneau, StÃ©phane; Sanchez, Olivier Among Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), the mono-aromatic compounds so-called BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes) and the intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOC) with C>12 are two remarkable chemical families having high impact on health, as well as on the production of secondary pollutants like secondary organic aerosols (SOA) and ozone. However, the nature and relative importance of their sources and, consequently, their impact on SOA formation at urban scale is still under debate. On the one hand, BTEX observations in urban areas of northern mid-latitudes do not reconcile with emission inventories; the latter pointing to solvent use as the dominant source compared to traffic. Moreover, a recent study by Borbon et al. (2013) has shown an enrichment in the C7-C9 aromatic fraction in Paris atmosphere by a factor of 3 compared to other cities. Causes would be: (i) differences in gasoline composition, (ii) differences in vehicle fleet composition, and (iii) differences in solvent use related sources. On the other hand, many smog chamber studies have highlighted IVOCs as important SOA precursors over the last decade but their origin and importance in urban areas relative to other precursors like BTEX is still poorly addressed. Here we combined large VOC datasets to investigate sources of BTEX and IVOC in contrasted urban areas by source-receptor approaches and laboratory experiments. Ambient data include multi-site speciated ambient measurements of C2 to C17 VOCs (traffic, urban background, and tunnel) from air quality networks (ie. AIRPARIF in Paris) and intensive field campaigns (MEGAPOLI-Paris, TRANSEMED in Beirut and Istanbul, PHOTOPAQ in Brussels). Preliminary results for Paris suggest that traffic dominates BTEX concentrations while traffic and domestic heating for IVOC (>70%). In parallel, the detailed composition of the fuel liquid phase was determined at the laboratory for typical fuels distributed in Ile de France region (diesel, SP95 Contrasts in spatial and temporal variability of oxidative capacity and elemental composition in moxibustion, indoor and outdoor environments in Beijing Huang, Jian; Lim, Min Yee; Hwang, Chaxi; Zhao, Baixiao; Shao, Longyi Moxibustion is a traditional Chinese medicine therapy that burns moxa floss which produces a substantial amount of PM 10 into the environment, thus spawning safety concerns about health impacts of the smoke. We compared the oxidative capacity and elemental composition of moxibustion-derived and ambient PM 10 in summer and winter to provide a source-, spatial- and temporal-comparison of PM 10 biological responses. The PM 10 oxidative capacity was 2.04 and 1.45 fold lower, and dose-dependent slope gradient was 2.36 and 1.76 fold lower in moxibustion environment than indoor or outdoor. Oxidative damage was highly correlated with iron, cesium, aluminum and cobalt in indoor, but moxibustion environment displayed low associations. The total elemental concentration was also lower in moxibustion environment than indoor (2.28 fold) or outdoor (2.79 fold). The source-to-dose modeling and slope gradient analysis in this study can be used as a model for future source-, spatial- and temporal-related moxibustion safety evaluation studies. - Highlights: â€¢ Source-, spatial- and temporal-comparisons of PM 10 of moxa smoke and ambient air. â€¢ Moxibustion environment had the lowest oxidative capacity temporally and spatially. â€¢ Total elemental concentration was also lowest in moxibustion environment. â€¢ Low correlations between metals and oxidative damage in moxibustion environment. â€¢ Moxibustion-derived PM 10 may not be as injurious to human health as thought. - Moxibustion-derived PM 10 had the lowest oxidative capacity and total elemental concentration when compared with indoor and outdoor environments Religious Relationships with the Environment in a Tibetan Rural Community: Interactions and Contrasts with Popular Notions of Indigenous Environmentalism. Woodhouse, Emily; Mills, Martin A; McGowan, Philip J K; Milner-Gulland, E J Representations of Green Tibetans connected to Buddhism and indigenous wisdom have been deployed by a variety of actors and persist in popular consciousness. Through interviews, participatory mapping and observation, we explored how these ideas relate to people's notions about the natural environment in a rural community on the Eastern Tibetan plateau, in Sichuan Province, China. We found people to be orienting themselves towards the environment by means of three interlinked religious notions: (1) local gods and spirits in the landscape, which have become the focus of conservation efforts in the form of 'sacred natural sites;' (2) sin and karma related to killing animals and plants; (3) Buddhist moral precepts especially non-violence. We highlight the gaps between externally generated representations and local understandings, but also the dynamic, contested and plural nature of local relationships with the environment, which have been influenced and reshaped by capitalist development and commodification of natural resources, state environmental policies, and Buddhist modernist ideas. Comparison of root-associated communities of native and non-native ectomycorrhizal hosts in an urban landscape. Lothamer, K; Brown, S P; Mattox, J D; Jumpponen, A Non-native tree species are often used as ornamentals in urban landscapes. However, their root-associated fungal communities remain yet to be examined in detail. Here, we compared richness, diversity and community composition of ectomycorrhizosphere fungi in general and ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi in particular between a non-native Pinus nigra and a native Quercus macrocarpa across a growing season in urban parks using 454-pyrosequencing. Our data show that, while the ectomycorrhizosphere community richness and diversity did not differ between the two host, the EcM communities associated with the native host were often more species rich and included more exclusive members than those of the non-native hosts. In contrast, the ectomycorrhizosphere communities of the two hosts were compositionally clearly distinct in nonmetric multidimensional ordination analyses, whereas the EcM communities were only marginally so. Taken together, our data suggest EcM communities with broad host compatibilities and with a limited numbers of taxa with preference to the non-native host. Furthermore, many common fungi in the non-native Pinus were not EcM taxa, suggesting that the fungal communities of the non-native host may be enriched in non-mycorrhizal fungi at the cost of the EcM taxa. Finally, while our colonization estimates did not suggest a shortage in EcM inoculum for either host in urban parks, the differences in the fungi associated with the two hosts emphasize the importance of using native hosts in urban environments as a tool to conserve endemic fungal diversity and richness in man-made systems. Saving water to save the environment: Contrasting the effectiveness of environmental and monetary appeals in a residential water saving intervention Tijs, M.S.; Karremans, J.C.T.M.; Veling, H.P.; Lange, M.A. de; Meegeren, P. van; Lion, R. To convince people to reduce their energy consumption, two types of persuasive appeals often are used by environmental organizations: Monetary appeals (i.e., 'conserving energy will save you money') and environmental appeals (i.e., 'conserving energy will protect the environment'). In this field Are invasive plants more competitive than native conspecifics? Patterns vary with competitors Zheng, Yulong; Feng, Yulong; Valiente-Banuet, Alfonso; Li, Yangping; Liao, Zhiyong; Zhang, Jiaolin; Chen, Yajun Invasive plants are sometimes considered to be more competitive than their native conspecifics, according to the prediction that the invader reallocates resources from defense to growth due to liberation of natural enemies [â€˜Evolution of Increased Competitive Abilityâ€™ (EICA) hypothesis]. However, the differences in competitive ability may depend on the identity of competitors. In order to test the effects of competitors, Ageratina adenophora plants from both native and invasive ranges competed directly, and competed with native residents from both invasive (China) and native (Mexico) ranges respectively. Invasive A. adenophora plants were more competitive than their conspecifics from native populations when competing with natives from China (interspecific competition), but not when competing with natives from Mexico. Invasive A. adenophora plants also showed higher competitive ability when grown in high-density monoculture communities of plants from the same population (intrapopulation competition). In contrast, invasive A. adenophora plants showed lower competitive ability when competing with plants from native populations (intraspecific competition). Our results indicated that in the invasive range A. adenophora has evolved to effectively cope with co-occurring natives and high density environments, contributing to invasion success. Here, we showed the significant effects of competitors, which should be considered carefully when testing the EICA hypothesis. Organization and evolution of hsp70 clusters strikingly differ in two species of Stratiomyidae (Diptera inhabiting thermally contrasting environments Bettencourt Brian R Full Text Available Abstract Background Previously, we described the heat shock response in dipteran species belonging to the family Stratiomyidae that develop in thermally and chemically contrasting habitats including highly aggressive ones. Although all species studied exhibit high constitutive levels of Hsp70 accompanied by exceptionally high thermotolerance, we also detected characteristic interspecies differences in heat shock protein (Hsp expression and survival after severe heat shock. Here, we analyzed genomic libraries from two Stratiomyidae species from thermally and chemically contrasting habitats and determined the structure and organization of their hsp70 clusters. Results Although the genomes of both species contain similar numbers of hsp70 genes, the spatial distribution of hsp70 copies differs characteristically. In a population of the eurytopic species Stratiomys singularior, which exists in thermally variable and chemically aggressive (hypersaline conditions, the hsp70 copies form a tight cluster with approximately equal intergenic distances. In contrast, in a population of the stenotopic Oxycera pardalina that dwells in a stable cold spring, we did not find hsp70 copies in tandem orientation. In this species, the distance between individual hsp70 copies in the genome is very large, if they are linked at all. In O. pardalina we detected the hsp68 gene located next to a hsp70 copy in tandem orientation. Although the hsp70 coding sequences of S. singularior are highly homogenized via conversion, the structure and general arrangement of the hsp70 clusters are highly polymorphic, including gross aberrations, various deletions in intergenic regions, and insertion of incomplete Mariner transposons in close vicinity to the 3'-UTRs. Conclusions The hsp70 gene families in S. singularior and O. pardalina evolved quite differently from one another. We demonstrated clear evidence of homogenizing gene conversion in the S. singularior hsp70 genes, which form Effect of multiple stress factors (thermal, nutritional and pregnancy type) on adaptive capability of native ewes under semi-arid environment. Dias E Silva, Tairon Pannunzio; Costa TorreÃ£o, Jacira Neves da; TorreÃ£o Marques, Carlo Aldrovandi; de AraÃºjo, Marcos JÃ¡come; Bezerra, LeÃlson Rocha; Kumar Dhanasekaran, Dinesh; Sejian, Veerasamy This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of multiple stress factors (thermal, nutritional and pregnancy type) on two different native track breeds of ewes as reflected by their adaptive capability under semi-arid environment. The multiple stressor experiment was conducted in twenty-four ewes (12 Santa InÃªs and 12 Morada Nova ewes). Both heat stress and pregnancy stress was common to all four groups. However, the animals were divided into further two groups within each breed on the basis of nutrition regimen. According the groupings were: Group 1 (Six Santa Ines ewes; heat stress; nutrition at 0.5% of BW; single pregnancy); Group 2 (Six Santa Ines ewes; heat stress; nutrition at 1.5% BW; twin pregnancy); groups Group 3 (Six Morada Nova ewes; heat stress; nutrition at 0.5% of BW; single pregnancy); Group 4 (Six Morada Nova ewes; heat stress; nutrition at 1.5% BW; twin pregnancy). All the animals in the experiment were pregnant. Heat stress was induced by exposing all animals to summer heat stress in outside environment while the nutritional regimen followed was at 0.5% and 1.5% level of body weight (BW) respectively in each breed. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with two breeds, two nutritional treatments and two pregnancy types, 10 repetitions for physiological parameters and six for blood parameters, with repeated measures over time. Physiological parameters (respiratory rate, pulse rate and rectal temperature) were measured with the animals at rest in the morning and afternoon, 0600-0700 and 1300-1400h, respectively, every seven days. Blood samples were collected every 14d for determination of serum glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea and creatinine. We found interaction effect between breed and pregnancy type on respiratory rate and rectal temperature with greater values in Santa InÃªs ewes than Morada Nova ewes. However, there was no significant fixed effect of pregnancy type and supplementation level on physiological Native American youth and justice Dr.Sc. Laurence A. French Full Text Available Youth and delinquency issues have long been problematic among Native Americans groups both on- and off-reservation. This phenomenon is further complicated by the cultural diversity among American Indians and Alaska Natives scattered across the United States. In address these issues, the paper begins with a historical overview of Native American youth. This history presents the long tradition of federal policies that, how well intended, have resulted in discriminatory practices with the most damages attacks being those directed toward the destruction of viable cultural attributes â€“ the same attributes that make Native Americans unique within United States society. Following the historical material, the authors contrast the pervasive Native American aboriginal ethos of harmony with that of Protestant Ethic that dominates the ethos of the larger United States society. In addition to providing general information on Native American crime and delinquency, the paper also provides a case study of Native American justice within the Navajo Nation, the largest tribe, in both size and population, in the United States. The paper concludes with a discussion of issues specific to Native American youth and efforts to address these problems. Mode of inheritance of low-N tolerance adaptive traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. under contrasting nitrogen environments Ahmed M. M. Al Naggar Full Text Available Because of essential economic and ecological concerns, there is increased interest worldwide in developing wheat cultivars that are more efficient in utilizing nitrogen (N and better suited to N limitations. The objective of the present investigation was to get information on the type of gene action controlling the inheritance of wheat low-N tolerance traits in order to start a breeding program for improving such traits. Six parents of contrasting low-N tolerance were crossed in a diallel fashion. Evaluation of 6 parents, 15 F1crosses and 15 F2 crosses was done using a randomized complete block design with three replications under two levels of soil N, i.e. low-N (0 kg N/ha and high-N (180 kg N/ha.The magnitude of dominance variance inF2's for all studied traits was much greater than that of additive variance under both high N and low N, suggesting that selection should be postponed to later segregating generations in order to eliminate masking effects of dominance variance and take advantage of the additive variance for the improvement of nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield traits. Narrow-sense heritability (h2n in F2's was generally of higher magnitude under low-N than high-N, suggesting that it is better to practice selection for studied nitrogen efficiency and grain yield traits under low-N conditions to obtain higher values of selection gain. Mode of inheritance of low-N tolerance adaptive traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under contrasting nitrogen environments Al Naggar, A.M.M.; Shabana, R.; Abd-El-Aleem, M.M.; El-Rashidy, Z. Because of essential economic and ecological concerns, there is increased interest worldwide in developing wheat cultivars that are more efficient in utilizing nitrogen (N) and better suited to N limitations. The objective of the present investigation was to get information on the type of gene action controlling the inheritance of wheat low-N tolerance traits in order to start a breeding program for improving such traits. Six parents of contrasting low-N tolerance were crossed in a diallel fashion. Evaluation of 6 parents, 15 F1crosses and 15 F2 crosses was done using a randomized complete block design with three replications under two levels of soil N, i.e. low-N (0 kg N/ha) and high-N (180 kg N/ha).The magnitude of dominance variance inF2's for all studied traits was much greater than that of additive variance under both high N and low N, suggesting that selection should be postponed to later segregating generations in order to eliminate masking effects of dominance variance and take advantage of the additive variance for the improvement of nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield traits. Narrow-sense heritability (h2n) in F2's was generally of higher magnitude under low-N than high-N, suggesting that it is better to practice selection for studied nitrogen efficiency and grain yield traits under low-N conditions to obtain higher values of selection gain. Discrimination of Arabic Contrasts by American Learners Al Mahmoud, Mahmoud S. This article reports on second language perception of non-native contrasts. The study specifically tests the perceptual assimilation model (PAM) by examining American learners' ability to discriminate Arabic contrasts. Twenty two native American speakers enrolled in a university level Arabic language program took part in a forced choice AXBâ€¦ A Proteome Translocation Response to Complex Desert Stress Environments in Perennial Phragmites Sympatric Ecotypes with Contrasting Water Availability. Li, Li; Chen, Xiaodan; Shi, Lu; Wang, Chuanjing; Fu, Bing; Qiu, Tianhang; Cui, Suxia After a long-term adaptation to desert environment, the perennial aquatic plant Phragmites communis has evolved a desert-dune ecotype. The desert-dune ecotype (DR) of Phragmites communis showed significant differences in water activity and protein distribution compared to its sympatric swamp ecotype (SR). Many proteins that were located in the soluble fraction of SR translocated to the insoluble fraction of DR, suggesting that membrane-associated proteins were greatly reinforced in DR. The unknown phenomenon in plant stress physiology was defined as a proteome translocation response. Quantitative 2D-DIGE technology highlighted these 'bound' proteins in DR. Fifty-eight kinds of proteins were identified as candidates of the translocated proteome in Phragmites . The majority were chloroplast proteins. Unexpectedly, Rubisco was the most abundant protein sequestered by DR. Rubisco activase, various chaperons and 2-cysteine peroxiredoxin were major components in the translocation response. Conformational change was assumed to be the main reason for the Rubisco translocation due to no primary sequence difference between DR and SR. The addition of reductant in extraction process partially reversed the translocation response, implying that intracellular redox status plays a role in the translocation response of the proteome. The finding emphasizes the realistic significance of the membrane-association of biomolecule for plant long-term adaptation to complex stress conditions. Variation in sclerophylly among Iberian populations of Quercus coccifera L. is associated with genetic differentiation across contrasting environments. Rubio de Casas, R; Vargas, P; PÃ©rez-Corona, E; Cano, E; Manrique, E; GarcÃa-Verdugo, C; Balaguer, L Evergreen oaks are an emblematic element of the Mediterranean vegetation and have a leaf phenotype that seems to have remained unchanged since the Miocene. We hypothesise that variation of the sclerophyll phenotype among Iberian populations of Quercus coccifera is partly due to an ulterior process of ecotypic differentiation. We analysed the genetic structure of nine Iberian populations using ISSR fingerprints, and their leaf phenotypes using mean and intracanopy plasticity values of eight morphological (leaf angle, area, spinescence, lobation and specific area) and biochemical traits (VAZ pool, chlorophyll and beta-carotene content). Climate and soil were also characterised at the population sites. Significant genetic and phenotypic differences were found among populations and between NE Iberia and the rest of the populations of the peninsula. Mean phenotypes showed a strong and independent correlation with both genetic and geographic distances. Northeastern plants were smaller, less plastic, with smaller, spinier and thicker leaves, a phenotype consistent with the stressful conditions that prevailed in the steppe environments of the refugia within this geographic area during glaciations. These genetic, phenotypic, geographic and environmental patterns are consistent with previously reported palaeoecological and common evidence. Such consistency leads us to conclude that there has been a Quaternary divergence within the sclerophyllous syndrome that was at least partially driven by ecological factors. Comparing Enchytraeus albidus populations from contrasting climatic environments suggest a link between cold tolerance and metabolic activity. Å½agar, Anamarija; Holmstrup, Martin; SimÄ�iÄ�, Tatjana; Debeljak, Barabara; Slotsbo, Stine Basal metabolic activity and freezing of body fluids create reactive oxygen species (ROS) in freeze-tolerant organisms. These sources of ROS can have an additive negative effect via oxidative stress. In cells, antioxidant systems are responsible for removing ROS in order to avoid damage due to oxidative stress. Relatively little is known about the importance of metabolic rate for the survival of freezing, despite a good understanding of several cold tolerance related physiological mechanisms. We hypothesized that low basal metabolism would be selected for in freeze-tolerant organisms where winter survival is important for fitness for two reasons. First, avoidance of the additive effect of ROS production from metabolism and freezing, and second, as an energy-saving mechanism under extended periods of freezing where the animal is metabolically active, but unable to feed. We used the terrestrial oligochaete, Enchytraeus albidus, which is widely distributed from Spain to the high Arctic and compared eight populations originating across a broad geographical and climatic gradient after they had been cold acclimated at 5â€¯Â°C in a common garden experiment. Cold tolerance (lower lethal temperature: LT50) and the potential metabolic activity (PMA, an estimator of the maximal enzymatic potential of the mitochondrial respiration chain) of eight populations were positively correlated amongst each other and correlated negatively with latitude and positively with average yearly temperature and the average temperature of the coldest month. These results indicate that low PMA in cold tolerant populations is important for survival in extremely cold environments. Copyright Â© 2018. Published by Elsevier Inc. Differences in gas exchange contribute to habitat differentiation in Iberian columbines from contrasting light and water environments. Jaime, R; Serichol, C; AlcÃ¡ntara, J M; Rey, P J During photosynthesis, respiration and transpiration, gas exchange occurs via the stomata and so plants face a trade-off between maximising photosynthesis while minimising transpiration (expressed as water use efficiency, WUE). The ability to cope with this trade-off and regulate photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance may be related to niche differentiation between closely related species. The present study explored this as a possible mechanism for habitat differentiation in Iberian columbines. The roles of irradiance and water stress were assessed to determine niche differentiation among Iberian columbines via distinct gas exchange processes. Photosynthesis-irradiance curves (P-I curves) were obtained for four taxa, and common garden experiments were conducted to examine plant responses to water and irradiance stress, by measuring instantaneous gas exchange and plant performance. Gas exchange was also measured in ten individuals using two to four field populations per taxon. The taxa had different P-I curves and gas exchange in the field. At the species level, water stress and irradiance explained habitat differentiation. Within each species, a combination of irradiance and water stress explained the between-subspecies habitat differentiation. Despite differences in stomatal conductance and CO2 assimilation, taxa did not have different WUE under field conditions, which suggests that the environment equally modifies photosynthesis and transpiration. The P-I curves, gas exchange in the field and plant responses to experimental water and irradiance stresses support the hypothesis that habitat differentiation is associated with differences among taxa in tolerance to abiotic stress mediated by distinct gas exchange responses. Â© 2013 German Botanical Society and The Royal Botanical Society of the Netherlands. Evolutionary Divergences in Root Exudate Composition among Ecologically-Contrasting Helianthus Species. Bowsher, Alan W; Ali, Rifhat; Harding, Scott A; Tsai, Chung-Jui; Donovan, Lisa A Plant roots exude numerous metabolites into the soil that influence nutrient availability. Although root exudate composition is hypothesized to be under selection in low fertility soils, few studies have tested this hypothesis in a phylogenetic framework. In this study, we examined root exudates of three pairs of Helianthus species chosen as phylogenetically-independent contrasts with respect to native soil nutrient availability. Under controlled environmental conditions, seedlings were grown to the three-leaf-pair stage, then transferred to either high or low nutrient treatments. After five days of nutrient treatments, we used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for analysis of root exudates, and detected 37 metabolites across species. When compared in the high nutrient treatment, species native to low nutrient soils exhibited overall higher exudation than their sister species native to high nutrient soils in all three species pairs, providing support for repeated evolutionary shifts in response to native soil fertility. Species native to low nutrient soils and those native to high nutrient soils responded similarly to low nutrient treatments with increased exudation of organic acids (fumaric, citric, malic acids) and glucose, potentially as a mechanism to enhance nutrition acquisition. However, species native to low nutrient soils also responded to low nutrient treatments with a larger decrease in exudation of amino acids than species native to high nutrient soils in all three species pairs. This indicates that species native to low nutrient soils have evolved a unique sensitivity to changes in nutrient availability for some, but not all, root exudates. Overall, these repeated evolutionary divergences between species native to low nutrient soils and those native to high nutrient soils provide evidence for the adaptive value of root exudation, and its plasticity, in contrasting soil environments. Native Geoscience: Pathways to Knowledge Bolman, J. R.; Seielstad, G. We are living in a definite time of change. Distinct changes are being experienced in our most sacred and natural environments. This is especially true on Native lands. Native people have lived for millennia in distinct and unique ways. The knowledge of balancing the needs of people with the needs of our natural environments is paramount in all tribal societies. This inherent accumulated knowledge has become the foundation on which to build a "blended" contemporary understanding of western science. The Dakota's and Northern California have embraced the critical need of understanding successful tribal strategies to engage educational systems (K-12 and higher education), to bring to prominence the professional development opportunities forged through working with tribal peoples and ensure the continued growth of Native earth and environmental scientists The presentation will highlight: 1) past and present philosophies on building and maintaining Native/Tribal students in earth and environmental sciences; 2) successful educational programs/activities in PreK-Ph.D. systems; 3) current Native leadership development in earth and environmental sciences; and 4) forward thinking for creating proaction collaborations addressing sustainable environmental, educational and social infrastructures for all people. Humboldt State University (HSU) and the University of North Dakota's Northern Great Plains Center for People and the Environment and the Upper Midwest Aerospace Consortium (UMAC) have been recognized nationally for their partnerships with Native communities. Unique collaborations are emerging "bridging" Native people across geographic areas in developing educational/research experiences which integrate the distinctive earth/environmental knowledge of tribal people. The presentation will highlight currently funded projects and initiatives as well as success stories of emerging Native earth system students and scientists. Potential for adaptive evolution at species range margins: contrasting interactions between red coral populations and their environment in a changing ocean. Ledoux, Jean-Baptiste; Aurelle, Didier; Bensoussan, Nathaniel; Marschal, Christian; FÃ©ral, Jean-Pierre; Garrabou, Joaquim Studying population-by-environment interactions (PEIs) at species range margins offers the opportunity to characterize the responses of populations facing an extreme regime of selection, as expected due to global change. Nevertheless, the importance of these marginal populations as putative reservoirs of adaptive genetic variation has scarcely been considered in conservation biology. This is particularly true in marine ecosystems for which the deep refugia hypothesis proposes that disturbed shallow and marginal populations of a given species can be replenished by mesophotic ones. This hypothesis therefore assumes that identical PEIs exist between populations, neglecting the potential for adaptation at species range margins. Here, we combine reciprocal transplant and common garden experiments with population genetics analyses to decipher the PEIs in the red coral, Corallium rubrum. Our analyses reveal partially contrasting PEIs between shallow and mesophotic populations separated by approximately one hundred meters, suggesting that red coral populations may potentially be locally adapted to their environment. Based on the effective population size and connectivity analyses, we posit that genetic drift may be more important than gene flow in the adaptation of the red coral. We further investigate how adaptive divergence could impact population viability in the context of warming and demonstrate differential phenotypic buffering capacities against thermal stress. Our study questions the relevance of the deep refugia hypothesis and highlights the conservation value of marginal populations as a putative reservoir of adaptive genetic polymorphism. Contrast Materials ... is mixed with water before administration liquid paste tablet When iodine-based and barium-sulfate contrast materials ... for patients with kidney failure or allergies to MRI and/or computed tomography (CT) contrast material. Microbubble ... Valentini, Chiara The term environment refers to the internal and external context in which organizations operate. For some scholars, environment is defined as an arrangement of political, economic, social and cultural factors existing in a given context that have an impact on organizational processes and structures....... For others, environment is a generic term describing a large variety of stakeholders and how these interact and act upon organizations. Organizations and their environment are mutually interdependent and organizational communications are highly affected by the environment. This entry examines the origin...... and development of organization-environment interdependence, the nature of the concept of environment and its relevance for communication scholarships and activities.... Neighborhood-health links: Differences between rural-to-urban migrants and natives in Shanghai Danan Gu Full Text Available Background: It is well known that migrant workers tend to have different perceptions of neighborhood environments than urban natives. However, less is known about how these differences in perception may be linked to the health of members of these two groups. Objective: We investigated differences in links between perceived neighborhood social and physical environments and three health outcomes, self-rated health, social stress, and chronic conditions, between rural-to-urban migrants (migrant workers and Shanghai-born native urban residents in China. Methods: Data used in this study were based on a survey of 477 rural-to-urban migrants and 546 native urban residents aged 18-64, conducted in Shanghai in 2008. Logistic regression analyses were performed to model relationships for migrant workers and native residents. Results: We found that among migrant workers, more positive perceptions of neighborhood social environments (social cohesion and safety were linked to better self-rated health and lower levels of perceived stress but were not linked to chronic disease conditions; there were also no links between perceptions of physical environments and any of the three health outcomes of this study among migrant workers. By contrast, among urban natives, more positive perceptions of neighborhood social environments were linked to lower odds of chronic disease conditions but were not linked to self-rated health and perceived stress; more positive perceptions of physical environments (amenities and air quality were linked with lower odds of social stress and of chronic disease conditions. Conclusions: Neighborhood social and physical environments affected the health of migrant workers and urban natives differently. Native Americans with Diabetes ... Read the MMWR Science Clips Native Americans with Diabetes Better diabetes care can decrease kidney failure Language: ... between 1996 and 2013. Problem Kidney failure from diabetes was highest among Native Americans. Native Americans are ... Non-Native Plant Invasion along Elevation and Canopy Closure Gradients in a Middle Rocky Mountain Ecosystem. Joshua P Averett Full Text Available Mountain environments are currently among the ecosystems least invaded by non-native species; however, mountains are increasingly under threat of non-native plant invasion. The slow pace of exotic plant invasions in mountain ecosystems is likely due to a combination of low anthropogenic disturbances, low propagule supply, and extreme/steep environmental gradients. The importance of any one of these factors is debated and likely ecosystem dependent. We evaluated the importance of various correlates of plant invasions in the Wallowa Mountain Range of northeastern Oregon and explored whether non-native species distributions differed from native species along an elevation gradient. Vascular plant communities were sampled in summer 2012 along three mountain roads. Transects (n = 20 were evenly stratified by elevation (~70 m intervals along each road. Vascular plant species abundances and environmental parameters were measured. We used indicator species analysis to identify habitat affinities for non-native species. Plots were ordinated in species space, joint plots and non-parametric multiplicative regression were used to relate species and community variation to environmental variables. Non-native species richness decreased continuously with increasing elevation. In contrast, native species richness displayed a unimodal distribution with maximum richness occurring at mid-elevations. Species composition was strongly related to elevation and canopy openness. Overlays of trait and environmental factors onto non-metric multidimensional ordinations identified the montane-subalpine community transition and over-story canopy closure exceeding 60% as potential barriers to non-native species establishment. Unlike native species, non-native species showed little evidence for high-elevation or closed-canopy specialization. These data suggest that non-native plants currently found in the Wallowa Mountains are dependent on open canopies and disturbance for Averett, Joshua P; McCune, Bruce; Parks, Catherine G; Naylor, Bridgett J; DelCurto, Tim; Mata-GonzÃ¡lez, Ricardo Mountain environments are currently among the ecosystems least invaded by non-native species; however, mountains are increasingly under threat of non-native plant invasion. The slow pace of exotic plant invasions in mountain ecosystems is likely due to a combination of low anthropogenic disturbances, low propagule supply, and extreme/steep environmental gradients. The importance of any one of these factors is debated and likely ecosystem dependent. We evaluated the importance of various correlates of plant invasions in the Wallowa Mountain Range of northeastern Oregon and explored whether non-native species distributions differed from native species along an elevation gradient. Vascular plant communities were sampled in summer 2012 along three mountain roads. Transects (n = 20) were evenly stratified by elevation (~70 m intervals) along each road. Vascular plant species abundances and environmental parameters were measured. We used indicator species analysis to identify habitat affinities for non-native species. Plots were ordinated in species space, joint plots and non-parametric multiplicative regression were used to relate species and community variation to environmental variables. Non-native species richness decreased continuously with increasing elevation. In contrast, native species richness displayed a unimodal distribution with maximum richness occurring at mid-elevations. Species composition was strongly related to elevation and canopy openness. Overlays of trait and environmental factors onto non-metric multidimensional ordinations identified the montane-subalpine community transition and over-story canopy closure exceeding 60% as potential barriers to non-native species establishment. Unlike native species, non-native species showed little evidence for high-elevation or closed-canopy specialization. These data suggest that non-native plants currently found in the Wallowa Mountains are dependent on open canopies and disturbance for establishment in low The effect of pollen source vs. flower type on progeny performance and seed predation under contrasting light environments in a cleistogamous herb. MunguÃa-Rosas, Miguel A; Campos-Navarrete, MarÃa J; Parra-Tabla, VÃctor Dimorphic cleistogamy is a specialized form of mixed mating system where a single plant produces both open, potentially outcrossed chasmogamous (CH) and closed, obligately self-pollinated cleistogamous (CL) flowers. Typically, CH flowers and seeds are bigger and energetically more costly than those of CL. Although the effects of inbreeding and floral dimorphism are critical to understanding the evolution and maintenance of cleistogamy, these effects have been repeatedly confounded. In an attempt to separate these effects, we compared the performance of progeny derived from the two floral morphs while controlling for the source of pollen. That is, flower type and pollen source effects were assessed by comparing the performance of progeny derived from selfed CH vs. CL and outcrossed CH vs. selfed CH flowers, respectively. The experiment was carried out with the herb Ruellia nudiflora under two contrasting light environments. Outcrossed progeny generally performed better than selfed progeny. However, inbreeding depression ranges from low (1%) to moderate (36%), with the greatest value detected under shaded conditions when cumulative fitness was used. Although flower type generally had less of an effect on progeny performance than pollen source did, the progeny derived from selfed CH flowers largely outperformed the progeny from CL flowers, but only under shaded conditions and when cumulative fitness was taken into account. On the other hand, the source of pollen and flower type influenced seed predation, with selfed CH progeny the most heavily attacked by predators. Therefore, the effects of pollen source and flower type are environment-dependant and seed predators may increase the genetic differences between progeny derived from CH and CL flowers. Inbreeding depression alone cannot account for the maintenance of a mixed mating system in R. nudiflora and other unidentified mechanisms must thus be involved. Miguel A MunguÃa-Rosas Full Text Available Dimorphic cleistogamy is a specialized form of mixed mating system where a single plant produces both open, potentially outcrossed chasmogamous (CH and closed, obligately self-pollinated cleistogamous (CL flowers. Typically, CH flowers and seeds are bigger and energetically more costly than those of CL. Although the effects of inbreeding and floral dimorphism are critical to understanding the evolution and maintenance of cleistogamy, these effects have been repeatedly confounded. In an attempt to separate these effects, we compared the performance of progeny derived from the two floral morphs while controlling for the source of pollen. That is, flower type and pollen source effects were assessed by comparing the performance of progeny derived from selfed CH vs. CL and outcrossed CH vs. selfed CH flowers, respectively. The experiment was carried out with the herb Ruellia nudiflora under two contrasting light environments. Outcrossed progeny generally performed better than selfed progeny. However, inbreeding depression ranges from low (1% to moderate (36%, with the greatest value detected under shaded conditions when cumulative fitness was used. Although flower type generally had less of an effect on progeny performance than pollen source did, the progeny derived from selfed CH flowers largely outperformed the progeny from CL flowers, but only under shaded conditions and when cumulative fitness was taken into account. On the other hand, the source of pollen and flower type influenced seed predation, with selfed CH progeny the most heavily attacked by predators. Therefore, the effects of pollen source and flower type are environment-dependant and seed predators may increase the genetic differences between progeny derived from CH and CL flowers. Inbreeding depression alone cannot account for the maintenance of a mixed mating system in R. nudiflora and other unidentified mechanisms must thus be involved. Invasive non-native species' provision of refugia for endangered native species. Chiba, Satoshi The influence of non-native species on native ecosystems is not predicted easily when interspecific interactions are complex. Species removal can result in unexpected and undesired changes to other ecosystem components. I examined whether invasive non-native species may both harm and provide refugia for endangered native species. The invasive non-native plant Casuarina stricta has damaged the native flora and caused decline of the snail fauna on the Ogasawara Islands, Japan. On Anijima in 2006 and 2009, I examined endemic land snails in the genus Ogasawarana. I compared the density of live specimens and frequency of predation scars (from black rats [Rattus rattus]) on empty shells in native vegetation and Casuarina forests. The density of land snails was greater in native vegetation than in Casuarina forests in 2006. Nevertheless, radical declines in the density of land snails occurred in native vegetation since 2006 in association with increasing predation by black rats. In contrast, abundance of Ogasawarana did not decline in the Casuarina forest, where shells with predation scars from rats were rare. As a result, the density of snails was greater in the Casuarina forest than in native vegetation. Removal of Casuarina was associated with an increased proportion of shells with predation scars from rats and a decrease in the density of Ogasawarana. The thick and dense litter of Casuarina appears to provide refugia for native land snails by protecting them from predation by rats; thus, eradication of rats should precede eradication of Casuarina. Adaptive strategies, particularly those that consider the removal order of non-native species, are crucial to minimizing the unintended effects of eradication on native species. In addition, my results suggested that in some cases a given non-native species can be used to mitigate the impacts of other non-native species on native species. Pollen analysis of honey and pollen collected by Apis mellifera linnaeus, 1758 (Hymenoptera, Apidae), in a mixed environment of Eucalyptus plantation and native cerrado in Southeastern Brazil. SimeÃ£o, C M G; Silveira, F A; Sampaio, I B M; Bastos, E M A F Eucalyptus plantations are frequently used for the establishment of bee yards. This study was carried on at Fazenda BrejÃ£o, northwestern region of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. This farm is covered both with native Cerrado vegetation (Brazilian savanna) and eucalyptus plantations. This paper reports on the botanic origin of pollen pellets and honey collected from honeybee (Apis mellifera) hives along a thirteen-month period (January 2004 to January 2005). The most frequent pollen types found in the pollen pellets during the rainy season were Trema micrantha (Ulmaceae), Copaifera langsdorffii (Fabaceae), an unidentified Poaceae, unidentified Asteraceae-2, Cecropia sp. 1 (Cecropiaceae) and Eucalyptus spp. (Myrtaceae); during the dry season the most frequent pollen types were Acosmium dasycarpum (Fabaceae), Cecropia sp. 1 (Cecropiaceae) and Eucalyptus spp. (Myrtaceae). Pollen grains of Baccharis sp. (Asteraceae), Cecropia sp. 1 (Cecropiaceae), Copaifera langsdorffii (Fabaceae), Mimosa nuda (Fabaceae), Eucalyptus spp. (Myrtaceae) and Trema micrantha (Ulmaceae) were present in the honey samples throughout the study period. Non-Native & Native English Teachers Ä°rfan Tosuncuoglu Full Text Available In many countries the primary (mother tongue language is not English but there is a great demand for English language teachers all over the world. The demand in this field is try to be filled largely by non-native English speaking teachers who have learned English in the country or abroad, or from another non native English peaking teachers. In some countries, particularly those where English speaking is a a sign of status, the students prefer to learn English from a native English speaker. The perception is that a non-native English speaking teacher is a less authentic teacher than a native English speaker and their instruction is not satifactory in some ways. This paper will try to examine the literature to explore whether there is a difference in instructional effectiveness between NNESTs and native English teachers. High-contrast imaging of the close environment of HD 142527. VLT/NaCo adaptive optics thermal and angular differential imaging Rameau, J.; Chauvin, G.; Lagrange, A.-M.; ThÃ©bault, P.; Milli, J.; Girard, J. H.; Bonnefoy, M. Context. It has long been suggested that circumstellar disks surrounding young stars may be the signposts of planets, and even more so since the recent discoveries of embedded substellar companions. According to models, the planet-disk interaction may create large structures, gaps, rings, or spirals in the disk. In that sense, the Herbig star HD 142527 is particularly compelling, as its massive disk displays intriguing asymmetries that suggest the existence of a dynamical peturber of unknown nature. Aims: Our goal was to obtain deep thermal images of the close circumstellar environment of HD 142527 to re-image the reported close-in structures (cavity, spiral arms) of the disk and to search for stellar and substellar companions that could be connected to their presence. Methods: We obtained high-contrast images with the NaCo adaptive optics system at the Very Large Telescope in L'-band. We applied different analysis strategies using both classical PSF-subtraction and angular differential imaging to probe for any extended structures or point-like sources. Results: The circumstellar environment of HD 142527 is revealed at an unprecedented spatial resolution down to the subarcsecond level for the first time at 3.8 Î¼m. Our images reveal important radial and azimuthal asymmetries that invalidate an elliptical shape for the disk. It instead suggests a bright inhomogeneous spiral arm plus various fainter spiral arms. We also confirm an inner cavity down to 30 AU and two important dips at position angles of 0 and 135 deg. The detection performance in angular differential imaging enables exploration of the planetary mass regime for projected physical separations as close as 40 AU. Use of our detection map together with Monte Carlo simulations sets stringent constraints on the presence of planetary mass, brown dwarf or stellar companions as a function of the semi-major axis. They severely limit any presence of massive giant planets with semi-major axis beyond 50 AU, i Ectomycorrhizal Communities on the Roots of Two Beech (Fagus sylvatica) Populations from Contrasting Climates Differ in Nitrogen Acquisition in a Common Environment. Leberecht, Martin; Dannenmann, Michael; Gschwendtner, Silvia; Bilela, Silvija; Meier, Rudolf; Simon, Judy; Rennenberg, Heinz; Schloter, Michael; Polle, Andrea Beech (Fagus sylvatica), a dominant forest species in Central Europe, competes for nitrogen with soil microbes and suffers from N limitation under dry conditions. We hypothesized that ectomycorrhizal communities and the free-living rhizosphere microbes from beech trees from sites with two contrasting climatic conditions exhibit differences in N acquisition that contribute to differences in host N uptake and are related to differences in host belowground carbon allocation. To test these hypotheses, young trees from the natural regeneration of two genetically similar populations, one from dryer conditions (located in an area with a southwest exposure [SW trees]) and the other from a cooler, moist climate (located in an area with a northeast exposure [NE trees]), were transplanted into a homogeneous substrate in the same environment and labeled with (13)CO2 and (15)NH4 (+). Free-living rhizosphere microbes were characterized by marker genes for the N cycle, but no differences between the rhizospheres of SW or NE trees were found. Lower (15)N enrichment was found in the ectomycorrhizal communities of the NE tree communities than the SW tree communities, whereas no significant differences in (15)N enrichment were observed for nonmycorrhizal root tips of SW and NE trees. Neither the ectomycorrhizal communities nor the nonmycorrhizal root tips originating from NE and SW trees showed differences in (13)C signatures. Because the level of (15)N accumulation in fine roots and the amount transferred to leaves were lower in NE trees than SW trees, our data support the suggestion that the ectomycorrhizal community influences N transfer to its host and demonstrate that the fungal community from the dry condition was more efficient in N acquisition when environmental constraints were relieved. These findings highlight the importance of adapted ectomycorrhizal communities for forest nutrition in a changing climate. Copyright Â© 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Environmental restoration issues relevant to lands that support native populations Simon, S.L. Islands and other remote locations that support indigenous (native) populations require special considerations in the setting of criteria for maximum allowable radioactivity contamination of the environment. The criteria can differ from those applicable to Western continental urban settings because of particular attributes related to lifestyle or environment. Conventionally, guidelines for land cleanup are derived by using a pathway model and descriptions of conventional intake patterns to calculate backwards from an acceptable dose or risk. However, pathways of possible exposure differ in characteristics and relative importance for indigenous populations, and conventional exposure-assessment models need considerable revision for them. More primitive lifestyles usually imply a need for stricter standards. In contrast, somewhat higher risk might not produce any excess cancer incidence if the population is small enough, as is often the case for islanders or other indigenous populations. This paper discusses various factors peculiar to indigenous populations that require consideration when criteria for restoration of contaminated environments are being determined. (author) Oscillatory Dynamics Underlying Perceptual Narrowing of Native Phoneme Mapping from 6 to 12 Months of Age. Ortiz-Mantilla, Silvia; HÃ¤mÃ¤lÃ¤inen, Jarmo A; Realpe-Bonilla, Teresa; Benasich, April A During the first months of life, human infants process phonemic elements from all languages similarly. However, by 12 months of age, as language-specific phonemic maps are established, infants respond preferentially to their native language. This process, known as perceptual narrowing, supports neural representation and thus efficient processing of the distinctive phonemes within the sound environment. Although oscillatory mechanisms underlying processing of native and non-native phonemic contrasts were recently delineated in 6-month-old infants, the maturational trajectory of these mechanisms remained unclear. A group of typically developing infants born into monolingual English families, were followed from 6 to 12 months and presented with English and Spanish syllable contrasts varying in voice-onset time. Brain responses were recorded with high-density electroencephalogram, and sources of event-related potential generators identified at right and left auditory cortices at 6 and 12 months and also at frontal cortex at 6 months. Time-frequency analyses conducted at source level found variations in both Î¸ and Î³ ranges across age. Compared with 6-month-olds, 12-month-olds' responses to native phonemes showed smaller and faster phase synchronization and less spectral power in the Î¸ range, and increases in left phase synchrony as well as induced high-Î³ activity in both frontal and left auditory sources. These results demonstrate that infants become more automatized and efficient in processing their native language as they approach 12 months of age via the interplay between Î¸ and Î³ oscillations. We suggest that, while Î¸ oscillations support syllable processing, Î³ oscillations underlie phonemic perceptual narrowing, progressively favoring mapping of native over non-native language across the first year of life. During early language acquisition, typically developing infants gradually construct phonemic maps of their native language in auditory cortex. It is well Epistemologies in the Text of Children's Books: Native- and non-Native-authored books Dehghani, Morteza; Bang, Megan; Medin, Douglas; Marin, Ananda; Leddon, Erin; Waxman, Sandra An examination of artifacts provides insights into the goals, practices, and orientations of the persons and cultures who created them. Here, we analyze storybook texts, artifacts that are a part of many children's lives. We examine the stories in books targeted for 4-8-year-old children, contrasting the texts generated by Native American authors versus popular non-Native authors. We focus specifically on the implicit and explicit 'epistemological orientations' associated with relations between human beings and the rest of nature. Native authors were significantly more likely than non-Native authors to describe humans and the rest of nature as psychologically close and embedded in relationships. This pattern converges well with evidence from a behavioral task in which we probed Native (from urban inter-tribal and rural communities) and non-Native children's and adults' attention to ecological relations. We discuss the implications of these differences for environmental cognition and science learning. Pollen analysis of honey and pollen collected by Apis mellifera linnaeus, 1758 (Hymenoptera, Apidae, in a mixed environment of Eucalyptus plantation and native cerrado in Southeastern Brazil C. M. G. SimeÃ£o Full Text Available Abstract Eucalyptus plantations are frequently used for the establishment of bee yards. This study was carried on at Fazenda BrejÃ£o, northwestern region of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. This farm is covered both with native Cerrado vegetation (Brazilian savanna and eucalyptus plantations. This paper reports on the botanic origin of pollen pellets and honey collected from honeybee (Apis mellifera hives along a thirteen-month period (January 2004 to January 2005. The most frequent pollen types found in the pollen pellets during the rainy season were Trema micrantha (Ulmaceae, Copaifera langsdorffii (Fabaceae, an unidentified Poaceae, unidentified Asteraceae-2, Cecropia sp. 1 (Cecropiaceae and Eucalyptus spp. (Myrtaceae; during the dry season the most frequent pollen types were Acosmium dasycarpum (Fabaceae, Cecropia sp. 1 (Cecropiaceae and Eucalyptus spp. (Myrtaceae. Pollen grains of Baccharis sp. (Asteraceae, Cecropia sp. 1 (Cecropiaceae, Copaifera langsdorffii (Fabaceae, Mimosa nuda (Fabaceae, Eucalyptus spp. (Myrtaceae and Trema micrantha (Ulmaceae were present in the honey samples throughout the study period. The carbon fertilization effect over a century of anthropogenic CO2 emissions: higher intracellular CO2 and more drought resistance among invasive and native grass species contrasts with increased water use efficiency for woody plants in the US Southwest. Drake, Brandon L; Hanson, David T; Lowrey, Timothy K; Sharp, Zachary D From 1890 to 2015, anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions have increased atmospheric CO 2 concentrations from 270 to 400Â mol mol -1 . The effect of increased carbon emissions on plant growth and reproduction has been the subject of study of free-air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) experiments. These experiments have found (i) an increase in internal CO 2 partial pressure (c i ) alongside acclimation of photosynthetic capacity, (ii) variable decreases in stomatal conductance, and (iii) that increases in yield do not increase commensurate with CO 2 concentrations. Our data set, which includes a 115-year-long selection of grasses collected in New Mexico since 1892, is consistent with an increased c i as a response to historical CO 2 increase in the atmosphere, with invasive species showing the largest increase. Comparison with Palmer Drought Sensitivity Index (PDSI) for New Mexico indicates a moderate correlation with Î” 13 C (r 2 Â =Â 0.32, PÂ environments (Pinus longaeva and Pinus edulis in the US Southwest) as well as from wetter environments (Bromus and Poa grasses in New Mexico) suggests differing responses based on environment; arid environments in New Mexico see increased intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE) in response to historic elevated CO 2 while wetter environments see increased c i . This study suggests that (i) the observed increases in c i in FACE experiments are consistent with historical CO 2 increases and (ii) the CO 2 increase influences plant sensitivity to water shortage, through either increased WUE or c i in arid and wet environments, respectively. Â© 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Native plants fare better against an introduced competitor with native microbes and lower nitrogen availability. Gaya Shivega, W; Aldrich-Wolfe, Laura While the soil environment is generally acknowledged as playing a role in plant competition, the relative importance of soil resources and soil microbes in determining outcomes of competition between native and exotic plants has rarely been tested. Resilience of plant communities to invasion by exotic species may depend on the extent to which native and exotic plant performance are mediated by abiotic and biotic components of the soil. We used a greenhouse experiment to compare performance of two native prairie plant species and one exotic species, when grown in intraspecific competition and when each native was grown in interspecific competition with the exotic species, in the presence and absence of a native prairie soil community, and when nitrogen availability was elevated or was maintained at native prairie levels. We found that elevated nitrogen availability was beneficial to the exotic species and had no effect on or was detrimental to the native plant species, that the native microbial community was beneficial to the native plant species and either had no effect or was detrimental to the exotic species, and that intraspecific competition was stronger than interspecific competition for the exotic plant species and vice-versa for the natives. Our results demonstrate that soil nitrogen availability and the soil microbial community can mediate the strength of competition between native and exotic plant species. We found no evidence for native microbes enhancing the performance of the exotic plant species. Instead, loss of the native soil microbial community appears to reinforce the negative effects of elevated N on native plant communities and its benefits to exotic invasive species. Resilience of plant communities to invasion by exotic plant species is facilitated by the presence of an intact native soil microbial community and weakened by anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. Native Health Research Database ... Indian Health Board) Welcome to the Native Health Database. Please enter your search terms. Basic Search Advanced ... To learn more about searching the Native Health Database, click here. Tutorial Video The NHD has made ... Decazes, Ph. The Guerbet firm, which holds 69% of the capital on the contrast media for medical imagery, could sale about 20% of this capital in order to accelerate its development in the United States, one of its next market with the Japan. (O.M.) Does verbatim sentence recall underestimate the language competence of near-native speakers? Judith eSchweppe Full Text Available Verbatim sentence recall is widely used to test the language competence of native and non-native speakers since it involves comprehension and production of connected speech. However, we assume that, to maintain surface information, sentence recall relies particularly on attentional resources, which differentially affects native and non-native speakers. Since even in near-natives language processing is less automatized than in native speakers, processing a sentence in a foreign language plus retaining its surface may result in a cognitive overload. We contrasted sentence recall performance of German native speakers with that of highly proficient non-natives. Non-natives recalled the sentences significantly poorer than the natives, but performed equally well on a cloze test. This implies that sentence recall underestimates the language competence of good non-native speakers in mixed groups with native speakers. The findings also suggest that theories of sentence recall need to consider both its linguistic and its attentional aspects. Perception of tomorrowâ€™s Health-Care connoisseur and front-runners of their educational environment utilizing DREEM inventory in Bahasa Melayu version, the native language of Malaysia Mainul Haque Full Text Available Background There have been a lot of reports throughout the world that medical students were abused during their undergraduate education and clerkship training. Thereafter, calls for intensifying the evaluation of medical and health schoolsâ€™ curricula based on studentsâ€™ perceptions of their educational environment. Several studies, methods, and instruments were developed including the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM inventory, to evaluate the medical educational environment in last five decades. The DREEM inventory has been translated into minimum eight different native tongues namely Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, Persian, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, and Turkish. Aims The objective of this study was to assess the educational environment of the UniSZA undergraduate medical program from the studentsâ€™ perspective utilizing the DREEM inventory translated in Bahasa Melayu. Methods This was a descriptive cross-sectional survey conducted among the medical students of session 2015-2016 to assess educational environment of the Faculty of Medicine, UniSZA. The study was conducted from December 2015 to January 2016. Universal sampling technique was adopted. Results A total of 277 (95.5 per cent out of 290 students responded to the questionnaire; among them 27.4 per cent were male and 72.6 per cent were female respondents. The overall mean DREEM scores for both preclinical and clinical students were 67.41Â±24.06. The scores for pre-clinical and clinical were 64.02Â±25.10 and 69.65Â±23.15 respectively; however, no statistically significant (p=0.57 differences was observed between two phases. A significant difference was observed between gender of the respondents in studentsâ€™ perceptions of teachers (p=0.005 and studentsâ€™ social selfperceptions (p=0.046. Conclusion The study respondents demanded teachers training program targeting active learning methods. A non-native prey mediates the effects of a shared predator on an ecosystem service. James E Byers Full Text Available Non-native species can alter ecosystem functions performed by native species often by displacing influential native species. However, little is known about how ecosystem functions may be modified by trait-mediated indirect effects of non-native species. Oysters and other reef-associated filter feeders enhance water quality by controlling nutrients and contaminants in many estuarine environments. However, this ecosystem service may be mitigated by predation, competition, or other species interactions, especially when such interactions involve non-native species that share little evolutionary history. We assessed trophic and other interference effects on the critical ecosystem service of water filtration in mesocosm experiments. In single-species trials, typical field densities of oysters (Crassostrea virginica reduced water-column chlorophyll a more strongly than clams (Mercenaria mercenaria. The non-native filter-feeding reef crab Petrolisthes armatus did not draw down chlorophyll a. In multi-species treatments, oysters and clams combined additively to influence chlorophyll a drawdown. Petrolisthes did not affect net filtration when added to the bivalve-only treatments. Addition of the predatory mud crab Panopeus herbstii did not influence oyster feeding rates, but it did stop chlorophyll a drawdown by clams. However, when Petrolisthes was also added in with the clams, the clams filtered at their previously unadulterated rates, possibly because Petrolisthes drew the focus of predators or habituated the clams to crab stimuli. In sum, oysters were the most influential filter feeder, and neither predators nor competitors interfered with their net effect on water-column chlorophyll. In contrast, clams filtered less, but were more sensitive to predators as well as a facilitative buffering effect of Petrolisthes, illustrating that non-native species can indirectly affect an ecosystem service by aiding the performance of a native species. NATIVE VS NON-NATIVE ENGLISH TEACHERS Masrizal Masrizal Full Text Available Although the majority of English language teachers worldwide are non-native English speakers (NNS, no research was conducted on these teachers until recently. A pioneer research by Peter Medgyes in 1994 took quite a long time until the other researchers found their interests in this issue. There is a widespread stereotype that a native speaker (NS is by nature the best person to teach his/her foreign language. In regard to this assumption, we then see a very limited room and opportunities for a non native teacher to teach language that is not his/hers. The aim of this article is to analyze the differences among these teachers in order to prove that non-native teachers have equal advantages that should be taken into account. The writer expects that the result of this short article could be a valuable input to the area of teaching English as a foreign language in Indonesia. Native American nurse leadership. Nichols, Lee A To identify which characteristics, wisdom, and skills are essential in becoming an effective Native American nurse leader. This will lead to the development of a curriculum suitable for Native American nurses. A qualitative, descriptive design was used for this study. Focus groups were conducted in Polson, Montana. A total of 67 Native and non-Native nurses participated. Sixty-seven percent of them were members of Indian tribes. Data were content analyzed using Spradley's ethnographic methodology. Three domains of analysis emerged: point of reference for the leader (individual, family, community), what a leader is (self-actualized, wise, experienced, political, bicultural, recognized, quiet presence, humble, spiritual, and visionary), and what a leader does (mentors, role models, communicates, listens, demonstrates values, mobilizes, and inspires). Native nurse leaders lead differently. Thus, a leadership curriculum suitable for Native nurses may lead to increased work productivity and therefore improved patient care for Native Americans. Community-level plant-soil feedbacks explain landscape distribution of native and non-native plants. Kulmatiski, Andrew Plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) have gained attention for their potential role in explaining plant growth and invasion. While promising, most PSF research has measured plant monoculture growth on different soils in short-term, greenhouse experiments. Here, five soil types were conditioned by growing one native species, three non-native species, or a mixed plant community in different plots in a common-garden experiment. After 4Â years, plants were removed and one native and one non-native plant community were planted into replicate plots of each soil type. After three additional years, the percentage cover of each of the three target species in each community was measured. These data were used to parameterize a plant community growth model. Model predictions were compared to native and non-native abundance on the landscape. Native community cover was lowest on soil conditioned by the dominant non-native, Centaurea diffusa , and non-native community cover was lowest on soil cultivated by the dominant native, Pseudoroegneria spicata . Consistent with plant growth on the landscape, the plant growth model predicted that the positive PSFs observed in the common-garden experiment would result in two distinct communities on the landscape: a native plant community on native soils and a non-native plant community on non-native soils. In contrast, when PSF effects were removed, the model predicted that non-native plants would dominate all soils, which was not consistent with plant growth on the landscape. Results provide an example where PSF effects were large enough to change the rank-order abundance of native and non-native plant communities and to explain plant distributions on the landscape. The positive PSFs that contributed to this effect reflected the ability of the two dominant plant species to suppress each other's growth. Results suggest that plant dominance, at least in this system, reflects the ability of a species to suppress the growth of dominant competitors McIntyre, A.D.; Turnbull, R.G.H. The development of the hydrocarbon resources of the North Sea has resulted in both offshore and onshore environmental repercussions, involving the existing physical attributes of the sea and seabed, the coastline and adjoining land. The social and economic repercussions of the industry were equally widespread. The dramatic and speedy impact of the exploration and exploitation of the northern North Sea resources in the early 1970s, on the physical resources of Scotland was quickly realised together with the concern that any environmental and social damage to the physical and social fabric should be kept to a minimum. To this end, a wide range of research and other activities by central and local government, and other interested agencies was undertaken to extend existing knowledge on the marine and terrestrial environments that might be affected by the oil and gas industry. The outcome of these activities is summarized in this paper. The topics covered include a survey of the marine ecosystems of the North Sea, the fishing industry, the impact of oil pollution on seabirds and fish stocks, the ecology of the Scottish coastline and the impact of the petroleum industry on a selection of particular sites. (author) MBS Native Plant Communities Data.gov (United States) Minnesota Department of Natural Resources â€” This data layer contains results of the Minnesota County Biological Survey (MCBS). It includes polygons representing the highest quality native plant communities... Global compositional variation among native and non-native regional insect assemblages emphasizes the importance of pathways Andrew M. Liebhold; Takehiko Yamanaka; Alain Roques; Sylvie Augustin; Steven L. Chown; Eckehard G. Brockerhoff; Petr Pysek Insects are among the world's most ecologically and economically important invasive species. Here we assemble inventories of native and nonnative species from 20 world regions and contrast relative numbers among these species assemblages. Multivariate ordination indicates that the distribution of species among insect orders is completely different between native... The online application of binding condition B in native and non-native pronoun resolution Clare ePatterson Full Text Available Previous research has shown that anaphor resolution in a non-native language may be more vulnerable to interference from structurally inappropriate antecedents compared to native anaphor resolution. To test whether previous findings on reflexive anaphors generalise to non-reflexive pronouns, we carried out an eye-movement monitoring study investigating the application of binding condition B during native and non-native sentence processing. In two online reading experiments we examined when during processing local and/or non-local antecedents for pronouns were considered in different types of syntactic environment. Our results demonstrate that both native English speakers and native German-speaking learners of English showed online sensitivity to binding condition B in that they did not consider syntactically inappropriate antecedents. For pronouns thought to be exempt from condition B (so-called 'short-distance pronouns', the native readers showed a weak preference for the local antecedent during processing. The non-native readers, on the other hand, showed a preference for the matrix subject even where local coreference was permitted, and despite demonstrating awareness of short-distance pronouns' referential ambiguity in a complementary offline task. This indicates that non-native comprehenders are less sensitive during processing to structural cues that render pronouns exempt from condition B, and prefer to link a pronoun to a salient subject antecedent instead. Lexical representation of novel L2 contrasts Hayes-Harb, Rachel; Masuda, Kyoko There is much interest among psychologists and linguists in the influence of the native language sound system on the acquisition of second languages (Best, 1995; Flege, 1995). Most studies of second language (L2) speech focus on how learners perceive and produce L2 sounds, but we know of only two that have considered how novel sound contrasts are encoded in learners' lexical representations of L2 words (Pallier et al., 2001; Ota et al., 2002). In this study we investigated how native speakers of English encode Japanese consonant quantity contrasts in their developing Japanese lexicons at different stages of acquisition (Japanese contrasts singleton versus geminate consonants but English does not). Monolingual English speakers, native English speakers learning Japanese for one year, and native speakers of Japanese were taught a set of Japanese nonwords containing singleton and geminate consonants. Subjects then performed memory tasks eliciting perception and production data to determine whether they encoded the Japanese consonant quantity contrast lexically. Overall accuracy in these tasks was a function of Japanese language experience, and acoustic analysis of the production data revealed non-native-like patterns of differentiation of singleton and geminate consonants among the L2 learners of Japanese. Implications for theories of L2 speech are discussed. Listen to the Natives Prensky, Marc "Digital natives" refer to today's students because they are native speakers of technology, fluent in the digital language of computers, video games, and the Internet. Those who were not born into the digital world are referred to as digital immigrants. Educators, considered digital immigrants, have slid into the 21st century--and into the digitalâ€¦ Native SAD is maturing. Rose, John P; Wang, Bi-Cheng; Weiss, Manfred S Native SAD phasing uses the anomalous scattering signal of light atoms in the crystalline, native samples of macromolecules collected from single-wavelength X-ray diffraction experiments. These atoms include sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, potassium and calcium. Native SAD phasing is challenging and is critically dependent on the collection of accurate data. Over the past five years, advances in diffraction hardware, crystallographic software, data-collection methods and strategies, and the use of data statistics have been witnessed which allow 'highly accurate data' to be routinely collected. Today, native SAD sits on the verge of becoming a 'first-choice' method for both de novo and molecular-replacement structure determination. This article will focus on advances that have caught the attention of the community over the past five years. It will also highlight both de novo native SAD structures and recent structures that were key to methods development. Contrasting seasonal and aseasonal environments across stages of the annual cycle in the Rufous-collared Sparrow, Zonotrichia capensis: differences in endocrine function, proteome, and body condition. GonzÃ¡lez-GÃ³mez, Paulina L; Echeverria, Valentina; Estades, Cristian F; Perez, Jonathan H; Krause, Jesse S; Sabat, Pablo; Li, Jonathon; KÃ¼ltz, Dietmar; Wingfield, John C 1.The timing and duration of life history stages (LHS) within the annual cycle can be affected by local environmental cues which are integrated through endocrine signaling mechanisms and changes in protein function. Most animals express a single LHS within a given period of the year because synchronous expression of LHSs is thought to be too costly energetically. However, in very rare and extremely stable conditions, breeding and molt have been observed to overlap extensively in Rufous-collared sparrows (Zonotrichia capensis) living in valleys of the Atacama Desert - one of the most stable and aseasonal environments on Earth. 2.To examine how LHS traits at different levels of organization are affected by environmental variability we compared the temporal organization and duration of LHSs in populations in the Atacama Desert with those in the semiarid Fray Jorge National Park in the north of Chile - an extremely seasonal climate but with unpredictable droughts and heavy rainy seasons. 3.We studied the effects of environmental variability on morphological variables related to body condition, endocrine traits, and proteome. Birds living in the seasonal environment had a strict temporal division LHSs while birds living in the aseasonal environment failed to maintain a temporal division of LHSs resulting in direct overlap of breeding and molt. Further, higher circulating glucocorticoids and androgen concentrations were found in birds from seasonal compared to aseasonal populations. Despite these differences, body condition variables and protein expression were not related to the degree of seasonality but rather showed a strong relationship with hormone levels. 4.These results suggest that animals adjust to their environment through changes in behavioral and endocrine traits and may be limited by less labile traits such as morphological variables or expression of specific proteins under certain circumstances. These data on free-living birds shed light on how different Semantic and phonetic enhancements for speech-in-noise recognition by native and non-native listeners. Bradlow, Ann R; Alexander, Jennifer A Previous research has shown that speech recognition differences between native and proficient non-native listeners emerge under suboptimal conditions. Current evidence has suggested that the key deficit that underlies this disproportionate effect of unfavorable listening conditions for non-native listeners is their less effective use of compensatory information at higher levels of processing to recover from information loss at the phoneme identification level. The present study investigated whether this non-native disadvantage could be overcome if enhancements at various levels of processing were presented in combination. Native and non-native listeners were presented with English sentences in which the final word varied in predictability and which were produced in either plain or clear speech. Results showed that, relative to the low-predictability-plain-speech baseline condition, non-native listener final word recognition improved only when both semantic and acoustic enhancements were available (high-predictability-clear-speech). In contrast, the native listeners benefited from each source of enhancement separately and in combination. These results suggests that native and non-native listeners apply similar strategies for speech-in-noise perception: The crucial difference is in the signal clarity required for contextual information to be effective, rather than in an inability of non-native listeners to take advantage of this contextual information per se. Decoding speech perception by native and non-native speakers using single-trial electrophysiological data. Alex Brandmeyer Full Text Available Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs are systems that use real-time analysis of neuroimaging data to determine the mental state of their user for purposes such as providing neurofeedback. Here, we investigate the feasibility of a BCI based on speech perception. Multivariate pattern classification methods were applied to single-trial EEG data collected during speech perception by native and non-native speakers. Two principal questions were asked: 1 Can differences in the perceived categories of pairs of phonemes be decoded at the single-trial level? 2 Can these same categorical differences be decoded across participants, within or between native-language groups? Results indicated that classification performance progressively increased with respect to the categorical status (within, boundary or across of the stimulus contrast, and was also influenced by the native language of individual participants. Classifier performance showed strong relationships with traditional event-related potential measures and behavioral responses. The results of the cross-participant analysis indicated an overall increase in average classifier performance when trained on data from all participants (native and non-native. A second cross-participant classifier trained only on data from native speakers led to an overall improvement in performance for native speakers, but a reduction in performance for non-native speakers. We also found that the native language of a given participant could be decoded on the basis of EEG data with accuracy above 80%. These results indicate that electrophysiological responses underlying speech perception can be decoded at the single-trial level, and that decoding performance systematically reflects graded changes in the responses related to the phonological status of the stimuli. This approach could be used in extensions of the BCI paradigm to support perceptual learning during second language acquisition. Manipulation of Contents of Nitrate, Phenolic Acids, Chlorophylls, and Carotenoids in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) via Contrasting Responses to Nitrogen Fertilizer When Grown in a Controlled Environment. Qadir, Othman; Siervo, Mario; Seal, Chris J; Brandt, Kirsten This study aimed to use different nitrogen fertilizer regimes to produce Butterhead lettuce with such large differences in nitrate content that they could be used as treatment and placebo to study the effect of inorganic nitrate on human health. Plants were grown under controlled conditions at 27/23 Â°C day/night with a relatively low photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) of 150 Î¼mol m -2 s -1 for 14 h day -1 and nitrogen supplies ranging from 26 to 154 ppm of N as ammonium nitrate in the fertigation solution. This resulted in contrasting high (âˆ¼1078 mg nitrate 100 g -1 FW) or low (âˆ¼6 mg 100 g -1 ) nitrate contents in the leaves. Contents of carotenoids and chlorophylls in fresh weight did not differ significantly between the highest and the lowest N-supply levels. However, increased nitrogen supply reduced contents of phenolic compounds from 154 to 22 mg 100 g -1 FW, dry matter content from 8.9% to 4.6%, and fresh weight per plant from 108.52 to 47.57 g/plant FW (all P < 0.001). Thus, while fertilizer treatments can provide lettuce with substantially different nitrate contents, maintaining similar pigment contents (color), they also strongly influence the contents of phenolic acids and flavones. Degradation of Iodinated Contrast Media in Aquatic Environment by Means of UV, UV/TiO2 Process, and by Activated Sludge. Borowska, Ewa; Felis, Ewa; Å»abczyÅ„ski, Sebastian Iodinated contrast media (ICM), which are used for radiological visualization of human tissue and cardiovascular system, are poorly biodegradable; hence, new methods of their removal are sought. In this study, the effectiveness of selected X-ray ICM removal by means of UV and UV/TiO 2 pretreatment processes from synthetic hospital wastewater was demonstrated. The following compounds were investigated: iodipamide, iohexol, and diatrizoate. The experiments were as follows: (i) estimated susceptibility of the ICM to decay by UV radiation in different aquatic matrices, (ii) determined an optimal retention time of hospital wastewater in the UV reactor, (iii) determined optimum TiO 2 concentration to improve the effectiveness of the UV pretreatment, and (iv) investigated removal of ICM by combination of the photochemical and biological treatment methods. The quantum yields of selected ICM decay in deionized water (pHâ€‰=â€‰7.0) were established as 0.006, 0.004, and 0.029 for iohexol, diatrizoate, and iodipamide, respectively. Furthermore, the experiments revealed that diatrizoate and iohexol removal in the UV/TiO 2 process is more efficient than in UV process alone. For diatrizoate, the removal efficiency equaled to 40 and 30Â %, respectively, and for iohexol, the efficiency was 38 and 27Â %, respectively. No significant increase in iodipamide removal in UV and UV/TiO 2 processes was observed (29 and 28Â %, respectively). However, highest removal efficiency was demonstrated in synthetic hospital wastewater with the combined photochemical and biological treatment method. The removal of diatrizoate and iohexol increased to at least 90Â %, and for iodipamide, to at least 50Â %. Non-native salmonids affect amphibian occupancy at multiple spatial scales Pilliod, David S.; Hossack, Blake R.; Bahls, Peter F.; Bull, Evelyn L.; Corn, Paul Stephen; Hokit, Grant; Maxell, Bryce A.; Munger, James C.; Wyrick, Aimee Aim The introduction of non-native species into aquatic environments has been linked with local extinctions and altered distributions of native species. We investigated the effect of non-native salmonids on the occupancy of two native amphibians, the long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) and Columbia spotted frog (Rana luteiventris), across three spatial scales: water bodies, small catchments and large catchments. Location Mountain lakes at â‰¥ 1500 m elevation were surveyed across the northern Rocky Mountains, USA. Methods We surveyed 2267 water bodies for amphibian occupancy (based on evidence of reproduction) and fish presence between 1986 and 2002 and modelled the probability of amphibian occupancy at each spatial scale in relation to habitat availability and quality and fish presence. Results After accounting for habitat features, we estimated that A. macrodactylum was 2.3 times more likely to breed in fishless water bodies than in water bodies with fish. Ambystoma macrodactylum also was more likely to occupy small catchments where none of the water bodies contained fish than in catchments where at least one water body contained fish. However, the probability of salamander occupancy in small catchments was also influenced by habitat availability (i.e. the number of water bodies within a catchment) and suitability of remaining fishless water bodies. We found no relationship between fish presence and salamander occupancy at the large-catchment scale, probably because of increased habitat availability. In contrast to A. macrodactylum, we found no relationship between fish presence and R. luteiventris occupancy at any scale. Main conclusions Our results suggest that the negative effects of non-native salmonids can extend beyond the boundaries of individual water bodies and increase A. macrodactylum extinction risk at landscape scales. We suspect that niche overlap between non-native fish and A. macrodactylum at higher elevations in the northern Rocky Changes in the soil environment from excessive application of fertilizers and manures to two contrasting intensive cropping systems on the North China Plain Ju, X.T.; Kou, C.L.; Christie, P.; Dou, Z.X.; Zhang, F.S. Effects of excessive fertilizer and manure applications on the soil environment were compared in greenhouse vegetable systems shifted from wheat-maize rotations 5-15 years previously and in wheat-maize rotations. N, P and K surpluses to the greenhouses were 4328, 1337 and 1466 kg ha -1 year -1 , respectively compared to 346, 65 and -163 kg ha -1 year -1 to wheat-maize fields. Subsequently, substantial mineral N and available P and K accumulated in the soil and leaching occurred down the soil profile in the greenhouses. Soil pH under vegetables was significantly lower than in the wheat-maize fields, while the EC was significantly higher in the vegetable soils. The mean Cd concentration in the vegetable soils was 2.8 times that in the wheat-maize rotations. Due to excessive fertilizer application in greenhouse vegetable production in northeast China, excessive salt and nitrate concentrations may accumulate and soil quality may deteriorate faster than in conventional wheat-maize rotations. - Extremely high nutrient inputs to intensively managed vegetable crops in northeast China may lead to very serious degradation of soil and water quality Ju, X.T. [Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, College of Agricultural Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094 (China)]. E-mail: juxt@cau.edu.cn; Kou, C.L. [Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, College of Agricultural Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094 (China); Institute of Soil and Fertilization, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002 (China); Christie, P. [Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, College of Agricultural Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094 (China); Agricultural and Environmental Science Department, Queen' s University Belfast, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX (United Kingdom); Dou, Z.X. [Center for Animal Health and Productivity, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348 (United States); Zhang, F.S. [Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, College of Agricultural Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094 (China) Effects of excessive fertilizer and manure applications on the soil environment were compared in greenhouse vegetable systems shifted from wheat-maize rotations 5-15 years previously and in wheat-maize rotations. N, P and K surpluses to the greenhouses were 4328, 1337 and 1466 kg ha{sup -1} year{sup -1}, respectively compared to 346, 65 and -163 kg ha{sup -1} year{sup -1} to wheat-maize fields. Subsequently, substantial mineral N and available P and K accumulated in the soil and leaching occurred down the soil profile in the greenhouses. Soil pH under vegetables was significantly lower than in the wheat-maize fields, while the EC was significantly higher in the vegetable soils. The mean Cd concentration in the vegetable soils was 2.8 times that in the wheat-maize rotations. Due to excessive fertilizer application in greenhouse vegetable production in northeast China, excessive salt and nitrate concentrations may accumulate and soil quality may deteriorate faster than in conventional wheat-maize rotations. - Extremely high nutrient inputs to intensively managed vegetable crops in northeast China may lead to very serious degradation of soil and water quality. Nitrogen rhizodeposition from soybean (Glycine max) and its impact on nutrient budgets in two contrasting environments of the Guinean savannah zone of Nigeria Laberge, G.; Franke, A. C.; Ambus, Per Nitrogen (N) rhizodeposition by grain legumes such as soybean is potentially a large but neglected source of N in cropping systems of Sub-Saharan Africa. Field studies were conducted to measure soybean N rhizodeposition in two environments of the Guinean savannah of Nigeria using 15N leaf labelling...... removed. If residues were left in the field or recycled as manure after being fed to steers, soybean cultivation led to positive N budgets of up to +95 kg N haâˆ’1. The role and potential of grain legumes as N purveyors have been underestimated in the past by neglecting the N contained...... techniques. The first site was located in Ibadan in the humid derived savannah. The second site was in Zaria in the drier Northern Guinean savannah. Soybean N rhizodeposition in the top 0.30 m of soil varied from 7.5 kg haâˆ’1 on a diseased crop in Ibadan to 33 kg haâˆ’1 in Zaria. More than two-thirds of soybean... Sorghum root-system classification in contrasting P environments reveals three main rooting types and root-architecture-related marker-trait associations. Parra-Londono, Sebastian; Kavka, Mareike; Samans, Birgit; Snowdon, Rod; Wieckhorst, Silke; Uptmoor, Ralf Roots facilitate acquisition of macro- and micronutrients, which are crucial for plant productivity and anchorage in the soil. Phosphorus (P) is rapidly immobilized in the soil and hardly available for plants. Adaptation to P scarcity relies on changes in root morphology towards rooting systems well suited for topsoil foraging. Root-system architecture (RSA) defines the spatial organization of the network comprising primary, lateral and stem-derived roots and is important for adaptation to stress conditions. RSA phenotyping is a challenging task and essential for understanding root development. In this study, 19 traits describing RSA were analysed in a diversity panel comprising 194 sorghum genotypes, fingerprinted with a 90-k single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and grown under low and high P availability. Multivariate analysis was conducted and revealed three different RSA types: (1) a small root system; (2) a compact and bushy rooting type; and (3) an exploratory root system, which might benefit plant growth and development if water, nitrogen (N) or P availability is limited. While several genotypes displayed similar rooting types in different environments, others responded to P scarcity positively by developing more exploratory root systems, or negatively with root growth suppression. Genome-wide association studies revealed significant quantitative trait loci (P root-system development on chromosomes SBI-02 and SBI-03. Sorghum genotypes with a compact, bushy and shallow root system provide potential adaptation to P scarcity in the field by allowing thorough topsoil foraging, while genotypes with an exploratory root system may be advantageous if N or water is the limiting factor, although such genotypes showed highest P uptake levels under the artificial conditions of the present study. Â© The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. Late Neoproterozoic to Carboniferous genesis of A-type magmas in Avalonia of northern Nova Scotia: repeated partial melting of anhydrous lower crust in contrasting tectonic environments Murphy, J. Brendan; Shellnutt, J. Gregory; Collins, William J. Avalonian rocks in northern mainland Nova Scotia are characterized by voluminous 640-600 Ma calc-alkalic to tholeiitic mafic to felsic magmas produced in a volcanic arc. However, after the cessation of arc activity, repeated episodes of felsic magmatism between ca. 580 Ma and 350 Ma are dominated by A-type geochemical characteristics. Sm-Nd isotopic data, combined with zircon saturation temperature estimates, indicate that these magmas were formed by high temperature (800-1050 Â°C) melting of the same anhydrous crustal source. Regional tectonic considerations indicate that A-type felsic magmatism was produced (1) at 580 Ma in a San Andreas-type strike slip setting, (2) at 495 Ma as Avalonia rifted off Gondwana, (3) at 465 and 455 in an ensialic island arc environment and (4) at 360-350 Ma during post-collisional, intra-continental strike-slip activity as Avalonia was translated dextrally along the Laurentian margin. These results attest to the importance of crustal source, rather than tectonic setting, in the generation of these A-type magmas and are an example of how additional insights are provided by comparing the geochemical and isotopic characteristics of igneous suites of different ages within the same terrane. They also suggest that the shallow crustal rocks in northern mainland Nova Scotia were not significantly detached from their lower crustal source between ca. 620 Ma and 350 Ma, a time interval that includes the separation of Avalonia from Gondwana, its drift and accretion to Laurentia as well as post-accretionary strike-slip displacement. SU-D-207A-02: Possible Characterization of the Brain Tumor Vascular Environment by a Novel Strategy of Quantitative Analysis in Dynamic Contrast Enhanced MR Imaging: A Combination of Both Patlak and Logan Analyses Yee, S; Chinnaiyan, P; Wloch, J; Pirkola, M; Yan, D [Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI (United States) Purpose: The majority of quantitative analyses involving dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI have been performed to obtain kinetic parameters such as Ktrans and ve. Such analyses are generally performed assuming a â€œreversibleâ€� tissue compartment, where the tracer is assumed to be rapidly equilibrated between the plasma and tissue compartments. However, some tumor vascular environments may be more suited for a â€œnon-reversibleâ€� tissue compartment, where, as with FDG PET imaging, the tracer is continuously deposited into the tissue compartment (or the return back to the plasma compartment is very slow in the imaging time scale). Therefore, Patlak and Logan analyses, which represent tools for the â€œnon-reversibleâ€� and â€œreversibleâ€� modeling, respectively, were performed to better characterize the brain tumor vascular environment. Methods: A voxel-by-voxel analysis was performed to generate both Patlak and Logan plots in two brain tumor patients, one with grade III astrocytoma and the other with grade IV astrocytoma or glioblastoma. The slopes of plots and the r-square were then obtained by linear fitting and compared for each voxel. Results: The 2-dimensional scatter plots of Logan (Y-axis) vs. Patlak slopes (X-axis) clearly showed increased Logan slopes for glioblastoma (Figure 3A). The scatter plots of goodness-of-fit (Figure 3B) also suggested glioblastoma, relative to grade III astrocytoma, might consist of more voxels that are kinetically Logan-like (i.e. rapidly equilibrated extravascular space and active vascular environment). Therefore, the enhanced Logan-like behavior (and the Logan slope) in glioblastoma may imply an increased fraction of active vascular environment, while the enhanced Patlak-like behavior implies the vascular environment permitting a relatively slower washout of the tracer. Conclusion: Although further verification is required, the combination of Patlak and Logan analyses in DCE MRI may be useful in characterizing the tumor Ground thermal conditions along a vertical transect with contrasted topography in a high mountain Mediterranean environment (PuigpedrÃ³s massif, eastern Pyrenees), from 2003 to 2014 Salvador-Franch, Ferran; SalvÃ -Catarineu, Montserrat; Oliva, Marc; GÃ³mez-Ortiz, Antonio During the Last Glaciation glaciers shaped the headwaters and valley floors in the Eastern Pyrenees above 2100-2200 m. Since the deglaciation of these high mountain environments, periglacial processes have generated rock glaciers, patterned ground and debris slopes. The role of soil temperatures is decisive regarding the contemporary activity of several processes: cryoturbation, solifluction, frost weathering, etc. Nowadays, periglacial processes are driven by a seasonal frozen layer extending 4-5 months. At 2100 m the seasonal frost reaches 20 cm depth, while at 2700 m reaches 50 cm depth. However, soil temperatures, and thus, periglacial processes are strongly controlled by the large interannual variability of the snow cover. With the purpose of understanding the rhythm and intensity of soil freezing/thawing we have set up several monitoring sites along a vertical transect from the high plateaus (2700 m) to the valley floors (1100 m) across the southern slope of the PuigpedrÃ³s massif (2914 m), in the Eastern Pyrenees. The monitoring of soil temperatures extends from 2003 to 2014. TinyTalk, UTL and Hobo loggers have been used in this study. These loggers were installed at depths of -5, -20 and -50 cm at five sites: CalmquerdÃ³s (2730 m), Malniu (2230 m), La Feixa (2150 m), Meranges (1600 m) and Das (1097 m). Air temperatures used as reference come from two automatic stations of the Catalan Meteorological Survey (Malniu, Das) as well as from two loggers installed in La Feixa and Meranges. Data shows the control of snow cover on the depth of the frozen layer and on the number of freeze-thaw cycles. Air temperatures at 2000-2200 m show a mean of 150 freeze-thaw cycles per year. In La Feixa, with very thin snow cover, only 67 cycles are recorded at 5 cm depth and 5 cycles at 50 cm depth. In Malniu, located at a higher elevation showing a thicker and longer snow cover, only 17 freeze-thaw cycles per year are recorded at 5 cm depth, with no cycles recorded at 50 cm Native Knowledge in the Americas. Kidwell, Clara Sue Native American science is defined as activities of native peoples of the New World in observing physical phenomena and attempting to explain and control them. Problems in studying native science, ethnoscience and native science, archaeostronomy and ethnoastronomy, ethnobotany, agriculture, technology, and future directions are discussed. (JN) Native American medicine. Cohen, K This article summarizes common principles, practices, and ethics of Native American healing, the traditional medicine of North America. Native American healing, spirituality, culture, and, in modern times, political, social, and economic concerns are closely intertwined. Intuition and spiritual awareness are a healer's most essential diagnostic tools. Therapeutic methods include prayer, music, ritual purification, herbalism, massage, ceremony, and personal innovations of individual healers. A community of friends, family, and helpers often participate in the healing intervention and help to alleviate the alienation caused by disease. A healthy patient has a healthy relationship with his or her community and, ultimately, with the greater community of nature known as "All Relations." The goal of Native American healing is to find wholeness, balance, harmony, beauty, and meaning. "Healing," making whole, is as important as curing disease; at times they are identical. Immigrants and Native Workers Foged, Mette; Peri, Giovanni Using a database that includes the universe of individuals and establishments in Denmark over the period 1991-2008 we analyze the effect of a large inflow of non-European (EU) immigrants on Danish workers. We first identify a sharp and sustained supply-driven increase in the inflow of non......-EU immigrants in Denmark, beginning in 1995 and driven by a sequence of international events such as the Bosnian, Somalian and Iraqi crises. We then look at the response of occupational complexity, job upgrading and downgrading, wage and employment of natives in the short and long run. We find...... that the increased supply of non-EU low skilled immigrants pushed native workers to pursue more complex occupations. This reallocation happened mainly through movement across firms. Immigration increased mobility of natives across firms and across municipalities but it did not increase their probability... Comparing differential tolerance of native and non-indigenous marine species to metal pollution using novel assay techniques Piola, Richard F.; Johnston, Emma L. Recent research suggests anthropogenic disturbance may disproportionately advantage non-indigenous species (NIS), aiding their establishment within impacted environments. This study used novel laboratory- and field-based toxicity testing to determine whether non-indigenous and native bryozoans (common within marine epibenthic communities worldwide) displayed differential tolerance to the common marine pollutant copper (Cu). In laboratory assays on adult colonies, NIS showed remarkable tolerance to Cu, with strong post-exposure recovery and growth. In contrast, native species displayed negative growth and reduced feeding efficiency across most exposure levels. Field transplant experiments supported laboratory findings, with NIS growing faster under Cu conditions. In field-based larval assays, NIS showed strong recruitment and growth in the presence of Cu relative to the native species. We suggest that strong selective pressures exerted by the toxic antifouling paints used on transport vectors (vessels), combined with metal contamination in estuarine environments, may result in metal tolerant NIS advantaged by anthropogenically modified selection regimes. - Greater tolerance to pollutants in marine NIS may increase the risk of invasion in port and harbours worldwide by providing a competitive advantage over native taxa. The Native American Holocaust. Thornton, Russell Describes the American Indian "Holocaust," decimation of Indian populations following European discovery of the Americas. European and African diseases, warfare with Europeans, and genocide reduced native populations from 75 million to only a few million. Discusses population statistics and demographic effects of epidemics, continuing infection,â€¦ Phase Contrast Imaging Menk, Ralf Hendrik All standard (medical) x-ray imaging technologies, rely primarily on the amplitude properties of the incident radiation, and do not depend on its phase. This is unchanged since the discovery by Roentgen that the intensity of an x-ray beam, as measured by the exposure on a film, was related to the relative transmission properties of an object. However, recently various imaging techniques have emerged which depend on the phase of the x-rays as well as the amplitude. Phase becomes important when the beam is coherent and the imaging system is sensitive to interference phenomena. Significant new advances have been made in coherent optic theory and techniques, which now promise phase information in medical imaging. The development of perfect crystal optics and the increasing availability of synchrotron radiation facilities have contributed to a significant increase in the application of phase based imaging in materials and life sciences. Unique source characteristics such as high intensity, monochromaticity, coherence and high collimating provide an ideal source for advanced imaging. Phase contrast imaging has been applied in both projection and computed tomography modes, and recent applications have been made in the field of medical imaging. Due to the underlying principle of X-ray detection conventional image receptors register only intensities of wave fields and not their phases. During the last decade basically five different methods were developed that translate the phase information into intensity variations. These methods are based on measuring the phase shift Ï† directly (using interference phenomena), the gradient âˆ‡ Ï† , or the Laplacian âˆ‡ 2 Ï†. All three methods can be applied to polychromatic X-ray sources keeping in mind that the native source is synchrotron radiation, featuring monochromatic and reasonable coherent X-ray beams. Due to the vast difference in the coefficients that are driven absorption and phase effects (factor 1,000-10,000 in the energy Native Geosciences: Strengthening the Future Through Tribal Traditions Bolman, J. R.; Quigley, I.; Douville, V.; Hollow Horn Bear, D. Native people have lived for millennia in distinct and unique ways in our natural sacred homelands and environments. Tribal cultures are the expression of deep understandings of geosciences shared through oral histories, language and ceremonies. Today, Native people as all people are living in a definite time of change. The developing awareness of "change" brings forth an immense opportunity to expand and elevate Native geosciences knowledge, specifically in the areas of earth, wind, fire and water. At the center of "change" is the need to balance the needs of the people with the needs of the environment. Native tradition and our inherent understanding of what is "sacred above is sacred below" is the foundation for an emerging multi-faceted approach to increasing the representation of Natives in geosciences. The approach is also a pathway to assist in Tribal language revitalization, connection of oral histories and ceremonies as well as building an intergenerational teaching/learning community. Humboldt State University, Sinte Gleska University and South Dakota School of Mines and Technology in partnership with Northern California (Hoopa, Yurok, & Karuk) and Great Plains (Lakota) Tribes have nurtured Native geosciences learning communities connected to Tribal Sacred Sites and natural resources. These sites include the Black Hills (Mato Paha, Mato Tiplia, Hinhan Kaga Paha, Mako Sica etc.), Klamath River (IshkÃªesh), and Hoopa Valley (Natinixwe). Native geosciences learning is centered on the themes of earth, wind, fire and water and Native application of remote sensing technologies. Tribal Elders and Native geoscientists work collaboratively providing Native families in-field experiential intergenerational learning opportunities which invite participants to immerse themselves spiritually, intellectually, physically and emotionally in the experiences. Through this immersion and experience Native students and families strengthen the circle of our future Tribal State of Conservation of the Native Forests in Entre RÃos (Argentina) and Changes in Land Use Sabattini, R. A.; Sione, S. M.; Ledesma, S. G.; Sabattini, J. A.; Wilson, M. G. The native forest area of Entre RÃos province (Argentina) is associated with a constant change in land use, with an increase in recent years in agricultural use, especially for soybean crop. In addition, since its inadequate management has triggered degradation processes of the natural forest structure, the implementation of strategies for the restoration and conservation of native forests has become a priority. The aim of this study was to diagnose the conservation state of the native forest in the basin of the Estacas Stream (Entre RÃos, Argentina) after the change in land use, to help design guidelines for the restoration and sustainable management of these ecosystems. The field study was conducted in October 2010, in a representative area of the native forest of 73,000 ha. Using Landsat 5-TM images (INPE), environments were separated by manual vectorization, identifying and classifying native forests and other lands (agricultural, urban). Using a field exploratory survey (58 geo-referenced sampling points), we developed patterns corresponding to the different types of forests, contrasting this information with the digital data of the images. The native forests were classified according to type (high/low forest, open/closed forest, savanna), successional stage (climax, successional or regeneration forest) and degree of disturbance (weed growth, erosion, fire), and their frequency determined. Each classification was assessed by a contingency matrix, and global reliability index and the Kappa index. The information obtained generated a classification map of native forests in the basin scale. We found that the native forest covered an area of 42,726.91 ha, accounting for 58.52% of the total basin area, and that the rest corresponded to other land uses. The most frequent native forests (59.09%) were climax forest, but accounted for only 8.2% of the basin area. Within this group, the most important were the low and open forest, with Prosopis affinis and Prosopis Climate change vulnerability of native and alien freshwater fishes of California: a systematic assessment approach. Moyle, Peter B; Kiernan, Joseph D; Crain, Patrick K; QuiÃ±ones, Rebecca M Freshwater fishes are highly vulnerable to human-caused climate change. Because quantitative data on status and trends are unavailable for most fish species, a systematic assessment approach that incorporates expert knowledge was developed to determine status and future vulnerability to climate change of freshwater fishes in California, USA. The method uses expert knowledge, supported by literature reviews of status and biology of the fishes, to score ten metrics for both (1) current status of each species (baseline vulnerability to extinction) and (2) likely future impacts of climate change (vulnerability to extinction). Baseline and climate change vulnerability scores were derived for 121 native and 43 alien fish species. The two scores were highly correlated and were concordant among different scorers. Native species had both greater baseline and greater climate change vulnerability than did alien species. Fifty percent of California's native fish fauna was assessed as having critical or high baseline vulnerability to extinction whereas all alien species were classified as being less or least vulnerable. For vulnerability to climate change, 82% of native species were classified as highly vulnerable, compared with only 19% for aliens. Predicted climate change effects on freshwater environments will dramatically change the fish fauna of California. Most native fishes will suffer population declines and become more restricted in their distributions; some will likely be driven to extinction. Fishes requiring cold water (extinct. In contrast, most alien fishes will thrive, with some species increasing in abundance and range. However, a few alien species will likewise be negatively affected through loss of aquatic habitats during severe droughts and physiologically stressful conditions present in most waterways during summer. Our method has high utility for predicting vulnerability to climate change of diverse fish species. It should be useful for setting conservation Call transmission efficiency in native and invasive anurans: competing hypotheses of divergence in acoustic signals. Llusia, Diego; GÃ³mez, Miguel; Penna, Mario; MÃ¡rquez, Rafael Invasive species are a leading cause of the current biodiversity decline, and hence examining the major traits favouring invasion is a key and long-standing goal of invasion biology. Despite the prominent role of the advertisement calls in sexual selection and reproduction, very little attention has been paid to the features of acoustic communication of invasive species in nonindigenous habitats and their potential impacts on native species. Here we compare for the first time the transmission efficiency of the advertisement calls of native and invasive species, searching for competitive advantages for acoustic communication and reproduction of introduced taxa, and providing insights into competing hypotheses in evolutionary divergence of acoustic signals: acoustic adaptation vs. morphological constraints. Using sound propagation experiments, we measured the attenuation rates of pure tones (0.2-5 kHz) and playback calls (Lithobates catesbeianus and Pelophylax perezi) across four distances (1, 2, 4, and 8 m) and over two substrates (water and soil) in seven Iberian localities. All factors considered (signal type, distance, substrate, and locality) affected transmission efficiency of acoustic signals, which was maximized with lower frequency sounds, shorter distances, and over water surface. Despite being broadcast in nonindigenous habitats, the advertisement calls of invasive L. catesbeianus were propagated more efficiently than those of the native species, in both aquatic and terrestrial substrates, and in most of the study sites. This implies absence of optimal relationship between native environments and propagation of acoustic signals in anurans, in contrast to what predicted by the acoustic adaptation hypothesis, and it might render these vertebrates particularly vulnerable to intrusion of invasive species producing low frequency signals, such as L. catesbeianus. Our findings suggest that mechanisms optimizing sound transmission in native habitat can play a less Peter B Moyle Full Text Available Freshwater fishes are highly vulnerable to human-caused climate change. Because quantitative data on status and trends are unavailable for most fish species, a systematic assessment approach that incorporates expert knowledge was developed to determine status and future vulnerability to climate change of freshwater fishes in California, USA. The method uses expert knowledge, supported by literature reviews of status and biology of the fishes, to score ten metrics for both (1 current status of each species (baseline vulnerability to extinction and (2 likely future impacts of climate change (vulnerability to extinction. Baseline and climate change vulnerability scores were derived for 121 native and 43 alien fish species. The two scores were highly correlated and were concordant among different scorers. Native species had both greater baseline and greater climate change vulnerability than did alien species. Fifty percent of California's native fish fauna was assessed as having critical or high baseline vulnerability to extinction whereas all alien species were classified as being less or least vulnerable. For vulnerability to climate change, 82% of native species were classified as highly vulnerable, compared with only 19% for aliens. Predicted climate change effects on freshwater environments will dramatically change the fish fauna of California. Most native fishes will suffer population declines and become more restricted in their distributions; some will likely be driven to extinction. Fishes requiring cold water (<22Â°C are particularly likely to go extinct. In contrast, most alien fishes will thrive, with some species increasing in abundance and range. However, a few alien species will likewise be negatively affected through loss of aquatic habitats during severe droughts and physiologically stressful conditions present in most waterways during summer. Our method has high utility for predicting vulnerability to climate change of diverse fish Diego Llusia Full Text Available Invasive species are a leading cause of the current biodiversity decline, and hence examining the major traits favouring invasion is a key and long-standing goal of invasion biology. Despite the prominent role of the advertisement calls in sexual selection and reproduction, very little attention has been paid to the features of acoustic communication of invasive species in nonindigenous habitats and their potential impacts on native species. Here we compare for the first time the transmission efficiency of the advertisement calls of native and invasive species, searching for competitive advantages for acoustic communication and reproduction of introduced taxa, and providing insights into competing hypotheses in evolutionary divergence of acoustic signals: acoustic adaptation vs. morphological constraints. Using sound propagation experiments, we measured the attenuation rates of pure tones (0.2-5 kHz and playback calls (Lithobates catesbeianus and Pelophylax perezi across four distances (1, 2, 4, and 8 m and over two substrates (water and soil in seven Iberian localities. All factors considered (signal type, distance, substrate, and locality affected transmission efficiency of acoustic signals, which was maximized with lower frequency sounds, shorter distances, and over water surface. Despite being broadcast in nonindigenous habitats, the advertisement calls of invasive L. catesbeianus were propagated more efficiently than those of the native species, in both aquatic and terrestrial substrates, and in most of the study sites. This implies absence of optimal relationship between native environments and propagation of acoustic signals in anurans, in contrast to what predicted by the acoustic adaptation hypothesis, and it might render these vertebrates particularly vulnerable to intrusion of invasive species producing low frequency signals, such as L. catesbeianus. Our findings suggest that mechanisms optimizing sound transmission in native habitat Digital Natives or Digital Tribes? Watson, Ian Robert This research builds upon the discourse surrounding digital natives. A literature review into the digital native phenomena was undertaken and found that researchers are beginning to identify the digital native as not one cohesive group but of individuals influenced by other factors. Primary research by means of questionnaire survey of technologiesâ€¦ The Paradox of Restoring Native River Landscapes and Restoring Native Ecosystems in the Colorado River System Schmidt, J. C. Throughout the Colorado River basin (CRb), scientists and river managers collaborate to improve native ecosystems. Native ecosystems have deteriorated due to construction of dams and diversions that alter natural flow, sediment supply, and temperature regimes, trans-basin diversions that extract large amounts of water from some segments of the channel network, and invasion of non-native animals and plants. These scientist/manager collaborations occur in large, multi-stakeholder, adaptive management programs that include the Lower Colorado River Multi-Species Conservation Program, the Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Program, and the Upper Colorado River Endangered Species Recovery Program. Although a fundamental premise of native species recovery is that restoration of predam flow regimes inevitably leads to native species recovery, such is not the case in many parts of the CRb. For example, populations of the endangered humpback chub (Gila cypha) are largest in the sediment deficit, thermally altered conditions of the Colorado River downstream from Glen Canyon Dam, but these species occur in much smaller numbers in the upper CRb even though the flow regime, sediment supply, and sediment mass balance are less perturbed. Similar contrasts in the physical and biological response of restoration of predam flow regimes occurs in floodplains dominated by nonnative tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) where reestablishment of floods has the potential to exacerbate vertical accretion processes that disconnect the floodplain from the modern flow regime. A significant challenge in restoring segments of the CRb is to describe this paradox of physical and biological response to reestablishment of pre-dam flow regimes, and to clearly identify objectives of environmentally oriented river management. In many cases, understanding the nature of the perturbation to sediment mass balance caused by dams and diversions and understanding the constraints imposed by societal commitments to provide Development of contrast media Krause, W. Description of all contrast media (ionic and nonionic monomers, ionic and nonionic dimers) was presented. Chemotoxicity, osmolality and viscosity of some contrast agents were analyzed. The main adverse reactions to ionic and nonionic contrast media were described PredaÃ§Ã£o de larvas de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus, Holmberg por copÃ©podes ciclopÃ³ides (Mesocyclops longisetus, ThiÃ©baud em diferentes densidades e ambientes e com diferentes contrastes visuais Predation of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus, Holmberg larvae by cyclopoid copepods (Mesocyclops longisetus, ThiÃ©baud at different densities in environments with different visual contrast Carmino Hayashi Full Text Available O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a influÃªncia da densidade de copÃ©podes ciclopÃ³ides (Mesocyclops longisetus na predaÃ§Ã£o de larvas de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus em ambientes com diferentes contrastes visuais. Foram utilizadas 360 larvas de pacu (Lt = 5,77Â±0,23 mm e Wt = 6,57 mg, distribuÃdas em 24 aquÃ¡rios (1-L de vidro transparente, em um delineamento em blocos casualizados com oito tratamentos e trÃªs repetiÃ§Ãµes, que constaram de 0, 10, 20 e 30 copÃ©podes/L, em aquÃ¡rios com paredes sem revestimento ou com paredes revestidas de plÃ¡stico escuro. Realizou-se a contagem, a cada uma hora, das larvas mortas e em seguida elas eram retiradas com uma pipeta. Observou-se um aumento linear nas taxas de predaÃ§Ã£o (p Influence of density of cyclopoid copepods (Mesocyclops longisetus on pacu larvae (Piaractus mesopotamicus predation in environments with different visual contrast is provided. Three hundred and sixty larvae (Lt: 5.77Â±0.23 mm and Wt: 6.57 mg were distributed in 24 one-liter light-color-lined aquaria, in a entirely randomized design, with eight treatments and three replications, with densities 0, 10, 20 and 30 copepods/L. Similar densities were used and distributed in aquaria with dark plastic lined interior. Dead larvae were counted hourly and removed with a pipette. After three hours from the start of experiment a linear increase in predation rate (p th to the 9th observation, with smaller survival values of pacu larvae in light-colored aquaria. It may be concluded that increase in copepod density and absence of lining on walls of aquaria favor higher predation rates of copepods on pacu larvae Neighbour tolerance, not suppression, provides competitive advantage to non-native plants. Golivets, Marina; Wallin, Kimberly F High competitive ability has often been invoked as a key determinant of invasion success and ecological impacts of non-native plants. Yet our understanding of the strategies that non-natives use to gain competitive dominance remains limited. Particularly, it remains unknown whether the two non-mutually exclusive competitive strategies, neighbour suppression and neighbour tolerance, are equally important for the competitive advantage of non-native plants. Here, we analyse data from 192 peer-reviewed studies on pairwise plant competition within a Bayesian multilevel meta-analytic framework and show that non-native plants outperform their native counterparts due to high tolerance of competition, as opposed to strong suppressive ability. Competitive tolerance ability of non-native plants was driven by neighbour's origin and was expressed in response to a heterospecific native but not heterospecific non-native neighbour. In contrast to natives, non-native species were not more suppressed by hetero- vs. conspecific neighbours, which was partially due to higher intensity of intraspecific competition among non-natives. Heterogeneity in the data was primarily associated with methodological differences among studies and not with phylogenetic relatedness among species. Altogether, our synthesis demonstrates that non-native plants are competitively distinct from native plants and challenges the common notion that neighbour suppression is the primary strategy for plant invasion success. Â© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd/CNRS. Asthma and American Indians/Alaska Natives ... Minority Population Profiles > American Indian/Alaska Native > Asthma Asthma and American Indians/Alaska Natives In 2015, 240, ... Native American adults reported that they currently have asthma. American Indian/Alaska Native children are 60% more ... Ab initio study of native defects in SnO under strain Bianchi Granato, Danilo Tin monoxide (SnO) has promising properties to be applied as a p-type semiconductor in transparent electronics. To this end, it is necessary to understand the behaviour of defects in order to control them. We use density functional theory to study native defects of SnO under tensile and compressive strain. We show that Sn vacancies are less stable under tension and more stable under compression, irrespectively of the charge state. In contrast, O vacancies behave differently for different charge states. It turns out that the most stable defect under compression is the +1 charged O vacancy in an Sn-rich environment and the charge neutral O interstitial in an O-rich environment. Therefore, compression can be used to transform SnO from a p-type into either an n-type or an undoped semiconductor. Copyright Â© EPLA, 2014. Radiographic contrast media Golman, K.; Holtz, E.; Almen, T. Contrast media are used in diagnostic radiology to enhance the X-ray attenuation between a body structure of interest and the surrounding tissue. A detail becomes perceptible on a roentgenogram only when its contrast exceeds a minimum value in relation to the background. Small areas of interest must have higher contrast than the background. The contrast effect depends on concentration of the contrast media with the body. A high contrast media concentration difference thus gives rise to more morphological details in the radiographs. Contrast media can be divided into negative contrast media such as air and gas which attenuate X-rays less than the body tissues, and positive contrast materials which attenuate X-rays more than the body tissues. The positive contrast media all contain either iodine (atomic number 53) or barium (atomic number 56) and can be divided into water-insoluble and water-soluble contrast media Amyloid oligomers and protofibrils, but not filaments, self-replicate from native lysozyme. Mulaj, Mentor; Foley, Joseph; Muschol, Martin Self-assembly of amyloid fibrils is the molecular mechanism best known for its connection with debilitating human disorders such as Alzheimer's disease but is also associated with various functional cellular responses. There is increasing evidence that amyloid formation proceeds along two distinct assembly pathways involving either globular oligomers and protofibrils or rigid monomeric filaments. Oligomers, in particular, have been implicated as the dominant molecular species responsible for pathogenesis. Yet the molecular mechanisms regulating their self-assembly have remained elusive. Here we show that oligomers/protofibrils and monomeric filaments, formed along distinct assembly pathways, display critical differences in their ability to template amyloid growth at physiological vs denaturing temperatures. At physiological temperatures, amyloid filaments remained stable but could not seed growth of native monomers. In contrast, oligomers and protofibrils not only remained intact but were capable of self-replication using native monomers as the substrate. Kinetic data further suggested that this prion-like growth mode of oligomers/protofibrils involved two distinct activities operating orthogonal from each other: autocatalytic self-replication of oligomers from native monomers and nucleated polymerization of oligomers into protofibrils. The environmental changes to stability and templating competence of these different amyloid species in different environments are likely to be important for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying both pathogenic and functional amyloid self-assembly. SANS with contrast variation study of the bacteriorhodopsin-octyl glucoside complex Mo, Yiming; Heller, William T. Membrane proteins (MPs), which play vital roles in trans-membrane trafficking and signalling between cells and their external environment, comprise a major fraction of the expressed proteomes of many organisms. MP production for biophysical characterization requires detergents for extracting MPs from their native membrane and to solubilize the MP in solution for purification and study. In a proper detergent solution, the detergent-associated MPs retain their native fold and oligomerization state, key requirements for biophysical characterization and crystallization. SANS with contrast variation was performed to characterize BR in complex with OG to better understand the MP-detergent complex. Contrast variation makes it possible to not only probe the conformation of the entire structure but also investigate the conformation of the polypeptide chain within the BR-OG complex. The BR-OG SANS contrast variation series is not consistent with a compact structure, such as a trimeric BR complex surrounded by a belt of detergent. The data strongly suggest that the protein is partially unfolded through its association with the detergent micelles. Mo Yiming; Heller, William T A novel method combining cellular neural networks and the coupled nonlinear oscillators' paradigm involving a related bifurcation analysis for robust image contrast enhancement in dynamically changing difficult visual environments Chedjou, Jean Chamberlain; Kyamakya, Kyandoghere It is well known that a machine vision-based analysis of a dynamic scene, for example in the context of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), does require real-time processing capabilities. Therefore, the system used must be capable of performing both robust and ultrafast analyses. Machine vision in ADAS must fulfil the above requirements when dealing with a dynamically changing visual context (i.e. driving in darkness or in a foggy environment, etc). Among the various challenges related to the analysis of a dynamic scene, this paper focuses on contrast enhancement, which is a well-known basic operation to improve the visual quality of an image (dynamic or static) suffering from poor illumination. The key objective is to develop a systematic and fundamental concept for image contrast enhancement that should be robust despite a dynamic environment and that should fulfil the real-time constraints by ensuring an ultrafast analysis. It is demonstrated that the new approach developed in this paper is capable of fulfilling the expected requirements. The proposed approach combines the good features of the 'coupled oscillators'-based signal processing paradigm with the good features of the 'cellular neural network (CNN)'-based one. The first paradigm in this combination is the 'master system' and consists of a set of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that are (a) the so-called 'van der Pol oscillator' and (b) the so-called 'Duffing oscillator'. It is then implemented or realized on top of a 'slave system' platform consisting of a CNN-processors platform. An offline bifurcation analysis is used to find out, a priori, the windows of parameter settings in which the coupled oscillator system exhibits the best and most appropriate behaviours of interest for an optimal resulting image processing quality. In the frame of the extensive bifurcation analysis carried out, analytical formulae have been derived, which are capable of determining the various A Novel Approach for Designing Mobile Native Apps Sasmita Pani Full Text Available Mobile devices are differed from desktop based systems in terms of particular execution environment, constrained resources, and high mobility requirement. To overcome these shortcomings, various agile based methodologies are developed for native mobile applications such as Mobile-D, Scrum etc. These agile techniques are based on various phases and these phases begin from exploring, initializing and implementing the mobile apps. But these techniques are not focusing on elaborating design model for mobile native apps. The aim of the paper is to provide a layered approach or layered model for design of mobile native apps which can be used as a framework for developing mobile native apps. Any mobile native app developer can use this sequential approach or design model for design and development of mobile native apps. This design model gives a standard or framework, based on which generic native mobile apps can be designed and developed. This paper also shows an empirical analysis among the web app design models with the proposed design model for mobile native app development. Environmental racism: the US nuclear industry and native Americans Lehtinen, Ulla The author argues that the United States nuclear industry has acted in a discriminatory fashion towards Native American peoples and the land they hold as reservations. Both uranium mining and nuclear weapons testing is commonplace and plans now exist to locate a low-level radioactive waste dump in the Mojave desert in California, a sacred site for many native people. Opposition to such plans is growing among the Native Americans, sharpened by their existing commitment to conservation of the environment, but on their own, they are not a lobby powerful enough to oppose the might of the nuclear industry. (UK) Lehtinen, Ulla [Organization of the Fourth World - First Peoples (Finland) The author argues that the United States nuclear industry has acted in a discriminatory fashion towards Native American peoples and the land they hold as reservations. Both uranium mining and nuclear weapons testing is commonplace and plans now exist to locate a low-level radioactive waste dump in the Mojave desert in California, a sacred site for many native people. Opposition to such plans is growing among the Native Americans, sharpened by their existing commitment to conservation of the environment, but on their own, they are not a lobby powerful enough to oppose the might of the nuclear industry. (UK). Aquatic macroinvertebrate responses to native and non-native predators Haddaway N. R. Full Text Available Non-native species can profoundly affect native ecosystems through trophic interactions with native species. Native prey may respond differently to non-native versus native predators since they lack prior experience. Here we investigate antipredator responses of two common freshwater macroinvertebrates, Gammarus pulex and Potamopyrgus jenkinsi, to olfactory cues from three predators; sympatric native fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus, sympatric native crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes, and novel invasive crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus. G. pulex responded differently to fish and crayfish; showing enhanced locomotion in response to fish, but a preference for the dark over the light in response to the crayfish. P.jenkinsi showed increased vertical migration in response to all three predator cues relative to controls. These different responses to fish and crayfish are hypothesised to reflect the predatorsâ€™ differing predation types; benthic for crayfish and pelagic for fish. However, we found no difference in response to native versus invasive crayfish, indicating that prey naivetÃ© is unlikely to drive the impacts of invasive crayfish. The Predator Recognition Continuum Hypothesis proposes that benefits of generalisable predator recognition outweigh costs when predators are diverse. Generalised responses of prey as observed here will be adaptive in the presence of an invader, and may reduce novel predatorsâ€™ potential impacts. Native T1 mapping of the heart - a pictorial review. Germain, Philippe; El Ghannudi, Soraya; Jeung, Mi-Young; Ohlmann, Patrick; Epailly, Eric; Roy, Catherine; Gangi, Afshin T1 mapping is now a clinically feasible method, providing pixel-wise quantification of the cardiac structure's T1 values. Beyond focal lesions, well depicted by late gadolinium enhancement sequences, it has become possible to discriminate diffuse myocardial alterations, previously not assessable by noninvasive means. The strength of this method includes the high reproducibility and immediate clinical applicability, even without the use of contrast media injection (native or pre-contrast T1). The two most important determinants of native T1 augmentation are (1) edema related to tissue water increase (recent infarction or inflammation) and (2) interstitial space increase related to fibrosis (infarction scar, cardiomyopathy) or to amyloidosis. Conversely, lipid (Anderson-Fabry) or iron overload diseases are responsible for T1 reduction. In this pictorial review, the main features provided by native T1 mapping are discussed and illustrated, with a special focus on the awaited clinical purpose of this unique, promising new method. Dissociating Cortical Activity during Processing of Native and Non-Native Audiovisual Speech from Early to Late Infancy Eswen Fava Full Text Available Initially, infants are capable of discriminating phonetic contrasts across the worldâ€™s languages. Starting between seven and ten months of age, they gradually lose this ability through a process of perceptual narrowing. Although traditionally investigated with isolated speech sounds, such narrowing occurs in a variety of perceptual domains (e.g., faces, visual speech. Thus far, tracking the developmental trajectory of this tuning process has been focused primarily on auditory speech alone, and generally using isolated sounds. But infants learn from speech produced by people talking to them, meaning they learn from a complex audiovisual signal. Here, we use near-infrared spectroscopy to measure blood concentration changes in the bilateral temporal cortices of infants in three different age groups: 3-to-6 months, 7-to-10 months, and 11-to-14-months. Critically, all three groups of infants were tested with continuous audiovisual speech in both their native and another, unfamiliar language. We found that at each age range, infants showed different patterns of cortical activity in response to the native and non-native stimuli. Infants in the youngest group showed bilateral cortical activity that was greater overall in response to non-native relative to native speech; the oldest group showed left lateralized activity in response to native relative to non-native speech. These results highlight perceptual tuning as a dynamic process that happens across modalities and at different levels of stimulus complexity. Digital Natives Revisited: Developing Digital Wisdom in the Modern University Harris, David The seminal work of Prensky on "digital natives" and "digital wisdom" is used to launch a broader discussion on the relations between electronic communication, higher education, and popular and elite culture. Prensky's critics commonly contrast his polarisations and generational divisions with a more complex picture of types of engagement withâ€¦ De etiske journalister: Native Advertising Holst, Asger Bach; Jeppesen, Annika; Turunen, Marcus This project investigates the opinions about Native Advertising, among RUC-students who study journalism. In qualitative interviews a number of students point out advantages and disadvantages of Native Advertising as they see them, as well as they reflect upon if they eventually can see themselves work with Native Advertising.A selection of their responds are analysed with the use of a pragmatic argument analysis. The outcome of the analysis is the base of a discussion, which also include the... Introduced brown trout alter native acanthocephalan infections in native fish. Paterson, Rachel A; Townsend, Colin R; Poulin, Robert; Tompkins, Daniel M 1. Native parasite acquisition provides introduced species with the potential to modify native host-parasite dynamics by acting as parasite reservoirs (with the 'spillback' of infection increasing the parasite burdens of native hosts) or sinks (with the 'dilution' of infection decreasing the parasite burdens of native hosts) of infection. 2. In New Zealand, negative correlations between the presence of introduced brown trout (Salmo trutta) and native parasite burdens of the native roundhead galaxias (Galaxias anomalus) have been observed, suggesting that parasite dilution is occurring. 3. We used a multiple-scale approach combining field observations, experimental infections and dynamic population modelling to investigate whether native Acanthocephalus galaxii acquisition by brown trout alters host-parasite dynamics in native roundhead galaxias. 4. Field observations demonstrated higher infection intensity in introduced trout than in native galaxias, but only small, immature A. galaxii were present in trout. Experimental infections also demonstrated that A. galaxii does not mature in trout, although parasite establishment and initial growth were similar in the two hosts. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that trout may serve as an infection sink for the native parasite. 5. However, dynamic population modelling predicts that A. galaxii infections in native galaxias should at most only be slightly reduced by dilution in the presence of trout. Rather, model exploration indicates parasite densities in galaxias are highly sensitive to galaxias predation on infected amphipods, and to relative abundances of galaxias and trout. Hence, trout presence may instead reduce parasite burdens in galaxias by either reducing galaxias density or by altering galaxias foraging behaviour. Â© 2011 The Authors. Journal of Animal Ecology Â© 2011 British Ecological Society. Challenges to Native American health care. Noren, J; Kindig, D; Sprenger, A Native American health care programs face complex and unprecedented challenges resulting from the increased assumption of clinical operations by tribal authorities, shortfalls in Federal funding, modifications in state and Federal health and welfare programs, and intensifying involvement with managed care organizations. These challenges are further complicated by service populations that are increasing at a faster rate than the growth in funding. The authors conducted onsite surveys of 39 Native American health programs in 10 states in order to assess the organizational and management problems they faced. The trend toward transfer of health programs from the Indian Health Service to tribal operation seems likely to continue and accelerate. The survey results indicate that in order for programs to be effective in the long run, they will need to be guided by skilled managers able to adapt to these powerful changes in the health care environment. Water guns affect abundance and behavior of bigheaded carp and native fish differently Rivera, Jose; Glover, David C.; Kocovsky, Patrick; Garvey, James E.; Gaikowski, Mark; Jensen, Nathan R.; Adams, Ryan F. Water guns have shown the potential to repel nuisance aquatic organisms. This study examines the effects of exposure to a 1966.4Â cm3Â seismic water gun array (two guns) on the abundance and behavior of Bighead CarpÂ Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, Silver CarpÂ H. molitrixÂ (collectively referred to as bigheaded carp) and native fishes (e.g., Smallmouth BuffaloÂ Ictiobus bubalus). Water guns were deployed in a channel that connects the Illinois River to backwater quarry pits that contained a large transient population of bigheaded carp. To evaluate the effect of water guns, mobile side-looking split-beam hydroacoustic surveys were conducted before, during and between replicated water gun firing periods. Water guns did not affect abundance of bigheaded carp, but abundance of native fish detected during the firing treatment was 43 and 34% lower than the control and water guns off treatments, respectively. The proximity of bigheaded carp to the water gun array was similar between the water guns on and water guns off treatments. In contrast, the closest detected native fish were detected farther from the water guns during the water guns on treatment (meanÂ Â±Â SE, 32.38Â Â±Â 3.32Â m) than during the water guns off treatment (15.04Â Â±Â 1.59Â m). The water gun array had a greater impact on native fish species than on bigheaded carp. Caution should be taken to the extrapolation of these results to other fish species and to fish exposed to water guns in different environments (e.g., reduced shoreline interaction) or exposure to a larger array of water guns, or for use of water guns for purposes other than a barrier. Native Speakers' Perception of Non-Native English Speech Jaber, Maysa; Hussein, Riyad F. This study is aimed at investigating the rating and intelligibility of different non-native varieties of English, namely French English, Japanese English and Jordanian English by native English speakers and their attitudes towards these foreign accents. To achieve the goals of this study, the researchers used a web-based questionnaire whichâ€¦ Exploring Native and Non-Native Intuitions of Word Frequency. Schmitt, Norbert; Dunham, Bruce Asked native and nonnative speakers to give judgments of frequency for near synonyms in second-language lexical sets and compared those responses to modern corpus word counts. Native speakers were able to discern the core word in lexical sets either 77% or 85%, and nonnative speakers at 71% or 79%. (Author/VWL) Contrast induced nephropathy Stacul, Fulvio; van der Molen, Aart J; Reimer, Peter PURPOSE: The Contrast Media Safety Committee (CMSC) of the European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) has updated its 1999 guidelines on contrast medium-induced nephropathy (CIN). AREAS COVERED: Topics reviewed include the definition of CIN, the choice of contrast medium, the prophylactic me... Generalized phase contrast: GlÃ¼ckstad, Jesper; Palima, Darwin Generalized Phase Contrast elevates the phase contrast technique not only to improve phase imaging but also to cross over and interface with diverse and seemingly disparate fields of contemporary optics and photonics. This book presents a comprehensive introduction to the Generalized Phase Contrast... NativeView: Our Land, Our People, Our Future Bennett, T. The objective of this discussion is to (1) discuss the chasm between the breadth of Tribal land and resource to be sustained compared to the finite number of Tribal people trained in the sciences; (2) illustrate the need for integrating scientific knowledge with cultural knowledge; and (3) discuss the emergence of NativeView as Tribal College (TCUs) initiative leading the integration of geoscience and geospatial technology (GIS, Remote Sensing) with cultural knowledge to meet the growing needs of indigenous communities. It's about our land, our people and the need for highly trained individuals to sustainable and manage our resources for the future. There is a tremendous gap between total acreage of land owned or managed and the level of education obtained by indigenous people. In the United States today, American Indians and Alaskan Natives account for less than one percent of the total population, yet are responsible for more than five percent of the total land area. In North Dakota, there are over 54 thousand American Indians responsible for more than 3.8 million acres of Tribal Land. In contrast, less than 15 percent of indigenous people finish a Bachelor's degree of any kind and far fewer finish a science degree that would help them become more effective and responsible land managers. This poses an important dilemma. How will the Tribes meet (1) the resource needs of a growing population, (2) the demand for a skilled workforce, and (3) resource management goals in ways that contribute to Tribal infrastructure and equate to sustainable resource management? The integration of geoscience and geospatial technologies into the curriculum of Tribal Colleges (TCU's) has quietly emerged as one of the leading initiatives across Indian Country. These skills are widely recognized as a vehicle to empower our constituents in the sciences, in the cultural values and the traditional land ethic that defines us as a people. NativeView has taken the lead in working with the Native Music in College Curricula? Olsen, Loran Culminating a 10-year effort to include the study of Native Americans and their music as it reflects cultural realities, life, thought, religion, and history as a choice in requirements for graduation, the elective course, "Native Music of North America," is now recognized at Washington State University as meeting bothâ€¦ Listening Natively across Perceptual Domains? Langus, Alan; Seyed-Allaei, Shima; Uysal, Ertugrul; Pirmoradian, Sahar; Marino, Caterina; Asaadi, Sina; Eren, Ã–mer; Toro, Juan M.; PeÃ±a, Marcela; Bion, Ricardo A. H.; Nespor, Marina Our native tongue influences the way we perceive other languages. But does it also determine the way we perceive nonlinguistic sounds? The authors investigated how speakers of Italian, Turkish, and Persian group sequences of syllables, tones, or visual shapes alternating in either frequency or duration. We found strong native listening effectsâ€¦ Native American Foods and Cookery. Taylor, Tom; Potter, Eloise F. Native Americans had a well-developed agriculture long before the arrival of the Europeans. Three staples--corn, beans, and squash--were supplemented with other gathered plants or cultivated crops such as white potatoes, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, and peanuts. Native Americans had no cows, pigs, or domesticated chickens; they depended almostâ€¦ Perforations during contrast enema Vogel, H.; Steinkamp, U.; Grabbe, E.; Allgemeines Krankenhaus Ochsenzoll, Hamburg During contrast enema, perforation into the retroperitoneal space can be differentiated from perforation into the peritoneum and perforation into the intestinal wall associated with formation of barium granulomas or submucosal spreading of the contrast medium. Other special forms are perforation with contrast medium embolism of diverticula; of the processus vermiformis; penetration of contrast medium into fistulous systems and from the operated areas. Risk factors are: balloon catheter, intestinal tubes with a hard tip, preternatural anus, excessive enema pressure, contrast medium additions, preceding manipulations, intestinal diseases, advanced age and delegation of manipulations to assistants and unskilled staff. Children are particularly at risk. (orig.) [de PURPOSE: The Contrast Media Safety Committee (CMSC) of the European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) has updated its 1999 guidelines on contrast medium-induced nephropathy (CIN). AREAS COVERED: Topics reviewed include the definition of CIN, the choice of contrast medium, the prophylactic me....../min/1.73 m (2) is CIN risk threshold for intravenous contrast medium. â€¢ Hydration with either saline or sodium bicarbonate reduces CIN incidence. â€¢ Patients with eGFR = 60 ml/min/1.73 m (2) receiving contrast medium can continue metformin normally.... Vulnerability of freshwater native biodiversity to non-native ... Background/Question/Methods Non-native species pose one of the greatest threats to native biodiversity. The literature provides plentiful empirical and anecdotal evidence of this phenomenon; however, such evidence is limited to local or regional scales. Employing geospatial analyses, we investigate the potential threat of non-native species to threatened and endangered aquatic animal taxa inhabiting unprotected areas across the continental US. We compiled distribution information from existing publicly available databases at the watershed scale (12-digit hydrologic unit code). We mapped non-native aquatic plant and animal species richness, and an index of cumulative invasion pressure, which weights non-native richness by the time since invasion of each species. These distributions were compared to the distributions of native aquatic taxa (fish, amphibians, mollusks, and decapods) from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) database. We mapped the proportion of species listed by IUCN as threatened and endangered, and a species rarity index per watershed. An overlay analysis identified watersheds experiencing high pressure from non-native species and also containing high proportions of threatened and endangered species or exhibiting high species rarity. Conservation priorities were identified by generating priority indices from these overlays and mapping them relative to the distribution of protected areas across the US. Results/Conclusion 76 FR 3120 - Native American and Alaska Native Children in School Program; Office of English Language... ... DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Native American and Alaska Native Children in School Program; Office of English Language Acquisition, Language Enhancement, and Academic Achievement for Limited English Proficient Students; Overview Information; Native American and Alaska Native Children in School Program... Syntactic constraints and individual differences in native and non-native processing of wh-movement Adrienne eJohnson Full Text Available There is a debate as to whether second language (L2 learners show qualitatively similar processing profiles as native speakers or whether L2 learners are restricted in their ability to use syntactic information during online processing. In the realm of wh-dependency resolution, research has examined whether learners, similar to native speakers, attempt to resolve wh-dependencies in grammatically licensed contexts but avoid positing gaps in illicit contexts such as islands. Also at issue is whether the avoidance of gap filling in islands is due to adherence to syntactic constraints or whether islands simply present processing bottlenecks. One approach has been to examine the relationship between processing abilities and the establishment of wh-dependencies in islands. Grammatical accounts of islands do not predict such a relationship as the parser should simply not predict gaps in illicit contexts. In contrast, a pattern of results showing that individuals with more processing resources are better able to establish wh-dependencies in islands could conceivably be compatible with certain processing accounts. In a self-paced reading experiment which examines the processing of wh- dependencies, we address both questions, examining whether native English speakers and Korean learners of English show qualitatively similar patterns and whether there is a relationship between working memory, as measured by counting span and reading span, and processing in both island and non-island contexts. The results of the self-paced reading experiment suggest that learners can use syntactic information on the same timecourse as native speakers, showing qualitative similarity between the two groups. Results of regression analyses did not reveal a significant relationship between working memory and the establishment of wh-dependencies in islands but we did observe significant relationships between working memory and the processing of licit wh-dependencies. As the Native species that can replace exotic species in landscaping Elisabeth Regina Tempel Stumpf Full Text Available Beyond aesthetics, the contemporary landscaping intends to provide other benefits for humans and environment, especially related to the environmental quality of urban spaces and conservation of the species. A trend in this direction is the reduction in the use of exotic plants in their designs, since, over time, they can become agents of replacement of native flora, as it has occurred in Rio Grande do Sul with many species introduced by settlers. However, the use of exotic species is unjustifiable, because the flora diversity of the Bioma Pampa offers many native species with appropriate features to the ornamental use. The commercial cultivation and the implantation of native species in landscaped areas constitute innovations for plant nurseries and landscapers and can provide a positive reduction in extractivism, contributing to dissemination, exploitation and preservation of native flora, and also decrease the impact of chemical products on environment. So, this work intends to identify native species of Bioma Pampa with features and uses similar to the most used exotic species at Brazilian landscaping. The species were selected from consulting books about native plants of Bioma Pampa and plants used at Brazilian landscaping, considering the similarity on habit and architecture, as well as characteristics of leafs, flowers and/or fruits and environmental conditions of occurrence and cultivation. There were identified 34 native species able to properly replace exotic species commonly used. The results show that many native species of Bioma Pampa have interesting ornamental features to landscape gardening, allowing them to replace exotic species that are traditionally cultivated. Native Pig and Chicken Breed Database: NPCDB Hyeon-Soo Jeong Full Text Available Indigenous (native breeds of livestock have higher disease resistance and adaptation to the environment due to high genetic diversity. Even though their extinction rate is accelerated due to the increase of commercial breeds, natural disaster, and civil war, there is a lack of well-established databases for the native breeds. Thus, we constructed the native pig and chicken breed database (NPCDB which integrates available information on the breeds from around the world. It is a nonprofit public database aimed to provide information on the genetic resources of indigenous pig and chicken breeds for their conservation. The NPCDB (http://npcdb.snu.ac.kr/ provides the phenotypic information and population size of each breed as well as its specific habitat. In addition, it provides information on the distribution of genetic resources across the country. The database will contribute to understanding of the breedâ€™s characteristics such as disease resistance and adaptation to environmental changes as well as the conservation of indigenous genetic resources. Obesity and Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders ... Population Profiles > Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander > Obesity Obesity and Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders Native Hawaiians/Pacific ... youthonline . [Accessed 08/18/2017] HEALTH IMPACT OF OBESITY People who are overweight are more likely to ... Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders among Native Americans ... A MERICANS Native American cultures, which encompass American Indian, Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian tribes, are rich with history, tradition, spirituality, and art. There are 562 Federally recognized tribes across the ... Phase contrast image synthesis GlÃ¼ckstad, J. A new method is presented for synthesizing arbitrary intensity patterns based on phase contrast imaging. The concept is grounded on an extension of the Zernike phase contrast method into the domain of full range [0; 2 pi] phase modulation. By controlling the average value of the input phase funct...... function and by choosing appropriate phase retardation at the phase contrast filter, a pure phase to intensity imaging is accomplished. The method presented is also directly applicable in dark field image synthesis.... Dialysis and contrast media Morcos, Sameh K.; Thomsen, Henrik S.; Webb, Judith A.W. In a previous survey we revealed uncertainty among responders about (a) whether or not to perform hemodialysis in patients with severely reduced renal function who had received contrast medium; and (b) when to perform hemodialysis in patients on regular treatment with hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory dialysis who received contrast medium. Therefore, the Contrast Media Safety Committee of The European Society of Urogenital Radiology decided to review the literature and to issue guidelines. The committee performed a Medline search. Based on this, a report and guidelines were prepared. The report was discussed at the Ninth European Symposium on Urogenital Radiology in Genoa, Italy. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis safely remove both iodinated and gadolinium-based contrast media. The effectiveness of hemodialysis depends on many factors including blood and dialysate flow rate, permeability of dialysis membrane, duration of hemodialysis and molecular size, protein binding, hydrophilicity, and electrical charge of the contrast medium. Generally, several hemodialysis sessions are needed to removal all contrast medium, whereas it takes 3 weeks for continuous ambulatory dialysis to remove the agent completely. There is no need to schedule the dialysis in relation to the injection of iodinated or MR contrast media or the injection of contrast agent in relation to the dialysis program. Hemodialysis does not protect poorly functioning kidneys against contrast-medium-induced nephrotoxicity. Simple guidelines are given. (orig.) The Rise of native advertising Marius MANIC Full Text Available Native advertising is described both as a new way for promoters to engage audiences and as a new, clever, source of revenue for publishers and media agencies. The debates around its morality and the need for a wide accepted framework are often viewed as calls for creativity. Aside from the various forms, strategies and the need for clarification, the fact that native advertising works and its revenue estimates increase annually transforms the new type of ad into a clear objective for companies, marketers and publishers. Native advertising stopped being a buzzword and started being a marketing reality. Electrofluidic systems for contrast management Rebello, Keith J.; Maranchi, Jeffrey P.; Tiffany, Jason E.; Brown, Christopher Y.; Maisano, Adam J.; Hagedon, Matthew A.; Heikenfeld, Jason C. Operating in dynamic lighting conditions and in greatly varying backgrounds is challenging. Current paints and state-ofthe- art passive adaptive coatings (e.g. photochromics) are not suitable for multi- environment situations. A semi-active, low power, skin is needed that can adapt its reflective properties based on the background environment to minimize contrast through the development and incorporation of suitable pigment materials. Electrofluidic skins are a reflective display technology for electronic ink and paper applications. The technology is similar to that in E Ink but makes use of MEMS based microfluidic structures, instead of simple black and white ink microcapsules dispersed in clear oil. Electrofluidic skin's low power operation and fast switching speeds (~20 ms) are an improvement over current state-ofthe- art contrast management technologies. We report on a microfluidic display which utilizes diffuse pigment dispersion inks to change the contrast of the underlying substrate from 5.8% to 100%. Voltage is applied and an electromechanical pressure is used to pull a pigment dispersion based ink from a hydrophobic coated reservoir into a hydrophobic coated surface channel. When no voltage is applied, the Young-Laplace pressure pushes the pigment dispersion ink back down into the reservoir. This allows the pixel to switch from the on and off state by balancing the two pressures. Taking a systems engineering approach from the beginning of development has enabled the technology to be integrated into larger systems. A case study of cultural educational opportunities for Native students: The scientific storyteller Valdez, Shelly Ann This case study examines cultural educational opportunities for Native Alaskan students in Native Alaskan community schools. The study looks at three components of a larger initiative of systemic educational reform efforts for rural Alaskan communities: Native science fairs, summer science camps and involvement of elders. The study focuses on six Native Alaskan students from one Native Alaskan rural village in northern Alaska. The six students ranged from seventh, ninth and eleventh grades. Additionally twenty-one teachers, five Native Alaskan elders and four Alaskan Rural Systemic Initiative staff were interviewed as a part of this study. With interviews, observations, surveys, analysis of science and mathematics achievement scores, this case study will explore the effectiveness of including the science of Native Alaskan culture in the learning environment of rural Alaskan community schools. The outcomes of this study indicate that the self-esteem and attitudes of Native Alaskan students changed positively in relationship to pride in culture, honor of elders, interest in language maintenance and concern for inclusion of Native ways of knowing in school activities as a result of the cultural-rich experiences included in the learning environment. There were no significant results that indicated these types of cultural-rich experiences impacted positive gains in science and mathematics achievement scores of Native Alaskan students. At the end of the study several suggestions are made to improve and consider continued research in this area. It is hoped that this study will provide input to the continued dialogue on Indian Education. Increased native T1-values at the interventricular insertion regions in precapillary pulmonary hypertension. Spruijt, Onno A; Vissers, Loek; Bogaard, Harm-Jan; Hofman, Mark B M; Vonk-Noordegraaf, Anton; Marcus, J Tim Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging of the pressure overloaded right ventricle (RV) of precapillary pulmonary hypertension (PH) patients, exhibits late gadolinium enhancement at the interventricular insertion regions, a phenomenon which has been linked to focal fibrosis. Native T1-mapping is an alternative technique to characterize myocardium and has the advantage of not requiring the use of contrast agents. The aim of this study was to characterize the myocardium of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH), systemic scleroderma related PH (PAH-Ssc) and chronic thromboembolic PH (CTEPH) patients using native T1-mapping and to see whether native T1-values were related to disease severity. Furthermore, we compared native T1-values between the different precapillary PH categories. Native T1-mapping was performed in 46 IPAH, 14 PAH-SSc and 10 CTEPH patients and 10 control subjects. Native T1-values were assessed using regions of interest at the RV and LV free wall, interventricular septum and interventricular insertion regions. In PH patients, native T1-values of the interventricular insertion regions were significantly higher than the native T1-values of the RV free wall, LV free wall and interventricular septum. Native T1-values at the insertion regions were significantly related to disease severity. Native T1-values were not different between IPAH, PAH-Ssc and CTEPH patients. Native T1-values of the interventricular insertion regions are significantly increased in precapillary PH and are related to disease severity. Native T1-mapping can be developed as an alternative technique for the characterization of the interventricular insertion regions and has the advantage of not requiring the use of contrast agents. Contrast analysis : A tutorial Haans, A. Contrast analysis is a relatively simple but effective statistical method for testing theoretical predictions about differences between group means against the empirical data. Despite its advantages, contrast analysis is hardly used to date, perhaps because it is not implemented in a convenient A Native American Theatre Ensemble Brown, Kent R. The ceremonial rituals American Indians have practiced for centuries are uncontestable testimony to how strongly they respond to theatre. These rituals, a pure and functional form of dramatic art, are practiced today by a Native American theater group. (FF) Charting Transnational Native American Studies Hsinya Huang Full Text Available Introduction to the Special Forum entitled "Charting Transnational Native American Studies: Aesthetics, Politics, Identity," edited by Hsinya Huang, Philip J. Deloria, Laura M. Furlan, and John Gamber Native Terrestrial Animal Species Richness U.S. Environmental Protection Agency â€” These data represent predicted current distributions of all native mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and butterflies in the Middle-Atlantic region. The data are... Photosynthetic adaptation to light intensity in plants native to shaded and exposed habitats. [Rumex acetosa; Geum rivale; Lamium galeobdolon; Plantago lanceolata Bjoerkman, O; Holmgren, P Photosynthetic adaptation to light intensity has been studied in clones of populations from shaded and exposed habitats of Rumex acetosa and Geum rivale. Clones of the shade species Lamium galeobdolon and the sun species Plantago lanceolata were also included for comparison. The plants were grown under controlled conditions at a high and a low light intensity. The capacity of photosynthetic carbon dioxide uptake at low as well as at saturating light intensities was determined on single attached leaves. As was previously demonstrated in Solidago virgaurea, clones of populations native to shaded and to exposed environments show differences in the photosynthetic response to light intensity during growth. The data provide evidence that populations of the same species native to habitats with contrasting light intensities differ in their photosynthetic properties in an adaptive manner in a similar mode as sun and shade species. 1 reference, 1 figure, 2 tables. Native advertising is described both as a new way for promoters to engage audiences and as a new, clever, source of revenue for publishers and media agencies. The debates around its morality and the need for a wide accepted framework are often viewed as calls for creativity. Aside from the various forms, strategies and the need for clarification, the fact that native advertising works and its revenue estimates increase annually transforms the new type of ad into a clear ob... Digital Natives? New and Old Media and Children's Outcomes Bittman, Michael; Rutherford, Leonie; Brown, Jude; Unsworth, Lens The current generation of young children has been described as "digital natives", having been born into a ubiquitous digital media environment. They are envisaged as educationally independent of the guided interaction provided by "digital immigrants": parents and teachers. This article uses data from the Longitudinal Study ofâ€¦ Contrast agents for MRI Bonnemain, B. Contrast agents MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) have been developed to improve the diagnostic information obtained by this technic. They mainly interact on T1 and T2 parameters and increase consequently normal to abnormal tissues contrast. The paramagnetic agents which mainly act on longitudinal relaxation rate (T1) are gadolinium complexes for which stability is the main parameter to avoid any release of free gadolinium. The superparamagnetic agents that decrease signal intensity by an effect on transversal relaxation rate (T2) are developed for liver, digestive and lymph node imaging. Many area of research are now opened for optimal use of present and future contrast agents in MRI. (author). 28 refs., 4 tabs Compressive Phase Contrast Tomography Maia, Filipe; MacDowell, Alastair; Marchesini, Stefano; Padmore, Howard A.; Parkinson, Dula Y.; Pien, Jack; Schirotzek, Andre; Yang, Chao When x-rays penetrate soft matter, their phase changes more rapidly than their amplitude. Interference effects visible with high brightness sources creates higher contrast, edge enhanced images. When the object is piecewise smooth (made of big blocks of a few components), such higher contrast datasets have a sparse solution. We apply basis pursuit solvers to improve SNR, remove ring artifacts, reduce the number of views and radiation dose from phase contrast datasets collected at the Hard X-Ray Micro Tomography Beamline at the Advanced Light Source. We report a GPU code for the most computationally intensive task, the gridding and inverse gridding algorithm (non uniform sampled Fourier transform). Nativization Processes in L1 Esperanto. Bergen, Benjamin K. Describes characteristics of the Native Esperanto of eight speakers, ranging from age 6 to 14 years. Found bilingualism and nativization effects, differentiating native from non-native Esperanto speech. Among these effects are loss or modification of the accusative case, phonological reduction, attrition of tense/aspect system, and pronominalâ€¦ The Native American Persistence in Higher Education: A Journey through Story to Identify the Family Support to Native American Graduates Bisbee, Yolanda J. Guzman This Indigenous Framed Research will utilize counter-storytelling through shared collaborator stories provided by Nez Perce Native American Graduates. The methodology is shaped by an Indigenous Framework as this form of research promotes and develops a culturally resonant environment for constructing, analyzing and sharing information. Theâ€¦ Does source population size affect performance in new environments? Yates, Matthew C; Fraser, Dylan J Small populations are predicted to perform poorly relative to large populations when experiencing environmental change. To explore this prediction in nature, data from reciprocal transplant, common garden, and translocation studies were compared meta-analytically. We contrasted changes in performance resulting from transplantation to new environments among individuals originating from different sized source populations from plants and salmonids. We then evaluated the effect of source population size on performance in natural common garden environments and the relationship between population size and habitat quality. In â€˜home-awayâ€™ contrasts, large populations exhibited reduced performance in new environments. In common gardens, the effect of source population size on performance was inconsistent across life-history stages (LHS) and environments. When transplanted to the same set of new environments, small populations either performed equally well or better than large populations, depending on life stage. Conversely, large populations outperformed small populations within native environments, but only at later life stages. Population size was not associated with habitat quality. Several factors might explain the negative association between source population size and performance in new environments: (i) stronger local adaptation in large populations and antagonistic pleiotropy, (ii) the maintenance of genetic variation in small populations, and (iii) potential environmental differences between large and small populations. PMID:25469166 Generalized Phase Contrast GlÃ¼ckstad, Jesper Generalized Phase Contrast elevates the phase contrast technique not only to improve phase imaging but also to cross over and interface with diverse and seemingly disparate fields of contemporary optics and photonics. This book presents a comprehensive introduction to the Generalized Phase Contrast (GPC) method including an overview of the range of current and potential applications of GPC in wavefront sensing and phase imaging, structured laser illumination and image projection, optical trapping and manipulation, and optical encryption and decryption. The GPC method goes further than the restrictive assumptions of conventional Zernike phase contrast analysis and achieves an expanded range of validity beyond weak phase perturbations. The generalized analysis yields design criteria for tuning experimental parameters to achieve optimal performance in terms of accuracy, fidelity and light efficiency. Optimization can address practical issues, such as finding an optimal spatial filter for the chosen application, ... Mamografia Espectral de Contraste Martins, InÃªs Santiago; Pereira, InÃªs; Pacheco, Hugo Pisco; Moutinho, Leonor A mamografia de contraste Ã© uma aplicaÃ§Ã£o recente possÃvel com a mamografia digital directa, que utiliza contraste iodado endovenoso tendo como princÃpio a neovascularizaÃ§Ã£o induzida no cancro da mama, permitindo obter informaÃ§Ã£o morfolÃ³gica e funcional. Na mamografia espectral de contraste realiza-se uma aquisiÃ§Ã£o simultÃ¢nea com alta e baixa energia para cada incidÃªncia apÃ³s administraÃ§Ã£o de contraste iodado endovenoso. Ã‰ depois feita uma imagem recombinada em que sÃ£o realÃ§adas as Ã¡reas que ... UV Screening in Native and Non-native Plant Species in the Tropical Alpine: Implications for Climate Change-Driven Migration of Species to Higher Elevations Paul W. Barnes Full Text Available Ongoing changes in Earthâ€™s climate are shifting the elevation ranges of many plant species with non-native species often experiencing greater expansion into higher elevations than native species. These climate change-induced shifts in distributions inevitably expose plants to novel biotic and abiotic environments, including altered solar ultraviolet (UV-B (280â€“315 nm radiation regimes. Do the greater migration potentials of non-native species into higher elevations imply that they have more effective UV-protective mechanisms than native species? In this study, we surveyed leaf epidermal UV-A transmittance (TUV A in a diversity of plant species representing different growth forms to test whether native and non-native species growing above 2800 m elevation on Mauna Kea, Hawaii differed in their UV screening capabilities. We further compared the degree to which TUV A varied along an elevation gradient in the native shrub Vaccinium reticulatum and the introduced forb Verbascum thapsus to evaluate whether these species differed in their abilities to adjust their levels of UV screening in response to elevation changes in UV-B. For plants growing in the Mauna Kea alpine/upper subalpine, we found that adaxial TUV A, measured with a UVA-PAM fluorometer, varied significantly among species but did not differ between native (mean = 6.0%; n = 8 and non-native (mean = 5.8%; n = 11 species. When data were pooled across native and non-native taxa, we also found no significant effect of growth form on TUV A, though woody plants (shrubs and trees were represented solely by native species whereas herbaceous growth forms (grasses and forbs were dominated by non-native species. Along an elevation gradient spanning 2600â€“3800 m, TUV A was variable (mean range = 6.0â€“11.2% and strongly correlated with elevation and relative biologically effective UV-B in the exotic V. thapsus; however, TUV A was consistently low (3% and did not vary with elevation in the native Aspiration of Barium Contrast Fuentes Santos, Cristina; Steen, BÃ¡rbara The aspiration of barium contrast is a rare complication that may occur during studies of the digestive tract. Barium is an inert material that can cause anywhere from an asymptomatic mechanical obstruction to serious symptoms of respiratory distress that can result in patient death. We present the case of a 79-year-old male patient in whom we observed the presence of contrast medium residue in the lung parenchyma as an incidental finding during hospitalization. When the patientâ€™s medical fil... Seed bank survival of an invasive species, but not of two native species, declines with invasion. Orrock, John L; Christopher, Cory C; Dutra, Humberto P Soil-borne seed pathogens may play an important role in either hindering or facilitating the spread of invasive exotic plants. We examined whether the invasive shrub Lonicera maackii (Caprifoliaceae) affected fungi-mediated mortality of conspecific and native shrub seeds in a deciduous forest in eastern Missouri. Using a combination of L. maackii removal and fungicide treatments, we found no effect of L. maackii invasion on seed viability of the native Symphoricarpos orbiculatus (Caprifoliaceae) or Cornus drummondii (Cornaceae). In contrast, fungi were significant agents of L. maackii seed mortality in invaded habitats. Losses of L. maackii to soil fungi were also significant in invaded habitats where L. maackii had been removed, although the magnitude of the effect of fungi was lower, suggesting that changes in soil chemistry or microhabitat caused by L. maackii were responsible for affecting fungal seed pathogens. Our work suggests that apparent competition via soil pathogens is not an important factor contributing to impacts of L. maackii on native shrubs. Rather, we found that fungal seed pathogens have density-dependent effects on L. maackii seed survival. Therefore, while fungal pathogens may provide little biotic resistance to early invasion by L. maackii, our study illustrates that more work is needed to understand how changes in fungal pathogens during the course of an invasion contribute to the potential for restoration of invaded systems. More generally, our study suggests that increased rates of fungal pathogen attack may be realized by invasive plants, such as L. maackii, that change the chemical or physical environment of the habitats they invade. Relative Weighting of Semantic and Syntactic Cues in Native and Non-Native Listeners' Recognition of English Sentences. Shi, Lu-Feng; Koenig, Laura L Non-native listeners do not recognize English sentences as effectively as native listeners, especially in noise. It is not entirely clear to what extent such group differences arise from differences in relative weight of semantic versus syntactic cues. This study quantified the use and weighting of these contextual cues via Boothroyd and Nittrouer's j and k factors. The j represents the probability of recognizing sentences with or without context, whereas the k represents the degree to which context improves recognition performance. Four groups of 13 normal-hearing young adult listeners participated. One group consisted of native English monolingual (EMN) listeners, whereas the other three consisted of non-native listeners contrasting in their language dominance and first language: English-dominant Russian-English, Russian-dominant Russian-English, and Spanish-dominant Spanish-English bilinguals. All listeners were presented three sets of four-word sentences: high-predictability sentences included both semantic and syntactic cues, low-predictability sentences included syntactic cues only, and zero-predictability sentences included neither semantic nor syntactic cues. Sentences were presented at 65 dB SPL binaurally in the presence of speech-spectrum noise at +3 dB SNR. Listeners orally repeated each sentence and recognition was calculated for individual words as well as the sentence as a whole. Comparable j values across groups for high-predictability, low-predictability, and zero-predictability sentences suggested that all listeners, native and non-native, utilized contextual cues to recognize English sentences. Analysis of the k factor indicated that non-native listeners took advantage of syntax as effectively as EMN listeners. However, only English-dominant bilinguals utilized semantics to the same extent as EMN listeners; semantics did not provide a significant benefit for the two non-English-dominant groups. When combined, semantics and syntax benefitted EMN Atypical lateralization of ERP response to native and non-native speech in infants at risk for autism spectrum disorder. Seery, Anne M; Vogel-Farley, Vanessa; Tager-Flusberg, Helen; Nelson, Charles A Language impairment is common in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and is often accompanied by atypical neural lateralization. However, it is unclear when in development language impairment or atypical lateralization first emerges. To address these questions, we recorded event-related-potentials (ERPs) to native and non-native speech contrasts longitudinally in infants at risk for ASD (HRA) over the first year of life to determine whether atypical lateralization is present as an endophenotype early in development and whether these infants show delay in a very basic precursor of language acquisition: phonemic perceptual narrowing. ERP response for the HRA group to a non-native speech contrast revealed a trajectory of perceptual narrowing similar to a group of low-risk controls (LRC), suggesting that phonemic perceptual narrowing does not appear to be delayed in these high-risk infants. In contrast there were significant group differences in the development of lateralized ERP response to speech: between 6 and 12 months the LRC group displayed a lateralized response to the speech sounds, while the HRA group failed to display this pattern. We suggest the possibility that atypical lateralization to speech may be an ASD endophenotype over the first year of life. Copyright Â© 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Cristina Fuentes Santos Full Text Available The aspiration of barium contrast is a rare complication that may occur during studies of the digestive tract. Barium is an inert material that can cause anywhere from an asymptomatic mechanical obstruction to serious symptoms of respiratory distress that can result in patient death. We present the case of a 79-year-old male patient in whom we observed the presence of contrast medium residue in the lung parenchyma as an incidental finding during hospitalization. When the patientâ€™s medical file was reviewed, images were found of a barium swallow study that the patient had undergone months earlier, and we were able to observe the exact moment of the aspiration of the contrast material. The patient had been asymptomatic since the test. Path planning in changeable environments Nieuwenhuisen, D. This thesis addresses path planning in changeable environments. In contrast to traditional path planning that deals with static environments, in changeable environments objects are allowed to change their configurations over time. In many cases, path planning algorithms must facilitate quick Migrating to Cloud-Native Architectures Using Microservices: An Experience Report Balalaie, Armin; Heydarnoori, Abbas; Jamshidi, Pooyan Migration to the cloud has been a popular topic in industry and academia in recent years. Despite many benefits that the cloud presents, such as high availability and scalability, most of the on-premise application architectures are not ready to fully exploit the benefits of this environment, and adapting them to this environment is a non-trivial task. Microservices have appeared recently as novel architectural styles that are native to the cloud. These cloud-native architectures can facilita... Native grass hydroseed development : establishment protocols for three native Hawaiian plants on roadside areas. The biggest mistake with using native plants on Hawaiis roadways is to assume that native plants do not require : nutrient enhancement or supplemental water to establish on these sites. The establishment of native plants will : require a detailed ... Native language as an ethnic symbol Serbs in Timisoara PavloviÄ‡ Mirjana P. Full Text Available Based on the data gathered during original research in the Serbian community of Timisoara, in 2002. and 2003, this paper discusses one of the symbols of ethnic identity, namely, the native language. The methods used in the research include questionnaires, interviews, everyday conversation and the participant-observation technique. The analysis covers various aspects and levels of knowledge, as well as the usage of Serbian language; in addition it also includes the most important features that influence the language's persistence during many centuries, as well as noted changes in a multinational environment. Namely, the Serbs in Timisoara have preserved their native, Serbian language as a second language; then-native Serbian language is constantly under the heavy influence of the Romanian language which is the dominant and official language in the area. The analysis shows that the knowledge of Serbian is much higher among the Serbs who received education in their native language, as well as among the older generation while mixed marriages with Romanians contribute to its loss. Romanian language, on the other hand, gradually becomes more and more dominant even in the traditional spheres of life where native language was once in use among family members, minority organizations and in interactions among Mends of Serbian origin. Moreover, mixed marriages and education in the native language influence the persistence of the native language. In spite of many changes in all aspects and usages, Serbian language still remains the symbol of ethnic identity among the Serbs in Timisoara: the language marks the special unity among the Serbs in relation to the surrounding majority and other ethnic groups in the city of Timisoara, and functions as a connection with the tradition and culture of the homeland. Propagation environments [Chapter 4 Douglass F. Jacobs; Thomas D. Landis; Tara Luna An understanding of all factors influencing plant growth in a nursery environment is needed for the successful growth and production of high-quality container plants. Propagation structures modify the atmospheric conditions of temperature, light, and relative humidity. Native plant nurseries are different from typical horticultural nurseries because plants must be... Flower and fruit production and insect pollination of the endangered Chilean tree, Gomortega keule in native forest, exotic pine plantation and agricultural environments ProducciÃ³n de flores y frutas y polinizaciÃ³n por insectos de Gomortega keule en bosque nativo y en terrenos agrÃcolas, un Ã¡rbol chileno en peligro de extinciÃ³n TONYA A LANDER Full Text Available This study was undertaken to discover whether patterns of flower and fruit production for Gomortega keule, an endangered Chilean tree, differ between exotic pine plantation, agricultural and native forest environments. A pilot study was also undertaken to identify the primary pollinators of G. keule. Although similar proportions of G. keule trees flowered in the agricultural and native forest Ã¡reas, more trees in the agricultural sites produced fruit compared to trees in the native forest sites. Flowering and fruiting of G. keule was extremely rare in the exotic pine plantations. Our data show that G. keule flowers are predominantly visited by syrphid flies in March-April, and that syrphids carry a greater proportion of G. keule pollen than the other insects collected. Native forest and low intensity agricultural systems appear to provide habitat in which syrphids forage and G. keule is able to produce fruit successfully, but exotic pine plantation does not; suggesting that a landscape made up of a mosaic of different landuse types is not necessarily inimical to the continued reproduction of G. keule, but that the combination and types of landuses and intensity of management must be carefully considered.El presente estudio fue realizado con el objetivo de establecer si los patrones de producciÃ³n de flores y frutos de Gomortega keule (Gomortegaceae, un Ã¡rbol chileno en peligro de extinciÃ³n, son diferentes entre Ã¡reas de plantaciones de pinos exÃ³ticos, terrenos agrÃcolas y Ã¡reas de bosque nativo. TambiÃ©n fue llevado a cabo un estudio piloto para identificar los principales polinizadores de G. keule. A pesar de que en tierras agrÃcolas y en Ã¡reas de bosque nativo floreciÃ³ una proporciÃ³n similar de Ã¡rboles de G. keule, en zonas agrÃcolas fructificÃ³ una mayor proporciÃ³n en comparaciÃ³n con los Ã¡rboles de Ã¡reas de bosque nativo. La floraciÃ³n y fructificaciÃ³n de G. keule fue extremadamente rara en las Ã¡reas de plantaciones de Contrast media: future aspects Weinmann, H.J.; Platzek, J.; Schirmer, H.; Pietsch, H.; Carretero, J.; Harto, J.; Medina, J.; Riefke, B.; Martin, J. In spite of the dramatic development in CT, there was no major breakthrough in the iodinated contrast media development. New agents based on hybrid between MRI and CT compounds may be a new innovative alternative. This new approach may also open new indications such as radiotherapy. (orig.) Roentgen contrast medium Tamborski, C. The patent deals with a roentgen contrast medium containing a perfluorinebrominealkylether of the formula C m F 2m+1 OC n F 2n Br dispersed in water, preferentially in the presence of a non-ionic dispersing agent such as a fluorinated amidoaminoxide. 2 tabs Native herbaceous perennials as ornamentals Larsen, Bjarne; Ã˜rgaard, Marian Gardening with native perennials is a way to bring nature closer to urban citizens and bring up reflections on nature in a busy world. During three seasons of trialing Salvia pratensis, Dianthus deltoides, Campanula trachelium, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria, Saxifraga granulata, Plantago media and P... Iodinated contrast media nephrotoxicity Meyrier, A. In the late seventies, iodinated contrast agents (ICA) were considered to be a major cause of acute iatrogenic renal failure. Over the last decade new contrast agents have been synthesized, nonionic and less hyperosmolar. The incidence of acute renal failure due to ICAs, varies from 3.7 to 70% of cases according to the series, with an average figure of 10.2%. The pathophysiology of ICA nephrotoxicity was mainly studied in laboratory animal models. Three main factors are involved in an inducing ICA-mediated decrease in glomerular filtration rate: reduction of the renal plasma flow, a direct cytotoxic effect on renal tubular cells and erythrocyte alteration leading to intra-renal sludge. Excluding dysglobulinemias with urinary excretion of immunoglobulin light chains, which represent a special case of maximum nephrotoxicity, 4 main risk factors of renal toxicity have been identified in nondiabetic subjects: previous renal failure with serum creatinine levels greater than 140 Î¼mol per liter, extracellular dehydration, age over 60 and use of high doses of ICA and/or repeated ICA injections before serum creatinine levels return to baseline. Preventive measures for avoiding ICA nephrotoxicity are threefold: maintain or restore adequate hydration with saline infusion, stop NSAID treatment several days before ICA administration, and allow a 5 day interval before repeating contrast media injections. New, nonionic and moderately hyperosmolar contrast agents appear to be much less nephrotoxic than conventional ICAs in laboratory animals and in high-risk patients. It is advisable to select such contrast media for investigating high-risk patients. This approach was recently substantiated in well designed, randomized clinical studies which included more than 2 000 patients. (author) Development of aquatic life criteria for triclosan and comparison of the sensitivity between native and non-native species. Wang, Xiao-Nan; Liu, Zheng-Tao; Yan, Zhen-Guang; Zhang, Cong; Wang, Wei-Li; Zhou, Jun-Li; Pei, Shu-Wei Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial agent which is used as a broad-spectrum bacteriostatic and found in personal care products, and due to this it is widely spread in the aquatic environment. However, there is no paper dealing with the aquatic life criteria of TCS, mainly result from the shortage of toxicity data of different taxonomic levels. In the present study, toxicity data were obtained from 9 acute toxicity tests and 3 chronic toxicity tests using 9 Chinese native aquatic species from different taxonomic levels, and the aquatic life criteria was derived using 3 methods. Furthermore, differences of species sensitivity distributions (SSD) between native and non-native species were compared. Among the tested species, demersal fish Misgurnus anguillicaudatus was the most sensitive species, and the fishes were more sensitive than the aquatic invertebrates of Annelid and insect, and the insect was the least sensitive species. The comparison showed that there was no significant difference between SSDs constructed from native and non-native taxa. Finally, a criterion maximum concentration of 0.009 mg/L and a criterion continuous concentration of 0.002 mg/L were developed based on different taxa, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. Copyright Â© 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Natural forest expansion on reclaimed coal mines in Northern Spain: the role of native shrubs as suitable microsites. Alday, Josu G; ZaldÃvar, Pilar; Torroba-Balmori, Paloma; FernÃ¡ndez-Santos, BelÃ©n; MartÃnez-Ruiz, Carolina The characterization of suitable microsites for tree seedling establishment and growth is one of the most important tasks to achieve the restoration of native forest using natural processes in disturbed sites. For that, we assessed the natural Quercus petraea forest expansion in a 20-year-old reclaimed open-cast mine under sub-Mediterranean climate in northern Spain, monitoring seedling survival, growth, and recruitment during 5Â years in three contrasting environments (undisturbed forest, mine edge, and mine center). Seedling density and proportion of dead branches decreased greatly from undisturbed forest towards the center of the mine. There was a positive effect of shrubs on Q. petraea seedling establishment in both mine environments, which increase as the environment undergoes more stress (from the mine edge to the center of the mine), and it was produced by different shrub structural features in each mine environment. Seedling survival reduction through time in three environments did not lead to a density reduction because there was a yearly recruitment of new seedlings. Seedling survival, annual growth, and height through time were greater in mine sites than in the undisturbed forest. The successful colonization patterns and positive neighbor effect of shrubs on natural seedlings establishment found in this study during the first years support the use of shrubs as ecosystem engineers to increase heterogeneity in micro-environmental conditions on reclaimed mine sites, which improves late-successional Quercus species establishment. Mamografia com contraste Baptista, Rita; Silva, Carina; Reis, ClÃ¡udia O estudo pretendeu apresentar as indicaÃ§Ãµes clÃnicas, vantagens e princÃpios da mamografia com contraste, identificar as evoluyÃ§Ãµes tecnolÃ³gicas para a mamografia com contraste e caracterizar as prÃ¡ticas e os desafios dos tÃ©cnicos de radiologia do Hospital de SantarÃ©m (Ãºnico no paÃs a utilizar esta tÃ©cnica). O cancro da mama Ã© uma das principais causas de morte nas mulheres, em todo o mundo, mas principalmente nos Estados Unidos da AmÃ©rica, CanadÃ¡, Europa Ocidental e AustrÃ¡lia. Em Portugal, e... Current iodinated contrast media Stacul, F. The number of scientific papers on iodinated contrast media is declining. Indeed, comparative trials between high-osmolality and low-osmolality agents largely showed the higher safety and tolerability of the latter, and this is no longer a matter of discussion. Only financial constraints could prevent a total conversion to low-osmolality agents. Research comparing low-osmolality (nonionic monomers, ionic dimer) and iso-osmolality contrast media (nonionic dimers) are still ongoing. Both classes of nonionic compounds proved safer than the ionic dimer. The relative merits of nonionic monomers and nonionic dimers are a matter for debate, and criteria for a selective use of different agents for different procedures could be discussed. (orig.) Asthma and Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders ... Population Profiles > Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander > Asthma Asthma and Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders National data for ... very limited. While all of the causes of asthma remain unclear, children exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke ... Core-satellite species hypothesis and native versus exotic species in secondary succession Martinez, Kelsey A.; Gibson, David J.; Middleton, Beth A. A number of hypotheses exist to explain speciesâ€™ distributions in a landscape, but these hypotheses are not frequently utilized to explain the differences in native and exotic species distributions. The core-satellite species (CSS) hypothesis predicts species occupancy will be bimodally distributed, i.e., many species will be common and many species will be rare, but does not explicitly consider exotic species distributions. The parallel dynamics (PD) hypothesis predicts that regional occurrence patterns of exotic species will be similar to native species. Together, the CSS and PD hypotheses may increase our understanding of exotic speciesâ€™ distribution relative to natives. We selected an old field undergoing secondary succession to study the CSS and PD hypotheses in conjunction with each other. The ratio of exotic to native species (richness and abundance) was observed through 17Â years of secondary succession. We predicted species would be bimodally distributed and that exotic:native species ratios would remain steady or decrease through time under frequent disturbance. In contrast to the CSS and PD hypotheses, native species occupancies were not bimodally distributed at the site, but exotic species were. The exotic:native species ratios for both richness (E:Nrichness) and abundance (E:Ncover) generally decreased or remained constant throughout supporting the PD hypothesis. Our results suggest exotic species exhibit metapopulation structure in old field landscapes, but that metapopulation structures of native species are disrupted, perhaps because these species are dispersal limited in the fragmented landscape. Anisotropic contrast optical microscope. Peev, D; Hofmann, T; Kananizadeh, N; Beeram, S; Rodriguez, E; Wimer, S; Rodenhausen, K B; Herzinger, C M; Kasputis, T; Pfaunmiller, E; Nguyen, A; Korlacki, R; Pannier, A; Li, Y; Schubert, E; Hage, D; Schubert, M An optical microscope is described that reveals contrast in the Mueller matrix images of a thin, transparent, or semi-transparent specimen located within an anisotropic object plane (anisotropic filter). The specimen changes the anisotropy of the filter and thereby produces contrast within the Mueller matrix images. Here we use an anisotropic filter composed of a semi-transparent, nanostructured thin film with sub-wavelength thickness placed within the object plane. The sample is illuminated as in common optical microscopy but the light is modulated in its polarization using combinations of linear polarizers and phase plate (compensator) to control and analyze the state of polarization. Direct generalized ellipsometry data analysis approaches permit extraction of fundamental Mueller matrix object plane images dispensing with the need of Fourier expansion methods. Generalized ellipsometry model approaches are used for quantitative image analyses. These images are obtained from sets of multiple images obtained under various polarizer, analyzer, and compensator settings. Up to 16 independent Mueller matrix images can be obtained, while our current setup is limited to 11 images normalized by the unpolarized intensity. We demonstrate the anisotropic contrast optical microscope by measuring lithographically defined micro-patterned anisotropic filters, and we quantify the adsorption of an organic self-assembled monolayer film onto the anisotropic filter. Comparison with an isotropic glass slide demonstrates the image enhancement obtained by our method over microscopy without the use of an anisotropic filter. In our current instrument, we estimate the limit of detection for organic volumetric mass within the object plane of â‰ˆ49 fg within â‰ˆ7 Ã— 7 Î¼m 2 object surface area. Compared to a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation instrumentation, where contemporary limits require a total load of â‰ˆ500 pg for detection, the instrumentation demonstrated here improves Smoking-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among Alaska Native people: a population-based study. Rohde, Kristen; Boles, Myde; Bushore, Chris J; Pizacani, Barbara A; Maher, Julie E; Peterson, Erin Several studies have shown that Alaska Native people have higher smoking prevalence than non-Natives. However, no population-based studies have explored whether smoking-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors also differ among Alaska Native people and non-Natives. We compared current smoking prevalence and smoking-related knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of Alaska Native adults living in the state of Alaska with non-Natives. We used Alaska Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data for 1996 to 2010 to compare smoking prevalence, consumption, and cessation- and second-hand smoke-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among self-identified Alaska Native people and non-Natives. Current smoking prevalence was 41% (95% CI: 37.9%-44.4%) among Alaska Native people compared with 17.1% (95% CI: 15.9%-18.4%) among non-Natives. Among current every day smokers, Alaska Natives were much more likely to smoke less than 10 cigarettes per day (OR = 5.0, 95% CI: 2.6-9.6) than non-Natives. Compared with non-Native smokers, Alaska Native smokers were as likely to have made a past year quit attempt (OR = 1.4, 95% CI: 0.9-2.1), but the attempt was less likely to be successful (OR = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.2-0.9). Among current smokers, Alaska Natives were more likely to believe second-hand smoke (SHS) was very harmful (OR = 4.5, 95% CI: 2.8-7.2), to believe that smoking should not be allowed in indoor work areas (OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.1-3.1) or in restaurants (OR = 4.2, 95% CI: 2.5-6.9), to have a home smoking ban (OR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.6-3.9), and to have no home exposure to SHS in the past 30 days (OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.5-3.6) than non-Natives. Although a disparity in current smoking exists, Alaska Native people have smoking-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors that are encouraging for reducing the burden of smoking in this population. Programs should support efforts to promote cessation, prevent relapse, and establish smoke-free environments. Smoking-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours among Alaska Native people: a population-based study Kristen Rohde Full Text Available Background. Several studies have shown that Alaska Native people have higher smoking prevalence than non-Natives. However, no population-based studies have explored whether smoking-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours also differ among Alaska Native people and non-Natives. Objective. We compared current smoking prevalence and smoking-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour of Alaska Native adults living in the state of Alaska with non-Natives. Methods. We used Alaska Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data for 1996 to 2010 to compare smoking prevalence, consumption, and cessation- and second-hand smoke-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours among self-identified Alaska Native people and non-Natives. Results. Current smoking prevalence was 41% (95% CI: 37.9%â€“44.4% among Alaska Native people compared with 17.1% (95% CI: 15.9%â€“18.4% among non-Natives. Among current every day smokers, Alaska Natives were much more likely to smoke less than 10 cigarettes per day (OR=5.0, 95% CI: 2.6â€“9.6 than non-Natives. Compared with non-Native smokers, Alaska Native smokers were as likely to have made a past year quit attempt (OR=1.4, 95% CI: 0.9â€“2.1, but the attempt was less likely to be successful (OR=0.5, 95% CI: 0.2â€“0.9. Among current smokers, Alaska Natives were more likely to believe second-hand smoke (SHS was very harmful (OR=4.5, 95% CI: 2.8â€“7.2, to believe that smoking should not be allowed in indoor work areas (OR=1.9, 95% CI: 1.1â€“3.1 or in restaurants (OR=4.2, 95% CI: 2.5â€“6.9, to have a home smoking ban (OR=2.5, 95% CI: 1.6â€“3.9, and to have no home exposure to SHS in the past 30 days (OR=2.3, 95% CI: 1.5â€“3.6 than non-Natives. Conclusion. Although a disparity in current smoking exists, Alaska Native people have smoking-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours that are encouraging for reducing the burden of smoking in this population. Programs should support efforts to promote cessation, prevent relapse Native American Women: Living with Landscape. Discusses the role of Native American women in the spiritual and cultural life of American Indians. Native American spirituality is deeply connected to the land through daily use, ritual, and respect for sacred space. Often Native American women act as conduits and keepers of this knowledge. (MJP) Encountering Complexity: Native Musics in the Curriculum. Boyea, Andrea Describes Native American musics, focusing on issues such as music and the experience of time, metaphor and metaphorical aspects, and spirituality and sounds from nature. Discusses Native American metaphysics and its reflection in the musics. States that an effective curriculum would provide a new receptivity to Native American musics. (CMK) North Dakota Native American Essential Understandings North Dakota Department of Public Instruction, 2015 In the spring of 2015, the North Dakota Department of Public Instruction brought together tribal Elders from across North Dakota to share stories, memories, songs, and wisdom in order to develop the North Dakota Native American Essential Understandings (NDNAEU) to guide the learning of both Native and non-Native students across the state. Theyâ€¦ 34 CFR 300.29 - Native language. ... 34 Education 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Native language. 300.29 Section 300.29 Education... DISABILITIES General Definitions Used in This Part Â§ 300.29 Native language. (a) Native language, when used with respect to an individual who is limited English proficient, means the following: (1) The language... Recruiting Native Journalists: The New Storytellers. Hamilton, Candy In an effort to increase the number of Native American journalists, summer programs at the University of North Dakota and the University of Wisconsin give Native American high school students hands-on, culturally relevant journalism experience. The Native American Journalists Association offers college scholarships in journalism for Americanâ€¦ South Texas Native Plant Restoration Project The South Texas Native Plant Restoration Project was a resounding success in that the primary goal of : developing commercial sources of native seed has been substantially met. By the conclusion of the project : on August 31, 2011, 20 native seed sou... Surrounded by Beauty: Arts of Native America. Native American languages have no equivalent for the word "art." Yet the objects Native Americans have used and still use suggest that they are a highly spiritual people who create objects of extraordinary beauty. In Native American thought, there is no distinction between what is beautiful or functional, and what is sacred or secular.â€¦ Tamarisk coalition - native riparian plant materials program Stacy Kolegas The Tamarisk Coalition (TC), a nonprofit organization dedicated to riparian restoration in the western United States, has created a Native Plant Materials Program to address the identified need for native riparian plant species for use in revegetation efforts on the Colorado Plateau. The specific components of the Native Plant Materials Program include: 1) provide seed... Credibility of native and non-native speakers of English revisited: Do non-native listeners feel the same? HanzlÃkovÃ¡, Dagmar; Skarnitzl, Radek This study reports on research stimulated by Lev-Ari and Keysar (2010) who showed that native listeners find statements delivered by foreign-accented speakers to be less true than those read by native speakers. Our objective was to replicate the study with non-native listeners to see whether this effect is also relevant in international communication contexts. The same set of statements from the original study was recorded by 6 native and 6 nonnative speakers of English. 121 non-native listen... Native Speakers in Linguistic Imperialism Phillipson, Robert An investigation of Native English Speaking Teachersâ€™ performance in schemes in six Asian contexts, commissioned by the British Council, and undertaken by three British academics, is subjected to critical evaluation. Key issues for exploration are the issue of a monolingual approach to English le...... the economic and geopolitical agenda behind this English teaching business, there is clear evidence of linguistic imperialism in the functions of this global professional service. These activities serve to strengthen Western interests.......An investigation of Native English Speaking Teachersâ€™ performance in schemes in six Asian contexts, commissioned by the British Council, and undertaken by three British academics, is subjected to critical evaluation. Key issues for exploration are the issue of a monolingual approach to English...... learning and teaching, and the inappropriate qualifications of those sent to education systems when they are unfamiliar with the learnersâ€™ languages, cultures, and pedagogical traditions. Whether the schemes involved constitute linguistic imperialismis analysed. Whereas the need for multilingual competence... Ecological impacts of non-native species Wilkinson, John W. Non-native species are considered one of the greatest threats to freshwater biodiversity worldwide (Drake et al. 1989; Allen and Flecker 1993; Dudgeon et al. 2005). Some of the first hypotheses proposed to explain global patterns of amphibian declines included the effects of non-native species (Barinaga 1990; Blaustein and Wake 1990; Wake and Morowitz 1991). Evidence for the impact of non-native species on amphibians stems (1) from correlative research that relates the distribution or abundance of a species to that of a putative non-native species, and (2) from experimental tests of the effects of a non-native species on survival, growth, development or behaviour of a target species (Kats and Ferrer 2003). Over the past two decades, research on the effects of non-native species on amphibians has mostly focused on introduced aquatic predators, particularly fish. Recent research has shifted to more complex ecological relationships such as influences of sub-lethal stressors (e.g. contaminants) on the effects of non-native species (Linder et al. 2003; Sih et al. 2004), non-native species as vectors of disease (Daszak et al. 2004; Garner et al. 2006), hybridization between non-natives and native congeners (Riley et al. 2003; Storfer et al. 2004), and the alteration of food-webs by non-native species (Nystrom et al. 2001). Other research has examined the interaction of non-native species in terms of facilitation (i.e. one non-native enabling another to become established or spread) or the synergistic effects of multiple non-native species on native amphibians, the so-called invasional meltdown hypothesis (Simerloff and Von Holle 1999). Although there is evidence that some non-native species may interact (Ricciardi 2001), there has yet to be convincing evidence that such interactions have led to an accelerated increase in the number of non-native species and cumulative impacts are still uncertain (Simberloff 2006). Applied research on the control, eradication, and digital natives and digital immigrants Cardina, Bruno; Francisco, JerÃ³nimo; Reis, Pedro; trad. Silva, FÃ¡tima This article focuses on the generational gaps in school learning. Initially, we have tried to provide the framework in relation to the term digital native in order to understand the key aspects of the generation born after the advent and the global use of the Internet. They were found to be â€œmultitaskingâ€� people, linked to technology and connectivity, as opposed to digital immigrants, born in an earlier period and seeking to adapt to the technological world. We also present some r... Determinants of Success in Native and Non-Native Listening Comprehension: An Individual Differences Approach Andringa, Sible; Olsthoorn, Nomi; van Beuningen, Catherine; Schoonen, Rob; Hulstijn, Jan The goal of this study was to explain individual differences in both native and non-native listening comprehension; 121 native and 113 non-native speakers of Dutch were tested on various linguistic and nonlinguistic cognitive skills thought to underlie listening comprehension. Structural equation modeling was used to identify the predictors ofâ€¦ Andringa, S.; Olsthoorn, N.; van Beuningen, C.; Schoonen, R.; Hulstijn, J. The goal of this study was to explain individual differences in both native and non-native listening comprehension; 121 native and 113 non-native speakers of Dutch were tested on various linguistic and nonlinguistic cognitive skills thought to underlie listening comprehension. Structural equation Growth strategy, phylogeny and stoichiometry determine the allelopathic potential of native and non-native plants Grutters, Bart M.C.; Saccomanno, Benedetta; Gross, Elisabeth M.; Van de Waal, Dedmer B.; van Donk, Ellen; Bakker, Elisabeth S. Secondary compounds can contribute to the success of non-native plant species if they reduce damage by native herbivores or inhibit the growth of native plant competitors. However, there is opposing evidence on whether the secondary com- pounds of non-native plant species are stronger than those of Chinese College Students' Views on Native English and Non-Native English in EFL Classrooms Qian, Yang; Jingxia, Liu With the development of globalization, English is clearly spoken by many more non-native than native speakers, which raises the discussion of English varieties and the debate regarding the conformity to Standard English. Although a large number of studies have shown scholars' attitudes towards native English and non-native English, little researchâ€¦ Optimal control of native predators Martin, Julien; O'Connell, Allan F.; Kendall, William L.; Runge, Michael C.; Simons, Theodore R.; Waldstein, Arielle H.; Schulte, Shiloh A.; Converse, Sarah J.; Smith, Graham W.; Pinion, Timothy; Rikard, Michael; Zipkin, Elise F. We apply decision theory in a structured decision-making framework to evaluate how control of raccoons (Procyon lotor), a native predator, can promote the conservation of a declining population of American Oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus) on the Outer Banks of North Carolina. Our management objective was to maintain Oystercatcher productivity above a level deemed necessary for population recovery while minimizing raccoon removal. We evaluated several scenarios including no raccoon removal, and applied an adaptive optimization algorithm to account for parameter uncertainty. We show how adaptive optimization can be used to account for uncertainties about how raccoon control may affect Oystercatcher productivity. Adaptive management can reduce this type of uncertainty and is particularly well suited for addressing controversial management issues such as native predator control. The case study also offers several insights that may be relevant to the optimal control of other native predators. First, we found that stage-specific removal policies (e.g., yearling versus adult raccoon removals) were most efficient if the reproductive values among stage classes were very different. Second, we found that the optimal control of raccoons would result in higher Oystercatcher productivity than the minimum levels recommended for this species. Third, we found that removing more raccoons initially minimized the total number of removals necessary to meet long term management objectives. Finally, if for logistical reasons managers cannot sustain a removal program by removing a minimum number of raccoons annually, managers may run the risk of creating an ecological trap for Oystercatchers. Contrast Invariant SNR Weiss, Pierre; Escande, Paul; Dong, Yiqiu We design an image quality measure independent of local contrast changes, which constitute simple models of illumination changes. Given two images, the algorithm provides the image closest to the first one with the component tree of the second. This problem can be cast as a specific convex progra...... algorithms based on interior point methods. The algorithm has potential applications in change detection, color image processing or image fusion. A Matlab implementation is available at http://www.math.univ-toulouse.fr/_weiss/PageCodes.html.... Analysis of protein interactions at native chloroplast membranes by ellipsometry. Verena Kriechbaumer Full Text Available Membrane bound receptors play vital roles in cell signaling, and are the target for many drugs, yet their interactions with ligands are difficult to study by conventional techniques due to the technical difficulty of monitoring these interactions in lipid environments. In particular, the ability to analyse the behaviour of membrane proteins in their native membrane environment is limited. Here, we have developed a quantitative approach to detect specific interactions between low-abundance chaperone receptors within native chloroplast membranes and their soluble chaperone partners. Langmuir-Schaefer film deposition was used to deposit native chloroplasts onto gold-coated glass slides, and interactions between the molecular chaperones Hsp70 and Hsp90 and their receptors in the chloroplast membranes were detected and quantified by total internal reflection ellipsometry (TIRE. We show that native chloroplast membranes deposited on gold-coated glass slides using Langmuir-Schaefer films retain functional receptors capable of binding chaperones with high specificity and affinity. Taking into account the low chaperone receptor abundance in native membranes, these binding properties are consistent with data generated using soluble forms of the chloroplast chaperone receptors, OEP61 and Toc64. Therefore, we conclude that chloroplasts have the capacity to selectively bind chaperones, consistent with the notion that chaperones play an important role in protein targeting to chloroplasts. Importantly, this method of monitoring by TIRE does not require any protein labelling. This novel combination of techniques should be applicable to a wide variety of membranes and membrane protein receptors, thus presenting the opportunity to quantify protein interactions involved in fundamental cellular processes, and to screen for drugs that target membrane proteins. Differential parasitism of seed-feeding Cydia (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by native and alien wasp species relative to elevation in subalpine Sophora (Fabaceae) forests on Mauna Kea, Hawaii Oboyski, P.T.; Slotterback, J.W.; Banko, P.C. Alien parasitic wasps, including accidental introductions and purposefully released biological control agents, have been implicated in the decline of native Hawaiian Lepidoptera. Understanding the potential impacts of alien wasps requires knowledge of ecological parameters that influence parasitism rates for species in their new environment. Sophora seed-feeding Cydia spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were surveyed for larval parasitoids to determine how native and alien wasps are partitioned over an elevation gradient (2200-2800 m) on Hawaii Island, Hawaii. Parasitism rate of native Euderus metallicus (Eulophidae) increased with increased elevation, while parasitism rate by immigrant Calliephialtes grapholithae (Ichneumonidae) decreased. Parasitism by Pristomerus hawaiiensis (Ichneumonidae), origins uncertain, also decreased with increased elevation. Two other species, Diadegma blackburni (Ichneumonidae), origins uncertain, and Brasema cushmani (Eupelmidae), a purposefully introduced biological control agent for pepper weevil, did not vary significantly with elevation. Results are contrasted with a previous study of this system with implications for the conservation of an endangered bird species that feed on Cydia larvae. Interpretation of results is hindered by lack of knowledge of autecology of moths and wasps, origins, phylogeny, systematics, competitive ability, and physiological limitations of each wasp species. These factors should be incorporated into risk analysis for biological control introductions and invasive species programs. ?? 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers. A PHONETIC CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH WORDS IN THREE JAPANESE SONGS BY AKB48 Harwintha Y. Anjarningsih; Anisa Saraayu Many studies have revealed how Japanese speakers pronounce English words differently. However, not much research has explained the causes of the difference, let alone relating such difference with native language interference. By drawing a comparison between the sound structures of the English and Japanese languages using Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH), we will see how native language may influence foreign language USAge and cause pronunciation differences in popular songs. Transcripti... The invention relates to a method and a system for synthesizing a prescribed intensity pattern based on phase contrast imaging that is not based on the assumption of prior art methods that the pahase shift phi is less than 1 radian. An improved method based on a simple imaging operation...... phasors attain predetermined values for predetermined spatial frequencies, and the phasor value of the specific resolution element of the spatial phase mask corresponds to a distinct intensity level of the image of the resolution element in the intensity pattern, and a spatial phase filter for phase...... shifting of a part of the electromagntic radiation, in combination with an imaging system for generation of the intensity pattern by interference in the image plane of the imaging system between the part of the electromagnetic raidation that has been phase shifted by the phase filter and the remaining part... Paramagnetic contrast material McNamara, M.T. Paramagnetic contrast materials have certainly demonstrated clinical utility in a variety of organ systems for improved detection of various neoplastic, inflammatory, infectious, and physiologic abnormalities. Although the more commonly employed extracellular agents, such as Gd-DTPA, have been quite safe and useful, particularly in the CNS, it is almost certain that other substances will achieve more success in various other organs, such as iron oxides in the reticuloendothelial system and persisting extracellular agents in the cardiovascular system. Finally, as MRI technology continues to evolve, producing such exciting new sequences as gradient-echo fast scans, the roles of currently existing and newly discovered paramagnetic pharmaceuticals must be continuously reevaluated both to obtain maximum clinical benefit and to guide the search for newer agents that may further optimize the diagnostic efficacy of MRI New MR contrast agent Grossman, C.D.; Subramanian, G.; Schneider, R.; Szeverenyi, N.E.; Rosenbaum, A.M.; Gagne, G.; Tillapaugh-Fay, G.; Berlin, R.; Ritter-Hrncirik, C.; Yu, S. This paper evaluates an MR contrast agent-meglumine tris-(2,6-dicarboxypyridine) gadolinium (III) or gadolinium dipicolinate (Gd-DPC)-produced in-house. Rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital. For renal imaging, bowel motion artifact was minimized with glucagon (0.014 mg/kg, intravenous (IV)). Enhanced images were generated on a 2-T chemical shift imaging system with a 31-cm horizontal bore magnet after IV injection of Gd-DPC (100 Î¼M/kg). Coronal sections of the kidneys and sagittal sections of the brain, 2 mm thick, were made. Six to eight excitations and 128 or 356 phase-encoding steps were used for each image. Control animals were injected with equivalent doses of gadopentetate dimeglumine An Investigation of Native and Nonnative English Speakers' Levels of Written Syntactic Complexity in Asynchronous Online Discussions Mancilla, Rae L.; Polat, Nihat; Akcay, Ahmet O. This manuscript reports on a corpus-based comparison of native and nonnative graduate students' language production in an asynchronous learning environment. Using 486 discussion board postings from a five-year period (2009-2013), we analyzed the extent to which native and nonnative university students' writing differed in 10 measures of syntacticâ€¦ A Model of Successful Adaptation to Online Learning for College-Bound Native American High School Students Kaler, Collier Butler Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the conditions for Native American high school students that result in successful adaptation to an online learning environment. Design/methodology/approach: In total, eight Native American students attending high schools located on Montana Indian reservations, and one urban city, were interviewed.â€¦ Origin and Domestication of Native Amazonian Crops Doriane PicanÃ§o-Rodrigues Full Text Available Molecular analyses are providing new elements to decipher the origin, domestication and dispersal of native Amazonian crops in an expanding archaeological context. Solid molecular data are available for manioc (Manihot esculenta, cacao (Theobroma cacao, pineapple (Ananas comosus, peach palm (Bactris gasipaes and guaranÃ¡ (Paullinia cupana, while hot peppers (Capsicum spp., inga (Inga edulis, Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa and cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum are being studied. Emergent patterns include the relationships among domestication, antiquity (terminal Pleistocene to early Holocene, origin in the periphery, ample pre-Columbian dispersal and clear phylogeographic population structure for manioc, pineapple, peach palm and, perhaps, Capsicum peppers. Cacao represents the special case of an Amazonian species possibly brought into domestication in Mesoamerica, but close scrutiny of molecular data suggests that it may also have some incipiently domesticated populations in Amazonia. Another pattern includes the relationships among species with incipiently domesticated populations or very recently domesticated populations, rapid pre- or post-conquest dispersal and lack of phylogeographic population structure, e.g., Brazil nut, cupuassu and guaranÃ¡. These patterns contrast the peripheral origin of most species with domesticated populations with the subsequent concentration of their genetic resources in the center of the basin, along the major white water rivers where high pre-conquest population densities developed. Additional molecular genetic analyses on these and other species will allow better examination of these processes and will enable us to relate them to other historical ecological patterns in Amazonia. Foreign nurse importation and the supply of native nurses. CortÃ©s, Patricia; Pan, Jessica The importation of foreign registered nurses has been used as a strategy to ease nursing shortages in the United States. The effectiveness of this policy depends critically on the long-run response of native nurses. We examine the effects of immigration of foreign-born registered nurses on the long-run employment and occupational choice of native nurses. Using a variety of empirical strategies that exploit the geographical distribution of immigrant nurses across US cities, we find evidence of large displacement effects - over a ten-year period, for every foreign nurse that migrates to a city, between 1 and 2 fewer native nurses are employed in the city. We find similar results using data on nursing board exam-takers at the state level - an increase in the flow of foreign nurses significantly reduces the number of natives sitting for licensure exams in more dependent states relative to less dependent states. Using data on self-reported workplace satisfaction among a sample of California nurses, we find suggestive evidence that part of the displacement effects could be driven by a decline in the perceived quality of the workplace environment. Copyright Â© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Native Small Airways Secrete Bicarbonate Shamsuddin, A. K. M.; Quinton, Paul M. Since the discovery of Clâˆ’ impermeability in cystic fibrosis (CF) and the cloning of the responsible channel, CF pathology has been widely attributed to a defect in epithelial Clâˆ’ transport. However, loss of bicarbonate (HCO3âˆ’) transport also plays a major, possibly more critical role in CF pathogenesis. Even though HCO3âˆ’ transport is severely affected in the native pancreas, liver, and intestines in CF, we know very little about HCO3âˆ’ secretion in small airways, the principle site of morbidi... Experimental evidence of impacts of an invasive parakeet on foraging behavior of native birds. Peck, Hannah L; Pringle, Henrietta E; Marshall, Harry H; Owens, Ian P F; Lord, Alexa M Resource competition is one potential behavioral mechanism by which invasive species can impact native species, but detecting this competition can be difficult due to the interactions that variable environmental conditions can have on species behavior. This is particularly the case in urban habitats where the disturbed environment can alter natural behavior from that in undisturbed habitats. The rose-ringed parakeet ( Psittacula krameri ), is an increasingly common invasive species, predominantly associated with large urban centers. Using an experimental approach, we tested the behavioral responses of native garden birds in response to the presence of a rose-ringed parakeet versus the presence of a similarly sized and dominant native bird, the great spotted woodpecker ( Dendrocopos major ). Parakeet presence significantly reduced feeding rates and increased vigilance among native birds compared with our control treatments. Of visits made by native birds in the presence of a parakeet, feeding was more likely to occur in sites within the parakeet range compared with sites outside, suggesting some habituation of native birds has occurred following prior exposure to parakeets but overall foraging behavior is still disrupted. The results of our study suggest that nonnative species can have complex and subtle impacts on native fauna and show that a nonnative competitor can impact native species simply through their presence near resources. Native-language N400 and P600 predict dissociable language-learning abilities in adults. Qi, Zhenghan; Beach, Sara D; Finn, Amy S; Minas, Jennifer; Goetz, Calvin; Chan, Brian; Gabrieli, John D E Language learning aptitude during adulthood varies markedly across individuals. An individual's native-language ability has been associated with success in learning a new language as an adult. However, little is known about how native-language processing affects learning success and what neural markers of native-language processing, if any, are related to success in learning. We therefore related variation in electrophysiology during native-language processing to success in learning a novel artificial language. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while native English speakers judged the acceptability of English sentences prior to learning an artificial language. There was a trend towards a double dissociation between native-language ERPs and their relationships to novel syntax and vocabulary learning. Individuals who exhibited a greater N400 effect when processing English semantics showed better future learning of the artificial language overall. The N400 effect was related to syntax learning via its specific relationship to vocabulary learning. In contrast, the P600 effect size when processing English syntax predicted future syntax learning but not vocabulary learning. These findings show that distinct neural signatures of native-language processing relate to dissociable abilities for learning novel semantic and syntactic information. Copyright Â© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Native-language N400 and P600 predict dissociable language-learning abilities in adults Qi, Zhenghan; Beach, Sara D.; Finn, Amy S.; Minas, Jennifer; Goetz, Calvin; Chan, Brian; Gabrieli, John D.E. Language learning aptitude during adulthood varies markedly across individuals. An individualâ€™s native-language ability has been associated with success in learning a new language as an adult. However, little is known about how native-language processing affects learning success and what neural markers of native-language processing, if any, are related to success in learning. We therefore related variation in electrophysiology during native-language processing to success in learning a novel artificial language. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while native English speakers judged the acceptability of English sentences prior to learning an artificial language. There was a trend towards a double dissociation between native-language ERPs and their relationships to novel syntax and vocabulary learning. Individuals who exhibited a greater N400 effect when processing English semantics showed better future learning of the artificial language overall. The N400 effect was related to syntax learning via its specific relationship to vocabulary learning. In contrast, the P600 effect size when processing English syntax predicted future syntax learning but not vocabulary learning. These findings show that distinct neural signatures of native-language processing relate to dissociable abilities for learning novel semantic and syntactic information. PMID:27737775 Herbivory more limiting than competition on early and established native plants in an invaded meadow. Gonzales, Emily K; Arcese, Peter The dominance of nonnative plants coupled with declines of native plants suggests that competitive displacement drives extinctions, yet empirical examples are rare. Herbivores, however, can alter vegetation structure and reduce diversity when abundant. Herbivores may act on mature, reproductive life stages whereas some of the strongest competitive effects might occur at early life stages that are difficult to observe. For example, competition by perennial nonnative grasses can interfere with the establishment of native seeds. We contrasted the effects of ungulate herbivory and competition by neighboring plants on the performance of native plant species at early and established life stages in invaded oak meadows. We recorded growth, survival, and flowering in two native species transplanted as established plants, six native species grown from seed, and five extant lily species as part of two 2 x 2 factorial experiments that manipulated herbivory and competition. Herbivory reduced the performance of nearly all focal native species at early and established life stages, whereas competition had few measurable effects. Our results suggest that herbivory has a greater local influence on native plant species than competition and that reducing herbivore impacts will be required to successfully restore endangered oak meadows where ungulates are now abundant. Co-transformation to cloud-native applications : development experiences and experimental evaluation Spillner, Josef; Bogado, Yessica; BenÃtez, Walter; LÃ³pez Pires, Fabio Modern software applications following cloud-native design principles and architecture guidelines have inherent advantages in fulfilling current user requirements when executed in complex scheduled environments. Engineers responsible for software applications therefore have an intrinsic interest to migrate to cloud-native architectures. Existing methodologies for transforming legacy applications do not yet consider migration from partly cloud-enabled and cloud-aware applications under continu... Digital Native and Digital Immigrant Use of Scholarly Network for Doctoral Learners Berman, Ronald; Hassell, Deliesha The Doctoral Community Network (DC) is a learner driven, scholarly community designed to help online doctoral learners successfully complete their dissertation and program of study. While digital natives grew up in an environment immersed in technology, digital immigrants adapted to this environment through their ability to learn and adjust toâ€¦ 40 CFR 255.33 - Inclusion of Federal facilities and Native American Reservations. ... 40 Protection of Environment 24 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Inclusion of Federal facilities and Native American Reservations. 255.33 Section 255.33 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... Responsibilities of Identified Agencies and Relationship to Other Programs Â§ 255.33 Inclusion of Federal facilities... Whole Protein Native Fitness Potentials Faraggi, Eshel; Kloczkowski, Andrzej Protein structure prediction can be separated into two tasks: sample the configuration space of the protein chain, and assign a fitness between these hypothetical models and the native structure of the protein. One of the more promising developments in this area is that of knowledge based energy functions. However, standard approaches using pair-wise interactions have shown shortcomings demonstrated by the superiority of multi-body-potentials. These shortcomings are due to residue pair-wise interaction being dependent on other residues along the chain. We developed a method that uses whole protein information filtered through machine learners to score protein models based on their likeness to native structures. For all models we calculated parameters associated with the distance to the solvent and with distances between residues. These parameters, in addition to energy estimates obtained by using a four-body-potential, DFIRE, and RWPlus were used as training for machine learners to predict the fitness of the models. Testing on CASP 9 targets showed that our method is superior to DFIRE, RWPlus, and the four-body potential, which are considered standards in the field. A Computer Text Analysis of Four Cohesion Devices in English Discourse by Native and Nonnative Writers. Reid, Joy In a contrastive rhetoric study of nonnative English speakers, 768 essays written in English by native speakers of Arabic, Chinese, Spanish, and English were examined using the Writer's Workbench program to determine whether distinctive, quantifiable differences in the use of 4 cohesion devices existed among the 4 language backgrounds. (Author/LB) Elevated arousal levels enhance contrast perception. Kim, Dongho; Lokey, Savannah; Ling, Sam Our state of arousal fluctuates from moment to moment-fluctuations that can have profound impacts on behavior. Arousal has been proposed to play a powerful, widespread role in the brain, influencing processes as far ranging as perception, memory, learning, and decision making. Although arousal clearly plays a critical role in modulating behavior, the mechanisms underlying this modulation remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we examined the modulatory role of arousal on one of the cornerstones of visual perception: contrast perception. Using a reward-driven paradigm to manipulate arousal state, we discovered that elevated arousal state substantially enhances visual sensitivity, incurring a multiplicative modulation of contrast response. Contrast defines vision, determining whether objects appear visible or invisible to us, and these results indicate that one of the consequences of decreased arousal state is an impaired ability to visually process our environment. NativeView: A Geospatial Curriculum for Native Nation Building Rattling Leaf, J. In the spirit of collaboration and reciprocity, James Rattling Leaf of Sinte Gleska University on the Rosebud Reservation of South Dakota will present recent developments, experiences, insights and a vision for education in Indian Country. As a thirty-year young institution, Sinte Gleska University is founded by a strong vision of ancestral leadership and the values of the Lakota Way of Life. Sinte Gleska University (SGU) has initiated the development of a Geospatial Education Curriculum project. NativeView: A Geospatial Curriculum for Native Nation Building is a two-year project that entails a disciplined approach towards the development of a relevant Geospatial academic curriculum. This project is designed to meet the educational and land management needs of the Rosebud Lakota Tribe through the utilization of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Remote Sensing (RS) and Global Positioning Systems (GPS). In conjunction with the strategy and progress of this academic project, a formal presentation and demonstration of the SGU based Geospatial software RezMapper software will exemplify an innovative example of state of the art information technology. RezMapper is an interactive CD software package focused toward the 21 Lakota communities on the Rosebud Reservation that utilizes an ingenious concept of multimedia mapping and state of the art data compression and presentation. This ongoing development utilizes geographic data, imagery from space, historical aerial photography and cultural features such as historic Lakota documents, language, song, video and historical photographs in a multimedia fashion. As a tangible product, RezMapper will be a project deliverable tool for use in the classroom and to a broad range of learners. Non-native Listenersâ€™ Recognition of High-Variability Speech Using PRESTO Tamati, Terrin N.; Pisoni, David B. Background Natural variability in speech is a significant challenge to robust successful spoken word recognition. In everyday listening environments, listeners must quickly adapt and adjust to multiple sources of variability in both the signal and listening environments. High-variability speech may be particularly difficult to understand for non-native listeners, who have less experience with the second language (L2) phonological system and less detailed knowledge of sociolinguistic variation of the L2. Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of high-variability sentences on non-native speech recognition and to explore the underlying sources of individual differences in speech recognition abilities of non-native listeners. Research Design Participants completed two sentence recognition tasks involving high-variability and low-variability sentences. They also completed a battery of behavioral tasks and self-report questionnaires designed to assess their indexical processing skills, vocabulary knowledge, and several core neurocognitive abilities. Study Sample Native speakers of Mandarin (n = 25) living in the United States recruited from the Indiana University community participated in the current study. A native comparison group consisted of scores obtained from native speakers of English (n = 21) in the Indiana University community taken from an earlier study. Data Collection and Analysis Speech recognition in high-variability listening conditions was assessed with a sentence recognition task using sentences from PRESTO (Perceptually Robust English Sentence Test Open-Set) mixed in 6-talker multitalker babble. Speech recognition in low-variability listening conditions was assessed using sentences from HINT (Hearing In Noise Test) mixed in 6-talker multitalker babble. Indexical processing skills were measured using a talker discrimination task, a gender discrimination task, and a forced-choice regional dialect categorization task. Vocabulary Word Durations in Non-Native English Baker, Rachel E.; Baese-Berk, Melissa; Bonnasse-Gahot, Laurent; Kim, Midam; Van Engen, Kristin J.; Bradlow, Ann R. In this study, we compare the effects of English lexical features on word duration for native and non-native English speakers and for non-native speakers with different L1s and a range of L2 experience. We also examine whether non-native word durations lead to judgments of a stronger foreign accent. We measured word durations in English paragraphs read by 12 American English (AE), 20 Korean, and 20 Chinese speakers. We also had AE listeners rate the `accentedness' of these non-native speakers. AE speech had shorter durations, greater within-speaker word duration variance, greater reduction of function words, and less between-speaker variance than non-native speech. However, both AE and non-native speakers showed sensitivity to lexical predictability by reducing second mentions and high frequency words. Non-native speakers with more native-like word durations, greater within-speaker word duration variance, and greater function word reduction were perceived as less accented. Overall, these findings identify word duration as an important and complex feature of foreign-accented English. PMID:21516172 Evaluating nurse plants for restoring native woody species to degraded subtropical woodlands Yelenik, Stephanie G.; DiManno, Nicole; Dâ€™Antonio, Carla M. Harsh habitats dominated by invasive species are difficult to restore. Invasive grasses in arid environments slow succession toward more desired composition, yet grass removal exacerbates high light and temperature, making the use of â€œnurse plantsâ€� an appealing strategy. In this study of degraded subtropical woodlands dominated by alien grasses in Hawai'i, we evaluated whether individuals of two native (Dodonaea viscosa,Â Leptocophylla tameiameia) and one non-native (Morella faya) woody species (1) act as natural nodes of recruitment for native woody species and (2) can be used to enhance survivorship of outplanted native woody species. To address these questions, we quantified the presence and persistence of seedlings naturally recruiting beneath adult nurse shrubs and compared survival and growth of experimentally outplanted seedlings of seven native woody species under the nurse species compared to intact and cleared alien-grass plots. We found that the two native nurse shrubs recruit their own offspring, but do not act as establishment nodes for other species.Â Morella fayaÂ recruited even fewer seedlings than native shrubs. Thus, outplanting will be necessary to increase abundance and diversity of native woody species. Outplant survival was the highest under shrubs compared to away from them with few differences between nurse species. The worst habitat for native seedling survival and growth was within the unmanaged invasive grass matrix. Although the two native nurse species did not differentially affect outplant survival,Â D.Â viscosaÂ is the most widespread and easily propagated and is thus more likely to be useful as an initial nurse species. The outplanted species showed variable responses to nurse habitats that we attribute to resource requirements resulting from their typical successional stage and nitrogen fixation capability. Evaluating nurse plants for restoring native woody species to degraded subtropical woodlands. Yelenik, Stephanie G; DiManno, Nicole; D'Antonio, Carla M Harsh habitats dominated by invasive species are difficult to restore. Invasive grasses in arid environments slow succession toward more desired composition, yet grass removal exacerbates high light and temperature, making the use of "nurse plants" an appealing strategy. In this study of degraded subtropical woodlands dominated by alien grasses in Hawai'i, we evaluated whether individuals of two native (Dodonaea viscosa, Leptocophylla tameiameia) and one non-native (Morella faya) woody species (1) act as natural nodes of recruitment for native woody species and (2) can be used to enhance survivorship of outplanted native woody species. To address these questions, we quantified the presence and persistence of seedlings naturally recruiting beneath adult nurse shrubs and compared survival and growth of experimentally outplanted seedlings of seven native woody species under the nurse species compared to intact and cleared alien-grass plots. We found that the two native nurse shrubs recruit their own offspring, but do not act as establishment nodes for other species. Morella faya recruited even fewer seedlings than native shrubs. Thus, outplanting will be necessary to increase abundance and diversity of native woody species. Outplant survival was the highest under shrubs compared to away from them with few differences between nurse species. The worst habitat for native seedling survival and growth was within the unmanaged invasive grass matrix. Although the two native nurse species did not differentially affect outplant survival, D.Â viscosa is the most widespread and easily propagated and is thus more likely to be useful as an initial nurse species. The outplanted species showed variable responses to nurse habitats that we attribute to resource requirements resulting from their typical successional stage and nitrogen fixation capability. Aerococcus viridans Native Valve Endocarditis Wenwan Zhou Full Text Available Aerococcus viridans is an infrequent human pathogen and few cases of infective endocarditis have been reported. A case involving a 69-year-old man with colon cancer and hemicolectomy 14 years previously, without recurrence, is reported. A diagnosis of native mitral valve endocarditis was established on the basis of clinical presentation, characteristic echocardiographic findings and pathological specimen examination after urgent valve replacement. A viridans endocarditis appears to be particularly virulent, requiring a surgical approach in four of 10 cases reported and death in one of nine. Given the aggressive nature of A viridans endocarditis and the variable time to diagnosis (a few days to seven months, prompt recognition of symptoms and echocardiography, in addition to blood cultures, should be performed when symptoms persist. Engelkes, T.; Wouters, B.; Bezemer, T.M.; Harvey, J.A.; Van der Putten, W.H. Invasive non-nativeplant species often harbor fewer herbivorous insects than related nativeplant species. However, little is known about how herbivorous insects on non-nativeplants are exposed to carnivorous insects, and even less is known on plants that have recently expanded their ranges within Morphological rational operator for contrast enhancement. Peregrina-Barreto, Hayde; Herrera-Navarro, Ana M; Morales-HernÃ¡ndez, Luis A; Terol-Villalobos, IvÃ¡n R Contrast enhancement is an important task in image processing that is commonly used as a preprocessing step to improve the images for other tasks such as segmentation. However, some methods for contrast improvement that work well in low-contrast regions affect good contrast regions as well. This occurs due to the fact that some elements may vanish. A method focused on images with different luminance conditions is introduced in the present work. The proposed method is based on morphological transformations by reconstruction and rational operations, which, altogether, allow a more accurate contrast enhancement resulting in regions that are in harmony with their environment. Furthermore, due to the properties of these morphological transformations, the creation of new elements on the image is avoided. The processing is carried out on luminance values in the u'v'Y color space, which avoids the creation of new colors. As a result of the previous considerations, the proposed method keeps the natural color appearance of the image. The Value of Contrast Echocardiography Shannon C. Treiber Full Text Available Purpose: There is much evidence-based research proving the effectiveness of contrast echocardiography, but there are still questions and concerns about its specific uses. This study tested the effectiveness of contrast echocardiography in defining the left ventricular endocardial border. Methods: From 30 patients, a total of 60 echocardiograms â€“â€“ 30 with and 30 without use of contrast â€“â€“ were retrospectively reviewed by four blinded cardiologists with advanced training in echocardiography. No single cardiologist reviewed contrast and noncontrast images of the same patient. Each set of 30 echocardiograms was then studied for wall-motion scoring. Visualization of left ventricular wall segments and a global visualization confidence level of interpretation were recorded. Results: Of all wall segments (N = 510, 91% were visualized in echocardiograms with use of contrast, whereas 75% of the walls were visualized in echocardiograms without contrast (P < 0.001. Of 30 examinations, 17 contrast echocardiograms were read with high confidence compared to 6 without contrast use (P = 0.004. The number of walls visualized with contrast was increased in 18 patients (60%, whereas noncontrast echocardiograms yielded more visualized walls in 6 patients (20%, P = 0.002. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that contrast is valuable to echocardiographic imaging. Its use should be supported throughout echocardiography clinics and encouraged in certain patients for whom resting and stress echocardiography results without contrast often prove uninterpretable. Contrasting Specific English Corpora: Language Variation MarÃa Luisa CarriÃ³ Pastor Full Text Available The scientific community has traditionally considered technical English as neutral and objective, able to transmit ideas and research in simple sentences and specialized vocabulary. Nevertheless, global communication and intense information delivery have produced a range of different ways of knowledge transmission. Although technical English is considered an objective way to transmit science, writers of academic papers use some words or structures with different frequency in the same genre. As a consequence of this, contrastive studies about the use of second languages have been increasingly attracting scholarly attention. In this research, we evidence that variation in language production is a reality and can be proved contrasting corpora written by native writers of English and by non-native writers of English. The objectives of this paper are first to detect language variation in a technical English corpus; second, to demonstrate that this finding evidences the parts of the sentence that are more sensitive to variation; finally, it also evidences the non-standardisation of technical English. In order to fulfil these objectives, we analysed a corpus of fifty scientific articles written by native speakers of English and fifty scientific articles written by non-native speakers of English. The occurrences were classified and counted in order to detect the most common variations. Further analysis indicated that the variations were caused by mother tongue interference in virtually all cases, although meaning was only very rarely obscured. These findings suggest that the use of certain patterns and expressions originating from L1 interference should be considered as correct as standard English.La comunidad cientÃfica considera al inglÃ©s tÃ©cnico como un tipo de lenguaje neutral y objetivo, capaz de transmitir ideas y hallazgos en frases simples y vocabulario reconocido por los especialistas de ese campo. Sin embargo, la comunicaciÃ³n global y el Periphyton density is similar on native and non-native plant species Grutters, B.M.C.; Gross, Elisabeth M.; van Donk, E.; Bakker, E.S. Non-native plants increasingly dominate the vegetation in aquatic ecosystems and thrive in eutrophic conditions. In eutrophic conditions, submerged plants risk being overgrown by epiphytic algae; however, if non-native plants are less susceptible to periphyton than natives, this would contribute to Within-category variance and lexical tone discrimination in native and non-native speakers Hoffmann, C.W.G.; Sadakata, M.; Chen, A.; Desain, P.W.M.; McQueen, J.M.; Gussenhove, C.; Chen, Y.; Dediu, D. In this paper, we show how acoustic variance within lexical tones in disyllabic Mandarin Chinese pseudowords affects discrimination abilities in both native and non-native speakers of Mandarin Chinese. Within-category acoustic variance did not hinder native speakers in discriminating between lexical Germination responses of an invasive species in native and non-native ranges Jose L. Hierro; Ozkan Eren; Liana Khetsuriani; Alecu Diaconu; Katalin Torok; Daniel Montesinos; Krikor Andonian; David Kikodze; Levan Janoian; Diego Villarreal; Maria Estanga-Mollica; Ragan M. Callaway Studying germination in the native and non-native range of a species can provide unique insights into processes of range expansion and adaptation; however, traits related to germination have rarely been compared between native and nonnative populations. In a series of common garden experiments, we explored whether differences in the seasonality of precipitation,... Differences in the Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategies among Native and Non-Native Readers. Sheorey, R.; Mokhtari, K. Examines the differences in the reported use of reading strategies of native and non-native English speakers when reading academic materials. Participants were native English speaking and English-as-a-Second-Language college students who completed a survey of reading strategies aimed at discerning the strategies readers report using when copingâ€¦ Effects of computed tomography contrast medium factors on contrast enhancement Terasawa, Kazuaki; Hatcho, Atsushi; Okuda, Itsuko The various nonionic iodinated contrast media used in contrast computed tomography (CT) studies differ in terms of their composition, characteristics, and iodine concentration (mgI/ml), as well as the volume injected (ml). Compared with ionic iodinated contrast media, nonionic iodinated contrast media are low-osmolar agents, with different agents having different osmotic pressures. Using a custom-made phantom incorporating a semipermeable membrane, the osmotic flow rate (hounsfield unit (HU)/s) could easily be measured based on the observed increase in CT numbers, and the relationship between the osmotic pressure and the osmotic flow rate could be obtained (r 2 =0.84). In addition, taking the effects of patient size into consideration, the levels of contrast enhancement in the abdominal aorta (AA) and inferior vena cava (IVC) were compared among four types of CT contrast medium. The results showed differences in contrast enhancement in the IVC during the equilibrium phase depending on the type of contrast medium used. It was found that the factors responsible for the differences observed in enhancement in the IVC were the osmotic flow rate and the volume of the blood flow pathways in the circulatory system. It is therefore considered that the reproducibility of contrast enhancement is likely to be reduced in the examination of parenchymal organs, in which scanning must be performed during the equilibrium phase, even if the amount of iodine injected per unit body weight (mgI/kg) is maintained at a specified level. (author) Exploring Aesthetics: Focus on Native Americans. Sarrazin, Natalie Maintains that effectively presenting another culture in the classroom is one of the most fundamental problems facing teachers using a multicultural curriculum. Discusses the role of music and the arts in Native American culture. Provides suggestions for presenting traditional Native American music in Western classrooms. (CFR) Stylistic Change in Classroom Native Music. Johnston, Thomas F. Discusses the teaching of native music in classes for Native Americans. Highlights the ways in which changes in musical style evolve and the disparities between the teaching process and the music itself. Suggests methods for successfully uniting process and product. (MK) Rapid City Native American Population Needs Assessment. Farrokhi, Abdollah Interviews with 301 Native American households in Rapid City, South Dakota, examined demographic variables and attitudes and needs in the areas of education, housing, transportation, health care, recreation, and employment. The ultimate goals for Native American people are achieving empowerment and group determination through greater culturalâ€¦ Stennis Space Center celebrates Native American culture Famie Willis (left), 2009-2010 Choctaw Indian Princess, displays artifacts during Native American Heritage Month activities at Stennis Space Center on Nov. 24. The celebration featured various Native American cultural displays for Stennis employees to view. Shown above are (l to r): Willis, Elaine Couchman of NASA Shared Services Center, John Cecconi of NSSC and Lakeisha Robertson of the Environmental Protection Agency. The Native Language in Teaching Kindergarten Mathematics Espada, Janet P. The use of the native language as a medium of instruction is believed to be the fastest and most natural route towards developing a strong foundation in mathematics literacy (Mimaropa, In D.O.No. 74, s.2009). This study examined the effect of using the native language in the teaching of kindergarten mathematics. A total of 34 five to six year oldâ€¦ Native American Biographies. Multicultural Biographies Collection. Seeley, Virginia, Ed.; And Others This book, appropriate for secondary students, includes brief biographies of 21 Native Americans of the 20th century. The biographies focus on childhood experiences, cultural heritage, and career goals. The book is divided into four units that feature Native Americans with successful careers in the fields of literature and drama; fine arts andâ€¦ Hybridisation between native Oreochromis species and introduced ... The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus has been introduced throughout Africa outside its native range for aquaculture purposes. Hybridisation between escaped O. niloticus and native Oreochromis species is of concern due to potential negative effects on wild genetic resources for conservation, aquaculture and captureÂ ... Can We Teach Digital Natives Digital Literacy? Ng, Wan In recent years, there has been much debate about the concept of digital natives, in particular the differences between the digital natives' knowledge and adoption of digital technologies in informal versus formal educational contexts. This paper investigates the knowledge about educational technologies of a group of undergraduate studentsâ€¦ Theoretical Perspectives of How Digital Natives Learn Kivunja, Charles Marck Prensky, an authority on teaching and learning especially with the aid of Information and Communication Technologies, has referred to 21st century children born after 1980 as "Digital Natives". This paper reviews literature of leaders in the field to shed some light on theoretical perspectives of how Digital Natives learn and howâ€¦ How Digital Native Learners Describe Themselves Thompson, Penny Eight university students from the "digital native" generation were interviewed about the connections they saw between technology use and learning, and also their reactions to the popular press claims about their generation. Themes that emerged from the interviews were coded to show patterns in how digital natives describe themselves.â€¦ Native and Non-native English Teachers' Perceptions of their Professional Identity: Convergent or Divergent? Zia Tajeddin Full Text Available There is still a preference for native speaker teachers in the language teaching profession, which is supposed to influence the self-perceptions of native and nonnative teachers. However, the status of English as a globalized language is changing the legitimacy of native/nonnative teacher dichotomy. This study sought to investigate native and nonnative English-speaking teachersâ€™ perceptions about native and nonnative teachersâ€™ status and the advantages and disadvantages of being a native or nonnative teacher. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire and a semi-structured interview. A total of 200 native and nonnative teachers of English from the UK and the US, i.e. the inner circle, and Turkey and Iran, the expanding circle, participated in this study. A significant majority of nonnative teachers believed that native speaker teachers have better speaking proficiency, better pronunciation, and greater self-confidence. The findings also showed nonnative teachersâ€™ lack of self-confidence and awareness of their role and status compared with native-speaker teachers, which could be the result of existing inequities between native and nonnative English-speaking teachers in ELT. The findings also revealed that native teachers disagreed more strongly with the concept of native teachersâ€™ superiority over nonnative teachers. Native teachers argued that nonnative teachers have a good understanding of teaching methodology whereas native teachers are more competent in correct language. It can be concluded that teacher education programs in the expanding-circle countries should include materials for teachers to raise their awareness of their own professional status and role and to remove their misconception about native speaker fallacy. Plant functional traits of dominant native and invasive species in mediterranean-climate ecosystems. Funk, Jennifer L; Standish, Rachel J; Stock, William D; Valladares, Fernando The idea that dominant invasive plant species outperform neighboring native species through higher rates of carbon assimilation and growth is supported by several analyses of global data sets. However, theory suggests that native and invasive species occurring in low-resource environments will be functionally similar, as environmental factors restrict the range of observed physiological and morphological trait values. We measured resource-use traits in native and invasive plant species across eight diverse vegetation communities distributed throughout the five mediterranean-climate regions, which are drought prone and increasingly threatened by human activities, including the introduction of exotic species. Traits differed strongly across the five regions. In regions with functional differences between native and invasive species groups, invasive species displayed traits consistent with high resource acquisition; however, these patterns were largely attributable to differences in life form. We found that species invading mediterranean-climate regions were more likely to be annual than perennial: three of the five regions were dominated by native woody species and invasive annuals. These results suggest that trait differences between native and invasive species are context dependent and will vary across vegetation communities. Native and invasive species within annual and perennial groups had similar patterns of carbon assimilation and resource use, which contradicts the widespread idea that invasive species optimize resource acquisition rather than resource conservation. . The new digital natives cutting the chord Dingli, Alexei The first generation of Digital Natives (DNs) is now growing up.Â However, these digital natives were rather late starters since; their exposure to computers started when they could master the mouse and the penetration of computers in educational institutions was still very low. Today, a new breed of digital natives is emerging.Â This new breed includes those individuals who are being introduced from their first instances to the world of wireless devices. One year olds manage to master the intuitive touch interfaces of their tablets whilst sitting comfortably in their baby bouncers. The controller-less interfaces allow these children to interact with a machine in a way which was unconceivable below. Thus, our research investigated the paradigm shift between the different generations of digital natives. We analysed the way in which these two generations differ from each other and we explored how the world needs to change in order to harness the potential of these new digital natives. Native American Music and Curriculum: Controversies and Cultural Issues. Discusses Native American music and curricula, the differences in Western and Native American perspectives of music, the role of music in Native American life, and music as art. Considers how Native Americans live in two worlds (the preserved and lived cultures) and how Native American music should be taught. (CMK) Native Teen Voices: adolescent pregnancy prevention recommendations. Garwick, Ann W; Rhodes, Kristine L; Peterson-Hickey, Melanie; Hellerstedt, Wendy L American Indian adolescent pregnancy rates are high, yet little is known about how Native youth view primary pregnancy prevention. The aim was to identify pregnancy prevention strategies from the perspectives of both male and female urban Native youth to inform program development. Native Teen Voices (NTV) was a community-based participatory action research study in Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota. Twenty focus groups were held with 148 Native youth who had never been involved in a pregnancy. Groups were stratified by age (13-15 and 16-18 years) and sex. Participants were asked what they would do to prevent adolescent pregnancy if they were in charge of programs for Native youth. Content analyses were used to identify and categorize the range and types of participants' recommendations within and across the age and sex cohorts. Participants in all cohorts emphasized the following themes: show the consequences of adolescent pregnancy; enhance and develop more pregnancy prevention programs for Native youth in schools and community-based organizations; improve access to contraceptives; discuss teen pregnancy with Native youth; and use key messages and media to reach Native youth. Native youth perceived limited access to comprehensive pregnancy prevention education, community-based programs and contraceptives. They suggested a variety of venues and mechanisms to address gaps in sexual health services and emphasized enhancing school-based resources and involving knowledgeable Native peers and elders in school and community-based adolescent pregnancy prevention initiatives. A few recommendations varied by age and sex, consistent with differences in cognitive and emotional development. Emergence of category-level sensitivities in non-native speech sound learning Emily eMyers Full Text Available Over the course of development, speech sounds that are contrastive in oneâ€™s native language tend to become perceived categorically: that is, listeners are unaware of variation within phonetic categories while showing excellent sensitivity to speech sounds that span linguistically meaningful phonetic category boundaries. The end stage of this developmental process is that the perceptual systems that handle acoustic-phonetic information show special tuning to native language contrasts, and as such, category-level information appears to be present at even fairly low levels of the neural processing stream. Research on adults acquiring non-native speech categories offers an avenue for investigating the interplay of category-level information and perceptual sensitivities to these sounds as speech categories emerge. In particular, one can observe the neural changes that unfold as listeners learn not only to perceive acoustic distinctions that mark non-native speech sound contrasts, but also to map these distinctions onto category-level representations. An emergent literature on the neural basis of novel and non-native speech sound learning offers new insight into this question. In this review, I will examine this literature in order to answer two key questions. First, where in the neural pathway does sensitivity to category-level phonetic information first emerge over the trajectory of speech sound learning? Second, how do frontal and temporal brain areas work in concert over the course of non-native speech sound learning? Finally, in the context of this literature I will describe a model of speech sound learning in which rapidly-adapting access to categorical information in the frontal lobes modulates the sensitivity of stable, slowly-adapting responses in the temporal lobes. A comparison of the recruitment success of introduced and native species under natural conditions. Habacuc Flores-Moreno Full Text Available It is commonly accepted that introduced species have recruitment advantages over native species. However, this idea has not been widely tested, and those studies that have compared survival of introduced and native species have produced mixed results. We compiled data from the literature on survival through germination (seed to seedling survival, early seedling survival (survival through one week from seedling emergence and survival to adulthood (survival from germination to first reproduction under natural conditions for 285 native and 63 introduced species. Contrary to expectations, we found that introduced and native species do not significantly differ in survival through germination, early seedling survival, or survival from germination to first reproduction. These comparisons remained non-significant after accounting for seed mass, longevity and when including a random effect for site. Results remained consistent after excluding naturalized species from the introduced species data set, after performing phylogenetic independent contrasts, and after accounting for the effect of life form (woody/non-woody. Although introduced species sometimes do have advantages over native species (for example, through enemy release, or greater phenotypic plasticity, our findings suggest that the overall advantage conferred by these factors is either counterbalanced by advantages of native species (such as superior adaptation to local conditions or is simply too small to be detected at a broad scale. A 4-year study of invasive and native spider populations in Maine Jakob, Elizabeth M.; Porter, Adam H.; Ginsberg, Howard; Bednarski, Julie V.; Houser, Jeremy Invasive spiders pose potential threats to native spiders. In 2002, the European spider Linyphia triangularis (Clerck, 1757) (Araneae: Linyphiidae) was discovered in all but one county in Maine. At Acadia National Park, we conducted a 4-year study of L. triangularis and three native linyphiid species of a similar size (Frontinella communis (Hentz, 1850), Pityohyphantes subarcticus Chamberlin and Ivie, 1943, and Neriene radiata (Walckenaer, 1842)). Using line-transect surveys, we measured population densities in coastal and forest habitat. The density of L. triangularis varied across years but was always significantly higher on the coast than in the forest. In contrast, only one native species was present on the coast and at very low numbers. Coastal L. triangularis were larger and in better condition than those in the forest, and numbers and biomass of insect prey were also higher on the coast. In 2 years, we also conducted transects at a second coastal location in Maine where the invader was at low density. At that site, native densities were substantially higher than at either Acadia site. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that L. triangularis is reducing populations of native spiders. Companion studies suggest that L. triangularis negatively impacts natives by usurping both web sites and webs. Contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasonography Reddy, Nischita K; Ioncica, Ana Maria; Saftoiu, Adrian Contrast agents are increasingly being used to characterize the vasculature in an organ of interest, to better delineate benign from malignant pathology and to aid in staging and directing therapeutic procedures. We review the mechanisms of action of first, second and third generation contrast...... agents and their use in various endoscopic procedures in the gastrointestinal tract. Various applications of contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasonography include differentiating benign from malignant mediastinal lymphadenopathy, assessment of depth of invasion of esophageal, gastric and gall bladder... Properties of conventional contrast media Muetzel, W. A comprehensive overview is given of the properties of contrast media currently used in computed tomography (CT). The chemical structure of the compounds and the physicochemical properties derived therefrom are described. Emphasis is placed on the importance of the physicochemical properties of contrast media for tolerance and the pharmacokinetic behavior of compounds in the body. An outline is given of the basic ideas governing rational use of contrast media in CT, which result from complex, time-dependent distribution of contrast media in different tissue spaces. (Auth.) Digital Natives Coming of Age: Challenges for Managers Andreea MITAN Full Text Available Youth unemployment is currently a stringent problem in many European countries. Most of the time, both the public opinion and the national and European institutions blame the economic crisis, the social conditioning of these youngsters, and point to the failure of the educational systems to provide them with the necessary qualifications needed on the market. There are a few initiatives, such as the Youth Guarantee launched in 2013, led by European public authorities in order to reduce this phenomenon, but these initiatives address solely the professional proficiency of the youngsters. And most authorities perceive them as citizens who need to be trained to fit with the existing working environments. The situation is, in fact, more complex, as todays youngsters are different from the previous generations in terms of the values they share and the basic way they process information. When speaking of the youth, the high unemployment rate due to system imbalance between people training and work fieldsâ€™ requirements are just one side of the coin. The other side speaks about the impact digital technology has upon young people, favouring the emergence of the so called digital natives, and about the fact that the working environment in itself has to incorporate changes in order to accommodate these youngsters and fully benefit from their capabilities.Â Â Â Â As Romanian digital natives come of age, minimizing the mind gap between elder managers and younger employees and candidates becomes an important issue that companies increasingly have to deal with. This article explores the digital nativesâ€™ expectations from their managers and from the companies they aim to work for, based upon a survey conducted in four universities in Bucharest. We propose a series of recommendations for managers who work closely with digital natives, in order to improve the work environment and create the premises for better job performance in their teams, possibly reducing Physical activity differences between children from migrant and native origin. Labree, Wim; LÃ¶tters, Freek; van de Mheen, Dike; Rutten, Frans; Rivera ChavarrÃa, Ana; Neve, Madelon; Rodenburg, Gerda; Machielsen, Honorine; Koopmans, Gerrit; Foets, Marleen Children from migrant origin are at higher risk for overweight and obesity. As limited physical activity is a key factor in this overweight and obesity risk, in general, the aim of this study is to assess to what degree children from migrant and native Dutch origin differ with regard to levels of physical activity and to determine which home environment aspects contribute to these differences. A cross-sectional survey among primary caregivers of primary school children at the age of 8-9 years old (n = 1943) from 101 primary schools in two urban areas in The Netherlands. We used bivariate correlation and multivariate regression techniques to examine the relationship between physical and social environment aspects and the child's level of physical activity. All outcomes were reported by primary caregivers. Outcome measure was the physical activity level of the child. Main independent variables were migrant background, based on country of birth of the parents, and variables in the physical and social home environment which may enhance or restrict physical activity: the availability and the accessibility of toys and equipment, as well as sport club membership (physical environment), and both parental role modeling, and supportive parental policies (social environment). We controlled for age and sex of the child, and for socio-economic status, as indicated by educational level of the parents. In this sample, physical activity levels were significantly lower in migrant children, as compared to children in the native population. Less physical activity was most often seen in Turkish, Moroccan, and other non-western children (p environment are often associated with child's physical activity, these characteristics provided only modest explanation of the differences in physical activity between migrant and non-migrant children in this study. The question arises whether interventions aimed The role of native-language phonology in the auditory word identification and visual word recognition of Russian-English bilinguals. Shafiro, Valeriy; Kharkhurin, Anatoliy V Does native language phonology influence visual word processing in a second language? This question was investigated in two experiments with two groups of Russian-English bilinguals, differing in their English experience, and a monolingual English control group. Experiment 1 tested visual word recognition following semantic categorization of words containing four phonological vowel contrasts (/i/-/u/,/I/-/A/,/i/-/I/,/epsilon/-/ae/). Experiment 2 assessed auditory identification accuracy of words containing these four contrasts. Both bilingual groups demonstrated reduced accuracy in auditory identification of two English vowel contrasts absent in their native phonology (/i/-/I/,epsilon/-/ae/). For late- bilinguals, auditory identification difficulty was accompanied by poor visual word recognition for one difficult contrast (/i/-/I/). Bilinguals' visual word recognition moderately correlated with their auditory identification of difficult contrasts. These results indicate that native language phonology can play a role in visual processing of second language words. However, this effect may be considerably constrained by orthographic systems of specific languages. MR mammography: influence of menstrual cycle on the dynamic contrast enhancement of fibrocystic disease Rieber, A.; Nuessle, K.; Merkle, E.; Tomczak, R.; Brambs, H.J.; Kreienberg, R. Magnetic resonance mammography (MRM) provides data regarding the nature of tumours based on contrast medium dynamics; fibrocystic changes in the breast, however, may lead to false-positive results. This study investigated whether the contrast medium dynamics of fibrocystic changes are dependent on the menstrual cycle. Twenty-four patients with palpable lumps but normal mammographies and ultrasound studies were examined. The MRM technique was performed during the first and second part of the menstrual cycle using a FLASH 3D sequence, both native and at 1, 2, 3 and 8 min after intravenous application of 0.15 mmol/kg body weight of gadodiamide. The calculated time-intensity curves were evaluated based on the following criteria: early percentage of contrast medium uptake in relation to the native value; formation of a plateau phenomenon after the second minute; the point of maximal contrast medium uptake; and calculation of the contrast enhancing index. During the second half of the menstrual cycle, a generally greater contrast medium uptake was observed. Nevertheless, when further diagnostic criteria, such as continuous contrast medium increase as a function of time, were considered, there was no increased rate of false-positive findings. The phase of the menstrual cycle may affect the specificity of the examination, if only the quantitative contrast medium uptake and the percentage of contrast medium uptake in the first 2 min are considered. A control MRM during the other half of the cycle may then be indicated and additional diagnostic criteria may improve specificity. (orig.) Invasion versus isolation: trade-offs in managing native salmonids with barriers to upstream movement. Fausch, Kurt D; Rieman, Bruce E; Dunham, Jason B; Young, Michael K; Peterson, Douglas P Conservation biologists often face the trade-off that increasing connectivity in fragmented landscapes to reduce extinction risk of native species can foster invasion by non-native species that enter via the corridors created, which can then increase extinction risk. This dilemma is acute for stream fishes, especially native salmonids, because their populations are frequently relegated to fragments of headwater habitat threatened by invasion from downstream by 3 cosmopolitan non-native salmonids. Managers often block these upstream invasions with movement barriers, but isolation of native salmonids in small headwater streams can increase the threat of local extinction. We propose a conceptual framework to address this worldwide problem that focuses on 4 main questions. First, are populations of conservation value present (considering evolutionary legacies, ecological functions, and socioeconomic benefits as distinct values)? Second, are populations vulnerable to invasion and displacement by non-native salmonids? Third, would these populations be threatened with local extinction if isolated with barriers? And, fourth, how should management be prioritized among multiple populations? We also developed a conceptual model of the joint trade-off of invasion and isolation threats that considers the opportunities for managers to make strategic decisions. We illustrated use of this framework in an analysis of the invasion-isolation trade-off for native cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) in 2 contrasting basins in western North America where invasion and isolation are either present and strong or farther away and apparently weak. These cases demonstrate that decisions to install or remove barriers to conserve native salmonids are often complex and depend on conservation values, environmental context (which influences the threat of invasion and isolation), and additional socioeconomic factors. Explicit analysis with tools such as those we propose can help managers make Engaging Digital Natives through Social Learning Nina Sarkar Full Text Available Digital natives account for a substantial portion of the total enrollment in higher education. This calls for significant educational reforms because traditional education systems do not cater to the needs and interests of digital natives. The most effective way that both students and instructors can benefit from this paradigm shift is to integrate technology that is appropriate to the cognitive learning patterns of the digital natives into the curriculum. This paper builds upon previous research in technology/personality theory and specifically attempts to provide examples of technology that will address the instructional needs of digital natives. Further this paper provides empirical evidence of the impact of technology integration on the learning outcomes of digital natives. In this study, the authors explored the impact of targeted technology on academic performance in three businesses courses. Three functional technologies were used by the authors to build engaging course content, efficiently manage course content, and to interact with digital native students. This study found that these technologies can assist digital natives in the learning process and lead to better academic performance. Launching Native Health Leaders: Students as Communityâ€“Campus Ambassadors Segrest, Valerie; James, Rosalina; Madrid, Teresa; Fernandes, Roger Background Ancient teaching styles such as storytelling can help Native students to navigate the educational pipeline, and become forces for shaping health and research landscapes. Many experience isolation on campuses where these worldviews are marginalized. Objective Launching Native Health Leaders (LNHL) reduces academic isolation by creating an environment where students identify with Native values while exposing them to health and research career opportunities and interdisciplinary professional and community networks. Student experiences and the LNHL mentoring approach are described through phases of the Heroâ€™s Journey, a universal mythic story of human struggle and transformation. Methods Undergraduates were recruited to attend health and research conferences through college and university student service programs. Tribal community representatives led group discussions focused on tribal health issues, and students explored intersections of indigenous knowledge with community-based participatory research (CBPR) and their educational journeys. Results LNHL supported more than sixty students to attend eight professional conferences since 2006 that included themes of cancer control, tribal wellness, and indigenous knowledge systems for health. Students pursuing higher degrees and community service careers participated in conference sessions, small group discussions, and reflection activities with professional and tribal community mentors. Conclusion Mainstream academic systems must include indigenous voices at all levels of leadership to shift the direction of health trends. LNHL builds capacity for community-based efforts by balancing Indigenous and academic mentoring and empowering Native students to navigate their personal journeys and create pathways to serve the needs of Indigenous peoples. Students from other marginalized groups may benefit from an LNHL mentoring approach. PMID:20364081 The new numbers contrast sensitivity chart for contrast sensitivity measurement Bharkbhum Khambhiphant Conclusions: These charts show reasonable agreement and can be used interchangeably with the MARS. It is helpful for Thai people who can only read numbers in doing the test. We can use them in routinely contrast sensitivity measurement. Contrast-enhanced peripheral MRA. Technique and contrast agents Nielsen, Yousef W.; Thomsen, Henrik S. In the last decade contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) has gained wide acceptance as a valuable tool in the diagnostic work-up of patients with peripheral arterial disease. This review presents current concepts in peripheral CE-MRA with emphasis on MRI technique and contrast agents. Peripheral CE-MRA is defined as an MR angiogram of the arteries from the aortic bifurcation to the feet. Advantages of CE-MRA include minimal invasiveness and lack of ionizing radiation. The basic technique employed for peripheral CE-MRA is the bolus-chase method. With this method a paramagnetic MRI contrast agent is injected intravenously and T1-weighted images are acquired in the subsequent arterial first-pass phase. In order to achieve high quality MR angiograms without interfering venous contamination or artifacts, a number of factors need to be taken into account. This includes magnetic field strength of the MRI system, receiver coil configuration, use of parallel imaging, contrast bolus timing technique, and k-space filling strategies. Furthermore, it is possible to optimize peripheral CE-MRA using venous compression techniques, hybrid scan protocols, time-resolved imaging, and steady-state MRA. Gadolinium(Gd)-based contrast agents are used for CE-MRA of the peripheral arteries. Extracellular Gd agents have a pharmacokinetic profile similar to iodinated contrast media. Accordingly, these agents are employed for first-pass MRA. Blood-pool Gd-based agents are characterized by prolonged intravascular stay, due to macromolecular structure or protein binding. These agents can be used for first-pass, as well as steady-state MRA. Some Gd-based contrast agents with low thermodynamic stability have been linked to development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with severe renal insufficiency. Using optimized technique and a stable MRI contrast agent, peripheral CE-MRA is a safe procedure with diagnostic accuracy close to that of conventional catheter X Adriamycin nephrosis and contrast media Thomsen, H.S.; Golman, K.; Hemmingsen, L.; Larsen, S.; Skaarup, P.; Koebenhavns Amts Sygehus, Herlev; Koebenhavns Amts Sygehus, Herlev; Centralsygehuset, Nykoebing Falster; Malmoe Allmaenna Sjukhus Urine profiles (albumin, glucose, NAG, LDH, GGT and sodium) were followed for 9 days after intravenous injection of either diatrizoate, iohexol, or saline in 27 Wistar rats with nephrosis induced by Adriamycin 42 days before. Another 9 rats exposed to neither Adriamycin nor contrast media served as controls. None of the contrast media caused further increased albuminuria of significance, whereas both induced significantly increased excretion of all 5 tubular components. The excretion of NAG and sodium was significantly higher following diatrizoate than following iohexol. From 24 h post injection there was no significantly greater excretion of any of the components after either diatrizoate or iohexol than after saline among the rats given Adriamycin. At the end of day 9 after contrast medium injection neither serum sodium, potassium, glucose, urea, creatinine, nor albumin revealed any contrast media related changes. Kidney histology showed quantitatively larger lesions in kidneys exposed to Adriamycin and contrast media than in kidneys exposed to Adriamycin and saline. There were no differences between the two contrast media groups. It is thus concluded, that both high osmolar ionic and low osmolar non-ionic contrast media cause temporary tubular dysfunction but no further glomerular dysfunction in rats with nephrosis induced by Adriamycin. The histologic findings indicate that both media may worsen non-reversible renal lesions. (orig.) Native Freshwater Fish and Mussel Species Richness U.S. Environmental Protection Agency â€” These data represent predicted current distributions of all native freshwater fish and freshwater mussels in the Middle-Atlantic region. The data are available for... Polymorphy in native cellulose: recent developments Atalla, R.H. In a number of earlier studies, the authors developed a model of cellulose structure based on the existence of two stable, linearly ordered conformations of the cellulose chain that are dominant in celluloses I and II, respectively. The model rests on extensive Raman spectral observations together with conformational considerations and solid-state 13 C-NMR studies. More recently, they have proposed, on the basis of high resolution solid-state 13 C-NMR observations, that native celluloses are composites of two distinct crystalline forms that coexist in different proportions in all native celluloses. In the present work, they examine the Raman spectra of the native celluloses, and reconcile their view of conformational differences with the new level of crystalline polymorphy of native celluloses revealed in the solid-state 13 C-NMR investigations Do native brown trout and non-native brook trout interact reproductively? Cucherousset, J.; Aymes, J. C.; Poulet, N.; Santoul, F.; CÃ©rÃ©ghino, R. Reproductive interactions between native and non-native species of fish have received little attention compared to other types of interactions such as predation or competition for food and habitat. We studied the reproductive interactions between non-native brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis) and native brown trout ( Salmo trutta) in a Pyrenees Mountain stream (SW France). We found evidence of significant interspecific interactions owing to consistent spatial and temporal overlap in redd localizations and spawning periods. We observed mixed spawning groups composed of the two species, interspecific subordinate males, and presence of natural hybrids (tiger trout). These reproductive interactions could be detrimental to the reproduction success of both species. Our study shows that non-native species might have detrimental effects on native species via subtle hybridization behavior. Music and Culture Areas of Native California Keeling, Richard This paper sketches the principal music and culture areas of native California and identifies general characteristics that distinguish the region in the overall sphere of Native American music. Rather than provide notations or detailed analyses I describe the music according to a set of general parameters that I have found useful in previous comparative research. The following elements are considered: (1) vocal quality or timbre; (2) presence of words or vocables, text-setting, and repetition... Differentiation of focal liver lesions by contrast-enhanced MRI Heintz, P.; Ehrenheim, C. 47 patients with liver tumours (haemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia, hepatocellular carcinoma) underwent MRI of the liver before and after i.v. injection of 0.2 ml./kg. gadolinium-DTPA in addition to other imaging methods. The demarcation of focal nodular hyperplasia is not influenced by use of the contrast agent as it almost behaves like surrounding normal liver tissue, thus only indirectly facilitating its identification. With regard to liver haemangiomas that show the most intensive uptake of gadolinium-DTPA, the contrast enhanced image does not reach to contrast and sensitivity of a native T 2 -weighted SE image, especially in cases of small haemangiomas. The contrast agent is helpful, however, in the recognition of large cavernous haemangiomas that are partially fibrotic or thrombotic. Emphasis is given to the contrast agent in hepatomas: gadolinium-DTPA presents a pattern of uptake and distribution frequently found in hepatocellular carcinoma providing additional information on the delineation of internal tumour details. (orig.) [de NativeProtector: Protecting Android Applications by Isolating and Intercepting Third-Party Native Libraries Hong , Yu-Yang; Wang , Yu-Ping; Yin , Jie Part 9: Software Security; International audience; An increasing number of Android developers are incorporating third-party native libraries in their applications for code reuse, CPU-intensive tasks and other purposes. However current Android security mechanism can not regulate the native code in applications well. Many approaches have been proposed to enforce security of Android applications, but few of them involve security of the native libraries in Android applications.In this paper, we p... Apology Strategy in English By Native Speaker Mezia Kemala Sari Full Text Available This research discussed apology strategies in English by native speaker. This descriptive study was presented within the framework of Pragmatics based on the forms of strategies due to the coding manual as found in CCSARP (Cross-Cultural Speech Acts Realization Project.The goals of this study were to describe the apology strategies in English by native speaker and identify the influencing factors of it. Data were collected through the use of the questionnaire in the form of Discourse Completion Test, which was distributed to 30 native speakers. Data were classified based on the degree of familiarity and the social distance between speaker and hearer and then the data of native will be separated and classified by the type of strategies in coding manual. The results of this study are the pattern of apology strategies of native speaker brief with the pattern that potentially occurs IFID plus Offer of repair plus Taking on responsibility. While Alerters, Explanation and Downgrading appear with less number of percentage. Then, the factors that influence the apology utterance by native speakers are the social situation, the degree of familiarity and degree of the offence which more complicated the mistake tend to produce the most complex utterances by the speaker. The Native Comic Book Project: native youth making comics and healthy decisions. Montgomery, Michelle; Manuelito, Brenda; Nass, Carrie; Chock, Tami; Buchwald, Dedra American Indians and Alaska Natives have traditionally used stories and drawings to positively influence the well-being of their communities. The objective of this study was to describe the development of a curriculum that trains Native youth leaders to plan, write, and design original comic books to enhance healthy decision making. Project staff developed the Native Comic Book Project by adapting Dr. Michael Bitz's Comic Book Project to incorporate Native comic book art, Native storytelling, and decision-making skills. After conducting five train-the-trainer sessions for Native youth, staff were invited by youth participants to implement the full curriculum as a pilot test at one tribal community site in the Pacific Northwest. Implementation was accompanied by surveys and weekly participant observations and was followed by an interactive meeting to assess youth engagement, determine project acceptability, and solicit suggestions for curriculum changes. Six youths aged 12 to 15 (average age = 14) participated in the Native Comic Book Project. Youth participants stated that they liked the project and gained knowledge of the harmful effects of commercial tobacco use but wanted better integration of comic book creation, decision making, and Native storytelling themes. Previous health-related comic book projects did not recruit youth as active producers of content. This curriculum shows promise as a culturally appropriate intervention to help Native youth adopt healthy decision-making skills and healthy behaviors by creating their own comic books. Native American Indian Successes in Natural Resources, Science and Engineering: PreK through Ph.D. Bolman, J. R. We are living in a definite time of change. Distinct changes are being experienced in our most sacred and natural environments. This is especially true on Native lands. Native people have lived for millennia in distinct and unique ways. The knowledge of balancing the needs of people with the needs of our natural environments is paramount in all tribal societies. This inherent knowledge has become the foundation on which to build a "blended" contemporary understanding of western science. The Dakota's and Northern California have recognized the critical need in understanding successful tribal strategies to engage educational systems (K-12 and higher education), to bring to prominence the professional development opportunities forged through working with tribal peoples and ensure the growth of Native people in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) professions. The presentation will highlight: 1) current philosophies on building a STEM Native workforce; 2) successful educational programs/activities in PreK-Ph.D. systems; 3) current Native professionals, their research and tribal applicability; and 4) forwarding thinking for creating sustainable environmental and social infrastructures for all people. South Dakota School of Mines and Technology (SDSM&T) and Humboldt State University (HSU) have been recognized nationally for their partnerships with Native communities. SDSM&T has set record numbers for graduating Native students in science and engineering. SDSM&T had 27 graduates in five years (2000-2005) and hosted more than 1000+ Native students for programs and activities. Humboldt State University is the only university in the CSU system with a program focusing specifically on Natives in natural resources, science and engineering as well as a Native American Studies degree. Both universities have designed programs to meet current needs and address challenging issues in Earth, Wind, Fire and Water. The programs are funded through NASA, NSF, NIH and Exploring public perception of non-native species from a visions of nature perspective. Verbrugge, Laura N H; Van den Born, Riyan J G; Lenders, H J Rob Not much is known about lay public perceptions of non-native species and their underlying values. Public awareness and engagement, however, are important aspects in invasive species management. In this study, we examined the relations between the lay public's visions of nature, their knowledge about non-native species, and their perceptions of non-native species and invasive species management with a survey administered in the Netherlands. Within this framework, we identified three measures for perception of non-native species: perceived risk, control and engagement. In general, respondents scored moderate values for perceived risk and personal engagement. However, in case of potential ecological or human health risks, control measures were supported. Respondents' images of the human-nature relationship proved to be relevant in engagement in problems caused by invasive species and in recognizing the need for control, while images of nature appeared to be most important in perceiving risks to the environment. We also found that eradication of non-native species was predominantly opposed for species with a high cuddliness factor such as mammals and bird species. We conclude that lay public perceptions of non-native species have to be put in a wider context of visions of nature, and we discuss the implications for public support for invasive species management. Systematic study of metal-insulator-metal diodes with a native oxide Donchev, E.; Gammon, P. M.; Pang, J. S.; Petrov, P. K.; Alford, N. McN. In this paper, a systematic analysis of native oxides within a Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) diode is carried out, with the goal of determining their practicality for incorporation into a nanoscale Rectenna (Rectifying Antenna). The requirement of having a sub-10nm oxide scale is met by using the native oxide, which forms on most metals exposed to an oxygen containing environment. This, therefore, provides a simplified MIM fabrication process as the complex, controlled oxide deposition step is omitted. We shall present the results of an investigation into the current-voltage characteristics of various MIM combinations that incorporate a native oxide, in order to establish whether the native oxide is of sufficient quality for good diode operation. The thin native oxide layers are formed by room temperature oxidation of the first metal layer, deposited by magnetron sputtering. This is done in-situ, within the deposition chamber before depositing the second metal electrode. Using these structures, we study the established trend where the bigger the difference in metal workfunctions, the better the rectification properties of MIM structures, and hence the selection of the second metal is key to controlling the device's rectifying properties. We show how leakage current paths through the non-optimised native oxide control the net current-voltage response of the MIM devices. Furthermore, we will present the so-called diode figures of merit (asymmetry, non-linearity and responsivity) for each of the best performing structures. Donchev, E. Â© 2014 SPIE. In this paper, a systematic analysis of native oxides within a Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) diode is carried out, with the goal of determining their practicality for incorporation into a nanoscale Rectenna (Rectifying Antenna). The requirement of having a sub-10nm oxide scale is met by using the native oxide, which forms on most metals exposed to an oxygen containing environment. This, therefore, provides a simplified MIM fabrication process as the complex, controlled oxide deposition step is omitted. We shall present the results of an investigation into the current-voltage characteristics of various MIM combinations that incorporate a native oxide, in order to establish whether the native oxide is of sufficient quality for good diode operation. The thin native oxide layers are formed by room temperature oxidation of the first metal layer, deposited by magnetron sputtering. This is done in-situ, within the deposition chamber before depositing the second metal electrode. Using these structures, we study the established trend where the bigger the difference in metal workfunctions, the better the rectification properties of MIM structures, and hence the selection of the second metal is key to controlling the device\\'s rectifying properties. We show how leakage current paths through the non-optimised native oxide control the net current-voltage response of the MIM devices. Furthermore, we will present the so-called diode figures of merit (asymmetry, non-linearity and responsivity) for each of the best performing structures. Infants' Selectively Pay Attention to the Information They Receive from a Native Speaker of Their Language. Marno, Hanna; Guellai, Bahia; Vidal, Yamil; Franzoi, Julia; Nespor, Marina; Mehler, Jacques From the first moments of their life, infants show a preference for their native language, as well as toward speakers with whom they share the same language. This preference appears to have broad consequences in various domains later on, supporting group affiliations and collaborative actions in children. Here, we propose that infants' preference for native speakers of their language also serves a further purpose, specifically allowing them to efficiently acquire culture specific knowledge via social learning. By selectively attending to informants who are native speakers of their language and who probably also share the same cultural background with the infant, young learners can maximize the possibility to acquire cultural knowledge. To test whether infants would preferably attend the information they receive from a speaker of their native language, we familiarized 12-month-old infants with a native and a foreign speaker, and then presented them with movies where each of the speakers silently gazed toward unfamiliar objects. At test, infants' looking behavior to the two objects alone was measured. Results revealed that infants preferred to look longer at the object presented by the native speaker. Strikingly, the effect was replicated also with 5-month-old infants, indicating an early development of such preference. These findings provide evidence that young infants pay more attention to the information presented by a person with whom they share the same language. This selectivity can serve as a basis for efficient social learning by influencing how infants' allocate attention between potential sources of information in their environment. Reddy, Nischita K; IoncicÄƒ, Ana Maria; SÄƒftoiu, Adrian Contrast agents are increasingly being used to characterize the vasculature in an organ of interest, to better delineate benign from malignant pathology and to aid in staging and directing therapeutic procedures. We review the mechanisms of action of first, second and third generation contrast...... agents and their use in various endoscopic procedures in the gastrointestinal tract. Various applications of contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasonography include differentiating benign from malignant mediastinal lymphadenopathy, assessment of depth of invasion of esophageal, gastric and gall bladder...... cancers and visualization of the portal venous system and esophageal varices. In addition, contrast agents can be used to differentiate pancreatic lesions. The use of color Doppler further increases the ability to diagnose and differentiate various pancreatic malignancies. The sensitivity of power Doppler... Contrast-enhanced peripheral MRA Nielsen, Yousef W; Thomsen, Henrik S MRI contrast agent is injected intravenously and T1-weighted images are acquired in the subsequent arterial first-pass phase. In order to achieve high quality MR angiograms without interfering venous contamination or artifacts, a number of factors need to be taken into account. This includes magnetic......-state MRA. Gadolinium(Gd)-based contrast agents are used for CE-MRA of the peripheral arteries. Extracellular Gd agents have a pharmacokinetic profile similar to iodinated contrast media. Accordingly, these agents are employed for first-pass MRA. Blood-pool Gd-based agents are characterized by prolonged...... intravascular stay, due to macromolecular structure or protein binding. These agents can be used for first-pass, as well as steady-state MRA. Some Gd-based contrast agents with low thermodynamic stability have been linked to development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with severe renal... Strategy and Resistance: How Native American Students Engage in Accommodation in Mainstream Schools Masta, Stephanie This article explores the experiences of a group of Native American 8th graders who attend a mainstream school and how they engage in accommodation as an act of agency and resistance to protect and maintain their identities in their school environment. By using tribal critical race theory to examine these experiences, this study raises importantâ€¦ Rotational digital subtraction angiography of the renal arteries: technique and evaluation in the study of native and transplant renal arteries. Seymour, H R; Matson, M B; Belli, A M; Morgan, R; Kyriou, J; Patel, U Rotational digital subtraction angiography (RDSA) allows multidirectional angiographic acquisitions with a single injection of contrast medium. The role of RDSA was evaluated in 60 patients referred over a 7-month period for diagnostic renal angiography and 12 patients referred for renal transplant studies. All angiograms were assessed for their diagnostic value, the presence of anomalies and the quantity of contrast medium used. The effective dose for native renal RDSA was determined. 41 (68.3%) native renal RDSA images and 8 (66.7%) transplant renal RDSA images were of diagnostic quality. Multiple renal arteries were identified in 9/41 (22%) native renal RDSA diagnostic images. The mean volume of contrast medium in the RDSA runs was 51.2 ml and 50 ml for native and transplant renal studies, respectively. The mean effective dose for 120 degrees native renal RDSA was 2.36 mSv, equivalent to 1 year's mean background radiation. Those RDSA images that were non-diagnostic allowed accurate prediction of the optimal angle for further static angiographic series, which is of great value in transplant renal vessels. Ronald Berman Full Text Available The Doctoral Community Network (DC is a learner driven, scholarly community designed to help online doctoral learners successfully complete their dissertation and program of study. While digital natives grew up in an environment immersed in technology, digital immigrants adapted to this environment through their ability to learn and adjust to new technologies. With several thousand Doctoral Community Network users, it was not known to what extent digital immigrants had embraced the technology. A study of 988 users determined that digital immigrants used the Doctoral Community Network more often and for a larger variety of purposes than digital natives did. Specifically, digital immigrants log-on more frequently, view leadership content at higher rates, read more blogs, use more doctoral community network research resources, and send and receive more peer messages than digital natives do. This research supports existing literature that found that digital immigrants possess higher levels of social reliance than digital natives while contradicting other literature that found that digital natives tend to use the internet for social networking and blog diaries at higher rates. Threatened pollination systems in native flora of the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands. Abe, Tetsuto Various alien species have been introduced to the Ogasawara Islands (Japan). A survey was made investigating whether the native pollination systems fit an 'island syndrome' (biasing the flora to dioecy, with subdued, inconspicuous flowers) and whether alien species have disrupted the native pollination network. Flower visitors and floral traits were determined in the field (12 islands) and from the literature. Associations among floral traits such as sexual expression, flower colour and flower shape were tested. Among the 269 native flowering plants, 74.7 % are hermaphroditic, 13.0 % are dioecious and 7.1 % are monoecious. Classification by flower colour revealed that 36.0 % were white, 21.6 % green and 13.8 % yellow. Woody species (trees and shrubs) comprised 36.5 % of the flora and were associated with dioecy and white flowers. Solitary, endemic small bees were the dominant flower visitors and visited 66.7 % of the observed species on satellite islands where the native pollination networks are preserved. In contrast to the situation on the satellite islands, introduced honeybees were the most dominant pollinator (visiting 60.1 % of observed species) on the two main islands, Chichi-jima and Haha-jima, and had spread to satellite islands near Chichi-jima Island. The island syndrome for pollination systems in the Ogasawara Islands was evident in a high percentage of dioecious species, the subdued colour of the native flora and solitary flower visitors on satellite islands. The shape and colour adaptations of several flowers suggested native pollination niches for long-proboscis moths and carpenter bees. However, the domination and expansion of introduced honeybees have the potential for disruption of the native pollination network in the two main, and several satellite, islands of the Ogasawara Islands. Contrast Media: Are There Differences in Nephrotoxicity among Contrast Media? Iodinated contrast agents are usually classified based upon their osmolalityâ€”high, low, and isosmolar. Iodinated contrast agents are also nephrotoxic in some but not all patients resulting in loss of glomerular filtration rate. Over the past 30 years, nephrotoxicity has been linked to osmolality although the precise mechanism underlying such a link has been elusive. Improvements in our understanding of the pathogenesis of nephrotoxicity and prospective randomized clinical trials have attempted to further explore the relationship between osmolality and nephrotoxicity. In this review, the basis for our current understanding that there are little if any differences in nephrotoxic potential between low and isosmolar contrast media will be detailed using data from clinical studies. PMID:24587997 45 CFR 670.20 - Designation of native birds. ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Designation of native birds. 670.20 Section 670.20... CONSERVATION OF ANTARCTIC ANIMALS AND PLANTS Native Mammals, Birds, Plants, and Invertebrates Â§ 670.20 Designation of native birds. The following are designated native birds: Albatross Black-browedâ€”Diomedea... Current Conditions in American Indian and Alaska Native Communities. Szasz, Margaret Connell The school experience of American Indian and Alaska Native children hinges on the context in which their schooling takes place. This context includes the health and well-being of their families, communities, and governments, as well as the relationship between Native and non-Native people. Many Native children are in desperate straits because ofâ€¦ 45 CFR 670.19 - Designation of native mammals. ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Designation of native mammals. 670.19 Section 670... CONSERVATION OF ANTARCTIC ANIMALS AND PLANTS Native Mammals, Birds, Plants, and Invertebrates Â§ 670.19 Designation of native mammals. The following are designated native mammals: Pinnipeds: Crabeater sealâ€”Lobodon... Ronald Berman; Deliesha Hassell The Doctoral Community Network (DC) is a learner driven, scholarly community designed to help online doctoral learners successfully complete their dissertation and program of study. While digital natives grew up in an environment immersed in technology, digital immigrants adapted to this environment through their ability to learn and adjust to new technologies. With several thousand Doctoral Community Network users, it was not known to what extent digital immigrants had embraced the technolog... Contrasting effects of specialist and generalist herbivores on resistance evolution in invasive plants. Zhang, Zhijie; Pan, Xiaoyun; Blumenthal, Dana; van Kleunen, Mark; Liu, Mu; Li, Bo Invasive alien plants are likely to be released from specialist herbivores and at the same time encounter biotic resistance from resident generalist herbivores in their new ranges. The Shifting Defense hypothesis predicts that this will result in evolution of decreased defense against specialist herbivores and increased defense against generalist herbivores. To test this, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis of 61 common garden studies that provide data on resistance and/or tolerance for both introduced and native populations of 32 invasive plant species. We demonstrate that introduced populations, relative to native populations, decreased their resistance against specialists, and increased their resistance against generalists. These differences were significant when resistance was measured in terms of damage caused by the herbivore, but not in terms of performance of the herbivore. Furthermore, we found the first evidence that the magnitude of resistance differences between introduced and native populations depended significantly on herbivore origin (i.e., whether the test herbivore was collected from the native or non-native range of the invasive plant). Finally, tolerance to generalists was found to be higher in introduced populations, while neither tolerance to specialists nor that to simulated herbivory differed between introduced and native plant populations. We conclude that enemy release from specialist herbivores and biotic resistance from generalist herbivores have contrasting effects on resistance evolution in invasive plants. Our results thus provide strong support for the Shifting Defense hypothesis. Â© 2018 by the Ecological Society of America. Socio spatial adaptation as a resilience form of native unplanned settlement in confrontation with new planned settlement development pressure (case study: enclave native settlement in Serpong, Tangerang) Ischak, Mohammad; Setioko, Bambang; Nurgandarum, Dedes Urban growth refers to expansion of a metropolitan into sub urban areas as the surrounding environment, with no exception of Jakarta city due to limited availability and high price of land within the city. The city of Jakarta, as a metropolitan, carries of expansion in its surrounding environment including Tangerang. Privat developers may an important role in this urban growth through their large scale of new settlement development project. The formation of establishment of enclave native unplanned sub urban settlement scattered within planned new settlement in Tangerang is to be an consequence of Jakarta urban growth. This fenomena could be comprehended as a form of resilience native settlement in confrontation with the new planned settlement pressure. The aim of this research, presented in this paper is to understand the socio-spatial concept of those enclave native settlement as an adaptation form to the new planned settlement pressure. Through descriptive qualitative research method, with indepth interview as a main research instrument, this research could depict or uncover the facts that there are various form of socio-spatial adaptation as the main theme of resilience native suburban settlement formation. How to misuse echo contrast Missios Anna Full Text Available Abstract Background Primary intracardiac tumours are rare, there are however several entities that can mimic tumours. Contrast echocardiography has been suggested to aid the differentiation of various suspected masses. We present a case where transthoracic echocardiography completely misdiagnosed a left atrial mass, partly due to use of echo contrast. Case presentation An 80 year-old woman was referred for transthoracic echocardiography because of one-month duration of worsening of dyspnoea. Transthoracic echocardiography displayed a large echodense mass in the left atrium. Intravenous injection of contrast (SonoVue, Bracco Inc., It indicated contrast-enhancement of the structure, suggesting tumour. Transesophageal echocardiography revealed, however, a completely normal finding in the left atrium. Subsequent gastroscopy examination showed a hiatal hernia. Conclusion It is noteworthy that the transthoracic echocardiographic exam completely misdiagnosed what seemed like a left atrial mass, which in part was an effect of the use of echo contrast. This example highlights that liberal use of transoesophageal echocardiography is often warranted if optimal display of cardiac structures is desired. Predation by crustaceans on native and non-native Baltic clams Ejdung, G.; Flach, E.; ByrÃ©n, L.; Hummel, H. We studied the effect of crustacean predators on native/non-native Macoma balthica bivalves in aquarium experiments. North Sea M. balthica (NS Macoma) were recently observed in the southern Baltic Sea. They differ genetically and in terms of morphology, behaviour and evolutionary history from Baltic When the Native Is Also a Non-Native: "Retrodicting" the Complexity of Language Teacher Cognition Aslan, Erhan The impact of native (NS) and non-native speaker (NNS) identities on second or foreign language teachers' cognition and practices in the classroom has mainly been investigated in ESL/EFL contexts. Using complexity theory as a framework, this case study attempts to fill the gap in the literature by presenting a foreign language teacher in theâ€¦ Reanalysis and semantic persistence in native and non-native garden-path recovery. Jacob, Gunnar; Felser, Claudia We report the results from an eye-movement monitoring study investigating how native and non-native speakers of English process temporarily ambiguous sentences such as While the gentleman was eating the burgers were still being reheated in the microwave, in which an initially plausible direct-object analysis is first ruled out by a syntactic disambiguation (were) and also later on by semantic information (being reheated). Both participant groups showed garden-path effects at the syntactic disambiguation, with native speakers showing significantly stronger effects of ambiguity than non-native speakers in later eye-movement measures but equally strong effects in first-pass reading times. Ambiguity effects at the semantic disambiguation and in participants' end-of-trial responses revealed that for both participant groups, the incorrect direct-object analysis was frequently maintained beyond the syntactic disambiguation. The non-native group showed weaker reanalysis effects at the syntactic disambiguation and was more likely to misinterpret the experimental sentences than the native group. Our results suggest that native language (L1) and non-native language (L2) parsing are similar with regard to sensitivity to syntactic and semantic error signals, but different with regard to processes of reanalysis. 75 FR 33589 - Office of Postsecondary Education; Overview Information; Alaska Native-Serving and Native... ... toward the page limit. Use a font that is either 12 point or larger, and no smaller than 10 pitch.... If a tie remains after applying the tie-breaker mechanism above, priority will be given in the case... Strengthening Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian-Serving Institutions programs: a. The percentage change, over... Defining "Native Speaker" in Multilingual Settings: English as a Native Language in Asia Hansen Edwards, Jette G. The current study examines how and why speakers of English from multilingual contexts in Asia are identifying as native speakers of English. Eighteen participants from different contexts in Asia, including Singapore, Malaysia, India, Taiwan, and The Philippines, who self-identified as native speakers of English participated in hour-long interviewsâ€¦ Vulnerability of freshwater native biodiversity to non-native species invasions across the continental United States Background/Question/Methods Non-native species pose one of the greatest threats to native biodiversity. The literature provides plentiful empirical and anecdotal evidence of this phenomenon; however, such evidence is limited to local or regional scales. Employing geospatial analy... Alaska Native Languages: Past, Present, and Future. Alaska Native Language Center Research Papers No. 4. Krauss, Michael E. Three papers (1978-80) written for the non-linguistic public about Alaska Native languages are combined here. The first is an introduction to the prehistory, history, present status, and future prospects of all Alaska Native languages, both Eskimo-Aleut and Athabaskan Indian. The second and third, presented as appendixes to the first, deal inâ€¦ Understanding Utah's Native Plant Market: Coordinating Public and Private Interest Hooper, Virginia Harding Changes in Lone Peak Conservation Nursery customer profiles cause state nursery leaders to question what their products are being used for and how trends in native plant use are changing the market for Utah native plants. The Utah native plant market is changing as interest in native plants is expanding to meet new conservation objectives, oftentimes in urban settings. This newer demand for native plants appears to be motivated by current changes in urban conservation behavior, continued popu... Learning to Recognize Speakers of a Non-Native Language: Implications for the Functional Organization of Human Auditory Cortex Perrachione, Tyler K.; Wong, Patrick C. M. Brain imaging studies of voice perception often contrast activation from vocal and verbal tasks to identify regions uniquely involved in processing voice. However, such a strategy precludes detection of the functional relationship between speech and voice perception. In a pair of experiments involving identifying voices from native and foreignâ€¦ Multiscale image contrast amplification (MUSICA) Vuylsteke, Pieter; Schoeters, Emile P. This article presents a novel approach to the problem of detail contrast enhancement, based on multiresolution representation of the original image. The image is decomposed into a weighted sum of smooth, localized, 2D basis functions at multiple scales. Each transform coefficient represents the amount of local detail at some specific scale and at a specific position in the image. Detail contrast is enhanced by non-linear amplification of the transform coefficients. An inverse transform is then applied to the modified coefficients. This yields a uniformly contrast- enhanced image without artefacts. The MUSICA-algorithm is being applied routinely to computed radiography images of chest, skull, spine, shoulder, pelvis, extremities, and abdomen examinations, with excellent acceptance. It is useful for a wide range of applications in the medical, graphical, and industrial area. Contrast enhancement CT by iopamidol Mori, Masaki; Makita, Nobue; Yanai, Kyoko In order to evaluate the contrast enhancement effect and safety of iopamidol (IOP) in CT examination, IOP was compared with angiographin (AG). In the liver and abdominal aorta, peak CT values were obtained earlier and were higher in the group with AG than in the group with IOP. However, CT values in the group with IOP decreased a little more slowly than those in the group with AG. There was no significant difference in the effect on contrast enhancement between the groups. Intravenous injection of IOP caused lower degree of burning sensation than that of AG, and some of the patients with IOP did not feel burning sensation at all. Changes in clinical laboratory values were slight before and after intravenous injection of IOP. These results suggest that IOP is satisfactory in terms of safety and effect on contrast enhancement in CT examination. (Namekawa, K.) The existence of native iron - implications for nuclear waste management. Part 1 Hellmuth, K.H. Occurance of native iron in near-surface environments on the earth is a remarkable pehomenon, which has implications on issues of nuclear waste management, above all, long-term corrosion, matrix diffusion and water-rock interaction. Exisisting knowledge on native iron is reviewed, laying stress on processes and parameters, which led to preservation of the iron during geological periods of time. Types of occurrence, composition and properties of the iron, and mineral parageneses associated are described. Processes affecting the iron during the course of its evolution, passing through the stages of the melt, differentiation, crystallization, cooling, fracturing, hydrothermal fluid intrusion and low temperature weathering are discussed Contrast-guided image interpolation. Wei, Zhe; Ma, Kai-Kuang In this paper a contrast-guided image interpolation method is proposed that incorporates contrast information into the image interpolation process. Given the image under interpolation, four binary contrast-guided decision maps (CDMs) are generated and used to guide the interpolation filtering through two sequential stages: 1) the 45(Â°) and 135(Â°) CDMs for interpolating the diagonal pixels and 2) the 0(Â°) and 90(Â°) CDMs for interpolating the row and column pixels. After applying edge detection to the input image, the generation of a CDM lies in evaluating those nearby non-edge pixels of each detected edge for re-classifying them possibly as edge pixels. This decision is realized by solving two generalized diffusion equations over the computed directional variation (DV) fields using a derived numerical approach to diffuse or spread the contrast boundaries or edges, respectively. The amount of diffusion or spreading is proportional to the amount of local contrast measured at each detected edge. The diffused DV fields are then thresholded for yielding the binary CDMs, respectively. Therefore, the decision bands with variable widths will be created on each CDM. The two CDMs generated in each stage will be exploited as the guidance maps to conduct the interpolation process: for each declared edge pixel on the CDM, a 1-D directional filtering will be applied to estimate its associated to-be-interpolated pixel along the direction as indicated by the respective CDM; otherwise, a 2-D directionless or isotropic filtering will be used instead to estimate the associated missing pixels for each declared non-edge pixel. Extensive simulation results have clearly shown that the proposed contrast-guided image interpolation is superior to other state-of-the-art edge-guided image interpolation methods. In addition, the computational complexity is relatively low when compared with existing methods; hence, it is fairly attractive for real-time image applications. Iodinated contrast media nephrotoxicity. Nephrotoxicite des produits de contraste iodes Meyrier, A. (Hopital Avicenne, 93 - Bobigny (France)) In the late seventies, iodinated contrast agents (ICA) were considered to be a major cause of acute iatrogenic renal failure. Over the last decade new contrast agents have been synthesized, nonionic and less hyperosmolar. The incidence of acute renal failure due to ICAs, varies from 3.7 to 70% of cases according to the series, with an average figure of 10.2%. The pathophysiology of ICA nephrotoxicity was mainly studied in laboratory animal models. Three main factors are involved in an inducing ICA-mediated decrease in glomerular filtration rate: reduction of the renal plasma flow, a direct cytotoxic effect on renal tubular cells and erythrocyte alteration leading to intra-renal sludge. Excluding dysglobulinemias with urinary excretion of immunoglobulin light chains, which represent a special case of maximum nephrotoxicity, 4 main risk factors of renal toxicity have been identified in nondiabetic subjects: previous renal failure with serum creatinine levels greater than 140 [mu]mol per liter, extracellular dehydration, age over 60 and use of high doses of ICA and/or repeated ICA injections before serum creatinine levels return to baseline. Preventive measures for avoiding ICA nephrotoxicity are threefold: maintain or restore adequate hydration with saline infusion, stop NSAID treatment several days before ICA administration, and allow a 5 day interval before repeating contrast media injections. New, nonionic and moderately hyperosmolar contrast agents appear to be much less nephrotoxic than conventional ICAs in laboratory animals and in high-risk patients. It is advisable to select such contrast media for investigating high-risk patients. This approach was recently substantiated in well designed, randomized clinical studies which included more than 2 000 patients. (author). Quantitative contrast-enhanced mammography for contrast medium kinetics studies Arvanitis, C. D.; Speller, R. Quantitative contrast-enhanced mammography, based on a dual-energy approach, aims to extract quantitative and temporal information of the tumour enhancement after administration of iodinated vascular contrast media. Simulations using analytical expressions and optimization of critical parameters essential for the development of quantitative contrast-enhanced mammography are presented. The procedure has been experimentally evaluated using a tissue-equivalent phantom and an amorphous silicon active matrix flat panel imager. The x-ray beams were produced by a tungsten target tube and spectrally shaped using readily available materials. Measurement of iodine projected thickness in mg cm-2 has been performed. The effect of beam hardening does not introduce nonlinearities in the measurement of iodine projected thickness for values of thicknesses found in clinical investigations. However, scattered radiation introduces significant deviations from slope equal to unity when compared with the actual iodine projected thickness. Scatter correction before the analysis of the dual-energy images provides accurate iodine projected thickness measurements. At 10% of the exposure used in clinical mammography, signal-to-noise ratios in excess of 5 were achieved for iodine projected thicknesses less than 3 mg cm-2 within a 4 cm thick phantom. For the extraction of temporal information, a limited number of low-dose images were used with the phantom incorporating a flow of iodinated contrast medium. The results suggest that spatial and temporal information of iodinated contrast media can be used to indirectly measure the tumour microvessel density and determine its uptake and washout from breast tumours. The proposed method can significantly improve tumour detection in dense breasts. Its application to perform in situ x-ray biopsy and assessment of the oncolytic effect of anticancer agents is foreseeable. Enhancing native defect sensitivity for EUV actinic blank inspection: optimized pupil engineering and photon noise study Wang, Yow-Gwo; Neureuther, Andrew; Naulleau, Patrick In this paper, we discuss the impact of optimized pupil engineering and photon noise on native defect sensitivity in EUV actinic blank inspection. Native defects include phase-dominated defects, absorber defects, and defects with a combination of phase and absorption behavior. First, we extend the idea of the Zernike phase contrast (ZPC) method and study the impact of optimum phase shift in the pupil plane on native defect sensitivity, showing a 23% signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) enhancement compare to bright field (BF) for a phase defect with 20% absorption. We also describe the possibility to increase target defect SNR on target defect sizes at the price of losing the sensitivity on smaller (non-critical) defects. Moreover, we show the advantage of the optimized phase contrast (OZPC) method over BF EUV actinic blank inspection. A single focus scan from OZPC has better inspection efficiency over BF. Second, we make a detailed comparison between the phase contrast with apodization (AZPC) method and dark field (DF) method based on defect sensitivity in the presence of both photon shot noise and camera noise. Performance is compared for a variety of photon levels, mask roughness conditions, and combinations of defect phase and absorption. Linking Native and Invader Traits Explains Native Spider Population Responses to Plant Invasion. Jennifer N Smith Full Text Available Theoretically, the functional traits of native species should determine how natives respond to invader-driven changes. To explore this idea, we simulated a large-scale plant invasion using dead spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe stems to determine if native spiders' web-building behaviors could explain differences in spider population responses to structural changes arising from C. stoebe invasion. After two years, irregular web-spiders were >30 times more abundant and orb weavers were >23 times more abundant on simulated invasion plots compared to controls. Additionally, irregular web-spiders on simulated invasion plots built webs that were 4.4 times larger and 5.0 times more likely to capture prey, leading to >2-fold increases in recruitment. Orb-weavers showed no differences in web size or prey captures between treatments. Web-spider responses to simulated invasion mimicked patterns following natural invasions, confirming that C. stoebe's architecture is likely the primary attribute driving native spider responses to these invasions. Differences in spider responses were attributable to differences in web construction behaviors relative to historic web substrate constraints. Orb-weavers in this system constructed webs between multiple plants, so they were limited by the overall quantity of native substrates but not by the architecture of individual native plant species. Irregular web-spiders built their webs within individual plants and were greatly constrained by the diminutive architecture of native plant substrates, so they were limited both by quantity and quality of native substrates. Evaluating native species traits in the context of invader-driven change can explain invasion outcomes and help to identify factors limiting native populations. Techno-anthropology and the digital natives Munk, Anders Kristian The ethnographic field guide was a short-lived genre in the annals of anthropology. In this chapter I experimentally attempt to revive it. The original guides provided the ethnographer with a set of practical pointers on how to organise fieldwork, set up camp, maintain relations, and negotiate ac...... of digital natives, and that maintaining relations with these natives presents a challenge of its own. I argue that these challenges must be taken seriously, and that techno-anthropology could be ideally suited to do just that.... Ultrasound Contrast Agent Microbubble Dynamics Overvelde, M.L.J.; Vos, Henk; de Jong, N.; Versluis, Michel; Paradossi, Gaio; Pellegretti, Paolo; Trucco, Andrea Ultrasound contrast agents are traditionally used in ultrasound-assisted organ perfusion imaging. Recently the use of coated microbubbles has been proposed for molecular imaging applications where the bubbles are covered with a layer of targeting ligands to bind specifically to their target cells. Color contrasting in radioscopy systems Lopaev, V.P.; Pavlov, S.V.; Nazarenko, V.G. Transformation principles for achromatic radioscopy control systems to color ones have been considered. Described is the developed ''Gamma 1'' roentgen-TV facility with color contrasting, which is based on the principle of analog conversion of brightness signal to a hue. By means of color channels amplifiers realized are the special amplitude characteristics, permitting in comparison with the common method of analogous transformation to obtain the greater number of hues within the identical range of brightnesses of image under investigation due to introducing purple colors. The investigation of amplitude resolution capability of color contrasting device has shown, that in the case of color contrasting of image the amplitude resolution is 1.7-1.8 time higher than in the case of achromatic one. Defectoscopic sensitivity during the testing of 5-20 mm thick steel products in the process of experimental-production tests turned out to be 1.1-1.3 time higher when using color contrasting of radioscopic image. Realization simplicity, high resolution, noise stability and wide functional possibilities of the facility show the prospects for its using during the quality control of welded joints in products of power engineering High water-use efficiency and growth contribute to success of non-native Erodium cicutarium in a Sonoran Desert winter annual community. Kimball, Sarah; Gremer, Jennifer R; Barron-Gafford, Greg A; Angert, Amy L; Huxman, Travis E; Venable, D Lawrence The success of non-native, invasive species may be due to release from natural enemies, superior competitive abilities, or both. In the Sonoran Desert, Erodium cicutarium has increased in abundance over the last 30â€…years. While native species in this flora exhibit a strong among-species trade-off between relative growth rate and water-use efficiency, E. cicutarium seems to have a higher relative growth rate for its water-use efficiency value relative to the pattern across native species. This novel trait combination could provide the non-native species with a competitive advantage in this water-limited environment. To test the hypothesis that E. cicutarium is able to achieve high growth rates due to release from native herbivores, we compared the effects of herbivory on E. cicutarium and its native congener, Erodium texanum. We also compared these two species across a range of environmental conditions, both in a common garden and in two distinct seasons in the field, using growth analysis, isotopic compositions and leaf-level gas exchange. Additionally, we compared the competitive abilities of the two Erodium species in a greenhouse experiment. We found no evidence of herbivory to either species. Physiological measurements in a common environment revealed that E. cicutarium was able to achieve high growth rates while simultaneously controlling leaf-level water loss. Non-native E. cicutarium responded to favourable conditions in the field with greater specific leaf area and leaf area ratio than native E. texanum. The non-native Erodium was a stronger competitor than its native congener in a greenhouse competition experiment. The ability to maintain relatively higher values of water-use efficiency:relative growth rate in comparison to the native flora may be what enables E. cictarium to outcompete native species in both wet and dry years, resulting in an increase in abundance in the highly variable Sonoran Desert. Presence and abundance of non-native plant species associated with recent energy development in the Williston Basin Preston, Todd M. The Williston Basin, located in the Northern Great Plains, is experiencing rapid energy development with North Dakota and Montana being the epicenter of current and projected development in the USA. The average single-bore well pad is 5 acres with an estimated 58,485 wells in North Dakota alone. This landscape-level disturbance may provide a pathway for the establishment of non-native plants. To evaluate potential influences of energy development on the presence and abundance of non-native species, vegetation surveys were conducted at 30 oil well sites (14 ten-year-old and 16 five-year-old wells) and 14 control sites in native prairie environments across the Williston Basin. Non-native species richness and cover were recorded in four quadrats, located at equal distances, along four transects for a total of 16 quadrats per site. Non-natives were recorded at all 44 sites and ranged from 5 to 13 species, 7 to 15 species, and 2 to 8 species at the 10-year, 5-year, and control sites, respectively. Respective non-native cover ranged from 1 to 69, 16 to 76, and 2 to 82 %. Total, forb, and graminoid non-native species richness and non-native forb cover were significantly greater at oil well sites compared to control sites. At oil well sites, non-native species richness and forb cover were significantly greater adjacent to the well pads and decreased with distance to values similar to control sites. Finally, non-native species whose presence and/or abundance were significantly greater at oil well sites relative to control sites were identified to aid management efforts. The existence of native iron in near-surface environments is a remarkable phenomenon, which has implications on issues of long-term safety of nuclear waste repositories. Samples of native iron, formed at high, magmatic temperatures in basalt, from the Buehl (FRG) and Disko, West Greenland were studied. The composition of natural iron is somewhat similar to technical iron and steel. Analyses of mineraiogicai and chemical composition of basalt alteration products and corrosion products of iron, studies on the porosity and diffusivity of the basalt matrix, electrochemical corrosion tests and theoretical calculations of the pore water in the basalt were conducted. The aim was to assess the processes and parameters leading to the life-times of native iron observed in nature Is the isolated ligand binding domain a good model of the domain in the native receptor? Deming, Dustin; Cheng, Qing; Jayaraman, Vasanthi Numerous studies have used the atomic level structure of the isolated ligand binding domain of the glutamate receptor to elucidate the agonist-induced activation and desensitization processes in this group of proteins. However, no study has demonstrated the structural equivalence of the isolated ligand binding fragments and the protein in the native receptor. In this report, using visible absorption spectroscopy we show that the electronic environment of the antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitro-2,3-dihydroxyquinoxaline is identical for the isolated protein and the native glutamate receptors expressed in cells. Our results hence establish that the local structure of the ligand binding site is the same in the two proteins and validate the detailed structure-function relationships that have been developed based on a comparison of the structure of the isolated ligand binding domain and electrophysiological consequences in the native receptor. Temporary and space dynamics of the fragmentation of the native forest in the south of Chile Montenegro Calderon, Leyla M The degree of fragmentation of the remainders of native vegetation is evaluated in the hydro graphical basin of the River Damas, through the time. The native forests are had among the ecosystems bigger degree of fragmentation in the world environment. The fragmentation has been defined as the transformation of an originally continuous forest, in smaller varieties, generally anthropics that are hostile for they; These fragments behave as islands virtual immerses in an anthropic ocean and frequently they are analyzed in the context of the theory of the isolation bio geographic. The result of the fragmentation is a landscape in which they mix managed areas and transformed by the man with fragments of native vegetation, that is to say patches of different sizes and forms Hemisphericity and information processing in North American Native (Ojibwa) and non-native adolescents. Morton, L L; Allen, J D; Williams, N H Thirty-two male and female adolescents of native ancestry (Ojibwa) and 32 controls were tested using (1) four WISC-R subtests and (2) two dichotic listening tasks which employed a focused-attention paradigm for processing consonant-vowel combinations (CVs) and musical melodies. On the WISC-R, natives scored higher than controls on Block Design and Picture Completion subtests but lower on Vocabulary and Similarities subtests. On laterality measures more native males showed a left ear advantage on the CV task and the melody task. For CVs the left ear advantage was due to native males' lower right ear (i.e., left hemisphere) involvement. For melodies, the laterality index pointed to less left hemisphere involvement for native males, however, the raw scores showed that natives were performing lower overall. The findings are consistent with culturally-based strategy differences, possibly linked to "hemisphericity," but additional clarifying research regarding the cause and extent of such differences is warranted. Thus, implications for education are premature but a focus on teaching "left hemisphere type" strategies to all individuals not utilizing such skills, including many native males, may prove beneficial. Language Preservation: the Language of Science as a bridge to the Native American Community Alexander, C. J.; Martin, M.; Grant, G. Many Native American communities recognize that the retention of their language, and the need to make the language relevant to the technological age we live in, represents one of their largest and most urgent challenges. Almost 70 percent of Navajos speak their tribal language in the home, and 25 per cent do not know English very well. In contrast, only 30 percent of Native Americans as a whole speak their own tribal language in the home. For the Cherokee and the Chippewa, less than 10 percent speak the native language in the home. And for the Navajo, the number of first graders who solely speak English is almost four times higher than it was in 1970. The U.S. Rosetta Project is the NASA contribution to the International Rosetta Mission. The Rosetta stone is the inspiration for the missionâ€™s name. As outlined by the European Space Agency, Rosetta is expected to provide the keys to the primordial solar system the way the original Rosetta Stone provided a key to ancient language. The concept of ancient language as a key provides a theme for this NASA projectâ€™s outreach to Native American communities anxious for ways to enhance and improve the numbers of native speakers. In this talk we will present a concept for building on native language as it relates to STEM concepts. In 2009, a student from the Dine Nation interpreted 28 NASA terms for his senior project at Chinle High School in Chinle, AZ. These terms included such words as space telescope, weather satellite, space suit, and the planets including Neptune and Uranus. This work represents a foundation for continued work between NASA and the Navajo Nation. Following approval by the tribal elders, the U.S. Rosetta project would host the newly translated Navajo words on a web-site, and provide translation into both Navajo and English. A clickable map would allow the user to move through all the words, see Native artwork related to the word, and hear audio translation. Extension to very remote teachers in the Studying Legacy Uranium Contamination On Navajo, Laguna, and Isleta Lands In Collaboration With Native American Undergraduate Researchers Cadol, D. D.; Frey, B.; Chee, C. Personally relevant research experiences at key points in a student's education are potentially powerful influences on their long-term career path. With this in mind, New Mexico EPSCoR created the STEM Advancement Program (STEMAP) to provide a summer research experience for students from the non-graduate-degree granting institutions in New Mexico. Recruitment focused on underrepresented minorities, primarily Native American and Hispanic students, who applied to work with one of six research components. Our research component focused on understanding the fate and transport of environmental uranium in the Four Corners region. The geosciences are especially amenable to providing meaningful research experiences, particularly for groups that have a strong cultural connection with the land. Uranium mining activities were extensive on several reservations in the 1950s to 1980s, and many of the sites have not been remediated. The impact of mining likely contributed to the high interest among Native American (especially Navajo) STEMAP applicants in this research topic. In four years of summer research we mentored four Native American students (two male and two female) and one white non-Hispanic female. Following their work in our research group, one student extended her research, three graduated, and one transferred to a research institution. This success likely reflects a combination of recruitment efforts, which built on community connections, as well as efforts to provide personal mentoring and to create an inclusive environment. The work of these students has advanced our understanding of fluvial transport of uranium from inactive mining districts, an important pathway given the role of these streams in providing water for agriculture and aggregate for construction. Findings demonstrate an affinity of uranium to sorb to fine-grained sediment, meaning standing water in stock ponds is of particular concern. The students also studied uranium-bearing dust generated from Language of Science as a Bridge to Native American Educators and Students Alexander, C. J.; Angrum, A.; Martin, M.; Ali, N.; Kingfisher, J.; Treuer, A.; Grant, G.; Ciotti, J. In the Western tradition, words and vocabulary encapsulate much of how knowledge enters the public discourse, and is passed from one generation to the next. Much of Native American knowledge is passed along in an oral tradition. Chants and ceremonies contain context and long-baseline data on the environment (geology, climate, and astronomy) that may even surpasses the lifespan of a single individual. For Native American students and researchers, the concept of â€˜modern research and science educationâ€™ may be wrapped up into the conundrum of assimilation and loss of cultural identification and traditional way of life. That conundrum is also associated with the lack of language and vocabulary with which to discuss 'modern research.' Native Americans emphasize the need to know themselves and their own culture when teaching their students. Many Native American communities recognize that the retention of their language - and need to make the language relevant to the technological age we live in, represents one of their largest and most urgent challenges. One strategy for making science education relevant to Native American learners is identifying appropriate terms that cross the cultural divide. More than just words and vocabulary, the thought processes and word/concept relationships can be quite different in the native cultures. The U.S. Rosetta Project has worked to identify words associated with Western 'STEM' concepts in three Native American communities: Navajo, Hawaiian, and Ojibwe. The U.S. Rosetta Project is NASAâ€™s contribution to the International Rosetta Mission. The Rosetta stone, inspiration for the missionâ€™s name, is expected to provide the keys to the primordial solar system the way the original Rosetta Stone provided a key to ancient language. Steps taken so far include identification and presentation of online astronomy, geology, and physical science vocabulary terms in the native language, identification of teachers and classrooms - often in Non-native species in the vascular flora of highlands and mountains of Iceland Pawel Wasowicz Full Text Available The highlands and mountains of Iceland are one of the largest remaining wilderness areas in Europe. This study aimed to provide comprehensive and up-to-date data on non-native plant species in these areas and to answer the following questions: (1 How many non-native vascular plant species inhabit highland and mountainous environments in Iceland? (2 Do temporal trends in the immigration of alien species to Iceland differ between highland and lowland areas? (3 Does the incidence of alien species in the disturbed and undisturbed areas within Icelandic highlands differ? (4 Does the spread of non-native species in Iceland proceed from lowlands to highlands? and (5 Can we detect hot-spots in the distribution of non-native taxa within the highlands? Overall, 16 non-native vascular plant species were detected, including 11 casuals and 5 naturalized taxa (1 invasive. Results showed that temporal trends in alien species immigration to highland and lowland areas are similar, but it is clear that the process of colonization of highland areas is still in its initial phase. Non-native plants tended to occur close to man-made infrastructure and buildings including huts, shelters, roads etc. Analysis of spatio-temporal patterns showed that the spread within highland areas is a second step in non-native plant colonization in Iceland. Several statically significant hot spots of alien plant occurrences were identified using the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic and these were linked to human disturbance. This research suggests that human-mediated dispersal is the main driving force increasing the risk of invasion in Icelandâ€™s highlands and mountain areas. Spatial variability and Cesium-137 inventories in native forest Andrello, A.C.; Appoloni, C.R. With the nuclear fission discovery and development of nuclear weapons in 1940s, artificial radioisotopes were introduced in the environment. This contamination is due to worldwide fallout by superficial nuclear tests realized from early 1950s to late 1970s by USA, former URSS, UK, France and China. One of theses radioisotopes that have been very studied is cesium-137. Cesium-137 has a half-life of 30.2 years and its biological behavior is similar to the potassium. The behavior in soil matrix, depth distribution, spatial variability and inventories values of cesium-137 has been determinate for several regions of the world. In Brazil, some research groups have worked on this subject, but there are few works published about theses properties of cesium-137. The aim of this paper was study the depth distribution, spatial variability, and inventory of cesium-137 in native forest. Two native forests (Mata 1 and Mata UEL) were sampling in region of Londrina, PR. The results shows that there is a spatial variability of 40% for Mata 1 and 42% for Mata UEL. The depth distribution of cesium-137 for two forests presented a exponential form, characteristic to undisturbed soil. Cesium-137 inventory determinate for Mata 1 was 358 Bq m -2 and for Mata UEL was 320 Bq m -2 . (author) Islands and non-islands in native and heritage Korean Boyoung eKim Full Text Available To a large extent, island phenomena are cross-linguistically invariable, but English and Korean present some striking differences in this domain. English has wh-movement and Korean does not, and while both languages show sensitivity to wh-islands, only English has island effects for adjunct clauses. Given this complex set of differences, one might expect Korean/English bilinguals, and especially heritage Korean speakers (i.e. early bilinguals whose L2 became their dominant language during childhood to be different from native speakers, since heritage speakers have had more limited exposure to Korean, may have had incomplete acquisition and/or attrition, and may show significant transfer effects from the L2. Here we examine islands in heritage speakers of Korean in the U.S. Through a series of four formal acceptability experiments comparing these heritage speakers with native speakers residing in Korea, we show that the two groups are remarkably similar. Both show clear evidence for wh-islands and an equally clear lack of adjunct island effects. Given the very different linguistic environment that the heritage speakers have had since early childhood, this result lends support to the idea that island phenomena are largely immune to environmental influences and stem from deeper properties of the processor and/or grammar. Similarly, it casts some doubt on recent proposals that islands are learned from the input. Native-plant amendments and topsoil addition enhance soil function in post-mining arid grasslands. Kneller, Tayla; Harris, Richard J; Bateman, Amber; MuÃ±oz-Rojas, Miriam One of the most critical challenges faced in restoration of disturbed arid lands is the limited availability of topsoil. In post-mining restoration, alternative soil substrates such as mine waste could be an adequate growth media to alleviate the topsoil deficit, but these materials often lack appropriate soil characteristics to support the development and survival of seedlings. Thus, addition of exogenous organic matter may be essential to enhance plant survival and soil function. Here, we present a case study in the arid Pilbara region (north-west Western Australia), a resource-rich area subject to intensive mining activities. The main objective of our study was to assess the effects of different restoration techniques such as soil reconstruction by blending available soil materials, sowing different compositions of plant species, and addition of a locally abundant native soil organic amendment (Triodia pungens biomass) on: (i) seedling recruitment and growth of Triodia wiseana, a dominant grass in Australian arid ecosystems, and (ii) soil chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of reconstructed soils, including microbial activity, total organic C, total N, and C and N mineralisation. The study was conducted in a 12-month multifactorial microcosms setting in a controlled environment. Our results showed that the amendment increased C and N contents of re-made soils, but these values were still lower than those obtained in the topsoil. High microbial activity and C mineralisation rates were found in the amended waste that contrasted the low N mineralisation but this did not translate into improved emergence or survival of T. wiseana. These results suggest a short- or medium-term soil N immobilisation caused by negative priming effect of fresh un-composted amendment on microbial communities. We found similar growth and survival rates of T. wiseana in topsoil and a blend of topsoil and waste (50:50) which highlights the importance of topsoil, even in a Jurisprudence, Peyote and the Native American Church. Lawson, Paul E.; Scholes, Jennifer Examines federal and state governments' attempts to suppress peyote use in Indian rituals as historically Christian-inspired. Focuses on questions of morality versus criminal law. Explains history and development of Native American Church of North America. Examines nine contemporary peyote trials. Concludes larger questions of tribal sovereigntyâ€¦ Native American Culture: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Troisi, Andrea Provides suggestions for a literature-based approach when integrating Native American culture into the middle school curriculum. Recommends resources in the following subjects: language arts, mathematics, physical education, health, home and career skills, technology, art, music, and second language. (AEF) Educating Native Students: Inspiring Future Leaders. Lee, Tiffany A 7-week summer program for college-bound American Indian students prepares them for college and trains them to become leaders. Through role playing a fictitious Native tribe, students encounter realistic dilemmas similar to those facing tribal governments and realize that tribal leaders' decisions involve many social and political issuesâ€¦ Native American Media Needs: An Assessment. Schuerman, Laurell E.; And Others Twenty five urban centers, 70 Indian tribes, and 60 public television stations responded to questionnaires in an attempt to collect information useful to the process of making programmatic decisions about future goals and activities of the Native American Public Broadcasting Consortium (NAPBC). The Tribal and Urban Center questionnaires wereâ€¦ Conserving biodiversity on native rangelands: Symposium proceedings Daniel W. Uresk; Greg L. Schenbeck; James T. O' Rourke These proceedings are the result of a symposium, "Conserving biodiversity on native rangelands" held on August 17, 1995 in Fort Robinson State Park, NE. The purpose of this symposium was to provide a forum to discuss how elements of rangeland biodiversity are being conserved today. We asked, "How resilient and sustainable are rangeland systems to the... Will HTML5 Kill the Native App? Fredette, Michelle For colleges and universities today, the question is no longer whether to develop a campus app or not. Instead, the debate has shifted to the best--and most cost-efficient--way to make campus applications accessible to the myriad devices and operating systems out there. Schools have a few options: They can develop multiple native app versions;â€¦ 75 FR 13297 - Alaska Native Claims Selection ... for 118.47 acres, located southeast of the Native village of Hughes, Alaska. Notice of the decision...: The Bureau of Land Management by phone at 907-271-5960, or by e-mail at ak[emailÂ protected]ak.blm.gov... Native Americans With Diabetes PSA (:60) Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Podcasts This 60 second public service announcement is based on the January 2017 CDC Vital Signs report. Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney failure and Native Americans have a greater chance of having diabetes than any other racial group in the U.S. Learn how to manage your diabetes to delay or prevent kidney failure. Coastal Culture Area. Native American Curriculum Series. Ross, Cathy; Fernandes, Roger Background information, legends, games, illustrations, and art projects are provided in this booklet introducing elementary students to the history and culture of Indian tribes of the North Pacific Coast and Pacific Northwest. One in a series of Native American instructional materials, the booklet provides an overview of the coastal culture area,â€¦ Community-Based Native Teacher Education Programs. Heimbecker, Connie; Minner, Sam; Prater, Greg This paper describes two exemplary school-based Native teacher education programs offered by Northern Arizona University (NAU) to serve Navajo students and by Lakehead University (Ontario) to serve members of the Nishnabe Nation of northern Ontario. The Reaching American Indian Special/Elementary Educators (RAISE) program is located in Kayenta,â€¦ Nutritional studies in native, Thai Kadon pigs Vasupen, K In the North-East of Thailand native, so-called Kadon pigs are typically kept on small-holder farms. Kadon pig is believed to be on the edge of extinction and in 2003 it was designated as a protected species of production animals. The main objective of this thesis was to study various nutritional Stylized Figures: Inspired by Native American Art Jensen, Susie B. Teaching elementary-level art in the Pacific Northwest makes it natural for the author to develop a lesson based on Native American art of the area. The designs of the Northwest Indians can sometimes be a bit too sophisticated for the students to grasp, however, and it can be frustrating when developing such a project. Over a Labor Day weekend,â€¦ Digital Natives: Where Is the Evidence? Helsper, Ellen Johanna; Eynon, Rebecca Generational differences are seen as the cause of wide shifts in our ability to engage with technologies and the concept of the digital native has gained popularity in certain areas of policy and practice. This paper provides evidence, through the analysis of a nationally representative survey in the UK, that generation is only one of theâ€¦ Strategies for Seed Propagation of Native Forbs Susan E. Meyer Native forbs are an increasingly important component of container production for many public and private nurseries. Propagators are often called upon to grow species with unknown requirements. A systematic approach is required to obtain plants from seeds of these species, beginning with determining what is a propagule and evaluating seed quality. Next, seed dormancy... Examining Test Speededness by Native Language Talento-Miller, Eileen; Guo, Fanmin; Han, Kyung T. When power tests include a time limit, it is important to assess the possibility of speededness for examinees. Past research on differential speededness has examined gender and ethnic subgroups in the United States on paper and pencil tests. When considering the needs of a global audience, research regarding different native language speakers isâ€¦ Native plant development and deployment [Section VII Jessica Wright; Kas Dumroese; Amy Symstad; Theresa Pitts-Singer; Jim Cane; Gary Krupnick; Peggy Olwell; Byron Love; Elizabeth Sellers; John Englert; Troy Wood Native plant materials are needed to create, enhance, or restore pollinator habitat. They provide critical foraging and breeding areas for wild and managed pollinator species, including transnational migratory species such as hummingbirds and monarch butterflies. Although many pollinators and plants are generalists, some have limited, obligate relationships (i.e., one... Non-natives: 141 scientists object Simberloff, D.; Van der Putten, W.H. Supplementary information to: Non-natives: 141 scientists object Full list of co-signatories to a Correspondence published in Nature 475, 36 (2011); doi: 10.1038/475036a. Daniel Simberloff University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. dsimberloff@utk.edu Jake Alexander Institute of Integrative Modification of a Community Garden to Attract Native Bee Pollinators in Urban San Luis Obispo, California Robbin W. Thorp Full Text Available Gardens have become increasingly important places for growing nutritional food, for conserving biodiversity, for biological and ecological research and education, and for community gathering. Gardens can also be designed with the goal of attracting specific wildlife, like birds and butterflies, but pollinators, like bees, can also be drawn to specially planned and modified gardens. A community garden in San Luis Obispo, California provided the setting for modification with the goal of attracting native bee pollinators by planting known bee-attractive plants. The local gardeners participated in a survey questionnaire and focused interviews to provide their input and interest in such a project. Presentations on our work with native bees in urban environments and gardening to attract bees were also given to interested gardeners. Work of this type also benefited from a lead gardener who managed donated bee plants and kept up momentum of the project. Modification of the garden and monitoring of native bees started in 2007 and continued through the growing season of 2009. Diversity of collected and observed native bees has increased each year since 2007. To date, 40 species in 17 genera of mostly native bees has been recorded from the garden, and this number is expected to increase through time. Facilitation and interference of seedling establishment by a native legume before and after wildfire. Goergen, Erin; Chambers, Jeanne C In semi-arid ecosystems, heterogeneous resources can lead to variable seedling recruitment. Existing vegetation can influence seedling establishment by modifying the resource and physical environment. We asked how a native legume, Lupinus argenteus, modifies microenvironments in unburned and burned sagebrush steppe, and if L. argenteus presence facilitates seedling establishment of native species and the non-native annual grass, Bromus tectorum. Field treatments examined mechanisms by which L. argenteus likely influences establishment: (1) live L. argenteus; (2) dead L. argenteus; (3) no L. argenteus; (4) no L. argenteus with L. argenteus litter; (5) no L. argenteus with inert litter; and (6) mock L. argenteus. Response variables included soil nitrogen, moisture, temperature, solar radiation, and seedling establishment of the natives Elymus multisetus and Eriogonum umbellatum, and non-native B. tectorum. In both unburned and burned communities, there was higher spring soil moisture, increased shade and reduced maximum temperatures under L. argenteus canopies. Adult L. argenteus resulted in greater amounts of soil nitrogen (N) only in burned sagebrush steppe, but L. argenteus litter increased soil N under both unburned and burned conditions. Although L. argenteus negatively affected emergence and survival of B. tectorum overall, its presence increased B. tectorum biomass and reproduction in unburned plots. However, L. argenteus had positive facilitative effects on size and survival of E. multisetus in both unburned and burned plots. Our study indicates that L. argenteus can facilitate seedling establishment in semi-arid systems, but net effects depend on the species examined, traits measured, and level of abiotic stress. Potential for water salvage by removal of non-native woody vegetation from dryland river systems Doody, T.M.; Nagler, P.L.; Glenn, E.P.; Moore, G.W.; Morino, K.; Hultine, K.R.; Benyon, R.G. Globally, expansion of non-native woody vegetation across floodplains has raised concern of increased evapotranspiration (ET) water loss with consequent reduced river flows and groundwater supplies. Water salvage programs, established to meet water supply demands by removing introduced species, show little documented evidence of program effectiveness. We use two case studies in the USA and Australia to illustrate factors that contribute to water salvage feasibility for a given ecological setting. In the USA, saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) has become widespread on western rivers, with water salvage programs attempted over a 50-year period. Some studies document riparian transpiration or ET reduction after saltcedar removal, but detectable increases in river base flow are not conclusively shown. Furthermore, measurements of riparian vegetation ET in natural settings show saltcedar ET overlaps the range measured for native riparian species, thereby constraining the possibility of water salvage by replacing saltcedar with native vegetation. In Australia, introduced willows (Salix spp.) have become widespread in riparian systems in the Murray-Darling Basin. Although large-scale removal projects have been undertaken, no attempts have been made to quantify increases in base flows. Recent studies of ET indicate that willows growing in permanently inundated stream beds have high transpiration rates, indicating water savings could be achieved from removal. In contrast, native Eucalyptus trees and willows growing on stream banks show similar ET rates with no net water salvage from replacing willows with native trees. We conclude that water salvage feasibility is highly dependent on the ecohydrological setting in which the non-native trees occur. We provide an overview of conditions favorable to water salvage. Copyright ?? 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Ionic versus nonionic contrast media Zylak, C.J.; Gafni, A. The efficacy and effectiveness of the nonionic contrast media have been established. Widespread usage has been hampered because of the approximate tenfold increase in cost compared with the ionic media. An economic evaluation considering costs and consequences of both interventions (ionic vs nonionic contrast media) was performed; it is a cost effectiveness (CEA) and a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) for the Canadian experience. The results of the CEA demonstrate a value per life-year saved within an acceptable range when compared with value for quality-adjusted life years for programs such as treatment of severe (diastolicâ‰¥ 105 mm Hg) and mild (diastolic 95-104 mm Hg) hypertension in men aged 40. The CBA showed a net cost to society when benefits were measured as future treatment costs saved plus productivity gained. However, if people are willing to pay a small amount for the comfort of the new intervention, this will result in a break-even situation Contrast-enhanced MR angiography Bosmans, H.; Marchal, G. Despite many optimizations, the current limitations of plain MR angiography include: Saturation that impairs the visualization of veins and arteries with slow flow and spin-dephasing signal voids in locations with turbulent flow. Recently, the use of contrast agents has been proposed to cope with these remaining problems. Because of induced shortening of the T1 of the blood, saturation in the blood vessels is overcome. As a result, arteries and veins are visualized with the same signal intensity, which makes the technique less flow-dependent. In combination with short T1-weighted acquisitions, today CE MRA can be obtained while the patient is holding his breath. This last approach is most promising for abdominal applications since the respiratory motion can be frozen. As these acquisitions also use very short echo times, spin dephasing can be reduced. In conclusion, the use of contrast agents has greatly increased the clinical usefulness of MR angiography. (orig.) [de Minimum resolvable power contrast model Qian, Shuai; Wang, Xia; Zhou, Jingjing Signal-to-noise ratio and MTF are important indexs to evaluate the performance of optical systems. However,whether they are used alone or joint assessment cannot intuitively describe the overall performance of the system. Therefore, an index is proposed to reflect the comprehensive system performance-Minimum Resolvable Radiation Performance Contrast (MRP) model. MRP is an evaluation model without human eyes. It starts from the radiance of the target and the background, transforms the target and background into the equivalent strips,and considers attenuation of the atmosphere, the optical imaging system, and the detector. Combining with the signal-to-noise ratio and the MTF, the Minimum Resolvable Radiation Performance Contrast is obtained. Finally the detection probability model of MRP is given. Effects of theophyline on contrast A.R. Fatahiyan; B. Baqerii; A. Mohseni; A. Makhlouq Background and purpose: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CN) is one of the most common causes of iatrogenic acute renal failure. In fact CN is the third leading cause of new ARF in hospitalized patients. Radiocontrast-associated ARF is a significant problem in patients with cardiovascular disease. The risk factors for cardiovascular disease also predispose these patients to an increased risk of renal failure. Various strategies have been suggested for preventing CN. Since adenosine may play a ro... Contrast detail phantom for SPECT Cabrejas, M.L. de; Arashiro, J G; Giannone, C. [Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica, Buenos Aires (Argentina); Camuyrano, M; Nohara, G [Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (Argentina). Facultad Ciencias Exactas A new low variable contrast phantom for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was constructed, tested and compared with other existing phantoms. It contains simulated cylindrical lesions of four different diameters (D{sub i}), embedded in a cylindrical scattering medium and a uniform section to evaluate tomographic uniformity. The concentration of tracer in the simulated lesions and the scattering medium (background) can be varied to simulate hot and cold lesions. Different applications of the phantom were tested, including determination of the minimum object contrast (OCm) necessary to detect lesions as a function of lesion size, lesion type (hot or cold) and acquisition and processing protocols by visual inspection. This parameter allows categorization of instruments comparing an `image quality index` (IQI). Preliminary comparison with the Britten contrast processing method showed that the detectable OCm was of the same order of magnitude, but the presented device seems more suitable for training and intercomparison purposes. The constructed phantom, of simple design, has proved to be useful for acquisition and processing condition evaluation, OCm estimation and external quality control. (author). 11 refs, 4 figs. Advancing High Contrast Adaptive Optics Ammons, M.; Poyneer, L.; GPI Team A long-standing challenge has been to directly image faint extrasolar planets adjacent to their host suns, which may be ~1-10 million times brighter than the planet. Several extreme AO systems designed for high-contrast observations have been tested at this point, including SPHERE, Magellan AO, PALM-3000, Project 1640, NICI, and the Gemini Planet Imager (GPI, Macintosh et al. 2014). The GPI is the world's most advanced high-contrast adaptive optics system on an 8-meter telescope for detecting and characterizing planets outside of our solar system. GPI will detect a previously unstudied population of young analogs to the giant planets of our solar system and help determine how planetary systems form. GPI employs a 44x44 woofer-tweeter adaptive optics system with a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor operating at 1 kHz. The controller uses Fourier-based reconstruction and modal gains optimized from system telemetry (Poyneer et al. 2005, 2007). GPI has an apodized Lyot coronal graph to suppress diffraction and a near-infrared integral field spectrograph for obtaining planetary spectra. This paper discusses current performance limitations and presents the necessary instrumental modifications and sensitivity calculations for scenarios related to high-contrast observations of non-sidereal targets. Is 30 years enough time to niche segregation between a non-native and a native congeneric fish species? Evidences from stable isotopes Gustavo Henrique Zaia Alves Full Text Available The invasion of non-native species that are phylogenetically similar to native species was observed in the Upper ParanÃ¡ River following the construction of the Itaipu hydroelectric plant and subsequent removal of a natural geographic barrier (Sete Quedas Falls. Endemic fish species from the Lower ParanÃ¡ River, such as the piranha Serrasalmus marginatus, successfully colonized the new environment. A few years later, S. marginatus had become the dominant species, while the prevalence of the congeneric species, Serrasalmus maculatus, had declined. Considering that the two piranha species naturally coexist in the Pantanal and that S. marginatus is a non-native species in the Upper ParanÃ¡ River floodplain, we hypothesized that trophic niche overlap between Serrasalmus species only occurred in the Upper ParanÃ¡ River floodplain due to short-term co-existence. The study area in which the isotopic niche overlap between S. maculatus and S. marginatus was evaluated consisted of two ponds located in different floodplains, the Pantanal and the Upper ParanÃ¡ River. We used carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis to elucidate the differences in the energy intake by the native and non-native species. We used mixing models and calculated the isotopic niche area and niche overlap to infer the nature of the trophic interactions between the species in both habitats. According to the mixing model, the predominant source of carbon for both species was terrestrial. Nevertheless, in Upper ParanÃ¡ River, the Î´13C signature of the two species differed significantly and the non-native species had a greater niche width than the native species. In the Pantanal, there were no differences in Î´13C, but the species differed with respect to Î´ 15N, and the niche widths were narrow for both species.Based on these results, it can be inferred that the species depend on different food sources. Piranhas obtain energy from distinct prey species, which probably consume Small mammal use of native warm-season and non-native cool-season grass forage fields Ryan L Klimstra,; Christopher E Moorman,; Converse, Sarah J.; Royle, J. Andrew; Craig A Harper, Recent emphasis has been put on establishing native warm-season grasses for forage production because it is thought native warm-season grasses provide higher quality wildlife habitat than do non-native cool-season grasses. However, it is not clear whether native warm-season grass fields provide better resources for small mammals than currently are available in non-native cool-season grass forage production fields. We developed a hierarchical spatially explicit capture-recapture model to compare abundance of hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus), white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), and house mice (Mus musculus) among 4 hayed non-native cool-season grass fields, 4 hayed native warm-season grass fields, and 4 native warm-season grass-forb ("wildlife") fields managed for wildlife during 2 summer trapping periods in 2009 and 2010 of the western piedmont of North Carolina, USA. Cotton rat abundance estimates were greater in wildlife fields than in native warm-season grass and non-native cool-season grass fields and greater in native warm-season grass fields than in non-native cool-season grass fields. Abundances of white-footed mouse and house mouse populations were lower in wildlife fields than in native warm-season grass and non-native cool-season grass fields, but the abundances were not different between the native warm-season grass and non-native cool-season grass fields. Lack of cover following haying in non-native cool-season grass and native warm-season grass fields likely was the key factor limiting small mammal abundance, especially cotton rats, in forage fields. Retention of vegetation structure in managed forage production systems, either by alternately resting cool-season and warm-season grass forage fields or by leaving unharvested field borders, should provide refugia for small mammals during haying events. Comparison and Contrast between First and Second Language Learning Akhter, Javed; Amin, Muhammad; Saeed, Faria; Abdullah, Shumaila; Muhammad, Khair This research paper tends to focus on comparison and contrast between first and second language learning. It investigates the different factors that have inhibiting influences on the language learning process of the learners in the two different environments. There are many factors involved in this respect. The age factor is one of the vitalâ€¦ Analysis of Consumers' Preferences and Price Sensitivity to Native Chickens. Lee, Min-A; Jung, Yoojin; Jo, Cheorun; Park, Ji-Young; Nam, Ki-Chang This study analyzed consumers' preferences and price sensitivity to native chickens. A survey was conducted from Jan 6 to 17, 2014, and data were collected from consumers (n=500) living in Korea. Statistical analyses evaluated the consumption patterns of native chickens, preference marketing for native chicken breeds which will be newly developed, and price sensitivity measurement (PSM). Of the subjects who preferred broilers, 24.3% do not purchase native chickens because of the dryness and tough texture, while those who preferred native chickens liked their chewy texture (38.2%). Of the total subjects, 38.2% preferred fried native chickens (38.2%) for processed food, 38.4% preferred direct sales for native chicken distribution, 51.0% preferred native chickens to be slaughtered in specialty stores, and 32.4% wanted easy access to native chickens. Additionally, the price stress range (PSR) was 50 won and the point of marginal cheapness (PMC) and point of marginal expensiveness (PME) were 6,980 won and 12,300 won, respectively. Evaluation of the segmentation market revealed that consumers who prefer broiler to native chicken breeds were more sensitive to the chicken price. To accelerate the consumption of newly developed native chicken meat, it is necessary to develop a texture that each consumer needs, to increase the accessibility of native chickens, and to have diverse menus and recipes as well as reasonable pricing for native chickens. Quantitative contrast-enhanced optical coherence tomography Winetraub, Yonatan; SoRelle, Elliott D. [Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305 (United States); Bio-X Program, Stanford University, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305 (United States); Biophysics Program, Stanford University, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305 (United States); Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305 (United States); Liba, Orly [Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305 (United States); Bio-X Program, Stanford University, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305 (United States); Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305 (United States); Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305 (United States); Zerda, Adam de la [Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305 (United States); Bio-X Program, Stanford University, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305 (United States); Biophysics Program, Stanford University, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305 (United States); Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305 (United States); Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305 (United States) We have developed a model to accurately quantify the signals produced by exogenous scattering agents used for contrast-enhanced Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). This model predicts distinct concentration-dependent signal trends that arise from the underlying physics of OCT detection. Accordingly, we show that real scattering particles can be described as simplified ideal scatterers with modified scattering intensity and concentration. The relation between OCT signal and particle concentration is approximately linear at concentrations lower than 0.8 particle per imaging voxel. However, at higher concentrations, interference effects cause signal to increase with a square root dependence on the number of particles within a voxel. Finally, high particle concentrations cause enough light attenuation to saturate the detected signal. Predictions were validated by comparison with measured OCT signals from gold nanorods (GNRs) prepared in water at concentrations ranging over five orders of magnitude (50 fM to 5â€‰nM). In addition, we validated that our model accurately predicts the signal responses of GNRs in highly heterogeneous scattering environments including whole blood and living animals. By enabling particle quantification, this work provides a valuable tool for current and future contrast-enhanced in vivo OCT studies. More generally, the model described herein may inform the interpretation of detected signals in modalities that rely on coherence-based detection or are susceptible to interference effects. Reflecting on the dichotomy native-non native speakers in an EFL context MariÃ±o, Claudia This article provides a discussion based on constructs about the dichotomy betweennative and non-native speakers. Several models and examples are displayed about thespreading of the English language with the intention of understanding its developmentin the whole world and in Colombia, specifically. Then, some possible definitions aregiven to the term â€œnative speakerâ€� and its conceptualization is described as both realityand myth. One of the main reasons for writing this article is grounded on... Variation among chlorine concentration ratios for native and agronomic plants Sheppard, S.C.; Evenden, W.G.; Macdonald, C.R. Variation among plant/soil concentration ratios (CRs) for important radionuclides requires attention because it is a major source of uncertainty in nuclear environmental safety assessments. For agronomic plants, variation among plant species is easy to deal with because there are relatively few species. In natural settings, there are vastly more species and the question becomes how to develop representative statistical distributions of CRs. Chlorine (Cl) is a good element with which to address this problem, because 36 Cl is a key radionuclide in nuclear waste disposal and yet stable Cl is easily measured in the environment. We measured CRs (dry weight basis) for Cl among edible parts of agronomic plants at one site, and found a geometric mean (GM) of 10, a geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 1.9 and a range of 5-66. When the GM was weighted by the relative contributions of the various plants to the human diet, it rose to 16. Among native plants at five sites, each site representative of a specific environment, the GMs were 4.0-13 and the GSDs were 2.9-6.2. The CRs for individual species ranged from 0.8 to 170. However, when weighted by relative contributions of the plants to selected animal diets, the GMs were as high as 50. The conclusions are that: the variation in CR for agronomic plants is a subset of the variation among native or all plants, variation among species (the GSD) can be sixfold, and variation among species is large enough that typical diets of specific animals could expose them to several-fold higher amounts of Cl (or 36 Cl) than expected from generic CR values. (Copyright (c) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. All rights reserved.) Growth rate differences between resident native brook trout and non-native brown trout Carlson, S.M.; Hendry, A.P.; Letcher, B.H. Between species and across season variation in growth was examined by tagging and recapturing individual brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and brown trout Salmo trutta across seasons in a small stream (West Brook, Massachusetts, U.S.A.). Detailed information on body size and growth are presented to (1) test whether the two species differed in growth within seasons and (2) characterize the seasonal growth patterns for two age classes of each species. Growth differed between species in nearly half of the season- and age-specific comparisons. When growth differed, non-native brown trout grew faster than native brook trout in all but one comparison. Moreover, species differences were most pronounced when overall growth was high during the spring and early summer. These growth differences resulted in size asymmetries that were sustained over the duration of the study. A literature survey also indicated that non-native salmonids typically grow faster than native salmonids when the two occur in sympatry. Taken together, these results suggest that differences in growth are not uncommon for coexisting native and non-native salmonids. ?? 2007 The Authors. The role of habitat-selection in restricting invasive blue mussel advancement to protect native populations in San Francisco Bay Mittal, N.; Saarman, N. P.; Pogson, G. Introduced species contribute to decline of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Introduced species threaten native species by increasing competition for space and resources, changing their habitat, and disrupting species interactions. Protecting native species is crucial to preserving ecosystem services (i.e. medicinal, agricultural, ecological, and cultural benefits) for future generations. In marine communities, the number of invasive species is dramatically increasing every year, further magnifying the negative impact on native species. This research determines if habitat-specific selection can protect native species from their invasive relatives, and could allow targeted habitat restoration for native species to maintain high levels of biodiversity. Blue mussels provide an ideal system for studying the impact of an invasive species (Mytilus galloprovincialis) on native mussels (M. trossulus), because M. galloprovincialis is marked as one of the world's 100 worst invasive species. Hybridization between M. galloprovincialis and M. trossulus occurs wherever their distributions overlap (i.e. Japan, Puget Sound, and central California). In central California, hybrids form in a broad variety of habitats ever since M. galloprovincialis was introduced about 100 years ago. The current level of threat posed to native mussels in central California is unknown. When population growth rate of an invasive species is higher than the native within a hybrid zone, the invader's genes become more prominent in the hybrids than the native species' genes. This uneven mix of genes and decrease of pure native mussels threatens to drive M. trossulus to extinction. Therefore, it is important to research which environment fosters highest success of pure native species. We conducted a field experiment in San Francisco Bay where mussels were reared in different habitats. We then collected samples and extracted DNA from each treatment, and genotyped them by a next-generation sequencing 36 CFR 51.83 - Sale of Native Handicrafts. ... labeled or denoted authentic native handicrafts from the concession contract's franchise fee. (b) The sale..., Public Law 101-644, as amended. (c) Definitions. (1) Alaska Native means any citizen of the United States... Infant Mortality and American Indians/Alaska Natives ... American Indian/Alaska Native > Infant Health & Mortality Infant Mortality and American Indians/Alaska Natives American Indian/Alaska ... as compared to non-Hispanic white mothers. Infant Mortality Rate: Infant mortality rate per 1,000 live ... Alaska Native Villages and Rural Communities Water Grant Program Significant human health and water quality problems exist in Alaska Native Village and other rural communities in the state due to lack of sanitation. To address these issues, EPA created the Alaska Rural and Native Villages Grant Program. Comparative study of native and irradiated crotoxin. Biochemical and pharmacological effects Nascimento, N. do. Ionizing radiation is able to detoxify several venoms, including snake venom, without affecting significantly their antigenic and immunogenic properties. In order to elucidate this phenomena, we conceived a comparative biochemical and pharmacological study between native and gamma irradiated (2000Gy) crotoxin, main toxin of south american rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus. Crotoxin was isolated and purified from crude venom by molecular exclusion chromatography, pI precipitation and then irradiated. Immunodiffusion, electrophoresis and gel filtration showed that the molecular integrity was preserved after irradiation with some higher molecular weight aggregate formation and maintenance of its antigenic capacity. The antibodies induced by irradiated toxin had a similar titer to the antibodies induced by native crotoxin; however with higher protective effects in mice. Crotoxin toxicity became 15 times lower after irradiation, as determined by LD sub(50) in mice. Native and irradiated crotoxin biodistribution occurred with a similar general pattern, with renal elimination. In contrast to irradiated crotoxin, the native crotoxin is initially retained in kidneys. A later concentration (2-3hs) occurs in phagocyticmononuclear cells rich organs (liver and spleen) and neural junctions rich organs (muscle and brain). (author) Rieber, A.; Nuessle, K.; Merkle, E.; Tomczak, R.; Brambs, H.J. [Ulm Univ. (Germany). Abt. Radiologie 1 (Roentgendiagnostik); Kreienberg, R. [Ulm Univ. (Germany). Dept. of Gynecology Magnetic resonance mammography (MRM) provides data regarding the nature of tumours based on contrast medium dynamics; fibrocystic changes in the breast, however, may lead to false-positive results. This study investigated whether the contrast medium dynamics of fibrocystic changes are dependent on the menstrual cycle. Twenty-four patients with palpable lumps but normal mammographies and ultrasound studies were examined. The MRM technique was performed during the first and second part of the menstrual cycle using a FLASH 3D sequence, both native and at 1, 2, 3 and 8 min after intravenous application of 0.15 mmol/kg body weight of gadodiamide. The calculated time-intensity curves were evaluated based on the following criteria: early percentage of contrast medium uptake in relation to the native value; formation of a plateau phenomenon after the second minute; the point of maximal contrast medium uptake; and calculation of the contrast enhancing index. During the second half of the menstrual cycle, a generally greater contrast medium uptake was observed. Nevertheless, when further diagnostic criteria, such as continuous contrast medium increase as a function of time, were considered, there was no increased rate of false-positive findings. The phase of the menstrual cycle may affect the specificity of the examination, if only the quantitative contrast medium uptake and the percentage of contrast medium uptake in the first 2 min are considered. A control MRM during the other half of the cycle may then be indicated and additional diagnostic criteria may improve specificity. (orig.) With 2 figs., 2 tabs., 24 refs. Diversity and biomass of native macrophytes are negatively related to dominance of an invasive Poaceae in Brazilian sub-tropical streams Luiz Felipe GonÃ§alves Fernandes Full Text Available Besides exacerbated exploitation, pollution, flow alteration and habitats degradation, freshwater biodiversity is also threatened by biological invasions. This paper addresses how native aquatic macrophyte communities are affected by the non-native species Urochloa arrecta, a current successful invader in Brazilian freshwater systems. We compared the native macrophytes colonizing patches dominated and non-dominated by this invader species. We surveyed eight streams in Northwest ParanÃ¡ State (Brazil. In each stream, we recorded native macrophytes' richness and biomass in sites where U. arrecta was dominant and in sites where it was not dominant or absent. No native species were found in seven, out of the eight investigated sites where U. arrecta was dominant. Thus, we found higher native species richness, Shannon index and native biomass values in sites without dominance of U. arrecta than in sites dominated by this invader. Although difficult to conclude about causes of such differences, we infer that the elevated biomass production by this grass might be the primary reason for alterations in invaded environments and for the consequent impacts on macrophytes' native communities. However, biotic resistance offered by native richer sites could be an alternative explanation for our results. To mitigate potential impacts and to prevent future environmental perturbations, we propose mechanical removal of the invasive species and maintenance or restoration of riparian vegetation, for freshwater ecosystems have vital importance for the maintenance of ecological services and biodiversity and should be preserved. Android: Call C Functions with the Native Development Kit (NDK) from a Java application. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Android , NDK, Native Development Kit, C callable, Java Native Interface, JNI, Java, C/C++ 16. SECURITY ...ARL-TN-0782 â—� SEP 2016 US Army Research Laboratory Android : Call C Functions with the Native Development Kit (NDK) by Hao Q...Do not return it to the originator. ARL-TN-0782 â—� SEP 2016 US Army Research Laboratory Android : Call C Functions with the Native Phonetic Encoding of Coda Voicing Contrast under Different Focus Conditions in L1 vs. L2 English. Choi, Jiyoun; Kim, Sahayng; Cho, Taehong This study investigated how coda voicing contrast in English would be phonetically encoded in the temporal vs. spectral dimension of the preceding vowel (in vowel duration vs. F1/F2) by Korean L2 speakers of English, and how their L2 phonetic encoding pattern would be compared to that of native English speakers. Crucially, these questions were explored by taking into account the phonetics-prosody interface, testing effects of prominence by comparing target segments in three focus conditions (phonological focus, lexical focus, and no focus). Results showed that Korean speakers utilized the temporal dimension (vowel duration) to encode coda voicing contrast, but failed to use the spectral dimension (F1/F2), reflecting their native language experience-i.e., with a more sparsely populated vowel space in Korean, they are less sensitive to small changes in the spectral dimension, and hence fine-grained spectral cues in English are not readily accessible. Results also showed that along the temporal dimension, both the L1 and L2 speakers hyperarticulated coda voicing contrast under prominence (when phonologically or lexically focused), but hypoarticulated it in the non-prominent condition. This indicates that low-level phonetic realization and high-order information structure interact in a communicatively efficient way, regardless of the speakers' native language background. The Korean speakers, however, used the temporal phonetic space differently from the way the native speakers did, especially showing less reduction in the no focus condition. This was also attributable to their native language experience-i.e., the Korean speakers' use of temporal dimension is constrained in a way that is not detrimental to the preservation of coda voicing contrast, given that they failed to add additional cues along the spectral dimension. The results imply that the L2 phonetic system can be more fully illuminated through an investigation of the phonetics-prosody interface in connection QUANTATIVE SET COMPARISONS WITH COMPONENT MONEY IN MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE CONTRASTED WITH SLAVIC LANGUAGES Zinovieva, E.I. Full Text Available The article provides a detailed analysis of semantics and functioning of Russian set comparisons according to dictionaries, literary context, periodicals and the Internet and studies stereotypical perception of what is considered small or large amounts of money and the way it is reflected in consciousness of native speakers and the Russian language on the basis of survey. Set comparisons in Russian language are contrasted with other Slavic languages to identify their universal and distinctive features. 34 CFR 303.403 - Prior notice; native language. ... 34 Education 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Prior notice; native language. 303.403 Section 303.403... TODDLERS WITH DISABILITIES Procedural Safeguards General Â§ 303.403 Prior notice; native language. (a... file a complaint and the timelines under those procedures. (c) Native language. (1) The notice must be... Negation in Near-Native French: Variation and Sociolinguistic Competence Donaldson, Bryan This study investigated how adult second language (L2) speakers of French with near-native proficiency realize verbal negation, a well-known sociolinguistic variable in contemporary spoken French. Data included 10 spontaneous informal conversations between near-native speakers of French and native speakers (NSs) closely acquainted with them.â€¦ Developing native plant nurseries in emerging market areas Elliott Duemler The importance of developing a market for quality native plant materials in a region prior to the establishment of a nursery is crucial to ensure its success. Certain tactics can be applied to help develop a demand for native plant materials in a region. Using these tactics will help create a new market for native plant materials. Cultural Strengths to Persevere: Native American Women in Higher Education Waterman, Stephanie J.; Lindley, Lorinda S. Beginning with an overview of historical perspectives of Native American women, this article includes some discussion of values and practices of contemporary Native American women, data pertaining to Native American women's participation in higher education, and an introduction of familial cultural capital, community cultural wealth, Nativeâ€¦ Important biological factors for utilizing native plant species Loren E. Wiesner Native plant species are valuable resources for revegetation of disturbed ecosystems. The success of these plantings is dependent on the native species selected, quality of seed used, condition of the soil, environmental conditions before and after planting, planting equipment used, time of planting, and other factors. Most native species contain dormant seed. Dormancy... Comparative Evaluation of Some Properties of Native and Oxidized ... The study was designed to produce native starches from cassava, yam and rice, and to modify a portion of the native starches by oxidation and compare their properties. The modification process was carried out by treating the native starches with food grade sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). The proximate, swelling index andÂ ... Phase contrast STEM for thin samples: Integrated differential phase contrast. LaziÄ‡, Ivan; Bosch, Eric G T; Lazar, Sorin It has been known since the 1970s that the movement of the center of mass (COM) of a convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) pattern is linearly related to the (projected) electrical field in the sample. We re-derive a contrast transfer function (CTF) for a scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imaging technique based on this movement from the point of view of image formation and continue by performing a two-dimensional integration on the two images based on the two components of the COM movement. The resulting integrated COM (iCOM) STEM technique yields a scalar image that is linear in the phase shift caused by the sample and therefore also in the local (projected) electrostatic potential field of a thin sample. We confirm that the differential phase contrast (DPC) STEM technique using a segmented detector with 4 quadrants (4Q) yields a good approximation for the COM movement. Performing a two-dimensional integration, just as for the COM, we obtain an integrated DPC (iDPC) image which is approximately linear in the phase of the sample. Beside deriving the CTFs of iCOM and iDPC, we clearly point out the objects of the two corresponding imaging techniques, and highlight the differences to objects corresponding to COM-, DPC-, and (HA) ADF-STEM. The theory is validated with simulations and we present first experimental results of the iDPC-STEM technique showing its capability for imaging both light and heavy elements with atomic resolution and a good signal to noise ratio (SNR). Copyright Â© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Phase-contrast enhanced mammography: A new diagnostic tool for breast imaging Wang Zhentian; Thuering, Thomas; David, Christian; Roessl, Ewald; Trippel, Mafalda; Kubik-Huch, Rahel A.; Singer, Gad; Hohl, Michael K.; Hauser, Nik; Stampanoni, Marco Phase contrast and scattering-based X-ray imaging can potentially revolutionize the radiological approach to breast imaging by providing additional and complementary information to conventional, absorption-based methods. We investigated native, non-fixed whole breast samples using a grating interferometer with an X-ray tube-based configuration. Our approach simultaneously recorded absorption, differential phase contrast and small-angle scattering signals. The results show that this novel technique - combined with a dedicated image fusion algorithm - has the potential to deliver enhanced breast imaging with complementary information for an improved diagnostic process. Wang Zhentian; Thuering, Thomas; David, Christian; Roessl, Ewald; Trippel, Mafalda; Kubik-Huch, Rahel A.; Singer, Gad; Hohl, Michael K.; Hauser, Nik; Stampanoni, Marco [Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen (Switzerland); Laboratory for Micro and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen (Switzerland); Philips Technologie GmbH, Roentgenstrasse 24, 22335 Hamburg (Germany); Institute of Pathology, Kantonsspital Baden, 5404 Baden (Switzerland); Department of Radiology, Kantonsspital Baden, 5404 Baden (Switzerland); Institute of Pathology, Kantonsspital Baden, 5404 Baden (Switzerland); Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Interdisciplinary Breast Center Baden, Kantonsspital Baden, 5404 Baden (Switzerland); Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zuerich, 8092 Zuerich (Switzerland) Ecological impacts of non-native species: Chapter 2 Pilliod, David S.; Griffiths, R.A.; Kuzmin, S.L.; Heatwole, Harold; Wilkinson, John W. Radiographic contrast media, function and future reassessed Sovak, M. A brief review is given of the use of radiographic contrast media in cholecysto- and cholangiography, central nervous system imaging, urography and angiography. Other aspects briefly discussed are the use of large i.v. doses of contrast media for CT contrast enhancement and the design theory for improved water soluble contrast media. (U.K.) ClÃ©ment, R. Charles; De Cristo-Araujo, Michelly; Coppens D'Eeckenbrugge, GÃ©o; Alves Pereira, Allessandro; PicanÃ§o-Rodrigues, Doriane Molecular analyses are providing new elements to decipher the origin, domestication and dispersal of native Amazonian crops in an expanding archaeological context. Solid molecular data are available for manioc (Manihot esculenta), cacao (Theobroma cacao), pineapple (Ananas comosus), peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) and guaranÃ¡ (Paullinia cupana), while hot peppers (Capsicum spp.), inga (Inga edulis), Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) and cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum) are being studied. Emerg... ... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Bureau of Land Management [AA-8102-05, AA-8102-08, AA-8102-10, AA-8102-25, AA-8102-28, AA-8102- 37, AA-8102-47; LLAK965000-L14100000-KC0000-P] Alaska Native Claims... phone at 907-271-5960, by e-mail at ak[emailÂ protected] , or by telecommunication device (TTD... Simberloff, Daniel; VilÃ , Montserrat Supplementary information to: Non-natives: 141 scientists object Full list of co-signatories to a Correspondence published in Nature 475, 36 (2011); doi: 10.1038/475036a. Daniel Simberloff University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. Jake Alexander Institute of Integrative Biology, Zurich, Switzerland. Fred Allendorf University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA. James Aronson CEFE/CNRS, Montpellier, France. Pedro M. Antunes Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, Onta... Dextran Preserves Native Corneal Structure During Decellularization. Lynch, Amy P; Wilson, Samantha L; Ahearne, Mark Corneal decellularization has become an increasingly popular technique for generating scaffolds for corneal regeneration. Most decellularization procedures result in tissue swelling, thus limiting their application. Here, the use of a polysaccharide, dextran, to reduce swelling and conserve the native corneal structure during decellularization was investigated. Corneas were treated with 1% Triton X-100, 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate, and nucleases under constant rotation followed by extensive washing. To reduce swelling, decellularization solutions were supplemented with 5% dextran either throughout the whole decellularization process or during the washing cycles only. Quantitative analysis of DNA content showed a 96% reduction after decellularization regardless of the addition of dextran. Dextran resulted in a significant reduction in swelling from 3.85â€‰Â±â€‰0.43â€‰nm without to 1.94â€‰Â±â€‰0.29-2.01â€‰Â±â€‰0.37â€‰nm (pâ€‰dextran must be present throughout the decellularization protocol to preserve the native corneal architecture, anisotropy analysis demonstrated comparable results (0.22â€‰Â±â€‰0.03) to the native cornea (0.24â€‰Â±â€‰0.02), pâ€‰>â€‰0.05. Dextran can counteract the detrimental effects of decellularizing agents on the biomechanical properties of the tissue resulting in similar compressive moduli (mean before decellularization: 5.40â€‰Â±â€‰1.18â€‰kPa; mean after decellularization with dextran: 5.64â€‰Â±â€‰1.34â€‰kPa, pâ€‰>â€‰0.05). Cells remained viable in the presence of decellularized scaffolds. The findings of this study indicate that dextran not only prevents significant corneal swelling during decellularization but also enhances the maintenance of the native corneal ultrastructure. Parsimonious Charge Deconvolution for Native Mass Spectrometry Charge deconvolution infers the mass from mass over charge (m/z) measurements in electrospray ionization mass spectra. When applied over a wide input m/z or broad target mass range, charge-deconvolution algorithms can produce artifacts, such as false masses at one-half or one-third of the correct mass. Indeed, a maximum entropy term in the objective function of MaxEnt, the most commonly used charge deconvolution algorithm, favors a deconvolved spectrum with many peaks over one with fewer peaks. Here we describe a new â€œparsimoniousâ€� charge deconvolution algorithm that produces fewer artifacts. The algorithm is especially well-suited to high-resolution native mass spectrometry of intact glycoproteins and protein complexes. Deconvolution of native mass spectra poses special challenges due to salt and small molecule adducts, multimers, wide mass ranges, and fewer and lower charge states. We demonstrate the performance of the new deconvolution algorithm on a range of samples. On the heavily glycosylated plasma properdin glycoprotein, the new algorithm could deconvolve monomer and dimer simultaneously and, when focused on the m/z range of the monomer, gave accurate and interpretable masses for glycoforms that had previously been analyzed manually using m/z peaks rather than deconvolved masses. On therapeutic antibodies, the new algorithm facilitated the analysis of extensions, truncations, and Fab glycosylation. The algorithm facilitates the use of native mass spectrometry for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of protein and protein assemblies. PMID:29376659 Exploring Native American Students' Perceptions of Scientists Laubach, Timothy A.; Crofford, Geary Don; Marek, Edmund A. The purpose of this descriptive study was to explore Native American (NA) students' perceptions of scientists by using the Draw-A-Scientist Test and to determine if differences in these perceptions exist between grade level, gender, and level of cultural tradition. Data were collected for students in Grades 9-12 within a NA grant off-reservation boarding school. A total of 133 NA students were asked to draw a picture of a scientist at work and to provide a written explanation as to what the scientist was doing. A content analysis of the drawings indicated that the level of stereotype differed between all NA subgroups, but analysis of variance revealed that these differences were not significant between groups except for students who practised native cultural tradition at home compared to students who did not practise native cultural tradition at home (p educational and career science, technology, engineering, and mathematics paths in the future. The educational implication is that once initial perceptions are identified, researchers and teachers can provide meaningful experiences to combat the stereotypes. Security Awareness of the Digital Natives Vasileios Gkioulos Full Text Available Young generations make extensive use of mobile devices, such as smartphones, tablets and laptops, while a plethora of security risks associated with such devices are induced by vulnerabilities related to user behavior. Furthermore, the number of security breaches on or via portable devices increases exponentially. Thus, deploying suitable risk treatments requires the investigation of how the digital natives (young people, born and bred in the digital era use their mobile devices and their level of security awareness, in order to identify common usage patterns with negative security impact. In this article, we present the results of a survey performed across a multinational sample of digital natives with distinct backgrounds and levels of competence in terms of security, to identify divergences in user behavior due to regional, educational and other factors. Our results highlight significant influences on the behavior of digital natives, arising from user confidence, educational background, and parameters related to usability and accessibility. The outcomes of this study justify the need for further analysis of the topic, in order to identify the influence of fine-grained semantics, but also the consolidation of wide and robust user-models. Non-native tree species in urban areas of the city of Nitra Galis, M Non-native plant species are part of our environment. The introduction of these species is huge conditioned by anthropogenic activities, such as the urban environment is characterized by. During the field surveys of selected town Nitra (Chrenova, Mikova Ves, Zobor), we studied the frequency of non-native tree species in the contact zone. Overall, we found out the presence of 10 alien species, observed in this area. Our results show dominant presence of the species Rhus typhina, followed by the Robinia pseudoacacia and Ailanthus altissima. Individual plants were tied largely to the surrounding of built-up areas, often growns directly in front of houses, or as a part of urban green. (author) Zernike phase contrast cryo-electron tomography of whole bacterial cells. Guerrero-Ferreira, Ricardo C; Wright, Elizabeth R Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) provides three-dimensional (3D) structural information of bacteria preserved in a native, frozen-hydrated state. The typical low contrast of tilt-series images, a result of both the need for a low electron dose and the use of conventional defocus phase-contrast imaging, is a challenge for high-quality tomograms. We show that Zernike phase-contrast imaging allows the electron dose to be reduced. This limits movement of gold fiducials during the tilt series, which leads to better alignment and a higher-resolution reconstruction. Contrast is also enhanced, improving visibility of weak features. The reduced electron dose also means that more images at more tilt angles could be recorded, further increasing resolution. Copyright Â© 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Higher dropout rate in non-native patients than in native patients in rehabilitation in The Netherlands Sloots, Maurits; Scheppers, Emmanuel F.; van de Weg, Frans B.; Bartels, Edien A.; Geertzen, Jan H.; Dekker, Joost; Dekker, Jaap Dropout from a rehabilitation programme often occurs in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain of non-native origin. However, the exact dropout rate is not known. The objective of this study was to determine the difference in dropout rate between native and non-native patients with chronic Seed rain under native and non-native tree species in the Cabo Rojo National Wildlife Refuge, Puerto Rico. Arias Garcia, Andrea; Chinea, J Danilo Seed dispersal is a fundamental process in plant ecology and is of critical importance for the restoration of tropical communities. The lands of the Cabo Rojo National Wildlife Refuge (CRNWR), formerly under agriculture, were abandoned in the 1970s and colonized mainly by non-native tree species of degraded pastures. Here we described the seed rain under the most common native and non-native trees in the refuge in an attempt to determine if focal tree geographic origin (native versus non-native) influences seed dispersal. For this, seed rain was sampled for one year under the canopies of four native and four non-native tree species common in this refuge using 40 seed traps. No significant differences were found for the abundance of seeds, or their diversity, dispersing under native versus non-native focal tree species, nor under the different tree species. A significantly different seed species composition was observed reaching native versus non-native focal species. However, this last result could be more easily explained as a function of distance of the closest adults of the two most abundantly dispersed plant species to the seed traps than as a function of the geographic origin of the focal species. We suggest to continue the practice of planting native tree species, not only as a way to restore the community to a condition similar to the original one, but also to reduce the distances needed for effective dispersal. Ultrasound contrast agents: an overview. Cosgrove, David With the introduction of microbubble contrast agents, diagnostic ultrasound has entered a new era that allows the dynamic detection of tissue flow of both the macro and microvasculature. Underpinning this development is the fact that gases are compressible, and thus the microbubbles expand and contract in the alternating pressure waves of the ultrasound beam, while tissue is almost incompressible. Special software using multiple pulse sequences separates these signals from those of tissue and displays them as an overlay or on a split screen. This can be done at low acoustic pressures (MIdeveloped for myocardial perfusion. In radiology, the most important application is the liver, especially for focal disease. The approach parallels that of dynamic CT or MRI but ultrasound has the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution. Thus, small lesions that can be indeterminate on CT can often be studied with ultrasound, and situations where the flow is very rapid (e.g., focal nodular hyperplasia where the first few seconds of arterial perfusion may be critical to making the diagnosis) are readily studied. Microbubbles linger in the extensive sinusoidal space of normal liver for several minutes whereas they wash out rapidly from metastases, which have a low vascular volume and thus appear as filling defects. The method has been shown to be as sensitive as three-phase CT. Microbubbles have clinical uses in many other applications where knowledge of the microcirculation is important (the macrocirculation can usually be assessed adequately using conventional Doppler though there are a few important situations where the signal boost given by microbubbles is useful, e.g., transcranial Doppler for evaluating vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage). An important situation where demonstrating tissue devitalisation is important is in interstitial ablation of focal liver lesions: using microbubble contrast agents at the end of a procedure allows immediate evaluation of the Bacterial Reaction Centers Purified with Styrene Maleic Acid Copolymer Retain Native Membrane Functional Properties and Display Enhanced Stability** Swainsbury, David J K; Scheidelaar, Stefan; vanâ€…Grondelle, Rienk; Killian, J Antoinette; Jones, Michael R Integral membrane proteins often present daunting challenges for biophysical characterization, a fundamental issue being how to select a surfactant that will optimally preserve the individual structure and functional properties of a given membrane protein. Bacterial reaction centers offer a rare opportunity to compare the properties of an integral membrane protein in different artificial lipid/surfactant environments with those in the native bilayer. Here, we demonstrate that reaction centers purified using a styrene maleic acid copolymer remain associated with a complement of native lipids and do not display the modified functional properties that typically result from detergent solubilization. Direct comparisons show that reaction centers are more stable in this copolymer/lipid environment than in a detergent micelle or even in the native membrane, suggesting a promising new route to exploitation of such photovoltaic integral membrane proteins in device applications. PMID:25212490 Three-dimensional neural cultures produce networks that mimic native brain activity. Bourke, Justin L; Quigley, Anita F; Duchi, Serena; O'Connell, Cathal D; Crook, Jeremy M; Wallace, Gordon G; Cook, Mark J; Kapsa, Robert M I Development of brain function is critically dependent on neuronal networks organized through three dimensions. Culture of central nervous system neurons has traditionally been limited to two dimensions, restricting growth patterns and network formation to a single plane. Here, with the use of multichannel extracellular microelectrode arrays, we demonstrate that neurons cultured in a true three-dimensional environment recapitulate native neuronal network formation and produce functional outcomes more akin to in vivo neuronal network activity. Copyright Â© 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Native Mass Spectrometry in Fragment-Based Drug Discovery. Pedro, Liliana; Quinn, Ronald J The advent of native mass spectrometry (MS) in 1990 led to the development of new mass spectrometry instrumentation and methodologies for the analysis of noncovalent protein-ligand complexes. Native MS has matured to become a fast, simple, highly sensitive and automatable technique with well-established utility for fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD). Native MS has the capability to directly detect weak ligand binding to proteins, to determine stoichiometry, relative or absolute binding affinities and specificities. Native MS can be used to delineate ligand-binding sites, to elucidate mechanisms of cooperativity and to study the thermodynamics of binding. This review highlights key attributes of native MS for FBDD campaigns. Modulation of legume defense signaling pathways by native and non-native pea aphid clones Carlos Sanchez-Arcos Full Text Available The pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum is a complex of at least 15 genetically different host races that are native to specific legume plants, but can all develop on the universal host plant Vicia faba. Despite much research it is still unclear why pea aphid host races (biotypes are able to colonize their native hosts while other host races are not. All aphids penetrate the plant and salivate into plant cells when they test plant suitability. Thus plants might react differently to the various pea aphid host races. To find out whether legume species vary in their defense responses to different pea aphid host races, we measured the amounts of salicylic acid (SA, the jasmonic acid-isoleucine conjugate (JA-Ile, other jasmonate precursors and derivatives, and abscisic acid (ABA in four different species (Medicago sativa, Trifolium pratense, Pisum sativum, V. faba after infestation by native and non-native pea aphid clones of various host races. Additionally, we assessed the performance of the clones on the four plant species. On M. sativa and T. pratense, non-native clones that were barely able to survive or reproduce, triggered a strong SA and JA-Ile response, whereas infestation with native clones led to lower levels of both phytohormones. On P. sativum, non-native clones, which survived or reproduced to a certain extent, induced fluctuating SA and JA-Ile levels, whereas the native clone triggered only a weak SA and JA-Ile response. On the universal host V. faba all aphid clones triggered only low SA levels initially, but induced clone-specific patterns of SA and JA-Ile later on. The levels of the active JA-Ile conjugate and of the other JA-pathway metabolites measured showed in many cases similar patterns, suggesting that the reduction in JA signaling was due to an effect upstream of OPDA. ABA levels were downregulated in all aphid clone-plant combinations and were therefore probably not decisive factors for aphid-plant compatibility. Our results A qualitative study of motivation in Alaska Native Science and Engineering Program (ANSEP) precollege students Yatchmeneff, Michele study sessions. My study implies that Alaska Native students need to feel like they belong in order to be motivated to take and succeed at taking advanced mathematics and science courses. Educators and STEM program leaders should incorporate elements of belonging into the educational environments they develop for their Alaska Native students. Future research should be conducted to determine if other racial minority students need to feel like they belong in order to be motivated to take and succeed at taking advanced mathematics and science courses. My study also indicated that Alaska Native students were motivated to take advanced mathematics and science courses by knowing ANSEP would support them in future programming because of its longitudinal approach. Funding agencies of STEM programs should consider funding programs that provide a longitudinal approach to help Alaska Native students' sense of competence grow. Future research should include studying other STEM programs to determine if they are motivating their students to take and succeed in advanced mathematics and science courses. Clinical applications of contrast echocardiography Jorge, Leon Galindo The echocardiography is the technique more used for the diagnosis and pursuit of the cardiovascular illnesses; therefore, their diagnostic precision has acquired a vital importance in the handling of the patients with cardiovascular pathologies. However, with relative frequency, the diagnostic capacity of the echocardiography exam is diminished by limitations of the acoustic window, mainly in-patient with obesity, lung illnesses and alterations of the thoracic wall. This can be obviated with the use of the intra-esophagus echocardiography, although this it is a procedure semi-invasive and not very practical of carrying out in all the patients with problems of acoustic window. In this article the clinical applications are revised more common of the contrast echocardiography Ultrasound contrast agents: An overview With the introduction of microbubble contrast agents, diagnostic ultrasound has entered a new era that allows the dynamic detection of tissue flow of both the macro and microvasculature. Underpinning this development is the fact that gases are compressible, and thus the microbubbles expand and contract in the alternating pressure waves of the ultrasound beam, while tissue is almost incompressible. Special software using multiple pulse sequences separates these signals from those of tissue and displays them as an overlay or on a split screen. This can be done at low acoustic pressures (MI < 0.3) so that the microbubbles are not destroyed and scanning can continue in real time. The clinical roles of contrast enhanced ultrasound scanning are expanding rapidly. They are established in echocardiography to improve endocardial border detection and are being developed for myocardial perfusion. In radiology, the most important application is the liver, especially for focal disease. The approach parallels that of dynamic CT or MRI but ultrasound has the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution. Thus, small lesions that can be indeterminate on CT can often be studied with ultrasound, and situations where the flow is very rapid (e.g., focal nodular hyperplasia where the first few seconds of arterial perfusion may be critical to making the diagnosis) are readily studied. Microbubbles linger in the extensive sinusoidal space of normal liver for several minutes whereas they wash out rapidly from metastases, which have a low vascular volume and thus appear as filling defects. The method has been shown to be as sensitive as three-phase CT. Microbubbles have clinical uses in many other applications where knowledge of the microcirculation is important (the macrocirculation can usually be assessed adequately using conventional Doppler though there are a few important situations where the signal boost given by microbubbles is useful, e.g., transcranial Doppler for evaluating Successful aging through the eyes of Alaska Natives: exploring generational differences among Alaska Natives. Lewis, Jordan P There is very little research on Alaska Native (AN) elders and how they subjectively define a successful older age. The lack of a culturally-specific definition often results in the use of a generic definition that portrays Alaska Native elders as aging less successfully than their White counterparts. However, there is a very limited understanding of a diverse array of successful aging experiences across generations. This research explores the concept of successful aging from an Alaska Native perspective, or what it means to age well in Alaska Native communities. An adapted Explanatory Model (EM) approach was used to gain a sense of the beliefs about aging from Alaska Natives. Research findings indicate that aging successfully is based on local understandings about personal responsibility and making the conscious decision to live a clean and healthy life, abstaining from drugs and alcohol. The findings also indicate that poor aging is often characterized by a lack of personal responsibility, or not being active, not being able to handle alcohol, and giving up on oneself. Most participants stated that elder status is not determined by reaching a certain age (e.g., 65), but instead is designated when an individual has demonstrated wisdom because of the experiences he or she has gained throughout life. This research seeks to inform future studies on rural aging that prioritizes the perspectives of elders to impact positively on the delivery of health care services and programs in rural Alaska. Mental health status in pregnancy among native and non-native Swedish-speaking women Wangel, Anne-Marie; Schei, Berit; Ryding, Elsa Lena OBJECTIVES: To describe mental health status in native and non-native Swedish-speaking pregnant women and explore risk factors of depression and posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted at midwife-based antenatal clinics in South......OBJECTIVES: To describe mental health status in native and non-native Swedish-speaking pregnant women and explore risk factors of depression and posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted at midwife-based antenatal clinics...... in Southern Sweden. SAMPLE: A non-selected group of women in mid-pregnancy. METHODS: Participants completed a questionnaire covering background characteristics, social support, life events, mental health variables and the short Edinburgh Depression Scale. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Depressive symptoms during...... the past week and PTS symptoms during the past year. RESULTS: Out of 1003 women, 21.4% reported another language than Swedish as their mother tongue and were defined as non-native. These women were more likely to be younger, have fewer years of education, potential financial problems, and lack of social... Phase contrast STEM for thin samples: Integrated differential phase contrast LaziÄ‡, Ivan; Bosch, Eric G.T.; Lazar, Sorin It has been known since the 1970s that the movement of the center of mass (COM) of a convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) pattern is linearly related to the (projected) electrical field in the sample. We re-derive a contrast transfer function (CTF) for a scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imaging technique based on this movement from the point of view of image formation and continue by performing a two-dimensional integration on the two images based on the two components of the COM movement. The resulting integrated COM (iCOM) STEM technique yields a scalar image that is linear in the phase shift caused by the sample and therefore also in the local (projected) electrostatic potential field of a thin sample. We confirm that the differential phase contrast (DPC) STEM technique using a segmented detector with 4 quadrants (4Q) yields a good approximation for the COM movement. Performing a two-dimensional integration, just as for the COM, we obtain an integrated DPC (iDPC) image which is approximately linear in the phase of the sample. Beside deriving the CTFs of iCOM and iDPC, we clearly point out the objects of the two corresponding imaging techniques, and highlight the differences to objects corresponding to COM-, DPC-, and (HA) ADF-STEM. The theory is validated with simulations and we present first experimental results of the iDPC-STEM technique showing its capability for imaging both light and heavy elements with atomic resolution and a good signal to noise ratio (SNR). - Highlights: â€¢ First DPC-based atomic resolution images of potential and charge density are obtained. â€¢ This is enabled by integration and differentiation of 2D DPC signals, respectively. â€¢ Integrated DPC (iDPC) based on 4 quadrant imaging is compared to iCOM imaging. â€¢ Noise analysis and comparison with standard STEM imaging modes is provided. â€¢ iDPC allows direct imaging of light (C, N, O â€¦) and heavy (Ga, Au â€¦) atoms together. LaziÄ‡, Ivan, E-mail: ivan.lazic@fei.com; Bosch, Eric G.T.; Lazar, Sorin Environmental niche separation between native and non-native benthic invertebrate species: Case study of the northern Baltic Sea. JÃ¤nes, Holger; HerkÃ¼l, Kristjan; Kotta, Jonne Knowledge and understanding of geographic distributions of species is crucial for many aspects in ecology, conservation, policy making and management. In order to reach such an understanding, it is important to know abiotic variables that impact and drive distributions of native and non-native species. We used an existing long-term macrobenthos database for species presence-absence information and biomass estimates at different environmental gradients in the northern Baltic Sea. Region specific abiotic variables (e.g. salinity, depth) were derived from previously constructed bathymetric and hydrodynamic models. Multidimensional ordination techniques were then applied to investigate potential niche space separation between all native and non-native invertebrates in the northern Baltic Sea. Such an approach allowed to obtain data rich and robust estimates of the current native and non-native species distributions and outline important abiotic parameters influencing the observed pattern. The results showed clear niche space separation between native and non-native species. Non-native species were situated in an environmental space characterized by reduced salinity, high temperatures, high proportion of soft seabed and decreased depth and wave exposure whereas native species displayed an opposite pattern. Different placement of native and non-native species along the studied environmental niche space is likely to be explained by the differences in their evolutionary history, human mediated activities and geological youth of the Baltic Sea. The results of this study can provide early warnings and effectively outline coastal areas in the northern Baltic Sea that are prone to further range expansion of non-native species as climate change is expected to significantly reduce salinity and increase temperature in wide coastal areas, both supporting the disappearance of native and appearance of non-native species. Copyright Â© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. The role of plant-soil feedbacks in driving native-species recovery. Yelenik, Stephanie G; Levine, Jonathan M The impacts of exotic plants on soil nutrient cycling are often hypothesized to reinforce their dominance, but this mechanism is rarely tested, especially in relation to other ecological factors. In this manuscript we evaluate the influence of biogeochemically mediated plant-soil feedbacks on native shrub recovery in an invaded island ecosystem. The introduction of exotic grasses and grazing to Santa Cruz Island, California, USA, converted native shrublands (dominated by Artemisia californica and Eriogonum arborescens) into exotic-dominated grasslands (dominated by Avena barbata) over a century ago, altering nutrient-cycling regimes. To test the hypothesis that exotic grass impacts on soils alter reestablishment of native plants, we implemented a field-based soil transplant experiment in three years that varied widely in rainfall. Our results showed that growth of Avena and Artemisia seedlings was greater on soils influenced by their heterospecific competitor. Theory suggests that the resulting plant-soil feedback should facilitate the recovery of Artemisia in grasslands, although four years of monitoring showed no such recovery, despite ample seed rain. By contrast, we found that species effects on soils lead to weak to negligible feedbacks for Eriogonum arborescens, yet this shrub readily colonized the grasslands. Thus, plant-soil feedbacks quantified under natural climate and competitive conditions did not match native-plant recovery patterns. We also found that feedbacks changed with climate and competition regimes, and that these latter factors generally had stronger effects on seedling growth than species effects on soils. We conclude that even when plant-soil feedbacks influence the balance between native and exotic species, their influence may be small relative to other ecological processes. Bacterial Cellulose Shifts Transcriptome and Proteome of Cultured Endothelial Cells Towards Native Differentiation. Feil, Gerhard; Horres, Ralf; Schulte, Julia; Mack, Andreas F; Petzoldt, Svenja; Arnold, Caroline; Meng, Chen; Jost, Lukas; Boxleitner, Jochen; Kiessling-Wolf, Nicole; Serbest, Ender; Helm, Dominic; Kuster, Bernhard; Hartmann, Isabel; Korff, Thomas; Hahne, Hannes Preserving the native phenotype of primary cells in vitro is a complex challenge. Recently, hydrogel-based cellular matrices have evolved as alternatives to conventional cell culture techniques. We developed a bacterial cellulose-based aqueous gel-like biomaterial, dubbed Xellulin, which mimics a cellular microenvironment and seems to maintain the native phenotype of cultured and primary cells. When applied to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), it allowed the continuous cultivation of cell monolayers for more than one year without degradation or dedifferentiation. To investigate the impact of Xellulin on the endothelial cell phenotype in detail, we applied quantitative transcriptomics and proteomics and compared the molecular makeup of native HUVEC, HUVEC on collagen-coated Xellulin and collagen-coated cell culture plastic (polystyrene).Statistical analysis of 12,475 transcripts and 7831 proteins unveiled massive quantitative differences of the compared transcriptomes and proteomes. K -means clustering followed by network analysis showed that HUVEC on plastic upregulate transcripts and proteins controlling proliferation, cell cycle and protein biosynthesis. In contrast, HUVEC on Xellulin maintained, by and large, the expression levels of genes supporting their native biological functions and signaling networks such as integrin, receptor tyrosine kinase MAP/ERK and PI3K signaling pathways, while decreasing the expression of proliferation associated proteins. Moreover, CD34-an endothelial cell differentiation marker usually lost early during cell culture - was re-expressed within 2 weeks on Xellulin but not on plastic. And HUVEC on Xellulin showed a significantly stronger functional responsiveness to a prototypic pro-inflammatory stimulus than HUVEC on plastic.Taken together, this is one of the most comprehensive transcriptomic and proteomic studies of native and propagated HUVEC, which underscores the importance of the morphology of the cellular Thermal ecological physiology of native and invasive frog species: do invaders perform better? Cortes, Pablo A; Puschel, Hans; AcuÃ±a, Paz; Bartheld, JosÃ© L; Bozinovic, Francisco Biological invasions are recognized as an important biotic component of global change that threatens the composition, structure and functioning of ecosystems, resulting in loss of biodiversity and displacement of native species. Although ecological characteristics facilitating the establishment and spread of non-native species are widely recognized, little is known about organismal attributes underlying invasion success. In this study, we tested the effect of thermal acclimation on thermal tolerance and locomotor performance in the invasive Xenopus laevis and the Chilean native Calyptocephalella gayi . In particular, the maximal righting performance (Î¼ MAX ), optimal temperature ( T O ), lower (CT min ) and upper critical thermal limits (CT max ), thermal breadth ( T br ) and the area under the performance curve (AUC) were studied after 6Â weeks acclimation to 10 and 20Â°C. We observed higher values of Î¼ max and AUC in X. laevis in comparison to C. gayi . On the contrary, the invasive species showed lower values of CT min in comparison to the native one. In contrast, CT max , T O and T br showed no inter-specific differences. Moreover, we found that both species have the ability to acclimate their locomotor performance and lower thermal tolerance limit at low temperatures. Our results demonstrate that X. laevis is a better performer than C. gayi . Although there were differences in CT min , the invasive and native frogs did not differ in their thermal tolerance. Interestingly, in both species the lower and upper critical thermal limits are beyond the minimal and maximal temperatures encountered in nature during the coldest and hottest month, respectively. Overall, our findings suggest that both X. laevis and C. gayi would be resilient to climate warming expectations in Chile. Rupturing Giant Plasma Membrane Vesicles to Form Micron-sized Supported Cell Plasma Membranes with Native Transmembrane Proteins. Chiang, Po-Chieh; Tanady, Kevin; Huang, Ling-Ting; Chao, Ling Being able to directly obtain micron-sized cell blebs, giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs), with native membrane proteins and deposit them on a planar support to form supported plasma membranes could allow the membrane proteins to be studied by various surface analytical tools in native-like bilayer environments. However, GPMVs do not easily rupture on conventional supports because of their high protein and cholesterol contents. Here, we demonstrate the possibility of using compression generated by the air-water interface to efficiently rupture GPMVs to form micron-sized supported membranes with native plasma membrane proteins. We demonstrated that not only lipid but also a native transmembrane protein in HeLa cells, Aquaporin 3 (AQP3), is mobile in the supported membrane platform. This convenient method for generating micron-sized supported membrane patches with mobile native transmembrane proteins could not only facilitate the study of membrane proteins by surface analytical tools, but could also enable us to use native membrane proteins for bio-sensing applications. Long-term trends of native and non-native fish faunas in the American Southwest Olden, J. D. Full Text Available Environmental degradation and the proliferation of non-native fish species threaten the endemic, and highly unique fish faunas of the American Southwest. The present study examines long-term trends (> 160 years of fish species distributions in the Lower Colorado River Basin and identifies those native species (n = 28 exhibiting the greatest rates of decline and those non-native species (n = 48 exhibiting the highest rates of spread. Among the fastest expanding invaders in the basin are red shiner (Cyprinella lutrensis, fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas, green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus, largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides, western mosquitofish (Gambussia affinis and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus; species considered to be the most invasive in terms of their negative impacts on native fish communities. Interestingly, non-native species that have been recently introduced (1950+ have generally spread at substantially lower rates as compared to species introduced prior to this time (especially from 1920 to 1950, likely reflecting reductions in human-aided spread of species. We found general agreement between patterns of species decline and extant distribution sizes and official listing status under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. â€˜Endangeredâ€™ species have generally experienced greater declines and have smaller present-day distributions compared to â€˜threatenedâ€™ species, which in turn have shown greater declines and smaller distributions than those species not currently listed. A number of notable exceptions did exist, however, and these may provide critical information to help guide the future listing of species (i.e., identification of candidates and the upgrading or downgrading of current listed species that are endemic to the Lower Colorado River Basin. The strong correlation between probability estimates of local extirpation and patterns of native species decline and present-day distributions suggest a possible proactive Alteration of uraniferous and native copper concretions in the Permian mudrocks of south Devon, United Kingdom Milodowski, A.E.; Styles, M.T.; Horstwood, M.S.A.; Kemp, S.J. [British Geological Survey, Nottingham (United Kingdom) This report presents the results of a study of the mineralogy and alteration characteristics of unusual concretions containing sheets of native copper, and uranium-vanadium mineralised concretions, in mudstones and siltstones of the Pennian Littleham Mudstone Formation, at Littleham Cove, south Devon, England. The main objectives of the study were: 1. To investigate the corrosion characteristics of the native copper as a natural analogue for the long-term behaviour of copper canisters, sealed in a compacted clay (bentonite) backfill, that will be used for the deep geological disposal of spent fuel and high-level radioactive waste (HLW). This study developed from an earlier pilot study, which demonstrated that the alteration of the native copper in the concretions from Littleham Cove was mineralogically and chemically complex. 2. To investigate the alteration and oxidation of minerals containing reduced species (e.g. ferrous iron) within the uranium-rich concretions as a natural analogue for the potential effects of oxidation induced by alpha-radiolysis of water in a HLW repository environment. Native copper-bearing concretions in the Littleham Mudstone Formation are very rare. They occur, as thin lenticular disks developed largely along bedding lamina and thin low-angle fractures cutting the bedding laminae the upper part of the formation, about 10 m below the top of the formation. This part of the sequence comprises laterally discontinuous, fine-grained sheet-flood and channel sandstones and siltstones. Some of these sandstones, are more extensively-cemented by copper sulphides (mainly chalcocite), copper arsenides, cobalt-nickel arsenides, and uranium silicate. The thin permeable sandstones and siltstones, and fractures zones around small faults appear to have acted as the conduits for the movement of mineralising fluids through the mudstones. The native copper sheets all show a similar pattern of corrosion and alteration. However, the intensity of alteration is Milodowski, A.E.; Styles, M.T.; Horstwood, M.S.A.; Kemp, S.J. Rating the YouTube Indian: Viewer Ratings of Native American Portrayals on a Viral Video Site Kopacz, Maria A.; Lawton, Bessie Lee Online outlets for user-generated content (UGC) like YouTube have created environments for alternative depictions of marginalized groups, as UGC can be contributed by anyone with basic technology access. Preliminary findings on UGC relating to Native Americans confirm some favorable departures from the distortions prevalent in the old media. Theâ€¦ Do alien plant species profit more from high resource supply than natives? : A trait-based analysis Ordonez, Alejandro; Olff, Han Aim Previous studies comparing conditions of high- versus low-resource environments have pointed at differences in key traits that would allow aliens to perform better than natives under high-resource conditions. We generalize and test the robustness of this idea by exploring how trait Evaluation of contrast in duplicated radiographs Thunthy, K.H.; Weinberg, R. This investigation evaluated changes in the contrast of duplicated radiographs made at different ultraviolet light exposures. Increasing ultraviolet light exposure had different effects on the duplicates of originals of different background densities. When correctly exposed, a duplicate radiograph enhanced contrast. When originals had the same contrast but different background densities, their duplicates did not have the same contrast. It was not possible to duplicate accurately all the different contrasts measured on an original. It was possible, however, to produce duplicates with all contrasts greater than those of the original Herbivore preference for native vs. exotic plants: generalist herbivores from multiple continents prefer exotic plants that are evolutionarily naÃ¯ve. Wendy E Morrison Full Text Available Enemy release and biotic resistance are competing, but not mutually exclusive, hypotheses addressing the success or failure of non-native plants entering a new region. Enemy release predicts that exotic plants become invasive by escaping their co-adapted herbivores and by being unrecognized or unpalatable to native herbivores that have not been selected to consume them. In contrast, biotic resistance predicts that native generalist herbivores will suppress exotic plants that will not have been selected to deter these herbivores. We tested these hypotheses using five generalist herbivores from North or South America and nine confamilial pairs of native and exotic aquatic plants. Four of five herbivores showed 2.4-17.3 fold preferences for exotic over native plants. Three species of South American apple snails (Pomacea sp. preferred North American over South American macrophytes, while a North American crayfish Procambarus spiculifer preferred South American, Asian, and Australian macrophytes over North American relatives. Apple snails have their center of diversity in South America, but a single species (Pomacea paludosa occurs in North America. This species, with a South American lineage but a North American distribution, did not differentiate between South American and North American plants. Its preferences correlated with preferences of its South American relatives rather than with preferences of the North American crayfish, consistent with evolutionary inertia due to its South American lineage. Tests of plant traits indicated that the crayfish responded primarily to plant structure, the apple snails primarily to plant chemistry, and that plant protein concentration played no detectable role. Generalist herbivores preferred non-native plants, suggesting that intact guilds of native, generalist herbivores may provide biotic resistance to plant invasions. Past invasions may have been facilitated by removal of native herbivores, introduction of Visual resolution and contrast sensitivity in two benthic sharks. Ryan, Laura A; Hart, Nathan S; Collin, Shaun P; Hemmi, Jan M Sharks have long been described as having 'poor' vision. They are cone monochromats and anatomical estimates suggest they have low spatial resolution. However, there are no direct behavioural measurements of spatial resolution or contrast sensitivity. This study estimates contrast sensitivity and spatial resolution of two species of benthic sharks, the Port Jackson shark, Heterodontus portusjacksoni, and the brown-banded bamboo shark, Chiloscyllium punctatum, by recording eye movements in response to optokinetic stimuli. Both species tracked moving low spatial frequency gratings with weak but consistent eye movements. Eye movements ceased at 0.38 cycles per degree, even for high contrasts, suggesting low spatial resolution. However, at lower spatial frequencies, eye movements were elicited by low contrast gratings, 1.3% and 2.9% contrast in H portusjacksoni and C. punctatum, respectively. Contrast sensitivity was higher than in other vertebrates with a similar spatial resolving power, which may reflect an adaptation to the relatively low contrast encountered in aquatic environments. Optokinetic gain was consistently low and neither species stabilised the gratings on their retina. To check whether restraining the animals affected their optokinetic responses, we also analysed eye movements in free-swimming C. punctatum We found no eye movements that could compensate for body rotations, suggesting that vision may pass through phases of stabilisation and blur during swimming. As C. punctatum is a sedentary benthic species, gaze stabilisation during swimming may not be essential. Our results suggest that vision in sharks is not 'poor' as previously suggested, but optimised for contrast detection rather than spatial resolution. Â© 2016. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd. Microscopic examination of skin in native and nonnative fish from Lake Tahoe exposed to ultraviolet radiation and fluoranthene Gevertz, Amanda K., E-mail: agevertz@geiconsultants.com [Miami University, Department of Zoology, 212 Pearson Hall, Oxford 45056, Ohio (United States); GEI Consultants, Inc. , 4601 DTC Blvd, Suite 900, Denver 80237, Colorado (United States); Oris, James T., E-mail: orisjt@miamioh.edu [Miami University, Department of Zoology, 212 Pearson Hall, Oxford 45056, Ohio (United States) Highlights: â€¢PAH cause photo-induced toxicity in aquatic organisms in the natural environment. â€¢Montane lakes like Lake Tahoe receive PAH exposure from recreational watercraft. â€¢These lakes are susceptible to invasion and establishment of non-native species. â€¢Non-natives were less tolerant to photo-toxicity compared to native species. â€¢Sensitivity differences were related to levels of oxidative damage in epidermis. -- Abstract: The presence of nonnative species in Lake Tahoe (CA/NV), USA has been an ongoing concern for many decades, and the management of these species calls for an understanding of their ability to cope with the Lake's stressors and for an understanding of their potential to out-compete and reduce the populations of native species. Decreasing levels of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) due to eutrophication and increasing levels of phototoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) due to recreational activities may combine to affect the relative ability of native versus nonnative fish species to survive in the lake. Following a series of toxicity tests which exposed larvae of the native Lahontan redside minnow (Richardsonius egregius) and the nonnative warm-water bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) to UVR and FLU, the occurrence of skin damage and/or physiologic defense mechanisms were studied using multiple microscopic techniques. The native minnow appeared to exhibit fewer instances of skin damage and increased instances of cellular coping mechanisms. This study supports the results of previous work conducted by the authors, who determined that the native redside minnow is the more tolerant of the two species, and that setting and adhering to a water quality standard for UVR transparency may aid in preventing the spread of the less tolerant nonnative bluegill and similar warm-water species. Phenotypic plasticity of the introduced New Zealand mud snail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, compared to sympatric native snails. Edward P Levri Full Text Available Phenotypic plasticity is likely to be important in determining the invasive potential of a species, especially if invasive species show greater plasticity or tolerance compared to sympatric native species. Here in two separate experiments we compare reaction norms in response to two environmental variables of two clones of the New Zealand mud snail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, isolated from the United States, (one invasive and one not yet invasive with those of two species of native snails that are sympatric with the invader, Fossaria bulimoides group and Physella gyrina group. We placed juvenile snails in environments with high and low conductivity (300 and 800 mS in one experiment, and raised them at two different temperatures (16 Â°C and 22 Â°C in a second experiment. Growth rate and mortality were measured over the course of 8 weeks. Mortality rates were higher in the native snails compared to P. antipodarum across all treatments, and variation in conductivity influenced mortality. In both experiments, reaction norms did not vary significantly between species. There was little evidence that the success of the introduced species is a result of greater phenotypic plasticity to these variables compared to the sympatric native species.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1472
__label__cc	0.701479	0.298521	Inside the rise of biometrics security Hardware, Technology March 13, 2015 Julia Borgini In the Star Trek universe, payments and identification are done through biometrics, the measurement of unique physical characteristics, such as fingerprints and facial features, for verifying identity with a high level of certainty. Customers pay for purchases at Quark’s bar on Deep Space Nine with a thumbprint, while Picard sets the Enterprise’s auto-destruct sequence with a voice command (“Picard Delta 5, or Picard Epsilon 793”). Those sci-fi scenes are quickly becoming a reality. Recently, Qualcomm Technologies announced a new and improved fingerprint scanner that can scan through sweat, lotion, and condensation. Their Snapdragon Sense ID scanner captures “three-dimensional acoustical detail within the outer layers of the skin” and works well through glass, aluminum, stainless steel, sapphire, and various plastics, making it a good option for placement on a variety of devices. While this is interesting from a technological point of view, what about the privacy implications of all this biometric use? Will a single fingerprint scan unlock all of a person’s personal data? In most countries, only the information that’s necessary for the particular biometric usage is collected at that time. For example, a fingerprint or iris scan done for the Citizenship and Immigration Canada department of the Canadian federal government is only used to identify a person’s name, date of birth, and place of birth. That information is only used to prevent identity theft, resolve errors that may happen if a person’s information is similar to that of someone else, and also to facilitate re-entry into the country. We’ve even see attraction sites jump on the trend: Disney World in Florida takes an image of your finger and uses that instead of a ticket. Advantages of biometric security Users save time on identification activities when using a biometric scan. Whether you’re at the airport, going in to the office at work, or unlocking your cell phone, users save time. No more fumbling with keys or passwords; a quick scan and they’re off. Decreased chances of fraud. Owners of biometric devices enjoy a higher level of security and lower instances of fraud because of biometrics. Depending on the particular biometric being used, it is quite difficult to duplicate the type of scan, which means their assets are better protected. It’s becoming more accepted in society, so users are more willing to use it. Data security is also getting stronger, further putting users at ease. Eliminates the need to remember multiple passwords. Today we have so many passwords to remember for so many systems that users welcome the chance to eliminate them from daily use. Disadvantages of biometric security Creation and storage of certain kinds of biometric data (like voice prints) is costly. Scanning devices can be expensive. For example, iris scanners or voiceprint recognition systems. Failure rates for biometric scans can be high due to the fine detail inherent in the biometric being scanned. Iris scanning is a relatively new technology, and often means users have to undergo multiple initial scans to record their irises properly. Privacy laws are different in every country, so it may be difficult to implement a standard biometric scanning program. Not all biometric scanning methods are good for every industry. Fingerprint scanners aren’t very good for industrial workplaces, while proximity storage devices (like the Nymi band) can be cumbersome for any workplace as they force the user to wear the device in order to be used. Some scan types are seen as invasive. Users may feel that a retinal/iris scan or ECG is more invasive than a simple fingerprint scan, and so may be hesitant to do it. Additionally, we’ve all seen too many movies where a villain forcibly removes a body part to defeat a biometric scanner, and while the chances of that happening to them is remote, users are still afraid of it. Who’s using biometric security right now? Many mobile devices like laptops and smartphones employ biometric security, namely a face-print or fingerprint. Yet that’s only scratching the surface of industries using it. Here’s a quick list of the industries/markets currently experimenting with biometrics: In Canada, Citizenship and Immigration Canada uses it for certain entry programs, while the U.S. harnesses it in their Global Entry program. Retail (and anywhere time clocks are used) Anyone that’s worked a job where they had to punch a clock may be familiar with a biometric scanner. They’re used in various locations to eliminate buddy punching, reduce payroll inflation and error rates, ensure compliance with time and attendance labour laws, and more. They have also been used to curb theft, by identifying known shoplifters. Several large banks around the world have been experimenting with retinal scanners at ATM/ABMs, to allow customers quicker access to their money. We also previously reported on Royal Bank soon to test a wristband called Nymi that will identify a banker based on his/her heartbeat. And in 2008, Cairo Amman Bank became the first bank in the world to launch IrisGuard and installed iris recognition systems at branches and ATM locations in Palestine and Jordan, according to media reports. The biometrics wristband known as Nymi Medical facilities are starting to use biometric scanners for patients. We’re all familiar with the barcode on a hospital ID bracelet, right? Those are being replaced by biometric scanners to help medical staff identify patients, access historical medical records, and more. How about your business? Are you using biometrics? If so, let us know in the comments section below Photo via Flickr, Creative Commons Julia Borgini Julia Borgini is a technology writer, copywriter and consultant for B2B technology companies. She helps them connect with people and grow their business with helpful content and copy. Visit her website to see who she’s helping today: www.spacebarpress.com Latest posts by Julia Borgini (see all) 7 Differences Between Startups and Small Businesses - December 10, 2020 3 Ways to Turn Your Content Marketing Goals Into KPIs - January 18, 2017 Building an Instagram following for your brand - July 23, 2016 biometrics, fingerprint scanner, Security What B2C can teach B2B about social Is networking really worth it?	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1478
__label__wiki	0.782129	0.782129	Gerhard Struber reacts to Hull City victory Post-match thoughts from the Reds' Head Coach Barnsley Head Coach Gerhard Struber was ‘proud’ of his team’s performance in the 3-1 triumph over Yorkshire rivals Hull City at Oakwell on Saturday. The Austrian said it was a very well-deserved victory for the Reds, who secured their first win since the opening day of the season against Fulham, 18 matches ago. Three excellent strikes from Alex Mowatt, Mike Bähre and Conor Chaplin ensured the Reds picked up all three points in impressive fashion at Oakwell, as Struber took to the dugout for the first time in front of the Barnsley faithful. The new man was introduced to the fans before the match and said: “It was a very important game. The last few days have been difficult for the mindset of the players. “We had a clear plan of what we wanted. We played with conviction and self-confidence. I spoke a lot with my players, and I think the right plan on the field was key for the both the result and the good performance.” The long-awaited victory took Barnsley to within two-points of 23rd placed Stoke City and five points adrift from safety. Struber was especially delighted with the trio of Mowatt, Bähre and Chaplin who scored the goals, but was equally pleased with the performance in the defensive third of the pitch. He added: “I’m very pleased with the goals, especially Conor [Chaplin]. He has a nose for goals, he showed a very cold heart for the goal and I think it’s very important for us to have a striker who can score. “Alex [Mowatt] is a leader. He is a very important player for my team. He can score, he works hard on the field and he gives the other players around him a good feeling. Report Hull Home “However, also, we were very good in defence today and this, altogether makes me proud of my boys.” The 42-year-old also hailed the support he and his team received from the fans throughout the match and at the final whistle in what was an ‘exceptional’ atmosphere at Oakwell. “For the fans, it is amazing and special, I am very happy. It was a special atmosphere. This support from the fans is always important, but now, even more so. “It was also a special situation for me. I’ve been here for just ten days and this is only a small step in the right direction. We must work hard in the coming days on the philosophy and we hope we can start a good series of results.” The Reds travel to Wales next Saturday to face a Cardiff City side who are in good form after winning three of their last five matches. However, Head Coach Struber believes Barnsley are more than capable of putting in another strong performance which will see them leave the Cardiff City Stadium with three points once again. Looking ahead to that encounter he told us: “Today I think we created better positions in situations. When Hull had the ball, we had a clear plan of whether it was best to fight for the second ball or whether to press in the opponent’s half. “We were good at making decisions and we have to keep doing this in the next few weeks. “Overall, I am very happy with this result, and next week, we have a long week which gives us time for more training, and I hope that at Cardiff, we have another top performance.” Sign in to iFollow Barnsley Barnsley vs Hull City on 30 Nov 19 iFollow Barnsley GERHARD STRUBER POST-CHELSEA Gerhard Struber spoke of his side 'learning lessons' in last night's Carabao Cup defeat against Chelsea. GERHARD STRUBER ON DISAPPOINTING ROYALS DEFEAT The Reds' Head Coach cut a frustrated figure post-match at the Madejski Stadium, with his Reds side defeated again in the Sky Bet Championship. GERHARD STRUBER POST-MIDDLESBROUGH It was another disappointing afternoon for Gerhard Struber as he saw his side beaten for the third time in four league games, away at Boro on Saturday afternoon. CARLTON MORRIS PRE-WATFORD Fresh from making his Reds debut at the weekend, Carlton Morris spoke with the press via Zoom to help preview tomorrow night's trip to Watford. VALÉRIEN ISMAËL PRE-WATFORD Ahead of our Sky Bet Championship clash with Watford, Valérien Ismaël insists the Reds are able to compete with the best teams in the division. CALLUM BRITTAIN POST-SWANSEA CITY Callum Brittain says there are plenty reasons to be optimistic following Saturday evening’s 2-0 defeat against Swansea City. VALÉRIEN ISMAËL POST-SWANSEA CITY Following our 2-0 defeat against Swansea City on Saturday evening, Valérien Ismaël delivered an honest assessment, insisting that his side need to cut out ‘stupid mistakes’.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1482
__label__wiki	0.615507	0.615507	Nikkei slips after U.S. consumer data; Toyota eyed TOKYO (BestGrowthStock) – Japan’s Nikkei stock average fell 1.5 percent on Wednesday, with exporters hit by a stronger yen and after a sharp drop in U.S. consumer sentiment dented investor confidence in the global economy. Trade was cautious ahead of congressional testimony from Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke on interest rate policy beginning on Wednesday and from Toyota President Akio Toyoda on the company’s vast recall troubles. “Toyota’s hearings are a big focus because if they turn out to be disastrous, the stock could slide further, and the automaker’s impact on other sectors such as auto parts makers is also huge,” said Yumi Nishimura, deputy general manager at Daiwa Securities Capital Markets. Toyota (7203.T: ), which has lost about $30 billion in market value since its recall crisis intensified on January 21, fell in line with the market. U.S. consumer confidence slumped to a 10-month low in February as the short-term outlook on jobs worsened, with the data prompting a flight from riskier assets, pushing up the yen against the dollar. “People are now looking much more closely at indicators, especially ahead of next week when there’s a lot of them, including U.S. jobs data,” said Nagayuki Yamagishi, a strategist at Mitsubishi UFJ Securities. “There’s worry now that consumer confidence will affect spending, which would then affect the economy.” The benchmark Nikkei (.N225: ) lost 153.27 points to 10,198.83. The broader Topix (.TOPX: ) fell 1.3 percent to 895.69. Exporters losing ground on a stronger yen included Sony (6758.T: ), which fell 2.5 percent to 3,110 yen and copier and digital camera maker Canon Inc (7751.T: ) which dropped 2.8 percent to 3,720 yen. Chip-linked shares also fell with Advantest Corp (6857.T: ) down 2.4 percent at 2,165 yen, and Tokyo Electron (8035.T: ), the world’s No. 2 supplier of chip-making equipment, shedding 2.9 percent to 5,660 yen. The dollar held steady at 90.24 yen after losing almost 1 percent on Tuesday. Showa Shell Sekiyu (5002.T: ) lost 9.9 percent to 629 yen after UBS Investment Research downgraded the company to “sell” from “buy”, citing a planned dividend cut for this financial year. Market players said it was still too early to predict how recall-hit Toyota would fare although some were optimistic about the long-term. “I think they’ll be able to turn the corner on this in the United States in the long-term, since the quality (of their cars) is good. It’s really been more a problem of company response and I think maybe customers will see this,” said Koichi Ogawa, chief portfolio manager at Daiwa SB Investments. Some 1.7 billion shares changed hands on the Tokyo Exchange’s first section, well below the average daily volume last month of roughly 2.6 billion shares, and also below last year’s daily average of 2.3 billion shares. Declining shares outnumbered advancing ones by more than 5 to 1. (Additional reporting by Aiko Hayashi; Editing by Edwina Gibbs) DIARY – Germany – to March 23 Swiss stocks – Factors to watch on Feb 24	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1491
__label__wiki	0.944995	0.944995	UPDATE 1-US’ Geithner says yuan to have broader int’l role-TV April 7, 2010 by Best Growth Stock in News * Geithner: yuan to have broader int’l role – Bloomberg TV * Says U.S. “very, very close” to sweeping financial * Rise in U.S. Treasury yields sign of rising risk (Adds details, quotes, background) By David Lawder MUMBAI, April 7 (BestGrowthStock) – U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner said on Wednesday that China’s yuan currency would take a broader international role, which he described as a “healthy, necessary adjustment,” and said the United States was “very, very close” to sweeping financial reform. “China’s undergoing a necessary, natural process of basic development and growth. They’re trying to strengthen the way markets work in their country,” Geithner said in an interview with Bloomberg TV in Mumbai. “They’re trying to develop their financial system, they’re becoming more open to the world, and with that you’re going to see their currency take on a broader role internationally. That’s a healthy, necessary adjustment,” he said in the His comments came amid a volley of rhetoric over the yuan’s value between Beijing and Washington over recent days since Geithner decided to delay a report on whether China manipulates the yuan’s value for a trade advantage. China’s foreign (Read more about foreign investment into China) ministry on Tuesday said it never has manipulated the yuan and that a rise wouldn’t reduce the U.S. trade deficit with China. Asked about the timing of the report, which coincided with U.S. overtures for China’s support on nuclear security issues related to Iran, Geithner said the U.S. had to pursue many interests at once. “That’s the way the world works. We face a variety of challenges throughout the world on the security side and the economic side, and we have to pursue our interests as a Geithner said U.S. pressure for yuan revaluation was part of a broad effort to lay a foundation for stronger growth that is more balanced and less dependent on U.S. spending. “We’re trying to work with other countries around the world to make sure that the world can grow faster as those adjustments in the U.S. happen,” he said in the interview. “And that means that countries large and small, countries around the world, have a huge interest in making sure that growth in their countries comes more from domestic sources. That’s what’s at stake, that’s what we’re trying to generate support for around the world,” he added. Turning to negotiations in Congress over a financial reform bill, he said the United States was “very, very close to the most sweeping reforms to those put in place after the Great He reiterated support for a strong banking supervisory role for the Federal Reserve, and said he was confident new derivatives rules would be stronger than those proposed in a House of Representatives version of the legislation. He also said in the interview that the rise in U.S. Treasury yields reflects returning investor confidence. “What you’re seeing largely across the world now, is more confidence the world’s coming back, more confidence that the U.S. is emerging stronger, more comfort around the world among investors to take more risks again,” he said. (Reporting by David Lawder; Editing by Tony Munroe) BUY OR SELL-Asia tech gadget makers: Flee or fancy? Geithner says yuan to have broader int’l role: TV	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1492
__label__wiki	0.900038	0.900038	Best Jumping Media Press Release Equestrian News FEI Nations Cup World Equestrian Games Best Jumping Media Tu Mundo Ecuestre BestJumpingTV Home Equestrian News USA’s Peter Lutz pilots Robin de Ponthual to victory in Las Vegas. USA’s Peter Lutz pilots Robin de Ponthual to victory in Las Vegas. AAPM Peter Lutz (USA) and Robin de Ponthual claim victory of the $100,000 Longines FEI World Cup™ Jumping North American League qualifier in Las Vegas (USA). (FEI/Amy McCool) An enthusiastic crowd in Las Vegas cheered each rider who entered the arena at the South Point Hotel and Casino, but it was the American Peter Lutz and Robin de Ponthual that claimed the final winning praise by beating a field of 30 to claim the $100,000 Longines FEI World Cup™ Jumping North American League qualifier at CSI3* Las Vegas National. Germany’s Olaf Petersen Jr. designed the course that offered multiple options in striding and track. “Actually, when the riders walked the course, some told me that it looked to be more on the easy side,” Petersen Jr. said. “But I like it that way. It figured out that we had faults here and there. I liked the way it rode and that it didn’t have any disasters. It was a pretty mixed group; some very good riders and some new to this level.” The course walk may have given a false sense of confidence to competitors as rails fell for the seasoned veterans and the young upstarts. But a competitive group of eight emerged from the first round to make for an exciting jump off in a city that lives for risks. “The new Longines North American League is bringing up the path to the World Cup Final in leaps and bounds,” said Robert Ridland, President of Blenheim EquiSports and the United States Show Jumping Chef d’Equipe. “That’s a really big deal. If you want to make a Final very exciting and suspenseful, you have to make the journey at the same level. I think Longines is hitting a home run here in North America.” Australia’s Matt Williams and Valinski S (Nijinski x Julius) were the first to go double clear in Round 1 and thus, first to go in the jump off. He noted that his strategy going into the final round was to ride on the conservative side to give his mount a positive experience, but his plan changed once in the arena and the pair set a respectable time of 34.25 seconds with no faults. “I sort of choked to the last fence there,” Williams said. “I could have had eight strides. I was really lucky. I guess that’s what happens in Vegas, you get lucky sometimes. But my horse jumps his heart out every time. What he doesn’t have in size, he makes up for in size.” One round later, Audrey Coulter (USA) improved on Williams’ time aboard Domino (Thunder van de Zuuthoeve x Azur Depaulstra), although her time of 33.61 seconds did not hold against Lutz’s 33.21 seconds that came second to last in the order. “Going so early, I was really aiming for a smooth, clear round to put a little bit of pressure on the people behind me,” said Coulter, a recent graduate of Dartmouth College. “I knew that in a few places I was a little safe and left the door open. Overall, I was really happy with my result.” “Domino is a relatively new mount for me,” Coulter added. “We got him two months ago from Jos Verlooy. I train with Jos so it’s really nice having him in the stable and getting his feedback. I think it’s really helped me to get to know [Domino] even faster.” The international jump-off field included top talents as Verlooy (BEL), Kent Farrington (USA), Eduardo Menezes (BRA), Simon Nizri (ISR), and Lucy Davis (USA), all of whom finished behind the three leading double clears. Current world number two Farrington managed the fastest time of 32.90 seconds with Gazelle (Kashmir van Schuttershof x Indoctro), but an unlucky rail kept him from the top of the podium. Win big or go home Lutz’s first World Cup qualifier victory marks a new milestone for the rider who has recently transitioned from developing young horses and riders to concentrating his efforts to the top of the sport. “I spent many years teaching students and developing horses,” Lutz said. “I had nice horses along the way, but I didn’t really have the opportunity to hold onto a horse like Robin in the past and I’m very grateful that I can now. I spent a lot of years bringing along young horses and young riders, including Audrey, who I worked with for many years. I’m really proud of them; many have gone to be great riders. At this point, I’m concentrating more on riding, taking advantage of the opportunities that I have, and I’m really happy that I can do it.” The talented, 10-year-old Selle Francais gelding (Elf d’Or x Calypso d’Herbiers) originally came from American rider McLain Ward’s stable about a year ago. Lutz explained that he and Ward rode together as teenagers and have since developed a working relationship. “Robin and I have been building a relationship over the past year,” Lutz said. “He’s so talented, scopey, careful, and a winner. We jumped some great classes in the spring, then really this fall, starting at the American Gold Cup, things started to go well.” The decision to try their hand at the World Cup qualifier in Las Vegas came from the pair’s strong, 4th place finish at the earlier East Coast league event in New York in September. “A few times this year, I was little bit conservative and tentative in the jump-off,” Lutz said. “Then I started to take a few more risks and to go a little bit faster. We did that a few times to get into the same rhythm and the same speed. Tonight, I felt like it was perfect combo of calm and fast for it all to come together.” Lutz described his mount as quiet and gentle in the barn but excited as soon as he steps into the competition arena. “He’s even quiet in the schooling area,” Lutz said. “But when he walks into the ring, he really responds to the crowd. He really changes and comes alive. He’s two different horses in that respect. As soon as he steps into the ring, he really excels and is energized by the crowd. And there was such a great crowd here. It distracted him a little bit at first, but by the time he got into the jump-off, he was really focused.” The Las Vegas National is the last of the 2015 season for Lutz and Robin. Together, they’ll fly home to New York where they can rest before starting back up in Florida in January. “I flew with the horses, which was so exciting,” Lutz said. “We flew to Los Angeles then drove here. It’s been a great journey, and this couldn’t be a better ending. It’s the first year that I’m consistently showing at the World Cup level, and I’m thrilled.” 1. Robin de Ponthual (Peter Lutz), USA, 0 faults/33.21 seconds (JO); 2. Domino (Audrey Coulter), USA, 0/33.61 (JO); 3. Valinski S (Matt Williams), AUS, 0/34.25 (JO); 4. Sunshine (Jos Verlooy), BEL, 0/34.30 (JO); 5. Gazelle (Kent Farrington), USA, 4/32.90 (JO); 6. Quintol (Eduardo Menezes), BRA, 4/34.67 (JO); 7. E Muze Yek (Simon Nizri), ISR, 4/35.39 (JO); 8. Barron (Lucy Davis), USA, 4/39.25 (JO) Source: FEI.org Previous articleMcLain Ward takes over Toronto to win the $ 75,000 Big Ben Challenge. Next articleReed Kessler returns to the road of victory in Stuttgart. A Third Win for Todd Minikus in $214,000 WIHS President’s Cup Grand Prix CSI 4* presented by MARS Equestrian™ and a Tie for Third. Mario Deslauriers Dominates $73,000 Horseware Ireland Welcome Stake CSI 4* with Amsterdam 27. Kristen VanderVeen and Bull Run’s Almighty Best the $37,000 EquiSafe Global Power & Speed Stake CSI 4*. World Top 20 1. Steve Guerdat 2. Martin Fuchs 3. Daniel Deusser 4. Pieter Devos 5. Ben Maher 6. Peder Fredriscon 7. Darragh Kenny 8. Beezie Madden 9. Scott Brash 10. McLain Ward 11. Kent Farrington 12. Christian Ahlmann 13. Julien Epaillard 14. Henrik von Eckermann 15. Maikel van der Vleuten 16. Marcus Ehning 17. Niels Bruynseels 18. Harrie Smolders 19. Marlon Modolo Zanotelli 20. Jos Verlooy PanAm TOP 20 2. McLain Ward 3. Kent Farrington 4. M. Modolo Zanotelli 5. Eric Lamaze 6. Margie Engle 7. Jessica Springsteen 8. Pedro Veniss 8. Rodrigo Lambre 10. Laura Kraut 11. Brian Moggre 12. Patricio Pasquel 13. Eduardo Menezes 14. Mario Deslauriers 15. Kristen Vanderveen 16. Andrew Kocher 17. Tiffany Foster 18. Adrienne Sternlicht 19. Santiago Lambre 20. Nicolas Pizarro Latin Top 20 1. Marlon Modolo Zanotelli 4. Patricio Pasquel 5. Eduardo Menezes 6. Santiago Lambre 7. Nicolas Pizarro 8. Salvador Oñate 9. Eugenio Garza 10. Paola Amibilia 11. Francisco Pasquel 12. Carlos Lopez 13. Yuri Mansur 13. Lorenza O'Farrill 15. Arturo Parada 16. Federico Fernandez 17. Alberto Sachez-Cozar 18. Rodrigo Pessoa 19. Thiago Ribas Da Costa 20. Enrique Gonzalez Best Jumping Media - brings the most complete information Show Jumping with the news and results of the most important events. This website complements the Spanish version of tumundoecuestre.com and presentation of the Pan American Ranking (PAEC), World Ranking and Latino Ranking, as well as the web channel BestjumpingTV. Contact us: info@bestjumpingmedia.com © 2014 Best Jumping Media - All Rights Reserved.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1493
__label__wiki	0.974544	0.974544	Poll puts Ed Markey’s Republican challenger… Poll puts Ed Markey’s Republican challenger Kevin O’Connor 10 points behind But O’Connor campaign paid for the survey as election nears MALDEN MA. SEPTEMBER 14: Republican candidate for US Senate Kevin O’Connor speaks outside Malden Public Library calling for seven debates with his opponent Ed Markey on September 14, 2020 in Malden, MA. (Staff Photo By Nancy Lane/MediaNews Group/Boston Herald) By Erin Tiernan \| etiernan@bostonherald.com \| Boston Herald PUBLISHED: September 24, 2020 at 7:54 p.m. \| UPDATED: September 24, 2020 at 7:56 p.m. Republican U.S. Senate candidate Kevin O’Connor is trailing Ed Markey by 10 points in a poll he commissioned, but the first-time candidate says that places him within striking distance of the progressive incumbent. A Remington Research Group poll of 907 likely Massachusetts voters, paid for by the O’Connor campaign, gives the GOP rival ground to make up with just over a month to go. “This shows that (Markey) is weak,” O’Connor said. “This shows that he’s beatable.” It’s a lot of optimism from a candidate trailing his opponent by double digits, but it’s still a notably thin margin when considering Republican candidates historically find much wider margins between themselves and their Democratic challengers in Massachusetts. Markey won 61% of the vote against Republican challenger Brian Herr in 2014 in his last election. Polls leading up to the election never gave Markey less than a 14-point lead over Herr. Poll: Are you planning on getting the coronavirus vaccine? South Boston St. Patrick’s Day parade canceled again due to coronavirus Massachusetts home, condo prices surge despite coronavirus pandemic Poll: What will President Trump be remembered for? Markey campaign manager John Walsh said the two-term senator is “campaigning hard for re-election” and highlighted Democrats’ push to win a majority in the Senate. “That is the only way we will stop Donald Trump’s racist and hateful agenda. Kevin O’Connor is actively supporting Donald Trump, the most corrupt president in our nation’s history, in his bid for re-election. Kevin O’Connor is proudly backing a president who wants to steal a seat on the Supreme Court so he can try to steal the election,” Walsh said. O’Connor supports President Trump and has vowed to vote for him in November and he said the poll results could signal a changing of the political tides here. He suggested people are “fed up” with the state’s increasingly progressive politics. The poll also found 62% of likely Massachusetts voters oppose the “defund the police” movement. O’Connor has criticized Markey’s bid for police reform. The senator is advocating for a “reimagining” of police departments in the wake of mass protests of police killings of Black people. “People don’t like what he’s saying … Ed Markey is a pie-in-the-sky extremist who is willing to vilify people and divide us in order to accomplish his personal goals,” O’Connor told the Herald on Thursday. The Democratic stronghold state has elected only two Republicans to the Senate in the past 50 years: Ed Brooke, who served from 1967 to 1979, and Scott Brown who won in a special election following the death of Sen. Ted Kennedy but lost to Elizabeth Warren two years later. Boston 'Straight Pride Parade' organizer Mark Sahady, Natick politician Sue Ianni arrested for US Capitol siege Edward J. Markey Edward Markey Erin Tiernan \| Reporter More in Local News TCI opponents push other states to reject controversial carbon tax Boston Police officers arrest man on drug and gun charges, recover $5,000 in cash Massachusetts coronavirus cases up 3,224, hospitalizations rise	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1500
__label__wiki	0.837226	0.837226	Future iPhones rumoured to feature Intel Inside Written by Gareth Halfacree Tags: #brian-krzanich #ipad #iphone #long-term-evolution #lte #mobile-market #modem #soc #system-on-chip Companies: #apple #intel Future iPhones could feature Intel Inside, but Apple is not switching from its in-house ARM designs nor is Intel returning to the ARM ecosystem; rather, the company is reportedly working hard to gain the first major design win for its modem chip business unit. That Intel missed the boat on the rise of the smartphone is not news. While the company had produced a family of low-power ARM chips, it had long left the market to concentrate on x86 when the smartphone revolution kicked into high gear. Back in 2013, at the time new chief executive Brian Krzanich admitted its delayed entry into the market had cost the company dearly, but uptake for its Atom processors and modem chips has been nearly non-existent: in the third quarter of 2014, Intel's mobile arm made a $1 billion loss on just $1 million in revenue - down from a $353 million revenue a year earlier. The problem became so bad that Intel absorbed the mobile arm into its PC Client group in November 2014 to hide the mounting losses. Now, the company could have its first major win - and as clients go, this one doesn't come any bigger. According to sources speaking to VentureBeat, Intel has 1,000 engineers working to tweak its latest 7360 Long Term Evolution (LTE) 4G modem chip to Apple's requirements, and the Cupertino-based company will start using the part in the iPhone models launching next year. For Intel, it's a coup - but it's not a total victory. Much like its processors, which now come from two separate companies to lesson its reliance on a single vendor, Apple is looking to split the risk: it will continue to source modem parts from Qualcomm, its current single-source vendor, using them for approximately half its needs and Intel for the other half. Given the number of iPhones and LTE-capable iPads Apple shifts, though, it would spell a major win for Intel in the mobile arena. Bigger news, again attributed to unnamed sources, is that Intel may even be getting back into the ARM game again - at least at one remove. VentureBeat also reports that Apple is looking to design a heavily-integrated system-on-chip (SoC) part which would combine both ARM CPU and LTE modem - and that it would be looking to Intel to build it. The company would not, however, have much of a say in its design: it would simply be used, like long-term chip partner Samsung, as a manufacturing partner for building the actual silicon. Neither Apple nor Intel have commented on the sources' claims. Qualcomm announces major job cuts Up to 15 per cent for the chop. EE demos 400Mb/s 4G+ at Wembley Stadium Punters limited to 150Mb/s, though. Next-gen Google Glass to get Intel inside ARM out in favour of x86, sources say.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1502
__label__wiki	0.573497	0.573497	Stray Leaves from an Arctic Journal: Or, Eighteen Months in the Polar Regions, in Search of Sir John Franklin's Expedition, in the Years 1850-51 By: Osborn, Sherard (1822-1875). One of the important Franklin search expeditions and dedicated to Lady Franklin. First Edition, First Printing. 12mo; 183 x 113mm, 7.5 inches tall. 320 pages. 4 color lithographed plates including frontispiece; Folding partly hand colored map, with the appendix. These were left out of the U.S. Edition along with the appendix. Includes Custom Clamshell box. Original plum cloth stamped in blind and gilt, all edges gilt. Rebacked with faded original spine laid down, New endpapers Text block over-opened in two placed places. Small bookplate upper corner of front paste-down. Housed in a custom Clam-shell box. Osborn was a commander on Horatio Austin's Franklin Search Expedition in command of the Pioneer. He includes an account of the expedition and over-wintering at Lancaster Sound. The voyage was by way of Baffin Bay, Lancaster Sound, Barrow Strait, then the wintering at Griffith Island, and return. The expedition proved that Franklin's ships had not been lost in Baffin's Bay. Much of the success of the voyage was due to the steam tenders, which, opened new prospects for Arctic navigation. Includes informative notes on West Greenland Eskimos, negotiating the ice of northern Baffin Bay, ice conditions in the Canadian Arctic waters, hunting adventures, clothing, food and equipment, carrier pigeons, the sledge journeys, arctic nature and winter recreations. REF: Arctic Bib. 12899; Sabin 57760; TPL 3193; Abbey Travel 640. Title: Stray Leaves from an Arctic Journal: Or, Eighteen Months in the Polar Regions, in Search of Sir John Franklin's Expedition, in the Years 1850-51 Author Name: Osborn, Sherard (1822-1875). Categories: 19th CENTURY LITERATURE and WORKS, Travel, Geography & Exploration, Publisher: London, Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans: 1852 Jacket Condition: None Issued Size: 12mo - over 6¾ - 7¾ Keywords: Polar Arctic Exploration; Griffith Island; Baffin Bay; Lancaster Sound; Barrow Strait; Greenland; Eskimos Arctic Ocean; Arctic regions; Arctic regions; British; Canada; Description and travel; Discovery and exploration; Franklin, John, Sir; General; History; Northwest Territories; Travel; United States,	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1505
__label__wiki	0.88723	0.88723	Kwame SektorJuly 15, 2020 AY Poyoo – John “The face of Hip-Hop” (AY Poyoo), as he calls himself now, has unlocked a new joint he christens “John“, listen… BlissGhMarch 30, 2016 John Dumelo says he has plans of working on his ambitions to be President of Ghana Ghanaian actor John Dumelo says he has plans of working on his ambitions to be President of Ghana. The recently… BlissGhMarch 9, 2016 Video: John Dumelo campaigns for NDC and reveals he has Presidential Ambition Actor John Dumelo has disclosed his ambition to become the president of Ghana. He made this statement while addressing party… BlissGhNovember 20, 2015 Top actor John Dumelo and others spotted at NDC “RALLY” Award-winning Ghanaian movie star John Dumelo was conspicuously visible at the Jubilee Park in the Volta region as supporters of… BlissGhMay 1, 2015 My comments were ‘misread and misconstrued’ – John Dumelo BREAKING: John Dumelo says he has received many insults and death threats following his comments on the economy. Ghanaian actor,… John Dumelo dares South African fan – ”I will be travelling to South Africa very soon” Ace Ghanaian actor and entrepreneur, John Dumelo says he is not troubled by the comment posted on his Instagram page…	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1506
__label__cc	0.640923	0.359077	TechnologiesHome » Technologies » Analytics Last Updated: 21st September 2020 Who should care? Analytics, also widely known as Business Intelligence, is the collective name for the software applications that turn the data obtained from enterprise operations into an intelligent, actionable picture of what is happening within the business. It covers historic analyses, reporting on (potentially) everything that happened in the past; the ability to drill into that historic data to find the answer to “why” questions; and predictive analyses. The results are usually organised in line with the structure of the business, and by time (the ‘reporting period’). From that basic level of capability, increased sophistication and complexity has added more functionality, until today’s analytic suites which are extremely powerful and multi-functional. Broad categories of analytics include reporting, dashboards and scorecards using key performance indicators, OLAP (online analytic processing) based on multi-dimensional cubes structured around key dimensions, ad hoc query processing and exploration, and advanced analytics based on machine and deep learning. Analytics may be standalone or embedded within operational processes, and may be based upon data stored in operational databases, data warehouses and data lakes or upon streaming (analytic) platforms. Visualisation is closely associated with such activity. Many specialist areas within business have their own tailored analytics solutions, so there are strong vertical and horizontal offerings covering the needs of marketers, finance, logistics and so on, and there are solutions tailored to Telecoms, Financial Services, FMCG and so forth. Another way that these technologies are bundled to support specific needs is as an Enterprise Performance Management suite, which may deploy functions such as reporting, OLAP, predictive analytics and visualisation, for a particular target audience (such as the executive level management that wants to understand the big picture), and which is more focused on financial outcomes than operational detail. There are also analytics solutions that focus specifically on areas such as the Internet of Things, time-series data or geo-spatial data. If there is data, there is likely to be an associated form of analytics. We live in a world with ever-expanding amounts of data. Not only is data growing in volume, it is also very diverse. We are in danger of being swamped by the data and missing the message. The role of analytics is to filter that mass of data and turn it into meaningful, actionable insights. For any operation to run effectively, those who direct it need to make effective decisions and, as the world becomes more global and fast-paced, the ability of everyone to make consistently good, timely decisions is being stretched to the full. Analytics assists by presenting the most important facts, in as accessible a fashion, and in as timely a manner, as is possible. Alternatively, where data and processes are well understood, analytics may be directly embedded into business operations, automating the decision-making process other than in exceptional circumstances. Everyone who has to make decisions (and that is spreading down from being just the management to embrace everyone in an organisation) needs support to make better decisions, more rapidly and consistently than they can unaided. Increasingly, it is becoming the case that we all have to make decisions on an on-going basis and, if we are to achieve complex corporate goals, everyone must be aligned and consistent in the application of rules. Analytics are becoming ubiquitous in supporting digital transformation and the mutable (agile) business and, as a result, we all need to take an interest, regardless of which department we work in and, increasingly, regardless of the level that we operate at within the company. Financial goals need to link to operational objectives, they need to link, where appropriate, to the responses given to every customer and prospect and all of that is tied together by an analytics solution that enables decentralised capability that is timely and consistent. From the simple spreadsheet to the most complex of statistical analytics, all forms of analytics have to contend with volume, and big data is a key theme in many analytics solutions. Most people tend to think that this only refers to the scale of what is being processed, but of far more importance than just the scale is the diversity of the data that is now being processed. Not just transactional data, from the enterprise interface to its customers and suppliers, is being exploited; but also all of the low level operational data from the mechanisms used to provide operational solutions (network data, sensor data from machinery, and so forth) in addition to unstructured data such as social media, the analysis of which is a major part of the big data phenomenon. This has led to a proliferation of data lakes and the tools, such as data cataloguing and data preparation, that support the exploration and analysis of data in these lakes. Another key trend is the move of analytics from a niche technical specialist domain to the general business domain. Intuitive interfaces are now available that enable self-service. Moreover, relevant products no longer require the intervention of IT, thereby enabling support for ad hoc query processes, rather than those that have been pre-defined. A further important trend emerging as a differentiator is rich visualisation. As the scale and diversity of data accelerates, it becomes ever more difficult to separate what is important from background noise. To help time-pressed decision makers to see critical trends and associations, results are increasingly being presented as graphical representations of the underpinning tabular data. Finally, there are increasing trends towards the adoption of AI on the one hand and real-time analytics on the other. See Machine Learning & AI and Streaming Analytics Platforms. The big vendors – IBM, SAP, Oracle and Microsoft – all have analytics offerings that reflect on the importance of this category of solution. All of these are highly credible and, for many, they will provide all that is required. In the case of IBM, analytics is core to its business strategy and has been identified as one of the main pillars for growth. A supplier like IBM can be seen as being as innovative and disruptive as any of the niche players in areas it sees as key with, for instance, its artificial intelligence solutions based on Watson. However, such is the diversity of the marketplace, and the disruptive impact of Open Source and Big Data technologies, that any attempt made by the big vendors to corner the market is hamstrung by the dynamics and economics of covering so vast an opportunity. So, the market is full of established and emerging niche or specialist players, nearly all of which can offer things of great interest, and of great value to significant elements of the market. Thus, you cannot write off the likes of MicroStrategy, SAS, Splunk, Pentaho, Qlik, Tableau and so on, not to mention newer entrants, such as Guavus, Vitria, Nominum, Accountagility, Board, Domo, Yellowfin, Looker and many more, that are increasingly gaining traction. Graph Database (2020) Cambridge Semantics AnzoGraph (2020) DataStax Enterprise (DSE) (Graph Engine) AllegroGraph (2020) The Snowflake IPO CDO Exchange 2020 Informatica acquires GreenBay Covid-19 and IT Netezza Resurrection Costing Cloud Data migrations TIBCO Now Pitney Bowes sells out Tableau tops a pile of announcements with totally new data insight Will Salesforce avoid the mistakes of history and let Tableau stay ind... Salesforce acquires Tableau and Logi acquires Zoomdata Guavus update A tale of two mergers: Cloudera and Micro Focus Board BEAM Summon up your inner Bletchley Park Data Culture. What is it and how do we enhance it? The Cloud, Data Warehousing and Snowflake, all my old ideas shot to ri... The Road to insight through AI, a conversation with Jennifer Rouband Looker. The next generation of analytics. Are you ready for it? Transforming TIBCO Machine/deep learning: debunking the hype TigerGraph Thoughtspot, a truly disruptive innovation that will change how you pe... The future is pretty damn fine, I have discovered Saltare These organisations are also known to offer solutions: Accountagility Actuate Databricks Guavus Information Builders Insight Software Kognitio KXEN Pacific Data Systems Rocket Software Vitria Objectivity ThingSpan (2020) Objectivity/DB has proven scalability and performance credentials in highly demanding environments. ThingSpan, which is built into the database. Actian Avalanche Actian Avalanche is a hybrid cloud/on-premises, columnar (with compression) data warehouse offering provided as a managed service when in the cloud. All about graphs: a primer Over the last few years graph databases have been the fastest growing sector within the database market ... Ontotext GraphDB and the Ontotext Platform GraphDB from Ontotext is a native RDF database with dynamic indexing that integrates with various search technologies, document stores, and text mining. Cloudera Data Warehouse The Cloudera Data Warehouse is based on the Cloudera Data Platform (CDP), which involves more than 30 open source technologies. Victoria Metrics (Prometheus) VictoriaMetrics offers long-term remote storage for Prometheus, which is a Linux Foundation open source time-series database and monitoring system. TCO for Business Intelligence This paper initially started as an investigation into comparative pricing for BI solutions and then evolved into a consideration of TCO for such environments. ArangoDB ArangoDB is a multi-model database that supports document (JSON), key-value and property graph capabilities with one database core and one declarative query language.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1507
__label__wiki	0.865453	0.865453	Genesis 40 :: New American Standard Bible (NASB) Joseph Interprets a Dream Gen 40:1 Gen 40:1 - Then it came about after these things, the cupbearer and the baker for the king of Egypt offended their lord, the king of Egypt. Gen 40:2 - Pharaoh was furious with his two officials, the chief cupbearer and the chief baker. Gen 40:3 - So he put them in confinement in the house of the captain of the bodyguard, in the jail, the same place where Joseph was imprisoned. Gen 40:4 - The captain of the bodyguard put Joseph in charge of them, and he [fn]took care of them; and they were in confinement for [fn]some time. Gen 40:5 - Then the cupbearer and the baker for the king of Egypt, who were confined in jail, both had a dream the same night, each man with his own dream and each dream with its own interpretation. Gen 40:6 - [fn]When Joseph came to them in the morning and observed them, [fn]behold, they were dejected. Gen 40:7 - He asked Pharaoh’s officials who were with him in confinement in his master’s house, “[fn]Why are your faces so sad today?” Gen 40:8 - Then they said to him, “We have [fn]had a dream and there is no one to interpret it.” Then Joseph said to them, “Do not interpretations belong to God? Tell it to me, please.” Gen 40:9 - So the chief cupbearer told his dream to Joseph, and said to him, “In my dream, [fn]behold, there was a vine in front of me; Gen 40:10 Gen 40:10 - and on the vine were three branches. And as it was budding, its blossoms came out, and its clusters produced ripe grapes. Gen 40:11 - “Now Pharaoh’s cup was in my hand; so I took the grapes and squeezed them into Pharaoh’s cup, and I put the cup into Pharaoh’s [fn]hand.” Gen 40:12 - Then Joseph said to him, “This is the interpretation of it: the three branches are three days; Gen 40:13 - within three more days Pharaoh will [fn]lift up your head and restore you to your [fn]office; and you will put Pharaoh’s cup into his hand according to your former custom when you were his cupbearer. Gen 40:14 - “Only [fn]keep me in mind when it goes well with you, and please do me a kindness [fn]by mentioning me to Pharaoh and get me out of this house. Gen 40:15 - “For I was in fact kidnapped from the land of the Hebrews, and even here I have done nothing that they should have put me into the [fn]dungeon.” Gen 40:16 - When the chief baker saw that he had interpreted favorably, he said to Joseph, “I also saw in my dream, and behold, there were three baskets of white bread on my head; Gen 40:17 - and in the top basket there were some of all [fn]sorts of baked food for Pharaoh, and the birds were eating them out of the basket on my head.” Gen 40:18 - Then Joseph answered and said, “This is its interpretation: the three baskets are three days; Gen 40:19 - within three more days Pharaoh will lift up your head from you and will hang you on a tree, and the birds will eat your flesh off you.” Gen 40:20 - Thus it came about on the third day, which was Pharaoh’s birthday, that he made a feast for all his servants; and he lifted up the head of the chief cupbearer and the head of the chief baker among his servants. Gen 40:21 - He restored the chief cupbearer to his [fn]office, and he put the cup into Pharaoh’s [fn]hand; Gen 40:22 - but he hanged the chief baker, just as Joseph had interpreted to them. Gen 40:23 - Yet the chief cupbearer did not remember Joseph, but forgot him. NASB Footnotes Literally: ministered to Literally: days Or, And Literally: and behold Literally: saying, Why Literally: dreamed Literally: palm Or, possibly forgive you Literally: place Literally: remember me with yourself Literally: and mention Or, pit Literally: food for Pharaoh made by a baker Literally: wine-pouring Copyright (c) 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1995 http://www.lockman.org The "NASB," "NAS," "New American Standard Bible," and "New American Standard" trademarks are registered in the United States Patent and Trademark Office by The Lockman Foundation. Use of these trademarks requires the permission of The Lockman Foundation. For Permission To Quote visit http://www.lockman.org	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1509
__label__cc	0.703434	0.296566	Mr Russell Luker Consultant Gynaecologist MBBS MRCOG Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and the British British Society of Colposcopists and Cervical Pathology + Gynaecology Diagnostic laparoscopy and dye test Hysterectomy Abdominal Hysterectomy Vaginal + Womens Health Gynaecology consultation Mr Luker is an established gynaecologist in the Bath area. He specialises in laparoscopic, hysteroscopic and open pelvic surgery for the treatment of pelvic and menstrual disorders as well as prolapse. At the Royal United Hospital (NHS) he is the lead clinician for Laparoscopic surgery and for Colposcopy. He also is a core member of the Gynae cancer service. Mr Luker trained at University College London and subsequently on the Oxford and Cambridge (Eastern) training rotations. He spent a year in the Kagera region of Tanzania for VSO and continues to support development and training in the developing world.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1510
__label__wiki	0.928174	0.928174	Amplify Our Voices Bethenny Frankel: I'm Not Using Botox October 2, 2013, 10:39 AM ET The ex-RHONY star slams rumors she gets injections. The Real Housewives of Miami gals haven't been afraid to open up about their plastic surgery horror stories, but Bethenny Frankel wants to make it clear that she is not a regular when it comes to cosmetic surgery. "I am not doing Botox on the regular because I am not one of those people that walks up to a mirror and says, 'Hmmm...let me look at myself, let me see what I need to fix, let me see what I can do,'" she said on her new talk show, refuting speculation from surgeons that she's had injections. "That's not really me and I believe in everything in moderation." That doesn't mean she hasn't had any Botox in the past—and isn't opposed to getting some in the future. "I am not saying I haven't ever done [it]," she said. "I am not saying I wouldn't do Botox." She also isn't discouraging other females to take the plastic plunge if it will help with self-esteem. "If you want to do something to make yourself feel good, do it," she said. "Of course, take precautions, ask your doctor, read up on something. You want to know what you are doing. But I eat Cheetos, I use artificial sweeteners, I don't do it all the time, once in a while and that's what I believe in, balance." What do you think about Bethenny's admission that she's not currently using Botox? Tell us in the comments. •Vicki Gunvalson: I Would "Absolutely Not" Get Plastic Surgery Again •Caroline Manzo Says "No" to Plastic Surgery •Kyle Richards: Plastic Surgery Boosted My Esteem Bethenny Ever After The Daily Dish is your source for all things Bravo, from behind-the-scenes scoop to breaking news, exclusive interviews, photos, original videos, and, oh, so much more. Subscribe to The Daily Dish podcast, join our Facebook group, and follow us on Instagram for the latest news hot off the presses. Sign up to become a Bravo Insider and be the first to get exclusive extras. Latest in The Daily Dish The Advice Emily Is Taking as She Turns 45 Multiple Below Deck Crew Members Get Sick at Same Time Charter Guest Delores Reacts to Below Deck Mike Made a “Confession” About His Relationship with Cynthia Below Deck Med Alum Tiffany Is Expecting Her First Child What’s New and Coming on Bravo Insider The Real Housewives of Potomac After Show The RHOP Cast Reflects on Season 5 The Crew Is Sharing All About This Charter Season Catch Up with Ladies of London's Caroline Stanbury So Siriano Christian Siriano Gets Celebs to Tell All!	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1512
__label__wiki	0.508022	0.508022	Brightsurf Science News & Current Events Archive (September 2007) Science news and science current events archive September, 2007. Show All Years • 2007 \|\| Show All Months (2007) • September Top Science News & Current Event Articles from September 2007 Cave records provide clues to climate change Using stalagmites found in two different caves in Borneo, Georgia Tech researchers found that the tropical Pacific may play a much more active role in historic climate change events than was previously thought. University helps map the universe The University of Manchester is developing high-speed data crunching technology that will be crucial to the success of one of the greatest scientific projects of the 21st century. Low vitamin D linked to higher risk of hip fracture Women with low levels of vitamin D have a significantly increased risk of hip fracture, according to a study led by the University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health presented this week at the 29th annual meeting of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research in Honolulu. Women whose vitamin D concentrations were lowest had a 77 percent higher risk of hip fracture than others, reports epidemiology professor Jane A. Cauley. New clues to breast cancer development in high-risk women Physicians who treat women with the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1 often remove their patients' ovaries to eliminate the source of estrogen they believe fuels cancer growth. Yet they also know that anti-estrogen therapies don't work to treat breast or ovarian cancer that might develop. That paradox has led scientists to question exactly how, or if, estrogen is involved in cancer development and whether removal of ovaries makes sense. Study finds post-traumatic stress symptoms in adolescent children of cancer patients A new study by Dutch researchers has found that adolescents may suffer from severe symptoms of post-traumatic stress when a parent is recently diagnosed with cancer and that parents tend to underestimate the problems. The research was presented at the European Cancer Conference in Barcelona today. Oldest stars may shed light on dark matter, researchers report in Science The universe's earliest stars may hold clues to the nature of dark matter, the mysterious stuff that makes up most of the universe's matter but doesn't interact with light, cosmologists report. Chemotherapy with gemcitabine delays progression of operable pancreatic cancer Giving pancreatic cancer patients the chemotherapy drug gemcitabine after surgery delays progression of the disease by about six months, according to new research by Japanese scientists. Knee arthritis link to lung cancer Arthritis of the knee may be the first sign of a type of lung cancer that is hard to treat in heavy smokers, suggests research published ahead of print in the Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. The researchers reviewed the case notes of all patients with rheumatic disorders, diagnosed at one tertiary referral centre over six years. 2 French scientists win European award for communication French cell biologists Christian Sardet and Ali Saib are joint winners of the 2007 EMBO Award for Communication in the Life Sciences. Both recipients present science in a unique format that is both enlightening and entertaining, a key requirement in winning the award. Using different media, they have produced resources for researchers, as well as for teaching and communicating science to the broader community. UCSF animal care facility receives top accreditation UCSF has received highly regarded accreditation from the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International. Singapore National Science and Technology Awards Awards demonstrate Singapore now on the global scientific map and is competitive place for industry to develop and launch innovative products for world market. Velociraptor had feathers Finding of quill knobs on fossilized velociraptor bone demonstrates that even large dinosaurs were feathered and may have descended from animals capable of flight. Radiation and drug combo helps boost efficacy of lung cancer treatment Combining radiation therapy with a drug that helps destroy blood vessels nourishing malignant tumors has been shown in mice to be significantly more effective in treating lung cancer than either approach alone, researchers at UT Southwestern Medical Center have found. World leaders need to remain alert to latest scientific thought on climate change A new Institute of Physics' report, Minister Lunn to attend Union of BC Municipalities Pine Beetle Conference On Sept. 24, 2007, the Honorable Gary Lunn, Minister, Natural Resources will speak at the UBCM Pine Beetle Conference and will announce the delivery of funded activities under the Mountain Pine Beetle Program to help affected communities. Heat-sensing ASU camera finds possible cave skylights on Mars volcano A heat-sensing camera designed at Arizona State University helped scientists find possible caves on Mars. Herschel's heart and brain mated Herschel, Europe's infrared space observatory is being presented to the media today in a joint press event by ESA and Astrium in Friedrichshafen, Germany. Two of the satellite's most fundamental modules, its Energy and Mines Ministers' Conference On September 24-25, the Honorable Gary Lunn, Minister of Natural Resources, Richard Neufeld, British Columbia Minister of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, and Kevin Krueger, British Columbia Minister of State for Mining will co-chair the annual Energy and Mines Ministers' Conference in Whistler, British Columbia. Chronic infection persists by targeting stromal cell network in lymphoid organs One of the biggest challenges to treating infectious diseases and developing preventive vaccines is the ability of many chronic infections to suppress the immune T-cell response over time. An Emory-led team of scientists has discovered one important way in which chronic viral infections are able to evade the immune response by infecting a type of stromal cells in the lymphoid organs called fibroblastic reticular cells. UCLA receives $22.5 million to explore the fundamental biology of mental disorders The NIH has awarded $22.5 million to a team of scientists at UCLA to discover the biology that underlies mental disorders. European directive will halt use of MRI scans; cancer diagnosis and treatment will suffer Implementation of the Physical Agents (Electromagnetic Fields) Directive 2004/40/EC in all member states could effectively halt the use of magnetic resonance imaging, an important tool in cancer diagnosis, treatment, and research, a scientist told a press conference at the European Cancer Conference today. Nuclear medicine approach can be first choice for excluding pulmonary embolism in young women Young women at risk of having a pulmonary embolism -- a potential life-threatening blockage in a lung artery -- should first undergo a ventilation/perfusion lung scan rather than a CT angiogram, conclude authors in a paper published in the September Journal of Nuclear Medicine. Pain patients at risk for sleep apnea Sleep-disordered breathing was common when chronic pain patients took prescribed opioids. A direct dose-response relationship was found between central sleep apnea and methadone and benzodiazepines, an association which had not been previously reported. New Delft material concept for aircraft wings could save billions Building aircraft wings with a special aluminium fiber combination makes them nearly immune to metal fatigue. The application of this technology, partly developed at Delft University of Technology, will lead to substantial savings. The unusual qualities of this special material can make a significant contribution to the development of truly energy-efficient, 'green' aircraft. Lower fuel consumption and reduction of maintenance costs could lead to worldwide savings as high as $100 billion. New tarpon, bonefish compendium published With a career devoted to understanding how best to manage some of Florida's most popular sport fish, UM Rosenstiel School faculty member Dr. Jerry Ault has published Biological invasions can begin with just 1 insect A new study by York University biologists Amro Zayed and Laurence Packer has shown that a lone insect can initiate a biological invasion. Zayed, a recent graduate of Packer's lab, examined patterns of genetic diversity in both native European and invasive North American populations of a solitary bee. He concluded that the invasion was most likely founded by one mated female. The study is published in the open-access journal PLoS ONE. New microsensor measures volatile organic compounds in water and air on-site Researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology have developed a miniature sensor that uses polymer membranes deposited on a tiny silicon disk to measure pollutants present in aqueous or gaseous environments. An array of these sensors with different surface coatings could be used during field-testing to rapidly detect many different chemicals. Area deep within the brain found to play role in sensory perception A new study to be published in Annals of Neurology, the official journal of the American Neurological Association, found that the VL also plays a role in sensory processing and that damage to this area leads to functional and neural changes. Women more depressed and men more impulsive with reduced serotonin functioning A new study being published in the Sept. 15 issue of Biological Psychiatry now reports on important sex and genetic differences in the way that men and women react to reductions in serotonin function, specifically in terms of their mood and impulsivity NASA celebrates a decade observing climate impacts on health of world's oceans The NASA-managed Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor instrument settled into orbit around Earth in 1997 and took its first measurements of ocean color. A decade later, the satellite's data has proved instrumental in countless applications and helped researchers paint a picture of a changing climate. Memory tasks require more coordinated brain blood flow for people with high blood pressure Blood flow to the parts of the brain that support memory function differs between people with high blood pressure and those with normal blood pressure, and this difference seems to increase when high blood pressure is treated with medications, researchers reported today at the American Heart Association's 61st Annual Fall Conference of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research. NIH awards nearly $23M to University of Chicago for translational research The National Institutes of Health has awarded more than $22.6 million over 4.7 years to a team based at the University of Chicago Medical Center, one of 12 Clinical and Translational Science Awards for 2007. These awards are part of an NIH effort to build a national consortium of select centers that will Palm Beach County wants to establish a Max Planck Institute in Florida The Max Planck Society receives an offer to establish its first institute in the US. New drug makes weight loss safer Dr. Nir Barak of TAU has adapted a well-known drug used to treat vertigo for a new purpose: to treat obesity without dangerous side effects. Weekend labor shortage Two new studies show that as the number of elective Caesarean sections rises, more babies are born during the week and fewer come into the world at weekends. It appears that hospitals schedule births during the week when they are fully resourced and staff is working Scientists explain how insulin secreting cells maintain their glucose sensitivity Scientists at the leading Swedish medical university Karolinska Institutet have now disclosed the mystery how the insulin-secreting cells maintain an appropriate number of ATP sensing ion channel proteins on their surface. This mechanism, which is described in the latest issue of Cell Metabolism, explains how the human body can keep the blood glucose concentration within the normal range and thereby avoid the development of diabetes. Common abdominal pain may be due to a potentially treatable newly recognized inflammatory reaction As many as one in four people in westernized countries experience pain or discomfort in their upper abdomen, and physicians have almost nothing to offer except antiacid medicines, which usually don't work. Now, in a small but novel study, researchers have found evidence that an abnormal amount of inflammatory cells populates the upper intestine of affected individuals, which suggests a fresh way of understanding the common complaint. Many medical residents appear to lack biostatistics knowledge needed to interpret clinical research Internal medicine residents had low scores in a test of biostatistics knowledge, and about three-fourths of the residents surveyed indicated they have low confidence in understanding the statistics they encounter in medical literature, according to an article in the Sept. 5 issue of JAMA, a theme issue on medical education. YES2 student payload released from Foton-M3 The Second Young Engineers' Satellite was activated and separated from the Foton-M3 spacecraft earlier today. The tether deployed for 8.5 km, after which the Fotino capsule was released on its way to Earth. Computer program traces ancestry using anonymous DNA samples A group of computer scientists, mathematicians, and biologists from around the world have developed a computer algorithm that can help trace the genetic ancestry of thousands of individuals in minutes, without any prior knowledge of their background. The team's findings will be published in the September 2007 edition of the journal PLoS Genetics. Funerals without religion set for huge increase The number of people in the UK who opt for nonreligious funeral services is set to rise dramatically over the coming years, according to a presenter at the death, dying and disposal conference organized by the University of Bath today Friday, Sept. 14. Depression worsens health more than angina, arthritis, asthma, diabetes Depression produces the greatest decrement in health compared with the chronic diseases angina, arthritis, asthma and diabetes, conclude authors of an Article in this week's edition of the Lancet. Scientists eye secrets of retinal regeneration Peering at microscopic changes within the retina, scientists in the department of ophthalmology at Weill Cornell Medical College in New York City, have discovered a key mechanism driving eye health and eye disease. Sexual function affected by stem cell transplant according to long-term study A long-term study found that a type of stem cell transplant used for patients with life-threatening diseases results in decreased sexual function and activity for recipients. Further, males are likely to recover from these changes over time, while the sexuality of female patients remains compromised. In addition, neither male nor female long-term cancer survivors regained levels of sexual activity and function equal to those of their peers who have not had cancer. Joint Dark Energy Mission a top priority for NASA, says NRC The National Research Council's Beyond Einstein Program Assessment Committee has recommended that the Joint Dark Energy Mission, supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Department of Energy, be the first of NASA's Beyond Einstein cosmology missions to be developed and launched. One of three competing projects in the JDEM program is Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's SuperNova/Acceleration Probe, SNAP, a space-borne observatory with a powerful two-meter-class telescope and half-billion pixel imager. Using video-game technology to find oil & gas What do video games and seismic explorations have in common? Both require very demanding computer applications that call for the ability to process massive quantities of data rapidly. Using computer technology originally co-designed by IBM for video-game consoles, University of Houston seismic researchers are employing this extremely fast technology to more effectively target oil reserves. IBM is supporting the UH Mission-Oriented Seismic Research Program with a system that represents a new generation of powerful supercomputers. Nickerson leads on Stevens-Columbia NSF software grant The National Science Foundation has awarded Stevens Institute of Technology and Columbia University a research grant, titled 'Externalizing Thought: Improving the design of software through diagrams.' UCI receives $5M from Edwards Lifesciences UC Irvine's Henry Samueli School of Engineering has received a $5 million gift from Edwards Lifesciences Corp. to establish a center focused on researching and developing the next generation of cardiovascular devices. Occupational exposures may be linked to death from autoimmune disease A new study examined the possible associations between occupation and the risk of dying from systemic autoimmune diseases and found that occupational exposures in farming and industry may be linked to higher death rates from these diseases. Do static magnets reduce pain? Static magnets are widely marketed to the public with claims of effectiveness for relieving pain. One survey suggests that about 28 percent of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis or fibromyalgia, use magnets or copper bracelets for pain relief. Do static magnets help reduce pain?	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1516
__label__wiki	0.857518	0.857518	Village from Meadow Sun coming up Greta Mount_Jan19 ingleborough from clifford hall sunrise. Burtonian Burton-in-Lonsdale Penny Bridge Bog beck mill First a bobbin mill then a stereoscopic works. The earliest documentary reference to Burton-in-Lonsdale is in the Domesday book, which tells us that the township was in the holding of Tostig, Earl of Northumberland, and was a subsidiary vilage of Whittington in the Lune valley. The village has had a varied history and has been home to potteries and mills. Burton Motte and Bailey Castle Castle Hill, Burton in Lonsdale, is a large and imposing site, sitting on the outskirts of the village next to the church and dominating the route alongside the river Greta from Hornby (Lancaster) to Ingleton. The motte is some 9.6m higher than the surrounding fields and retains a breastwork wall around the upper part of the mound. A nearly square bailey lies on the west side of the motte and a second semi-lunar bailey is to the south. There are remains of both the outer defensive ditch and a counterscarp bank outside this. Excavations carried out in 1904 suggested that the site originated as a ringwork in the 12th century and was converted into a motte some time later. The castle was probably built to provide a line of supply on the route to the recently established Norman castle at Carlisle. Accounts presented to the in 1130 Exchequer by Robert de Widvilla and Henry de Montfort for expenses ‘de castro de Burtona de Lanesdala’ for payment of a ‘militis’ (knight),10 ‘servientes’ (sergeants), a ‘janitoris’ (gatekeeper) and a ‘vigil’(watchman) This record of the garrison, and the costs incurred, are the earliest mention of a castle in the village. The site went out of use in the mid 14th century. Burton Motte with defensive ditiches photos by Matthew Permmott Further information can be found at the following: Stephens T. & Gregory S. (2006) Burton in Lonsdale in the Late Medieval Period North Craven Heritage Trust Gazetter listing for Castle Hill which gives physical details and a useful bibliography White, H.M., 1905, 'Excavations in Castle Hill, Burton in Lonsdale' The Antiquary Vol. 41 p. 411-7 Burton Potteries Burton was once home to thirteen potteries and it was due to smoke from the kilns that the village became known as 'Black Burton'. The first potteries appeared in the late 1600's early 1700's and reached a peak of 13 working within a mile of the village centre in the 1800's. The Bateson family of the area were associated with pottery production for over 200 years. Amongst the potteries belonging to the Bateson family over the period were Bleaberry pottery, Greata (Greta) Bank pottery, Greata Mount pottery, Greta pottery' and Wilson pottery. Pottery production ceased in Burton in Lonsdale at the end of the Second World War, however two local potteries, Bentham pottery and Ingleton pottery now carry on the tradition. >> more information Burton Mills There were two mills in Burton, one at Greeta House and another at Bog Beck. Greeta House mill which produced firstly cotton and then silk was four stories high with a tall chimney with machines being run by a turbine from the river weir and sluice gates. Bog Beck, produced bobbins and later became a stereoscopic works/studio and for the manufacturing Atmospheric gas for the villlage. Local History Links W. H. Chippindall (1931) “The parish registers of the church of Thornton-in-Lonsdale, 1576-1812”, C.T.J. Dodson. The Earl of Derby's Courthouse at Burton in Lonsdale Hudson History, Settle, North Yorkshire, 2003. C.T.J. Dodson. Richard Thornton's Endowments Sesquicentennial Year at Burton in Lonsdale Yorkshire History Quarterly Vol. 10 No. 1 (2004) 13-15. If you would like to know more about some of the area and a places to visit in Britain take a look at the website of a local resident who provides a fasinating insight into our past. Motte and Church	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1518
__label__wiki	0.547361	0.547361	Misconception #1: AI is actively looking to replace people. Misconception #2: AI is ridiculously smart or savvy. Misconception #3: AI is complex and difficult to understand. Misconception #4: AI will achieve singularity. 4 Biggest Misconceptions About AI Gabriel Fairman Founder and CEO at Bureau Works business.com MemberVisit WebsiteMay 24, 2019 It's not as scary or complicated as you may think. Artificial intelligence has generated a great deal of interest from the business world and beyond, but there is also a great deal of misunderstanding about this significant leap in technology. When most people hear the words "artificial intelligence," the first thing that comes to mind is an all-knowing, sentient machine that can outsmart and overpower any human being. Artificial intelligence is something big and scary. It's a threat that will take away our jobs and livelihoods, replace us all, and ultimately obliterate the human race. Even if that ultimately ends up being true, I do not believe we are anywhere close to that scenario. I also believe that these powerful misconceptions around AI actually prevent us from building a positive relationship with it. AI, in and of itself, is technology with no volition. It does not seek to replace the workforce for a smarter and cheaper machine alternative. It is post-industrial tech capitalism at its finest doing that, not AI. It may seem like a subtle difference, but it's huge. AI gets all the blame, but the capitalistic paradigm is a lot more accountable for the threat to our livelihoods than the technology itself. [Read related story: How AI and Machine Learning Are Changing Cybersecurity] AI could be ridiculously simple in its applications. It can be fragmented and disjointed, as opposed to a microchipped, perfected version of the human mind. AI can do simple things, like learn how to play checkers, identify patterns in large data sets, or any straightforward activity that just requires crunching more data than a human can. AI is not necessarily a competitor trying to outperform the human mind, but possibly an extension of our senses and capabilities. Coding for AI can get very complex, but the concept of it is simple: It's any technology that mimics our natural cognitive abilities. The misconception here for most non-tech people is that, once AI enters the conversation, we are talking about either stereotyped sci-fi or scientific concepts way over our heads. But AI can be very straightforward. If you can understand the mind as a cognitive processor, you can understand AI. Think of it this way: The mind is powerful in that it not only learns rules, but makes these rules and improves them over time based on experiences. Let's say one day you try to add water to a pan full of oil and you create an explosion in your kitchen. You will learn that this is something you do not wish to repeat. No one will have to formally instruct you not to do this moving forward. You will know from the undesirable outcome that, next time you are in the kitchen, you will try a different path that has a greater probability of a desirable outcome. So all AI is doing is mimicking what we do naturally. We have no idea how much AI will evolve over time. We do not know how heavily regulated the industry will become and whether or not the industry will continue to focus on direct applications for AI as opposed to consciousness in terms of heavy funding. While it is logical to predict this natural continuous evolution of AI toward singularity, the truth is that we do not know. Due to the range of applications and sophistication of these applications, AI is really not a thing, but many things. Our negative bias toward uncertainty, compounded by the threat of the unknown, gives us awe but also a lot of fear about the long-term social consequences of super-disseminated AI. From my perspective, I can certainly see the changes introduced by AI slowly rippling throughout my microverse, but I do not see it replacing or obliviating anything. Instead, I see AI transitioning my team to tasks that leverage the best of human abilities as opposed to doing things that slowly deprive us of creativity, spontaneity and deep critical thinking, In my scenario, there is room for everything – AI and natural cognition working together. But this scenario also requires a more self-reflective view and a more transformational attitude to life in general that is more at ease with change and discontinuity. Image Credit: Jinning Li / Shutterstock See Gabriel Fairman's Profile Founder and CEO at Bureau Works, charging forward, bridging the gap between tech and people and challenging current paradigms. Technology Should Enhance Communication Skills AI in Business Intelligence: Can It Replace Management? What Does a Business Website Cost? The Benefits of Technology for the Small Business Sector What Marketers Really Need to Know About Artificial... In this article, I define AI and explain that AI will not... How Small Businesses Can Compete By Leveraging Data... Many organizations still struggle to extract insight from their... How Automation Will Impact the Middle-Class... The increasing prevalence of automated processes spells trouble... How To Use AI Web Scraping To Grow Your Business Web scraping is a powerful tool to support the development of... 5 Ways AI Improves Customer Service Incorporating artificial intelligence into your customer service...	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1519
__label__wiki	0.735743	0.735743	BlackBerry Finds Early Success With Mobile Messaging App Tony Danova Mobile Insights is a daily newsletter from BI Intelligence delivered first thing every morning exclusively to BI Intelligence subscribers. Sign up for a free trial of BI Intelligence today. BlackBerry Finds Success In The Mobile Messaging Market (Mobidia) Mobile analytics provider Mobidia has released some usage data on the mobile messaging industry, paying particular attention to the uptake of BlackBerry Messenger (BBM) in its first two weeks as a standalone app available on Android. Mobidia’s data shows that BBM captured 6% of the Android smartphone population in Mobidia’s global network, which is a very respectable showing during the debut week for a new app. Users also spent an average of 79 minutes using BBM during its first week. This early success may be attributed to the fact that former BlackBerry users are still attached to the brand. However, the uptake of BBM still pales in comparison to the numbers for a number of other standalone mobile messaging apps on Android. Currently, BBM ranks 9th in terms of mobile user penetration, well behind established apps like WhatsApp, Kakao Talk, and Facebook Messenger. Clearly, the mobile messaging ecosystem is heavily fragmented at this point, and BBM enters a market that is highly competitive. On top of that, BBM will be facing stiff competition from alternative messaging services that are gaining in popularity, like Snapchat and Wickr, platforms for the sharing of ephemeral messages and photos.Read > Forbes has an extended feature on why ephemeral messaging services are here to stay. Snapchat recently turned down a $US3 billion acquisition bid from Facebook, in one of the biggest indicators that the ceiling on messaging apps’ potential is yet to be determined. (Forbes) In that vein, Instagram’s next move may be incorporating a messaging service into its app. (GigaOm) Apple has acquired PrimeSense, an Israel-based company that makes 3D sensors, which allow gadgets and software to operate according to people’s movements and gestures. Sources say the pricetag was $US360 million.(All Things D) Mobile is playing a role in the slow death of TV. (Business Insider) TechCrunch columnist Semil Shah takes a deeper look at the early success of mobile gaming app QuizUp, claiming that the entire mobile app ecosystem may be able to learn a few lessons on how to debut a new app project successfully. (TechCrunch) Head of design at Apple, Jony Ive, spoke to Charlie Rose recently about what he learned from Steve Jobs about how to make a truly great product. (Business Insider) Boxed is a new mobile commerce app that is attempting to become the Amazon for bulk shopping. (Quartz) Some news from car-friendly apps, which shows how they are becoming platforms of their own: car service app Uber is teaming up with auto manufacturers to offer discounts on new cars, and traffic app Waze is recruiting celebrities to offer driving directions. (WSJ and VentureBeat) A few developer panelists at the recent TabletBiz conference spoke about what it takes to build and sell an app. (Mashable) bi intelligence blackberry messenger mobile insights sai-us	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1520
__label__wiki	0.985462	0.985462	ESPN's star NBA reporter apologizes for emailing 'F--- you' to Sen. Josh Hawley Grace Panetta Adrian Wojnarowski, one of ESPN’s NBA reporters, publicly apologised on Friday for responding “F— you” to a press release from the office of Republican Sen. Josh Hawley. Hawley wrote to NBA Commissioner Adam Silver to complain about the league releasing an approved list of social-justice messages for players to put on their jerseys that didn’t include anything criticising China. “I was disrespectful and made a regrettable mistake,”Wojnarowski wrote. “I’m sorry for the way I handled myself and am reaching out to Senator Hawley to apologise directly.” ESPN reporter Adrian Wojnarowski publicly apologised on Friday for responding “F— you” to a press release from the office of Sen. Josh Hawley criticising the NBA for its association with China. Hawley, a Missouri Republican, tweeted a screenshot of Wojnarowski replying with the message. Wojnarowski, who boasts 4 million followers on Twitter, is one of the top reporters covering basketball and the NBA and frequently breaks news about trades, free-agent signings, and other major developments. Don’t criticize #China or express support for law enforcement to @espn. It makes them real mad ⁦@Outkick⁩ pic.twitter.com/WJDxrotUBD — Josh Hawley (@HawleyMO) July 10, 2020 In recent days, Hawley has criticised the NBA for putting out a preapproved list of social-justice-themed messages that players can wear on their jerseys, a list that does not include any messages that are critical of the Chinese Communist Party or supportive of law enforcement. The press release from his office announced that he had written a letter to NBA Commissioner Adam Silver “blasting” the decision and calling for the NBA to “stand up for American values and make clear where they stand on China’s human rights abuses.” Last year, the NBA was engulfed in a major controversy over its substantial business interests in China when Daryl Morey, the general manager of the Houston Rockets, tweeted in support of the pro-freedom protesters and activists in Hong Kong fighting against a law that would allow criminal suspects to be more easily extradited to mainland China. The tweet set off a firestorm that resulted in the NBA’s Chinese partners cutting ties with the league and the NBA distancing itself from Morey’s comments, a move many commentators criticised at the time. After Hawley’s tweet, both Wojnarowski and ESPN’s public-relations department issued apology statements for Wojnarowski’s email. “I was disrespectful and made a regrettable mistake,” Wojnarowski wrote. “I’m sorry for the way I handled myself and am reaching out to Senator Hawley to apologise directly. I also need to apologise to my ESPN colleagues because I know my actions were unacceptable and should not reflect on any of them.” ESPN further called Wojnarowski cursing in response to Hawley’s press release “completely unacceptable behaviour” and said it was “addressing it directly with Adrian and specifics of those conversations will remain internal.” Hawley, however, told a Fox Sports program that he didn’t want a personal apology from Wojnarowski. “I want ESPN to ask the NBA why they won’t let players stand up for America and be able to criticise China’s actions,” he said, adding, “Until ESPN speaks out, all they are really doing is enabling the Chinese Communist Party to stifle free speech in America.” china espn josh hawley politics-us	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1521
__label__wiki	0.806952	0.806952	Leaked documents reveal new details on Exxon's job cuts Benji Jones ReutersAn aeroplane comes in for a landing above an Exxon sign at a gas station in the Chicago suburb of Norridge Welcome to Insider Energy, a weekly energy newsletter brought to you by Business Insider. Want to get Insider Energy in your inbox every Friday?Sign up here. Do you have feedback or story tips? Reach out to me at [email protected]. Remnants of Hurricane Zeta have been pelting New York with rain, which, you know, is great when it’s your first week with a puppy who needs to go out every 45 minutes. (Did I mention there’s also a cold front?) Zeta is the 27th named storm this year, and one of the several hurricanes that disrupted offshore oil production and refining. Oddly, storms like these â€” made worse by burning fossil fuels â€” typically give oil prices a boost because they temporarily disrupt supply. But the pandemic has proven to be a much more formidable force against the oil industry. On Thursday, crude prices fell to their lowest level since early June, as fears of a second wave cemented, so it’s no surprise that companies continue to reduce spending. Exxon is cutting 15% of its global workforce including up to 1,900 US workers On Thursday we were the first to report that Exxon Mobil is making major cuts to its global workforce, which stood at more than 88,000 last year. The company expects to cut 15% of its workers through 2022, including both employees and contractors. Up to 1,900 workers in the US will lose their jobs as part of those cuts. Most of the impacted roles are in the Houston area. Exxon already announced layoffs in Europe and a voluntary redundancy program in Australia. The company has also been shrinking its headcount through an annual performance review process. Read more: We got our hands on internal documents that detail a timeline for the layoff and how the company will determine who it affects. You can find that here. In other news: Exxon announced earnings on Friday morning, reporting a loss of $US680 million. It’s the company’s third-straight quarter of losses. US rival Chevron also reported a loss in the third quarter, of about $US200 million, while European majors Shell and BP posted profits this week. ConocoPhillipsA ConocoPhillips facility in Alaska What big oil companies are saying about the election Not much! They love to talk about not wanting to talk about politics. But it’s clear that the results of the election will have huge implications for their industry. Here’s what they said on earnings calls this week: BP: “We’re not politicians,” Bernard Looney, the company’s CEO, said. “We work with whatever government is in power.” The London firm has a large operation in the US, though it doesn’t expect fracking restrictions â€” which could accompany a Biden presidency â€” to impact BP. ConocoPhillips: “Elections have consequences,” Matt Fox, the company’s COO, said. ConocoPhillips has a large operation in Alaska, a centre point in the political battle between environmentalists and oil companies. Fox told investors the company has projects on federal land in Alaska, but he doesn’t think a restriction on fracking there will have a big impact on the company’s production. Chevron: The company’s CFO told investors Friday that about 10% of its acreage in the Permian basin (including Noble Energy, which it recently acquired) is on federal lands. The bottom line: A ban on new drilling leases on federal lands, as Biden has proposed, is unlikely to have a major impact on the US oil industry, Artem Abramov, an analyst at Rystad Energy, said in a webinar this week. “If fracking is banned on federal land, we’ll see gradual activity migration towards private and state-owned assets,” he said. Companies are also frontloading leases on federal land ahead of the election, he said. 4 stories that caught our attention this week I loved this New York Times visual feature about how each state makes electricity. Chevron is laying off about a quarter of Noble Energy employees, after the US oil giant bought Noble earlier this year, the Houston Chronicle reported. Check out Axios’ interview with Lynn Jurich, Sunrun’s CEO. She explains how the pandemic has changed consumers’ relationships with their homes and the implications of the election. Japan and South Korea are the latest countries to announce pledges to become carbon-neutral by 2050, multiple outlets reported. That’s it for this week! Have a great weekend. – Benji Ps. Here’s another pic of my pup, Jumanji, taken just minutes ago. He has captured my heart and destroyed many things. chevron clean energy clusterstock energy-us exxon oil & gas power line	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1522
__label__wiki	0.588579	0.588579	Giving thought The future of doing good How will COVID-19 shape our society? CAF Policy Team A champion for charities @caf CAF submits evidence to the Lord’s COVID-19 Committee on views on life beyond COVID-19 The COVID-19 Committee, appointed in June 2020, has conducted an inquiry into the long-term impact of the pandemic on the economic and societal wellbeing of the UK and what it means for how we will continue to function as a society – looking at the years ahead and also exploring the systemic inequalities in society that the pandemic has highlighted. From our position in the sector we see how philanthropy and charitable giving can play a crucial role in supporting civil society through the current crisis, and in helping it to recover and rebuild over the longer term. However, to mobilise generosity on the scale necessary will require additional Government support and stimulus. It is from this perspective that we submitted evidence on the long term implications of COVID-19, both in terms of the immediate pressure we are seeing on charities and the wider societal shifts and emerging social issues with which the sector is intrinsically interwoven. In our submission we touched upon fives issues: 1. The shape of the charity sector going forward In this time of unprecedented uncertainty and instability, civil society continues to do vital work across society. It is at the heart of community responses to the crisis, helping the most vulnerable to withstand the impacts of the pandemic, releasing pressure on our national services, continuing to provide vital services and bringing communities together. But the pandemic has impacted charity income, forced changes in operations and resulted in increased costs. CAF’s charity polling 3 months into lockdown found that demand for charity services was still increasing, and that still half surveyed were reporting that they would not survive more than a year without further support. The shape of the charity sector going forward will be defined both by CSOS’ ability to continue supporting communities affected by coronavirus now and in the immediate future, and the extent to which government and funders pitch in with a longer term perspective to ensure that there is a strong charity sector able to rspond to national needs once the peak of the pandemic has passed. 2. Can we build on the outpouring of mutual and volunteering? The initial response to the pandemic saw a surge of mutual aid networks springing up across local areas. In the UK voluntary sector, there is a distinction to be made between two clear (if overlapping) traditions: a charitable/philanthropic one and a mutualism/self-help one. The former involves notions of altruism and seeking to address problems one is not oneself affected by, while the latter refers more to people of a similar socio-economic status or within a given community of identity collectively supporting one another. The pandemic is unlike almost any crisis in living memory in that it affects all of us (even if not equally), thus placing more emphasis on the idea of mutual aid and complicating our traditional understandings of fundraising and charitable giving. Beyond COVID-19, the interesting question is whether this will herald a wider shift towards notions of mutualism, cooperation and collectivism. 3. Will enforced digitisation stick? As result of travel restrictions and social distancing measures, a vast number of CSOs have had to pivot towards using digital tools to enable remote working, communication and new ways to deliver services. The question is how much of this enforced digital transformation will stick in the longer term. Will remote working become much more common and result in a more geographically-distributed charity sector workforce? Will some services that were thought to be possible only in person but are now being provided virtually remain so? We know from our own research that many CSOs struggle with making full use of even existing digital solutions: a CAF survey among almost 400 UK-based charities showed that roughly a quarter of charities (23%) cannot take any kind of digital donations, which will make it harder for them to adapt to the more cash-free environment post-pandemic. From another perspective, the lack of digital access and skills across different geographical areas and different communities raises the concern that CSOs turning digital may only exacerbate exclusion and inequality in some cases. As more parts of society digitise, charities will have to be increasingly on hand to address newer social problems arising from a growing ‘digital divide’. 4. Emerging social issues relevant to the charity sector In addition to changing perceptions of civil society and opening up opportunities to do things differently, the Covid-19 crisis is likely to create new problems that civil society organisations will be called upon to address in future – from mental health impacts of the pandemic, to the effects of disrupted schooling on children’s development and life chances, or the longer term issues of the short term use of surveillance and data collection etc. Many CSOs are already under significant pressure simply to maintain or rebuild their core operations in the face of the financial difficulties, so they will need extra support from Government if they are to fulfil their vital role in supporting people and communities facing changing needs in the years to come. 5. How further giving in the UK can be unlocked to help civil society both respond to the crisis and rebuild effectively Despite the Government’s package for charities – which was welcomed, the sheer scale of the funding crisis facing charities and the emerging social issues which will fall at their feet down the line means that more support will be needed in both the short and long term. The Government can consider also targeted policies to support and nurture peoples’ ability to give and unlock philanthropic resources towards the sector, as outlined in our Philanthropy Stimulus Package. Civil society and philanthropy have played a vital role throughout the crisis, in future should be leveraged as strategic elements and partners in response to crises. Beyond just getting enough funding out to support charities, Government must also work to ensure the equitable and effective distribution of funds. Lastly, the case for long-term vision and preparedness, mechanisms for collaboration, foresight and resilience (on the side of the state, funders and CSOs) must be made now, as the cost of delaying ends up borne by the most vulnerable in society. European policy responses to COVID-19 How are governments reacting in the light of the COVID-19 crisis? Read our briefing A Covid-19 philanthropy stimulus package Unlocking further giving in the UK to support civil society at a time of crisis. Read our briefing paper Gift Aid Emergency Relief We are campaigning to help charity supporters give more, and to better support our amazing charities meet the challenges of the COVID-19 crisis.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1528
__label__wiki	0.642028	0.642028	New Brunswick judge to rule on bid to stop forestry strategy Aboriginal leaders in province have requested injunction to stop PC government's 10-year forestry plan August 19, 2014 by The Canadian Press FREDERICTON—A New Brunswick judge will rule this week on a bid by aboriginal leaders to block an increase in the amount of softwood lumber that can be harvested from Crown lands. The provincial government’s 10-year forestry plan allows companies to cut 660,000 more cubic metres of softwood annually, an increase of about 20 per cent. Michael Girard, a spokesperson for the Assembly of First Nations’ Chiefs of New Brunswick, says Judge Judy Clendening of the Court of Queen’s Bench will deliver a decision Aug. 22 on the group’s request for an injunction. Clendening has been asked to issue an injunction that would prevent the provincial government from signing final agreements with companies. The chiefs argue that the province failed to adequately consult First Nations communities about the plan. The group also says the increase would cause irreversible harm to the environment and plant and animal species that the First Nations rely on. The forestry plan is a major part of the bid by the Progressive Conservatives to be re-elected in the Sept. 22 election. The party says the strategy will create jobs and rejuvenate the forestry sector. First Nations aim to block New Brunswick’s new forestry strategy Judge to rule on injunction to stop N.B. shale testing Judge rejects request for injunction to stop N.B. shale gas testing Environmental concerns persist over New Brunswick forestry plan Georgetown, Ont. radar tech firm gets federal funding All B.C. mines ordered to conduct safety inspections by December Ontario to administer first COVID-19 vaccines today	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1533
__label__wiki	0.855161	0.855161	Gregory J. Cannata Alison Cannata Hendele Jennifer Mathew Madeline Muniz Robert Cannata Robert A. Grochow Construction Related Respiratory Injuries Infectious Disease Exposure Lead Poisoning Exposure Municipal Liability NYCTA, MTA and Commuter Railroad Vaping Illnesses and Injuries Boy Scouts Sexual Abuse World Trade Center Related Injuries Gregory J. Cannata & Associates, LLP Ensuring quality services, hard work and compassion for individuals and families with personal injury matters. Home › Attorneys › Robert A. Grochow During his more than thirty years as a personal injury lawyer, New York WTC Victim Attorney Robert Grochow has served as co-counsel in over a thousand cases, many resulting in New York's largest settlements and verdicts. His depth of knowledge is reflected as a former Managing Editor of the New York State Trial Lawyers Quarterly and as co-author of the first edition of the New York No-Fault Handbook, still the leading text on automobile No-Fault Laws in New York. Mr. Grochow has represented victims of mass disasters including the unfortunate tragedy of airplane crashes and the World Trade Center attack. He proudly serves at the forefront of the September 11 litigation, as Counsel, Plaintiffs Liaison, leading the fight for the interests of the first responders and laborers who sustained serious injuries as a result of working at or near the site of the World Trade Center. Mr. Grochow will assume an active role in representing seriously injured individuals from the thousands of people who may now be able to participate in the September 11 Victim Compensation Fund. Mr. Grochow attended the University of Tennessee Law School and was admitted to practice in the State and Federal Courts in New York in 1975. He started his career and spent many years in association with Schneider, Kleinick & Weitz, long considered the preeminent personal injury firm in New York. After serving as the firm’s Managing Attorney, and then Counsel, he created Robert A. Grochow, PC, where he became senior partner. Mr. Grochow prides himself in the personal attention he gives to each case and client. He gives back to other lawyers as well, lecturing on the finer points of practicing law. Date of Accident or Injury: Brief Explanation of Accident:* Your Injuries: Fall down an unguarded elevator shaft during construction resulting in severe leg fractures - $5,250,000 Settlement High-pressured water blaster caused severe arm injury - $3,900,000 Verdict, reduced by the Court following a post-trial motion to$2,900,000, settled for $2,400,000 Passenger injured in a transportation accident - $15,800,000 Settlement Read More Representative Cases 60 East 42nd Street, Suite 932 Polski \| Español © 2021 Gregory J. Cannata & Associates, LLP Copyright © 2021 Gregory J. Cannata & Associates, LLP	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1536
__label__wiki	0.797483	0.797483	You are here: HomenextPlacesnextIconic BuildingsnextBeach HousenextSydney Thomas Humberstone Sydney Thomas Humberstone WWI Soldier Sydney Thomas Humberstone was born in 1888 second son of Henry Humberstone who lived at Beach House, Canvey. Sydney emigrated to Canada on the “SS Parisian” in 1906 returning to England in 1915 where he lived on Canvey until he signed up in 1916 to the 13th Queens Lab. Battalion, transferring to the RE, Dock Troops in 1916. He spent most of the war in France with the Royal Engineers being demobbed in 1919. During that time he married May Bennett and their daughter Peggy Mary was born in 1918 and christened in St Katherine’s Church. On his army documents two addresses are listed for his wife, one is Roserna, Wintergardens, Canvey and the other 50 Weltze Road, Hammersmith. So she must have travelled between the two. One of the letters written by Sydney After his demob he was back on Canvey and with his family lived at the Beach House and it is from here that he wrote several letters about repatriation and assisted passage back to Canada for himself and his wife and child. On one of the forms he had to fill out for this he used the names Mr Cox of the PO, Canvey and Mr Smith of Brooklyn, Canvey as referees. The family eventually arrived in Halifax, Nova Scotia late in 1919 and can be found in Mackenzie, Saskatchewan in 1923. His brother George was also in action in WWI but there are no records available. Click on Henry’s name near top of page to read the Humberstone family story. By Janet Penn Sydney and May(Bennett) Humberstone had 3 children, Peggy born 1918 and married Stan Raaflaub in Boyle, Alberta .Canada. Violet and Daisy were born in 1920. Daisy died in 5 months. Violet married William Deer in 1943 in Edmonton, Alberta.Sydney passed away on November 22,1950. May passed away on Aug.15,1960,Peggy passed away on March 14,1991 all are buried in the Boyle Cemetary. Violet passed away in 2002 ,her ashes are also at the Boyle cemetary By Arthur Raaflaub (29/01/2014) Beach House and Seawall Beach House but who and when George Brown's parents and sister New rare 1953 flood pictures The Humberstone Family Two photos of the Beach House	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1538
__label__wiki	0.910763	0.910763	Copyright Â© 2019 Channels Incorporated Limited. All rights reserved.View Non-AMP Version Sheff Utd Cruise Past Chelsea, Liverpool’s Record Bid Hit By Burnley Sheffield United's English-born Irish striker David McGoldrick (R) scores his second goal during the English Premier League football match between Sheffield United and Chelsea at Bramall Lane in Sheffield, northern England on July 11, 2020. (Photo by Shaun Botterill / POOL / AFP) Sheffield United’s English-born Irish striker David McGoldrick (R) scores his second goal during the English Premier League football match between Sheffield United and Chelsea at Bramall Lane in Sheffield, northern England on July 11, 2020. (Photo by Shaun Botterill / POOL / AFP) Sheffield United dealt a major blow to Chelsea’s chances of a Premier League top-four finish by thrashing the Blues 3-0 at Bramall Lane, while Liverpool’s long winning run at Anfield came to an end in a 1-1 draw with Burnley on Saturday. Manchester City did guarantee their presence in the top four for a 10th successive season with Raheem Sterling scoring a hat-trick in a 5-0 win at Brighton. However, they will have to wait for the outcome on Monday of their appeal against a two-season ban from European competitions to see if they will play Champions League football. Norwich will be playing in the Championship after Michail Antonio’s four-goal blitz confirmed the Canaries’ relegation in a thumping 4-0 win for West Ham that should seal the Hammers’ top-flight status for another season. Sheffield United have long since achieved that feat in their first season in the Premier League for 13 years and the Blades are still eying the top four themselves as they moved within five points of fourth-placed Leicester. Chelsea remain in third, but could end the weekend down in fifth if Leicester and Manchester United beat Bournemouth and Southampton respectively. The Blues have already reinforced their attack for next season with the signings of Timo Werner and Hakim Ziyech, but Frank Lampard was again shown it is at the other end his side desperately need to improve. David McGoldrick’s long wait for a first Premier League goal came to an end when he was quickest to react after Kepa Arrizabalaga saved Oli McBurnie’s deflected shot. More slack defending from the visitors then allowed McBurnie a free header to double the hosts’ lead. Lampard sent on Antonio Rudiger at the start of the second-half, but the German international did little to improve Chelsea’s defending as his attempted clearance from Lys Mousset’s cross only teed up McGoldrick to score his second 13 minutes from time. “They were better than us, physically, in the mind and with the ball. So you lose the game,” said Lampard. – Liverpool held -For the first time since January 2018, Liverpool failed to win a Premier League game at Anfield as an inspired performance by Nick Pope in the Burnley goal and Jay Rodriguez’s equaliser to cancel out Andy Robertson’s first half header gave Burnley a share of the spoils. Jurgen Klopp’s men now need to win their remaining three games to be surpass the record total of 100 points in a Premier League season set by City two years ago. “We left the door open, we didn’t close it. We should have scored two, three, four goals at least,” said Klopp. City scored four or more goals for the fourth time in six league games at Brighton. Sterling’s treble took his best ever season’s tally to 27, while Gabriel Jesus and Bernardo Silva also netted in another rout for a pleased Pep Guardiola. – Norwich relegated – At Carrow Road, a seventh successive league defeat condemned Norwich to relegation as Antonio’s ruthless display boosted West Ham’s own survival bid. “We wanted to beat the odds again but when the dust settles the outcome is more or less what was expected. It doesn’t take anything away from the fact that we are disappointed,” manager Daniel Farke said. West Ham’s second win in four games opens up a six-point cushion over the bottom three. The early signs were ominous for Norwich as West Ham took the lead in the 11th minute through Antonio’s close-range volley. Antonio struck again in first-half stoppage-time, glancing his header into the far corner from Mark Noble’s free-kick. He completed his hat-trick in the 54th minute with a looping header and his fourth came in the 74th minute from Ryan Fredericks’ cross. Watford also moved to the brink of survival as two Troy Deeney penalties beat Newcastle 2-1 to move level with West Ham on 34 points. Nebianet Usaini NextTrump Seen Wearing Facemask In Public For First Time » Previous « Sterling Hat-Trick As Man City Secure Top Four Ahead Of Champions League Verdict Tags: Burnley Chelsea Liverpool Manchester City Sheffield United Dismal Chelsea Humbled In Blades Battering Man City ‘Deserve’ Champions League Return, Says Guardiola Burnley End Liverpool’s Perfect Run At Anfield Manchester City To Learn UEFA Appeal Fate On Monday UCL: Chelsea/Bayern To Face Napoli/Barcelona In Quarter-Final Liverpool’s Henderson To Lift Premier League Trophy Despite Season-Ending Injury COVID-19: Florida Reports 15,000 Cases In A day, A US Record Florida has registered more than 15,000 new cases of coronavirus in a day, easily breaking a record for… COVID-19: Hungary Bans Travel From Africa, Most Of Asia Hungary's government said Sunday it was barring travel from Africa, most of Asia apart from China and Japan, and… ‘You Reminded The World That Good Things Still Come From Nigeria,’ Buhari Hails Usman President Muhammadu has described Kamaru Usman's Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) successful welterweight title defense as a sign that good… Africa Anti-Corruption Day: Buhari Calls For Common Position On Asset Recovery President Muhammadu Buhari has urged African leaders to ensure the immediate actualization of the Common African Position on Assets… FG Hands Over National Arts Theatre To CBN For Rehabilitation The Federal Government has officially handed over the National Arts Theatre to the Central Bank of Nigeria's Bankers' Committee,… Pep Guardiola believes Manchester City deserve their place in the Champions League next season as the club wait to…	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1542
__label__wiki	0.852225	0.852225	The Garden Bar Cheltenham Town Hall Pittville Pump Room Cheltenham Town Hall Past & Present Pittville Pump Room Past & Present Cheltenham Town Hall on Facebook Cheltenham Town Hall on Twitter Cheltenham Town Hall on Pinterest Home What's On Comedy Daniel Sloss: HUBRIS 2 Daniel Sloss: HUBRIS 2 Please note this event has been re-scheduled to 8.30pm Sunday 30 May 2021. Customers are able to keep their original tickets and attend the new date. Our customer contact team will be in touch with customers as soon as they are able to do so. Please note that this is a socially distanced performance, therefore we ask that you wear a face covering for the duration of the event. Please remember that you should not attend if: • You believe you may be infected with Covid-19 • Have experienced symptoms in the last 14 days, or been in close proximity to someone who has experienced symptoms • Have arrived in the UK in the last 14 days from a country where UK quarantine restrictions apply • Have been instructed to self-isolate Live Nation & MZA present: DANIEL SLOSS: HUBRIS The all-new, 11th solo show by Scotland’s international comedy star, hot on the heels of his ground-breaking, global smash-hit ‘Daniel Sloss: X’, comes to Cheltenham Town Hall. The incredible ‘X’ tour sold out across 40 countries, with 300 shows including over 30 European countries, UK, U.S., Canada, Australia, Hong Kong, Japan and even packing a Moscow arena (becoming Russia’s biggest-ever English language comedy show). The film of ‘X’ is showing on HBO in U.S. and Canada and became the first UK comedy special to make its UK premiere in cinemas, with its nationwide release at Vue. Daniel’s previous two Netflix specials ‘DARK’ & ‘Jigsaw’ are streaming in 190 countries, 26 languages with the infamous ‘Jigsaw’ now credited with breaking up over 75,000 couples and cited in over 130 divorces world-wide (with fans even bringing their divorce papers for him to autograph at shows). He has sold out six New York solo off-Broadway seasons, appeared on U.S TV’s ‘Conan’ ten times, broken box office records in Edinburgh and toured in over 50 countries – this is his new show and it’s a strictly limited tour – BOOK EARLY! With special guest KAI HUMPHRIES ‘Dirty, sweet and clever’ (New York Times) ‘Smouldering… deliciously dark stand-up. Brilliant!’ ★★★★★ (Mail On Sunday) ‘Dazzling wit… Unstoppable’ (Daily Telegraph) ‘Simply world class… hilarious’ ★★★★ (Herald Sun) ‘Sloss is at the top of his game… exciting and powerful… Challenging and controversial… a master craftsman and a truly edgy stand-up star with his finger very much on the pulse… Brilliant!’ (Time Out) Warning: contains adult themes and strong language. Strictly age 16 and over This event is in the main hall with distanced seating Late admittance is not guaranteed. Please note, there are strictly no photos, filming or streaming permitted. Also note that official filming/photography may take place at this event, which may be used for rehearsal, promotional and archival purposes. Guest may be subject to change Please note there is a £2.00 commission included in the ticket price. Sunday 30th May 2021 - 8:30pm Please select a date to book. Venue: Cheltenham Town Hall Prices: £25.50 All Online Bookings are subject to a one-off transaction fee of £1.50 Tweet this event Rich in heritage and opulence, this Grade II listed jewel in the heart of cosmopolitan Cheltenham sets a dramatic, inspiring backdrop for any event. Imagine the dances and music of years gone by, while enjoying popular live music, comedy, festivals and exhibitions. Visit us to dine or drink in our Regency Café or Imperial Garden Bar too. Find out more and view the location map The Cheltenham Town Hall is currently closed. About Concert Series Concert Series Ticket Savings Support The Concert Series Rich in heritage, opulence and vibrancy, our much-loved jewel of Cheltenham sets a stunning backdrop for an impressive year round events programme, as well as private functions and corporate hospitality. Imperial Square, Cheltenham, GL50 1QA Breathtaking, unique and radiating regency refinement, Pittville Pump Room is Cheltenham’s most spectacular private hire venue. When not in use, come and sample the fountain’s historically medicinal Spa Waters. East Approach Drive, Cheltenham, GL52 3JE Email: boxoffice@cheltenhamtrust.org.uk Tel: 0844 576 2210* *Charges to 0844 numbers cost 7p per minute, plus your telephone company’s access charge and mobile providers may vary. © 2021 The Cheltenham Trust is a charity registered in England and Wales (No 1158606) and a company limited by guarantee (No 09021431). Registered address: Cheltenham Town Hall, Imperial Square, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, GL50 1QA.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1545
__label__wiki	0.969508	0.969508	More details: Premier announces new hospital site in Bundy Rebels’ member Mick Kosenko Mum's tree fall horror at local park Premier announces hospital site Geordi Offord 29th Jul 2020 2:15 PM BUNDABERG'S new hospital is one step closer with Premier Annastacia Palaszczuk announcing the preferred site for the facility. The 60ha block is located on the Bundaberg Ring Rd near Kay McDuff Drive. It is also within 5km of the Bundaberg CBD and is close to the airport. Where should the new hospital go? This poll ended on 01 August 2020. Bundaberg Ring Rd near Kay McDuff Drive Somewhere else (leave a comment if you wish) The announcement comes just over 12 months since the premier announced a commitment to a detailed business case for the new hospital. The premier said the project would bring many jobs and a fresh start to Bundaberg. "The last time I was here, we talked about doing an investigation into a site for a brand new Bundaberg Hospital," she said. "The business case which will come to government in 2021 will determine the exact size and shape the hospital will take." Queensland Premier Annastacia Palaszczuk visited Bundaberg to announce the preferred site for the new Bundaberg Hospital. The premier said more than 40 sites were canvased in the lead up to the announcement. "This is the best site, it is a huge piece of land, it is flood proof and it'll serve the growing community of Bundaberg and Wide Bay for many years to come," she said. Wide Bay Hospital and Health Service Board Chair Peta Jamieson said they were thrilled with the commitment. "Two years ago the government made the commitment for the preliminary business case, 12 months ago they came and made the commitment for the detailed business case and here we are today having this announcement for the preferred site," she said. Wide Bay Hospital and Health Service Board Chair Peta Jamieson. "We know the Bundaberg Hospital had reached its stage of needing to be looked at, we were of course impacted by the flood, it's a small parcel of land so allows no room for development and at the end of the day we need to make sure we are catering for the future growth of our population. "By 2032 we'll have 50 per cent of our population that's over the age of 65, so that cohort of our population is so crucial we need to make sure we're providing the care close to home." Ms Jamieson said the business case was now in the process of moving into the design phase. "It must meet those contemporary standards with the key stakeholders alongside such as the council who will now look at things like road access, other infrastructure issues and cultural heritage." The preferred site for the new Bundaberg Hospital. Bundaberg's labor candidate Tom Smith said the announcement was great news for the community. "This investment shows the Palaszczuk Labor Government's commitment to building new hospitals, especially in the regions, and investing in more jobs for our locals to keep Queenslanders working as we recover from the impacts of COVID-19," he said. "And this hospital is a fresh new start for our community; it will service the growing population of Bundy for many years to come" Member for Bundaberg David Batt said while he welcomed the announcement and was glad to see the hospital progressing, he was concerned about the site chosen. "The Premier said this site off Kay McDuff Drive is the 'best' site out of more than 40 that were put forward, but I cannot agree," he said. "This site is in an industrial precinct heavily frequented by B-double trucks, right on the edge of town with the airport on one side and a gun club and bus depot on the other. "This site may be the 'best' state government owned option, but it's certainly not the best location in Bundaberg. "Our current hospital has served our region for more than 100 years and the new hospital will do the same, so we need to get its location right from the beginning. "I will be reaching out to our community to seek their views on this hospital site and will be very interested to hear everyone's thoughts." LOCATION, LOCATION: Minister visits, discusses new hospital EXCLUSIVE: Premier gives new Bundy Hospital the green light Labor promises funding for new Bundaberg Hospital Confronting BLM question stuns Project hosts Premium Content Dalby dad kicks female cop with his children in the next... Crime A “drug affected” father savagely kicked a female officer in the stomach after he was tasered, during a bizarre arrest in his home. Premium Content Data reveals how many crimes committed in southwest Qld News A Queensland Police heat map reveals how many offences were committed in a six-month period across several southwest towns. Premium Content CRIME WRAP: Fuel, plates stolen during brazen theft Crime Car related crimes continue to rise following a spate of senseless break ins and thefts during the Christmas and New Years period in 2020. Premium Content Prime Minister ScoMo touches down in southwest Queensland News Drought recovery is the focus for Prime Minister Scott Morrison who landed in... Premium Content Roma-based LifeFlight attended over 60 critical missions News Latest statistics reveal LifeFlight’s Toowoomba and Roma-based Surat Gas...	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1547
__label__wiki	0.511539	0.511539	Re: Age test... Private Dobbs30-Oct-19 23:13 Private Dobbs 30-Oct-19 23:13 1954 was a good year Late for Dinner31-Oct-19 5:21 Late for Dinner 31-Oct-19 5:21 Agreed. March of. kholsinger31-Oct-19 5:52 kholsinger 31-Oct-19 5:52 Griff has me beat by a bit over a year. willichan31-Oct-19 8:32 willichan 31-Oct-19 8:32 I feel so young. March 1968. Money makes the world go round ... but documentation moves the money. Ed Thompson 21031-Oct-19 10:08 Ed Thompson 210 31-Oct-19 10:08 Looking at all of the replies, I wonder what happened during May-August 1958 to cause so many February to May 1959 births of people who turned out to be programmers.... March 4 1959 here. darktrick5441-Nov-19 8:44 darktrick544 1-Nov-19 8:44 I'm close - this=OG+1; Now if I could just remember if i put Himem.sys before the token ring drivers or after... modified 1-Nov-19 13:50pm. OriginalGriff1-Nov-19 8:55 OriginalGriff 1-Nov-19 8:55 Only if you have enough space for the mouse driver and the sound card - otherwise it's "Hello Emm386"! CPallini29-Oct-19 23:33 CPallini 29-Oct-19 23:33 Younger than the Griff I am. Not the youngest, though. Daniel Pfeffer29-Oct-19 23:50 Daniel Pfeffer 29-Oct-19 23:50 Younger than the Griff, older than Sander. Is there a category of "closest to the median age?" Kornfeld Eliyahu Peter29-Oct-19 23:56 Kornfeld Eliyahu Peter 29-Oct-19 23:56 For that we will need exact ages! RickZeeland30-Oct-19 0:05 RickZeeland 30-Oct-19 0:05 Same year as the Griff, such a bad year, bbbbad, bbbbad to the bone Forogar 31-Oct-19 4:43 1959 was a really good year. Nelek30-Oct-19 0:08 Nelek 30-Oct-19 0:08 20 years younger than OG Richard MacCutchan30-Oct-19 0:15 Richard MacCutchan 30-Oct-19 0:15 Born a couple of months before VJ day. Without wishing to offend any of our eastern friends, my dad was still fighting their fathers or grandfathers when I was born. Chris C-B30-Oct-19 3:45 Chris C-B 30-Oct-19 3:45 You take the prize so far - by about seven months, which actually looks like a whole year in this case. I have no idea what my father did the in war except: 1. He finished at Oxford and quickly got commissioned into the Royal Corps of Signals. 2. Rapidly promoted to middle ranks. 3. Never left the UK for the whole of the war. 4. Lived and worked in a bunker in London that was so far underground he never had to worry about bombs. I know more about my grandfather in the first war, who was a gunnery officer onboard HMS Dreadnought. Well I guess we are of a similar generation, whatever that means to other people. - My father was a Master Carpenter and Master Fitter (Engineer) - he designed and built a machine that helped build machines that made parts for Spitfires (and other aircraft) so he was in a "reserved occupation" and was not allowed to join up. He ran away and tried to anyway, three times. The third time he managed to get through two weeks of basic before they tracked him down and sent him back. Later, he was blown across a road into a wall during the blitz on Coventry and this affected his eyesight for the rest of his life - and finally stopped him trying to join up again. - My grandfather started WWII as a Colonel and then became a Brigadier General by the end. He was in logistics moving materials around the country on the railway so never left England during the fighting. He also assisted the Germans to rebuild their railway systems after the war. He got to be this rank during WWI where he started out as a second lieutenant in the Royal Artillery being promoted to lieutenant after only two weeks because all the other lieutenants were dead. A couple of months later he was promoted to acting captain because all the other captains were dead. He was then confirmed as a full captain a couple of weeks later because no replacement captains were available. After three months he became an acting major, then a full major for similar reasons. His unit was cut off and surrounded by a German pincer advance and he was under standing orders to kill all the horses, spike the guns and surrender if this happened. Instead he had them limber up and charge forward, unexpectedly jumping over the German trenches and wheeling to the south for a mile or two, then jumping back over the lines to the British side beyond the encircling German pincer movement. He only had one horse and two men injured and brought back all his guns and equipment. He was recommended for a medal but it was turned down as he had "disobeyed orders"! However, he was promoted again to Lieutenant Colonel and given command of four units back in the place he had escaped from after the Germans had been driven back again. He became a reservist at the end of the war, being promoted to Colonel at that time. Neither he nor my father talked about their wartime experiences, I found out all this from some of their friends over the course of several years. BillWoodruff5-Nov-19 22:58 BillWoodruff 5-Nov-19 22:58 Wonderful stories, Forogar; thanks for sharing ! Leo5631-Oct-19 4:22 Leo56 31-Oct-19 4:22 Born 1956 so just a young 'un. Father too young to fight in the war but an uncle spent some time in North Africa where he was captured, met Rommel (" a REAL gentleman, not like that bugger Montgomery.."), escaped (sort of - an allied armoured column drove in and the Africa Corp left in such a hurry they neglected to take their prisoners..). The definition of a gentleman is one who tries to make all those around him feel comfortable in their presence. So, from what I have heard of both men, he was correct, Rommel was a gentleman and, unfortunately, Montgomery wasn't. Monty was a brilliant general, but had no real social graces. He was also a vegetarian so this will explain why he had a short temper. In addition to being a brilliant strategist, and unlike Patton, he actually cared enough about his men to try and keep casualties as low as possible. Same as Rommell. Slow Eddie31-Oct-19 6:06 Slow Eddie 31-Oct-19 6:06 And here I thought I was the oldest, being born in July 1949... My Dad was a radioman in the Navy attached to the Marines in the South Pacific. He'd go on shore with the marines and radio back to the battle ships telling them where to aim the big guns. War is stupid and a tragic waste of lives and resources -Ed Aymami Sr. and Ed Aymami Jr. (Viet Nam). Now hear this: "not there you fools!". LOL. I suspect my dad had one or more incidents exactly like that!	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1553
__label__wiki	0.515697	0.515697	AndroidGeneral The growing demand for Google’s Flutter Steps for creating a Calculator App Google is a massive internal user of Flutter as its widgets are customisable and can be updated by anyone to create user interfaces that interact smoothly in the app. Flutter is an open-source Software Development Kit (SDK) designed by Google to build mobile applications for Android, iOS, and Google Fuchsia. The Flutter SDK makes it easy for developers to create user interfaces that interact smoothly in the app while reducing the amount of code required to synchronise and update the application’s view. Features of Flutter Time and Cost-Efficient: Being a cross-platform development tool, software developers use the same code base for building iOS and Android applications. Besides, cross-platform development is the best method for saving time and resources throughout the development process. Performance: Flutter has a superior performance because firstly, is uses Dart, which compiles into native code. Secondly, it has its widgets. Therefore, the developer can opt-out the OEM access, resulting in less communication between the application and the platform. Development: This SDK has gained quite a momentum among mobile developers because of hot reload which allows to instantly view the changes applied to the code on emulators, simulators and hardware. With this facility, the changed code is reloaded in less than a second and while the app is running the developers don’t need to waste time on restarting it. This procedure helps in building faster UIs, new features and fixing bugs. In case of an app encountering an error, it is feasible to fix it and then continue using the app. Compatibility: Since Flutter comes with its widgets that result in fewer compatibility issues, developers will observe fewer issues on different Operating System (OS) versions and can spend less time on testing the app on older OS versions. Once a new version of Android or iOS comes out, Flutter widgets will have to be updated (since the tool doesn’t use the native platform widgets). Open-Source: Being an open-source technology surrounded by an active community of developers providing support, contribute to the tool’s extensive documentation and develop helpful resources. Both Dart and Flutter are free to use, making it irresistible for the developers. Native Experience: Flutter enables the developers to use their existing code Java, Obj-C and Swift to gain the key to native features which are platform-specific. Two prominent features that are connected with the use of native languages are Camera and Geolocation. They offer you the convenience of working in the native language and it provides access to the native features of both iOS and Android platforms. What are widgets in Flutter? Widgets are high-level objects used to describe any part of an application. It can be but is not limited to UI elements such as buttons; layout (alignment, padding, data (a theme, configurations) and more. Widgets can be everything. In flutter, almost everything you’ll code will be inside a Widget. The main purpose of having a widget in Flutter is to combine different widgets with which the developers can build the entire UI. Each of these widgets defines a structural element (like a button or menu), a stylistic element (a font or colour scheme), a layout aspect (like padding) and many others. Flutter also provides developers with reactive-style views. To avoid performance complexities deriving from using a compiled programming language to serve as the JavaScript bridge, Flutter uses Dart. It compiles Dart ahead of time (AOT) into the native code for multiple platforms. Today, Flutter is the only mobile SDK that offers reactive views without the need for a JavaScript bridge. Because of which many mobile developers have been trying it extensively in their projects. The framework is beyond dual, iOS and Android platform capabilities. The architecture is primarily designed to support both experienced and emerging mobile developers. It has React Native style views architecture that eliminates the bottlenecks of performance. Fast and customisable development with hot reloads milliseconds. It’s layered architecture results in exceptionally fast rendering and expressive along with flexible designs. Expressive and rich widget sets. Flutter is extensively used by these tech bigwigs from across the globe which includes Appinventiv, The NineHertz, Concetto Labs, Brainmobi, Tallium Inc., Bacancy Technology and many more. Learn more about the concepts and up-skill yourself to design best applications with Android Development course at Coding Ninjas. Read more about app development with Kotlin by clicking here. Coding Ninjas May 18, 2020 Previous Article 15 Best Android Developer Interview Questions Next Article 10 Best ReactJS Interview Questions The programming culture in India AndroidReact Why Choose React Native for Mobile App Development? Data StructuresGeneral How to build a career in Software Development? Difference: Procedural & Object-Oriented Programming	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1554
__label__cc	0.610374	0.389626	Report Bitcoin: Our Best Tool for Privacy and Identity on the Internet Peter Van Valkenburgh, Research Director peter@coincenter.org Financial privacy is an umbrella term for both data security and privacy. We can think of security as the ability to hide information from all comers and privacy, following Nissenbaum’s concept of contextual integrity, as the ability to shape how we selectively reveal information and how it is used after revelation. Poor security and poor privacy have costs: identity theft, merchant compliance costs, chilling effects on speech, and cloaking costs from user self-help. Cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, can be used to improve security and grant users more granular control over when and how they choose to identify themselves. We outline these potential benefits and describe how they can be achieved without hamstringing the investigatory powers of law enforcement or the goals of financial regulators. Peter Van Valkenburgh, "Bitcoin: Our Best Tool for Privacy and Identity on the Internet 1.0," March 2015. I. Introduction: Financial Privacy, Data Security, and Contextual Integrity The umbrella term financial privacy can describe two related but distinct sub-topics that should be treated separately. The first is data security and the second is privacy. Data security, in the context of financial privacy, means ensuring that an individual maintains principal authority over the credentials that enable her to engage in financial activities. She may choose to share or store these credentials with her agents so that they can safeguard them or use them on her behalf and in her best interests. She should, however, always maintain the ultimate authority over these credentials and their use. The second topic, privacy, is altogether more complex. It is best described by Helen Nissenbaum’s concept of contextual integrity.1 Contextual integrity refers to the ability of an individual to control what information is released and what information is kept private depending on the context of a given social interaction. Compare, for example, the information we’d want released to our dentist in advance of an appointment with the information we’d want released to our spouse in advance of a night out. These interactions have different contexts: medical and commercial vs. romantic and personal. Therefore, we cannot equate privacy with mere data security. Security simply means withholding some secret. Privacy means controlling to whom and in which situations we choose to reveal those secrets. Without data security we would be unable to have privacy, no secret could be maintained regardless of context; security is necessary yet not sufficient to give us privacy. For that we need more nuanced control of the flow of information, and we need to understand the social context of particular interactions and the related institutions that govern those contexts. To simplify, we can think of security as the ability to hide information from all comers and privacy as the ability to shape how we selectively reveal information and how it is used after revelation. Cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, are technologies that can strengthen both the security and privacy of its users relative to the users of traditional financial tools such as credit cards or bank accounts. Regulation is another tool for strengthening (and in some cases weakening) the security and privacy of individuals. Technology and regulation may work in tandem to create robust data security and privacy or they may work at cross purposes, such as when regulation generates unintended consequences that hamper the development of new privacy- and security-strengthening technologies, or when some other governmental goal, say crime prevention or national security, is privileged over an individual’s privacy or security. This report highlights the costs of poor security and poor privacy, and identifies how cryptocurrencies can strengthen financial data security and privacy as well as why regulations should be tailored to preserve the benefits of the technology. II. Poor Data Security: Identity Theft and Fraud As discussed in the introduction, financial data security is the ability of individuals to maintain principal control over the credentials that enable them to engage in financial activities. The technological breakthroughs of the 20th Century, particularly credit card networks, have eroded security in the name of countervailing virtues: speed, interoperability, universality, and ease-of-use. When security is the goal, by contrast, an ancient technology, cash, is king. A simple way to conceptualize how cash is different than credit is to think push versus pull.2 When a customer hands her grocer cash she is pushing value. When a customer hands her grocer a credit card, even if it feels just about the same, she is, instead, asking the grocer to pull value from her accounts. This pull is the beginning of a complicated, underappreciated payment ballet, comprising many dancers and several acts. The grocer is pulling from a merchant acquirer (e.g. Bank of America Merchant Services), who is pulling from a card network (e.g. Visa), who, in turn, pulls from the card issuer (e.g. Bank of America), whose monthly bills ultimately pull value from the hungry customer in the grocery. Each pull is initiated by sharing the individual’s credentials with the next party in the chain. Each link in that chain will hold and often retain some of the customer’s credential data, inflating the circle of trust and making her security increasingly porous. With cash, security is maintained by possession. Only the individual with possession of the bill has the ability to spend it. With credit, security is maintained by safeguarding the customer’s credential data, which will necessarily pass through the hands of all parties to the pull transaction. Should any of those parties, including the merchant and the merchant’s employees and subcontractors, fail to maintain good cyber-hygiene, the customer could find that her private information now extends to a seedy black market, or even the entire public at large. From a purely technical standpoint, paying with a credit card is the same as handing your online banking password to a chain of four or more strangers, each of whom passes it along to the last link who logs-in to your account and transfers the funds. Security, therefore, demands trust in each of these agents to only pull as much of your balance as you’ve authorized and to keep the credential out of the hands of criminals and others who you’ve not authorized. Recent data breaches at Target,3 Home Depot,4 and JP Morgan5 exemplify the innate vulnerabilities of pull-based payment technology. At Target, consumer credit card credentials were stored on an internal server, but hackers did not initially infiltrate this server. Instead, they targeted a vulnerable server controlled by a heating and cooling company that Target used as a facilities services vendor. By granting some network access to this vendor, Target unknowingly and unintentionally extended the network of trust to which its customers belonged. Once the heating and cooling company was compromised, so was Target and so were all of their customers. With enough new and variable links in a chain, one is likely to be weak enough to unravel the whole. The Target scandal has been costly. Target’s own estimate is $148 million lost from this single breach.6 Across the entire American economy, the losses from similar security breaches are profound. The Bureau of Justice Statistics estimates that identity theft cost Americans over $24.7 billion in 2012.7 That’s $10 billion more in losses than all other property crimes combined.8 Eighty five percent of thefts involved the unauthorized use of existing financial accounts — a direct consequence of poor credential security. That year alone, 7.7 million people experienced the fraudulent use of a credit card and 7.5 million more experienced the fraudulent use of a debit card.9 Some 34.2 million individuals, over 14% of the adult U.S. population, reported having suffered one or more incidents of identity theft in the past.10 Many incidents of fraud are cleared up relatively quickly by canceling the card, issuing a new card, and initiating a chargeback to return lost funds to the consumer. These chargebacks, however, leave merchants without payment for fraudulently purchased goods that have already been shipped and delivered; a careful con-artist will escape the ordeal wealthier and scot-free. For some unlucky customers, identity theft can drag on. Once a consumer’s credentials have fallen into the wrong hands, many fraudulent accounts can be created in her name. The result may be years of ruined credit ratings, financial losses, and—in roughly half of all cases extending beyond six months—severe emotional distress.11 A. Cryptocurrency Provides Improved Payment Security for Consumers A cryptocurrency like Bitcoin provides a consumer the means to reliably and provably pay without the use of intermediaries. Recall that credit card payments necessarily involve sharing the payment credential with at least four other parties: the merchant, the merchant’s card processor (merchant acquirer), the card network (e.g. Visa or Mastercard), and the card issuer (usually the customer’s bank). With a Bitcoin payment, by contrast, none of these parties get access to the credential; the entire transaction can take place without the customer sharing her payment credential with anyone. There is no credential-holding card issuer involved because the funds are controlled by a user’s bitcoin wallet. This wallet is merely a piece of software, like a web browser, that runs on the user’s phone or computer. It enables Bitcoin users to connect to the network and move their funds. Funds are “stored” as credits to one or more pseudonymous addresses on a public ledger, called the block chain, and the credential necessary to move funds out of those addresses, called a private key, is stored on the individual’s smartphone, computer, or even a secret scrap of paper. At no point need a third party be trusted with custody of funds or the credentials necessary to access and spend those funds. There is no credential-holding credit card network because fund transfers, say from a customer’s pseudonymous address to the merchant’s pseudonymous address, are validated by the peer-to-peer Bitcoin network using cryptography. The customer can sign a transaction request with her credential, proving that she has authority to send the funds credited to her addresses, and she can do this without revealing the credential to the network. Think of it like owning a special rubber stamp to sign documents. Anyone can see that a stamp on a document is from you, but they cannot recreate the stamping tool in order to forge documents in your name. This technology is not new or unique to cryptocurrency, digital signatures form the basis of all trusted communication on the Internet. There is no credential-holding merchant acquirer in the Bitcoin ecosystem because merchants can receive bitcoins simply by requesting that transfers be sent to a public address for which they hold the private key. There are companies, like Bitpay, that make it easier for a technologically unsophisticated merchant to accept cryptocurrency as payment.12 These intermediaries, however, unlike merchant acquirers in the credit card space, do not need to take or retain any customer data that could be used by hackers or mischievous employees; they merely help the merchant set up their own Bitcoin addresses and wallets, and/or offer to automatically exchange customer Bitcoin payments into dollars. The cryptocurrency user can, therefore, exercise greater control over her data security than she could with previous payment systems. Cryptocurrency eliminates the risk posed by entrusting intermediaries with sensitive financial information. With cryptocurrency the user’s security does not depend on the robustness of anti-malware software on some remote server located on the property of a retailer she visited once long ago, or on the trustworthiness of the waiter who takes a her credit card out of sight to pay the tab. Cryptocurrency is not, however, without its own security risks. The user herself and the user’s own devices and online accounts can be compromised and stored cryptocurrency can be stolen.13 This possibility creates some new dangers not present in previous payment systems. A credit card company would potentially refund amounts lost by the fraudulent charges of a hacker, but cryptocurrency is like cash in this regard: it will not be easily returned once stolen from a wallet. There are two factors that mitigate this risk of loss. First, the user may choose only to hold and use small amounts of cryptocurrency at any time, much the way a cash user only keeps so many dollars in her wallet, while keeping the bulk of her holdings entrusted to a bank, which can insure her against loss. Secondly, the risk of loss can be mitigated by employing security technologies native to cryptocurrency protocols. One of these technologies is called “multi-signature transactions” or multi-sig for short. Using multi-sig, a cryptocurrency user’s wallet could place funds in a public address that has three controlling keys (hence multiple signatures) to enable transfer. The funds could be locked in that address until two of the three keys are turned.14 The user could retain two of these keys—one that she stores on her phone and another that she writes on a piece of paper and keeps in a safety deposit box—and the third key can be held by a trusted third party. This could be a loved one, or a private company that specializes in monitoring its customers’ cryptocurrency accounts, ensuring that privately held bitcoins do not get hacked and fraudulently spent. Whenever the user’s phone initiates a transaction, the third-party can sign-off so long as it doesn’t look fraudulent. If the phone initiated a transfer of all of the user’s funds out of her wallet to an unknown account, however, this third party could decide to not sign off without some further contact with the user, or some good reason to believe that the phone had not been stolen or the user not manipulated into paying a known scammer. The user, meanwhile, retains a backup key (possibly in a bank safe deposit box), in case the trusted third party ever disappears and stops signing-off on any transactions. At this point, the user could dig up her third key and move funds again, perhaps to a new multi-sig wallet with a better third party watchdog. This tripartite security can be had without giving any custodial control of funds to the third party. Unlike existing escrow solutions, at no point in the transaction can the fraud protection service make-off with the funds; it has only one of three keys and at least two are required to request a transfer. The worst the service can do is disappear, at which point the user is forced to move her funds using the back-up key in addition to the key on her phone. This solution combines the consumer protection benefits of legacy credit card payment systems the added security of cryptocurrencies. As with credit cards, there is fraud protection apart from user-self help, and transactions are easy to initiate, requiring only the single user credential stored on the phone. Unlike credit cards, however, security is vastly improved because at no point do third parties have access to financial credentials. Without sufficient keys to effect a transfer, the third parties’ servers never become an attractive target for hackers seeking to steal bitcoins . B. Cost from Poor Security: Compliance Costs for Merchants and Processors Credit card technology was not set up from the start to preserve robust financial privacy in a global and interconnected world, so merchants and payment providers must spend time and resources ensuring that systems remain secure. Firms may assume this obligation because consumers expect it, because private contract or government regulation require it, or because, as with chargebacks, the merchant will bear much of the costs from a breach. Two quick examples from current financial industry practice illustrate these compliance costs: First, chip and pin technology is being incorporated into the point of sale systems of many American retailers. Installation of these systems is costly—one hundred million dollars for Target stores alone.15 Yet chip and pin systems would likely not have prevented the sort of financial privacy breaches suffered at Target or Home Depot16 nor do these systems stop fraud and identity theft online.17 Second, as rates of online fraud surged in the 2000s, Visa and Mastercard began developing a technological anti-fraud solution for ecommerce known as the 3-D Secure protocol.18 3-D secure has been in development for years but many claim that it has yet to make any meaningful improvements to financial security for online purchases.19 It is surprising that in 2014 we still have no viable improvement to credit card payment systems developed in the 1960s, despite losing $30 billion to fraud in 2012 alone, and spending an unknown amount of capital year-after-year investing in security systems that have failed to bear fruit. Banks and credit card networks developed their infrastructure well before modern advances in communications, notably personal computing and the Internet. These early systems could be designed to place trust in many parties, and even to leak a tolerable amount of sensitive information, all without suffering large-scale costs from fraud or theft, because information was, on the whole, stickier and more difficult to share, send, or hack-into. Personal data would be stored on cards in locked cabinets, on computers that did not connect to a global network, or not stored at all because of the cost. Today, this sensitive data can be costlessly reproduced, shared, and spread. Every computer is networked and every device a potential target for cybercriminals at home or abroad. Unsurprisingly, attempts to protect sensitive data across so many trusted parties and without altering the underlying infrastructure have proven costly and ineffective. C. Cryptocurrency Reduces Compliance Costs for Merchants Cryptocurrency has the potential to slash the compliance costs of securing customer data by fundamentally changing the infrastructure. As discussed, cryptocurrency payments do not necessitate the storage, even temporary storage, of personal data on the servers of a merchant. This enables merchants to focus on providing valuable products rather than accumulating and securing a vulnerable database against hackers—an endless arms race. A merchant accepting Bitcoin need only receive and keep coins sent by customers or have access to a service, such as BitPay, that will rapidly and automatically exchange payment in cryptocurrency for the local fiat currency. This allows payment networks to be global and interoperable without requiring any shared global database of user account information and private financial histories, beyond a pseudonymous ledger. In many ways it is the same as using cash. Additionally, like cash, cryptocurrency payments can be irreversible. Once a merchant sees that cryptocurrency has been moved into her wallet, she can be assured that there will not be a subsequent chargeback due to fraud after her products have been shipped or handed over. III. Poor Financial Privacy: Breaches of Contextual Integrity Privacy cannot be defined simply as the retention of personal or intimate facts. There are many facts that we consider private that are not intimate per se, for example our bank balances or social security numbers. There are also many intimate facts that we are happy to reveal so long as the listener is someone we trust and the mood is right. Helen Nissenbaum’s concept of contextual integrity is a flexible definition of privacy. Defined as contextual integrity, privacy is not secrecy. It is control over the flow of information, control that can be fine-tuned based on the circumstances of a given interaction. This control has intuitive appeal; we frequently choose to withhold or reveal information about ourselves based on our moment to moment context. I would not casually tell my dentist the entirety of my web-browsing or video-rental history but I would give them my dental records. Nor would I hand my employer my medical history but they will need my social security number for tax purposes.20 This notion of privacy, however, is not well served by our existing financial or identification infrastructure. Unless we want to pay with cash, which necessarily precludes any purchase not made in person, we are required to offer our name, home address, credit card number, expiration date, and secret code (CVV2 number). Accordingly, the databases of our chosen merchants and financial services providers are comprehensive lists of our habits and routines. This despite the fact that all a retailer like Amazon really needs to know in order to sell me an e-book is that I have enough money to pay. Ignoring context and assembling comprehensive databases of financial data has costs: individuals may forgo transactions (chilling effects) or take costly measures to obscure their identity (cloaking costs) in an effort to maintain contextual integrity, i.e. to avoid sharing all of their personal information indiscriminately. Additionally, the aggregation of information into centralized databases creates a “honeypot” that incentivizes criminals with the promise of a large reward (many IDs that can be sold together on a black market) from a single hack. A. Chilling Effects Privacy is fundamental to free speech, diversity, creativity, and democratic self-governance. 21 Intuitively, we modify our behavior whenever we know or fear that we are being observed. We abstain from some activities in which we’d otherwise engage or conform to modes of acting we’d otherwise eschew. Simply put, when we are observed we become culturally and intellectually homogenized; we go mainstream. This phenomena has been intuited by scholars and writers for centuries.22 More recently—chilling effects have been observed empirically.23 Chilling effects are by no means benign or marginal. We lose more than a vibrant counterculture when a lack of privacy causes citizens to avoid associations or transactions that are not mainstream. Homogenization means less technological innovation, less scientific discovery, and fewer diverse voices in politics. Nor does the law historically take a blind eye to these threats. As Supreme Court Justice William Douglas wrote: Where fundamental personal rights are involved—as is true when as here the Government gets large access to one’s beliefs, ideas, politics, religion, cultural concerns, and the like—the Act should be ‘narrowly drawn’ to meet the precise evil.24 And the threat is particularly grave when financial privacy, specifically, is violated. Justice Douglas continues: In a sense a person is defined by the checks he writes. By examining them the agents get to know his doctors, lawyers, creditors, political allies, social connections, religious affiliation, educational interests, the papers and magazines he reads, and so on ad infinitum. . . . Bank accounts at times harbor criminal plans. . . . I am not yet ready to agree that America is so possessed with evil that we must level all constitutional barriers to give our civil authorities the tools to catch criminals.25 Privacy violations, in this context are, as suggested by Justice Douglas, not merely a matter of Fourth Amendment or Fifth Amendment constitutional concern; they also implicate our First Amendment rights to assemble and speak. Merchant data breaches may not threaten to reveal a full pattern of personal data; however, breaches at banks—as has recently occurred at JP Morgan Chase26—and state surveillance do put such intimate knowledge at risk. B. Cloaking Costs When a consumer is concerned with the visibility of her purchasing behavior or the security of her financial credentials, she may abstain from certain choices—chilling—or she may choose to cloak, rather than forgo, certain purchases. Cloaking may mean taking a cab across town to buy products in person from a physical merchant with cash, rather than over the Internet with credit. Such cloaking may also involve more sophisticated efforts; either way, it is a wasteful, non-productive exercise necessitated only by the poor default-state of financial privacy today. Cloaking can be effectuated through the use of several exotic technological tools. Online product browsing can take place through encrypted browsers and routers—the TOR project.27 Encrypted email or messaging tools—PGP—can be used to schedule in-person meetings between merchants and customers.28 The final transaction can be made in person with untraceable cash or with barter. These arrangements are already available with existing open source tools and, notably, without cryptocurrency. Law enforcement should not seek to quell these innovations. Cryptographic tools are tremendously valuable to an individual who fears ridicule, prejudice, or illegitimate persecution on the basis of the books she buys, newspapers she reads, or politicians she supports. Encryption is particularly indispensable to those living in repressive, totalitarian states, and such tools are a tremendous reason for hope that such coercive and intrusive regimes might one day be untenable. Moreover, battling emergent, user-driven technologies is costly, ineffective, and likely to harm bystanders or legitimate users while leaving sophisticated criminals unscathed. These pitfalls are exemplified by recent attempts to stymie digital copyright piracy. Piracy was only made more appealing to users given industry resistance to legitimate markets for digital music files and streaming platforms. Similarly, regulations that hamstring and weaken the privacy of mainstream financial tools may simply push more individuals into using exotic cloaking technologies. This is counter-productive for regulators, making it more difficult to identify suspicious behavior because even non-criminal users will have taken extreme steps to remain private. This is also a bad outcome for law-abiding individuals: cloaking tools add a costly layer of complicated software and hardware to otherwise simple interactions. Ideally, regulators should seek to encourage the development of technological tools that robustly guard user privacy all the way up to the point when criminal investigations coupled with due process rightfully demand the revelation of private facts. The rule of law and privacy need not be irreconcilable. C. Cryptocurrency Reduces Chilling Effects and Cloaking Costs With cryptocurrency, there is no centralized institution that records every transaction under the name of a real person and address. Therefore, no single entity has the depth and fidelity of information regarding an individual’s purchasing habits that an institution such as JP Morgan currently has regarding its customers. Already this shows great promise for mitigating chilling and cloaking costs. The user of a cryptocurrency can take technological steps to be sure that there is no single vulnerable database out in the financial cloud that could reveal a sensitive, personal medical condition, an embarrassing but legal habit, or support for a controversial political candidate. While no single institution records all of the transactions of a cryptocurrency user under a real name, many cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, are not entirely anonymous. Rather, they are pseudonymous: All of the transactions of a particular public address—a random string of numbers and letters—are visibly recorded on a public ledger.29 The name or names of the people controlling that address are, however, unlisted. This provides law enforcement with a unique opportunity. For once, a set of transactions belonging to some discrete individual or group can be observed to be benign even without knowledge of or direct personal investigation of those persons. The full blockchain, a complete and public record of all cryptocurrency transactions, can be scoured by law enforcement technologists in order to flag only those transactions that appear suspicious because of their size, frequency, or interaction with known suspicious addresses. At that point, a warrant can be sought permitting the investigator to use tools that could de-anonymize only those public addresses involved in suspicious transactions.30 By automatically eliminating benign transactions from regulatory scrutiny before any costly attempt at de-anonymization, law enforcement can reduce its own enforcement costs by narrowing the field of suspect addresses in advance of real investigation. This will help law enforcement focus limited taxpayer resources on real threats. Simultaneously, innocent parties can be assured that their privacy is not being violated while their pseudonymous account’s good name is cleared. This also stands in stark and beneficial contrast to the current financial ecosystem, where transaction visibility for law enforcement only comes at the expense of (a) an invasion into the privacy of many innocents and (b) the cybersecurity liability inherent in storing a wealth of personal data across many intermediary servers. The usefulness of this public record to law enforcement may be why Bitcoin has proven less attractive to criminals than centralized digital currencies, which have closed books, such as the now defunct Liberty Reserve.31 Edward Lowery, Special Agent for the United States Secret Service, testified before the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee that “within what we see in our investigations, the online cybercriminals, the high-level international cybercriminals we are talking about, have not, by and large, gravitated towards the peer-to-peer crypto-currencies such as Bitcoin.”32 At present there is reason to believe that the public ledger underlying Bitcoin transactions is, in fact, too prone to revealing the true identities of its pseudonymous users. The transaction graph can be observed and addresses that feed into and out of each other can be identified as all belonging to a single user. Should any of the inputs or outputs of those addresses be traced to a known identity—either an IP address, or a credit card used to purchase the coins on an exchange—the entire crypto-denominated financial history of the individual might be obtained. One potential solution to this privacy vulnerability is the use of services that shuffle coins between many users, making it difficult or impossible to trace the coin to a prior address. These services pose obvious difficulties for law enforcement in situations where money laundering or other illegal activities are suspected. Some coin mixing services, however, should be tolerated. A cryptocurrency start-up might, for example, advertise itself as a legally-compliant anonymization service. Users will be told that their coins will be mixed, effectively granting them anonymity on the public block chain but that, additionally, a confidential record will be kept that identifies their name and the input and output addresses from the mixing. The user and the service can contract to keep this record confidential except when presented with a valid warrant from law enforcement. Law enforcement, in turn, can identify suspicious transactions, check whether these transactions involved addresses utilized in the legally-compliant mixing service, and, if so, seek a warrant and identification. Coin mixing services can compete to gain the trust of customers who fear privacy abuse from warrantless surveillance by publicly disclosing their responses to law enforcement requests, much as Google has sought to do with government requests for user-data.33 This is the sort of compromise that may inevitably leave both law enforcement and civil libertarians with a bad taste. With such a young and promising technology, however, it seems imprudent to insist that one extreme ideological perspective or the other—full anonymity or full surveillance—should dictate its development. Neither is likely attainable. IV. Cryptocurrency, Contextual Integrity, and Identity The most promising uses of cryptocurrency and block chain technology to enhance our privacy may be yet to come. The ideal of contextual integrity is a world where individuals can tailor what information they choose to share with which specific merchants or individuals. This necessarily entails owning one’s information, a difficult proposition when data can be so easily reproduced even without authorization. Intellectual property law is, indeed, a poor solution to this problem of data ownership. The costs of a lawsuit against any and every infringing party often vastly outweigh the benefits to be gained from exclusive possession of data. Moreover, the sort of data we are discussing has less to do with artistic creativity, or a scientific invention and more to do with the mere certification of a certain right, entitlement, or identity. A person seeking to drink at a bar need only prove that she is over 21 years of age, she shouldn’t need to share her name, drivers license number, and home address to do so. A person seeking a credit card need only prove she has a positive credit rating from a reputable credit monitoring agency, she shouldn’t need to give her social security number and birthdate to a stranger to do so. A person seeking to transfer large sums of money to an overseas address shouldn’t need to share her intimate personal details, even if there is a slight risk that such a transaction might be financing terrorism, she should only need to show that she and the recipient have a clean criminal record and are upstanding citizens of some country or another. At present each of these proofs of identity or proofs of entitlement is performed using a bevy of personal information that, especially when aggregated, can reveal any and all personal details. Even if this data is used for and only for the intended purpose, that information may be stored, sold, leaked, aggregated, misplaced, or hacked. Cryptocurrency and blockchain technology provides an alternative. Individuals seeking to prove certain facts for the purposes of an entitlement can be granted a special form of digital property, a token of certification from a reputable third party. Control of these tokens is limited, using public key cryptography, to the holder of a secret key. By way of example, the token (when signed with the privacy key) could verifiably announce: I am over 21, therefore I can legally drink; I have an 800+ credit score, therefore I am worthy of a line of credit; I am an American Citizen with a clean criminal record and so is my globetrotting cousin, therefore I should be able to send him money in Afghanistan with minimal scrutiny. Experian or Transunion can attest to your credit score and grant you a token that proves it. The Department of Motor Vehicles can give you a token that proves your age, and another that proves you’ve passed a driving test. The local police or even the FBI can give you a token that proves you’ve no criminal record. And the hospital where you were born can give you a token that proves your age, place of birth, and citizenship. These tokens can be digital assets assigned to a pseudonymous addresses on a public ledger (e.g. Bitcoin’s block chain) and under the exclusive control of the individual who controls the private key linked to that public address. The holder of that key can be given software (effectively an advanced Bitcoin wallet) that would share any requested credential but withhold other personal identifiable information. Each use of the token can be visible to the party demanding it as a time-limited verification of the attested identity or entitlement, but also appear otherwise unique so as to avoid leaving a trail of activity that could be linked to the individual’s name. The issuers of these certificates can put a name to a certificate that they have issued but they can also agree, under contract, to only do so if faced with a proper legal request for de-anonymization. Finally, if a certifying company’s customer improperly lends her token to another individual (enabling this individual to make transactions for which she is not authorized), then the company can cancel the certificate and reveal their customer’s identity to law enforcement. Accordingly, an individual can present the bartender with a token proving she’s old enough to legally drink but revealing no name or address. An individual using an online cryptocurrency bank to transfer a large sum of money to a foreign address can present her own citizenship token and the token of the recipient, as issued by their birth hospitals or by the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service, as well as the cryptographic coins she’d like sent. The service can record those certificates and send the funds forward. Should the FBI have probable cause to believe that the pseudonymous transaction they’ve just observed is linked to money laundering or the financing of terrorism they can seek a warrant from a judge. The warrant can be sent to the certificate issuer and if it checks out they can provide the name and address of the individuals involved in the transfer. Unless law enforcement has probable cause, however, this individual can have efficiently transacted anonymously in a manner that should raise no eyebrows: someone with US citizenship sent money overseas to another citizen, we don’t know who but that’s none of our business anyway. This may all sound like science fiction but the technologies capable of implementing such a system are already in development.34 One way to look at Bitcoin is as a system that allows an otherwise anonymous individual to prove that they have a certain amount of funds without revealing any other personal details about themselves. The same technology could be leveraged to prove all sorts of attributes. Policymakers should be aware that cryptocurrencies and block chain technology have this great potential to promote both security, privacy, and the rule of law. These tools already provide enhanced security for simple payment applications and they may, one day soon, offer robust privacy for the law abiding citizens without facilitating illegal activity amongst the less virtuous. Nissenbaum, Helen. “Privacy as contextual integrity.” Wash. L. Rev. 79 (2004): 119. Available at: http://www.kentlaw.edu/faculty/rwarner/classes/internetlaw/2011/materials/nissenbaum_norms.pdf ↩ See See Richard Gendal Brown, How Are Payments with Bitcoin Different than Credit Cards? A Backgrounder for Policymakers, Coin Center (Jan. 2015) available at http://coincenter.org/2015/01/payment-security/. ↩ See Brian Krebs, “Target Hackers Broke in Via HVAC Company,” KrebsonSecurity (Feb. 2015) http://krebsonsecurity.com/2014/02/target-hackers-broke-in-via-hvac-company/. ↩ See Robin Sidel, “Home Depot’s 56 Million Card Breach Bigger Than Target’s,” Wall Street Journal (Sep. 2014) http://online.wsj.com/articles/home-depot-breach-bigger-than-targets-1411073571. ↩ See Elizabeth Weise, “Citi, ETrade attacked by JPMorgan hackers, reports say,” USA Today (Oct. 2014) http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2014/10/08/citigroup-etrade-jpmorgan-hackers/16923659/. ↩ http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/06/business/target-puts-data-breach-costs-at-148-million.html ↩ See Bureau of Justice Statistics, Data Collection: National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) (2012) available at http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=dcdetail&iid=245. ↩ Id. ↩ Id. (Severe emotional distress reported by 47% of victims who spent 6 months or more resolving financial and credit problems.) ↩ See e.g., Bitpay, “Features,” https://bitpay.com/features (last accessed Oct. 15, 2014). ↩ It’s important to note that this is not a new vulnerability; online and mobile banking apps made end-user devices attractive targets for hackers long ago. ↩ See Ben Davenport, What is Multi-Sig, and What Can It Do? A Backgrounder for Policymakers, Coin Center (Jan. 2015) available at http://coincenter.org/2015/01/payment-security/ ↩ See Brian Krebs, “The Target Breach, By the Numbers,” KrebsonSecurity (May 6, 2014) https://krebsonsecurity.com/2014/05/the-target-breach-by-the-numbers/. ↩ Like CVV2 numbers, chip and pin systems are only an additional barrier to fraud when the cards are used in person—so that the physical “chip” can be scanned and its number checked against the consumer’s memorized pin. ↩ See Steven J. Murdoch and Ross Anderson, “Verified by Visa and MasterCard SecureCode: or, How Not to Design Authentication”, 6052 Lecture Notes in Computer Science 336 (Jan. 2010). ↩ David Birch has worked diligently to articulate this gripe in the context of transactions. As Birch frames it: “What is needed to enable transactions is not identity per se but the associated entitlements.” Not, “I am John Doe” but instead “I am old enough to order this beer.” Birch calls this form of identification “pseudonyms with credentials.” David Birch, Identity is the New Money (2014). ↩ See Neil M. Richards, “The Dangers of Surveillance,” 126 Harv. L. Rev. 1934 (2013). ↩ See e.g., Jeremy Bentham, Panopticon (1787); George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). ↩ See Alex Marthews and Catherine Tucker, “Government Surveillance and Internet Search Behavior” (August 28, 2014) available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2412564; See generally Anthony Giddens, The Nation-State and Violence (1985). ↩ California Bankers Association v. Scultz, 416 U.S. 21 (1974) (Douglas, J., dissenting)(Citing Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296, 307, 60 S.Ct. 900, 905, 84 L.Ed. 1213) ↩ The JP Morgan breach is still being investigated, but it is already larger in terms of the number of customers exposed: 76 million households and seven million small-business accounts. Thus far it appears that the breach has resulted in some personally identifiable information being released: names, phone numbers, and addresses. See Elizabeth Weise, “Citi, ETrade attacked by JPMorgan hackers, reports say,” USA Today (Oct. 2014) http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2014/10/08/citigroup-etrade-jpmorgan-hackers/16923659/. The more frightening scenario is a breach at a bank that reveals customer social security numbers and complete transaction histories, records of every purchase made and every transfer sent by the consumer for the life of the account. This can be a deeply personal history, recounting legal relationships, medical expenses, reading habits, and other legal but sensitive activities. ↩ See The Tor Project, “Tor: Overview,” https://www.torproject.org/about/overview.html.en (last accessed Oct. 15, 2014). ↩ See Philip Zimmermann, “Why I wrote PGP” https://www.philzimmermann.com/EN/essays/WhyIWrotePGP.html (last accessed Oct. 15, 2014) ↩ Bitcoin transactions and the public addresses involved can all be viewed in real time at websites such as BlockChain.info, https://blockchain.info/. ↩ De-anonymizing Bitcoin transactions has proven easier than many initially expected. See Alex Biryukov, et al. “Deanonymisation of clients in Bitcoin P2P network,” eprint arXiv:1405.7418 (May 2014) available at http://arxiv.org/pdf/1405.7418v3.pdf; Elli Androulaki, et al. “Evaluating User Privacy in Bitcoin,” 7859 Financial Cryptography and Data Security Lecture Notes in Computer Science 34 (2013); Philip Koshy, et al. An “Analysis of Anonymity in Bitcoin Using P2P Network Traffic” (Doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University) (2013) available at http://ifca.ai/fc14/papers/fc14_submission_71.pdf; Sarah Meiklejohn, et al., A Fistful of Bitcoins: Characterizing Payments Among Men with No Names,” Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Internet measurement conference (ACM, 2013) available at http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~smeiklejohn/files/imc13.pdf. ↩ See, e.g., Indictment of Arthur Budovsky, U.S. v. Liberty Reserve et al. available at http://www.justice.gov/usao/nys/pressreleases/September14/MaximChukharevPleaPR/Liberty%20Reserve,%20et%20al.%20Indictment%20-%20Redacted.pdf. ↩ Edward Lowery III, Testimony before the U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security & Governmental Affairs (November 18, 2013) available at http://www.hsgac.senate.gov/hearings/beyond-silk-road-potential-risks-threats-and-promises-of-virtual-currencies (Quote comes from question and answer session and was not, therefore in written testimony submitted by Lowery. The quote can be found in the video at 1:07:15). ↩ Craig Timberg and Cecilia Kang, “Google challenges U.S. gag order, citing First Amendment” Washington Post (June 18, 2013) http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/google-challenges-us-gag-order-citing-first-amendment/2013/06/18/96835c72-d832-11e2-a9f2-42ee3912ae0e_story.html ↩ This system is possible even with existing cryptocurrency infrastructure using the Bitcoin blockchain. A certifying company can create a Bitcoin address on behalf of a customer and sign an initial transaction with that addresses. The transaction could include an OP_RETURN value (an optional component to any Bitcoin transaction message) that interacts with wallet software that the certifying company provides the user. The OP_RETURN value could tell the customer’s wallet what Identity values the wallet can sign-for with the FI as certificate validator.For example, imagine a fictional company, Bitcoin ID Services (BIS). Alice hires BIS as her certifier. BIS creates a new Bitcoin address for alice, signs the initial transaction, and the OP_RETURN value could say (after decompression and translation so the text is human readable) “Alice’s wallet is allowed to use this address to sign messages saying she is any of the following: An american citizen, A bank customer in good standing, Over 21, Licensed to Drive, Has no criminal record, Has an american passport, etc.” Then when one of the people Alice transacts with needs ID for a given transaction, say a bartender, this merchant can ask Alice to use her certifying wallet to send an IamOver21 certificate. The bartender can rely on the certificate or it can, recognizing the certifier, query BIS as to the certificate’s continued authenticity or, in the case of serious and valuable transactions, demand some second identification factor like a biometrics test. Throughout this process, robust identification takes place—a person under 21 would not be able to sign—but Alice’s privacy is protected—the bartender still does not know her name or where she lives. ↩	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1558
__label__cc	0.744241	0.255759	Rent SAS: Who Dares Wins: Series 1 (2015) "SAS: Who Dares Wins" is a series revealing one of the world's most physically challenging and psychologically demanding military entrance processes: SAS Selection. In this series, a group of ex-Special Forces operators put 30 ordinary men through an SAS selection course, designed and run by them, with every test based on what they experienced on the real Special Forces Selection. It's shot with minimal interference for maximum authenticity, as the recruits spend eight intensive days isolated from the outside, world. For the SAS, physical fitness is little more than a necessary minimum. The true test is one of character: do these men have the mental strength needed to join the Special Forces? As they're subjected to psychological profiling and testing, sleep deprivation and stress positions, extreme physical endurance, and capture and interrogation, the men are taken to the edge of their capabilities and some surprising truths emerge: Alpha males aren't always welcome, coming first in the race isn't always the way to win, and what's really being tested is often not what it seems. Shaun Dooley, Anthony Middleton, Colin MacLachlan Alex Kiehl, Dominique Foster, Rob Gill, Nick Leader Colin Barr, Alex Kiehl, Dominique Foster, Rob Gill, Nick Leader British TV, TV Action & Adventure, TV Documentaries, TV Reality Programming This disc includes the following episodes: 1. Character 2. Weakness 3. Fear 4. Survival 5. Interrogation Reviews of SAS: Who Dares Wins: Series 1	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1561
__label__cc	0.610677	0.389323	Hot Magic Production Show-VanBurch Male/Female Duo w/ White Tigers, Big Illusions & Mind Reading> A Logo & Business Card project by Kirby_Bambi Hot Magic Production Show-vanburch Male/female Duo W/ White Tigers, Big Illusions & Mind Reading LET ME TELL YOU ABOUT US: Kirby VanBurch, the Prince of magic is a magican who came from las Vegas, where he was the headline performer at the Aladdin Hotel & Casino for seven years. Kirby VanBurch was the last show on the casino marquee when the original Aladdin was imploded to break ground for the current Aladdin. Kirby VanBurch moved his show to Branson, MO in 1993 and has had his own theatre for the past 15 years. In 1999, Kirby received the International Magician of the Year award and in 2007 received Entertainer of the Year from the International Magicians Society. Bambi VanBurch was a dancer in Kirbys show in 2000. Bambi and Kirby fell in love and were married in September 2002. Bambi started producing the show and eventually became co-headliner of the Kirby & Bambi VanBurch Show. Bambi VanBurch was named International Magician of the Year two years running, 2007 and 2008 from the International Magicians Society. HERE IS WHAT WE NEED: LOGO: We need a logo to include the words, Kirby and Bambi VanBurch. VanBurch is one word and the B is uppercase. If all caps are used in the logo, the B is not an issue. There is a photo in .psd format attached of Kirby and Bambi VanBurch and also a graphic of a white tiger. You can crop the picture of Kirby and Bambi as you feel appropriate. The letter VB (for VanBurch) could also be incorporated. LETTERHEAD, BUSINESS CARDS, AND ENVELOPE: Could use (or not) a watermark on the stationary. OUR TARGET AUDIENCE IS: Show business producers and buyers, casino owners, hip/artistic types. WE LIKE THESE DESIGNS: We really like the font that Steve Wynn uses on his casino (see: www.wynnlasvegas.com) but we turn to the masses should you want to create a new font for the design. WE ABSOLUTELY MUST HAVE (or we don't want to see) THIS IN OUR DESIGN: n/a thus far.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1568
__label__cc	0.742065	0.257935	Crown Relocations Kenya South Africa China Hong Kong Japan Macau Mongolia South Korea Taiwan Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark France Germany Ireland Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Russia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Canada Mexico United States Bangladesh India Sri Lanka Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Home Articles Relocating overseas: Best cities for a quality way of life Relocating overseas: Best cities for a quality way of life Relocating overseas is something that many people aspire to achieve in their lives. However there is never a guarantee to a quality stay and this is of course key to a great experience. Research from Deutsche Bank looked at the best cities to relocate to for a quality way of life. We took a closer look at their top three cities Wellington, Edinburgh and Vienna and some of the many great reasons to relocate there. Relocating to Wellington One of the many draws to life in Wellington, New Zealand is the amount of open space there is. With significantly less congestion than other western cities, you’ll find uncrowded communities, a low crime rate and minimal pollution. All of this adds to a relaxing way of life awaiting in Wellington, as well as a great work/life balance. The commute in Wellington tends to be shorter than other cities which means you’ll be able to spend more time in the evening enjoying all that Wellington has to offer. Relocating to Edinburgh Scotland’s capital city, Edinburgh was seen as the second best city that could offer a great quality of life. A move to Edinburgh generally means you will have a low commuting time. From their research travelling to and from work in Edinburgh had the shortest possible journey out of all cities reviewed. Living in Edinburgh also means you will be surrounded by all the picturesque scenery Scotland’s capital has to offer. As well as the world famous Fringe Festival, that celebrates the arts to enjoy in the summer. Relocating to Vienna Frequently topping polls as the friendliest city in the world, a relaxing life awaits you in Vienna. Described as the city of music, Vienna is the capital of Austria and the centre of its multicultural roots. There is also a history of the government investing in high-quality social housing, making Vienna almost uniquely affordable among major cities. If you would like to find out more information about relocating overseas to the best cities for a quality way of life click here to view our destination guides or get in touch with our Relocations team. Go knowing... Call us on 74999710048 Crown Group Our place in the world © 2020 Crown Relocations. All rights reserved.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1569
__label__cc	0.528491	0.471509	Carnival Cruise Line Tips Celebrity Cruise Tips MSC Cruise Tips Norwegian Cruise Line Tips Royal Caribbean Tips Cruise Cabins & Staterooms Cruise Packing Tips Cruise Ship Dining Cruise Tipping & Gratuities Port Tips Carnival Cruise Deals Celebrity Cruises Deals Costa Cruise Deals Disney Cruise Deals European Cruise Deals Holland America Cruise Deals Norwegian Cruise Line Deals MSC Cruise Deals Princess Cruise Deals Royal Caribbean Cruise Deals Cruise Ship Tracker Top 10 Biggest Cruise Ships Cruise Store CRUISEHIVEDedicated cruise news & tips Cruise HiveDedicated cruise news & tips Port of Galveston Cruise News Carnival Cruise Line News Carnival Cruise Line App Updated With New Features By Emrys Thakkar Latest Cruise News Could Cuba Be a Cruise Destination Once Again? Cruise Hive Weekly News: January 16, 2021 Has Another Holiday-Class Cruise Ship Been Sold for Scrap? Why Haven’t We Had Any Test Cruises Yet? The popular Carnival Hub App has been updated with new features which heavily focuses on the younger cruisers. Carnival Hub App Update The Carnival Hub App has become an essential part of cruising with Carnival and now the app has been updated with even more new features and enhancements. The update focuses on the younger cruisers and their parents. What’s Been Added? Guests can now see all activities scheduled at five kids and teens clubs. An important new feature is an ability for parents to see their child’s status for when they have just arrived in Camp Ocean or were picked up by a relative. There are new filter options so cruisers can find activities during the cruise which will match own interests. There is now also the ability to browse through all the planned activities during the voyage for kids and teens. Images: Carnival Cruise Line The updates are now live on the Google Play Store and the Apple Store. All you need to do update the app on your phone or a new download will already bring the latest version. Alfredo Rojas, senior director of digital product and mobile for Carnival Cruise Line, said: “We’re always looking for ways to expand the capabilities of the HUB App and we’re delighted to provide parents and families with this comprehensive overview of our offerings right at their fingertips. We have a lot more in store for the HUB App.” Here is a list of the age-specific programs which are now featured on the app: Camp Ocean (ages 2-11) – ocean-inspired area with 400+ arts & crafts, games and educational activities; three age groups: Penguins (2-5), Sting Rays (6-8) and Sharks (9-11). Circle “C” (ages 12-14) – colorful, vibrant teen space featuring active and video games, crafting activities and dance parties. Club O2 (ages 15-17) – cool, high-tech hangout with theme nights, dance parties, movies, karaoke, and more. Here is also the list of family-friendly programs which is now highlighted in the Hub App: Build-A-Bear Workshop At Sea – kids make their own customized furry friend keepsake. Hasbro, The Game Show – family-oriented entertainment option including larger-than-life adaptations of the brand’s iconic games and activities. Outdoor Attractions – operating hours for WaterWorks aqua parks, SportSquare outdoor recreation area and other open-air spaces. Punchliner Comedy Club – early evening hilarious family-friendly comedy performances for guests of all ages. Seuss at Sea – fleetwide program featuring Green Eggs and Ham with The Cat in the Hat and Friends, Seuss-a-palooza Parade and Story Time, and other activities. Zumbini – high-energy early childhood music and movement class created by Zumba and BabyFirst combining singing, dancing and fun instruments; family classes offered on longer cruises for parent/child bonding. What Else Does the App Feature? One of the biggest updates to date was when a new Pizza delivery feature was added and then rolled out to more cruise ship earlier in the year. Guests can make an order using the app no matter where they on the ship and there is even a choice of drinks to go along with it including sodas, beer or water. Images By: Carnival Cruise Line Introduced to the app this year is pre-cruise functionality providing the ability to manage bookings. Guests can use the online check-in feature and pre-purchase any packages needed such as excursions, drink packages and wi-fi packages. There’s a huge amount of control by using the Carnival Hub app to make sure the cruise is in your own hands. Guests can manage their onboard Sail & Sign account, check daily activities, make reservations, access ship maps and deck plans, chat with fellow passengers and a lot more. it is constantly being evolved into the must-use tool for a Carnival cruise experience. Also Read: Must-Know Things About The Carnival Hub App Carnival’s app was first launched in 2015 and has since received over 5.1 million downloads via the Google and Apple app stores. It is a leading app in the industry with at least a rating of 4.6. Cruise news, tips & trends to your inbox. View All Cruises Powered by Cruiseline.com Cruise Hive was established back in 2008 and among the earliest blogs in the industry. Since the start, it's been our aim to provide the latest cruise news covering all the major cruise lines. We make sure cruisers are fully prepared for their cruise vacation with tips on ships and ports. Millions of travelers rely on Cruise Hive in the United States, Europe, Australia, and around the world. CRUISE HIVE LTD 2008-2021. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1571
__label__wiki	0.986732	0.986732	Lebanon's Christians deal blow to anti-Syrian coalition Michel Aoun emerged from Lebanon's third round of polls Sunday as a hard-line Christian political force. By Nicholas Blanford Correspondent of The Christian Science Monitor Michel Aoun has gained a surprise victory in the key third stage of Lebanon's elections, delivering a blow to the anti-Syrian opposition's chances of forming a majority in the next parliament. Mr. Aoun won a clean sweep of seats in the Christian heartland north of Beirut in Sunday's polls, knocking aside moderate Christian candidates and confirming the fiery-tempered former general as the undisputed representative of a community that has felt marginalized since the end of the 1975-1990 civil war. "He is an authentic leader with a large following, and he counterbalances in confessional terms the leaders of other [non-Christian] communities in Lebanon," says Paul Salem, a political analyst. The result also reflected Christian resentment that an alliance of Sunnis, Shiites, and Druze all but swept earlier electoral stages. "They have thrown a curve ball at this convenient cushy arrangement," says Michael Young, opinion editor of Lebanon's English-language Daily Star newspaper. Walid Jumblatt, leader of the Druze community and an opposition figurehead, said of Aoun's victory "extremism has vanquished moderation." Since he returned to Lebanon in early May from 14 years in exile, Aoun has proved a divisive figure. He alienated his erstwhile colleagues in the opposition by claiming that he and other exiles were responsible for Syria withdrawing its troops from Lebanon in April. Aoun also sided with Emile Lahoud, Lebanon's ardently pro-Syrian president, who the opposition believes was involved in the assassination of former premier Rafik Hariri in February. During his exile in France, Aoun was one of Syria's harshest critics. But with Syria gone, Aoun has focused on tackling corruption and the traditional political elites - policies that resonate with many Lebanese. The As Safir newspaper said Aoun has now established a greater hold over Lebanon's Christian community than any political leader since the civil war. But Aoun's success at the polls has upset an opposition goal of unseating Mr. Lahoud after the elections and appears to have weakened chances of Saad Hariri's being appointed prime minister of the next government. Mr. Hariri is son and political heir to Rafik Hariri. "True, he succeeded, I concede that. They brought him back to use him as an instrument of tension among the Christians and to set the grounds for a new civil war," Mr. Jumblatt said on Lebanese television. At stake during Sunday's round of voting in the Mount Lebanon district and in the Bekaa Valley in eastern Lebanon were 58 seats in the 128-seat parliament. According to results announced by Interior Minister Hassan al-Sabei, Aoun and his allies clinched a total of 21 of those seats. The round produced the first genuine electoral battle since the polls began on May 29. The Mount Lebanon district, home to Christians and Druze, was fiercely contested and gave rise to an array of tangled alliances and divisions, complex even by Lebanon's normally Byzantine standards. The first two rounds yielded predictable results with the opposition sweeping Beirut and an alliance of the militant Hizbullah organization and its Shiite rival, the Amal Movement, securing all available seats in south Lebanon. Although the opposition is expected to do well in the final round of voting on June 19 in the north, Aoun is determined to present a challenge. He traveled to the northern city of Tripoli Monday to effect a reconciliation between Omar Karami, a former prime minister, and Suleiman Frangieh, a Christian leader, so they can team up to confront the opposition alliance. • Wire services contributed to this article. How Lebanon ended lengthy power vacuum and elected Michel Aoun Rafik Hariri: In Lebanon, assassination reverberates 10 years later Can bitter rivals, both sons of murdered fathers, move Lebanon forward?	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1573
__label__cc	0.54745	0.45255	Pressure Washing Corona Del Mar House Pressure Washing/ House Wash Roof Cleaning Corona Del Mar Fence Cleaning Fence Pressure Washing Corona Del Mar Pressure Washing Fence Corona Del Mar is the second largest City in Orange County CA and home of the Angel Stadium of Corona Del Mar , Honda Center and the Corona Del Mar Convention Center. Corona Del Mar’s City limits stretch from Cypress in the west to the Riverside County line in the East. Corona Del Mar home of Disneyland Resort. Pressure Washing Corona Del Mar has been cleaning & servicing Corona Del Mar for over two decades. Corona Del Mar Pressure Washing uses only state of the art equipment and it shows in our cleaning results. Remember, it is very important to be sure the pressure washing service in Corona Del Mar is following the IC24 Disposal of Wastewater Generated by Mobile Businesses & Outdoor Activities. Pressure washing Corona Del Mar will always follow all BMPs Best Management Practices for disposal of wastewater. Remember it is not only important that Corona Del Mar Pressure Washing using the right equipment to do the job correctly but it is also just as important that Corona Del Mar Pressure Washing is following the laws for our environment Hello Corona Del Mar . Pressure Washing Corona Del Mar is proud to serve Corona Del Mar for over two decades. Our Corona Del Mar Pressure Washing & Power Washing technicians exercise excellent work ethic and professionalism. We specialize in a number of pressure washing services hot and cold water. We are using only the best state of the art equipment on the market today for our maintenance and cleaning and it shows in our results. Take the time to look around our site at all the many before and after pictures.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1578
__label__cc	0.581511	0.418489	A career in cannabis is controversial: Some workers dig in their heels and say, “Not me! I’d never have anything to do with that,” while others are eagerly doing their best to break in, intrigued at the possibilities. In my 20-plus years supporting career development in Colorado, a handful of professional paths have either excited or repelled local workers: oil and gas drilling, quickie loan companies and yes, even beer brewing, to name a few. Karson Humiston, who founded and runs Vangst, a cannabis worker recruiting firm, specializes in filling the many slots now open in this growing sector. She educated me on some considerations for individuals who do decide to pursue this path: The industry is comprised of much more than growers and sellers. Mainstream specialties, such as accountants, operations and service, also occur in the cannabis world. And because of its fast expansion, a greater volume of opportunities exist. Backgrounds in horticulture, lab processing and chemistry are especially in demand. Similar to pharmaceuticals, new products are constantly in development. Work in cannabis has the potential to provide a higher quality of life to employees currently involved in the restaurant business, allowing them to maintain a more balanced and traditional schedule. If you’re serious about landing a job in this industry, Humiston advises educating yourself on relevant compliance regulations. “This knowledge will give you an edge over your competition,” she explained. She also recommends choosing a specific role you want to target, and aligning your professional presentation toward it, rather than adopting an “I’ll take anything to get my foot in the door,” approach. To research potential niches, descriptions can be found at vangsters.com. From a professional perspective, an opportunity to become involved in an expanding sector can provide a career boost for those seeking growth. But just as working for a religious, political or other potentially controversial organization, having the experience on your resume will turn some people off. If you’re OK taking that risk, and believe you’re defined by what you do, not by where you do it, cannabis jobs could be worth checking out. Katy Piotrowski, M.Ed., is the author of “The Career Coward’s Guides” and provides career and job search support with Career Solutions Group in Fort Collins. Reach her at 970-224-4042 or katy@careersolutionsgroup.net. Contact Us Help Center Support Local Businesses Advertise Your Business Advertising Terms and Conditions Buy and Sell Licensing & Reprints Subscriber Guide My Account Give Feedback © 2021 www.coloradoan.com. All rights reserved.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1580
__label__wiki	0.771275	0.771275	LogRhythm acquires California threat detection… LogRhythm acquires California threat detection firm By Bizwest Staff \| PUBLISHED: January 13, 2021 at 6:02 p.m. \| UPDATED: January 13, 2021 at 6:02 p.m. LogRhythm Inc. has acquired California-based MistNet.io Inc. as an addition to its threat-detection analytics system. In a statement, the Boulder cybersecurity company said it will incorporate MistNet’s real-time behavioral and threat model services into the larger array of LogRhythm’s platform. “(MistNet’s) solution will facilitate our goal of addressing current and emerging endpoint security needs for our global customers and partners,” LogRhythm CEO Mark Logan said in a statement. Details of the acquisition were not disclosed. LogRhythm’s software monitors traffic and event notices from client servers and websites to determine if a hacker is trying to breach its security measures. It is majority-owned by private-equity giant Thoma Bravo LP, which took a majority stake in the company in 2018 for an undisclosed sum. © 2021 BizWest Media LLC BizWest Bizwest Staff	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1581
__label__wiki	0.581387	0.581387	Community • Avengers • Batman • Black Panther • Captain America • Comic Battles • Cosmic Marvel • DC Universe • Doctor Who • 80's/90's • Fantastic Four • Flash • Game of Thrones Golden/Silver/Bronze Age • Green Arrow • Green Lantern • Hulk • Indies • Iron Man • JLA • JSA • Marvel • Movies • Spider-Girl • Spider-Man • Star Trek • Star Wars • Superman • Television • Titans • Thor The Walking Dead • Villains • Wonder Woman • X-Universe Posts • Reviews • Rules • FAQ • DC Guide • Marvel Guide • Second-String Sanctuary • ComicList • SpiderFan.org Dave Galanter December 1st 1969 - December 12th 2020 He was loved. Black Panther >> View Post Hello Guest · Log In Settings · Register Post By Primetime. Subj: Re: hypothetic movie Posted: Mon Apr 21, 2008 at 12:42:14 pm EDT Reply Subj: Re: hypothetic movie Posted: Mon Apr 21, 2008 at 09:50:31 am EDT << Prev NewEmailPrintRSSIndex > > Is there any reason why Michael Jai White would NOT be perfect for this? You've got the right physique, numerous martial arts mastery, screen presence, and enough experience in movies to do the acting bit. > > I've seen him in interviews. All he has to do is be himself and he's good to go. > I dunno. I think Chiwetel Ejiofor, who played the Operative in Serenity would be better suited. T'Challa is a cultured genius as much as he is a fighter, after all. I am the person who has never seen Serenity, so it would be stupid for me to say anything about Chiwetel Ejiofo. I will just say that an actor should be able to play any character. In Universal Soldier 3, he was very effective as the voice of the sentient computer. Now, when he got into his prefab body, that performance turned into . . . . well, he made JC Van Damme and Goldberg both look like actors. That was the director's fault. I'm reminded of Tyrese Gibson being cast as Luke Cage. He said, "I'll probably be benching 400 by then." It makes me weep when these actors have NO idea about any of it. Folks, I WARM UP with more than 400 lbs. That's not a lot for a guy who is 200 lbs. Luke Cage is HUGE. I don't look like anything. Cage should be played by someone who could compete as a bodybuilder. Flex Wheeler (while he was still on steroids and before he turned pro and lost what had made other pros gape), Ronnie Coleman, Dexter Jackson, that kind of build. I'm talking about Luke Cage here, not T'Challah. > > > Is there any reason why Michael Jai White would NOT be perfect for this? You've got the right physique, numerous martial arts mastery, screen presence, and enough experience in movies to do the acting bit. > > > I've seen him in interviews. All he has to do is be himself and he's good to go. > > I dunno. I think Chiwetel Ejiofor, who played the Operative in Serenity would be better suited. T'Challa is a cultured genius as much as he is a fighter, after all. > I am the person who has never seen Serenity, so it would be stupid for me to say anything about Chiwetel Ejiofo. I will just say that an actor should be able to play any character. In Universal Soldier 3, he was very effective as the voice of the sentient computer. > Now, when he got into his prefab body, that performance turned into . . . . well, he made JC Van Damme and Goldberg both look like actors. > That was the director's fault. > I'm reminded of Tyrese Gibson being cast as Luke Cage. He said, "I'll probably be benching 400 by then." > It makes me weep when these actors have NO idea about any of it. > Folks, I WARM UP with more than 400 lbs. That's not a lot for a guy who is 200 lbs. Luke Cage is HUGE. I don't look like anything. Cage should be played by someone who could compete as a bodybuilder. Flex Wheeler (while he was still on steroids and before he turned pro and lost what had made other pros gape), Ronnie Coleman, Dexter Jackson, that kind of build. Terry Crews would be great. > I'm talking about Luke Cage here, not T'Challah. Posted with Microsoft Internet Explorer 7 on Windows XP NewEmailPrintRSSIndex hypothetic movie · Jonathan · Mon Apr 21, 2008 at 08:57:42 am EDT MJW reeks of B-movie cheese · Yaw · Thu Apr 24, 2008 at 12:20:37 am EDT Re: hypothetic movie · Thatguy · Mon Apr 21, 2008 at 09:19:17 am EDT Re: hypothetic movie · Mantronix · Tue May 13, 2008 at 08:39:38 pm EDT Re: hypothetic movie · XQHInc · Sat Apr 26, 2008 at 11:22:39 pm EDT Re: hypothetic movie · Jonathan · Sun Apr 27, 2008 at 06:14:00 am EDT Re: hypothetic movie · Jonathan · Mon Apr 21, 2008 at 09:50:31 am EDT Re: hypothetic movie · Primetime. · Mon Apr 21, 2008 at 12:42:14 pm EDT Alvaro's Comicboards powered by On Topic™ © 2003-2021 Powermad Software All the content of these boards Copyright © 1996-2021 by Comicboards/TVShowboards. Software Copyright © 2003-2021 Powermad Software	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1585
__label__wiki	0.728625	0.728625	Home Publishers Dark Horse New BLACK HAMMER series COLONEL WEIRD: COSMAGOG coming from Jeff Lemire and... New BLACK HAMMER series COLONEL WEIRD: COSMAGOG coming from Jeff Lemire and Tyler Crook The series will explore the past, present, and future of Black Hammer's trippiest character. Joe Grunenwald Black Hammer‘s first main storyline, about a group of heroes who become trapped on a mysterious farm, may have concluded last year, but it turns out that’s not the last we’ve seen of the title’s initial core characters. As reported this morning by THR, a new spin-off title set in the Black Hammer universe will feature one of its trippiest heroes. Colonel Weird: Cosmagog will be written by series co-creator Jeff Lemire and illustrated by Harrow County artist Tyler Crook. According to THR, which also debuted a cover and some interior pages from the series, the story will explore what happened to Colonel Weird following the end of last year’s Black Hammer: Age of Doom, along with examining Randall Weird’s largely unseen backstory. Lemire described his excitement at working on the series: “Colonel Weird has been my favorite Black Hammer character since Dean Ormston and I created him. I’ve always wanted to do a series where the storytelling would echo Weird’s unique mind, and unique perspective. Tyler Crook’s work more than lives up to the challenge. This is a deep dive into Colonel Weird’s past and his future.” A cosmic adventurer in the style of Adam Strange, Colonel Randall Weird traverses time and space through the Para-Zone. His exposure to the Zone has altered his perception of reality, to the point that he has trouble keeping track of past, present, and future. Weird has been spotlighted in the past, having been the focus of a two-issue arc of Black Hammer: Age of Doom drawn by artist Rich Tommaso. A future version of Weird also played an important role in the Quantum Age miniseries, so readers have already had a brief glimpse of what’s in store for the character. Colonel Weird is one of the most fun characters in the Black Hammer universe, and it’s great to see him brought front and center as the universe goes forward. The addition of Crook to the artistic lineup of the universe is welcome, as his work is absolutely gorgeous and fits perfectly with the epic scale of the events of Spiral City. Check out the preview images below, and look for the four-issue miniseries to debut in April. Colonel Weird: Cosmogog #1 Cover Colonel Weird Cosmogog Tyler Crook Previous articleHere’s your first look at CHILLING ADVENTURES OF SABRINA Part 3, including a music video Next articleAshanti Fortson’s CRESS & PETRA lands at HarperCollins Joe Grunenwald is a writer and editor living in the Pacific Northwest. He's taller than a lot of people but not as tall as some people. Kindt & Jenkins’s FEAR CASE #1 goes to a second printing ahead of release Jake Palermo 01/09/2020 2:54 pm At 2:54 pm I wonder if Jeff Lemire would’ve made an Adam Strange series if Tom King didn’t get first dibs. Their styles are rather similar check ’em out: Lemire (https://gutternaut.net/2019/05/jeff-lemire-friendship-transcends-boundaries/) King (https://gutternaut.net/2019/11/tom-king-family-is-the-most-dangerous-power-of-all/) EXCLUSIVE PREVIEW: The madness and mayhem continue in the SPACE BASTARDS... Matt Chats: Lex Wilson and Anthony Gregori on STARWEED and Kickstarter... Marvel celebrates Darkhawk’s 30th anniversary with DARKHAWK: HEART OF THE HAWK...	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1586
__label__wiki	0.522725	0.522725	Home Comics Indie Comics INTERVIEW: A Chat with Noah Van Sciver, the World’s Busiest Cartoonist INTERVIEW: A Chat with Noah Van Sciver, the World’s Busiest Cartoonist A deep conversation with the most humane artist on the comix scene! AJ Frost Over the last decade, no single cartoonist has produced as much diverse and prolific work as Noah Van Sciver. From historical fiction to surreal, ribald comedy, serious meditations on depression, heartbreaking memoir, and so much more, Van Sciver’s work runs the emotional gamut. The early months of 2020 see the release of two of Noah’s projects: First, the release of the Complete Work of Fante Bukowski (Fantagraphics), Van Sciver’s satiric literary dilettante who wouldn’t know a stanza from Tony Danza. The other is Grateful Dead: Origins (Z2), a collaborative book about the early years of history’s most influential jam band that will be released in June. These two books couldn’t be any more different, yet they both perfectly encapsulate Noah’s straightforward, yet sophisticated cartooning aesthetic. I was fortunate to have the opportunity to chat with Noah once more about his recent books, some major projects that are coming out in the near future, and of course, how he spends his days with coronavirus wreaking havoc on hearth and home. The Complete Fante Bukowski. Courtesy of Fantagraphics. AJ FROST: Hi Noah! Thank you so much for chatting with me today. I wanted to start off by asking about the craziness that is the COVID-19 Pandemic. How are you doing right now? Is the virus affecting your daily schedule at all? NOAH VAN SCIVER: So far, so good. I live indoors for the most part so, aside from a few inconveniences, I’m doing what I’d otherwise be doing. Actually my productivity is a little slowed down because it’s hard to concentrate fully. FROST: I hear that. It feels like everyone wants to be productive but the news simply gets in the way. On the other hand, have you felt that you can work more intently simply because there’s not much to do otherwise? VAN SCIVER: What I’ve found is that I still have the drive to draw, but not the concentration it takes to work on what I should be working on. So, I’ve been drawing in sketchbooks instead, just to get that energy out. FROST: You have so much to work on too. Maybe we can get to that in a moment, because I wanted to chat about the recently-released “Complete Fante Bukowski” volume from Fantagraphics. For those that don’t know, how did the character of Fante come about? VAN SCIVER: I was just messing around in a sketchbook and making fun of the Bukowski bro-writer types who I’d see at zine festivals and who would wander into the bookstore I worked at in Denver. It started off as a page a day/ gag a day exercise using this character and I’d post them on Facebook or Tumblr. Through the gags, a story started to emerge and people on the internet began to follow it and became interested in the character. I finished up the sketchbook I’d been drawing the story in but quickly realized I had a lot more to write for Fante Bukowski. It just blossomed into a big story. Magically. FROST: And that was the first book of Fante Bukowski? How long did it take to complete the first book? VAN SCIVER: Yes, that was the first book. I drew that book fast and loose in only about 3 months if I recall. The first page of Fante Bukowski Vol. 1. Courtesy of Fantagraphics. FROST: Did you immediately know that Fante’s story would take place over multiple books, or did you think, at the time, that this was a one-time outing for the character? VAN SCIVER: I thought it would be a one-time book. But the ideas kept coming and I wanted to attempt a love story with the second book. FROST: How do you think you grew as a cartoonist while writing the trilogy? Because you had projects in between each Fante book, correct? Noah Van Sciver VAN SCIVER: Yeah, I did have a few things in between. Well, it was really an exercise in storytelling. I’d never written a trilogy before for one. But I’d also had to learn how to find multiple jokes based on limited character traits. I wanted the reader to initially hate Fante but as they continued to read they’d start to like him more and more. You’d learn why he was the person he was by the end of the book, maybe the reader would accept him. And my art went from sloppy to loose by the end. I think there’s a difference. FROST: I totally understand. Fante is set up to be a caricature, but then you give him real pathos. It’s an odd thing to feel sympathy for someone who, on the surface, is so vain and unlikeable. What was the most significant “a-ha” storytelling moment for you during the writing process? VAN SCIVER: Probably his tribal tattoo reveal. That hinted that this is a person who has tried on many personas in his life thus far. FROST: How have foreign markets reacted to Fante? I feel his story is so quintessentially American. VAN SCIVER: Everyone loves Fante Bukowski. Strangely, it’s already been translated into seven different languages and I hear from people all over the world about the books! I don’t know why! FROST: That must be a great feeling! Whose idea was it to compile the three separate volumes into one massive book? VAN SCIVER: I don’t remember whose idea it was but it became the plan after the third book was published. Fantagraphics just had a blast designing the series and had great ideas for a complete edition. FROST: The covers and graphic design for all the Fante books have been on point. The Library of America riff on the complete collected volume is inspired. Who is to thank for that? VAN SCIVER: Keeli McCarthy. She’s a genius. FROST: Before I move on to the next topic, one last question about Fante. I think I’ve read that, for now, you are done with him, but do you feel that you may revisit his literary antics down the road? VAN SCIVER: I think about it sometimes. Maybe. In one form or another, he’ll be back. Cover to the tie-in LP of the Grateful Dead: Origins GN. Courtesy of Z2. FROST: Okay, moving on. You have two massive projects in the works right now. There is the Grateful Dead: Origins graphic novel with Chris Miskiewicz that is coming out this June from Z2 Comics. And then there is the Joseph Smith biography that is coming out next year from Abrams. Let’s start with the Grateful Dead. How did you get involved with that project? VAN SCIVER: I bumped into Josh Frankel from Z2 at San Diego Comic Con and we hadn’t seen each other in a few years. He was working with Chris on doing a career spanning graphic novel series for The Grateful Dead and he asked me if I wanted to draw it. They were looking for somebody who kinda had an underground comix style. I was interested in that story so I took it on. I’m thankful I did. It’s a pretty fascinating history! FROST: Is it one book or several? VAN SCIVER: It could only be just this book, but we’d like to do a series that takes you all the way into the present and covers everything about the band. It’s been a great experiment in comics-making. FROST: How is the Joseph Smith book coming along? I remember the last time we chatted, you were deep into the work on it. VAN SCIVER: I’m still deep into it. It’s been the most immersive experience I’ve gone through. I’ve spent the last year flying out and visiting all of the historic sites and researching as much as I can. The difficult thing about creating a graphic novel based on real history is carving out a narrative that’s easy to follow from the onslaught of historic details that you learn. Sticking to what’s important for my book and what’s just chicken fat has been the challenge. FROST: Is the book still on track for release this year or next? Or has the COVID-19 pandemic changed everything in terms of a release date? VAN SCIVER: As far as I know! I haven’t heard anything different but who can tell what the future will look like? Blammo #10 FROST: I know that you’ve been so busy with these big books, but I wanted to know if you’ve taken any time to work on something smaller and more personal for you. The latest issue (the tenth) of Blammo came out in 2018. Is that still a book you’d want to work on in the future? VAN SCIVER: I do want to draw another issue. At this point, I assume I will. I also have a few mini-comics that I have been drawing that I should just self-publish. FROST: Has there been any talk or consideration of publishing all the Blammos into one edition? A lot of the early issues are extremely rare and hard to find. VAN SCIVER: I am asked all the time for that. But I don’t think I wanna do it. The first five issues are too embarrassing and the best stories from six through eight are in a book called Youth is Wasted from Adhouse books. FROST: And even that book is hard to find! VAN SCIVER: [LAUGHS] Oh, I didn’t know that! FROST: One thing I’ve noticed over the last few months is your ramping up of sketches and finished pieces on social media. Have you found that engaging people over Instagram and Facebook has brought more attention to your work? VAN SCIVER: It’s the only way to get my comics and drawings seen these days. FROST: Have there been any particular posts where the response surprised you? VAN SCIVER: [LAUGHS] Actually yes. Just the other day, I posted a dumb drawing of my character leaping onto crazy abstract buildings. People seemed to like that. FROST: Since you’ve been cooped up, what have you been reading for inspiration? VAN SCIVER: I jump all over the place. I’ve been reading the latest Walt and Skeezix volume from Drawn and Quarterly and also revisiting Darwyn Cooke’s New Frontier, which I love so much. FROST: I think I’ve taken up enough of your precious time. Any final thoughts on anything? VAN SCIVER: Thanks for taking the time to talk to me. I hope everyone is doing okay during this crisis. Wash your hands and keep other people away from you. FROST: And read a lot of comics? VAN SCIVER: Yes, read the complete Eightball [by Dan Clowes] and listen to Bob Marley. The Collected Works of Fante Bukowski is available now from Fantagraphics. Grateful Dead: Origins will be available on June 23, 2020. Learn more about Noah Van Sciver and his work on his website and Instagram. Blammo fante bukowski Previous articleMissing con season? Comics Relief: A First Second Festival is here to help Next articleKevin Conroy voices the Dark Knight again in a reading of BATMAN: THE ADVENTURES CONTINUE AJ Frost is an editor/writer based out of Phoenix, AZ. INTERVIEW: WANDAVISION cast & creators talk sitcoms, Monica Rambeau, and the...	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1587
__label__wiki	0.541296	0.541296	Testing > In vivo Fluid Skin Imaging for Better Resolution June 14, 2013 Contact Author Katie Schaefer, Cosmetics & Toiletries magazine Providing Solubilizers in Personal Care Products that Consumers Want — Sensient Cosmetic Technologies Biography for Jannick Rolland Most Popular in In vivo 1Evaluating 1,3-Propanediol for Potential Skin Effects 2Scalp Irritation From Hair Care Chemicals 3Dihydroavenanthramide D for Anti-irritant and Anti-itch 4Designing Mild Personal Care Products: A Case Study 5The Effect of Glycerol on the Water-holding Capacity of Chemically Irritated Skin* 6A High Throughput Method to Predict Skin Penetration and Screen Topical Formulations 7Subjective Skin Condition And Its Association With Objective Skin Measurements 8A Screening Technique for Antiperspirant Testing 9Tape Stripping Method in Humans: Comparison of Evaporimetric Methods 10Properties of a Pseudoceramide Multi-Lamellar Emulsion In Vitro and In Vivo Noninvasive subcutaneous skin imaging is a tool sought for use by the medical, pharmaceutical and personal care industries, but techniques have been lacking due to resolution and speed constraints. However, these obstacles may have been overcome by Jannick Rolland, PhD, and her team at the University of Rochester who developed a probe with a custom liquid lens microscope that can noninvasively image skin up to 2 mm deep with lateral resolution. Skin Imaging Challenges Lateral resolution is an important aspect of skin imaging, according to Rolland. “Previous capabilities have allowed the imaging of tissue under the skin, but that imaging showed only the layers and not the cells as there was no lateral resolution across the depths,” she explained. Rolland furthered that lateral resolution could be obtained by moving the slide on a stage and measuring point by point, e.g., in time-domain optical coherance tomography, but that this technique could not be applied in an in vivo clinical setting. Rolland noted that in vivo skin imaging must be conducted quickly to ensure that the subjects’ breathing and motion do not affect the results. She added that while the recently developed Fourier domain optical coherence tomography technique allows for a quick, entire depth scan with one measurement followed by a lateral scan to obtain a 3-D image, the lateral resolution remains unclear. “The idea was that either speed or resolution could be achieved, but not both,” Rolland said. Her team thus sought to develop a noninvasive technique to image the layers of skin with depth and lateral resolution. Resolving Lateral Resolution The key to obtaining lateral resolution, according to Rolland, is to open the numerical aperture of the lens to make it larger, referred to as Fourier domain optical coherance microscopy (FDOCM). “The problem is that lateral resolution can only be obtained when the lens is focused in one spot,” Rolland explained. She furthered that depending on the angle of the lens light, a wider cone would provide more lateral resolution but result in less clarity around that point, whereas a narrower cone would provide clearer depth but with little resolution. Drawing from the liquid lens technology used to auto-focus cell phone cameras, Rolland and her team created a probe lens to image the skin quickly with lateral resolution, as well as a custom microscope designed around the technology. “This lens can refocus within 30 ms with the possibility to go faster,” Rolland said. The device consists of two major components, the scan lens and the microscope head, which hosts the liquid lens. The liquid lens* is comprised of a droplet of water and oil and electrodes. Electrical current is then incorporated so that each time voltage passes through the electrodes in the liquid lens, it refocuses to take another image—i.e., electrowetting. Rolland explained, “As you apply voltage, the electrode becomes less hydrophobic and the junction of the oil/water interface changes shape when voltage is applied.” The final element of the probe is the spectrometer, which utilizes infrared light to capture measurements. “To achieve a high measuring speed, we developed our own spectrometer with a broadband source to measure the spectrum of light in addition to its intensity.” The team chose infrared light to penetrate more deeply into skin since visible light limits imaging depth by 200 μ due to scattering. The probe is capable of imaging 8 mm3 of tissue, 2 mm long x 2 mm wide x 2 mm deep, with a 2 μ resolution. Rolland explained, “We obtain multiple cubes of data, each being at a different focus of the lens. [Then] we use an algorithm to section out the focused region within those cubes and merge them together. Rolland’s team calls this technique Gabor domain optical coherance microscopy, which combines the high speed component of FDOCM with lateral resolution. Thus far, in human skin in vivo, the team has imaged 1 mm deep with a 2 μ resolution, although the probe could measure deeper based on variables such as the transparency of the skin, the wavelengths used, the type of tissue, etc. According to Rolland, this device is currently used in the medical field to determine if skin lesions should be biopsied by identifying intact skin. In the future, it may be used to conduct optical biopsies of lesions. The team also is working on taking its device into the fields of dermatology, ophthalmology and neuroscience. For instance, the device has been applied in modified form to imaging the cornea in ophthalmology, and to imaging the brain in neuroscience. In relation to personal care, Rolland noted the probe device could possibly be used to determine the penetration of cosmetic ingredients and observe their effects, or to image the nail fold. In addition, through collaborations with dermatologists, the probe may be used to observe the skin’s barrier to pathogens and the penetration of nanodots into the skin of mice. Good As Gold: Validating Alternative SPF Test Methods 4/3/2020, Uli Osterwalder, Sun Protection Facilitator (SPF) GmbH, Basel, Switzerland; Steffen Uhlig, Ph.D., and Bertrand Colson, QuoData Quality and Statistics GmbH, Berlin and Dresden, Germany; Jürgen Vollhardt, Ph.D., DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Switzerland Jannick Rolland, PhD, has been a professor of optics and biomedical engineering at the University of Rochester and the associate director of the university’s R.E. Hopkins Center for Optical Design and Engineering since 2009. She earned her doctorate in optical science from the University of Arizona and served as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of North Carolina. * The liquid lens was supplied by Varioptics, Lyons, France.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1588
__label__wiki	0.829939	0.829939	Watch Louis Tomlinson's emotional X Factor performance He lost his mum to cancer earlier this week By Josie Copson Thames/Syco/DymondSplash News Louis Tomlinson's mum, Johannah Deakin, died earlier this week of leukaemia. Despite what must be an incredibly hard time for Louis he still bravely decided to go ahead with his first solo performance on the X Factor live final. It's been less than a week since her death so we can't imagine it was easy, but he was amazing. Accompanied by DJ Steve Aoki he sang the song 'Just Hold On' in tribute to his incredible midwife mum - and the lyrics were heartbreaking. Some of the words include, "Oh until it's all been said / it's not over until your dying breath" and "what do you do when a chapter ends? Do you close the book and never read it again?". After the song it seemed as if Louis was getting pretty emotional, understandably. He bowed his head down and clapped the audience. He recieved a standing ovation from the judges and the Wembley audience. Simon Cowell then said, "Louis, I have to say something to you. I've known you for six years - what you've just done, and the bravery that took - I just respect you so much as an artist and as a person. Your Mum was so looking forward to tonight and I know she was watching down on you. You've done her proud. Steve - you're a great friend. Thank you." Before the show he broke his silence to thank his fans for their support. All the support has been incredible! Let's do this together tonight . — Louis Tomlinson (@Louis_Tomlinson) December 10, 2016 The sad news was first announced by Johannah's husband Dan.The statement read: "It is with immeasurable sadness that Johannah Deakin's family said goodbye to Johannah in the early hours of Wednesday 7th December 2016. "Earlier this year Johannah was diagnosed with a very aggressive form of leukaemia that required immediate and continuous treatment." You can read the full heartfelt statement here. He's received online condolences from ex-bandmates Zayn Malik and Liam Payne. And after his incredible performance his fans were quick to show their support. @Louis_Tomlinson I wanna say that you are so brave and so strong. We all so proud of you. We love you so much. Darling, just hold on. ❤️ — Harry Styles Updates (@HSUpdating) December 10, 2016 The bravery that Louis Tomlinson just showed defies belief. He has my eternal respect, that must have been horrendously difficult #XFactor — Stephanie Soteriou 🛸 (@StephanieRiou) December 10, 2016 Johannah had seven children in total; 24-year-old Louis, 18-year-old Lottie, 16-year-old Félicité, 12-year-old twins Phoebe and Daisy and most recently she had another set of twins - two-year-olds Ernest and Doris. Our thoughts are with them and all her family and friends at this tragic time. Follow Josie on Twitter. Like this? Come and check us out on Snapchat Discover. Josie Copson I'm the features intern here at Cosmopolitan and I'm in love with Daniel Craig - I don't want to hear you mention his age or his wife. Confirmed: One Direction and Emeli Sandé to perform on X Factor final Big issue: The X Factor Louis Tomlinson's sister Felicite has died aged 18 Is Louis Walsh about to get the boot from the X Factor judging panel? The US X Factor: The verdict	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1590
__label__cc	0.674702	0.325298	Counter Culture will use a 'lifeways' approach to studying Neolithic social diversity. This involves building a biography for individuals in the past by combining bioarchaeology evidence, with funerary rites. New isotopic data will be examined within the context of the high resolution chronology from Alsace based on the bayesian modelling of radiocarbon dates. The project will use three bioarchaeological measures of diversity: strontium isotopes (mobility), stable isotopes (diet), and dental calculus (diet, routine tasks, environment). Used in concert osteological evidence, these data mean we can investigate the interplay of and correlation between mobility, diet, routine activities, relevant dietary stress markers, ageing, sex, social standing, kinship, and group or ethnic affiliations in forming identity and shaping lifeways. Strontium Isotope Analysis By comparing the strontium (Sr) isotope ratios found in teeth to those from the local environment (e.g. plants, soils, rocks and rivers), it is possible to determine whether an individual moved over their lifetime. Up to and including adolescence, each tooth mineralises over several years. Standard sampling methods retrieve the average Sr isotopic ratio from the enamel over this period. Advances in mass-spectrometry, coupled with the introduction of a laser ablation system, now allows for high resolution sampling down to <100μm spots, or even of continuous profiles. Tooth enamel is laid down sequentially from the cusp (the top of the tooth) to the cervix, at the gum line. Determining how Sr isotopic ratios rise and fall along this transect provides a more refined record of mobility. Accurately tying these sequences to time in calendar years or seasons is not yet possible, but—significantly for this project—it will allow for more refined comparisons between individuals over the time the tooth was forming. Hence, greater detail about the variety of mobility patterns practised is accessible. Rigorous interpretation requires the layering of different sources of evidence together, carefully assessing the conclusions against different mobility models. When tied to details from the skeleton and the burial rites, Sr informs on who within a community was moving during their childhood and early adolescence, and whether this included a geologically different area to their place of burial. You are what you eat. Comparing carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes in human bone collagen allows assessment of the relative importance of plant and animal foods in the diet. Bone continuously forms throughout life and, depending on the skeletal-element sampled, reflects diet in the ten to 20 years before an individual’s death. Previous analysis on the Early Neolithic, has demonstrated a relatively homogenous diet amongst the earliest farmers. Yet some of the largest differences were found in the Alsace region, particularly in terms of non-sexed diversity, which remain to be adequately explained, but could indicate differential access to meat or fish. Dental calculus or tartar is becoming an increasingly important line of evidence in Archaeology, as it potentially retains a wealth of information on diet and health. It preserves from very deep into the human past, from the Lower Palaeolithic. While most studies on human dental calculus have focused on dietary remains (e.g. starch granules, plant phytoliths) entombed in its matrix, recent work conducted at BioArCh, UoY, has shown that dental calculus can also entrap particles of non-dietary origin, from micro-charcoal to pollen, to fibres (e.g. nettle and hemp), and even non-indigenous food items. Such microfossils can provide unique insights regarding the natural and built environments directly experienced by people during life, and when combined with osteaoarchaeological data such as sex and age they may even provide insights into division of labour.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1593
__label__wiki	0.768601	0.768601	George Jones’ Delivers An Inspirational Hymn “Just A Closer Walk With Thee” George Jones was one of the legendary singers in the industry of country music. During his lifetime, he released hundreds of hits. One of the incredible hits he recorded was “He Stopped Loving Her Today.” This song marked Jones’ greatest country song of all time. “He Stopped Loving Her Today” is Jones’ first number-one single to top on the country charts. Today, I will be talking about his heartfelt worship performance with the song “Just A Closer Walk With Thee.” Via godtube.com This is a traditional gospel song first recorded in 1941. Since then, “Just A Closer Walk With Thee” has become an all-time favorite gospel song which is sung in churches, and was recorded by many music artists. One of them is George Jones. He recorded the song and it was released in 2003 from his gospel album, Amazing Grace. Photo credit: George Jones/Official Facebook Page Amazing Grace contains gospel song recorded by Jones with his longtime producer Billy Sherill. Both had a great team-up but later slipped away when Jones jumped from Epic to MCA. However, when Sherill wanted to resign from his position, Jones convinced him to produce an album which contains different gospel songs. Amazing Grace was Jones’ first gospel album that Sherill and Jones released showing great goodness of the Lord. Grant it, Jesus, is my plea Let it be, dear Lord, let it be No matter what we go through in our life, always put in mind that God is with us. He takes over everything that happens including those things that are on our minds. Sometimes, we are just hesitant to tell everything to Him especially our sins, but do we also know that he puts an eye to watch over us? So he probably knows everything. Watch George Jones amazing performance below: To read more articles about your favorite country stars and country songs, feel free to visit our website or follow us on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. amazing grace, George Jones, just a closer walk with thee Where are the Mandrell Sisters Now after Four Decades? Kenny Chesney and George Strait Honor All The Hardworking People in “Shiftwork” Georgette Jones Sounds Like Her Mother As She Sings Tammy’s Songs The Blind Boys of Alabama Brings a Unique Spin to “Amazing Grace” George Jones Admits that He’s a “Wandering Soul” Happy Birthday In Heaven Mac Wiseman: “The Voice With A Heart” Various Music Artists Collaborate for a Melodious Recording “Missing You:” A Collaboration of Alisson Krauss and John Waite The Best Songs From One of Country Music’s Most Beloved Voices, Alison Krauss The Best Songs From The Country-Tinged A Cappella Vocal Group, Home Free Which Among Your Favorite Classics Get The Most Jukebox Plays? Did You Know Willie Nelson Is Still Doing Martial Arts As Much As He Ever Did? Here Are The Top 40 Country Songs For November 2020 Carrie Underwood Asked Son To Sing A Christmas Song With Her and Things Got Emotional <# if(ThriveComments.current_user.ID){#>href="https://www.countrythangdaily.com/wp-login.php?action=logout&_wpnonce=4ee5980782"<#}#>><#= ThriveComments.util.render_label('logout_change') #>	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1594
__label__wiki	0.758606	0.758606	A MetroCard purchase this week could send you to Hawaii Ryan Deffenbaugh Hawaii Visitors & Convention Bureau MetroCards cost more today than they did a week ago, but there's a chance your ride on the subway could take you to Hawaii. A contest launched Tuesday by the Hawaii Visitors & Convention Bureau will offer the chance at a free 6-night trip to Hawaii for one city commuter and a guest. The nonprofit visitors bureau has purchased advertisements on 250,000 MetroCards, which will be distributed for the next week at eight subway stops throughout the city. Should you find one of the cards, a code on the back can be entered on the website Hawaii.nyc to enter the contest. The winner, who will be picked on May 8, gets free airfare, six nights in a hotel and seven days with a free rental car on either Kauai, Oahu, Maui or Hawaii's Big Island. The contest even throws in a $1,500 gift card from an unnamed sponsor as spending money. The HVCB is certainly not the first entity to pay for its message to be printed on MetroCards, which populate the pockets and bags of more than 8.5 million daily bus and subway riders in the city. Most notably, HBO paid late last year to have characters from its blockbuster Game of Thrones series printed on 250,000 bus and subway passes. But the HVCB says this is the first time a MetroCard has been used for a contest. The Metropolitan Transportation Authority charges 45 cents per card for ads printed in color on both sides. By that rate, printing 250,000 branded-cards is quoted at $112,500. The MetroCards are part of a larger campaign to bring New Yorkers to Hawaii, dubbed HIxNY, that will include six additional trip giveaways this spring and summer through partnerships with New York institutions. The giveaways include a sweepstakes to Oahu through tickets to the Governors Ball music festival in May and to the Big Island through Barry's Bootcamp in June. The Hawaii MetroCards will be printed at these eight stations: • 72nd Street-Amsterdam Avenue • 86th Street-Lexington Avenue • 59th Street-Columbus Avenue • 23rd Street-8th Avenue • 14th Street-Union Square • Broadway-Lafayette at Houston Street • Fulton Street • Atlantic Avenue-Barclays Center Hard-hit hotels, restaurants and theaters expect slow recovery, even with federal funds Humm of NoMad fame says Sydell stiffed him of $2M Sponsored Content: New Approaches to Private Equity	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1596
__label__cc	0.736413	0.263587	Aweber Masteral Reviews Lead Pages In Active Campaign activecampaignreview / By AweberReview Join our special early-adopter Slack community, to help shape the future of our ventures & get early access to new items. As a one-stop email marketing service, ActiveCampaign, which starts at $9 per month has a lot to use, consisting of unrestricted e-mails with all of its plans, third-party integrations, and a variety of auto-responders. This leads to a rather hectic interface, which can be hard to take in in the beginning look. ActiveCampaign has a big library of online support resources and onboarding services, and you can receive help via live chat, however not by phone. It’s similar to Project Display in lots of methods, though each bests the other one in some locations. For the very best email marketing experience want to our Editors’ Choice picks in this classification: Advocate and MailChimp ($ 10. Like a number of other e-mail marketing programs, ActiveCampaign also extends its features into marketing automation as you’ll see listed below. The business organizes its strategies depending on the variety of customers you’re aiming to reach. Lead Pages In Active Campaign. Strategies begin at $9 each month for approximately 500 contacts and limitless e-mails. At each subscriber level, you can upgrade to a Plus plan that adds numerous features consisting of client relationship management (CRM), a customized domain, and customized branding. Strategies go all the way up to 100,000 contacts; if you require more, you can call ActiveCampaign for a customized strategy. In in between, you can go with 2,500 contacts for $29 per month, 5,000 contacts for $45 monthly and so on. All strategies include unlimited e-mails, unlike Project Screen, which uses both standard strategies with limited emails, and more pricey unrestricted plans. ActiveCampaign provides a 14-day totally free trial that does not need a credit card. To get going, all you need is your business name and email address. Next, you set up a password and then select the service you’re looking forin addition to email marketing, it provides marketing automation, CRM, and sales automation. The dashboard is overwhelming at first glance. It’s hard to know where to look first. On the best rail is a social activity feed, including social shares, unsubscribes, click rates, and more. To the left of that is an introduction of your campaign activity. Part of the confusion is that it’s filled with sample info that vanishes when you mouse over it. It’s also confusing because ActiveCampaign likewise provides CRM and other functions that you might not plan to utilize, but show up on the dashboard anyway if you’re using the totally free trial (Lead Pages In Active Campaign). Along the top of the screen are your primary choices: contacts, campaigns, lists, and other non-email marketing related features. From here you can import and export CSV files or import from a third-party service, such as Asana ($ 0. 00 at Asana), Base CRM , Zoho CRM ( See Site at Zoho CRM), and much more. This is another location where it bests Campaign Monitor, which has no 3rd party integration (Lead Pages In Active Campaign). Before you add any contacts, however, you have to develop a list, simply like with Campaign Screen. When you create a list, you require to offer it a name, offer your company’s mailing address for the footer, company URL, and a note letting subscribers understand why they’re getting the e-mail (this may reduce spam reports from absent-minded users.) Next, you can import contacts to that list. You can also opt not to import a particular field. I experimented with adding e-mail, name, and birthday. It recognized e-mail, however not the other two, however I had the ability to easily produce custom fields. You can likewise tag contacts for simple browsing. Click the campaigns tab to create a newsletter. You’ll probably send standard emails the most, but you can also select automated (based on logic you create), autoresponder (based upon an action by the subscriber), A/B test, RSS-triggered, or date-based (Lead Pages In Active Campaign). Then choose the list you wish to send to; you can also sector that list utilizing contact details, location, pages they went to on your site, and more. After you select who will get the email, you can begin creating, either from scratch or by utilizing one of their pre-designed design templates. Beginning from scratch indicates you can select the design, colors, and theme. You can also add components by means of drag and drop to the page consisting of text, image, button, HTML, video, and spacers. You can likewise make an aspect conditional based on data from your contacts, such as if they’ve made a current purchase. You can likewise drag components around the page to alter their position, which didn’t always operate in my tests. Once you publish an image to a newsletter, it is conserved in your library for reuse; you can even develop folders for much better organization. Then you can send test, or schedule shipment (Lead Pages In Active Campaign). At the bottom of this screen, you can see your spam rating. In my very first newsletter, I was alerted about using a totally free email supplier. Custom e-mails are normally better for trust. You can also sneak peek by e-mail customer and on desktop. ActiveCampaign supports multi-user modifying, which works similarly to Microsoft Word’s ($ 128. 00 at Amazon) track changes include. Autoresponders can be activated by subscribes, unsubscribes, email opens or link clicks, and events, such as birthdays and anniversaries. You have actually to first established an e-mail in order to set up an auto-responder, which is a bit frustrating given that you don’t learn till you’re currently working through the process. As I mentioned earlier, you can select what to track and add Google Analytics integration. On the reports tab, you can see all the projects you have actually sent out, in addition to opens and clicks. Clicking on a project brings you much deeper; you can view which customers have actually opened your e-mail, link clicks, a map revealing where your customers are, which email customers they utilize, and unsubscribes. Keep in mind that, like all e-mail marketing services, you will just be able to see views if your e-mail displays images or if a recipient clicks a link. Lead Pages In Active Campaign. There are a number of methods to get help in ActiveCampaign. On every screen, you’ll see a button with an enigma on it with links to the knowledgebase, training resources, and live chat with support. The knowledgebase includes videos and articles on ActiveCampaign features. Under training, you can schedule a 30-minute call or an in-person meeting in Chicago to get an in-depth walkthrough of the service ($ 65 or free with Plus or Business account). You can likewise sign up for a webinar, which are typically arranged when a week. ActiveCampaign stands among the best marketing automation tools in the market. Although it’s not as total as our Editors’ Option tools Pardot ( See Site at Salesforce. com) and HubSpot ( 50. 00 Per Month at HubSpot), ActiveCampaign, is ample to help most businesses achieve standard and slightly complicated goals. Copyright © 2021 Aweber Masteral Reviews \| Sitemap	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1597
__label__cc	0.528247	0.471753	Home > All news > Detained Sudanese Congress Party member ‘tortured’ Detained Sudanese Congress Party member ‘tortured’ May 3 - 2015 KERIMA / KHARTOUM Activists of the Sudanese Congress Party in Khartoum demand the release of political detainees, 26 April 2015 (RD) One of the two members of the Sudanese Congress Party (SCP) detained by security agents in Kerima, Northern state, on Thursday, has been released. He was reportedly tortured. The party’s spokesman, Bakri Yousef, told Radio Dabanga on Friday that members of the National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) took Raafat Abdelghaffar and Ibrahim Hassan to the security office in Kerima following a public speech in the town in which the current political situation was criticised. “Abdelghaffar was released today. He had been beaten and tortured. Hassan is still being held.” Yousef added that SCP Political Affairs Deputy Chairman Mastour Ahmed and two other party members, detained by security officers in Omdurman, the sister-city of Khartoum, on Tuesday, are also still being held. They were detained after participating in a mass activity at Soug Libya. He reported that criminal charges have been filed against them, related to disturbance of the public order. “The authorities refused to release them on bail, and have extended their detention for three more days.” July 6 - 2015 Political secretary of the Sudanese Congress Party’s flogged April 29 - 2015 Sudanese Congress Party official, students detained in Omdurman	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1599
__label__wiki	0.558204	0.558204	EXPERIENCED ESTATE AGENT HUNTS DOWN A NEW ROLE AT DACRES Residential News \| Mon 25 Jun 2018 Paul Wilson, Wharfe Valley Area Director & Richard Hare, Guiseley Office Manager An experienced property professional has joined Dacres to manage our Guiseley office. Richard Hare, who has almost eight years industry experience both in the UK and abroad, joins from Hunters. He will head up the Guiseley office managing a team of four across sales and lettings. Richard also worked for an independent estate agency firm in Chapel Allerton for two years. He is a qualified Member of the National Association of Estate Agents and has a nationally recognised certificate in the sale and letting of residential property. Richard lives on the outskirts of Alwoodley and is originally from Harrogate. He said: “It’s a fantastic opportunity for me to further my career and join such a successful and respected firm. Dacres not only invests heavily in its people, but in its marketing technology and customer service, and with such an extensive office network across the Yorkshire region it really does have all areas covered. “The market in Guiseley is buoyant, its rail links into Leeds, good schools and easy access to the surrounding countryside make it a very popular place to live. Similar to Horsforth, it’s popular with people of all ages as there are a vast range of homes, from smart apartments to large family homes and farmhouses available. I plan on growing the firm’s market share in the town centre and surrounding villages including, Carlton, Hawksworth, Esholt, Rawdon, Yeadon and Apperley Bridge.” Patrick McCutcheon, head of residential sales, said: “We are delighted to welcome Richard to the Dacres team, he is knowledgeable, has a keen sense of the local market and will work hard to make the Guiseley office the top performing agent in the area.” For further information about our Guiseley office, or to arrange a free, no obligation market appraisal call 01943 870326 https://goo.gl/16ixyT Find out how we can get you moving Beech Close, Gargrave, Skipton, BD23 4 bedroom House House with 4 bedrooms, 3 receptions and 2 bathrooms NO ONWARD CHAIN - A SUBSTANTIALLY built DETACHED house sat within its own grounds offering GOOD internal and external space including a double GARAGE, parking and a we... Upper Marsh Lane, Oxenhope, Keighley, BD22 A well-presented four bedroomed traditional farm house delightfully situated in a rural location with long range views over the Worth Valley. Peel Place, Burley in Wharfedale, Ilkley, LS29 3 bedroom House House with 3 bedrooms, 1 reception and 1 bathroom Newly refurbished, three bedroom, semi detached house finished to a high specification with generous size rear garden and parking for two cars.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1600
__label__cc	0.662906	0.337094	Jan 19, 2021 Gold Price Forecast: November Low on Radar as RSI Snaps Upward Trend Jan 19, 2021 Crude Oil Latest: Trend Higher Still in Place Despite IEA Cutting Forecast For Demand BoE Haldane Speech () $AUDJPY has slipped back below 80.00 after climbing above that level earlier today for the first time since last week. $AUD $JPY https://t.co/2tj15alv5P Join @JStanleyFX 's webinar at 1:00 PM EST/6:00 PM GMT where you can learn more about trading price action. Register here: https://t.co/ZCcMdyaTsB https://t.co/5HCzKlchwL Indices Update: As of 17:00, these are your best and worst performers based on the London trading schedule: US 500: 0.22% Wall Street: 0.13% FTSE 100: 0.09% France 40: -0.01% Germany 30: -0.01% View the performance of all markets via https://www.dailyfx.com/forex-rates#indices https://t.co/3JhWDgSvvW #Bitcoin is rising higher, trading around $37,500, hitting its highest level of the trading week. The cryptocurrency had encountered resistance around this level over the weekend. $BTC https://t.co/HUwnEtrqDZ The latest ZEW readings for both the Euro Area and Germany came in better than expected this morning, giving the single currency a nudge higher. Get your #Euro market update from @nickcawley1 here:https://t.co/EWUnpKbMex https://t.co/zDtS6HZHxw #Gold has been mostly consolidating slightly around $1,840 this week, trading slightly lower than last week's levels. $XAU $GLD https://t.co/YwNC79nl9c Treasury Sec. nominee Yellen: - I believe in market-determined exchange rates - The US does not seek a weaker currency to gain a competitive advantage - Intentional targeting of exchange rates to gain an advantage is unacceptable $USD Treasury Sec. nominee Yellen: - China is our most important strategic competitor - Need to work with allies and strengthen our own economy to compete - We need to take on China's abusive, unfair, and illegal practices $USD $CNH Treasury Sec. nominee Yellen: - I believe in a fair and progressive tax code - Wealthy corporations and individuals should pay their fair share $SPY $USD Treasury Sec. nominee Yellen: - Will work over time for a second relief package - We need to invest in infrastructure, R&D, and workforce development $USD The Rise of #OOTT: High-Level Oil Research and the Power of Social Media 2016-11-23 20:00:00 James Stanley, Strategist - For years, obtaining high-level research behind Oil markets carried considerable costs. - As of this June/July the hashtag #OOTT can be used on Twitter to access a significant amount of high-level research around Oil markets; and it’s all completely free-of-charge. To receive James Stanley’s Analysis directly via email, please sign up here. The internet has brought a considerable amount of change to the world; that much can be widely agreed upon. But what does seem to get lost in the shuffle, however, is how the internet continues to drive the evolution of social dynamics within our species. The Arab Spring is an example of this. Something that previously wouldn’t have been possible given that many of these people weren’t allowed to congregate or protest was made possible by the ease of electronic communication. The power of social media helped to actually initiate social change. But this evolution is still taking place in global financial markets too. Never in history has the regular, everyday person been so empowered by the megaphone that is social media; and while there are certainly some negative aspects about letting anyone in the world say whatever they want whenever they want it, there is some profound benefit as well. Such is the case with research behind Oil markets. For years, if traders wanted to access high-level research behind Oil prices, there was probably going to be a considerable cost of time, money or all of the above. And for a market like Oil, in which supply is truly driven by global forces and demand dictates the fortunes of numerous countries, that legwork could be extensive as there are just so many economies, actors or ‘themes’ to be following. The creator of #OOTT, Sam Madani The demand for aggregation of this research was so powerful that an astute Oil trader in Sweden by the name of Mr. Sam Madani came up with the idea of collating this various research behind a singular hashtag (Oil traders will probably want to follow Mr. Madani’s twitter account, which is linked above). A hashtag is simply a notational format on Twitter that uses the number sign in front of a word to activate a ‘keyword,’ which further enables others to see those comments simply by following the same hashtag. The hashtag of #OOTT, which stands for ‘Organization of Oil Trading Tweeters’ has become known as one of the fastest ways to access robust, institutional-level market research for Oil markets. If you’d like a full background on how this came about, please check out the write-up from earlier in the year on the website EnergyFuse.Org, entitled ‘The Organization of Oil Trading Tweeters #OOTT Merges Powerful Data with a Culture of Openness.’ In the image below, you can see the ‘Tweetdeck’ application that’s commonly used to interact with the Twitter platform, and notice the column dedicated to the hashtag of #OOTT, which is streaming in new comments from around-the-world that contain the hashtag. In the column highlighted in Yellow, any tweet on the platform that contains the ‘#OOTT’ text will be delivered into this column, enabling traders to stay on top of fast-moving news, research and intelligence pertinent to Oil prices. The popular Tweetdeck platform with a column dedicated to the hashtag #OOTT highlighted; The Founder of #OOTT, Sam Madani, is atop the column To get this Setup This is farily easy. Creating an account on Twitter is free, and setting up the Tweetdeck application is also free (to get started with that process, please click here). Once your Twitter account is setup with Tweetdeck, you can add a column by clicking on the ‘+’ sign on the left side of the application. After that, you can click on ‘search,’ and then type in the hashtag of ‘#OOTT,’ and then ‘add column on the lower-portion of the corresponding box. Now that you have the column added to follow the hashtag, any new tweets that include #OOTT will be delivered directly to your Tweetdeck platform. This is going to be very much dependent on how you trade Oil and how you want to use Twitter. To be clear, this isn’t a trade signal service or even an area where trade ideas are commonly exchanged. This hashtag is pertinent to research that can then be used to derive trade ideas or strategies. So, this should be looked at as a supplement to a trader’s approach rather than a panacea of trade ideas. The world changes very fast. Nowhere is this clearer than in Oil markets. Only 30 years ago, there was a legitimate concern about the world running out of Oil. This kept prices high as only a few suppliers around the World existed, and they mostly belonged to a cartel that coordinated production in order to keep prices high and to keep competition at bay. Then the Financial Collapse happened. In response, Central Banks around the world yanked interest rates to or towards record-low levels; and investors were left with a dearth of attractive options to invest their capital. This is what helped drive stocks around-the-world to fresh all-time-highs despite the fact that many economic indicators remained lackluster; and after two years of relatively stable Oil prices in the post-Financial Collapse environment, investment capital drove back-in to many commodity markets, Oil included. The combination of low rates, stable commodity prices and aggressive banks that were frothy with QE-cash drove a significant amount of investment into figuring out how to get more Oil out of the ground. Fracking and horizontal drilling methods were long investigated and considered too expensive, but with interest rates at record lows, opportunity cost was much less of an issue. As U.S. production of energy continued to increase, the dependency on foreign Oil lessened and prices began to correct; and once this correction got started there was very little slowdown. From June of 2014 until February of 2016, Oil prices had fallen by more than 75%. On the chart below, we’re looking at the 17-year move in Oil prices with emphasis on price action post-June 2014. Notice the trend-line that can be found by connecting the lows of December 1998 with the low in November of 2001, and projected on to the chart. This trend-line caught the lows of the Financial Collapse and since January of 2015, has acted as first support and now resistance for near-term price action. Chart prepared by James Stanley But in a world that’s become accustomed to feast-or-famine markets, this move may not stand out. But one has to consider that many nations in the world derive a vast portion of their revenue from Oil and energy exports. So when prices move lower, it’s not just one industry or one sector that gets hurt, it’s the entire economy. And given how incredibly aggressive banks in Europe and the United States have been with investments in Oil in the low-rate environment of the past eight years, there is a legitimate concern that a long-term breakdown in Oil prices can trigger a ‘cascade effect’ by hitting a major bank that’s carrying counter-party risk with other major banks. Oil prices pulled back from the brink in February, re-ascending by almost 100% in the following four months; but after setting resistance at $51.50, have been unable to continue-higher. So, we’re in a proverbial ‘holding pattern’ as Oil prices sit around the psychological level of $50. If prices break back down below $30, there will likely be concerns about banking health and the fear of a domino-effect running through the banking sector. If Oil prices rise too aggressively, then we’ll get to deal with heavier-than-expected inflation, which could motivate the Fed to hike rates faster than they’d have wanted to otherwise. But regardless of which of these scenarios end up playing out, you’ll probably be able to see it on Twitter before anywhere else; and if you follow the hashtag of #OOTT, you’ll have an inside track on getting that intelligence as quickly as anyone else in the market. --- Written by James Stanley, Analyst for DailyFX.com To receive James Stanley’s analysis directly via email, please SIGN UP HERE Contact and follow James on Twitter: @JStanleyFX James Stanley, Strategist Canadian Dollar Outlook: USD/CAD Rebound May Continue Ahead of BoC Nasdaq 100 Weighed Down by Tax Hike Fears as Biden Unveils Relief Plan DAX 30 Poised to Extend Climb Despite Threat of Extended Restrictions var disqus_config = function () { this.page.url = 'https://www.dailyfx.com/forex/fundamental/daily_briefing/session_briefing/daily_fundamentals/2016/11/24/OOTT-high-level-oil-research-for-free-srepstans.html'; this.page.identifier = 'https://www.dailyfx.com/forex/fundamental/daily_briefing/session_briefing/daily_fundamentals/2016/11/24/OOTT-high-level-oil-research-for-free-srepstans.html'; }; (function() { var d = document, s = d.createElement('script'); s.src = '//dailyfx-com.disqus.com/embed.js'; s.setAttribute('data-timestamp', new Date()); (d.head \|\| d.body).appendChild(s); })();	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1602
__label__wiki	0.984852	0.984852	Aussie sights on Abbey-BoS link By Lachlan Colquhoun Updated: 19:00 EST, 22 November 2000 The National Australia Bank has confirmed it is pursuing a British acquisition after the US$2.75bn(£2bn) sale overnight of its United States unit Michigan National to ABN Amro of the Netherlands. The NAB, Australia's largest bank, has been linked with Abbey National and the Bank of Scotland, with speculation that it could attempt to gatecrash their £23bn merger talks. NAB shares rose 3% in Sydney to close at A$30.10, just below their record high, as chief executive Frank Cicutto confirmed the sale would be used to further the group's British ambitions. 'We will set aside an amount to further develop our organic growth opportunities in the United Kingdom,' he said. The NAB will take an estimated US$1.1bn gain from the Michigan National deal, which could be used to sweeten any approach to either Abbey or BoS shareholders. The NAB already has substantial assets in Britain, where it owns the Clydesdale and Yorkshire banks, as well as the Belfast-based Northern Bank and the National Irish Bank in Dublin. It has never made a secret of its desire to expand further when presented with the right opportunities. 'We are keeping a watchful eye on the UK and are considering a whole range of possibilities there,' Cicutto said. 'We now have the financial flexibility to look at things quite differently than we have in the past.' The crumbling Australian dollar, which plumbed a record low on Wednesday below 51 US cents, has made any all-scrip offer from the NAB increasingly unattractive to British shareholders, particularly given that rival local bidders would probably be armed with cash. The Michigan National sale could help redress that, and make the NAB a serious contender in any further rationalisation of banking in Britain. Cicutto told a business lunch the NAB was also pondering a dual-listed structure 'through acquisition, through mergers, alliances and the like'. NAB has generated just under half of its profits offshore, including Michigan National, and has always said it wants to make the bulk of its profits from its foreign operations. With the Michigan sale, its only remaining US asset is mortgage lender HomeSide. It is now clear the bank is focusing its offshore ambitions on Britain. Australian reports claim the NAB is looking for 15% of a new bank formed from a three-way merger with Abbey National and the BoS, to be listed in London and Sydney. BMW under fire for latest 'woke' promo video Blow to City as leading British biotech firm Immunocore... China was the world's only major economy to have grown in...	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1603
__label__cc	0.739265	0.260735	+62 (0)811 388709 ☎ +62 (0)365 4501211 Our Eco-Resort Our Eco-Policy Our Tropical Garden A SPECIAL DECORATION FOR KUNINGAN DAY 28 September 2020 /0 Comments/in News /by Puri Dajuma Last Saturday Balinese have completed the sequence of Galungan festival by celebrating Kuningan Day as the closing. Every ceremony in Bali has its uniqueness, for example Galungan’s landmark is the Penjor (decorated bamboo). Kuningan day also has its uniqueness, Balinese have a special decoration for it called Tamiang. On Kuningan day, all the temples and houses are decorated with the tamiang shown on the picture. It is made of young coconut or palm leaves and colorfully decorated. The word tamiang is a reminiscence of a shield, a form of shield commonly used in war. Tamiang is often interpreted as a symbol of self-protection. Tamiang, when seen from its round shape, is also often understood as a symbol of the Dewata Nawa Sanga who became God of the nine cardinal directions. https://www.dajuma.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/A-Special-Decoration-for-Kuningan-Day.jpg 479 750 Puri Dajuma https://www.dajuma.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/logo_dajuma_340x156.png Puri Dajuma2020-09-28 15:52:222020-09-28 15:52:22A SPECIAL DECORATION FOR KUNINGAN DAY GALUNGAN & KUNINGAN: A TIME FOR FAMILY GATHERING One of the biggest celebration for Hindu people in Bali are Galungan and Kuningan days. They are celebrated every 210 days of Balinese calendar, Galungan being always on Wednesday (Sept 16th) and Kuningan (Sept 26th) on Saturday (10 days after Galungan). It celebrates the victory of Dharma over Adharma (the triumph of good over evil). It marks the time when ancestral spirits of deceased relatives visit the Earth. The last day of the celebration is Kuningan, when they leave earth. The spirits of deceased relatives return to visit their former homes and the Balinese have a responsibility to be hospitable and welcoming to their past ancestors through prayers and offerings throughout their home. Galungan is also dedicated as a day of Family Gathering, a day after the Galungan most of the Balinese families will visit each other’s house. When they visit their family house, they will enjoy the food that has been prepared such as fruits, cakes and many other things that they already used for their offerings. This time, because of the pandemic and the restrictions of gatherings, the celebrations are different from what they usually are. But the Balinese spirit is anyway there, full of joy and happiness. https://www.dajuma.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Galungan-Kuningan-A-Time-for-Family-Gathering.jpg 908 1280 Puri Dajuma https://www.dajuma.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/logo_dajuma_340x156.png Puri Dajuma2020-09-21 13:58:502020-09-21 13:58:50GALUNGAN & KUNINGAN: A TIME FOR FAMILY GATHERING CONGRATULATIONS YOUNG LADIES This week, we decided to post on Dewi, the daughter of our late Indra and Kadek, our priest and restaurant manager. Dewi has grown into a beautiful and happy young woman who just finished high school and will soon be entering university when the Covid 19 crisis will be behind us. Her older sister Eka, a few years older, has just completed her Master’s degree in civil engineering and is looking now for her first job. Like everywhere in the world, the period is perhaps not the best one for that but, fortunately, Bali has a lot of infrastructure projects in preparation. To readers of this blog looking for a civil engineer, do not hesitate for a second to recruit Eka. You will be amazed by her abilities and her human qualities. Congratulations young ladies, we are very proud of you! https://www.dajuma.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/CONGRATULATIONS-YOUNG-LADIES.jpg 1247 935 Puri Dajuma https://www.dajuma.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/logo_dajuma_340x156.png Puri Dajuma2020-09-14 14:07:522020-09-14 14:07:52CONGRATULATIONS YOUNG LADIES BACK TO FARMS AND FISHING 7 September 2020 /0 Comments/in News /by Puri Dajuma With the coronavirus pandemic, thousands of people working in the tourism industry in Bali have been forced to return to their villages and traditional ways of making a living. For most of them the income drop has been extremely strong and the only way to partly compensate was to return to what the generous nature in Bali is able to offer, from the farm and from the sea. At Dajuma, all our staff continues to work on a part time basis and to receive a reduced salary covering basic needs, the rest of the time being allocated to farming and fishing. Let’s hope that the “return to normal” will come soon! https://www.dajuma.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/BACK-TO-FARMS-AND-FISHING.jpg 960 1280 Puri Dajuma https://www.dajuma.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/logo_dajuma_340x156.png Puri Dajuma2020-09-07 21:01:592020-09-07 21:01:59BACK TO FARMS AND FISHING Happy quarantine at Dajuma for Lucas’s family18 January 2021 - 20:12 RESTORATION OF OUR MONUMENT BOAT11 January 2021 - 14:51 Happy Wedding Wayan, Congratulations, Bulleh and Family...4 January 2021 - 14:08 HAPPY NEW YEAR!28 December 2020 - 15:09 FAREWELL DEAREST FRIEND EDI18 April 2016 - 17:00 DAJUMA IS PART OF THE TOP 16 BEST RESORTS IN BALI31 October 2016 - 15:35 PLASTIC RECYCLING IN BALI: A REVOLUTION…20 June 2016 - 15:11 CONGRATULATIONS RONDY!25 April 2016 - 16:00 Hi guys, how can we continue to contribute to the COVID...1 October 2020 - 03:06 by Tracy Wootton We also can’t wait to visit your beautiful resort again....26 May 2020 - 05:29 by Vanessa We can’t wait to come back and see you again. Take care. XXX...14 May 2020 - 09:29 by Tracy Wootton Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren, mit großem Interesse lesen...6 May 2020 - 00:30 by Cornelia Stracke anniversary beach bendega villas buffalo races celebration ceremony coronavirus covid-19 cuisine culture dajuma dajuma cocktail dajuma rewarded dancing eco-resort fishing fruit galungan guest happy new year jegog jembrana medewi medewi cape music nature nyepi ritual pekutatan people rama restaurant relax restaurants reward sea sport staff state plantation surfing sustainable tourism tours tradition tropical garden wedding west bali yoga Contact us E-Library Photos Videos Puri Dajuma ☆☆☆☆ Beach Eco-Resort & Spa, Bali Pekutatan, Jembrana Regency, Bali 82262, Indonesia info@dajuma.com I acceptHide notification onlySettings	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1604
__label__wiki	0.646387	0.646387	Germany and Europe Development and Dialogue Global Issues and Law Society and Integration Lifestyle and Cuisine Mobility and Travel Globalization and World Trade Brands and Markets Careers and Work Intellect and Scholarship Arts and Architecture Creativity and Fashion Earth and Climate Landscapes and Habitats Resources and Sustainability Service for journalists So tickt Deutschland Menu Languages Raising questions “Small measures, big effect” Gerard Krause has developed an IT system for containing epidemics in Africa. His idea is now helping in the fight against corona worldwide. Isabell Spilker / 14.09.2020 An app that was developed in Germany is now helping in the fight against corona AdobeStock Gérard Krause is professor of epidemiology at the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) in Braunschweig. Some years ago he developed the SORMAS IT system to monitor the spread of viral diseases like Ebola in Africa. Now it is being deployed worldwide in the fight against COVID-19. Gérard Krause is professor of epidemiology Professor Krause, you originally developed the SORMAS IT system to combat Ebola. How can it help contain the corona pandemic? The COVID-19 pandemic makes very similar demands on healthcare systems as an Ebola outbreak. In recent years we examined and tested the processes associated with such an event – and only had to make slight adjustments for the corona pandemic. SORMAS (Surveillance Outbreak Response Management and Analysis System) was developed for public health authorities because of the very significant role they play in medical and clinical care: the public health authority prevents the further spread of a disease by investigating potential cases. It has to identify contact persons, provide them with healthcare support and make sure they do not become an infection risk. All these processes are interconnected. They also involve very different occupational groups – laboratory clinicians, doctors, health authority employees and many more. SORMAS offers interfaces for everyone involved, providing guidance and support. The system can be adapted to meet the needs of all healthcare systems – and has already been installed in many German public health authorities as SORMAS-ÖGD. In other words, it’s all about collecting data on potential cases? It’s less about collecting data and more about controlling processes – and making sure important information reaches the periphery from the central collection point so that the processes there can be better managed. That differentiates SORMAS from many other digital systems. At the same time, a great deal of highly standardised data is also generated and evaluated. As an epidemiologist you must be closely involved in what’s happening around the world at the moment. How much has your daily routine changed in these corona times? In a nutshell, I have very, very much more work than usual. We’re involved in supporting numerous studies that would normally be scheduled for three to five years, but some now have to be completed in two months. On one hand, that’s good, because the projects move ahead fast and are also supported by the political decision-makers. On the other hand, however, the pandemic is making great demands on the whole team. It’s an enormous organisational effort. You already adapted SORMAS for COVID-19 before the WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic. Did you foresee what would happen? It was much earlier than that. It soon became evident that the disease would spread beyond the borders of China. SORMAS is structured in a modular way so that it was easily possible to adapt it in the countries where it was already in use – Ghana and Nigeria. As a result, the app already had a COVID-19 function even before the first corona cases occurred there. Are you still involved in projects in Africa? Of course we are in the countries where SORMAS has already been installed. SORMAS has already been used very successfully for other epidemics in Nigeria and Ghana. Now it’s the turn of Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast. There we’re providing support remotely. As a researcher, are you currently allowed to travel? No, the travel restrictions also apply to us. We have transferred our measures, controls and communication completely online. Our partners in Ghana and Nigeria know their job well and that was no problem. How do you view the development of the pandemic in Africa? The economic impacts are huge – above all, as a result of government measures such as restrictions on contacts and movement. This is having a dramatic effect on people’s supply situation and survival. The indirect consequences of the pandemic are much more dramatic there than they are, for example, in Europe. Nevertheless, the mortality rate appears to be not much higher than it is in Europe; in part, it is even lower. What we do in Africa has a direct impact. The potential for disease prevention there is great. Gérard Krause, professor of epidemiology at the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research You have experienced several epidemics in Africa and successfully helped to contain them. What do you find especially appealing about working in Africa? Independently of the pandemic, demand in Africa is so great that you have much more leverage. What we do in Africa has a direct impact. The potential for disease prevention there is great. That excites me and motivates me. At the same time, the work is very complex and you need high frustration tolerance. Everything is much less predictable; it is riskier and more arduous. Many projects progress rather differently from what you had actually planned. In Africa the challenges are so multifaceted that you can achieve a big effect with small measures. What have you discovered about the world during the pandemic? We do not yet understand many of the differences between nations – for example, why do some countries have higher mortality rates than others? I believe we have a very good and largely fair healthcare system in Germany when you compare it with other countries. In many countries whether or not you are admitted to an intensive care unit depends on your income. I’m afraid the pandemic will make these differences clear. Fighting Covid-19 around the world Direct funding, experts, technology: How German development cooperation is helping partner countries to combat the pandemic. Coronavirus: Der Liveticker Längerer Lockdown mit strengerer Maskenpflicht geplant +++ Hier findest du die wichtigsten Nachrichten zur Ausbreitung der Lungenkrankheit in Deutschland. “Promoting independence” Gabriele Wurster-Vihuto is committed to helping refugees in Kenya. Protecting them from coronavirus is an important part of her work.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1609
__label__cc	0.587814	0.412186	Hudson River Park Stretching two miles along Manhattan’s West Side from 26th to 59th Streets, Segments 6 and 7 of Hudson River Park have transformed this formerly industrial waterfront into a public amenity, reviving boating and both restoring and protecting habitat. These segments of the park include piers and boathouses at Piers 66, 84, and 96 as well as an upland building at Pier 84 with classrooms, restaurant concession, restaurants, public restrooms, and bicycle rental. The design team developed a common vocabulary for these structures, based on contrasting prototypes of masonry upland buildings and zinc-clad pier structures which were varied to suit each particular site and program. The boathouses open to both the park and the river, serving as front doors to both. All the structures emphasize the principles of environmentally responsible, energy efficient design, taking advantage of solar orientation, natural daylight, and ventilation. The park honors the maritime identity of the Hudson River and enhances the connection between the city and the river, developing a graduation of scales, from intimate to grand, creating a waterfront park now a valued destination in New York City. This project represents the fruitful collaboration of multiple city, state, and Federal agencies, local community boards and private concessionaires. "This wonderful section encompasses something for everyone: from art, to boating, to simply sitting back and enjoying the view. The people of Chelsea and the City of New York now have another beautiful place in Hudson River Park where they can appreciate this magnificent River." — Charles Dorkey III, former Chairman of the Hudson River Park Trust Hudson River Park Trust MKW + Associates AIA NYS—Award of Merit NY Construction Magazine—Best of New Construction Waterfront Conference—Featured Project Children’s Adventure Garden Revitalizing the Urban Extents Social Infrastructure that promotes community engagement	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1612
__label__cc	0.7053	0.2947	It?s been a while since my last post. Most of September and the whole of October were spent in the States, accompanying Sadie Green on her Winston Churchill Travel Award www.sadie-green.blogspot.com where I documented her journey of discovery tracing the export of North Devon pottery from the 17th and 18th centuries. I was also representing Bideford Bay Creatives www.bbcdevon.org in Manteo NC supported in part by a Networking Artists Network go-and-see award; developing a relationship between Bideford and her twin town Manteo through the arts. Whilst there I was posting to the www.bidefordmanteo.blogspot.com One of the similarities of both towns is their geographic settings as naturally sheltered harbours. Bideford 3 miles up from the Atlantic Ocean on the tidal River Torridge and Manteo on an island in the shallow Roanoke Sound 5 miles west from the thin, fragile, Outer Banks spit than shields it from the other end of the Atlantic Ocean. My photographic work in <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />North Devon has been primarily in the sea caves along the rocky shoreline. The Outer Banks of North Carolina is 100 miles+ of sand, called, like our North Devon coast ?The Graveyard of the Atlantic?. Both places have this unenviable title because of the 100s of wrecked ships on NC?s treacherous sand bars and our rocky reefs. Global Warming, Climate Change and Sea Level Rise with the expected greater frequency and magnitude of storms will only add to the graveyard. The irony is that it makes great pictures. Whilst in North Carolina I spent many a late afternoon walking the Atlantic beaches and the closest to Manteo’s was at Nags Head; here wooden houses, now condemned for living, seem to have been built on the beach. Whether this is a sign of climate change or of Man?s stupidity or both is unclear, but as is often the case with buildings they look their best just before they die. A note on the photographs: The last 2 images in this post were taken by the light of a full moon and distant street lighting. Exposures were 1 minute long. Pinhole Workshops	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1613
__label__cc	0.610707	0.389293	Psychiatric care ordered for man facing trial for bombs John Futty, The Columbus Dispatch Mar 19, 2014 at 12:01 AM Mar 19, 2014 at 9:55 AM A North Side man who was arrested in January after Franklin County deputies discovered six explosive devices in his home has been found incompetent to stand trial. Mark A. Kulis, 55, is mentally ill and unable to understand the case against him or assist his attorney, Common Pleas Judge Daniel T. Hogan ruled this month. A North Side man who was arrested in January after Franklin County deputies discovered six explosive devices in his home has been found incompetent to stand trial. Mark A. Kulis, 55, is mentally ill and unable to understand the case against him or assist his attorney, Common Pleas Judge Daniel T. Hogan ruled this month. Hogan ordered Kulis confined at Twin Valley Behavioral Healthcare, a state psychiatric hospital on the Hilltop, for treatment aimed at making him competent within the next six months. The judge based his decision on a report by a Netcare psychologist who examined Kulis in February. Prosecuting and defense attorneys agreed with the psychologist�s findings. Deputies said they discovered the explosive devices on Jan. 15 while evicting Kulis from his house at 917 Carolyn Ave., which was in foreclosure. They waited until he left his house and served him with the eviction papers at a nearby car wash because of concerns that he might be dangerous, Sheriff Zach Scott said at the time. In rambling writings on the walls and ceilings of his house, Kulis claimed to be a sovereign citizen, believing he isn�t obligated to pay taxes or follow most laws, Scott said. Similar writings were posted on a tree outside the house. Kulis was carrying a loaded revolver when he was arrested, deputies said. He is charged with six counts of criminal possession of an explosive device and one count of carrying a concealed weapon. A finding of incompetency is not the same as being ruled not guilty by reason of insanity. Competency involves a defendant�s mental state at the time of trial. Insanity issues are raised to determine a defendant�s mental state at the time the crime was committed. jfutty@dispatch.com	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1620
__label__cc	0.728308	0.271692	All about DMXS Coach Robb #113 – Justin Barcia November 14, 2020 /0 Comments/in DMXS 2020 /by Brian https://traffic.libsyn.com/secure/dmxsradio/111120Barcia.mp3 https://www.dmxsradio.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Featured-Image111220.png 300 800 Brian https://www.dmxsradio.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Admin_logo.png Brian2020-11-14 16:48:402020-11-14 16:48:40#113 – Justin Barcia Episode 10 DMXS Radio Stories From The Frontline January 3, 2020 /0 Comments/in Stories from the Frontline /by Brian This telegram is confirming the armies are gathering in the west and the fragile peace treaty agreed upon at the end of summer has failed. We will continue to report back as the eve of a new war is upon us, and I fear it will last into Spring….The DMXS Dispatch https://www.dmxsradio.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Dispatch.png 720 1280 Brian https://www.dmxsradio.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Admin_logo.png Brian2020-01-03 11:09:582020-01-30 20:34:52Episode 10 DMXS Radio Stories From The Frontline #47 Justin Barcia – Justin Bogle July 12, 2018 /0 Comments/in DMXS 2018 /by Brian http://traffic.libsyn.com/dmxsradio/DMXS_71118.mp3 Download Episode! Justin Barcia is continuing his strong summer with another podium at the rough Red Bud track. We will get his thoughts on the season and inevitable MXdN pick. Justin Bogle is back racing after a string of injuries left him sidelined for far too long. Justin has faced adversity many times in his career and has always found his way back to the top. We have no doubt he will be back there once again. DMXS Radio thanks DUNLOP, Coach Robb Beams, MyLucasOil.com, Moto Dynasty, Racer X, MX Sports, DUBYA Wheels, OGIO, and Concept2 Rowers for their continued support. DMXS Radio has been making Bad Billy proud since 2001! www.dmxsradio.com https://www.dmxsradio.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Featured-Image71218.png 300 800 Brian https://www.dmxsradio.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Admin_logo.png Brian2018-07-12 22:15:382019-10-30 15:41:59#47 Justin Barcia – Justin Bogle #35 Barcia, Peick, Beams, Colburt January 10, 2018 /0 Comments/in DMXS 2018 /by Brian It seems every year there’s a great underdog comeback storyline that fans can embrace and Monster Energy/Knich/Yamaha Factory Racing’s Justin Barcia is certainly due for some positive mojo to come his way. An impressive night at Anaheim reminded the doubters that he is far from done and we’ll hear directly from “Bam Bam” tonight. Autotrader/Yoshimura/Suzuki Factory Racing’s Weston Peick continues to make the most of every opportunity that he’s earned over the last few years. He climbed his way from a struggling privateer to a solid factory effort and put up a top 5 in the incredibly deep 450 class on Saturday. Weston is always a great and honest interview and we look forward to catching up with “The Viking” tonight. Coach Robb Beams is part of the DMXS family around here and our listeners appreciate his perspective and advice when it comes to everything fitness, wellness, and training. He launched his newly updated website www.CompleteRacingSolutions.com and will get us caught up on the changes and do a little bench racing, too. Mammoth Mountain’s Mike Colburt is in charge of a little piece of motocross heaven in the picturesque mountains of California. Mike will fill us in on the recently announced 2018 Road to Mammoth series and all the other stuff they do up there when dirt bikes aren’t ripping around the mountain. Thankfully, our good friends at www.MyLucasOil.com supply Mammoth Mountain year round regardless of the season or event. DMXS Radio thanks DUNLOP, Coach Robb Beams, MyLucasOil.com, Moto Dynasty, SCOTT, Racer X, MX Sports, DUBYA Wheels, GoPro, OGIO, Concept2 Rowers for their continued support. Tonight at 8-10pm EST https://www.dmxsradio.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Featured-Image_11018PS-2.png 300 800 Brian https://www.dmxsradio.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Admin_logo.png Brian2018-01-10 22:45:222019-10-30 15:40:30#35 Barcia, Peick, Beams, Colburt e10 Stories From The Frontline ‪This telegram is confirming the armies are gathering in the west and the fragile peace treaty agreed upon at the end of summer has failed. We will continue to report back as the eve of a new war is upon us, and I fear it will last into Spring….The DMXS Dispatch ‬ https://www.dmxsradio.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Admin_logo.png 0 0 Brian https://www.dmxsradio.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Admin_logo.png Brian2020-01-02 20:00:072020-01-02 20:00:07e10 Stories From The Frontline Subscribe to DMXS e11 Stories From The FrontlineJune 25, 2020 - 11:37 am e10 Stories From The FrontlineJanuary 2, 2020 - 8:04 pm e9 Stories From The FrontlineMay 10, 2019 - 8:38 am e8 Stories From The FrontlineApril 10, 2019 - 6:57 pm © Copyright - DMXS RADIO	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1624
__label__wiki	0.685457	0.685457	'This country belongs in Europe - it always has' Letter: 'This country belongs in Europe' By Richard Denton-White How can anyone properly scrutinise a 1,200-plus page EU Deal document that’s only been published the day before with a day’s debate in the Commons and the Lords?! Inevitably a whole raft of issues have been left unresolved including young peoples’ places at European universities (Erasmus should have been left alone- it was an excellent scheme ), Financial Services, Mutual Security and Data Exchange. The party political system let us all down. This Tory Government loaded down with its ERG Brexiteers rushed through the legislation in a panic ‘to Take Back Control’ (whatever that over used term means!). The Keir Starmer Labour Party capitulated to the Tories, despite its members’ grave concerns. The Lib Dems had already decided at their conference to scrap fighting for an immediate return to the European Union, although to be fair their strong presence in the House of Lords spoke up for Europe. It was only Caroline Lucas of the Green Party who covered herself in glory with her pro-European speech in the Commons: but sadly there’s only 1 of her in our desolate electoral system. But it isn’t just our awful party politics that’s wrong, it is our whole rotten and antiquated political system. The First Past the Post electoral system that produces majorities with a minority of vote share. The only Western democracy without a proper Written Constitution that leaves devolution to the vagaries of party politics, A monarchy that’s clearly well past its sell by date in the 21st Century and a second chamber that should be elected. Any other country would have forsook ‘gradualism’ and had a revolution years ago! Unlike Boris’s Dad I’ve no intention of settling in France, but like him I’m a passionate European. I’ve every intention of staying in England and helping the coming campaign to help create a tsunami that will sweep this country back into the European Union because staying out will ultimately destroy the good work of the past 5 decades. That will require all the good people that want back in to come together in a new membership organisation based in communities, with the funds and collective leadership to eventually succeed. This country belongs in Europe. It always has. RICHARD DENTON-WHITE Mill Lane, Charminster	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1627
__label__wiki	0.790849	0.790849	Argentina’s new government gets to grips with the economy The Peronists are fuzzy about their long-term plans The AmericasJan 18th 2020 edition IT IS A MONTH now since Alberto Fernández took over from Mauricio Macri as Argentina’s president and, contrary to some forecasts, the sky over the Pampas has not yet fallen in. Having inherited a dire economic situation, including what Mr Fernández, a Peronist, called a “virtual default” on the country’s debts, his government has begun by doing more or less what he said it would. Adopting almost the opposite approach to its predecessor, it has laid out a tough fiscal policy and a loose monetary policy and has yet to say much about how it will handle the debt. Exchange and price controls, and the southern summer lull, have combined to buy the new team time. But will they use it wisely? It was trying to buy time to reform a sick economy that got Mr Macri into trouble. A free-market conservative, he ran up debt to finance a gradual fiscal adjustment until investors took fright, prompting a run on the peso and forcing the government into the arms of the IMF. The economy slumped into recession, inflation surged to 54% last year and Mr Macri lost the presidential election. The new team’s first objective, according to Martin Guzmán, the economy minister, is “to halt the fall”. They have swiftly pushed through an emergency package of mainly fiscal measures. These include tax increases on farm exports and travel abroad, and a six-month freeze of many prices, salaries and pensions. The impact on poorer Argentines has been softened with extra payments to them. According to Fundación Capital, a consultancy in Buenos Aires, the measures add up to a fiscal squeeze of around 1.5% of GDP. If fully implemented, they would balance the books before debt payments this year. This has been offset by an opaque monetary policy. The central bank has said its intention is to maintain positive real interest rates and avoid “excessive” lending to the government. In practice the bank is driving interest rates towards negative territory and is “the printing press of the government”, as an economist who worked for a previous Peronist administration puts it. Officials think this monetary expansion will revive consumption and thus the economy. They are relying on price controls to blunt its inflationary impact. Critics reckon it will simply widen the gap between the official exchange rate of 60 pesos to the dollar and the free-market rate (at 77 this week). This will push up inflation. Both Mr Fernández and his officials insist that Argentina wants to pay its debts (unlike in 2001, when Peronists cheered default) but that it needs more time to do so. That is broadly accepted by its creditors. An IMF mission is expected to visit Buenos Aires in the next few weeks. Mr Guzmán, a scholar of debt crises with no financial-market or government experience, says he wants a deal with the holders of $100bn of bonds by the end of March. Time is of the essence. If the government moves quickly, the bonds will still be in the hands of institutional investors rather than litigious vulture funds, points out Héctor Torres, who was Argentina’s director on the IMF’s board. With the IMF itself, the government will probably seek a new standby agreement to stretch out the $43bn it is due to repay in 2022-23. It has eschewed drawing down $11bn outstanding from Mr Macri’s IMF loan. That is a mistake, argues Mr Torres, since the money might make it easier to reach a deal with the bondholders. It would be throwing good money after bad, reckons the new government team. “We are navigating through a narrow passage,” according to Mr Guzmán. Missing is a chart for the other side of the corridor. Unless they are strictly temporary, the controls will create big distortions of the kind that built up under Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, the powerful vice-president, who held the top job from 2007 to 2015. The government has yet to link its emergency measures to a macroeconomic plan. That may be because Mr Fernández, a pragmatic moderate, must negotiate not just with creditors but also with his vice-president, a leftist populist. His stance is thus ambiguous. On the one hand, he has rightly stressed that Argentina needs to boost its exports, and he has called for a national consensus on a long-term plan. On the other, in a reference to the IMF, he has lashed out at “recipes that have always failed”. In fact, they have always failed only in Argentina, which has long wanted to play by its own rules. “The world, unfortunately, is real,” as the writer Jorge Luis Borges put it. It is Mr Fernández’s task to persuade Argentines of that. This article appeared in the The Americas section of the print edition under the headline "Argentina and the reality principle" More from The Americas Driven away Why Ford is leaving Brazil Waiting for whiplash Joe Biden will shift gears in Latin America Green wave, blue breakwater Argentina’s legalisation of abortion will provoke a backlash	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1630
__label__cc	0.690099	0.309901	Dr. Julie Granger DPT What’s worth fighting for...and then completely forgetting about? What’s worth fighting for...and then completely letting it go so well that you completely forget about it? Well, apparently for me—it’s cancer. And that is a major blessing. I was tucking myself in tonight and a little intuitive voice said “check today’s date.” August 12, I thought. Nothing great about today. Intuition said again, “Check again.” I thought and thought — and August 11 stuck out (the date of my last cancer surgery), but not the 12th. Then I remembered a photo of myself — 1-day post-op from that surgery. I was holding a donut at Octane Coffee. It was not just any donut. I hadn’t eaten much sugar thanks to cancer, and I decided to break the “rules” that day. I also decided to leave my house even though I’d just had my 2nd surgery in 3 months and I felt like shit. Why? Because I was celebrating 1 year since cancer diagnosis, and that was worth breaking some rules the day after surgery — on August 12. I did have to google it and confirm that indeed — I was diagnosed with a rare form of sarcoma on August 12, 2015. 5 years ago today. August 12. It’s a long story — but there were many twists and turns to get this diagnosis. Ultimately, I had to literally fall on my face and land in the hospital — where brilliant minds scratched their heads. Nobody knew what was causing such dire and strange symptoms. Well, nobody except for one person who by the grace of God managed to run across my chart — accidentally—at literally the 11th hour as they were about to send me home with no answers. She sat at the edge of my bed for over an hour explaining what an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor is, why I was kind of a unicorn to have it, and exactly how the drug she hoped I would qualify for would help shrink it — pretty important since it was the size of a grapefruit, it was in my lung, it was growing like a weed and taking up way too much real estate as it was killing me slowly. I didn’t feel afraid. Actually — the only thing I felt was relieved. We finally had answers. I also felt embarrassed because I had no idea that this was actually a (malignant) cancer. Dr. D’Amato was so optimistic and positive (and also, I was fairly drugged and very anemic at this point, so who knows what she actually said) that it sounded like no sweat. I didn’t want to “ruin the good mood” (because yes—she actually was capable of delivering this news with that much positivity) by asking her this real honest question. Daniel and I quickly googled as soon as she left and it revealed that yes, this was in fact cancer. And the next 2-3 years of my life after that moment would reveal that getting to the other side of the mountain wasn’t exactly “no sweat.” But lo and behold — 5 years and many ups and downs later — here I am, sitting in my bed, realizing I have come so far, life has changed so much — to the point I have (almost!) completely forgotten about it. Sure — I still have tangible and visible reminders — a huge scar, missing ribs, missing lung, a paralyzed diaphragm, strange shoulder, and neck pain, two portable oxygen concentrators to use at altitude (sometimes), noticing that some clothes don’t fit my torso as well anymore, a strange creepy feeling of scoliosis setting in, and of course — twice yearly going on once yearly scans complete with nasty barium to drink. Though I will admit—after 30+ scans in 5 years the flavor has grown on me. But those reminders are just a blip now. Just a passing thought. Just a normal part of life. And that — the blips, the forgetting — THAT is a blessing to be oh-so-grateful about. In 5 years, life has changed 180 degrees on so many levels — body, mind, spirit. There have been the highest of highs and the lowest of lows. But ultimately, the compass continued to point in the same direction and lo and behold, here I am. Cancer (aka Benedict) was a PART of the story — but it is not THE story. And it is certainly not who I am. I couldn’t be more grateful for the part of the story it played. It brought heartache and struggle but also healing on more levels than those that involve scars and surgeries and chemo and radiation. And so much unbelievable good has come. I could not have ever imagined up the life I’m now in. Believe me, I tried! 5 years ago there was plenty of meditating, vision boards, visualizing, and dreaming, and scheming. But the real key was letting go, showing up, doing the best I could, being a portal of love and truth for myself and others—and loving and trusting that was enough. It doesn’t need to take cancer to be able to do that. It doesn’t need to be hard or a struggle to get where you dream of going (or...couldn't possibly dream of going). If you’re stuck....or overwhelmed...or feeling helpless...or on rock bottom. Or even on the mountaintop — know that things can and will continue to get better. But you do have to believe — you have to hold it in mind for it to manifest. Faith, trust, and surrender are necessary ingredients. Even when it seems damn near impossible — a flicker of those 3 ingredients is better than none. If a grapefruit-sized lung tumor that nobody can explain or find a solution to can shrink and eventually disappear, you too can overcome what seems insurmountable. And most importantly — don’t forget to let go... and love. It’s completely ok to feel afraid with uncertain times that (most days) may seem like a total shit show. But life’s too short for letting your own fear and opinions and worries destroy your own sanity or your relationships. And truly — remember that what seems dire and stressful now — you very well may forget about in 5 years. Easier said than done sometimes — I know. If you’re having a tough time — let go and love yourself enough to tell someone, ask for help. Ask me. I’d be happy to chat with you. Judgment free. You’re worth it. Sending love and gratitude to everyone who has been a part of this story — directly and indirectly. Your love, prayers, support, and encouragement did not go unnoticed. It takes a village — and my village is ginormous. Now — I wonder what the next 5 years will bring, and what I’ll (we’ll) forget about then that we worried over now? Which begs the question — with all the worrying and stressing and attempts to control and contributing to the divisive and dramatic stuff out there — is it REALLY worth spending our precious life on? (I don’t want to spoil the end of the movie for you — but I’m going to anyway — You have made it through 100 percent of dramatic uncertain times, or you wouldn’t be reading this. It may have seemed dicey at times, and the outcome may not have always had a pretty bow on it, or it may have been downright gut-wrenching and tragic— but I’d be willing to bet there was a beautiful lesson and opportunity for gratitude in there somewhere). "Love can change the world in a moment...but what do I know?"	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1635
__label__cc	0.636656	0.363344	A college webcomic by David Willis About/Read before posting by calendar Main Store (books and stuff) First Previous Random 198Comments Share Next Latest Reddit Digg Facebook MySpace Delicious Stumbleupon Buzz Up! Mixx Technorati Google Bookmarks Yahoo Bookmarks Yahoo MyWeb Windows Live Propeller FriendFeed Newsvine Xanga LinkedIn Blinklist Twitter Archives... Comic Book 01 01 - Move-In Day (33) 02 - Uphill From Here (31) 03 - Men are from Beck, Women are from Clark (50) 04 - The Bechdel Test (43) 05 - Media Rumble (50) 06 - Yesterday Was Thursday (80) Book 02 01 - Pajama Jeans (55) 02 - Choosing My Religion (50) 03 - The First Step Towards Recovery (40) 04 - Time Keeps on Slippin' (30) 05 - Saturday's All Right for Slighting (50) 06 - Strange Beerfellows (46) Book 03 01 - If the Shoe Splits (67) 02 - Guess Who's Coming to Galasso's (50) 03 - Answers in Hennessy (75) 04 - Just Hangin' Out With My Family (103) Book 04 01 - The Only Dope For Me Is You (117) 02 - I Was a Teenage Churchmouse (84) 03 - Up All Night to Get Vengeance (54) 04 - The Whiteboard Dingdong Bandit (78) Book 05 01 - When Somebody Loved Me (91) 02 - Three's a Crowd (95) 03 - The Butterflies Won't Fly Away (105) 04 - Walking with Dina (52) Book 06 01 - To Those Who'd Ground Me (87) 02 - That Perfect Girl (90) 03 - When God Closes The Door (105) 04 - It All Returns (86) Book 07 01 - Glower Vacuum (113) 02 - Everything You've Ever Wanted Floats Above (58) 03 - The Thing I Was Before (105) 04 - The 'Do' List (88) Book 08 01 - Face the Strange (81) 02 - This Is the Way that We Love (77) 03 - Faz Is Great (104) 04 – Of Mike And Men (102) Book 09 01 - Flyin' to the Red (97) 02 - But the Sun Still Shines (86) 03 - Sometimes the Sky Was So Far Away (73) 04 - Vote for Robin (96) Book 10 01 - Birthday Pursuit (118) 02 - To Remind You of My Love (93) 03 - When It Crumbles (100) 04 - Is a Song Forever? (78) Book 11 01 - This Bright Millennium (67) 02 - Look Straight Ahead (65) 03 – See You in the Funny Page 04 – Hompk! BUFFER WATCH Comics are currently drawn and uploaded through: by David M Willis on June 27, 2020 at 12:01 am 04 - Is a Song Forever? └ Tags: amber, george, harriet, mike [ Comments RSS ] June 27, 2020 at 12:02 am \| # Like, I was sitting here debating whether or not to comment “Ouch.” He Who Abides Drat. I thought I was going to be Ana today. June 27, 2020 at 1:31 am \| # Think of yourself as Ana at the wrong time. Booyahman Truly Anachronistic MIB4u June 27, 2020 at 9:42 pm \| # heyooooo! That ain’t a good sign. DailyBrad I took it more as meaning in the past, since obviously, I doubt even his chipper parents are oblivious to Mike’s Mike-ness, so the dad saying this, I took to be him saying he always had faith in him being a good person at the core. Though, if it’s a defeated “was”, then that’s really heart-wrenching, too. I was interpreting it as “I knew he was good, and now I’m certain I took it as the statement of a man who didn’t know it, but wanted it to be true. BarerMender Yeah. He had to say it twice because he didn’t believe it the first time. Geneseepaws Hey that’s not true, he,… well, he always knew that,… Ahhh, you’re right, he’s trying to convince himself. Huh. I interpreted it to mean that he knew there was good in his son and is upset because this isn’t the way he would have liked to be proven right. Kind of an “I told him he was a good boy. He never let it show, but I always knew he was good inside.” I guess there’s a lot of ways that statement can be taken. There is good in you. I can feel it. So, Anakin Skywalker is the name of his true self? HeySo “I took it as the statement of a man who didn’t know it, but wanted it to be true” That’s definitely the impression such a presentation would usually be intended to evoke. That said, I do rather prefer Thanatos’s take on it. Given the context, I’d say the double past tense of “I knew our boy was good” more likely implies that George was aware of or believed Mike’s goodness a long time ago/in a long-term sense. While you could be correct in your interpretation, it seems a little odd for George to just give up hope and assume the worst straight off the bat like that. It’s the stutter on the I that really emphasizes the context of doubt. Likewise, exact repetition, without an indication of increased emphasis on the repetition, generally is a reliable indicator that what is being expressed is uncertainty. Needfuldoer He still is, but he also used to be. (To paraphrase Mitch Hedberg.) Josh Maywald June 27, 2020 at 10:26 pm \| # That’s a pretty standard way of phrasing a statement like that. “I knew our boy is good” mixes tenses and sounds very awkward, in addition to not making much grammatical sense(how did you know in the past something that hasn’t happened yet?), and also gives a slightly different implication (he IS good, but may not have been previously). “I know our boy is good” is just a completely different implication/meaning. (I now know that he is good, but may not have thought so previously) This just implies “he was already good, and I knew that, despite appearances”. There’s some possibility of doubt in the repetition, but the “was” is just standard grammar. I’m not crying, you’re crying It’s raining indoors on my face. It’s the rain. Bicycle Bill It’s just the early effects of that giant Saharan dust cloud that’s being blown out way from across the Atlantic. Not looking forward to that. Lawzlo Chart a helicopter? Not charter? Cattleprod And it was fixed by the time my own comment posted. FacelessDeviant They had a bit of time during the ride so they made a map of the interor of the chopper. So.. planning out the most expedient way of grabbing the parachutes and the best angle by which to jump off the helicopter without risking being hit by the blades? I dunno, that sounds like a pretty darn useful usage of their time to me. 😛 WHAT parachutes? The only time I’ve ever seen parachutes in an airplane is when they were being worn on the backs of people who had gotten into the plane solely for the express purpose of jumping out of it. Helicopters don’t stock parachutes because they’re primarily low-flying, which means they’re not likely to ever have any reasonable opportunity for parachuting; Additionally, the blades are in fact puportedly a reason as to why helicopters don’t stock parachutes- an element I was attempting to tease off of, above. ;P Ditto for commercial planes- if that plane is going down, you’re not going to try shoving dozens of untrained passengers out of an open door, you’re going to tell them to strap in and hope for the best. Rather, as far as I’m aware, personal jets are the only ones that come equipped with parachutes [stereotypically, if not in actuality] and Google states that private jets now typically have their own parachutes for the jets in place of personal parachutes. So yeah, not much hope finding a parachute in a plane (or helicopter). Well, who knows. Maybe they spent the entire tip holding on to the feet of the helicopter, and base-jumped down to the hospital. I mean, they’re rich, and their son is in a coma. Why wouldn’t they? 😛 Why wouldn’t anyone? Roborat Some light planes have parachutes designed to safely land the entire vehicle. missilentmurmur The chartest Sirksome But to be clear you were never100% sure right? Antonio Tyler It’s Mike…I’m not sure he was 100% sure. StClair Mike was sure that he wasn’t. “None is righteous; no, not one.” Agemegos I wonder what he knows about his parents that makes him confident in that bitter judgement. They didn’t strangle him at birth. Wraithy2773 Odds are, they’re good parents (…you know, if only because odds are we’d run into at least one set of good parents by now! We’re due!), and that means… well, understanding your kid as they actually are, not as you think they are. Mike’s got issues, it’s clear to everyone. I can see them just hoping that he was just acting out in ways, teenagers, you know how they are, when push comes to shove, he’s a good person, he’ll be good… Lokitsu Certain things have changed since this comic was put into the queue. Chris Phoenix If you’re referring to them not wearing masks in a hospital… I hear from my wife’s friend in Texas that people don’t wear masks in hospitals there. Also cruise ships. This is the one I was thinking of. That’s only because our timeline has diverged from reality and has taken a sharp left towards dark comedy. I still blame the weasel that shut down the LHC a few years ago. Unless… Maybe it was trying to warn us? Michael Haneline That weasel planeshifted us into the Parks and Rec universe. Reltzik I don’t think major IRL natural disasters get accounted-for in comic book time as they occur. Though something as drawn out as the pandemic makes comic book time… interesting. JetstreamGW I’m honestly hoping Willis never even bothers with the pandemic.. I don’t see it adding anything to the story he was already writing. The comic doesn’t take place in the real world, so meh. MAYBE in a couple of real-time years the cast will start mentioning it as something that’s done and past, the way they occasionally reference other real-world things. But otherwise, yeah, it probably shouldn’t AntJ getting shadowchild vibes http://diggercomic.com/blog/2009/08/20/digger-609/ Cholma …and then Mike stripped off the bandages and jumped out of bed. “Surpise! Ha! You should’ve seen the look on your faces!” (moments later, he falls over in pain) Regalli a/snow/mous/e And then his father says: “I did your mom.” (Mom holds up a nickel. Then she shifts slightly, and a cascade of nickels fall out of the legs of her pants, scattering across the floor.) (Mike’s eyes immediately roll back and he falls back into a coma.) I can believe he’d wake up from a coma just to do that. No, … ‘e’s joost restin’…. Norwegian Mike prefers kippin’ on his back. Beeutiful bandages, ‘eh? (I’m skipping to the end because the next bit’s too painful in context). “I guess I’d better replace him then. Sorry squire, I looked all around and we’re fresh out of Mikes. How about an Alphonse?” Daniel M Ball Well, he saved them too if they got the hell out of a cruise. You can take the cruise from hell, but you can’t get the hell out from the cruise. You can if you’ve got a hell-of-a-copter. … Awww. I always knew. Don’t fucking die, Mike! Alex Boston So are Mike’s parents the only pair of good ones? Suitora Dorothy and Dina’s parents seemed to not be bad, as far as I remember. Yeah, their parents are fine. Amber’s mom’s alright, Richard (Joe’s dad) has a spotty past but seems to be trying to be a stand-up guy, even if Joe doubts it’ll last. Carla’s parents may be cool, I don’t recall meeting them, but she seems to like them. Sarah’s could be good or bad, I don’t recall her really getting into it. Joyce’s dad is seemingly on a good path, but time will tell. ZerglingOne And they’re very obviously the two most well adjusted of the kids. Even if Dina is a bit stunted in the social relationship department. There’s probably a reasonable explanation for that. If you look back at the comics with her parents in them, all three have similar mannerisms. Not saying any of them have it, but ASD is hereditary… I’m pretty sure Dina is very deliberately written with an ASD. As Autism is no longer viewed as a disorder in and of itself, AD and ASD are no longer considered appropriate terms for general usage [versus simply Autism or Autistic Spectrum, respectively]. This is emphasized by the fact that AD still has usage in applying to the very specific [and in a sense, more traditional] application of Autistic Spectrum + Cognitive Disability/Developmental Disorders, and ASD similarly also sees some lingering utility in specifically referring to low-functioning or anti-social subsets of AS. In other words, once you add the “Disorder” to the terms, you’re subsetting “Autistic Spectrum” into only the forms which are dominantely detrimental. It’s both unnecessary, and inaccurate, and can also be deemed as being [deliberately] inappropriate and insulting to the Autistic individual being referenced. To simpify that, Dina hasn’t exhibited any signs of having any kind of meaningful impairment, and thus applying “disorder” to her should be avoided. Besides, Autism isn’t even the most general or appropriate term to use in such a circumstance. Until clear sign is given that a specific label would be appropriate, it’d be best to refer to Dina by the broader label of Neuroatypical (Neurodivergent also works, but sometimes that’s specifically used to refer to non-Autistic variations of atypical neurology). I freely admit my knowledge of how Autism-spectrum disorders are categorized is about 15 years outdated. If I’m getting stuff wrong, I promise it’s not out of malice. In that frame of reference, if I had to guess I’d suspect Dina has (what was for decades called) Asperger Syndrome. She exhibits classic symptoms (encyclopedic knowledge of a narrow field, social obliviousness, and blindness to nonverbal communication, but she has neurotypical cognition and we haven’t seen her stimming). I’m honestly not 100% sure how that’s categorized now. I think Dina’s written as on the spectrum intentionally by now (she wasn’t originally, but the change from ‘I wasn’t consciously writing her this way’ to ‘she’s not diagnosed’ as official Word of God while simultaneously being written with more frequent and noticeable autistic habits is noticeable). Speaking of, NeedfulDoer, that’s usually the phrasing used casuallt these days since Asperger’s is removed from the DSM and also most of us don’t want to be associated with a Nazi scientist. (You’ll also hear ‘high-functioning’ from some circles, but a lot of autistic people aren’t on board with the functioning labels for a variety of reasons.) (I did not hear neurodivergent is starting to be used as an umbrella term excluding autism and ‘neuroatypical’ being the overall blanket term, so: since when? Who? Frankly, what the fuck? The term is attributed to Judy Singer, who described herself as ‘likely on the autism spectrum’, it’s been associated with us from the start. A lot of our major self-advocacy organizations use the term and consider themselves part of the neurodiversity movement. I thought we used it over ‘neuroatypical’ because neurotypical/atypical positions the latter as Other even beyond the ‘we’re defined by being outside what’s the acceptable norm of society’ bit that’s inherent. No, seriously, what?) Yeah, like I said it’s been over 20 years since I was diagnosed and almost 15 since I’ve kept up, so my vocabulary’s outdated. I’ve clearly got some catching-up to do. Dina’s parents are good, I believe. That reminds me, Dina still needs to take Becky on a nice date. The only thing they did that was at all bad was fall into Blaine’s Trap Of Politeness and let him in the dorm room. Once they realized he did not have Amber’s best interests at heart, they apologized, and I think they helped at least a bit in the hall chase afterwards. When Dina told them she had a girlfriend they sent her date money. (And NICE date money, at that.) Saruyamas are excellent. Dorothy’s parents are nice and supportive, yeah, and Sierra’s parents are AWESOME. Sierra herself is extremely comfortable and happy with herself, suggesting they were supportive of her growing up, and her dad immediately stepped in and tried to deescalate and/or stall Blaine when Amber left the room, shouted the ‘abusive cheater!’ backstory to the hall and ran. (https://www.dumbingofage.com/2013/comic/book-3/04-just-hangin-out-with-my-family/blood/ Seriously Reno is the MVP of that hallway sequence. ‘Let’s all slow down’ he says while letting Amber get space and Ruth get her RA authority on.) From what we know of Carla’s parents they are EXTREMELY supportive of their daughter (they 3D printed her an Ultra Car toy so that one would exist! Aww,) but also they own an Apple-equivalent tech company so… I would not be shocked if they are PERSONALLY very pleasant but their business practices are, y’know. Tech company billionaire. (Still puts them ahead of Billingsworth Sr., who uses money as a substitute for attention and affection, and Dargon Chesterfield, ‘cruel captain of industry’ who Jason CLEARLY wants to stay the fuck away from.) Stacy and Richard are both trying, but their success records are… eh. (Stacy seems to have missed, for instance, that the anxiety disorder Amber mostly had under control post-Blaine – or at least dwarfed by the other issues this semester has dropped on her like many many bricks – was being actively triggered in the aftermath of the Gashface stabbing.) Still, good intentions, decent efforts, reasonably mixed success is still better than some. Hank is currently in about this area but I can see him going up or down in my esteem depending on how he handles things this storyline. Sarah’s parents are complete unknowns, if she’s ever mentioned them AT ALL it is only briefly and of no real interest. Similarly we know about Jacob’s cool brother, but not his parents. But from what we can tell, two cool sons is pretty good track record, so. We haven’t seen Marcie’s parents onscreen either – the vibe I get from them is decent but frequently absent due to needing to stay financially afloat, and probably more than a little overwhelmed in the aftermath of Marcie’s accident? That’s pretty firmly in ‘vague sense and mostly headcanon’, though. And of course, Bonnie Macintyre and the Lessick parents seem to have been perfectly good people who their children remember fondly, but unfortunately they are dead. Every other character who may have good parents is a bit part whose parents we haven’t seen or heard about in any detail. Sierra’s get that shoutout specifically because we saw them and in two strips Reno became one of my favorite bit players. We can assume that, say, Agatha’s parents are fine, but we don’t have a clue. Oh, and cross-universe we know that Walkyverse!Robin and Roz’s mother was in over her head after their crappy dad left, and that said crappy dad staying as long as he did led to a lot of family turmoil as well, but when she and Robin mended fences she was a perfectly fine woman. No clue if that crosses universes at all, especially since ROBIN is so fundamentally changed. Willis has mentioned they believe Mary’s parents are perfectly normal people and Mary just went Super Intense, as well, but that is not actually strip canon until it’s strip canon! King Daniel If we’re talking cross-universe stuff, Walkyverse!Ruth’s dad (Dick Lesse) cheated on Ruth’s mom – with Billie’s mom, even. Mr. Hughes stated that Ruth’s father was “unfaithful” in this ‘verse; while anything he says is to be taken with a very large helping of sodium chloride, it’s still a possible indication that that particular trait may have carried over to Dumbingverse!Dick Lessick. I always forget that! Yeah, we don’t have an unbiased source there on either side, so we’ll have to wait and see if it carried over. (Ruth’s depression here is clearly more about being orphaned than the disillusionment the infidelity caused, and we KNOW the other part of her tragic backstory doesn’t carry over – she was dating Ryan, who dumped her after sleeping with her and was not to our knowledge an actual rapist in that universe. The boy Ruth was dating in Canada is one she remembers fondly, and Clint didn’t mention any others.) Rabid Rabbit As far as I can recall, all we know about Sarah’s parents is that her dad doesn’t run a law firm (unlike Dana’s, https://www.dumbingofage.com/2012/comic/book-2/05-saturdays-all-right-for-slighting/networking/, and, it’s very strongly implied, Raidah’s — https://www.dumbingofage.com/2012/comic/book-2/06-strange-beerfellows/relax/). Her Nana, on the other hand, seems pretty cool. https://www.dumbingofage.com/2014/comic/book-4/03-up-all-night-to-get-vengeance/veevee/ I figured Sarah’s family had been mentioned at least a little, but forgot the bit about her Nana! That does sound like a cool Nana. So yeah, the one real thing we know about Sarah’s family is ‘at least one member with authority is good.’ sultryglebe And in the strip with Reno, there is Blaine swearing he will get out of paying for Amber’s college, even if he goes to jail. (And Sierra is adopted? I did not remember that.) SeanR You missed one. The dean. We’ve only seen him a couple times. Once stepping on Rozz’s sex video career by stating that any such activity was against dorm use rules, so she could take her sororicidal tenancies somewhere else and not get the school involved in family politics. Once at the parents day football game, where he is introduced as ALMOST Walky’s father. His son is a freshmen and refused to complain about having to live in the dorms, (because all freshmen have to live in the dorms; school rules), when Walky was showing someone around. Dean McHenry links to the sightings mentioned above. https://www.dumbingofage.com/2011/comic/book-1/06-yesterday-was-thursday/guest/ https://www.dumbingofage.com/2013/comic/book-3/04-just-hangin-out-with-my-family/junior/ https://www.dumbingofage.com/tag/tony/ Also, it seems I misremembered the subtext of several of those. Notably it was only Walky’s position that he was almost-dad. Also, the dean says NOTHING about who is right and wrong in the DeSanto feud; only that the dorms are not a place for making pornography. …the proper place for that is in the basement of the media studies building… It’s too bad links that lead back to this URL aren’t whitelisted. It makes sense that a link to another website needs careful review, but why do callbacks to the archives call for moderation? Have you considered whitelisting https://www.dumbingofage.com , and maybe while you’re at it, https://www.itswalky.com , https://www.bringbackroomies.com , and https://www.shortpacked.com ? Possibly also your personal tumblr and deviantart pages? This comment never needs to see the light of day. It’s a message for the moderator. Oh, yeah, we’ve seen Dean McHenry but Tony’s such a bit role I count him more as ‘potential future plot hook’ than ‘parent of a castmember.’ After all the shit he went through in the Walkyverse, Tony deserves a break. Autogatos Carla’s parents? I know we haven’t seen much of them (mostly bonus strips) but what little we’ve seen made them seem pretty nice and supportive. Ah yeah and also Dina’s parents and Dorothy’s parents as others mentioned. There are definitely a few others where half the parent team is good but the other is not (Amber’s mom), or a parent is sorta learning to be better (Joyce’s dad). And lots we haven’t met, like Sarah’s parents. I picture Sarah’s parents being super sunny and social and cheerful, the polar opposites of her, as Mike’s are vs. him. We see the bad ones significantly more but Sierra, Dina, Dorothy, Carla and Mike have good parents. Some like Joyce and Amber have one decent parent. Hank (Joyce’s dad) seems to be good, or at least OK; but he is cancelled out by Carol (her mother). So the net effect is ‘chaotic neutral’. BBCC No, there’s several others. Dina, Dorothy, Carla, and Sierra all have good parents. I guess this is why most Walkyverse parents are evil. It hurts too much to be one of the good ones. Let’s give the Warner’s a few strips before we make any judgements. For all we know they could be anti-maskers. And for the record I don’t think most of the parents are evil. Blaine and Ross not included most are just flawed people. ktbear Actually I’d include Ross in the not evil just flawed list. As screwed up as his actions were they came from a place of love SuperZero They objectively did not. I believe that Ross thought, honestly and truly, to the very bottom of his being, that he was doing the right thing almost up until the end (when he turned on Blaine). That it was all for a good cause. History has a long history of horrific, vile things being committed in the name of a “good cause”. Felipe Suarez Vásquez Ignoring the person for the soul/greater good/the cause isn’t good. It is the cause of most evil. That’s kinda my point, a whole fucking mess of evil’s been done in the name of a “good cause”. He had “good” intentions. We all know which road is paved with those, right? Rome? I don’t believe for a second Ross thought he was doing the right thing. I think he blanked out on what was good for Becky and used a lot of Bible quotes to excuse his lust for total power over her. It was all about what he wanted. I don’t think we’re going to agree on what love is. “If that’s love, it comes at much too high a cost…” What is love. Baby don’t hurt me. Don’t hurt me He slapped her in the car when AG showed up. And Becky had no real reaction to this. Though I admit, it’s not like there was much time for it. And then he said he was going to kill any of Becky’s friends who tried to stop him. I don’t think Becky’s ever mentioned that he hit her since, either. And we know she buries trauma under goofiness and admits it never. I don’t believe it was an isolated incident, is what I’m saying. So no, FUCK Ross Macintyre, miserable toe that he was. Also, y’know, he KIDNAPPED HER AT GUNPOINT to take her away and have her gayness ‘cured’ and immediately tried to do it again once released. He had no respect for Becky as she actually exists (he called her a ‘thing’ at one point in that drive!) and all love was conditional on her fitting into a tiny box that would have stifled and killed her, and which I frankly think DID kill her mother. But like, I feel that even the people who can rationalize that can acknowledge that he LITERALLY PHYSICALLY ABUSED HER on at least one occasion, and that action is objectively bad. Yeah, he’s not good, but he clearly thought he was, in a way Blaine wouldn’t pretend to. The bit that always gets me is when he takes the gun from the car and goes “Lord, give me strength” — he’s afraid he won’t be strong enough to use the gun to do what he has to. Which is beyond fucked up, but a different kind of fucked up from “Hey, here’s a hammer, I can use it to beat in the brains of this kid who might be a nuisance.” I think what it comes down to is that there’s this painful thought that if someone had got to Ross at the right time, in the right way — and by the right time, I mean decades ago — he might not have turned out too badly. He clearly has a sense of morality, it just happens to be a fucking evil morality. It doesn’t feel impossible that that could have been channeled in a different, better direction. As opposed to Blaine, who’s just an asshole. The weird thing is, I actually think this is more true of Ross than of, say, Linda. To date, I’ve never got the sense she’d be anything other than horrible, no matter where she existed. I think we’re going a little off the rails if we’re arguing Ross is potentially better than Linda. Linda is awful but the bar is set a kidnapping, abuse, and ATTEMPTED MURDER!!!. Hyperbole aside. I like to think there are tiers. And while parents like Blaine and Ross (maybe Ruth’s gramps whose name I can’t remember but I’m sure he was a tool) are at the bottom. Just above them are parents like Linda, Carol, and maybe Ethan’s mom who had a brief but not very endearing appearance freshman family weekend. People who I think do love their children but have very flawed beliefs they aren’t willing to compromise on for their kids. Which I think is very common for a lot of parents but the good ones will always put their children above that. In my opinion anyway. I don’t think they meant that Ross is actually worse than Linda. Even as Linda’s #1 Rabid Hater, I think that’s too much. I think what they meant is that they feel that Ross could be better in some hypothetical alternate universe, but they don’t feel that way about Linda. She can be lower grade awful but still consistent across all universes. I don’t think they are arguing that Ross isn’t WORSE than Linda but that Linda is far less… malleable. That if there was an alternate universe where someone told both Ross and Linda they were wrong at a much earlier age… that Ross had more capacity to change for the better, while Linda would have likely stubbornly remained the same. It’s a hypothetical as Ross for all his flaws, was stubborn just as much about the good lessons as he was about the bad ones so if he had been taught kinder lessons, it is easy to imagine him being a kinder person. While it isn’t as easy to imagine that for someone like Linda, though that could be true for her too, it’s not easy to imagine it. And that a painful aspect of Ross’s character is that we know in another lifetime he could have been like Becky or Joyce. That he had the makings to be a good person if he could have seen past the toxic teachings but instead he doubled down on them at every opportunity. Hrmmm. I don’t know I kinda feel like this theory could apply to anybody though. I’m more of a nurture guy who believes a lot of our personality is defined by our memories and experiences so yes I guess Ross could have turned out differently. But I think the main difference between a Ross and a Linda is that Ross has been more fleshed out, examined, ect which you’d have to because he was a main villain who is now dead. You aren’t gonna get anymore opportunities after this to develop him beyond maybe a few flashbacks. Linda hasn’t really had the screen time to be deconstructed the same way. She just has the really bad few moments of her we’ve seen. We at least understand why Ross was a horrible man and so it’s easier to say he could change. We still don’t know why Linda’s a low key racist parent with blatant favoritism. We may never find out….although…with Blaine and Ross out of the picture DoA does need a new big bad. Sal’s a pretty popular character and I’d love to know more about her time between robbing that convenience store and now. I think it’s a mix of nature and nurture. People can be predisposed to crappy traits and then nurture either discourages, redirects or nurtures those traits. I don’t know if Linda could be better in another world. I do think that the fact we know Ross was likely raised in a community similar to Joyce’s makes us more prone to think of what could have been with him. temperaryobsessor If all you need to be a good parent is to have your actions theoretically be from a place of love then the only evil ones are Blaine and Gramps. And you could make arguments for both of them. ischemgeek Patriarchal abuse and control is not love. Reminder that Ross would rather see Becky dead than let her be herself. That is not love. So, which dad is better, the one who knows he’s evil, and doubles down, or the one who deludes himself into thinking he’s good, and doing the right thing? At least the first is honest with himself, and the world. Being honest about your evil isn’t better than being mistaken or deluded about being right and good. Being evil and remorseless about it is just… inherently worse to me. Being wrong isn’t worse than actively chosing to be evil and to do the wrong thing. Which doesn’t mean either of them is good or excuse any of their actions but I think actively choosing to be evil is still worse even if both can have horrifyingly bad ramifications. I think ROSS thinks that his actions are good. But at the core, his actions are guided by fear and loathing of HBTQ+ folks and has led to people getting hurt and him aiding an evil person, even a murderer. The fact that Ross thinks that his actions and thoughts shows that he is a devout religious man that values family just makes him extremly misguided, not good. If its a binary Good/Evil thing, Ross definitly falls on the side of evil. Judging by how Mike’s turned out…I wouldn’t say they’re good parents. They may very well be good people, but I kinda suspect they’re incompetent, therefore bad, parents. So, you believe that the Warners, not Mike himself nor any of the other people in his life, bear full and exclusive responsibility? thejeff We don’t know enough of Mike’s backstory to really judge. There’s something really wrong with him and it was already there in the earliest flashbacks we’ve seen. It’s possible it’s just innate. It’s possible there was someone else in his early childhood who screwed him up. It’s also possible his parents bear some of the blame. When we’re talking about the behavior of a child, it’s generally not right to assign full and exclusive responsibility to the child. I think Mike is a well-socialized sociopath. He /Wanted/ to be good, so he modeled his behavior on “good”. Up to and including using a manipulable bisexual jock to get a self-deluded sexist teacher fired. Then he saw through Blaine, was threatened by Blaine in turn, and doubled down on being a jerk as a cover for keeping those he cares for alive and well. What he’s like after he wakes up from his Phineas Gage event is anyone’s guess. I’m hoping for not drooling. I’m guessing probably drunkenly nice. I said nothing about them bearing full responsibility, nor did I suggest that Mike is somehow not responsible for his actions. That’s ludicrous. Them likely being the most important figures in his life up to this point in his development, and therefore having a sizeable role in his behavior? Probable. They may very well have done everything in their power to make Mike the best kid he was capable of, and this might even be it. The details at present on his home life have been fairly faint, so we can all only guess. You’ve already read my guess. If history shows us anything, it’s very, very easy to be a poor parent. Even when you’re trying to be a good one. Jay M Ferguson I’m willing to bet that they had some other type of confirmation of his goodness. Stop using past tense, Mr. Warner! Opus the Poet And Mike sits up and quotes Monty Python “I’m not dead yet!” “I feel happy!” “I aten’t dead.” Yes, Granny. “I feel like going for a walk!” Romanticide I was kind of imagining this was going to happen this way 🙁 aww my feeling. The Coolest Child Mike’s parents are a mood. You can theorize, but they seem happy and more loving then most parents, but they raised a Mike and the confirmation they have for their upbringing having rendered some goodness into him is the result of their “baby” having a grievous head injury. Word of God is that Mary’s parents are perfectly nice people who are baffled at what their daughter turned into. For all the horrible parents in DoA, it’s nice to be reminded that some people are just assholes no matter their upbringing. I’m actually faintly curious to meet Mary’s parents, now. I b’lieve that their justification of his goodness is Not the injury, but that it occurred during the act of trying to save someone. Quote: “Because he came to my rescue.” That is why I b’lieve Mr. Warner was moved to say that. Abbe_Faria Mike can’t die! Heaven doesn’t have enough nickels! And hell doesn’t have enough woodpeckers. I wouldn’t make too much of the “was.” Mike’s Dad is talking about Mike’s past and—no doubt—the many reports he heard to The contrary. I feel certain that—were Mike conscious and sitting up in the next room—his Dad would respond with the same words upon hearing what Amber just said. “I knew he was good, even when everyone was saying he’s a brat.” Yeah, that’s my read as well. Mike is very good … at what he does, but is still young and perfecting his art. And he’ll be this young forevermore. (because we’re never moving past freshman year) Juanoku You’re not WRONG… But i am curious to see what will happen when the time comes… Is it gonna end? Or is Willis gonna take the Glee route and stretch this into oblivion? It’s taken 10 years to get to mid-October. Freshman year is likely to last another 30-40. [Rod Stewart intensifies] Bagge “We sure like to talk about our boy in the past tense, don’t we?” I think the past tense usage is because there might have been doubts about if he was good or not from others. Those doubts are gone now, and so, they are spoken in past tense. NinjaNick Never say “was”, Mr. Warner. Mike will not die from this. nothri Eh, I think I’d categorize him generally as true neutral, but maybe that’s too harsh… Barf Ninjason Mike’s parents rich as Croesus…not something I was expecting two-star Where do you think he gets all those nickels? Azhrei Vep What, did you think he was paying all those mothers? He was charging them. He’s a cheap date. Maybe not … the cruise could have been something they had saved up for, but like most parents — when their kid is in trouble, then hang the expense; we’re gonna get there ASAP and sort the piddly shit out later. Not all cruises are expensive. Some are even “free”. Granted, everything is a la carte, there may be no air conditioning in the cabins, and you have to sit through a high-pressure time-share sales presentation… That said, I’m guessing an “empty nest for the first time in 18 years” cruise, possibly even the long-delayed honeymoon. Mike strikes me as the sort to have won a full merit scholarship on his GPA or SAT/ACT scores, which may mean they had a little money laying around they no longer needed to use to put their kid through college. “Cruise ship” could be upper middle class or maybe frugal, saving up for it middle class, yes – “chartering a helicopter” sounds like some full-on rich people stuff to me. It does – though I’m not sure how the alt-text “chartered a helicopter” fits with the “flew home from the first port”. They certainly didn’t charter a helicopter to Indiana from anywhere you’d take a cruise. Possibly from the first port to a nearby city/island with a major airport? RIGHT IN THE FEELS MAN C’MON Acher4 Seeing the Warners without a smile is so much heartbreaking. :__( Is* past tense makes shit weird for the living EspanolBot Kind of curious… Could the uni or Mike’s parents or someone sue Joyce’s family’s Church for getting a dangerous criminal out on bond, when the first thing he did was automatically come back to harm the very people he assaulted/tried to kidnap the first time? I mean, it’s an issue of legal costs, but the reason why they had to get Blaine’s money in the first place was because they didn’t have much cash, so suing them into the stone age might actually be achievable if someone like Joe’s dad/Amber’s kinda step-dad got involved? I kinda think it’d be more likely that Amber’s dad would be sued over this, once everything comes out. First, they paid his bail. That doesn’t mean he released into their custody. Second, they’re probably not getting that bail back, so any lawsuit is probably blood from a stone. Third, I don’t think a church as a legal entity can post bail. They probably met as individuals and pooled their money for one fo them to go and bail him out. Insofar as they knowingly supported a criminal conspiracy – approving of and, as a group, materially assisting Ross’s recidivism, above and beyond just posting his bail – they might all be on the hook for a LOT of felonies. They didn’t do anything I know of beyond posting his bail. If they just handed Blaine a big loaf of cash, with no paper trail, it’s going to take some digging to tie it back to them. I wonder if Carol unilaterally drew their joint accounts down lower than Hank would approve of. She can’t re-mortgage or sell the house if both their names are on it, but this could be the “sell the house and give all the money to the church” parallel… The situation is complicated, but I’m pretty sure the worst thing they’re facing is not getting the money back. Maybe not even that – the purpose of bail is to make sure Ross shows up in court, and being dead is a valid reason to not be there. Usually, though, there’s a “don’t commit any other crimes while on bond” stipulation, and he blew through that like a 100-meter runner blows through the finish tape. It’s doubtful. What they did was fucked up, but not illegal. Sue the state for allowing it. Still wouldn’t win, but it’s probably a better case. foducool Mike really had everyone fooled with the asshole act, huh? Jacob Impastato “act”? I dunno about that, assholes can still do good things, doesn’t invalidate all the other assholery they’ve accomplished! My favorite asshole example in movies is Doc Holiday in Tombstone. He was an absolute ass, driven almost completely by his decadent and wanton desires, borderline chaotic evil in D&D terms, but even he had friends. Just not many. https://youtu.be/LRVhtVCfzo8?t=25 You shut your lying mouth. Doc Holiday was a goddamn saint and I won’t hear otherwise on the matter! ~J Just broke down, like, full-on sobbing, over a comic strip. I may not be okay. Van Jealous I feel like I’m watching an episode of “The Guiding Light” (look it up on the web, youngsters…) Mr. Willis, I noticed that there was a small piece of schmutz on my monitor and subsequently tried to scrape it off with my fingernail, only to discover that it was actually George’s lip quivering a bit in sadness. Fooled me completely! 🙂 Aprion “I knew our boy was good.” Yes…. just keep repeating that, maybe if you say it enough you will actually start to believe it. JessWitt So the Warners weren’t oblivious to Mike’s a-holery after all. Darn, right in the heart. Rabisch He’s trying to convince himself. Pretty sad. DarkoNeko Way to ruin their vacation, Amber Megan Rivera Mike looks like his dad. The ‘was’ is clearly important, although most people are thinking they already assume their son is dead. I don’t think that’s what it means – I think they’ve been worried about their son for a while, ever since he stopped smiling and started acting the jerk. They hid their concerns under a perfect-supporting-parent mask, but they feared that their son had turned to the Dark Side. (They could be Star Wars fans, they’re old enough.) To hear about their son’s heroic act lifts a huge burden from their hearts. Lifted a huge burden and replaced it with another one of concern that he is now in the hospital in a coma. I’m not sure which burden is heavier. Oh my heart. Guys, the “was” doesn’t have a particular meaning, it’s just correct grammar. Mike’s dad says “i knew” because he is referring to what he knew before Amber told them what happened, therefore using past tense. The sentence fragment “[mike] was good” is being modified by the “i knew,” so it also has to be in past tense. “I knew he is good” would be grammatically incorrect. This is simultaneously better and worse than I feared. There’s definitely something behind what he’s saying here, but it’s very clear that Mike’s parents love him dearly. …C’mon Mike. Wake up. Say something snarky and cruel. Please? Going back and watching the way Ruth deals with him and the way he looks back at her before he runs (shock/awe) is actually really cathartic after this most recent story line. Wakeangel2001 given how he repeated that line it gives me the impression that they were low-key worried he’d do something scandalous Don’t worry Mr. Warner – when he wakes up he’ll continue to prove you right. I’m being optimistic. Optimistic that he’ll live, or that he’ll be changed for the better? Both? His last conscious actions WERE prompted by an epiphany that he didn’t like who he’d become. Mr.Morningstar While I doubt we’ll lose that classic Mike snark I do hope he actively acts a bit more.. Kind? “I knew our boy was good. It was all because of the undercover anti-mob operation, you know? He had to pretend to be an asshole” valis_kr3 Rartorata Wow, Mike’s folks look so young–I suppose they would be, being as we don’t meet them in Shortpacked until more than a decade later in the timeline. elsendor CONVENTION APPEARANCES Robin DeSanto: Great teacher or the GREATEST teacher? Tweets by @damnyouwillis ©2010-2021 Dumbing of Age \| Powered by WordPress with ComicPress \| Subscribe: RSS \| Privacy Policy \| Back to Top ↑	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1638
__label__wiki	0.823003	0.823003	Patachou Lyrics Average rating for Patachou songs is 7.68/10 [59 votes]. Selected popular Patachou song of Tuesday, January 19 2021 is "Sous Les Ponts De Paris". Top Patachou Albums click on the album covers to see patachou lyrics inside the album Y'a tant d'amour 50 succès essentiels Live at Club Domino Patachou : La nuit (Histoire Française) Impasse De La Fidélité Vintage French Song No. 124 - LP: Patachou A L'Olympia Les Chansons Que J'aurais Aimé Créer Vintage French Song Nº 30 - EPs Collectors "Le Piano Du Pauvre" Patachou Sings Hit Songs From Hit Broadway Shows Un Gamin de Paris Histoire de roses (Collection "Légende de la chanson française") Patachou at Carnegie Hall At the St. Regis Maisonette Singing in French & English Sings Hit Songs from Hit Broadway Shows in French & English Paris C'est Une Blonde La Complainte De La Butte Brave Margot Le Bricoleur MON HOMME Sous Les Ponts De Paris Maman, Papa Related Information for Patachou Henriette Ragon (10 June 1918 – 30 April 2015), better known as Patachou, was a French singer and actress. She was an Officier of the Légion d'honneur.Born in the 12th arrondissement of Paris, Henriette Ragon began her working life as a typist, then a factory worker, a shoeseller and an antique dealer.In 1948, with her husband Jean Billon she took over a cabaret-restaurant in Montmartre, called Patachou. (Their son Pierre Billon had some success as a singer in the 1970s and wrote J'ai oublié de vivre for Johnny Hallyday.) She began to sing in the bistro, and journalists began to call her Patachou after the name of her cabaret (pâte-à-choux means cream puff dough). Georges Brassens sang there, and together they... read more	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1647
__label__cc	0.609246	0.390754	Issue: March 2017 Travel to Singapore Words: Sarah Freeman / Images: Shangri-La Ensconced in leafy, tropical (not to mention award-winning) gardens, Singapore’s iconic Shangri-La is a mere ten-minute stroll from the city’s famous shopping artery, Orchard Road, yet feels a million miles from the hustle and bustle. In its 46 years doing business, the hotel has been a magnet for dignitaries and celebs. Their exclusive wing of choice – the Valley (comprising 131 deluxe rooms and suites), which takes personalised service to a whole new level, is akin to a private members’ club. Guests are ushered into the colonnade marble-clad lobby, ornamented with renaissance furniture, glittering chandeliers and a free-flowing champagne bar. Guests can indulge with bottomless pots of tea and complimentary evening canapés, to the soundtrack of a harpist. The extravagance extends to the 85-square-metre one-bedroom suites, which radiate understated oriental elegance. Guests have not one, but two butlers (one solely tends to your bath). Details like monogrammed stationary, La Prairie cosmetics and a bedside dessert in place of a generic pillow chocolate ensure you get the full VIP treatment. shangrila.com For The Love Of Odd Jon Ronson has made a career out of peeking into life’s dark corners. Hatchard's, London London’s oldest running bookseller is more than a mere bookstore, and listless city guides all laud this historic spot as a must-see attraction. Lunch with Pico Iyer The British-born novelist on the life of a writer, a childhood spent on the move, and the fear of losing his reckless streak. Mandarin Oriental, Munich his opera-house-turned-luxury-hotel keeps good company with the likes of Dior, Bulgari and Hermès across the street. Sharmajee's, Mumbai Mumbai’s street food culture is revered and imitated throughout the world, but if you want to truly eat like a Mumbaikar, there’s only one place to go. Surfing isn’t a sport, it’s a lifestyle choice, and for a group of older surfers in California, riding waves doesn’t just have the power to change lives – it can save them too.	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1649
__label__cc	0.519469	0.480531	Culture magazines Russell, Ronald RUSSELL, Ronald. British, b. 1924. Genres: Archaeology/Antiquities, Area studies, Art/Art history, Medicine/Health, Paranormal, Psychology, Travel/Exploration. Career: Head of English, Monmouth School, 1956-70, and Soham Grammar School, 1971; Head of English, 1972-85, and Sr. Teacher, 1973-85, City of Ely College; Moderator and Examiner, University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate, 1969-89. Publications: Lost Canals of England and Wales, 1971; Waterside Pubs, 1974; Discovering Lost Canals, 1975; (with J. Boyes) Canals of Eastern England, 1977; Rivers, 1978; Guide to British Topographical Prints, 1979; Lost Canals and Waterways of Britain, 1982; Discovering Antique Prints, 1982, rev. ed., 2001; Cambridgeshire and Cambridge, 1988; Swimming for Life, 1989; The Country Canal, 1991; The Vast Enquiring Soul, 2000. EDITOR: Walking Canals, 1984; Using the Whole Brain, 1993. Address: Greenhead House, New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire DG7 3RN, Scotland. Online address: [email protected] Writers Directory 2005 "Russell, Ronald ." Writers Directory 2005. . Encyclopedia.com. 13 Jan. 2021 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Russell, Ronald ." Writers Directory 2005. . Encyclopedia.com. (January 13, 2021). https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/culture-magazines/russell-ronald "Russell, Ronald ." Writers Directory 2005. . Retrieved January 13, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/culture-magazines/russell-ronald Print , print / print/ • v. [tr.] (often be printed) 1. produce (books, newspapers, magazines, etc.), esp. in large quantities, by a mechanical process invol… Examination , examinations. The first school examinations were held in the 16th and 17th cents., when diocesan visitations were made. Teachers were questioned on t… Physical Examination , Definition A physical examination is the evaluation of a body to determine its state of health. The techniques of inspection, palpation (feeling with… John Stevens Henslow , Henslow, John Stevens (b. Rochester, Kent, England, 6 February 1796; d. Hitcham, Suffolk, England, 16 May 1861) botany. Henslow was the eldest of ele… Frederic William Maitland , Maitland, Frederic William Maitland, Frederic William Frederic William Maitland (1850–1906), English legal historian and jurist, was born in London a… British English , BRITISH ENGLISH Short from BrE. The English language as used in Britain. The phrase contrasts with kinds of ENGLISH used elsewhere, and especially wi… HICKS, Carola LEASK, Nigel DONALD, Diana Mckitterick, David John EXAMINING IN ENGLISH CURRY, Neil BERRY, Philippa LENNARD, John (Chevening) Russell, Rinaldina Russell, Richard Joel Russell, Richard Brevard, Jr. ("Dick") Russell, Richard B. 1947- Russell, Rachel (1636–1723) Russell, Pee Wee Russell, Paul Russell, P. Craig 1951- Russell, P(hilip) Craig 1951– Russell, Odo Russell, Norman H. Russell, Nipsey 1924–2005 Russell, Nipsey (1920?—) Russell, Nipsey Russell, Mother Mary Baptist (1829–1898) Russell, Meg Russell, Mary du Caurroy (1865–1937) Russell, Mary Doria 1950- Russell, Mary D(oria) Russell, Mary Baptist, Mother Russell, Mary Baptist (1829-1898) Russell, Mary Annette (Beauchamp) Russell, Countess Russell, Martin (James) Russell, Mark Russell, Rosalind (1908–1976) Russell, Rosalind (1911-1976) Russell, Roy Russell, S. Thomas 1952- (Sean Thomas Russell) Russell, Sean 1952- Russell, Sharman Apt Russell, Sharon A. Russell, T. E. Russell, Theresa 1957- (Theresa Paup, Theresa Roeg) Russell, Tom Russell, William (real name, Russell William Wagner) Russell, William Felton ("Bill") Russell, William Martin Russell, William Thomas Russell, William, 5th earl and 1st duke of Bedford Russell, William, Jr. Russell, William, Sr. Russell, Willy Russell-McCloud, Patricia 1946– Russell-Silver syndrome Russell: Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1950 Russells paradox Russert, Tim 1950-2008 (Timothy Russert, Timothy John Russert, Timothy John Russert, Jr.)	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1651
__label__cc	0.589309	0.410691	Genomics is the study of the body’s genes, their functions and their influence on the growth, development and working of the body – using a variety of techniques to look at the body’s DNA and associated compounds. The UK is recognised worldwide as a leader in genomics and the unique structure of the NHS is allowing us to deliver these advances at scale and pace for patient benefit. The role of NHS England and NHS Improvement is to enable the NHS to harness the power of genomic medicine and science to improve the health of our population as part of our commitments in the NHS Long Term Plan. We are doing this through the NHS Genomic Medicine Service. The NHS is a world-leading healthcare system in its use of cutting-edge genomic technologies. We deliver faster and more accurate diagnoses for inherited and acquired disease, personalise treatments and interventions so they are more effective and predict and prevent certain conditions before they develop. NHS Genomic Medicine Service How the NHS is working to provide consistent and equitable access to genomic medicine. 100,000 Genomes Project The world-leading initiative to sequence 100,000 genomes from people with cancer and families with rare disease. Personalised medicine Providing better management of people’s health by moving away from a ‘one size fits all’ approach. National Genomic Test Directory Genomic Laboratory Hubs Genomic resources Genomics Clinical Reference Group Healthcare science What is genomics? Watch this short video from Health Education England’s Genomics Education Programme, which outlines what genomics is, and the ways it can improve patient care. It also explores how genomics can track and treat infections like MRSA and tuberculosis (TB), improving and saving lives. What does genomics mean for patients? Jessica is one of the first children to receive a diagnosis from the 100,000 Genomes Project. In this video from Genomics England, Jessica’s family talk about what it means to them, and how it will affect her treatment. NHS gives cancer patients genetic test to select best treatment Patients with the cancers will be offered the rapid new test to help decide whether to go ahead with treatment, opt for a lower dose or use a different method of tackling tumours. While most patients undergoing chemotherapy do not suffer sever side effects a small number taking certain drugs called fluoropyrimidines (5-FU and capecitabine) […] Using our DNA to tailor cancer treatment – how genomics is already changing the way we treat cancer Professor Dame Sue Hill NHS Genomic Medicine Service Alliances to help embed genomics into patient care pathways See all genomics blog posts See all genomics news	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1652
__label__wiki	0.884438	0.884438	Alert: For a better experience on Congress.gov, please enable JavaScript in your browser. 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[D-NC] (108th-117th)Byrne, Bradley [R-AL] (113th-116th)Calvert, Ken [R-CA] (103rd-117th)Cammack, Kat [R-FL] (117th)Carbajal, Salud O. [D-CA] (115th-117th)Cardenas, Tony [D-CA] (113th-117th)Carl, Jerry L. [R-AL] (117th)Carson, Andre [D-IN] (110th-117th)Carter, Earl L. "Buddy" [R-GA] (114th-117th)Carter, John R. [R-TX] (108th-117th)Cartwright, Matt [D-PA] (113th-117th)Case, Ed [D-HI] (107th-109th) (116th-117th)Casten, Sean [D-IL] (116th-117th)Castor, Kathy [D-FL] (110th-117th)Castro, Joaquin [D-TX] (113th-117th)Cawthorn, Madison [R-NC] (117th)Chabot, Steve [R-OH] (104th-110th) (112th-117th)Cheney, Liz [R-WY] (115th-117th)Chu, Judy [D-CA] (111th-117th)Cicilline, David N. [D-RI] (112th-117th)Cisneros, Gilbert Ray, Jr. [D-CA] (116th)Clark, Katherine M. [D-MA] (113th-117th)Clarke, Yvette D. [D-NY] (110th-117th)Clay, Wm. Lacy [D-MO] (107th-116th)Cleaver, Emanuel [D-MO] (109th-117th)Cline, Ben [R-VA] (116th-117th)Cloud, Michael [R-TX] (115th-117th)Clyburn, James E. [D-SC] (103rd-117th)Clyde, Andrew S. [R-GA] (117th)Cohen, Steve [D-TN] (110th-117th)Cole, Tom [R-OK] (108th-117th)Collins, Chris [R-NY] (113th-116th)Collins, Doug [R-GA] (113th-116th)Comer, James [R-KY] (114th-117th)Conaway, K. Michael [R-TX] (109th-116th)Connolly, Gerald E. [D-VA] (111th-117th)Cook, Paul [R-CA] (113th-116th)Cooper, Jim [D-TN] (98th-103rd) (108th-117th)Correa, J. Luis [D-CA] (115th-117th)Costa, Jim [D-CA] (109th-117th)Courtney, Joe [D-CT] (110th-117th)Cox, TJ [D-CA] (116th)Craig, Angie [D-MN] (116th-117th)Crawford, Eric A. "Rick" [R-AR] (112th-117th)Crenshaw, Dan [R-TX] (116th-117th)Crist, Charlie [D-FL] (115th-117th)Crow, Jason [D-CO] (116th-117th)Cuellar, Henry [D-TX] (109th-117th)Cummings, Elijah E. [D-MD] (104th-116th)Cunningham, Joe [D-SC] (116th)Curtis, John R. [R-UT] (115th-117th)Davids, Sharice [D-KS] (116th-117th)Davidson, Warren [R-OH] (114th-117th)Davis, Danny K. [D-IL] (105th-117th)Davis, Rodney [R-IL] (113th-117th)Davis, Susan A. [D-CA] (107th-116th)Dean, Madeleine [D-PA] (116th-117th)DeFazio, Peter A. [D-OR] (100th-117th)DeGette, Diana [D-CO] (105th-117th)DeLauro, Rosa L. [D-CT] (102nd-117th)DelBene, Suzan K. [D-WA] (112th-117th)Delgado, Antonio [D-NY] (116th-117th)Demings, Val Butler [D-FL] (115th-117th)DeSaulnier, Mark [D-CA] (114th-117th)DesJarlais, Scott [R-TN] (112th-117th)Deutch, Theodore E. [D-FL] (111th-117th)Diaz-Balart, Mario [R-FL] (108th-117th)Dingell, Debbie [D-MI] (114th-117th)Doggett, Lloyd [D-TX] (104th-117th)Donalds, Byron [R-FL] (117th)Doyle, Michael F. [D-PA] (104th-117th)Duffy, Sean P. [R-WI] (112th-116th)Duncan, Jeff [R-SC] (112th-117th)Dunn, Neal P. [R-FL] (115th-117th)Emmer, Tom [R-MN] (114th-117th)Engel, Eliot L. [D-NY] (101st-116th)Escobar, Veronica [D-TX] (116th-117th)Eshoo, Anna G. [D-CA] (103rd-117th)Espaillat, Adriano [D-NY] (115th-117th)Estes, Ron [R-KS] (115th-117th)Evans, Dwight [D-PA] (114th-117th)Fallon, Pat [R-TX] (117th)Feenstra, Randy [R-IA] (117th)Ferguson, A. Drew, IV [R-GA] (115th-117th)Finkenauer, Abby [D-IA] (116th)Fischbach, Michelle [R-MN] (117th)Fitzgerald, Scott [R-WI] (117th)Fitzpatrick, Brian K. [R-PA] (115th-117th)Fleischmann, Charles J. "Chuck" [R-TN] (112th-117th)Fletcher, Lizzie [D-TX] (116th-117th)Flores, Bill [R-TX] (112th-116th)Fortenberry, Jeff [R-NE] (109th-117th)Foster, Bill [D-IL] (110th-111th) (113th-117th)Foxx, Virginia [R-NC] (109th-117th)Frankel, Lois [D-FL] (113th-117th)Franklin, C. Scott [R-FL] (117th)Fudge, Marcia L. [D-OH] (110th-117th)Fulcher, Russ [R-ID] (116th-117th)Gabbard, Tulsi [D-HI] (113th-116th)Gaetz, Matt [R-FL] (115th-117th)Gallagher, Mike [R-WI] (115th-117th)Gallego, Ruben [D-AZ] (114th-117th)Garamendi, John [D-CA] (111th-117th)Garbarino, Andrew R. [R-NY] (117th)Garcia, Jesus G. "Chuy" [D-IL] (116th-117th)Garcia, Mike [R-CA] (116th-117th)Garcia, Sylvia R. [D-TX] (116th-117th)Gianforte, Greg [R-MT] (115th-116th)Gibbs, Bob [R-OH] (112th-117th)Gimenez, Carlos A. [R-FL] (117th)Gohmert, Louie [R-TX] (109th-117th)Golden, Jared F. [D-ME] (116th-117th)Gomez, Jimmy [D-CA] (115th-117th)Gonzales, Tony [R-TX] (117th)Gonzalez, Anthony [R-OH] (116th-117th)Gonzalez, Vicente [D-TX] (115th-117th)Gonzalez-Colon, Jenniffer [R-PR] (115th-117th)Good, Bob [R-VA] (117th)Gooden, Lance [R-TX] (116th-117th)Gosar, Paul A. [R-AZ] (112th-117th)Gottheimer, Josh [D-NJ] (115th-117th)Granger, Kay [R-TX] (105th-117th)Graves, Garret [R-LA] (114th-117th)Graves, Sam [R-MO] (107th-117th)Graves, Tom [R-GA] (111th-116th)Green, Al [D-TX] (109th-117th)Green, Mark E. [R-TN] (116th-117th)Greene, Marjorie Taylor [R-GA] (117th)Griffith, H. Morgan [R-VA] (112th-117th)Grijalva, Raul M. [D-AZ] (108th-117th)Grothman, Glenn [R-WI] (114th-117th)Guest, Michael [R-MS] (116th-117th)Guthrie, Brett [R-KY] (111th-117th)Haaland, Debra A. [D-NM] (116th-117th)Hagedorn, Jim [R-MN] (116th-117th)Hall, Kwanza [D-GA] (116th)Harder, Josh [D-CA] (116th-117th)Harris, Andy [R-MD] (112th-117th)Harshbarger, Diana [R-TN] (117th)Hartzler, Vicky [R-MO] (112th-117th)Hastings, Alcee L. [D-FL] (103rd-117th)Hayes, Jahana [D-CT] (116th-117th)Heck, Denny [D-WA] (113th-116th)Hern, Kevin [R-OK] (115th-117th)Herrell, Yvette [R-NM] (117th)Herrera Beutler, Jaime [R-WA] (112th-117th)Hice, Jody B. [R-GA] (114th-117th)Higgins, Brian [D-NY] (109th-117th)Higgins, Clay [R-LA] (115th-117th)Hill, J. French [R-AR] (114th-117th)Hill, Katie [D-CA] (116th)Himes, James A. [D-CT] (111th-117th)Hinson, Ashley [R-IA] (117th)Holding, George [R-NC] (113th-116th)Hollingsworth, Trey [R-IN] (115th-117th)Horn, Kendra S. [D-OK] (116th)Horsford, Steven [D-NV] (113th) (116th-117th)Houlahan, Chrissy [D-PA] (116th-117th)Hoyer, Steny H. [D-MD] (97th-117th)Hudson, Richard [R-NC] (113th-117th)Huffman, Jared [D-CA] (113th-117th)Huizenga, Bill [R-MI] (112th-117th)Hunter, Duncan D. [R-CA] (111th-116th)Hurd, Will [R-TX] (114th-116th)Issa, Darrell E. [R-CA] (107th-115th) (117th)Jackson, Ronny [R-TX] (117th)Jackson Lee, Sheila [D-TX] (104th-117th)Jacobs, Chris [R-NY] (116th-117th)Jacobs, Sara [D-CA] (117th)Jayapal, Pramila [D-WA] (115th-117th)Jeffries, Hakeem S. [D-NY] (113th-117th)Johnson, Bill [R-OH] (112th-117th)Johnson, Dusty [R-SD] (116th-117th)Johnson, Eddie Bernice [D-TX] (103rd-117th)Johnson, Henry C. "Hank," Jr. [D-GA] (110th-117th)Johnson, Mike [R-LA] (115th-117th)Jones, Mondaire [D-NY] (117th)Jones, Walter B., Jr. [R-NC] (104th-116th)Jordan, Jim [R-OH] (110th-117th)Joyce, David P. [R-OH] (113th-117th)Joyce, John [R-PA] (116th-117th)Kahele, Kaiali'i [D-HI] (117th)Kaptur, Marcy [D-OH] (98th-117th)Katko, John [R-NY] (114th-117th)Keating, William R. [D-MA] (112th-117th)Keller, Fred [R-PA] (116th-117th)Kelly, Mike [R-PA] (112th-117th)Kelly, Robin L. [D-IL] (113th-117th)Kelly, Trent [R-MS] (114th-117th)Kennedy, Joseph P., III [D-MA] (113th-116th)Khanna, Ro [D-CA] (115th-117th)Kildee, Daniel T. [D-MI] (113th-117th)Kilmer, Derek [D-WA] (113th-117th)Kim, Andy [D-NJ] (116th-117th)Kim, Young [R-CA] (117th)Kind, Ron [D-WI] (105th-117th)King, Peter T. [R-NY] (103rd-116th)King, Steve [R-IA] (108th-116th)Kinzinger, Adam [R-IL] (112th-117th)Kirkpatrick, Ann [D-AZ] (111th) (111th-114th) (116th-117th)Krishnamoorthi, Raja [D-IL] (115th-117th)Kuster, Ann M. [D-NH] (113th-117th)Kustoff, David [R-TN] (115th-117th)LaHood, Darin [R-IL] (114th-117th)LaMalfa, Doug [R-CA] (113th-117th)Lamb, Conor [D-PA] (115th-117th)Lamborn, Doug [R-CO] (110th-117th)Langevin, James R. [D-RI] (107th-117th)Larsen, Rick [D-WA] (107th-117th)Larson, John B. [D-CT] (106th-117th)Latta, Robert E. [R-OH] (110th-117th)LaTurner, Jake [R-KS] (117th)Lawrence, Brenda L. [D-MI] (114th-117th)Lawson, Al, Jr. [D-FL] (115th-117th)Lee, Barbara [D-CA] (105th-117th)Lee, Susie [D-NV] (116th-117th)Leger Fernandez, Teresa [D-NM] (117th)Lesko, Debbie [R-AZ] (115th-117th)Levin, Andy [D-MI] (116th-117th)Levin, Mike [D-CA] (116th-117th)Lewis, John [D-GA] (100th-116th)Lieu, Ted [D-CA] (114th-117th)Lipinski, Daniel [D-IL] (109th-116th)Loebsack, David [D-IA] (110th-116th)Lofgren, Zoe [D-CA] (104th-117th)Long, Billy [R-MO] (112th-117th)Loudermilk, Barry [R-GA] (114th-117th)Lowenthal, Alan S. [D-CA] (113th-117th)Lowey, Nita M. [D-NY] (101st-116th)Lucas, Frank D. [R-OK] (103rd-117th)Luetkemeyer, Blaine [R-MO] (111th-117th)Lujan, Ben Ray [D-NM] (111th-116th)Luria, Elaine G. [D-VA] (116th-117th)Lynch, Stephen F. [D-MA] (107th-117th)Mace, Nancy [R-SC] (117th)Malinowski, Tom [D-NJ] (116th-117th)Malliotakis, Nicole [R-NY] (117th)Maloney, Carolyn B. [D-NY] (103rd-117th)Maloney, Sean Patrick [D-NY] (113th-117th)Mann, Tracey [R-KS] (117th)Manning, Kathy E. [D-NC] (117th)Marchant, Kenny [R-TX] (109th-116th)Marino, Tom [R-PA] (112th-116th)Marshall, Roger W. [R-KS] (115th-116th)Massie, Thomas [R-KY] (112th-117th)Mast, Brian J. [R-FL] (115th-117th)Matsui, Doris O. [D-CA] (109th-117th)McAdams, Ben [D-UT] (116th)McBath, Lucy [D-GA] (116th-117th)McCarthy, Kevin [R-CA] (110th-117th)McCaul, Michael T. [R-TX] (109th-117th)McClain, Lisa C. [R-MI] (117th)McClintock, Tom [R-CA] (111th-117th)McCollum, Betty [D-MN] (107th-117th)McEachin, A. Donald [D-VA] (115th-117th)McGovern, James P. [D-MA] (105th-117th)McHenry, Patrick T. [R-NC] (109th-117th)McKinley, David B. [R-WV] (112th-117th)McMorris Rodgers, Cathy [R-WA] (109th-117th)McNerney, Jerry [D-CA] (110th-117th)Meadows, Mark [R-NC] (113th-116th)Meeks, Gregory W. [D-NY] (105th-117th)Meijer, Peter [R-MI] (117th)Meng, Grace [D-NY] (113th-117th)Meuser, Daniel [R-PA] (116th-117th)Mfume, Kweisi [D-MD] (100th-104th) (116th-117th)Miller, Carol D. [R-WV] (116th-117th)Miller, Mary E. [R-IL] (117th)Miller-Meeks, Mariannette [R-IA] (117th)Mitchell, Paul [I-MI] (115th-116th)Moolenaar, John R. [R-MI] (114th-117th)Mooney, Alexander X. [R-WV] (114th-117th)Moore, Barry [R-AL] (117th)Moore, Blake D. [R-UT] (117th)Moore, Gwen [D-WI] (109th-117th)Morelle, Joseph D. [D-NY] (115th-117th)Moulton, Seth [D-MA] (114th-117th)Mrvan, Frank J. [D-IN] (117th)Mucarsel-Powell, Debbie [D-FL] (116th)Mullin, Markwayne [R-OK] (113th-117th)Murphy, Gregory [R-NC] (116th-117th)Murphy, Stephanie N. [D-FL] (115th-117th)Nadler, Jerrold [D-NY] (102nd-117th)Napolitano, Grace F. [D-CA] (106th-117th)Neal, Richard E. [D-MA] (101st-117th)Neguse, Joe [D-CO] (116th-117th)Nehls, Troy E. [R-TX] (117th)Newhouse, Dan [R-WA] (114th-117th)Newman, Marie [D-IL] (117th)Norcross, Donald [D-NJ] (113th-117th)Norman, Ralph [R-SC] (115th-117th)Norton, Eleanor Holmes [D-DC] (102nd-117th)Nunes, Devin [R-CA] (108th-117th)O'Halleran, Tom [D-AZ] (115th-117th)Obernolte, Jay [R-CA] (117th)Ocasio-Cortez, Alexandria [D-NY] (116th-117th)Olson, Pete [R-TX] (111th-116th)Omar, Ilhan [D-MN] (116th-117th)Owens, Burgess [R-UT] (117th)Palazzo, Steven M. [R-MS] (112th-117th)Pallone, Frank, Jr. [D-NJ] (100th-117th)Palmer, Gary J. [R-AL] (114th-117th)Panetta, Jimmy [D-CA] (115th-117th)Pappas, Chris [D-NH] (116th-117th)Pascrell, Bill, Jr. [D-NJ] (105th-117th)Payne, Donald M., Jr. [D-NJ] (112th-117th)Pelosi, Nancy [D-CA] (100th-117th)Pence, Greg [R-IN] (116th-117th)Perlmutter, Ed [D-CO] (110th-117th)Perry, Scott [R-PA] (113th-117th)Peters, Scott H. [D-CA] (113th-117th)Peterson, Collin C. [D-MN] (102nd-116th)Pfluger, August [R-TX] (117th)Phillips, Dean [D-MN] (116th-117th)Pingree, Chellie [D-ME] (111th-117th)Plaskett, Stacey E. [D-VI] (114th-117th)Pocan, Mark [D-WI] (113th-117th)Porter, Katie [D-CA] (116th-117th)Posey, Bill [R-FL] (111th-117th)Pressley, Ayanna [D-MA] (116th-117th)Price, David E. [D-NC] (100th-103rd) (105th-117th)Quigley, Mike [D-IL] (111th-117th)Radewagen, Aumua Amata Coleman [R-AS] (114th-117th)Raskin, Jamie [D-MD] (115th-117th)Ratcliffe, John [R-TX] (114th-116th)Reed, Tom [R-NY] (111th-117th)Reschenthaler, Guy [R-PA] (116th-117th)Rice, Kathleen M. [D-NY] (114th-117th)Rice, Tom [R-SC] (113th-117th)Richmond, Cedric L. [D-LA] (112th-117th)Riggleman, Denver [R-VA] (116th)Roby, Martha [R-AL] (112th-116th)Roe, David P. [R-TN] (111th-116th)Rogers, Harold [R-KY] (97th-117th)Rogers, Mike D. [R-AL] (108th-117th)Rooney, Francis [R-FL] (115th-116th)Rose, John W. [R-TN] (116th-117th)Rose, Max [D-NY] (116th)Rosendale Sr., Matthew M. [R-MT] (117th)Ross, Deborah K. [D-NC] (117th)Rouda, Harley [D-CA] (116th)Rouzer, David [R-NC] (114th-117th)Roy, Chip [R-TX] (116th-117th)Roybal-Allard, Lucille [D-CA] (103rd-117th)Ruiz, Raul [D-CA] (113th-117th)Ruppersberger, C. A. Dutch [D-MD] (108th-117th)Rush, Bobby L. [D-IL] (103rd-117th)Rutherford, John H. [R-FL] (115th-117th)Ryan, Tim [D-OH] (108th-117th)Sablan, Gregorio Kilili Camacho [D-MP] (111th-117th)Salazar, Maria Elvira [R-FL] (117th)Sanchez, Linda T. [D-CA] (108th-117th)San Nicolas, Michael F. Q. [D-GU] (116th-117th)Sarbanes, John P. [D-MD] (110th-117th)Scalise, Steve [R-LA] (110th-117th)Scanlon, Mary Gay [D-PA] (115th-117th)Schakowsky, Janice D. [D-IL] (106th-117th)Schiff, Adam B. [D-CA] (107th-117th)Schneider, Bradley Scott [D-IL] (113th) (115th-117th)Schrader, Kurt [D-OR] (111th-117th)Schrier, Kim [D-WA] (116th-117th)Schweikert, David [R-AZ] (112th-117th)Scott, Austin [R-GA] (112th-117th)Scott, David [D-GA] (108th-117th)Scott, Robert C. "Bobby" [D-VA] (103rd-117th)Sensenbrenner, F. James, Jr. [R-WI] (96th-116th)Serrano, Jose E. [D-NY] (101st-116th)Sessions, Pete [R-TX] (105th-115th) (117th)Sewell, Terri A. [D-AL] (112th-117th)Shalala, Donna E. [D-FL] (116th)Sherman, Brad [D-CA] (105th-117th)Sherrill, Mikie [D-NJ] (116th-117th)Shimkus, John [R-IL] (105th-116th)Simpson, Michael K. [R-ID] (106th-117th)Sires, Albio [D-NJ] (109th-117th)Slotkin, Elissa [D-MI] (116th-117th)Smith, Adam [D-WA] (105th-117th)Smith, Adrian [R-NE] (110th-117th)Smith, Christopher H. [R-NJ] (97th-117th)Smith, Jason [R-MO] (113th-117th)Smucker, Lloyd [R-PA] (115th-117th)Soto, Darren [D-FL] (115th-117th)Spanberger, Abigail Davis [D-VA] (116th-117th)Spano, Ross [R-FL] (116th)Spartz, Victoria [R-IN] (117th)Speier, Jackie [D-CA] (110th-117th)Stanton, Greg [D-AZ] (116th-117th)Stauber, Pete [R-MN] (116th-117th)Steel, Michelle [R-CA] (117th)Stefanik, Elise M. [R-NY] (114th-117th)Steil, Bryan [R-WI] (116th-117th)Steube, W. Gregory [R-FL] (116th-117th)Stevens, Haley M. [D-MI] (116th-117th)Stewart, Chris [R-UT] (113th-117th)Stivers, Steve [R-OH] (112th-117th)Strickland, Marilyn [D-WA] (117th)Suozzi, Thomas R. [D-NY] (115th-117th)Swalwell, Eric [D-CA] (113th-117th)Takano, Mark [D-CA] (113th-117th)Taylor, Van [R-TX] (116th-117th)Thompson, Bennie G. [D-MS] (103rd-117th)Thompson, Glenn [R-PA] (111th-117th)Thompson, Mike [D-CA] (106th-117th)Thornberry, Mac [R-TX] (104th-116th)Tiffany, Thomas P. [R-WI] (116th-117th)Timmons, William R. IV [R-SC] (116th-117th)Tipton, Scott R. [R-CO] (112th-116th)Titus, Dina [D-NV] (111th) (113th-117th)Tlaib, Rashida [D-MI] (116th-117th)Tonko, Paul [D-NY] (111th-117th)Torres, Norma J. [D-CA] (114th-117th)Torres, Ritchie [D-NY] (117th)Torres Small, Xochitl [D-NM] (116th)Trahan, Lori [D-MA] (116th-117th)Trone, David J. [D-MD] (116th-117th)Turner, Michael R. [R-OH] (108th-117th)Underwood, Lauren [D-IL] (116th-117th)Upton, Fred [R-MI] (100th-117th)Valadao, David G. [R-CA] (113th-115th) (117th)Van Drew, Jefferson [R-NJ] (116th-117th)Van Duyne, Beth [R-TX] (117th)Vargas, Juan [D-CA] (113th-117th)Veasey, Marc A. [D-TX] (113th-117th)Vela, Filemon [D-TX] (113th-117th)Velazquez, Nydia M. [D-NY] (103rd-117th)Visclosky, Peter J. [D-IN] (99th-116th)Wagner, Ann [R-MO] (113th-117th)Walberg, Tim [R-MI] (110th) (112th-117th)Walden, Greg [R-OR] (106th-116th)Walker, Mark [R-NC] (114th-116th)Walorski, Jackie [R-IN] (113th-117th)Waltz, Michael [R-FL] (116th-117th)Wasserman Schultz, Debbie [D-FL] (109th-117th)Waters, Maxine [D-CA] (102nd-117th)Watkins, Steve [R-KS] (116th)Watson Coleman, Bonnie [D-NJ] (114th-117th)Weber, Randy K., Sr. [R-TX] (113th-117th)Webster, Daniel [R-FL] (112th-117th)Welch, Peter [D-VT] (110th-117th)Wenstrup, Brad R. [R-OH] (113th-117th)Westerman, Bruce [R-AR] (114th-117th)Wexton, Jennifer [D-VA] (116th-117th)Wild, Susan [D-PA] (115th-117th)Williams, Nikema [D-GA] (117th)Williams, Roger [R-TX] (113th-117th)Wilson, Frederica S. [D-FL] (112th-117th)Wilson, Joe [R-SC] (107th-117th)Wittman, Robert J. [R-VA] (110th-117th)Womack, Steve [R-AR] (112th-117th)Woodall, Rob [R-GA] (112th-116th)Wright, Ron [R-TX] (116th-117th)Yarmuth, John A. [D-KY] (110th-117th)Yoho, Ted S. [R-FL] (113th-116th)Young, Don [R-AK] (93rd-117th)Zeldin, Lee M. [R-NY] (114th-117th) Any Senator Alexander, Lamar [R-TN] (108th-116th)Baldwin, Tammy [D-WI] (113th-117th)Barrasso, John [R-WY] (110th-117th)Bennet, Michael F. [D-CO] (111th-117th)Blackburn, Marsha [R-TN] (116th-117th)Blumenthal, Richard [D-CT] (112th-117th)Blunt, Roy [R-MO] (112th-117th)Booker, Cory A. [D-NJ] (113th-117th)Boozman, John [R-AR] (112th-117th)Braun, Mike [R-IN] (116th-117th)Brown, Sherrod [D-OH] (110th-117th)Burr, Richard [R-NC] (109th-117th)Cantwell, Maria [D-WA] (107th-117th)Capito, Shelley Moore [R-WV] (114th-117th)Cardin, Benjamin L. [D-MD] (110th-117th)Carper, Thomas R. [D-DE] (107th-117th)Casey, Robert P., Jr. [D-PA] (110th-117th)Cassidy, Bill [R-LA] (114th-117th)Collins, Susan M. [R-ME] (105th-117th)Coons, Christopher A. [D-DE] (111th-117th)Cornyn, John [R-TX] (107th-117th)Cortez Masto, Catherine [D-NV] (115th-117th)Cotton, Tom [R-AR] (114th-117th)Cramer, Kevin [R-ND] (116th-117th)Crapo, Mike [R-ID] (106th-117th)Cruz, Ted [R-TX] (113th-117th)Daines, Steve [R-MT] (114th-117th)Duckworth, Tammy [D-IL] (115th-117th)Durbin, Richard J. [D-IL] (105th-117th)Enzi, Michael B. [R-WY] (105th-116th)Ernst, Joni [R-IA] (114th-117th)Feinstein, Dianne [D-CA] (102nd-117th)Fischer, Deb [R-NE] (113th-117th)Gardner, Cory [R-CO] (114th-116th)Gillibrand, Kirsten E. [D-NY] (111th-117th)Graham, Lindsey [R-SC] (108th-117th)Grassley, Chuck [R-IA] (97th-117th)Hagerty, Bill [R-TN] (117th)Harris, Kamala D. [D-CA] (115th-117th)Hassan, Margaret Wood [D-NH] (115th-117th)Hawley, Josh [R-MO] (116th-117th)Heinrich, Martin [D-NM] (113th-117th)Hickenlooper, John W. [D-CO] (117th)Hirono, Mazie K. [D-HI] (113th-117th)Hoeven, John [R-ND] (112th-117th)Hyde-Smith, Cindy [R-MS] (115th-117th)Inhofe, James M. [R-OK] (103rd-117th)Isakson, Johnny [R-GA] (109th-116th)Johnson, Ron [R-WI] (112th-117th)Jones, Doug [D-AL] (115th-116th)Kaine, Tim [D-VA] (113th-117th)Kelly, Mark [D-AZ] (116th-117th)Kennedy, John [R-LA] (115th-117th)King, Angus S., Jr. [I-ME] (113th-117th)Klobuchar, Amy [D-MN] (110th-117th)Lankford, James [R-OK] (114th-117th)Leahy, Patrick J. [D-VT] (94th-117th)Lee, Mike [R-UT] (112th-117th)Loeffler, Kelly [R-GA] (116th-117th)Lujan, Ben Ray [D-NM] (117th)Lummis, Cynthia M. [R-WY] (117th)Manchin, Joe, III [D-WV] (111th-117th)Markey, Edward J. [D-MA] (113th-117th)Marshall, Roger W. [R-KS] (117th)McConnell, Mitch [R-KY] (99th-117th)McSally, Martha [R-AZ] (116th)Menendez, Robert [D-NJ] (109th-117th)Merkley, Jeff [D-OR] (111th-117th)Moran, Jerry [R-KS] (112th-117th)Murkowski, Lisa [R-AK] (108th-117th)Murphy, Christopher [D-CT] (113th-117th)Murray, Patty [D-WA] (103rd-117th)Paul, Rand [R-KY] (112th-117th)Perdue, David [R-GA] (114th-116th)Peters, Gary C. [D-MI] (114th-117th)Portman, Rob [R-OH] (112th-117th)Reed, Jack [D-RI] (105th-117th)Risch, James E. [R-ID] (111th-117th)Roberts, Pat [R-KS] (105th-116th)Romney, Mitt [R-UT] (116th-117th)Rosen, Jacky [D-NV] (116th-117th)Rounds, Mike [R-SD] (114th-117th)Rubio, Marco [R-FL] (112th-117th)Sanders, Bernard [I-VT] (110th-117th)Sasse, Ben [R-NE] (114th-117th)Schatz, Brian [D-HI] (112th-117th)Schumer, Charles E. [D-NY] (106th-117th)Scott, Rick [R-FL] (116th-117th)Scott, Tim [R-SC] (113th-117th)Shaheen, Jeanne [D-NH] (111th-117th)Shelby, Richard C. [R-AL] (100th-117th)Sinema, Kyrsten [D-AZ] (116th-117th)Smith, Tina [D-MN] (115th-117th)Stabenow, Debbie [D-MI] (107th-117th)Sullivan, Dan [R-AK] (114th-117th)Tester, Jon [D-MT] (110th-117th)Thune, John [R-SD] (109th-117th)Tillis, Thom [R-NC] (114th-117th)Toomey, Pat [R-PA] (112th-117th)Tuberville, Tommy [R-AL] (117th)Udall, Tom [D-NM] (111th-116th)Van Hollen, Chris [D-MD] (115th-117th)Warner, Mark R. [D-VA] (111th-117th)Warren, Elizabeth [D-MA] (113th-117th)Whitehouse, Sheldon [D-RI] (110th-117th)Wicker, Roger F. [R-MS] (110th-117th)Wyden, Ron [D-OR] (104th-117th)Young, Todd [R-IN] (115th-117th) About Legislation \| Browse Legislation by Actions Allow quotes and boolean operators Congress All Congresses 103-117 (1993-2022)117 (2021-2022)116 (2019-2020)115 (2017-2018)114 (2015-2016)113 (2013-2014)112 (2011-2012)111 (2009-2010)110 (2007-2008)109 (2005-2006)108 (2003-2004)107 (2001-2002)106 (1999-2000)105 (1997-1998)104 (1995-1996)103 (1993-1994) Legislation Numbers Chamber of Origin Text Versions Any Version of LegislationAS - Amendment Ordered to be PrintedASH - Additional Sponsors HouseATH - Agreed to HouseATS - Agreed to SenateCDH - Committee Discharged HouseCDS - Committee Discharged SenateCPH - Considered and Passed HouseCPS - Considered and Passed SenateEAH - Engrossed Amendment HouseEAS - Engrossed Amendment SenateEH - Engrossed in HouseENR - EnrolledES - Engrossed in SenateFPH - Failed Passage HouseHDS - Held at Desk SenateIH - Introduced in HouseIPS - Indefinitely Postponed SenateIS - Introduced in SenateLTH - Laid on Table in HouseLTS - Laid on Table in SenatePAP - Printed as PassedPCS - Placed on Calendar SenatePP - Public PrintPrivate LawPublic LawRCH - Reference Change HouseRCS - Reference Change SenateRDS - Received in SenateRFH - Referred in HouseRFS - Referred in SenateRH - Reported in HouseRIH - Referral Instructions HouseRS - Reported to SenateRTH - Referred to Committee HouseRTS - Referred to Committee SenateSC - Sponsor Change About Legislation Text \| Browse Legislation by Number Full Text Titles Only Congress All Congresses 104-117 (1995-2022)117 (2021-2022)116 (2019-2020)115 (2017-2018)114 (2015-2016)113 (2013-2014)112 (2011-2012)111 (2009-2010)110 (2007-2008)109 (2005-2006)108 (2003-2004)107 (2001-2002)106 (1999-2000)105 (1997-1998)104 (1995-1996) Report Numbers Report Types Conference Reports Only About Committee Reports \| Browse Committee Publications Search Only: Headings Entire Congress Selected Date is equal tois betweenis afteris beforeis yesterdaylast 7 dayslast 30 days Section of Congressional Record Daily Digest Senate House Extensions of Remarks Members Remarks By Any House Member Adams, Alma S. [D-NC]Aderholt, Robert B. [R-AL]Aguilar, Pete [D-CA]Allen, Rick W. [R-GA]Allred, Colin Z. [D-TX]Amodei, Mark E. [R-NV]Armstrong, Kelly [R-ND]Arrington, Jodey C. [R-TX]Auchincloss, Jake [D-MA]Axne, Cynthia [D-IA]Babin, Brian [R-TX]Bacon, Don [R-NE]Baird, James R. [R-IN]Balderson, Troy [R-OH]Banks, Jim [R-IN]Barr, Andy [R-KY]Barragan, Nanette Diaz [D-CA]Bass, Karen [D-CA]Beatty, Joyce [D-OH]Bentz, Cliff [R-OR]Bera, Ami [D-CA]Bergman, Jack [R-MI]Beyer, Donald S., Jr. [D-VA]Bice, Stephanie I. [R-OK]Biggs, Andy [R-AZ]Bilirakis, Gus M. [R-FL]Bishop, Dan [R-NC]Bishop, Sanford D., Jr. [D-GA]Blumenauer, Earl [D-OR]Blunt Rochester, Lisa [D-DE]Boebert, Lauren [R-CO]Bonamici, Suzanne [D-OR]Bost, Mike [R-IL]Bourdeaux, Carolyn [D-GA]Bowman, Jamaal [D-NY]Boyle, Brendan F. [D-PA]Brady, Kevin [R-TX]Brooks, Mo [R-AL]Brown, Anthony G. [D-MD]Brownley, Julia [D-CA]Buchanan, Vern [R-FL]Buck, Ken [R-CO]Bucshon, Larry [R-IN]Budd, Ted [R-NC]Burchett, Tim [R-TN]Burgess, Michael C. [R-TX]Bush, Cori [D-MO]Bustos, Cheri [D-IL]Butterfield, G. K. [D-NC]Calvert, Ken [R-CA]Cammack, Kat [R-FL]Carbajal, Salud O. [D-CA]Cardenas, Tony [D-CA]Carl, Jerry L. [R-AL]Carson, Andre [D-IN]Carter, Earl L. "Buddy" [R-GA]Carter, John R. [R-TX]Cartwright, Matt [D-PA]Case, Ed [D-HI]Casten, Sean [D-IL]Castor, Kathy [D-FL]Castro, Joaquin [D-TX]Cawthorn, Madison [R-NC]Chabot, Steve [R-OH]Cheney, Liz [R-WY]Chu, Judy [D-CA]Cicilline, David N. [D-RI]Clark, Katherine M. [D-MA]Clarke, Yvette D. [D-NY]Cleaver, Emanuel [D-MO]Cline, Ben [R-VA]Cloud, Michael [R-TX]Clyburn, James E. [D-SC]Clyde, Andrew S. [R-GA]Cohen, Steve [D-TN]Cole, Tom [R-OK]Comer, James [R-KY]Connolly, Gerald E. [D-VA]Cooper, Jim [D-TN]Correa, J. Luis [D-CA]Costa, Jim [D-CA]Courtney, Joe [D-CT]Craig, Angie [D-MN]Crawford, Eric A. "Rick" [R-AR]Crenshaw, Dan [R-TX]Crist, Charlie [D-FL]Crow, Jason [D-CO]Cuellar, Henry [D-TX]Curtis, John R. [R-UT]Davids, Sharice [D-KS]Davidson, Warren [R-OH]Davis, Danny K. [D-IL]Davis, Rodney [R-IL]Dean, Madeleine [D-PA]DeFazio, Peter A. [D-OR]DeGette, Diana [D-CO]DeLauro, Rosa L. [D-CT]DelBene, Suzan K. [D-WA]Delgado, Antonio [D-NY]Demings, Val Butler [D-FL]DeSaulnier, Mark [D-CA]DesJarlais, Scott [R-TN]Deutch, Theodore E. [D-FL]Diaz-Balart, Mario [R-FL]Dingell, Debbie [D-MI]Doggett, Lloyd [D-TX]Donalds, Byron [R-FL]Doyle, Michael F. [D-PA]Duncan, Jeff [R-SC]Dunn, Neal P. [R-FL]Emmer, Tom [R-MN]Escobar, Veronica [D-TX]Eshoo, Anna G. [D-CA]Espaillat, Adriano [D-NY]Estes, Ron [R-KS]Evans, Dwight [D-PA]Fallon, Pat [R-TX]Feenstra, Randy [R-IA]Ferguson, A. Drew, IV [R-GA]Fischbach, Michelle [R-MN]Fitzgerald, Scott [R-WI]Fitzpatrick, Brian K. [R-PA]Fleischmann, Charles J. "Chuck" [R-TN]Fletcher, Lizzie [D-TX]Fortenberry, Jeff [R-NE]Foster, Bill [D-IL]Foxx, Virginia [R-NC]Frankel, Lois [D-FL]Franklin, C. Scott [R-FL]Fudge, Marcia L. [D-OH]Fulcher, Russ [R-ID]Gaetz, Matt [R-FL]Gallagher, Mike [R-WI]Gallego, Ruben [D-AZ]Garamendi, John [D-CA]Garbarino, Andrew R. [R-NY]Garcia, Jesus G. "Chuy" [D-IL]Garcia, Mike [R-CA]Garcia, Sylvia R. [D-TX]Gibbs, Bob [R-OH]Gimenez, Carlos A. [R-FL]Gohmert, Louie [R-TX]Golden, Jared F. [D-ME]Gomez, Jimmy [D-CA]Gonzales, Tony [R-TX]Gonzalez, Anthony [R-OH]Gonzalez, Vicente [D-TX]Gonzalez-Colon, Jenniffer [R-PR]Good, Bob [R-VA]Gooden, Lance [R-TX]Gosar, Paul A. [R-AZ]Gottheimer, Josh [D-NJ]Granger, Kay [R-TX]Graves, Garret [R-LA]Graves, Sam [R-MO]Green, Al [D-TX]Green, Mark E. [R-TN]Greene, Marjorie Taylor [R-GA]Griffith, H. Morgan [R-VA]Grijalva, Raul M. [D-AZ]Grothman, Glenn [R-WI]Guest, Michael [R-MS]Guthrie, Brett [R-KY]Haaland, Debra A. [D-NM]Hagedorn, Jim [R-MN]Harder, Josh [D-CA]Harris, Andy [R-MD]Harshbarger, Diana [R-TN]Hartzler, Vicky [R-MO]Hastings, Alcee L. [D-FL]Hayes, Jahana [D-CT]Hern, Kevin [R-OK]Herrell, Yvette [R-NM]Herrera Beutler, Jaime [R-WA]Hice, Jody B. [R-GA]Higgins, Brian [D-NY]Higgins, Clay [R-LA]Hill, J. French [R-AR]Himes, James A. [D-CT]Hinson, Ashley [R-IA]Hollingsworth, Trey [R-IN]Horsford, Steven [D-NV]Houlahan, Chrissy [D-PA]Hoyer, Steny H. [D-MD]Hudson, Richard [R-NC]Huffman, Jared [D-CA]Huizenga, Bill [R-MI]Issa, Darrell E. [R-CA]Jackson, Ronny [R-TX]Jackson Lee, Sheila [D-TX]Jacobs, Chris [R-NY]Jacobs, Sara [D-CA]Jayapal, Pramila [D-WA]Jeffries, Hakeem S. [D-NY]Johnson, Bill [R-OH]Johnson, Dusty [R-SD]Johnson, Eddie Bernice [D-TX]Johnson, Henry C. "Hank," Jr. [D-GA]Johnson, Mike [R-LA]Jones, Mondaire [D-NY]Jordan, Jim [R-OH]Joyce, David P. [R-OH]Joyce, John [R-PA]Kahele, Kaiali'i [D-HI]Kaptur, Marcy [D-OH]Katko, John [R-NY]Keating, William R. [D-MA]Keller, Fred [R-PA]Kelly, Mike [R-PA]Kelly, Robin L. [D-IL]Kelly, Trent [R-MS]Khanna, Ro [D-CA]Kildee, Daniel T. [D-MI]Kilmer, Derek [D-WA]Kim, Andy [D-NJ]Kim, Young [R-CA]Kind, Ron [D-WI]Kinzinger, Adam [R-IL]Kirkpatrick, Ann [D-AZ]Krishnamoorthi, Raja [D-IL]Kuster, Ann M. [D-NH]Kustoff, David [R-TN]LaHood, Darin [R-IL]LaMalfa, Doug [R-CA]Lamb, Conor [D-PA]Lamborn, Doug [R-CO]Langevin, James R. [D-RI]Larsen, Rick [D-WA]Larson, John B. [D-CT]Latta, Robert E. [R-OH]LaTurner, Jake [R-KS]Lawrence, Brenda L. [D-MI]Lawson, Al, Jr. [D-FL]Lee, Barbara [D-CA]Lee, Susie [D-NV]Leger Fernandez, Teresa [D-NM]Lesko, Debbie [R-AZ]Levin, Andy [D-MI]Levin, Mike [D-CA]Lieu, Ted [D-CA]Lofgren, Zoe [D-CA]Long, Billy [R-MO]Loudermilk, Barry [R-GA]Lowenthal, Alan S. [D-CA]Lucas, Frank D. [R-OK]Luetkemeyer, Blaine [R-MO]Luria, Elaine G. [D-VA]Lynch, Stephen F. [D-MA]Mace, Nancy [R-SC]Malinowski, Tom [D-NJ]Malliotakis, Nicole [R-NY]Maloney, Carolyn B. [D-NY]Maloney, Sean Patrick [D-NY]Mann, Tracey [R-KS]Manning, Kathy E. [D-NC]Massie, Thomas [R-KY]Mast, Brian J. [R-FL]Matsui, Doris O. [D-CA]McBath, Lucy [D-GA]McCarthy, Kevin [R-CA]McCaul, Michael T. [R-TX]McClain, Lisa C. [R-MI]McClintock, Tom [R-CA]McCollum, Betty [D-MN]McEachin, A. Donald [D-VA]McGovern, James P. [D-MA]McHenry, Patrick T. [R-NC]McKinley, David B. [R-WV]McMorris Rodgers, Cathy [R-WA]McNerney, Jerry [D-CA]Meeks, Gregory W. [D-NY]Meijer, Peter [R-MI]Meng, Grace [D-NY]Meuser, Daniel [R-PA]Mfume, Kweisi [D-MD]Miller, Carol D. [R-WV]Miller, Mary E. [R-IL]Miller-Meeks, Mariannette [R-IA]Moolenaar, John R. [R-MI]Mooney, Alexander X. [R-WV]Moore, Barry [R-AL]Moore, Blake D. [R-UT]Moore, Gwen [D-WI]Morelle, Joseph D. [D-NY]Moulton, Seth [D-MA]Mrvan, Frank J. [D-IN]Mullin, Markwayne [R-OK]Murphy, Gregory [R-NC]Murphy, Stephanie N. [D-FL]Nadler, Jerrold [D-NY]Napolitano, Grace F. [D-CA]Neal, Richard E. [D-MA]Neguse, Joe [D-CO]Nehls, Troy E. [R-TX]Newhouse, Dan [R-WA]Newman, Marie [D-IL]Norcross, Donald [D-NJ]Norman, Ralph [R-SC]Norton, Eleanor Holmes [D-DC]Nunes, Devin [R-CA]O'Halleran, Tom [D-AZ]Obernolte, Jay [R-CA]Ocasio-Cortez, Alexandria [D-NY]Omar, Ilhan [D-MN]Owens, Burgess [R-UT]Palazzo, Steven M. [R-MS]Pallone, Frank, Jr. [D-NJ]Palmer, Gary J. [R-AL]Panetta, Jimmy [D-CA]Pappas, Chris [D-NH]Pascrell, Bill, Jr. [D-NJ]Payne, Donald M., Jr. [D-NJ]Pelosi, Nancy [D-CA]Pence, Greg [R-IN]Perlmutter, Ed [D-CO]Perry, Scott [R-PA]Peters, Scott H. [D-CA]Pfluger, August [R-TX]Phillips, Dean [D-MN]Pingree, Chellie [D-ME]Plaskett, Stacey E. [D-VI]Pocan, Mark [D-WI]Porter, Katie [D-CA]Posey, Bill [R-FL]Pressley, Ayanna [D-MA]Price, David E. [D-NC]Quigley, Mike [D-IL]Radewagen, Aumua Amata Coleman [R-AS]Raskin, Jamie [D-MD]Reed, Tom [R-NY]Reschenthaler, Guy [R-PA]Rice, Kathleen M. [D-NY]Rice, Tom [R-SC]Richmond, Cedric L. [D-LA]Rogers, Harold [R-KY]Rogers, Mike D. [R-AL]Rose, John W. [R-TN]Rosendale Sr., Matthew M. [R-MT]Ross, Deborah K. [D-NC]Rouzer, David [R-NC]Roy, Chip [R-TX]Roybal-Allard, Lucille [D-CA]Ruiz, Raul [D-CA]Ruppersberger, C. A. Dutch [D-MD]Rush, Bobby L. [D-IL]Rutherford, John H. [R-FL]Ryan, Tim [D-OH]Sablan, Gregorio Kilili Camacho [D-MP]Salazar, Maria Elvira [R-FL]Sanchez, Linda T. [D-CA]San Nicolas, Michael F. Q. [D-GU]Sarbanes, John P. [D-MD]Scalise, Steve [R-LA]Scanlon, Mary Gay [D-PA]Schakowsky, Janice D. [D-IL]Schiff, Adam B. [D-CA]Schneider, Bradley Scott [D-IL]Schrader, Kurt [D-OR]Schrier, Kim [D-WA]Schweikert, David [R-AZ]Scott, Austin [R-GA]Scott, David [D-GA]Scott, Robert C. "Bobby" [D-VA]Sessions, Pete [R-TX]Sewell, Terri A. [D-AL]Sherman, Brad [D-CA]Sherrill, Mikie [D-NJ]Simpson, Michael K. [R-ID]Sires, Albio [D-NJ]Slotkin, Elissa [D-MI]Smith, Adam [D-WA]Smith, Adrian [R-NE]Smith, Christopher H. [R-NJ]Smith, Jason [R-MO]Smucker, Lloyd [R-PA]Soto, Darren [D-FL]Spanberger, Abigail Davis [D-VA]Spartz, Victoria [R-IN]Speier, Jackie [D-CA]Stanton, Greg [D-AZ]Stauber, Pete [R-MN]Steel, Michelle [R-CA]Stefanik, Elise M. [R-NY]Steil, Bryan [R-WI]Steube, W. Gregory [R-FL]Stevens, Haley M. [D-MI]Stewart, Chris [R-UT]Stivers, Steve [R-OH]Strickland, Marilyn [D-WA]Suozzi, Thomas R. [D-NY]Swalwell, Eric [D-CA]Takano, Mark [D-CA]Taylor, Van [R-TX]Thompson, Bennie G. [D-MS]Thompson, Glenn [R-PA]Thompson, Mike [D-CA]Tiffany, Thomas P. [R-WI]Timmons, William R. IV [R-SC]Titus, Dina [D-NV]Tlaib, Rashida [D-MI]Tonko, Paul [D-NY]Torres, Norma J. [D-CA]Torres, Ritchie [D-NY]Trahan, Lori [D-MA]Trone, David J. [D-MD]Turner, Michael R. [R-OH]Underwood, Lauren [D-IL]Upton, Fred [R-MI]Valadao, David G. [R-CA]Van Drew, Jefferson [R-NJ]Van Duyne, Beth [R-TX]Vargas, Juan [D-CA]Veasey, Marc A. [D-TX]Vela, Filemon [D-TX]Velazquez, Nydia M. [D-NY]Wagner, Ann [R-MO]Walberg, Tim [R-MI]Walorski, Jackie [R-IN]Waltz, Michael [R-FL]Wasserman Schultz, Debbie [D-FL]Waters, Maxine [D-CA]Watson Coleman, Bonnie [D-NJ]Weber, Randy K., Sr. [R-TX]Webster, Daniel [R-FL]Welch, Peter [D-VT]Wenstrup, Brad R. [R-OH]Westerman, Bruce [R-AR]Wexton, Jennifer [D-VA]Wild, Susan [D-PA]Williams, Nikema [D-GA]Williams, Roger [R-TX]Wilson, Frederica S. [D-FL]Wilson, Joe [R-SC]Wittman, Robert J. [R-VA]Womack, Steve [R-AR]Wright, Ron [R-TX]Yarmuth, John A. [D-KY]Young, Don [R-AK]Zeldin, Lee M. [R-NY] By Any Senate Member Baldwin, Tammy [D-WI]Barrasso, John [R-WY]Bennet, Michael F. [D-CO]Blackburn, Marsha [R-TN]Blumenthal, Richard [D-CT]Blunt, Roy [R-MO]Booker, Cory A. [D-NJ]Boozman, John [R-AR]Braun, Mike [R-IN]Brown, Sherrod [D-OH]Burr, Richard [R-NC]Cantwell, Maria [D-WA]Capito, Shelley Moore [R-WV]Cardin, Benjamin L. [D-MD]Carper, Thomas R. [D-DE]Casey, Robert P., Jr. [D-PA]Cassidy, Bill [R-LA]Collins, Susan M. [R-ME]Coons, Christopher A. [D-DE]Cornyn, John [R-TX]Cortez Masto, Catherine [D-NV]Cotton, Tom [R-AR]Cramer, Kevin [R-ND]Crapo, Mike [R-ID]Cruz, Ted [R-TX]Daines, Steve [R-MT]Duckworth, Tammy [D-IL]Durbin, Richard J. [D-IL]Ernst, Joni [R-IA]Feinstein, Dianne [D-CA]Fischer, Deb [R-NE]Gillibrand, Kirsten E. [D-NY]Graham, Lindsey [R-SC]Grassley, Chuck [R-IA]Hagerty, Bill [R-TN]Harris, Kamala D. [D-CA]Hassan, Margaret Wood [D-NH]Hawley, Josh [R-MO]Heinrich, Martin [D-NM]Hickenlooper, John W. [D-CO]Hirono, Mazie K. [D-HI]Hoeven, John [R-ND]Hyde-Smith, Cindy [R-MS]Inhofe, James M. [R-OK]Johnson, Ron [R-WI]Kaine, Tim [D-VA]Kelly, Mark [D-AZ]Kennedy, John [R-LA]King, Angus S., Jr. [I-ME]Klobuchar, Amy [D-MN]Lankford, James [R-OK]Leahy, Patrick J. [D-VT]Lee, Mike [R-UT]Loeffler, Kelly [R-GA]Lujan, Ben Ray [D-NM]Lummis, Cynthia M. [R-WY]Manchin, Joe, III [D-WV]Markey, Edward J. [D-MA]Marshall, Roger W. [R-KS]McConnell, Mitch [R-KY]Menendez, Robert [D-NJ]Merkley, Jeff [D-OR]Moran, Jerry [R-KS]Murkowski, Lisa [R-AK]Murphy, Christopher [D-CT]Murray, Patty [D-WA]Paul, Rand [R-KY]Peters, Gary C. [D-MI]Portman, Rob [R-OH]Reed, Jack [D-RI]Risch, James E. [R-ID]Romney, Mitt [R-UT]Rosen, Jacky [D-NV]Rounds, Mike [R-SD]Rubio, Marco [R-FL]Sanders, Bernard [I-VT]Sasse, Ben [R-NE]Schatz, Brian [D-HI]Schumer, Charles E. [D-NY]Scott, Rick [R-FL]Scott, Tim [R-SC]Shaheen, Jeanne [D-NH]Shelby, Richard C. [R-AL]Sinema, Kyrsten [D-AZ]Smith, Tina [D-MN]Stabenow, Debbie [D-MI]Sullivan, Dan [R-AK]Tester, Jon [D-MT]Thune, John [R-SD]Tillis, Thom [R-NC]Toomey, Pat [R-PA]Tuberville, Tommy [R-AL]Van Hollen, Chris [D-MD]Warner, Mark R. [D-VA]Warren, Elizabeth [D-MA]Whitehouse, Sheldon [D-RI]Wicker, Roger F. [R-MS]Wyden, Ron [D-OR]Young, Todd [R-IN] About the Congressional Record \| Browse By Date \| CR Index \| CR Browse Search Only: Actions Congress All Congresses 97-117 (1981-2022)117 (2021-2022)116 (2019-2020)115 (2017-2018)114 (2015-2016)113 (2013-2014)112 (2011-2012)111 (2009-2010)110 (2007-2008)109 (2005-2006)108 (2003-2004)107 (2001-2002)106 (1999-2000)105 (1997-1998)104 (1995-1996)103 (1993-1994)102 (1991-1992)101 (1989-1990)100 (1987-1988)99 (1985-1986)98 (1983-1984)97 (1981-1982) Nomination Type Military, Foreign Service, NOAA, Public Health PN Numbers Nominee Names State or Territory Indicated Any State or TerritoryAlabamaAlaskaAmerican SamoaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDelawareDistrict of ColumbiaFloridaGeorgiaGuamHawaiiIdahoIllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaNorthern Mariana IslandsOhioOklahomaOregonPanama Canal ZonePennsylvaniaPuerto RicoRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirgin IslandsVirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyoming Nomination Actions Any Nomination Action Placed on calendar as privileged nominationCommittee requested information was receivedReferred to committeeHearings heldOrdered reportedReported to SenateCommittee dischargedPlaced on calendarPlaced on calendar with footnoteConsidered by SenateUnanimous consent agreementCloture motionCloture invoked/not invokedRereferred to committeeReceived message of withdrawalReturned to presidentConfirmed by Senate Date of Action Received in the Senate Specified Nomination Action is equal tois betweenis afteris beforeis About Nominations \| Browse Nominations Search in: Any Field Abstract Nature House Document Title or Number Congress All Congresses 114-117 (2015-2022)117 (2021-2022)116 (2019-2020)115 (2017-2018)114 (2015-2016) Communication Type Any Presidential Message (PM) Executive Communication (EC) Petition (PT) Memorial (ML) Show only federal rulemaking regulations Communication Numbers States and Territories Any StateAlabamaAlaskaAmerican SamoaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDelawareDistrict of ColumbiaFloridaGeorgiaGuamHawaiiIdahoIllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaNorthern Mariana IslandsNorthern Mariana IslandsOhioOklahomaOregonPanama Canal ZonePanama Canal ZonePennsylvaniaPuerto RicoRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirgin IslandsVirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyoming Congressional Record Date Date is equal tois betweenis afteris beforeis About Communications to the House \| Browse Communications to the House Search in: Any Field Abstract Printed Document Number Congress All Congresses 96-117 (1979-2022)117 (2021-2022)116 (2019-2020)115 (2017-2018)114 (2015-2016)113 (2013-2014)112 (2011-2012)111 (2009-2010)110 (2007-2008)109 (2005-2006)108 (2003-2004)107 (2001-2002)106 (1999-2000)105 (1997-1998)104 (1995-1996)103 (1993-1994)102 (1991-1992)101 (1989-1990)100 (1987-1988)99 (1985-1986)98 (1983-1984)97 (1981-1982)96 (1979-1980) Communication Type Presidential Message (PM) Executive Communication (EC) Petition or Memorial (POM) About Communications to the Senate \| Browse Communications to the Senate Search in: Any Field Actions Title Text of Resolution Index Term Select a Congress to see the treaty documents received, considered, or pending. 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Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act116th Congress (2019-2020) Hide Overview Sen. Murkowski, Lisa [R-AK] (Introduced 01/08/2019) Latest Action: 03/12/2019 Became Public Law No: 116-9. (TXT \| PDF) (All Actions) Roll Call Votes: There have been 7 roll call votes Tracker: This bill has the status Became Law Here are the steps for Status of Legislation: Array ( [actionDate] => 2019-01-08 [displayText] => Introduced in Senate [externalActionCode] => 10000 [description] => Introduced [chamberOfAction] => Senate ) Array ( [actionDate] => 2019-02-12 [displayText] => Passed/agreed to in Senate: Passed Senate with an amendment by Yea-Nay Vote. 92 - 8. Record Vote Number: 22.(text: CR S1196-1265) [externalActionCode] => 17000 [description] => Passed Senate [chamberOfAction] => Senate ) Array ( [actionDate] => 2019-02-26 [displayText] => Passed/agreed to in House: On motion to suspend the rules and pass the bill Agreed to by the Yeas and Nays: (2/3 required): 363 - 62 (Roll no. 95).(text: CR H2142-2211) [externalActionCode] => 8000 [description] => Passed House [chamberOfAction] => House ) To President Array ( [actionDate] => 2019-03-06 [displayText] => Presented to President. [externalActionCode] => 28000 [description] => To President [chamberOfAction] => ) Array ( [actionDate] => 2019-03-12 [displayText] => Became Public Law No: 116-9. [externalActionCode] => 36000 [description] => Became Law [chamberOfAction] => ) More on This Bill CBO Cost Estimates [1] Subject — Policy Area: Public Lands and Natural Resources View subjects Amendments (83) Cosponsors (15) Related Bills (124) Text: S.47 — 116th Congress (2019-2020)All Information (Except Text) There are 4 versions: Public Law (03/12/2019)Enrolled BillEngrossed in Senate (02/12/2019)Placed on Calendar Senate (01/09/2019) Text available as: Shown Here: Public Law No: 116-9 (03/12/2019) [116th Congress Public Law 9] [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office] [[Page 579]] JOHN D. DINGELL, JR. CONSERVATION, MANAGEMENT, AND RECREATION ACT [[Page 133 STAT. 580]] Public Law 116-9 An Act To provide for the management of the natural resources of the United States, and for other purposes. <<NOTE: Mar. 12, 2019 - [S. 47]>> Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, <<NOTE: John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act. 16 USC 1 note.>> SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act''. (b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents for this Act is as Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. Sec. 2. Definition of Secretary. TITLE I--PUBLIC LAND AND FORESTS Subtitle A--Land Exchanges and Conveyances Sec. 1001. Crags land exchange, Colorado. Sec. 1002. Arapaho National Forest boundary adjustment. Sec. 1003. Santa Ana River Wash Plan land exchange. Sec. 1004. Udall Park land exchange. Sec. 1005. Confirmation of State land grants. Sec. 1006. Custer County Airport conveyance. Sec. 1007. Pascua Yaqui Tribe land conveyance. Sec. 1008. La Paz County land conveyance. Sec. 1009. Lake Bistineau land title stability. Sec. 1010. Lake Fannin land conveyance. Sec. 1011. Land conveyance and utility right-of-way, Henry's Lake Wilderness Study Area, Idaho. Sec. 1012. Conveyance to Ukpeagvik Inupiat Corporation. Sec. 1013. Public purpose conveyance to City of Hyde Park, Utah. Sec. 1014. Juab County conveyance. Sec. 1015. Black Mountain Range and Bullhead City land exchange. Sec. 1016. Cottonwood land exchange. Sec. 1017. Embry-Riddle Tri-City land exchange. Subtitle B--Public Land and National Forest System Management Sec. 1101. Bolts Ditch access. Sec. 1102. Clarification relating to a certain land description under the Northern Arizona Land Exchange and Verde River Basin Partnership Act of 2005. Sec. 1103. Frank and Jeanne Moore Wild Steelhead Special Management Sec. 1104. Maintenance or replacement of facilities and structures at Smith Gulch. Sec. 1105. Repeal of provision limiting the export of timber harvested from certain Kake Tribal Corporation land. Sec. 1106. Designation of Fowler and Boskoff Peaks. Sec. 1107. Coronado National Forest land conveyance. Sec. 1108. Deschutes Canyon-Steelhead Falls Wilderness Study Area boundary adjustment, Oregon. Sec. 1109. Maintenance of Federal mineral leases based on extraction of helium. Sec. 1110. Small miner waivers to claim maintenance fees. Sec. 1111. Saint Francis Dam Disaster National Memorial and National Monument. Sec. 1112. Owyhee Wilderness Areas boundary modifications. Sec. 1113. Chugach Region land study. Sec. 1114. Wildfire technology modernization. Sec. 1115. McCoy Flats Trail System. Sec. 1116. Technical corrections to certain laws relating to Federal land in the State of Nevada. Sec. 1117. Ashley Karst National Recreation and Geologic Area. Sec. 1118. John Wesley Powell National Conservation Area. Sec. 1119. Alaska Native Vietnam era veterans land allotment. Sec. 1120. Red River gradient boundary survey. Sec. 1121. San Juan County settlement implementation. Sec. 1122. Rio Puerco Watershed management program. Sec. 1123. Ashley Springs land conveyance. Subtitle C--Wilderness Designations and Withdrawals PART I--General Provisions Sec. 1201. Organ Mountains-Desert Peaks conservation. Sec. 1202. Cerro del Yuta and Rio San Antonio Wilderness Areas. Sec. 1203. Methow Valley, Washington, Federal land withdrawal. Sec. 1204. Emigrant Crevice withdrawal. Sec. 1205. Oregon Wildlands. PART II--Emery County Public Land Management Sec. 1211. Definitions. Sec. 1212. Administration. Sec. 1213. Effect on water rights. Sec. 1214. Savings clause. subpart a--san rafael swell recreation area Sec. 1221. Establishment of Recreation Area. Sec. 1222. Management of Recreation Area. Sec. 1223. San Rafael Swell Recreation Area Advisory Council. subpart b--wilderness areas Sec. 1231. Additions to the National Wilderness Preservation System. Sec. 1233. Fish and wildlife management. Sec. 1234. Release. subpart c--wild and scenic river designation Sec. 1241. Green River wild and scenic river designation. subpart d--land management and conveyances Sec. 1251. Goblin Valley State Park. Sec. 1252. Jurassic National Monument. Sec. 1253. Public land disposal and acquisition. Sec. 1254. Public purpose conveyances. Sec. 1255. Exchange of BLM and School and Institutional Trust Lands Administration land. Subtitle D--Wild and Scenic Rivers Sec. 1301. Lower Farmington River and Salmon Brook wild and scenic river. Sec. 1302. Wood-Pawcatuck watershed wild and scenic river segments. Sec. 1303. Nashua wild and scenic rivers, Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Subtitle E--California Desert Protection and Recreation PART I--Designation of Wilderness in the California Desert Conservation Sec. 1411. California desert conservation and recreation. PART II--Designation of Special Management Area Sec. 1421. Vinagre Wash Special Management Area. PART III--National Park System Additions Sec. 1431. Death Valley National Park boundary revision. Sec. 1432. Mojave National Preserve. Sec. 1433. Joshua Tree National Park. PART IV--Off-highway Vehicle Recreation Areas Sec. 1441. Off-highway vehicle recreation areas. PART V--Miscellaneous Sec. 1451. Transfer of land to Anza-Borrego Desert State Park. Sec. 1452. Wildlife corridors. Sec. 1453. Prohibited uses of acquired, donated, and conservation land. Sec. 1454. Tribal uses and interests. Sec. 1455. Release of Federal reversionary land interests. Sec. 1456. California State school land. Sec. 1457. Designation of wild and scenic rivers. Sec. 1458. Conforming amendments. Sec. 1459. Juniper Flats. Sec. 1460. Conforming amendments to California Military Lands Withdrawal and Overflights Act of 1994. Sec. 1461. Desert tortoise conservation center. TITLE II--NATIONAL PARKS Subtitle A--Special Resource Studies Sec. 2001. Special resource study of James K. Polk presidential home. Sec. 2002. Special resource study of Thurgood Marshall school. Sec. 2003. Special resource study of President Street Station. Sec. 2004. Amache special resource study. Sec. 2005. Special resource study of George W. Bush Childhood Home. Subtitle B--National Park System Boundary Adjustments and Related Sec. 2101. Shiloh National Military Park boundary adjustment. Sec. 2102. Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park boundary. Sec. 2103. Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park boundary. Sec. 2104. Fort Frederica National Monument, Georgia. Sec. 2105. Fort Scott National Historic Site boundary. Sec. 2106. Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument boundary. Sec. 2107. Voyageurs National Park boundary adjustment. Sec. 2108. Acadia National Park boundary. Sec. 2109. Authority of Secretary of the Interior to accept certain properties, Missouri. Sec. 2110. Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site. Subtitle C--National Park System Redesignations Sec. 2201. Designation of Saint-Gaudens National Historical Park. Sec. 2202. Redesignation of Robert Emmet Park. Sec. 2203. Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie National Historical Park. Sec. 2204. Reconstruction Era National Historical Park and Reconstruction Era National Historic Network. Sec. 2205. Golden Spike National Historical Park. Sec. 2206. World War II Pacific sites. Subtitle D--New Units of the National Park System Sec. 2301. Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument. Sec. 2302. Mill Springs Battlefield National Monument. Sec. 2303. Camp Nelson Heritage National Monument. Subtitle E--National Park System Management Sec. 2401. Denali National Park and Preserve natural gas pipeline. Sec. 2402. Historically Black Colleges and Universities Historic Preservation program reauthorized. Sec. 2402A. John H. Chafee Coastal Barrier Resources System. Sec. 2403. Authorizing cooperative management agreements between the District of Columbia and the Secretary of the Interior. Sec. 2404. Fees for Medical Services. Sec. 2405. Authority to grant easements and rights-of-way over Federal lands within Gateway National Recreation Area. Sec. 2406. Adams Memorial Commission. Sec. 2407. Technical corrections to references to the African American Civil Rights Network. Sec. 2408. Transfer of the James J. Howard Marine Sciences Laboratory. Sec. 2409. Bows in parks. Sec. 2410. Wildlife management in parks. Sec. 2411. Pottawattamie County reversionary interest. Sec. 2412. Designation of Dean Stone Bridge. Subtitle F--National Trails and Related Matters Sec. 2501. North Country Scenic Trail Route adjustment. Sec. 2502. Extension of Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail. Sec. 2503. American Discovery Trail signage. Sec. 2504. Pike National Historic Trail study. TITLE III--CONSERVATION AUTHORIZATIONS Sec. 3001. Reauthorization of Land and Water Conservation Fund. Sec. 3002. Conservation incentives landowner education program. TITLE IV--SPORTSMEN'S ACCESS AND RELATED MATTERS Subtitle A--National Policy Sec. 4001. Congressional declaration of national policy. Subtitle B--Sportsmen's Access to Federal Land Sec. 4102. Federal land open to hunting, fishing, and recreational shooting. Sec. 4103. Closure of Federal land to hunting, fishing, and recreational Sec. 4104. Shooting ranges. Sec. 4105. Identifying opportunities for recreation, hunting, and fishing on Federal land. Subtitle C--Open Book on Equal Access to Justice Sec. 4201. Federal action transparency. Subtitle D--Migratory Bird Framework and Hunting Opportunities for Sec. 4301. Federal closing date for hunting of ducks, mergansers, and coots. Subtitle E--Miscellaneous Sec. 4401. Respect for treaties and rights. Sec. 4402. No priority. Sec. 4403. State authority for fish and wildlife. TITLE V--HAZARDS AND MAPPING Sec. 5001. National Volcano Early Warning and Monitoring System. Sec. 5002. Reauthorization of National Geologic Mapping Act of 1992. TITLE VI--NATIONAL HERITAGE AREAS Sec. 6001. National Heritage Area designations. Sec. 6002. Adjustment of boundaries of Lincoln National Heritage Area. Sec. 6003. Finger Lakes National Heritage Area study. Sec. 6004. National Heritage Area amendments. TITLE VII--WILDLIFE HABITAT AND CONSERVATION Sec. 7001. Wildlife habitat and conservation. Sec. 7002. Reauthorization of Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Sec. 7003. John H. Chafee Coastal Barrier Resources System. TITLE VIII--WATER AND POWER Subtitle A--Reclamation Title Transfer Sec. 8001. Purpose. Sec. 8003. Authorization of transfers of title to eligible facilities. Sec. 8004. Eligibility criteria. Sec. 8005. Liability. Sec. 8006. Benefits. Sec. 8007. Compliance with other laws. Subtitle B--Endangered Fish Recovery Programs Sec. 8101. Extension of authorization for annual base funding of fish recovery programs; removal of certain reporting requirement. Sec. 8102. Report on recovery implementation programs. Subtitle C--Yakima River Basin Water Enhancement Project Sec. 8201. Authorization of phase III. Sec. 8202. Modification of purposes and definitions. Sec. 8203. Yakima River Basin Water Conservation Program. Sec. 8204. Yakima Basin water projects, operations, and authorizations. Subtitle D--Bureau of Reclamation Facility Conveyances Sec. 8301. Conveyance of Maintenance Complex and District Office of the Arbuckle Project, Oklahoma. Sec. 8302. Contra Costa Canal transfer. Subtitle E--Project Authorizations Sec. 8401. Extension of Equus Beds Division of the Wichita Project. Subtitle F--Modifications of Existing Programs Sec. 8501. Watersmart. Subtitle G--Bureau of Reclamation Transparency Sec. 8602. Asset Management Report enhancements for reserved works. Sec. 8603. Asset Management Report enhancements for transferred works. TITLE IX--MISCELLANEOUS Sec. 9001. Every Kid Outdoors Act. Sec. 9002. Good Samaritan Search and Recovery Act. Sec. 9003. John S. McCain III 21st Century Conservation Service Corps Sec. 9004. National Nordic Museum Act. Sec. 9005. Designation of National George C. Marshall Museum and Sec. 9006. 21st Century Respect Act. Sec. 9007. American World War II Heritage Cities. Sec. 9008. Quindaro Townsite National Commemorative Site. Sec. 9009. Designation of National Comedy Center in Jamestown, New York. SEC. 2. <<NOTE: 16 USC 1 note.>> DEFINITION OF SECRETARY. In this Act, the term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary of the (a) Purposes.--The purposes of this section are-- (1) to authorize, direct, expedite and facilitate the land exchange set forth herein; and (2) to promote enhanced public outdoor recreational and natural resource conservation opportunities in the Pike National Forest near Pikes Peak, Colorado, via acquisition of the non- Federal land and trail easement. (b) Definitions.--In this section: (1) BHI.--The term ``BHI'' means Broadmoor Hotel, Inc., a Colorado corporation. (2) Federal land.--The term ``Federal land'' means all right, title, and interest of the United States in and to approximately 83 acres of land within the Pike National Forest, El Paso County, Colorado, together with a nonexclusive perpetual access easement to BHI to and from such land on Forest Service Road 371, as generally depicted on the map entitled ``Proposed Crags Land Exchange-Federal Parcel-Emerald Valley Ranch'' and dated March 2015. (3) Non-federal land.--The term ``non-Federal land'' means the land and trail easement to be conveyed to the Secretary by BHI in the exchange and is-- (A) approximately 320 acres of land within the Pike National Forest, Teller County, Colorado, as generally depicted on the map entitled ``Proposed Crags Land Exchange-Non-Federal Parcel-Crags Property'' and dated March 2015; and (B) a permanent trail easement for the Barr Trail in El Paso County, Colorado, as generally depicted on the map entitled ``Proposed Crags Land Exchange-Barr Trail Easement to United States'' and dated March 2015, and which shall be considered as a voluntary donation to the United States by BHI for all purposes of law. (4) Secretary.--The term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary of Agriculture, unless otherwise specified. (c) Land Exchange.-- (1) In general.--If BHI offers to convey to the Secretary all right, title, and interest of BHI in and to the non-Federal land, the Secretary shall accept the offer and simultaneously convey to BHI the Federal land. (2) Land title.--Title to the non-Federal land conveyed and donated to the Secretary under this section shall be acceptable to the Secretary and shall conform to the title approval standards of the Attorney General of the United States applicable to land acquisitions by the Federal Government. (3) Perpetual access easement to bhi.--The nonexclusive perpetual access easement to be granted to BHI as shown on the map referred to in subsection (b)(2) shall allow-- (A) BHI to fully maintain, at BHI's expense, and use Forest Service Road 371 from its junction with Forest Service Road 368 in accordance with historic use and maintenance patterns by BHI; and (B) full and continued public and administrative access and use of Forest Service Road 371 in accordance with the existing Forest Service travel management plan, or as such plan may be revised by the Secretary. (4) Route and condition of road.--BHI and the Secretary may mutually agree to improve, relocate, reconstruct, or otherwise alter the route and condition of all or portions of such road as the Secretary, in close consultation with BHI, may determine advisable. (5) Exchange costs.--BHI shall pay for all land survey, appraisal, and other costs to the Secretary as may be necessary to process and consummate the exchange directed by this section, including reimbursement to the Secretary, if the Secretary so requests, for staff time spent in such processing and consummation. (d) Equal Value Exchange and Appraisals.-- (1) Appraisals.--The values of the lands to be exchanged under this section shall be determined by the Secretary through appraisals performed-- (A) in accordance with-- (i) the Uniform Appraisal Standards for Federal Land Acquisitions; (ii) the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice; and (iii) appraisal instructions issued by the Secretary; and (B) by an appraiser mutually agreed to by the Secretary and BHI. (2) Equal value exchange.--The values of the Federal land and non-Federal land parcels exchanged shall be equal, or if they are not equal, shall be equalized as follows: (A) Surplus of federal land value.--If the final appraised value of the Federal land exceeds the final appraised value of the non-Federal land parcel identified in subsection (b)(3)(A), BHI shall make a cash equalization payment to the United States as necessary to achieve equal value, including, if necessary, an amount in excess of that authorized pursuant to section 206(b) of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of l976 (43 U.S.C. 1716(b)). (B) Use of funds.--Any cash equalization moneys received by the Secretary under subparagraph (A) shall be-- (i) deposited in the fund established under Public Law 90-171 (commonly known as the ``Sisk Act''; 16 U.S.C. 484a); and (ii) made available to the Secretary for the acquisition of land or interests in land in Region 2 of the Forest Service. (C) Surplus of non-federal land value.--If the final identified in subsection (b)(3)(A) exceeds the final appraised value of the Federal land, the United States shall not make a cash equalization payment to BHI, and surplus value of the non-Federal land shall be considered a donation by BHI to the United States for all purposes of law. (3) Appraisal exclusions.-- (A) Special use permit.--The appraised value of the Federal land parcel shall not reflect any increase or diminution in value due to the special use permit existing on the date of enactment of this Act to BHI on the parcel and improvements thereunder. (B) Barr trail easement.--The Barr Trail easement donation identified in subsection (b)(3)(B) shall not be appraised for purposes of this section. (e) Miscellaneous Provisions.-- (1) Withdrawal provisions.-- (A) Withdrawal.--Lands acquired by the Secretary under this section shall, without further action by the Secretary, be permanently withdrawn from all forms of appropriation and disposal under the public land laws (including the mining and mineral leasing laws) and the Geothermal Steam Act of 1930 (30 U.S.C. 1001 et seq.). (B) Withdrawal revocation.--Any public land order that withdraws the Federal land from appropriation or disposal under a public land law shall be revoked to the extent necessary to permit disposal of the Federal land parcel to BHI. (C) Withdrawal of federal land.--All Federal land authorized to be exchanged under this section, if not already withdrawn or segregated from appropriation or disposal under the public lands laws upon enactment of this Act, is hereby so withdrawn, subject to valid existing rights, until the date of conveyance of the Federal land to BHI. (2) Postexchange land management.--Land acquired by the Secretary under this section shall become part of the Pike-San Isabel National Forest and be managed in accordance with the laws, rules, and regulations applicable to the National Forest (3) Exchange timetable.--It is the intent of Congress that the land exchange directed by this section be consummated no later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act. (4) Maps, estimates, and descriptions.-- (A) Minor errors.--The Secretary and BHI may by mutual agreement make minor boundary adjustments to the Federal and non-Federal lands involved in the exchange, and may correct any minor errors in any map, acreage estimate, or description of any land to be exchanged. (B) Conflict.--If there is a conflict between a map, an acreage estimate, or a description of land under this section, the map shall control unless the Secretary and BHI mutually agree otherwise. (C) Availability.--Upon enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall file and make available for public inspection in the headquarters of the Pike-San Isabel National Forest a copy of all maps referred to in this SEC. 1002. <<NOTE: 16 USC 539j note.>> ARAPAHO NATIONAL FOREST BOUNDARY ADJUSTMENT. (a) In General.--The boundary of the Arapaho National Forest in the State of Colorado is adjusted to incorporate the approximately 92.95 acres of land generally depicted as ``The Wedge'' on the map entitled ``Arapaho National Forest Boundary Adjustment'' and dated November 6, 2013, and described as lots three, four, eight, and nine of section 13, Township 4 North, Range 76 West, Sixth Principal Meridian, Colorado. A lot described in this subsection may be included in the boundary adjustment only after the Secretary of Agriculture obtains written permission for such action from the lot owner or owners. (b) Bowen Gulch Protection Area.--The Secretary of Agriculture shall include all Federal land within the boundary described in subsection (a) in the Bowen Gulch Protection Area established under section 6 of the Colorado Wilderness Act of 1993 (16 U.S.C. 539j). (c) Land and Water Conservation Fund.--For purposes of section 200306(a)(2)(B)(i) of title 54, United States Code, the boundaries of the Arapaho National Forest, as modified under subsection (a), shall be considered to be the boundaries of the Arapaho National Forest as in existence on January 1, 1965. (d) Public Motorized Use.--Nothing in this section opens privately owned lands within the boundary described in subsection (a) to public motorized use. (e) Access to Non-Federal Lands.--Notwithstanding the provisions of section 6(f) of the Colorado Wilderness Act of 1993 (16 U.S.C. 539j(f)) regarding motorized travel, the owners of any non-Federal lands within the boundary described in subsection (a) who historically have accessed their lands through lands now or hereafter owned by the United States within the boundary described in subsection (a) shall have the continued right of motorized access to their lands across the existing roadway. (a) Definitions.--In this section: (1) Conservation district.--The term ``Conservation District'' means the San Bernardino Valley Water Conservation District, a political subdivision of the State of California. (2) Federal exchange parcel.--The term ``Federal exchange parcel'' means the approximately 90 acres of Federal land administered by the Bureau of Land Management generally depicted as ``BLM Equalization Land to SBVWCD'' on the Map and is to be conveyed to the Conservation District if necessary to equalize the fair market values of the lands otherwise to be exchanged. (3) Federal land.--The term ``Federal land'' means the approximately 327 acres of Federal land administered by the Bureau of Land Management generally depicted as ``BLM Land to SBVWCD'' on the Map. (4) Map.--The term ``Map'' means the map entitled ``Santa Ana River Wash Land Exchange'' and dated September 3, 2015. (5) Non-federal exchange parcel.--The term ``non-Federal exchange parcel'' means the approximately 59 acres of land owned by the Conservation District generally depicted as ``SBVWCD Equalization Land'' on the Map and is to be conveyed to the United States if necessary to equalize the fair market values of the lands otherwise to be exchanged. the approximately 310 acres of land owned by the Conservation District generally depicted as ``SBVWCD to BLM'' on the Map. (b) Exchange of Land; Equalization of Value.-- (1) Exchange authorized.--Notwithstanding the land use planning requirements of sections 202, 210, and 211 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1712, 1720, 1721), subject to valid existing rights, and conditioned upon any equalization payment necessary under section 206(b) of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1716(b)), and paragraph (2), as soon as practicable, but not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, if the Conservation District offers to convey the exchange land to the United States, the Secretary shall-- (A) convey to the Conservation District all right, title, and interest of the United States in and to the Federal land, and any such portion of the Federal exchange parcel as may be required to equalize the values of the lands exchanged; and (B) accept from the Conservation District a conveyance of all right, title, and interest of the Conservation District in and to the non-Federal land, and any such portion of the non-Federal exchange parcel as may be required to equalize the values of the lands exchanged. (2) Equalization payment.--To the extent an equalization payment is necessary under section 206(b) of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1716(b)), the amount of such equalization payment shall first be made by way of in-kind transfer of such portion of the Federal exchange parcel to the Conservation District, or transfer of such portion of the non-Federal exchange parcel to the United States, as the case may be, as may be necessary to equalize the fair market values of the exchanged properties. The fair market value of the Federal exchange parcel or non-Federal exchange parcel, as the case may be, shall be credited against any required equalization payment. To the extent such credit is not sufficient to offset the entire amount of equalization payment so indicated, any remaining amount of equalization payment shall be treated as (A) If the equalization payment is to equalize values by which the Federal land exceeds the non-Federal land and the credited value of the non-Federal exchange parcel, Conservation District may make the equalization payment to the United States, notwithstanding any limitation regarding the amount of the equalization payment under section 206(b) of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1716(b)). In the event Conservation District opts not to make the indicated equalization payment, the exchange shall not (B) If the equalization payment is to equalize values by which the non-Federal land exceeds the Federal land and the credited value of the Federal exchange parcel, the Secretary shall order the exchange without requirement of any additional equalization payment by the United States to the Conservation District. (3) Appraisals.-- (A) The value of the land to be exchanged under this section shall be determined by appraisals conducted by one or more independent and qualified appraisers. (B) The appraisals shall be conducted in accordance with nationally recognized appraisal standards, including, as appropriate, the Uniform Appraisal Standards for Federal Land Acquisitions and the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice. (4) Title approval.--Title to the land to be exchanged under this section shall be in a format acceptable to the Secretary and the Conservation District. (5) Map and legal descriptions.--As soon as practicable after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall finalize a map and legal descriptions of all land to be conveyed under this section. The Secretary may correct any minor errors in the map or in the legal descriptions. The map and legal descriptions shall be on file and available for public inspection in appropriate offices of the Bureau of Land Management. (6) Costs of conveyance.--As a condition of conveyance, any costs related to the conveyance under this section shall be paid by the Conservation District. (c) Applicable Law.-- (1) Act of february 20, 1909.-- (A) The Act of February 20, 1909 (35 Stat. 641), shall not apply to the Federal land and any public exchange land transferred under this section. (B) The exchange of lands under this section shall be subject to continuing rights of the Conservation District under the Act of February 20, 1909 (35 Stat. 641), on the non-Federal land and any exchanged portion non-Federal exchange parcel for the continued use, maintenance, operation, construction, or relocation of, or expansion of, groundwater recharge facilities on the non-Federal land, to accommodate groundwater recharge of the Bunker Hill Basin to the extent that such activities are not in conflict with any Habitat Conservation Plan or Habitat Management Plan under which such non-Federal land or non-Federal exchange parcel may be held or managed. (2) FLPMA.--Except as otherwise provided in this section, 1701 et seq.), shall apply to the exchange of land under this (d) Cancellation of Secretarial Order 241.--Secretarial Order 241, dated November 11, 1929 (withdrawing a portion of the Federal land for an unconstructed transmission line), is terminated and the withdrawal thereby effected is revoked. (1) City.--The term ``City'' means the city of Tucson, Arizona. the approximately 172.8-acre parcel of City land identified in the patent numbered 02-90-0001 and dated October 4, 1989, and more particularly described as lots 3 and 4, S\1/2\NW\1/4\, sec. 5, T.14 S., R.15 E., Gila and Salt River Meridian, Arizona. (b) Conveyance of Federal Reversionary Interest in Land Located in Tucson, Arizona.-- (1) In general.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary shall convey to the City, without consideration, the reversionary interests of the United States in and to the non-Federal land for the purpose of unencumbering the title to the non-Federal land to enable economic development of the non- Federal land. (2) Legal descriptions.--As soon as practicable after the date of enactment of this Act, the exact legal descriptions of the non-Federal land shall be determined in a manner satisfactory to the Secretary. (3) Additional terms and conditions.--The Secretary may require such additional terms and conditions to the conveyance under paragraph (1), consistent with that paragraph, as the Secretary considers appropriate to protect the interests of the (4) Costs.--The City shall pay all costs associated with the conveyance under paragraph (1), consistent with that paragraph, including the costs of any surveys, recording costs, and other reasonable costs. (a) In General.--Subject to valid existing rights, the State of Utah may select any lands in T. 6 S. and T. 7 S., R. 1 W., Salt Lake Base and Meridian, that are owned by the United States, under the administrative jurisdiction of the Bureau of Land Management, and identified as available for disposal by land exchange in the Record of Decision for the Pony Express Resource Management Plan and Rangeland Program Summary for Utah County (January 1990), as amended by the Pony Express Plan Amendment (November 1997), in fulfillment of the land grants made in sections 6, 8, and 12 of the Act of July 16, 1894 (28 Stat. 107) as generally depicted on the map entitled ``Proposed Utah County Quantity Grants'' and dated June 27, 2017, to further the purposes of the State of Utah School and Institutional Trust Lands Administration, without further land use planning action by the Bureau of Land Management. (b) Application.--The criteria listed in Decision 3 of the Lands Program of the resource management plan described in subsection (a) shall not apply to any land selected under that subsection. (c) Effect on Limitation.--Nothing in this section affects the limitation established under section 2815(d) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 (Public Law 106-65). (1) County.--The term ``County'' means Custer County, South Dakota. approximately 65.7 acres of National Forest System land, as generally depicted on the map. (3) Map.--The term ``map'' means the map entitled ``Custer County Airport Conveyance'' and dated October 19, 2017. of Agriculture, acting through the Chief of the Forest Service. (b) Land Conveyance.-- (1) In general.--Subject to the terms and conditions described in paragraph (2), if the County submits to the Secretary an offer to acquire the Federal land for the market value, as determined by the appraisal under paragraph (3), the Secretary shall convey the Federal land to the County. (2) Terms and conditions.--The conveyance under paragraph (1) shall be-- (A) subject to valid existing rights; (B) made by quitclaim deed; and (C) subject to any other terms and conditions as the Secretary considers appropriate to protect the interests of the United States. (3) Appraisal.-- (A) In general.--Not later than 60 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall complete an appraisal to determine the market value of the Federal land. (B) Standards.--The appraisal under subparagraph (A) shall be conducted in accordance with-- Federal Land Acquisitions; and Appraisal Practice. (4) Map.-- (A) Availability of map.--The map shall be kept on file and available for public inspection in the appropriate office of the Forest Service. (B) Correction of errors.--The Secretary may correct any errors in the map. (5) Consideration.--As consideration for the conveyance under paragraph (1), the County shall pay to the Secretary an amount equal to the market value of the Federal land, as determined by the appraisal under paragraph (3). (6) Survey.--The exact acreage and legal description of the Federal land to be conveyed under paragraph (1) shall be determined by a survey satisfactory to the Secretary. (7) Costs of conveyance.--As a condition on the conveyance under paragraph (1), the County shall pay to the Secretary all costs associated with the conveyance, including the cost of-- (A) the appraisal under paragraph (3); and (B) the survey under paragraph (6). (8) Proceeds from the sale of land.--Any proceeds received by the Secretary from the conveyance under paragraph (1) shall (A) deposited in the fund established under Public Law 90-171 (commonly known as the ``Sisk Act'') (16 U.S.C. 484a); and (B) available to the Secretary until expended, without further appropriation, for the acquisition of inholdings in units of the National Forest System in the State of South Dakota. (1) District.--The term ``District'' means the Tucson Unified School District No. 1, a school district recognized as such under the laws of the State of Arizona. (2) Map.--The term ``Map'' means the map entitled `` `Pascua Yaqui Tribe Land Conveyance Act'', dated March 14, 2016, and on file and available for public inspection in the local office of the Bureau of Land Management. (3) Recreation and public purposes act.--The term ``Recreation and Public Purposes Act'' means the Act of June 14, 1926 (43 U.S.C. 869 et seq.). (4) Tribe.--The term ``Tribe'' means the Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona, a federally recognized Indian Tribe. (b) Land to Be Held in Trust.-- (1) Parcel a.--Subject to paragraph (2) and to valid existing rights, all right, title, and interest of the United States in and to the approximately 39.65 acres of Federal lands generally depicted on the map as ``Parcel A'' are declared to be held in trust by the United States for the benefit of the Tribe. (2) Effective date.--Paragraph (1) shall take effect on the day after the date on which the District relinquishes all right, title, and interest of the District in and to the approximately 39.65 acres of land described in paragraph (1). (c) Lands to Be Conveyed to the District.-- (1) Parcel b.-- (A) In general.--Subject to valid existing rights and payment to the United States of the fair market value, the United States shall convey to the District all right, title, and interest of the United States in and to the approximately 13.24 acres of Federal lands generally depicted on the map as ``Parcel B''. (B) Determination of fair market value.--The fair market value of the property to be conveyed under subparagraph (A) shall be determined by the Secretary in accordance with the Uniform Appraisal Standards for Federal Land Acquisitions and the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice. (C) Costs of conveyance.--As a condition of the conveyance under this paragraph, all costs associated with the conveyance shall be paid by the District. (2) Parcel c.-- (A) In general.--If, not later than 1 year after the completion of the appraisal required by subparagraph (C), the District submits to the Secretary an offer to acquire the Federal reversionary interest in all of the approximately 27.5 acres of land conveyed to the District under Recreation and Public Purposes Act and generally depicted on the map as ``Parcel C'', the Secretary shall convey to the District such reversionary interest in the lands covered by the offer. The Secretary shall complete the conveyance not later than 30 days after the date of the offer. (B) Survey.--Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall complete a survey of the lands described in this paragraph to determine the precise boundaries and acreage of the lands subject to the Federal reversionary interest. (C) Appraisal.--Not later than 180 days after the complete an appraisal of the Federal reversionary interest in the lands identified by the survey required by subparagraph (B). The appraisal shall be completed in (D) Consideration.--As consideration for the conveyance of the Federal reversionary interest under this paragraph, the District shall pay to the Secretary an amount equal to the appraised value of the Federal interest, as determined under subparagraph (C). The consideration shall be paid not later than 30 days after the date of the conveyance. (E) Costs of conveyance.--As a condition of the with the conveyance, including the cost of the survey required by subparagraph (B) and the appraisal required by subparagraph (C), shall be paid by the District. (d) Gaming Prohibition.--The Tribe may not conduct gaming activities on lands taken into trust pursuant to this section, either as a matter of claimed inherent authority, under the authority of any Federal law, including the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (25 U.S.C. 2701 et seq.), or under regulations promulgated by the Secretary or the National Indian Gaming Commission. (e) Water Rights.-- (1) In general.--There shall be no Federal reserved right to surface water or groundwater for any land taken into trust by the United States for the benefit of the Tribe under this (2) State water rights.--The Tribe retains any right or claim to water under State law for any land taken into trust by (3) Forfeiture or abandonment.--Any water rights that are appurtenant to land taken into trust by the United States for the benefit of the Tribe under this section may not be forfeited or abandoned. (4) Administration.--Nothing in this section affects or modifies any right of the Tribe or any obligation of the United States under Public Law 95-375. (1) County.--The term ``County'' means La Paz County, approximately 5,935 acres of land managed by the Bureau of Land Management and designated as ``Federal land to be conveyed'' on the map. (3) Map.--The term ``map'' means the map prepared by the Bureau of Land Management entitled ``Proposed La Paz County Land Conveyance'' and dated October 1, 2018. (b) Conveyance to La Paz County, Arizona.-- (1) In general.--Notwithstanding the planning requirement of sections 202 and 203 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1712, 1713) and in accordance with this section and other applicable law, as soon as practicable after receiving a request from the County to convey the Federal land, the Secretary shall convey the Federal land to the County. (2) Restrictions on conveyance.-- (A) In general.--The conveyance under paragraph (1) shall be subject to-- (i) valid existing rights; and (ii) such terms and conditions as the Secretary determines to be necessary. (B) Exclusion.--The Secretary shall exclude from the conveyance under paragraph (1) any Federal land that contains significant cultural, environmental, wildlife, or recreational resources. (3) Payment of fair market value.--The conveyance under paragraph (1) shall be for the fair market value of the Federal land to be conveyed, as determined-- (A) in accordance with the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.); and (B) based on an appraisal that is conducted in accordance with-- (4) Protection of tribal cultural artifacts.--As a condition of the conveyance under paragraph (1), the County shall, and as a condition of any subsequent conveyance, any subsequent owner shall-- (A) make good faith efforts to avoid disturbing Tribal artifacts; (B) minimize impacts on Tribal artifacts if they are disturbed; (C) coordinate with the Colorado River Indian Tribes Tribal Historic Preservation Office to identify artifacts of cultural and historic significance; and (D) allow Tribal representatives to rebury unearthed artifacts at or near where they were discovered. (5) Availability of map.-- (A) In general.--The map shall be on file and available for public inspection in the appropriate offices of the Bureau of Land Management. (B) Corrections.--The Secretary and the County may, by mutual agreement-- (i) make minor boundary adjustments to the Federal land to be conveyed under paragraph (1); (ii) correct any minor errors in the map, an acreage estimate, or the description of the (6) Withdrawal.--The Federal land is withdrawn from the operation of the mining and mineral leasing laws of the United States. (7) Costs.--As a condition of the conveyance of the Federal land under paragraph (1), the County shall pay-- (A) an amount equal to the appraised value determined in accordance with paragraph (3)(B); and (B) all costs related to the conveyance, including all surveys, appraisals, and other administrative costs associated with the conveyance of the Federal land to the County under paragraph (1). (8) Proceeds from the sale of land.--The proceeds from the sale of land under this subsection shall be-- (A) deposited in the Federal Land Disposal Account established by section 206(a) of the Federal Land Transaction Facilitation Act (43 U.S.C. 2305(a)); and (B) used in accordance with that Act (43 U.S.C. 2301 et seq.). (1) Claimant.--The term ``claimant'' means any individual, group, or corporation authorized to hold title to land or mineral interests in land in the State of Louisiana with a valid claim to the omitted land, including any mineral interests. (2) Map.--The term ``Map'' means the map entitled ``Lands as Delineated by Original Survey December 18, 1842 showing the 1969 Meander Line at the 148.6 Elevation Line'' and dated January 30, (3) Omitted land.-- (A) In general.--The term ``omitted land'' means the land in lots 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 of sec. 30, T. 16 N., R. 10 W., Louisiana Meridian, comprising a total of approximately 229.72 acres, as depicted on the Map, that-- (i) was in place during the Original Survey; (ii) was not included in the Original Survey. (B) Inclusion.--The term ``omitted land'' includes-- (i) Peggy's Island in lot 1 of sec. 17, T. 16 N., R. 10 W., Louisiana Meridian; and (ii) Hog Island in lot 1 of sec. 29, T. 16 N., R. 10 W., Louisiana Meridian. (4) Original survey.--The term ``Original Survey'' means the survey of land surrounding Lake Bistineau, Louisiana, conducted by the General Land Office in 1838 and approved by the Surveyor General on December 8, 1842. (b) Conveyances.-- (1) In general.--Consistent with the first section of the Act of December 22, 1928 (commonly known as the ``Color of Title Act'') (45 Stat. 1069, chapter 47; 43 U.S.C. 1068), except as provided by this section, the Secretary shall convey to the claimant the omitted land, including any mineral interests, that has been held in good faith and in peaceful, adverse possession by a claimant or an ancestor or grantor of the claimant, under claim or color of title, based on the Original Survey. (2) Confirmation of title.--The conveyance or patent of omitted land to a claimant under paragraph (1) shall have the effect of confirming title to the surface and minerals in the claimant and shall not serve as any admission by a claimant. (c) Payment of Costs.-- (1) In general.--Except as provided in paragraph (2), the conveyance required under subsection (b) shall be without (2) Condition.--As a condition of the conveyance of the omitted land under subsection (b), before making the conveyance, the Secretary shall recover from the State of Louisiana any costs incurred by the Secretary relating to any survey, platting, legal description, or associated activities required to prepare and issue a patent under that subsection. (d) Map and Legal Description.--As soon as practicable after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall file, and make available for public inspection in the appropriate offices of the Bureau of Land and Management, the Map and legal descriptions of the omitted land to be conveyed under subsection (b). (1) County.--The term ``County'' means Fannin County, Texas. (2) Map.--The term ``map'' means the map entitled ``Lake Fannin Conveyance'' and dated November 21, 2013. (3) National forest system land.--The term ``National Forest System land'' means the approximately 2,025 acres of National Forest System land generally depicted on the map. Secretary an offer to acquire the National Forest System land for the fair market value, as determined by the appraisal under paragraph (3), the Secretary shall convey the National Forest System land to the County. (A) In general.--Not later than 180 days after the complete an appraisal to determine the fair market value of the National Forest System land. minor errors in the map. amount equal to the fair market value of the National Forest System land, as determined by the appraisal under paragraph (3). National Forest System land to be conveyed under paragraph (1) shall be determined by a survey satisfactory to the Secretary and the County. (7) Use.--As a condition of the conveyance under paragraph (1), the County shall agree to manage the land conveyed under that subsection for public recreational purposes. (a) Conveyance and Right-of-Way Authorized.--Notwithstanding section 603(c) of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1782(c)), the Secretary may-- (1) convey to the owner of a private residence located at 3787 Valhalla Road in Island Park, Idaho (in this section referred to as the ``owner''), all right, title, and interest of the United States in and to the approximately 0.5 acres of Federal land in the Henry's Lake Wilderness Study Area described as lot 14, section 33, Township 16 North, Range 43 East, Boise Meridian, Fremont County, Idaho; and (2) grant Fall River Electric in Ashton, Idaho, the right to operate, maintain, and rehabilitate a right-of-way encumbering approximately 0.4 acres of Federal land in the Henry's Lake Wilderness Study Area described as lot 15, section 33, Township 16 North, Range 43 East, Boise Meridian, Fremont County, Idaho, which includes an electric distribution line and access road, 850' in length, 20' in width. (b) Consideration; Conditions.-- (1) Land disposal.--The Secretary shall convey the land under subsection (a)(1) in accordance with section 203 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1713) and part 2711.3-3 of title 43, Code of Federal Regulations. As consideration for the conveyance the owner shall pay to the Secretary an amount equal to the fair market value as valued by a qualified land appraisal and approved by the Appraisal and Valuation Services Office. (2) Right-of-way.--The Secretary shall grant the right-of- way granted under subsection (a)(2) in accordance with section 205 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1715), and part 2800 of title 43, Code of Federal (c) Additional Terms and Conditions.--The Secretary may require such additional terms and conditions in connection with the conveyance of the land and the grant of the right-of-way under this section as the Secretary considers appropriate to protect the interests of the United (a) In General.--Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, subject to valid existing rights, the Secretary shall convey to the Ukpeagvik Inupiat Corporation all right, title, and interest held by the United States in and to sand and gravel deposits underlying the surface estate owned by the Ukpeagvik Inupiat Corporation within and contiguous to the Barrow gas fields, and more particularly described as follows: (1) T. 21 N. R. 16 W., secs. 7, 17-18, 19-21, and 28-29, of the Umiat Meridian. (2) T. 21 N. R. 17 W., secs. 1-2 and 11-14, of the Umiat Meridian. (3) T. 22 N. R. 18 W., secs. 4, 9, and 29-32, of the Umiat (4) T. 22 N. R. 19 W., secs. 25 and 36, of the Umiat (b) Entitlement Fulfilled.--The conveyance under this section shall fulfill the entitlement granted to the Ukpeagvik Inupiat Corporation under section 12(a) of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (43 U.S.C. 1611(a)). (c) Compliance With Endangered Species Act of 1973.--Nothing in this section affects any requirement, prohibition, or exception under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.). (a) In General.--Notwithstanding the land use planning requirement of sections 202 and 203 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1712, 1713), on written request by the City of Hyde Park, Utah (referred to in this section as the ``City''), the Secretary shall convey, without consideration, to the City the parcel of public land described in subsection (b)(1) for public recreation or other public purposes consistent with uses allowed under the Act of June 14, 1926 (commonly known as the ``Recreation and Public Purposes Act'') (43 U.S.C. 869 et seq.). (b) Description of Land.-- (1) In general.--The parcel of public land referred to in subsection (a) is the approximately 80-acre parcel identified on the map entitled ``Hyde Park Land Conveyance Act'' and dated (2) Availability of map.--The map referred to in paragraph (1) shall be on file and available for public inspection in appropriate offices of the Bureau of Land Management. (c) Survey.--The exact acreage and legal description of the land to be conveyed under this section shall be determined by a survey (d) Conveyance Costs.--As a condition for the conveyance under this section, all costs associated with the conveyance shall be paid by the (1) County.--The term ``County'' means Juab County, Utah. (3) Nephi work center conveyance parcel.--The term ``Nephi Work Center conveyance parcel'' means the parcel of approximately 2.17 acres of National Forest System land in the County, located at 740 South Main Street, Nephi, Utah, as depicted as Tax Lot Numbers #XA00-0545-1111 and #XA00-0545-2 on the map entitled ``Nephi Plat B'' and dated May 6, 1981. (b) Conveyance of Nephi Work Center Conveyance Parcel, Juab County, Utah.-- (1) In general.--Not later than 1 year after the date on which the Secretary receives a request from the County and subject to valid existing rights and such terms and conditions as are mutually satisfactory to the Secretary and the County, including such additional terms as the Secretary determines to be necessary, the Secretary shall convey to the County without consideration all right, title, and interest of the United States in and to the Nephi Work Center conveyance parcel. (2) Costs.--Any costs relating to the conveyance under paragraph (1), including processing and transaction costs, shall be paid by the County. (3) Use of land.--The land conveyed to the County under paragraph (1) shall be used by the County-- (A) to house fire suppression and fuels mitigation personnel; (B) to facilitate fire suppression and fuels mitigation activities; and (C) for infrastructure and equipment necessary to carry out subparagraphs (A) and (B). (1) City.--The term ``City'' means Bullhead City, Arizona. the approximately 1,100 acres of land owned by Bullhead City in the Black Mountain Range generally depicted as ``Bullhead City Land to be Exchanged to BLM'' on the Map. (3) Map.--The term ``Map'' means the map entitled ``Bullhead City Land Exchange'' and dated August 24, 2018. approximately 345.2 acres of land in Bullhead City, Arizona, generally depicted as ``Federal Land to be exchanged to Bullhead City'' on the Map. (b) Land Exchange.-- (1) In general.--If after December 15, 2020, the City offers to convey to the Secretary all right, title, and interest of the City in and to the non-Federal land, the Secretary shall accept the offer and simultaneously convey to the City all right, title, and interest of the United States in and to the Federal land. (2) Land title.--Title to the non-Federal land conveyed to the Secretary under this section shall be in a form acceptable (3) Exchange costs.--The City shall pay for all land survey, to process and consummate the exchange under this section. (c) Equal Value Exchange and Appraisals.-- Secretary and the City. (2) Equal value exchange.--The values of the Federal and non-Federal land parcels exchanged shall be equal, or if they are not equal, shall be equalized as follows: appraised value of the non-Federal land, the City shall reduce the amount of land it is requesting from the Federal Government in order to create an equal value in accordance with section 206(b) of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1716(b)). Land that is not exchanged because of equalization under this subparagraph shall remain subject to lease under the Act of June 14, 1926 (commonly known as the ``Recreation and Public Purposes Act'') (44 Stat. 741, chapter 578; 43 U.S.C. 869 et seq.). (i) deposited in the Federal Land Disposal Account established by section 206(a) of the Federal Land Transaction Facilitation Act (43 U.S.C. 2305(a)); and (ii) used in accordance with that Act (43 U.S.C. 2301 et seq.). appraised value of the non-Federal land exceeds the final appraised value of the Federal land, the United States shall not make a cash equalization payment to the City, and surplus value of the non-Federal land shall be considered a donation by the City to the United States for all purposes of law. (d) Withdrawal Provisions.--Lands acquired by the Secretary under this section are, upon such acquisition, automatically and permanently withdrawn from all forms of appropriation and disposal under the public land laws (including the mining and mineral leasing laws) and the (e) Maps, Estimates, and Descriptions.-- (1) Minor errors.--The Secretary and the City may, by mutual agreement-- (A) make minor boundary adjustments to the Federal and non-Federal lands involved in the exchange; and (B) correct any minor errors in any map, acreage (2) Conflict.--If there is a conflict between a map, an acreage estimate, or a description of land under this section, the map shall control unless the Secretary and the City mutually agree otherwise. (3) Availability.--The Secretary shall file and make available for public inspection in the Arizona headquarters of the Bureau of Land Management a copy of all maps referred to in this section. (1) County.--The term ``County'' means Yavapai County, approximately 80 acres of land within the Coconino National Forest, in Yavapai County, Arizona, generally depicted as ``Coconino National Forest Parcels `Federal Land' '' on the map. (3) Map.--The term ``map'' means the map entitled ``Cottonwood Land Exchange'', with the revision date July 5, 2018\Version 1. the approximately 369 acres of land in Yavapai County, Arizona, generally depicted as ``Yavapai County Parcels `Non-Federal Land' '' on the map. (1) In general.--If the County offers to convey to the Secretary all right, title, and interest of the County in and to the non-Federal land, the Secretary shall accept the offer and simultaneously convey to the County all right, title, and interest of the United States to the Federal land. the Secretary under this section shall be acceptable to the Secretary and shall conform to the title approval standards of the Attorney General of the United States applicable to land acquisitions by the Federal Government. (3) Exchange costs.--The County shall pay for all land survey, appraisal, and other costs to the Secretary as may be necessary to process and consummate the exchange under this section, including reimbursement to the Secretary, if the Secretary so requests, for staff time spent in such processing and consummation. Secretary and the County. appraised value of the non-Federal land, the County shall make a cash equalization payment to the United States as necessary to achieve equal value, including, if necessary, an amount in excess of that authorized and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1716(b)). County, and surplus value of the non-Federal land shall be considered a donation by the County to the United States for all purposes of law. (e) Management of Land.--Land acquired by the Secretary under this section shall become part of the Coconino National Forest and be managed in accordance with the laws, rules, and regulations applicable to the National Forest System. (f) Maps, Estimates, and Descriptions.-- (1) Minor errors.--The Secretary and the County may, by mutual agreement-- the map shall control unless the Secretary and the County mutually agree otherwise. available for public inspection in the headquarters of the Coconino National Forest a copy of all maps referred to in this the approximately 16-acre parcel of University land identified in section 3(a) of Public Law 105-363 (112 Stat. 3297). (2) University.--The term ``University'' means Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Florida. the County of Yavapai, Arizona.-- if after the completion of the appraisal required under subsection (c), the University submits to the Secretary an offer to acquire the reversionary interests of the United States in and to the non-Federal land, the Secretary shall convey to the University the reversionary interests of the United States in and to the non-Federal land for the purpose of unencumbering the title to the non-Federal land to enable economic development of the non-Federal land. date of enactment of this Act, the exact legal description of under paragraph (1), consistent with this section, as the (4) Costs.--The University shall pay all costs associated with the conveyance under paragraph (1), including the costs of the appraisal required under subsection (c), the costs of any surveys, recording costs, and other reasonable costs. (c) Appraisal.-- (1) In general.--Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall complete an appraisal of the reversionary interests of the United States in and to the non-Federal land. (2) Applicable law.--The appraisal shall be completed in (A) the Uniform Appraisal Standards for Federal Land Acquisitions; and (B) the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal (d) Consideration.-- (1) In general.--As consideration for the conveyance of the reversionary interests of the United States in and to the non- Federal land under this section, the University shall pay to the Secretary an amount equal to the appraised value of the interests of the United States, as determined under subsection (2) Deposit; use.--Amounts received under paragraph (1) shall be-- (a) Access Granted.--The Secretary of Agriculture shall permit by special use authorization nonmotorized access and use, in accordance with section 293.6 of title 36, Code of Federal Regulations, of the Bolts Ditch Headgate and the Bolts Ditch within the Holy Cross Wilderness, Colorado, as designated by Public Law 96-560 (94 Stat. 3265), for the purposes of the diversion of water and use, maintenance, and repair of such ditch and headgate by the Town of Minturn, Colorado, a Colorado Home Rule Municipality. (b) Location of Facilities.--The Bolts Ditch headgate and ditch segment referenced in subsection (a) are as generally depicted on the map entitled ``Bolts Ditch headgate and Ditch Segment'' and dated November 2015. SEC. 1102. CLARIFICATION RELATING TO A CERTAIN LAND DESCRIPTION UNDER THE NORTHERN ARIZONA LAND EXCHANGE AND VERDE RIVER BASIN PARTNERSHIP ACT OF Section 104(a)(5) of the Northern Arizona Land Exchange and Verde River Basin Partnership Act of 2005 (Public Law 109-110; 119 Stat. 2356) is amended by inserting before the period at the end ``, which, notwithstanding section 102(a)(4)(B), includes the N\1/2\ NE\1/4\ SW\1/ 4\ SW\1/4\, the N\1/2\ N\1/2\ SE\1/4\ SW\1/4\, and the N\1/2\ N\1/2\ SW\1/4\ SE\1/4\, sec. 34, Township 22 North, Range 2 East, Gila and Salt River Meridian, Coconino County, Arizona, comprising approximately 25 acres''. SEC. 1103. <<NOTE: 16 USC 539s.>> FRANK AND JEANNE MOORE WILD STEELHEAD SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA. (a) Findings.--Congress finds that-- (1) Frank Moore has committed his life to family, friends, his country, and fly fishing; (2) Frank Moore is a World War II veteran who stormed the beaches of Normandy along with 150,000 troops during the D-Day Allied invasion and was awarded the Chevalier of the French Legion of Honor for his bravery; (3) Frank Moore returned home after the war, started a family, and pursued his passion of fishing on the winding rivers in Oregon; (4) as the proprietor of the Steamboat Inn along the North Umpqua River in Oregon for nearly 20 years, Frank Moore, along with his wife Jeanne, shared his love of fishing, the flowing river, and the great outdoors, with visitors from all over the United States and the world; (5) Frank Moore has spent most of his life fishing the vast rivers of Oregon, during which time he has contributed significantly to efforts to conserve fish habitats and protect river health, including serving on the State of Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission; (6) Frank Moore has been recognized for his conservation work with the National Wildlife Federation Conservationist of the Year award, the Wild Steelhead Coalition Conservation Award, and his 2010 induction into the Fresh Water Fishing Hall of Fame; and (7) in honor of the many accomplishments of Frank Moore, both on and off the river, approximately 99,653 acres of Forest Service land in the State of Oregon should be designated as the ``Frank and Jeanne Moore Wild Steelhead Special Management Area''. (1) Map.--The term ``Map'' means the map entitled ``Frank Moore Wild Steelhead Special Management Area Designation Act'' and dated June 23, 2016. (3) Special management area.--The term ``Special Management Area'' means the Frank and Jeanne Moore Wild Steelhead Special Management Area designated by subsection (c)(1). (4) State.--The term ``State'' means the State of Oregon. (c) Frank and Jeanne Moore Wild Steelhead Special Management Area, Oregon.-- (1) Designation.--The approximately 99,653 acres of Forest Service land in the State, as generally depicted on the Map, is designated as the ``Frank and Jeanne Moore Wild Steelhead Special Management Area''. (2) Map; legal description.-- (A) In general.--As soon as practicable after the prepare a map and legal description of the Special Management Area. (B) Force of law.--The map and legal description prepared under subparagraph (A) shall have the same force and effect as if included in this section, except Secretary may correct clerical and typographical errors in the map and legal description. (C) Availability.--The map and legal description prepared under subparagraph (A) shall be on file and offices of the Forest Service. (3) Administration.--Subject to valid existing rights, the Special Management Area shall be administered by the Secretary-- (A) in accordance with all laws (including regulations) applicable to the National Forest System; (B) in a manner that-- (i) conserves and enhances the natural character, scientific use, and the botanical, recreational, ecological, fish and wildlife, scenic, drinking water, and cultural values of the Special Management Area; (ii) maintains and seeks to enhance the wild salmonid habitat of the Special Management Area; (iii) maintains or enhances the watershed as a thermal refuge for wild salmonids; and (iv) preserves opportunities for recreation, including primitive recreation. (4) Fish and wildlife.--Nothing in this section affects the jurisdiction or responsibilities of the State with respect to fish and wildlife in the State. (5) Adjacent management.--Nothing in this section-- (A) creates any protective perimeter or buffer zone around the Special Management Area; or (B) modifies the applicable travel management plan for the Special Management Area. (6) Wildfire management.--Nothing in this section prohibits the Secretary, in cooperation with other Federal, State, and local agencies, as appropriate, from conducting wildland fire operations in the Special Management Area, consistent with the purposes of this section, including the use of aircraft, machinery, mechanized equipment, fire breaks, backfires, and retardant. (7) Vegetation management.--Nothing in this section prohibits the Secretary from conducting vegetation management projects within the Special Management Area in a manner consistent with-- (A) the purposes described in paragraph (3); and (B) the applicable forest plan. (8) Protection of tribal rights.--Nothing in this section diminishes any treaty rights of an Indian Tribe. (9) Withdrawal.--Subject to valid existing rights, the Federal land within the boundaries of the Special Management Area river segments designated by paragraph (1) is withdrawn from all forms of-- (A) entry, appropriation, or disposal under the public land laws; (B) location, entry, and patent under the mining laws; and (C) disposition under all laws relating to mineral and geothermal leasing or mineral materials. SEC. 1104. <<NOTE: 16 USC 1274 note.>> MAINTENANCE OR REPLACEMENT OF FACILITIES AND STRUCTURES AT SMITH GULCH. The authorization of the Secretary of Agriculture to maintain or replace facilities or structures for commercial recreation services at Smith Gulch under section 3(a)(24)(D) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1274(a)(24)(D))-- (1) may include improvements or replacements that the Secretary of Agriculture determines-- (A) are consistent with section 9(b) of the Central Idaho Wilderness Act of 1980 (16 U.S.C. 1281 note; Public Law 96-312); and (B) would reduce the impact of the commercial recreation facilities or services on wilderness or wild and scenic river resources and values; and (2) authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to consider including, as appropriate-- (A) hydroelectric generators and associated electrical transmission facilities; (B) water pumps for fire suppression; (C) transitions from propane to electrical lighting; (D) solar energy systems; (E) 6-volt or 12-volt battery banks for power storage; and (F) other improvements or replacements which are consistent with this section that the Secretary of Agriculture determines appropriate. SEC. 1105. REPEAL OF PROVISION LIMITING THE EXPORT OF TIMBER HARVESTED FROM CERTAIN KAKE TRIBAL CORPORATION LAND. Section 42 of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (43 U.S.C. 1629h) is amended-- (1) by striking subsection (h); (2) by redesignating subsection (i) as subsection (h); and (3) in subsection (h) (as so redesignated), in the first sentence, by striking ``and to provide'' and all that follows through ``subsection (h)''. SEC. 1106. <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> DESIGNATION OF FOWLER AND BOSKOFF PEAKS. (a) Designation of Fowler Peak.-- (1) In general.--The 13,498-foot mountain peak, located at 37.8569 N, by -108.0117 W, in the Uncompahgre National Forest in the State of Colorado, shall be known and designated as ``Fowler Peak''. (2) References.--Any reference in a law, map, regulation, document, paper, or other record of the United States to the peak described in paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be a reference to ``Fowler Peak''. (b) Designation of Boskoff Peak.-- 37.85549 N, by -108.03112 W, in the Uncompahgre National Forest in the State of Colorado, shall be known and designated as ``Boskoff Peak''. reference to ``Boskoff Peak''. (1) Permittee.-- (A) In general.--The term ``permittee'' means a person who, on the date of enactment of this Act, holds a valid permit for use of a property. (B) Inclusions.--The term ``permittee'' includes any heirs, executors, and assigns of the permittee or interest of the permittee. (2) Property.--The term ``property'' means-- (A) the approximately 1.1 acres of National Forest System land in sec. 8, T. 10 S., R. 16 E., Gila and Salt River Meridian, as generally depicted on the map entitled ``Coronado National Forest Land Conveyance Act of 2017'', special use permit numbered SAN5005-03, and dated October 2017; (B) the approximately 4.5 acres of National Forest dated October 2017; and (C) the approximately 3.9 acres of National Forest System land in NW\1/4\, sec. 1, T. 10 S., R. 15 E., Gila and Salt River Meridian, as generally depicted on the map entitled ``Coronado National Forest Land Conveyance Act of 2017'', special use permit numbered SAN5039-02, and dated October 2017. of Agriculture. (b) Sale.-- (1) In general.--Subject to valid existing rights, during the period described in paragraph (2), not later than 90 days after the date on which a permittee submits a request to the Secretary, the Secretary shall-- (A) accept tender of consideration from that permittee; and (B) sell and quitclaim to that permittee all right, property for which the permittee holds a permit. (2) Period described.--The period referred to in paragraph (1) is the period beginning on the date of enactment of this Act and ending on the date of expiration of the applicable permit. (c) Terms and Conditions.--The Secretary may establish such terms and conditions on the sales of the properties under this section as the Secretary determines to be in the public interest. (d) Consideration.--A sale of a property under this section shall be for cash consideration equal to the market value of the property, as determined by the appraisal described in subsection (e). (e) Appraisal.-- (1) In general.--The Secretary shall complete an appraisal of each property, which shall-- (A) include the value of any appurtenant easements; (B) exclude the value of any private improvements made by a permittee of the property before the date of appraisal. (2) Standards.--An appraisal under paragraph (1) shall be conducted in accordance with-- Acquisitions, established in accordance with the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970 (42 U.S.C. 4601 et seq.); and (f) Costs.--The Secretary shall pay-- (1) the cost of a conveyance of a property under this section; and (2) the cost of an appraisal under subsection (e). (g) Proceeds From the Sale of Land.--Any payment received by the Secretary from the sale of property under this section shall be deposited in the fund established under Public Law 90-171 (commonly known as the ``Sisk Act'') (16 U.S.C. 484a) and shall be available to the Secretary until expended for the acquisition of inholdings in national forests in the State of Arizona. (h) Maps and Legal Descriptions.-- (1) In general.--As soon as practicable after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall file maps and legal descriptions of each property. (2) Force of law.--The maps and legal descriptions filed under paragraph (1) shall have the same force and effect as if included in this section, except that the Secretary may correct typographical errors in the maps and legal descriptions. (3) Public availability.--The maps and legal descriptions filed under paragraph (1) shall be on file and available for public inspection in the office of the Supervisor of the Coronado National Forest. (a) Boundary Adjustment.--The boundary of the Deschutes Canyon- Steelhead Falls Wilderness Study Area is modified to exclude approximately 688 acres of public land, as depicted on the map entitled ``Deschutes Canyon-Steelhead Falls Wilderness Study Area (WSA) Proposed Boundary Adjustment'' and dated September 26, 2018. (b) Effect of Exclusion.-- (1) In general.--The public land excluded from the Deschutes Canyon-Steelhead Falls Wilderness Study Area under subsection (a)-- (A) is no longer subject to section 603(c) of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1782(c)); and (B) shall be managed in accordance with-- (i) this section; (ii) the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.); and (iii) any applicable resource management plan. (2) Management.--The Secretary shall manage the land excluded from the Deschutes Canyon-Steelhead Falls Wilderness Study Area under subsection (a) to improve fire resiliency and forest health, including the conduct of wildfire prevention and response activities, as appropriate. (3) Off-road recreational motorized use.--The Secretary shall not permit off-road recreational motorized use on the public land excluded from the Deschutes Canyon-Steelhead Falls Wilderness Study Area under subsection (a). SEC. 1109. MAINTENANCE OF FEDERAL MINERAL LEASES BASED ON EXTRACTION OF HELIUM. The first section of the Mineral Leasing Act (30 U.S.C. 181) is amended in the fifth paragraph by inserting after ``purchaser thereof'' the following: ``, and that extraction of helium from gas produced from such lands shall maintain the lease as if the extracted helium were oil and gas''. (1) Covered claimholder.--The term ``covered claimholder'' means-- (A) the claimholder of the claims in the State numbered AA023149, AA023163, AA047913, AA047914, AA047915, AA047916, AA047917, AA047918, and AA047919 (as of December 29, 2004); (B) the claimholder of the claim in the State numbered FF-059315 (as of December 29, 2004); (C) the claimholder of the claims in the State numbered FF-58607, FF-58608, FF-58609, FF-58610, FF- 58611, FF-58613, FF-58615, FF-58616, FF-58617, and FF- 58618 (as of December 31, 2003); and (D) the claimholder of the claims in the State numbered FF-53988, FF-53989, and FF-53990 (as of December 31, 1987). (2) Defect.--The term ``defect'' includes a failure-- (A) to timely file-- (i) a small miner maintenance fee waiver application; (ii) an affidavit of annual labor associated with a small miner maintenance fee waiver application; or (iii) an instrument required under section 314(a) of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1744(a)); and (B) to pay the required application fee for a small maintenance fee waiver application. (3) State.--The term ``State'' means the State of Alaska. (b) Treatment of Covered Claimholders.--Notwithstanding section 10101(d) of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 (30 U.S.C. 28f(d)) and section 314(c) of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1744(c)), each covered claimholder shall, during the 60-day period beginning on the date on which the covered claimholder receives written notification from the Bureau of Land Management by registered mail of the opportunity, have the opportunity-- (1)(A) to cure any defect in a small miner maintenance fee waiver application (including the failure to timely file a small miner maintenance fee waiver application) for any prior period during which the defect existed; or (B) to pay any claim maintenance fees due for any prior period during which the defect existed; and (2) to cure any defect in the filing of any instrument required under section 314(a) of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1744(a)) (including the failure to timely file any required instrument) for any prior period during which the defect existed. (c) Reinstatement of Claims Deemed Forfeited.--The Secretary shall reinstate any claim of a covered claimholder as of the date declared forfeited and void-- (1) under section 10104 of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 (30 U.S.C. 28i) for failure to pay the claim maintenance fee or obtain a valid waiver under section 10101 of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 (30 U.S.C. 28f); (2) under section 314(c) of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1744(c)) for failure to file any instrument required under section 314(a) of that Act (43 U.S.C. 1744(a)) for any prior period during which the defect existed if the covered claimholder-- (A) cures the defect; or (B) pays the claim maintenance fee under subsection (b)(1)(B). SEC. 1111. <<NOTE: 54 USC 320301 notes.>> SAINT FRANCIS DAM DISASTER NATIONAL MEMORIAL AND NATIONAL (1) Memorial.--The term ``Memorial'' means the Saint Francis Dam Disaster National Memorial authorized under subsection (b)(1). (2) Monument.--The term ``Monument'' means the Saint Francis Dam Disaster National Monument established by subsection (d)(1). (4) State.--The term ``State'' means the State of (b) Saint Francis Dam Disaster National Memorial.-- (1) Establishment.--The Secretary may establish a memorial at the Saint Francis Dam site in the county of Los Angeles, California, for the purpose of honoring the victims of the Saint Francis Dam disaster of March 12, 1928. (2) Requirements.--The Memorial shall be-- (A) known as the ``Saint Francis Dam Disaster National Memorial''; and (B) managed by the Forest Service. (3) Donations.--The Secretary may accept, hold, administer, invest, and spend any gift, devise, or bequest of real or personal property made to the Secretary for purposes of developing, designing, constructing, and managing the Memorial. (c) Recommendations for Memorial.-- (1) In general.--Not later than 3 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall submit to Congress recommendations regarding-- (A) the planning, design, construction, and long- term management of the Memorial; (B) the proposed boundaries of the Memorial; (C) a visitor center and educational facilities at the Memorial; and (D) ensuring public access to the Memorial. (2) Consultation.--In preparing the recommendations required under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall consult with-- (A) appropriate Federal agencies; (B) State, Tribal, and local governments, including the Santa Clarita City Council; and (C) the public. (d) Establishment of Saint Francis Dam Disaster National Monument.-- (1) Establishment.--There is established as a national monument in the State certain National Forest System land administered by the Secretary in the county of Los Angeles, California, comprising approximately 353 acres, as generally depicted on the map entitled ``Proposed Saint Francis Dam Disaster National Monument'' and dated September 12, 2018, to be known as the ``Saint Francis Dam Disaster National Monument''. (2) Purpose.--The purpose of the Monument is to conserve and enhance for the benefit and enjoyment of the public the cultural, archaeological, historical, watershed, educational, and recreational resources and values of the Monument. (e) Duties of the Secretary With Respect to Monument.-- (1) Management plan.-- (A) In general.--Not later than 4 years after the develop a management plan for the Monument. (B) Consultation.--The management plan shall be developed in consultation with-- (i) appropriate Federal agencies; (ii) State, Tribal, and local governments; and (iii) the public. (C) Considerations.--In developing and implementing the management plan, the Secretary shall, with respect to methods of protecting and providing access to the Monument, consider the recommendations of the Saint Francis Disaster National Memorial Foundation, the Santa Clarita Valley Historical Society, and the Community Hiking Club of Santa Clarita. (2) Management.--The Secretary shall manage the Monument-- (A) in a manner that conserves and enhances the cultural and historic resources of the Monument; and (B) in accordance with-- (i) the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974 (16 U.S.C. 1600 et seq.); (ii) the laws generally applicable to the National Forest System; (iii) this section; and (iv) any other applicable laws. (3) Uses.-- (A) Use of motorized vehicles.--The use of motorized vehicles within the Monument may be permitted only-- (i) on roads designated for use by motorized vehicles in the management plan required under paragraph (1); (ii) for administrative purposes; or (iii) for emergency responses. (B) Grazing.--The Secretary shall permit grazing within the Monument, where established before the date of enactment of this Act-- (i) subject to all applicable laws (including regulations and Executive orders); and (ii) consistent with the purpose described in subsection (d)(2). (4) No buffer zones.-- (A) In general.--Nothing in this section creates a protective perimeter or buffer zone around the Monument. (B) Activities outside national monument.--The fact that an activity or use on land outside the Monument can be seen or heard within the Monument shall not preclude the activity or use outside the boundary of the (f) Clarification on Funding.-- (1) Use of existing funds.--This section shall be carried out using amounts otherwise made available to the Secretary. (2) No additional funds.--No additional funds are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section. (g) Effect.--Nothing in this section affects the operation, maintenance, replacement, or modification of existing water resource, flood control, utility, pipeline, or telecommunications facilities that are located outside the boundary of the Monument, subject to the special use authorities of the Secretary of Agriculture and other applicable (a) Boundary Modifications.-- (1) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> North fork owyhee wilderness.--The boundary of the North Fork Owyhee Wilderness established by section 1503(a)(1)(D) of the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 (Public Law 111-11; 123 Stat. 1033) is modified to exclude certain land, as depicted on-- (A) the Bureau of Land Management map entitled ``North Fork Owyhee and Pole Creek Wilderness Aerial'' and dated July 19, 2016; and (B) the Bureau of Land Management map entitled ``North Fork Owyhee River Wilderness Big Springs Camp Zoom Aerial'' and dated July 19, 2016. (2) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Owyhee river wilderness.-- The boundary of the Owyhee River Wilderness established by section 1503(a)(1)(E) of the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 (Public Law 111-11; 123 Stat. 1033) is modified to exclude certain land, as depicted on-- ``North Fork Owyhee, Pole Creek, and Owyhee River Wilderness Aerial'' and dated July 19, 2016; ``Owyhee River Wilderness Kincaid Reservoir Zoom Aerial'' and dated July 19, 2016; and (C) the Bureau of Land Management map entitled ``Owyhee River Wilderness Dickshooter Road Zoom Aerial'' and dated July 19, 2016. (3) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Pole creek wilderness.--The boundary of the Pole Creek Wilderness established by section 1503(a)(1)(F) of the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 (Public Law 111-11; 123 Stat. 1033) is modified to exclude certain land, as depicted on-- Wilderness Aerial'' and dated July 19, 2016; and ``Pole Creek Wilderness Pullout Zoom Aerial'' and dated (b) Maps.-- (1) Effect.--The maps referred to in subsection (a) shall have the same force and effect as if included in this Act, except that the Secretary may correct minor errors in the maps. (2) Availability.--The maps referred to in subsection (a) shall be available in the appropriate offices of the Bureau of Land Management. (1) CAC.--The term ``CAC'' means the Chugach Alaska Corporation. (2) CAC land.--The term ``CAC land'' means land conveyed to CAC pursuant to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (43 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.) under which-- (A) both the surface estate and the subsurface estate were conveyed to CAC; or (B)(i) the subsurface estate was conveyed to CAC; (ii) the surface estate or a conservation easement in the surface estate was acquired by the State or by the United States as part of the program. (3) Program.--The term ``program'' means the Habitat Protection and Acquisition Program of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council. (4) Region.--The term ``Region'' means the Chugach Region, Alaska. (5) Study.--The term ``study'' means the study conducted under subsection (b)(1). (b) Chugach Region Land Exchange Study.-- (1) In general.--Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary, in coordination with the Secretary of Agriculture and in consultation with CAC, shall conduct a study of land ownership and use patterns in the Region. (2) Study requirements.--The study shall-- (A) assess the social and economic impacts of the program, including impacts caused by split estate ownership patterns created by Federal acquisitions under the program, on-- (i) the Region; and (ii) CAC and CAC land; (B) identify sufficient acres of accessible and economically viable Federal land that can be offered in exchange for CAC land identified by CAC as available for exchange; and (C) provide recommendations for land exchange options with CAC that would-- (i) consolidate ownership of the surface and mineral estate of Federal land under the program; (ii) convey to CAC Federal land identified under subparagraph (B). (c) Report.--Not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives a report describing the results of the study, including-- (1) a recommendation on options for 1 or more land exchanges; and (2) detailed information on-- (A) the acres of Federal land identified for (B) any other recommendations provided by the SEC. 1114. <<NOTE: 43 USC 1748b-1.>> WILDFIRE TECHNOLOGY MODERNIZATION. (a) Purpose.--The purpose of this section is to promote the use of the best available technology to enhance the effective and cost- efficient response to wildfires-- (1) to meet applicable protection objectives; and (2) to increase the safety of-- (A) firefighters; and (B) the public. (1) Secretaries.--The term ``Secretaries'' means-- (A) the Secretary of Agriculture; and (B) the Secretary. (2) Secretary concerned.--The term ``Secretary concerned'' (A) the Secretary of Agriculture, with respect to activities under the Department of Agriculture; and (B) the Secretary, with respect to activities under (c) Unmanned Aircraft Systems.-- (1) Definitions.--In this subsection, the terms ``unmanned aircraft'' and ``unmanned aircraft system'' have the meanings given those terms in section 44801 of title 49, United States (2) Establishment of program.--Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture, shall establish a research, development, and testing program, or expand an applicable existing program, to assess unmanned aircraft system technologies, including optionally piloted aircraft, across the full range of wildland fire management operations in order to accelerate the deployment and integration of those technologies into the operations of the Secretaries. (3) Expanding use of unmanned aircraft systems on wildfires.--In carrying out the program established under paragraph (2), the Secretaries, in coordination with the Federal Aviation Administration, State wildland firefighting agencies, and other relevant Federal agencies, shall enter into an agreement under which the Secretaries shall develop consistent protocols and plans for the use on wildland fires of unmanned aircraft system technologies, including for the development of real-time maps of the location of wildland fires. (d) Location Systems for Wildland Firefighters.-- enactment of this Act, subject to the availability of appropriations, the Secretaries, in coordination with State wildland firefighting agencies, shall jointly develop and operate a tracking system (referred to in this subsection as the ``system'') to remotely locate the positions of fire resources for use by wildland firefighters, including, at a minimum, any fire resources assigned to Federal type 1 wildland fire incident management teams. (2) Requirements.--The system shall-- (A) use the most practical and effective technology available to the Secretaries to remotely track the location of an active resource, such as a Global Positioning System; (B) depict the location of each fire resource on the applicable maps developed under subsection (c)(3); (C) operate continuously during the period for which any firefighting personnel are assigned to the applicable Federal wildland fire; and (D) be subject to such terms and conditions as the Secretary concerned determines necessary for the effective implementation of the system. (3) Operation.--The Secretary concerned shall-- (A) before commencing operation of the system-- (i) conduct not fewer than 2 pilot projects relating to the operation, management, and effectiveness of the system; and (ii) review the results of those pilot projects; (B) conduct training, and maintain a culture, such that an employee, officer, or contractor shall not rely on the system for safety; and (C) establish procedures for the collection, storage, and transfer of data collected under this subsection to ensure-- (i) data security; and (ii) the privacy of wildland fire personnel. (e) Wildland Fire Decision Support.-- (1) Protocol.--To the maximum extent practicable, the Secretaries shall ensure that wildland fire management activities conducted by the Secretaries, or conducted jointly by the Secretaries and State wildland firefighting agencies, achieve compliance with applicable incident management objectives in a manner that-- (A) minimizes firefighter exposure to the lowest level necessary; and (B) reduces overall costs of wildfire incidents. (2) Wildfire decision support system.-- (A) In general.--The Secretaries, in coordination with State wildland firefighting agencies, shall establish a system or expand an existing system to track and monitor decisions made by the Secretaries or State wildland firefighting agencies in managing wildfires. (B) Components.--The system established or expanded under subparagraph (A) shall be able to alert the Secretaries if-- (i) unusual costs are incurred; (ii) an action to be carried out would likely-- (I) endanger the safety of a firefighter; or (II) be ineffective in meeting an applicable suppression or protection goal; or (iii) a decision regarding the management of a wildfire deviates from-- (I) an applicable protocol established by the Secretaries, including the requirement under paragraph (1); or (II) an applicable spatial fire management plan or fire management plan of the Secretary concerned. (f) Smoke Projections From Active Wildland Fires.--The Secretaries shall establish a program, to be known as the ``Interagency Wildland Fire Air Quality Response Program'', under which the Secretary concerned-- (1) to the maximum extent practicable, shall assign 1 or more air resource advisors to a type 1 incident management team managing a Federal wildland fire; and (2) may assign 1 or more air resource advisors to a type 2 incident management team managing a wildland fire. (g) Firefighter Injuries Database.-- (1) In general.--Section 9(a) of the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974 (15 U.S.C. 2208(a)) is amended-- (A) in paragraph (2), by inserting ``, categorized by the type of fire'' after ``such injuries and deaths''; and (B) in paragraph (3), by striking ``activities;'' and inserting the following: ``activities, including-- ``(A) all injuries sustained by a firefighter and treated by a doctor, categorized by the type of firefighter; ``(B) all deaths sustained while undergoing a pack test or preparing for a work capacity; ``(C) all injuries or deaths resulting from vehicle accidents; and ``(D) all injuries or deaths resulting from aircraft crashes;''. (2) Use of existing data gathering and analysis organizations.--Section 9(b)(3) of the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974 (15 U.S.C. 2208(b)(3)) is amended by inserting ``, including the Center for Firefighter Injury Research and Safety Trends'' after ``public and private''. (3) Medical privacy of firefighters.--Section 9 of the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974 (15 U.S.C. 2208) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(e) Medical Privacy of Firefighters.--The collection, storage, and transfer of any medical data collected under this section shall be ``(1) the privacy regulations promulgated under section 264(c) of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (42 U.S.C. 1320d-2 note; Public Law 104-191); and ``(2) other applicable regulations, including parts 160, 162, and 164 of title 45, Code of Federal Regulations (as in effect on the date of enactment of this subsection).''. (h) Rapid Response Erosion Database.-- (1) In general.--The Secretaries, in consultation with the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Secretary of Commerce, shall establish and maintain a database, to be known as the ``Rapid Response Erosion Database'' (referred to in this subsection as the ``Database''). (2) Open-source database.-- (A) Availability.--The Secretaries shall make the Database (including the original source code)-- (i) web-based; and (ii) available without charge. (B) Components.--To the maximum extent practicable, the Database shall provide for-- (i) the automatic incorporation of spatial data relating to vegetation, soils, and elevation into an applicable map created by the Secretary concerned that depicts the changes in land-cover and soil properties caused by a wildland fire; and (ii) the generation of a composite map that can be used by the Secretary concerned to model the effectiveness of treatments in the burned area to prevent flooding, erosion, and landslides under a range of weather scenarios. (3) Use.--The Secretary concerned shall use the Database, as applicable, in developing recommendations for emergency stabilization treatments or modifications to drainage structures to protect values-at-risk following a wildland fire. (4) Coordination.--The Secretaries may share the Database, and any results generated in using the Database, with any State or unit of local government. (i) Predicting Where Wildfires Will Start.-- Administration, the Secretary of Energy, and the Secretary of Commerce, through the capabilities and assets located at the National Laboratories, shall establish and maintain a system to predict the locations of future wildfires for fire-prone areas (2) Cooperation; components.--The system established under paragraph (1) shall be based on, and seek to enhance, similar systems in existence on the date of enactment of this Act, including the Fire Danger Assessment System. (3) Use in forecasts.--Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretaries shall use the system established under paragraph (1), to the maximum extent practicable, for purposes of developing any wildland fire potential forecasts. (4) Coordination.--The Secretaries may share the system established under paragraph (1), and any results generated in using the system, with any State or unit of local government. (j) Termination of Authority.--The authority provided by this section terminates on the date that is 10 years after the date of enactment of this Act. (k) Savings Clause.--Nothing in this section-- (1) requires the Secretary concerned to establish a new program, system, or database to replace an existing program, system, or database that meets the objectives of this section; (2) precludes the Secretary concerned from using existing or future technology that-- (A) is more efficient, safer, or better meets the needs of firefighters, other personnel, or the public; (B) meets the objectives of this section. (1) County.--The term ``County'' means Uintah County, Utah. (2) Decision record.--The term ``Decision Record'' means the Decision Record prepared by the Bureau of Land Management for the Environmental Assessment for the McCoy Flats Trail System numbered DOI-BLM-G010-2012-0057 and dated October 2012. (3) State.--The term ``State'' means the State of Utah. (4) Trail system.--The term ``Trail System'' means the McCoy Flats Trail System established by subsection (b)(1). (b) Establishment.-- (1) In general.--Subject to valid existing rights, there is established the McCoy Flats Trail System in the State. (2) Area included.--The Trail System shall include public land administered by the Bureau of Land Management in the County, as described in the Decision Record. (c) Map and Legal Description.-- enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall prepare a map and legal description of the Trail System. (2) Availability; transmittal to congress.--The map and legal description prepared under paragraph (1) shall be-- (A) available in appropriate offices of the Bureau of Land Management; and (B) transmitted by the Secretary to-- (i) the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives; and (ii) the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate. (3) Force and effect.--The map and legal description prepared under paragraph (1) shall have the same force and effect as if included in this section, except that the Secretary may correct any clerical or typographical errors in the map and legal description. (d) Administration.--The Secretary shall administer the Trail System in accordance with-- (1) the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.); (2) this section; and (3) other applicable law. (e) Management Plan.-- enactment of this Act, the Secretary, in consultation and coordination with the County and affected Indian Tribes, shall prepare a management plan for the Trail System. (2) Public comment.--The management plan shall be developed with opportunities for public comment. (3) Interim management.--Until the completion of the management plan, the Trail System shall be administered in accordance with the Decision Record. (4) Recreational opportunities.--In developing the management plan, the Secretary shall seek to provide for new mountain bike route and trail construction to increase recreational opportunities within the Trail System, consistent with this section. (f) Uses.--The Trail System shall be used for nonmotorized mountain bike recreation, as described in the Decision Record. (g) Acquisition.-- (1) In general.--On the request of the State, the Secretary shall seek to acquire State land, or interests in State land, located within the Trail System by purchase from a willing seller or exchange. (2) Administration of acquired land.--Any land acquired under this subsection shall be administered as part of the Trail (h) Fees.--No fees shall be charged for access to, or use of, the Trail System and associated parking areas. SEC. 1116. TECHNICAL CORRECTIONS TO CERTAIN LAWS RELATING TO FEDERAL LAND IN THE STATE OF NEVADA. (a) Amendment to Conveyance of Federal Land in Storey County, Nevada.--Section 3009(d) of the Carl Levin and Howard P. ``Buck'' McKeon National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015 (Public Law 113- 291; 128 Stat. 3751) is amended-- (1) in paragraph (1)-- (A) by striking subparagraphs (B) through (D) and redesignating subparagraph (E) as subparagraph (D); and (B) by inserting after subparagraph (A) the ``(B) Federal land.--The term `Federal land' means the land generally depicted as `Federal land' on the ``(C) Map.--The term `map' means the map entitled `Storey County Land Conveyance' and dated June 6, 2018.''. (A) in subparagraph (A)(i), by striking ``after completing the mining claim validity review under paragraph (2)(B), if requested by the County,''; and (B) in subparagraph (B)-- (i) in clause (i)-- (I) in the matter preceding subclause (I), by striking ``each parcel of land located in a mining townsite'' and inserting ``any Federal land''; (II) in subclause (I), by striking ``mining townsite'' and inserting ``Federal land''; and (III) in subclause (II), by striking ``mining townsite (including improvements to the mining townsite), as identified for conveyance on the map'' and inserting ``Federal land (including improvements)''; (ii) by striking clause (ii); (iii) by striking the subparagraph designation and heading and all that follows through ``With respect'' in the matter preceding subclause (I) of clause (i) and inserting the following: ``(B) Valid mining claims.--With respect''; and (iv) by redesignating subclauses (I) and (II) as clauses (i) and (ii), respectively, and indenting appropriately; (3) in paragraph (4)(A), by striking ``a mining townsite conveyed under paragraph (3)(B)(i)(II)'' and inserting ``Federal land conveyed under paragraph (2)(B)(ii)''; (4) in paragraph (5), by striking ``a mining townsite under paragraph (3)'' and inserting ``Federal land under paragraph (2)''; (5) in paragraph (6), in the matter preceding subparagraph (A), by striking ``mining townsite'' and inserting ``Federal land''; (6) in paragraph (7), by striking ``A mining townsite to be conveyed by the United States under paragraph (3)'' and inserting ``The exterior boundary of the Federal land to be conveyed by the United States under paragraph (2)''; (A) by striking ``a mining townsite under paragraph (3)'' and inserting ``the Federal land under paragraph (2)''; and (B) by striking ``the mining townsite'' and inserting ``the Federal land''; (8) in paragraph (10), by striking ``the examination'' and all that follows through the period at the end and inserting ``the conveyance under paragraph (2) should be completed by not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of the John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act.''; (9) by striking paragraphs (2) and (8); (10) by redesignating paragraphs (3) through (7) and (9) and (10) as paragraphs (2) through (6) and (7) and (8) respectively; (11) by adding at the end the following: ``(9) Availability of map.--The map shall be on file and available for public inspection in the appropriate offices of the Bureau of Land Management.''. (b) Modification of Utility Corridor.--The Secretary shall realign the utility corridor established by section 301(a) of the Lincoln County Conservation, Recreation, and Development Act of 2004 (Public Law 108- 424; 118 Stat. 2412) to be aligned as generally depicted on the map entitled ``Proposed LCCRDA Utility Corridor Realignment'' and dated March 14, 2017, by modifying the map entitled ``Lincoln County Conservation, Recreation, and Development Act'' (referred to in this subsection as the ``Map'') and dated October 1, 2004, by-- (1) removing the utility corridor from sections 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, and 15, T. 7 N., R. 68 E., of the Map; and (2) redesignating the utility corridor so as to appear on the Map in-- (A) sections 31, 32, and 33, T. 8 N., R. 68 E.; (B) sections 4, 5, 6, and 7, T. 7 N., R. 68 E.; and (C) sections 1 and 12, T. 7 N., 67 E. (c) Final Corrective Patent in Clark County, Nevada.-- (1) Validation of patent.--Patent number 27-2005-0081, issued by the Bureau of Land Management on February 18, 2005, is affirmed and validated as having been issued pursuant to, and in compliance with, the Nevada-Florida Land Exchange Authorization Act of 1988 (Public Law 100-275; 102 Stat. 52), the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.), and the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) for the benefit of the desert tortoise, other species, and the habitat of the desert tortoise and other species to increase the likelihood of the recovery of the desert tortoise and other species. (2) Ratification of reconfiguration.--The process used by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service and the Bureau of Land Management in reconfiguring the land described in paragraph (1), as depicted on Exhibit 1-4 of the Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Planned Development Project MSHCP, Lincoln County, NV (FWS-R8-ES-2008-N0136), and the reconfiguration provided for in special condition 10 of the Corps of Engineers Permit No. 000005042, are ratified. (d) Issuance of Corrective Patent in Lincoln County, Nevada.-- (1) In general.--The Secretary, acting through the Director of the Bureau of Land Management, may issue a corrective patent for the 7,548 acres of land in Lincoln County, Nevada, depicted on the map prepared by the Bureau of Land Management entitled ``Proposed Lincoln County Land Reconfiguration'' and dated (2) Applicable law.--A corrective patent issued under paragraph (1) shall be treated as issued pursuant to, and in compliance with, the Nevada-Florida Land Exchange Authorization Act of 1988 (Public Law 100-275; 102 Stat. 52). (e) Conveyance to Lincoln County, Nevada, to Support a Landfill.-- enactment of this Act, and subject to valid existing rights, at the request of Lincoln County, Nevada, the Secretary shall convey without consideration under the Act of June 14, 1926 (commonly known as the ``Recreation and Public Purposes Act'') (44 Stat. 741, chapter 578; 43 U.S.C. 869 et seq.), to Lincoln County all right, title and interest of the United States in and to approximately 400 acres of land in Lincoln County, Nevada, more particularly described as follows: T. 11 S., R. 62, E., Section 25 E \1/2\ of W \1/2\; and W \1/2\ of E \1/2\; and E \1/ 2\ of SE \1/4\. (2) Reservation.--The Secretary shall reserve to the United States the mineral estate in any land conveyed under paragraph (3) Use of conveyed land.--The land conveyed under paragraph (1) shall be used by Lincoln County, Nevada, to provide a suitable location for the establishment of a centralized landfill and to provide a designated area and authorized facilities to discourage unauthorized dumping and trash disposal on environmentally-sensitive public land. Lincoln County may not dispose of the land conveyed under paragraph (1). (4) Reversion.--If Lincoln County, Nevada, ceases to use any parcel of land conveyed under paragraph (1) for the purposes described in paragraph (3)-- (A) title to the parcel shall revert to the Secretary, at the option of the Secretary; and (B) Lincoln County shall be responsible for any reclamation necessary to restore the parcel to a condition acceptable to the Secretary. (f) Mt. Moriah Wilderness, High Schells Wilderness, and Arc Dome Wilderness Boundary Adjustments.-- (1) Amendments to the pam white wilderness act of 2006.-- Section 323 of the Pam White Wilderness Act of 2006 (16 U.S.C. 1132 note; 120 Stat. 3031) is amended by striking subsection (e) and inserting the following: ``(e) Mt. Moriah Wilderness Adjustment.--The boundary of the Mt. Moriah Wilderness established under section 2(13) of the Nevada Wilderness Protection Act of 1989 (16 U.S.C. 1132 note) is adjusted to include-- ``(1) the land identified as the `Mount Moriah Wilderness Area' and `Mount Moriah Additions' on the map entitled `Eastern White Pine County' and dated November 29, 2006; and ``(2) the land identified as `NFS Lands' on the map entitled `Proposed Wilderness Boundary Adjustment Mt. Moriah Wilderness Area' and dated January 19, 2017. ``(f) High Schells Wilderness Adjustment.--The boundary of the High Schells Wilderness established under subsection (a)(11) is adjusted-- ``(1) to include the land identified as `Include as Wilderness' on the map entitled `McCoy Creek Adjustment' and dated November 3, 2014; and ``(2) to exclude the land identified as `NFS Lands' on the map entitled `Proposed Wilderness Boundary Adjustment High Schells Wilderness Area' and dated January 19, 2017.''. (2) Amendments to the nevada wilderness protection act of 1989.--The Nevada Wilderness Protection Act of 1989 (Public Law 101-195; 16 U.S.C. 1132 note) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``SEC. 12. <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> ARC DOME BOUNDARY ADJUSTMENT. ``The boundary of the Arc Dome Wilderness established under section 2(2) is adjusted to exclude the land identified as `Exclude from Wilderness' on the map entitled `Arc Dome Adjustment' and dated November 3, 2014.''. SEC. 1117. <<NOTE: 16 USC 460bbbb.>> ASHLEY KARST NATIONAL RECREATION AND GEOLOGIC AREA. (1) Management plan.--The term ``Management Plan'' means the management plan for the Recreation Area prepared under subsection (e)(2)(A). (2) Map.--The term ``Map'' means the map entitled ``Northern Utah Lands Management Act-Overview'' and dated February 4, 2019. (3) Recreation area.--The term ``Recreation Area'' means the Ashley Karst National Recreation and Geologic Area established by subsection (b)(1). established the Ashley Karst National Recreation and Geologic Area in the State. (2) Area included.--The Recreation Area shall consist of approximately 173,475 acres of land in the Ashley National Forest, as generally depicted on the Map. (c) Purposes.--The purposes of the Recreation Area are to conserve and protect the watershed, geological, recreational, wildlife, scenic, natural, cultural, and historic resources of the Recreation Area. (d) Map and Legal Description.-- enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall prepare and submit to the Committee on Natural Resources and the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate a map and legal description of the Recreation Area. (2) Effect.--The map and legal description prepared under paragraph (1) shall have the same force and effect as if minor errors in the map or legal description. (3) Availability.--A copy of the map and legal description prepared under paragraph (1) shall be on file and available for public inspection in the appropriate offices of the Forest (e) Administration.-- (1) In general.--The Secretary shall administer the Recreation Area in accordance with-- (A) the laws generally applicable to the National Forest System, including the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974 (16 U.S.C. 1600 et seq.); (B) this section; and (C) any other applicable law. prepare a management plan for the Recreation Area. (B) Consultation.--The Secretary shall-- (i) prepare the management plan in consultation and coordination with Uintah County, Utah, and affected Indian Tribes; and (ii) provide for public input in the preparation of the management plan. (f) Uses.--The Secretary shall only allow such uses of the Recreation Area that would-- (1) further the purposes for which the Recreation Area is established; and (2) promote the long-term protection and management of the watershed and underground karst system of the Recreation Area. (g) Motorized Vehicles.-- (1) In general.--Except as needed for emergency response or administrative purposes, the use of motorized vehicles in the Recreation Area shall be permitted only on roads and motorized routes designated in the Management Plan for the use of motorized vehicles. (2) New roads.--No new permanent or temporary roads or other motorized vehicle routes shall be constructed within the Recreation Area after the date of enactment of this Act. (3) Existing roads.-- (A) In general.--Necessary maintenance or repairs to existing roads designated in the Management Plan for the use of motorized vehicles, including necessary repairs to keep existing roads free of debris or other safety hazards, shall be permitted after the date of enactment of this Act, consistent with the requirements of this (B) Rerouting.--Nothing in this subsection prevents the Secretary from rerouting an existing road or trail to protect Recreation Area resources from degradation, or to protect public safety, as determined to be appropriate by the Secretary. (4) Over snow vehicles.-- (A) In general.--Nothing in this section prohibits the use of snowmobiles and other over snow vehicles within the Recreation Area. (B) Winter recreation use plan.--Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall undertake a winter recreation use planning process, which shall include opportunities for use by snowmobiles or other over snow vehicles in appropriate areas of the Recreation Area. (5) Applicable law.--Activities authorized under this subsection shall be consistent with the applicable forest plan and travel management plan for, and any law (including regulations) applicable to, the Ashley National Forest. (h) Water Infrastructure.-- (1) Existing access.--The designation of the Recreation Area shall not affect the ability of authorized users to access, operate, and maintain water infrastructure facilities within the Recreation Area in accordance with applicable authorizations and permits. (2) Cooperative agreements.-- (A) In general.--The Secretary shall offer to enter into a cooperative agreement with authorized users and local governmental entities to provide, in accordance with any applicable law (including regulations)-- (i) access, including motorized access, for repair and maintenance to water infrastructure facilities within the Recreation Area, including Whiterocks Reservoir, subject to such terms and conditions as the Secretary determines to be necessary; and (ii) access and maintenance by authorized users and local governmental entities for the continued delivery of water to the Ashley Valley if water flows cease or become diminished due to impairment of the karst system, subject to such terms and conditions as the Secretary determines to be necessary. (i) Grazing.--The grazing of livestock in the Recreation Area, where established before the date of enactment of this Act, shall be allowed to continue, subject to such reasonable regulations, policies, and practices as the Secretary considers to be necessary in accordance with-- (1) applicable law (including regulations); (2) the purposes of the Recreation Area; and (3) the guidelines set forth in the report of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs of the House of Representatives accompanying H.R. 5487 of the 96th Congress (H. Rept. 96-617). (j) Fish and Wildlife.--Nothing in this section affects the jurisdiction of the State with respect to the management of fish and wildlife on Federal land in the State. (k) Wildlife Water Projects.--The Secretary, in consultation with the State, may authorize wildlife water projects (including guzzlers) (l) Water Rights.--Nothing in this section-- (1) constitutes an express or implied reservation by the United States of any water rights with respect to the Recreation Area; (2) affects any water rights in the State; (3) affects the use or allocation, in existence on the date of enactment of this Act, of any water, water right, or interest in water; (4) affects any vested absolute or decreed conditional water right in existence on the date of enactment of this Act, including any water right held by the United States; (5) affects any interstate water compact in existence on the date of enactment of this Act; or (6) shall be considered to be a relinquishment or reduction of any water rights reserved or appropriated by the United States in the State on or before the date of enactment of this (m) Withdrawal.--Subject to valid existing rights, all Federal land in the Recreation Area is withdrawn from-- (1) all forms of entry, appropriation, and disposal under the public land laws; (2) location, entry, and patent under the mining laws; and (3) operation of the mineral leasing, mineral materials, and geothermal leasing laws. (n) Vegetation Management.--Nothing in this section prevents the Secretary from conducting vegetation management projects, including fuels reduction activities, within the Recreation Area for the purposes of improving water quality and reducing risks from wildfire. (o) Wildland Fire Operations.--Nothing in this section prohibits the Secretary, in consultation with other Federal, State, local, and Tribal agencies, as appropriate, from conducting wildland fire treatment operations or restoration operations in the Recreation Area, consistent with the purposes of this section. (p) Recreation Fees.--Except for fees for improved campgrounds, the Secretary is prohibited from collecting recreation entrance or recreation use fees within the Recreation Area. (q) Communication Infrastructure.--Nothing in this section affects the continued use of, and access to, communication infrastructure (including necessary upgrades) within the Recreation Area, in accordance with applicable authorizations and permits. (r) Non-federal Land.-- (1) In general.--Nothing in this section affects non-Federal land or interests in non-Federal land within the Recreation (2) Access.--The Secretary shall provide reasonable access to non-Federal land or interests in non-Federal land within the Recreation Area. (s) Outfitting and Guide Activities.--Outfitting and guide services within the Recreation Area, including commercial outfitting and guide services, are authorized in accordance with this section and other applicable law (including regulations). SEC. 1118. <<NOTE: 16 USC 460cccc.>> JOHN WESLEY POWELL NATIONAL CONSERVATION AREA. (1) Map.--The term ``Map'' means the Bureau of Land Management map entitled ``Proposed John Wesley Powell National Conservation Area'' and dated December 10, 2018. (2) National conservation area.--The term ``National Conservation Area'' means the John Wesley Powell National Conservation Area established by subsection (b)(1). established the John Wesley Powell National Conservation Area in the State of Utah. (2) Area included.--The National Conservation Area shall consist of approximately 29,868 acres of public land administered by the Bureau of Land Management as generally depicted on the Map. (c) Purposes.--The purposes of the National Conservation Area are to conserve, protect, and enhance for the benefit of present and future generations the nationally significant historic, cultural, natural, scientific, scenic, recreational, archaeological, educational, and wildlife resources of the National Conservation Area. enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall prepare and file a map and legal description of the National Conservation Area with the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of shall be on file and available for public inspection in the (e) Management.--The Secretary shall manage the National Conservation Area-- (1) in a manner that conserves, protects, and enhances the resources of the National Conservation Area; (2) in accordance with-- (A) the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.); (C) any other applicable law; and (3) as a component of the National Landscape Conservation develop a management plan for the National Conservation (B) Consultation.--The Secretary shall prepare the management plan-- (i) in consultation and coordination with the State of Utah, Uintah County, and affected Indian Tribes; and (ii) after providing for public input. (f) Uses.--The Secretary shall only allow such uses of the National Conservation Area as the Secretary determines would further the purposes for which the National Conservation is established. (1) In general.--The Secretary may acquire land or interests in land within the boundaries of the National Conservation Area by purchase from a willing seller, donation, or exchange. (2) Incorporation in national conservation area.--Any land or interest in land located inside the boundary of the National Conservation Area that is acquired by the United States after the date of enactment of this Act shall be added to and administered as part of the National Conservation Area. (3) State land.--On request of the Utah School and Institutional Trust Lands Administration and, if practicable, not later than 5 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall seek to acquire all State-owned land within the boundaries of the National Conservation Area by exchange or purchase, subject to the appropriation of necessary funds. (h) Motorized Vehicles.-- (1) In general.--Subject to paragraph (2), except in cases in which motorized vehicles are needed for administrative purposes or to respond to an emergency, the use of motorized vehicles in the National Conservation Area shall be permitted only on roads designated in the management plan. (2) Use of motorized vehicles prior to completion of management plan.--Prior to completion of the management plan, the use of motorized vehicles within the National Conservation Area shall be permitted in accordance with the applicable Bureau of Land Management resource management plan. (i) Grazing.--The grazing of livestock in the National Conservation Area, where established before the date of enactment of this Act, shall be allowed to continue, subject to such reasonable regulations, policies, and practices as the Secretary considers to be necessary in (2) the purposes of the National Conservation Area; and (3) the guidelines set forth in Appendix A of the report of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs of the House of Representatives accompanying H.R. 2570 of the 101st Congress (House Report 101-405). jurisdiction of the State of Utah with respect to the management of fish and wildlife on Federal land in the State. the State of Utah, may authorize wildlife water projects (including guzzlers) within the National Conservation Area. (l) Greater Sage-grouse Conservation Projects.--Nothing in this section affects the authority of the Secretary to undertake Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) conservation projects to maintain and improve Greater sage-grouse habitat, including the management of vegetation through mechanical means, to further the purposes of the National Conservation Area. (m) Water Rights.--Nothing in this section-- United States of any water rights with respect to the National Conservation Area; (n) No Buffer Zones.-- (1) In general.--Nothing in this section creates a protective perimeter or buffer zone around the National (2) Activities outside national conservation area.--The fact that an authorized activity or use on land outside the National Conservation Area can be seen or heard within the National Conservation Area shall not preclude the activity or use outside the boundary of the Area. (o) Withdrawal.-- (1) In general.--Subject to valid existing rights, all Federal land in the National Conservation Area (including any land acquired after the date of enactment of this Act) is withdrawn from-- (A) all forms of entry, appropriation, and disposal under the public land laws; (C) operation of the mineral leasing, mineral materials, and geothermal leasing laws. (p) Vegetation Management.--Nothing in this section prevents the fuels reduction activities, within the National Conservation Area that are consistent with this section and that further the purposes of the National Conservation Area. (q) Wildland Fire Operations.--Nothing in this section prohibits the agencies, as appropriate, from conducting wildland fire prevention and restoration operations in the National Conservation Area, consistent (r) Recreation Fees.--Except for improved campgrounds, the Secretary is prohibited from collecting recreation entrance or use fees within the within the National Conservation Area, including commercial outfitting and guide services, are authorized in accordance with this section and other applicable law (including regulations). (t) Non-federal Land.-- land or interests in non-Federal land within the National (2) Reasonable access.--The Secretary shall provide reasonable access to non-Federal land or interests in non- Federal land within the National Conservation Area. (u) Research and Interpretive Management.--The Secretary may establish programs and projects for the conduct of scientific, historical, cultural, archeological, and natural studies through the use of public and private partnerships that further the purposes of the SEC. 1119. <<NOTE: 43 USC 1629g-1.>> ALASKA NATIVE VIETNAM ERA VETERANS LAND ALLOTMENT. (1) Available federal land.-- (A) In general.--The term ``available Federal land'' means Federal land in the State that-- (i) is vacant, unappropriated, and unreserved and is identified as available for selection under subsection (b)(5); or (ii) has been selected by, but not yet conveyed to-- (I) the State, if the State agrees to voluntarily relinquish the selection of the Federal land for selection by an eligible individual; or (II) a Regional Corporation or a Village Corporation, if the Regional Corporation or Village Corporation agrees to voluntarily relinquish the selection of the Federal land for selection by an eligible individual. (B) Exclusions.--The term ``available Federal land'' does not include any Federal land in the State that is-- (i)(I) a right-of-way of the TransAlaska Pipeline; or (II) an inner or outer corridor of such a right-of-way; (ii) withdrawn or acquired for purposes of the Armed Forces; (iii) under review for a pending right-of-way for a natural gas corridor; (iv) within the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge; (v) within a unit of the National Forest System; (vi) designated as wilderness by Congress; (vii) within a unit of the National Park System, a National Preserve, or a National Monument; (viii) within a component of the National Trails System; (ix) within a component of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System; or (x) within the National Petroleum Reserve- (2) Eligible individual.--The term ``eligible individual'' means an individual who, as determined by the Secretary in accordance with subsection (c)(1), is-- (A) a Native veteran-- (i) who served in the Armed Forces during the period between August 5, 1964, and December 31, 1971; and (ii) has not received an allotment made pursuant to-- (I) the Act of May 17, 1906 (34 Stat. 197, chapter 2469) (as in effect on December 17, 1971); (II) section 14(h)(5) of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (43 U.S.C. 1613(h)(5)); or (III) section 41 of the Alaska 1629g); or (B) is the personal representative of the estate of a deceased eligible individual described in subparagraph (A), who has been duly appointed in the appropriate Alaska State court or a registrar has qualified, acting for the benefit of the heirs of the estate of a deceased eligible individual described in subparagraph (A). (3) Native; regional corporation; village corporation.--The terms ``Native'', ``Regional Corporation'', and ``Village Corporation'' have the meanings given those terms in section 3 of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (43 U.S.C. 1602). (5) Veteran.--The term ``veteran'' has the meaning given the term in section 101 of title 38, United States Code. (b) Allotments for Eligible Individuals.-- (1) Information to determine eligibility.-- date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Defense, in coordination with the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, shall provide to the Secretary a list of all members of the Armed Forces who served during the period between August 5, 1964, and December 31, 1971. (B) Use.--The Secretary shall use the information provided under subparagraph (A) to determine whether an individual meets the military service requirements under subsection (a)(2)(A)(i). (C) Outreach and assistance.--The Secretary, in coordination with the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, shall conduct outreach, and provide assistance in applying for allotments, to eligible individuals. (2) Regulations.--Not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of this section, the Secretary shall promulgate regulations to carry out this subsection. (3) Selection by eligible individuals.-- (A) In general.--An eligible individual-- (i) may select 1 parcel of not less than 2.5 acres and not more than 160 acres of available Federal land; and (ii) on making a selection pursuant to clause (i), shall submit to the Secretary an allotment selection application for the applicable parcel of available Federal land. (B) Selection period.--An eligible individual may apply for an allotment during the 5-year period beginning on the effective date of the final regulations issued under paragraph (2). (4) Conflicting selections.--If 2 or more eligible individuals submit to the Secretary an allotment selection application under paragraph (3)(A)(ii) for the same parcel of available Federal land, the Secretary shall-- (A) give preference to the selection application received on the earliest date; and (B) provide to each eligible individual the selection application of whom is rejected under subparagraph (A) an opportunity to select a substitute parcel of available Federal land. (5) Identification of available federal land administered by the bureau of land management.-- (A) In general.--Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary, in consultation with the State, Regional Corporations, and Village Corporations, shall identify Federal land administered by the Bureau of Land Management as available Federal land for allotment selection in the State by eligible individuals. (B) Certification; survey.--The Secretary shall-- (i) certify that the available Federal land identified under subparagraph (A) is free of known contamination; and (ii) survey the available Federal land identified under subparagraph (A) into aliquot parts and lots, segregating all navigable and meanderable waters and land not available for allotment selection. (C) Maps.--As soon as practicable after the date on which available Federal land is identified under subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall submit to Congress, and publish in the Federal Register, 1 or more maps depicting the identified available Federal land. (D) Conveyances.--Any available Federal land conveyed to an eligible individual under this paragraph (ii) the reservation of minerals to the United (E) Intent of congress.--It is the intent of Congress that not later than 1 year after the date on which an eligible individual submits an allotment selection application for available Federal land that meets the requirements of this section, as determined by the Secretary, the Secretary shall issue to the eligible individual a certificate of allotment with respect to the available Federal land covered by the allotment selection application, subject to the requirements of subparagraph (D). (c) Identification of Available Federal Land in Units of the National Wildlife Refuge System.-- (1) Report.--Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall-- (A) conduct a study to determine whether any additional Federal lands within units of the National Wildlife Refuge System in the State should be made available for allotment selection; and (B) report the findings and conclusions of the study to Congress. (2) Content of the report.--The Secretary shall include in the report required under paragraph (1)-- (A) the Secretary's determination whether Federal lands within units of the National Wildlife Refuge System in the State should be made available for allotment selection by eligible individuals; and (B) identification of the specific areas (including maps) within units of the National Wildlife Refuge System in the State that the Secretary determines should be made available, consistent with the mission of the National Wildlife Refuge System and the specific purposes for which the unit was established, and this subsection. (3) Factors to be considered.--In determining whether Federal lands within units of the National Wildlife Refuge System in the State should be made available under paragraph (1)(A), the Secretary shall take into account-- (A) the proximity of the Federal land made available for allotment selection under subsection (b)(5) to eligible individuals; (B) the proximity of the units of the National Wildlife Refuge System in the State to eligible individuals; and (C) the amount of additional Federal land within units of the National Wildlife Refuge System in the State that the Secretary estimates would be necessary to make allotments available for selection by eligible (4) Identifying federal land in units of the national wildlife refuge system.--In identifying whether Federal lands within units of the National Wildlife Refuge System in the State should be made available for allotment under paragraph (2)(B), the Secretary shall not identify any Federal land in a unit of the National Wildlife Refuge System-- (A) the conveyance of which, independently or as part of a group of allotments-- (i) could significantly interfere with biological, physical, cultural, scenic, recreational, natural quiet, or subsistence values of the unit of the National Wildlife Refuge (ii) could obstruct access by the public or the Fish and Wildlife Service to the resource values of the unit; (iii) could trigger development or future uses in an area that would adversely affect resource values of the surrounding National Wildlife Refuge System land; (iv) could open an area of a unit to new access and uses that adversely affect resources values of the unit; or (v) could interfere with the management plan of the unit; (B) that is located within 300 feet from the shore of a navigable water body; (C) that is not consistent with the purposes for which the unit of the National Wildlife Refuge System was established; (D) that is designated as wilderness by Congress; or (E) that is within the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. (d) Limitation.--No Federal land may be identified for selection or made available for allotment within a unit of the National Wildlife Refuge System unless it has been authorized by an Act of Congress subsequent to the date of enactment of this Act. Further, any proposed conveyance of land within a unit of the National Wildlife Refuge System must have been identified by the Secretary in accordance with subsection (c)(4) in the report to Congress required by subsection (c) and include patent provisions that the land remains subject to the laws and regulations governing the use and development of the Refuge. (1) Affected area.-- (A) In general.--The term ``affected area'' means land along the approximately 116-mile stretch of the Red River, from its confluence with the north fork of the Red River on the west to the 98th meridian on the east. (B) Exclusions.--The term ``affected area'' does not include the portion of the Red River within the boundary depicted on the survey prepared by the Bureau of Land Management entitled ``Township 5 South, Range 14 West, of the Indian Meridian, Oklahoma, Dependent Resurvey and Survey'' and dated February 28, 2006. (2) Gradient boundary survey method.--The term ``gradient boundary survey method'' means the measurement technique used to locate the South Bank boundary line in accordance with the methodology established in Oklahoma v. Texas, 261 U.S. 340 (1923) (recognizing that the boundary line along the Red River is subject to change due to erosion and accretion). (3) Landowner.--The term ``landowner'' means any individual, group, association, corporation, federally recognized Indian tribe or member of such an Indian tribe, or other private or governmental legal entity that owns an interest in land in the affected area. (4) Secretary.--The term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary, acting through the Director of the Bureau of Land Management. (5) South bank.--The term ``South Bank'' means the water- washed and relatively permanent elevation or acclivity (commonly known as a ``cut bank'') along the southerly or right side of the Red River that-- (A) separates the bed of that river from the adjacent upland, whether valley or hill; and (B) usually serves, as specified in the fifth paragraph of Oklahoma v. Texas, 261 U.S. 340 (1923)-- (i) to confine the waters within the bed; and (ii) to preserve the course of the river. (6) South bank boundary line.--The term ``South Bank boundary line'' means the boundary, with respect to title and ownership, between the States of Oklahoma and Texas identified through the gradient boundary survey method that does not impact or alter the permanent political boundary line between the States along the Red River, as outlined under article II, section B of the Red River Boundary Compact enacted by the States and consented to by Congress pursuant to Public Law 106- 288 (114 Stat. 919). (b) Survey of South Bank Boundary Line.-- (1) Survey required.-- (A) In general.--The Secretary shall commission a survey to identify the South Bank boundary line in the (B) Requirements.--The survey shall-- (i) adhere to the gradient boundary survey (ii) span the length of the affected area; (iii) be conducted by 1 or more independent third-party surveyors that are-- (I) licensed and qualified to conduct official gradient boundary surveys; and (II) selected by the Secretary, in consultation with-- (aa) the Texas General Land Office; (bb) the Oklahoma Commissioners of the Land Office, in consultation with the attorney general of the State of Oklahoma; and (cc) each affected federally recognized Indian Tribe; and (iv) subject to the availability of appropriations, be completed not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act. (2) Approval of the boundary survey.-- date on which the survey or a portion of the survey under paragraph (1)(A) is completed, the Secretary shall submit the survey for approval to-- (i) the Texas General Land Office; (ii) the Oklahoma Commissioners of the Land Office, in consultation with the attorney general of the State of Oklahoma; and (iii) each affected federally recognized Indian Tribe. (B) Timing of approval.--Not later than 60 days after the date on which each of the Texas General Land Office, the Oklahoma Commissioners of the Land Office, in consultation with the attorney general of the State of Oklahoma, and each affected federally recognized Indian Tribe notify the Secretary of the approval of the boundary survey or a portion of the survey by the applicable office or federally recognized Indian Tribe, the Secretary shall determine whether to approve the survey or portion of the survey, subject to subparagraph (C) Submission of portions of survey for approval.-- As portions of the survey are completed, the Secretary may submit the completed portions of the survey for approval under subparagraph (A). (D) Written approval.--The Secretary shall only approve the survey, or a portion of the survey, that has the written approval of each of-- (c) Survey of Individual Parcels.--Surveys of individual parcels in the affected area shall be conducted in accordance with the boundary survey approved under subsection (b)(2). (d) Notice and Availability of Survey.--Not later than 60 days after the date on which the boundary survey is approved under subsection (b)(2), the Secretary shall-- (1) publish notice of the approval of the survey in-- (A) the Federal Register; and (B) 1 or more local newspapers; and (2) on request, furnish to any landowner a copy of-- (A) the survey; and (B) any field notes relating to-- (i) the individual parcel of the landowner; or (ii) any individual parcel adjacent to the individual parcel of the landowner. (e) Effect of Section.--Nothing in this section-- (1) modifies any interest of the State of Oklahoma or Texas, or the sovereignty, property, or trust rights of any federally recognized Indian Tribe, relating to land located north of the South Bank boundary line, as established by the survey; (2) modifies any land patented under the Act of December 22, 1928 (45 Stat. 1069, chapter 47; 43 U.S.C. 1068) (commonly known as the ``Color of Title Act''), before the date of enactment of this Act; (3) modifies or supersedes the Red River Boundary Compact enacted by the States of Oklahoma and Texas and consented to by Congress pursuant to Public Law 106-288 (114 Stat. 919); (4) creates or reinstates any Indian reservation or any portion of such a reservation; (5) modifies any interest or any property or trust rights of any individual Indian allottee; or (6) alters any valid right of the State of Oklahoma or the Kiowa, Comanche, or Apache Indian tribes to the mineral interest trust fund established under the Act of June 12, 1926 (44 Stat. 740, chapter 572). (f) Authorization of Appropriations.--There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section $1,000,000. SEC. 1121. <<NOTE: 30 USC 201 note.>> SAN JUAN COUNTY SETTLEMENT (a) Exchange of Coal Preference Right Lease Applications.-- (1) Definition of bidding right.--In this subsection, the term ``bidding right'' means an appropriate legal instrument or other written documentation, including an entry in an account managed by the Secretary, issued or created under subpart 3435 of title 43, Code of Federal Regulations, that may be used-- (A) in lieu of a monetary payment for 50 percent of a bonus bid for a coal lease sale under the Mineral Leasing Act (30 U.S.C. 181 et seq.); or (B) as a monetary credit against 50 percent of any rental or royalty payments due under any Federal coal lease. (2) Use of bidding right.-- (A) In general.--If the Secretary retires a coal preference right lease application under the Mineral Leasing Act (30 U.S.C. 181 et seq.) by issuing a bidding right in exchange for the relinquishment of the coal preference right lease application, the bidding right subsequently may be used in lieu of 50 percent of the amount owed for any monetary payment of-- (i) a bonus in a coal lease sale; or (ii) rental or royalty under a Federal coal (B) Payment calculation.-- (i) In general.--The Secretary shall calculate a payment of amounts owed to a relevant State under section 35(a) of the Mineral Leasing Act (30 U.S.C. 191(a)) based on the combined value of the bidding rights and amounts received. (ii) Amounts received.--Except as provided in this paragraph, for purposes of calculating the payment of amounts owed to a relevant State under clause (i) only, a bidding right shall be considered amounts received. (C) Requirement.--The total number of bidding rights issued by the Secretary under subparagraph (A) before October 1, 2029, shall not exceed the number of bidding rights that reflect a value equivalent to $67,000,000. (3) Source of payments.--The Secretary shall make payments to the relevant State under paragraph (2) from monetary payments received by the Secretary when bidding rights are exercised under this section. (4) Treatment of payments.--A payment to a State under this subsection shall be treated as a payment under section 35(a) of the Mineral Leasing Act (30 U.S.C. 191(a)). (5) Transferability; limitation.-- (A) Transferability.--A bidding right issued for a coal preference right lease application under the Mineral Leasing Act (30 U.S.C. 181 et seq.) shall be fully transferable to any other person. (B) Notification of secretary.--A person who transfers a bidding right shall notify the Secretary of the transfer by any method determined to be appropriate by the Secretary. (C) Effective period.-- (i) In general.--A bidding right issued under the Mineral Leasing Act (30 U.S.C. 181 et seq.) shall terminate on the expiration of the 7-year period beginning on the date the bidding right is issued. (ii) Tolling of period.--The 7-year period described in clause (i) shall be tolled during any period in which exercise of the bidding right is precluded by temporary injunctive relief granted under, or administrative, legislative, or judicial suspension of, the Federal coal leasing program. (6) Deadline.-- (A) In general.--If an existing settlement of a coal preference right lease application has not been implemented as of the date of enactment of this Act, not later than 180 days after that date of enactment, the Secretary shall complete the bidding rights valuation process in accordance with the terms of the settlement. (B) Date of valuation.--For purposes of the valuation process under subparagraph (A), the market price of coal shall be determined as of the date of the settlement. (b) Certain Land Selections of the Navajo Nation.-- (1) Cancellation of certain selections.--The land selections made by the Navajo Nation pursuant to Public Law 93-531 (commonly known as the ``Navajo-Hopi Land Settlement Act of 1974'') (88 Stat. 1712) that are depicted on the map entitled ``Navajo-Hopi Land Settlement Act Selected Lands'' and dated April 2, 2015, are cancelled. (2) Authorization for new selection.-- (A) In general.--Subject to subparagraphs (B), (C), and (D) and paragraph (3), the Navajo Nation may make new land selections in accordance with the Act referred to in paragraph (1) to replace the land selections cancelled under that paragraph. (B) Acreage cap.--The total acreage of land selected under subparagraph (A) shall not exceed 15,000 acres of (C) Exclusions.--The following land shall not be eligible for selection under subparagraph (A): (i) Land within a unit of the National Landscape Conservation System. (ii) Land within-- (I) the Glade Run Recreation Area; (II) the Fossil Forest Research Natural Area; or (III) a special management area or area of critical environmental concern identified in a land use plan developed under section 202 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1712) that is in effect on the date of enactment of this Act. (iii) Any land subject to a lease or contract under the Mineral Leasing Act (30 U.S.C. 181 et seq.) or the Act of July 31, 1947 (commonly known as the ``Materials Act of 1947'') (30 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) as of the date of the selection. (iv) Land not under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Land Management. (v) Land identified as ``Parcels Excluded from Selection'' on the map entitled ``Parcels excluded for selection under the San Juan County Settlement Implementation Act'' and dated December 14, 2018. (D) Deadline.--Not later than 7 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Navajo Nation shall make all selections under subparagraph (A). (E) Withdrawal.--Any land selected by the Navajo Nation under subparagraph (A) shall be withdrawn from disposal, leasing, and development until the date on which the selected land is placed into trust for the Navajo Nation. (3) Equal value.-- (A) In general.--Notwithstanding the acreage limitation in the second proviso of section 11(c) of Public Law 93-531 (commonly known as the ``Navajo-Hopi Land Settlement Act of 1974'') (25 U.S.C. 640d-10(c)) and subject to paragraph (2)(B), the value of the land selected under paragraph (2)(A) and the land subject to selections cancellation under paragraph (1) shall be equal, based on appraisals conducted under subparagraph (B) Appraisals.-- (i) In general.--The value of the land selected under paragraph (2)(A) and the land subject to selections cancelled under paragraph (1) shall be determined by appraisals conducted in (I) the Uniform Appraisal Standards for Federal Land Acquisitions; and (II) the Uniform Standards of (ii) Timing.-- (I) Land subject to selections cancelled.--Not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of this Act, the appraisal under clause (i) of the land subject to selections cancelled under paragraph (1) shall be completed. (II) New selections.--The appraisals under clause (i) of the land selected under paragraph (2)(A) shall be completed as the Navajo Nation finalizes those land selections. (4) Boundary.--For purposes of this subsection and the Act referred to in paragraph (1), the present boundary of the Navajo Reservation is depicted on the map entitled ``Navajo Nation Boundary'' and dated November 16, 2015. (c) Designation of Ah-shi-sle-pah Wilderness.-- (1) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> In general.--In accordance with the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.), the approximately 7,242 acres of land as generally depicted on the map entitled ``San Juan County Wilderness Designations'' and dated April 2, 2015, is designated as wilderness and as a component of the National Wilderness Preservation System, which shall be known as the ``Ah-shi-sle-pah Wilderness'' (referred to in this subsection as the ``Wilderness''). (2) Management.-- (A) In general.--Subject to valid existing rights, the Wilderness shall be administered by the Director of the Bureau of Land Management in accordance with this subsection and the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.), except that any reference in that Act to the effective date of that Act shall be considered to be a reference to the date of enactment of this Act. (B) Adjacent management.-- (i) In general.--Congress does not intend for the designation of the Wilderness to create a protective perimeter or buffer zone around the Wilderness. (ii) Nonwilderness activities.--The fact that nonwilderness activities or uses can be seen or heard from areas within the Wilderness shall not preclude the conduct of the activities or uses outside the boundary of the Wilderness. (C) Incorporation of acquired land and interests in land.--Any land or interest in land that is within the boundary of the Wilderness that is acquired by the United States shall-- (i) become part of the Wilderness; and (ii) be managed in accordance with-- (I) the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.); (II) this subsection; and (III) any other applicable laws. (D) Grazing.--Grazing of livestock in the Wilderness, where established before the date of enactment of this Act, shall be allowed to continue in (i) section 4(d)(4) of the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1133(d)(4)); and (ii) the guidelines set forth in the report of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs of the House of Representatives accompanying H.R. 5487 of the 96th Congress (H. Rept. 96-617). (3) Release of wilderness study areas.--Congress finds that, for the purposes of section 603(c) of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1782(c)), the land within the Ah-shi-sle-pah Wilderness Study Area not designated as wilderness by this subsection has been adequately studied for wilderness designation and is no longer subject to section 603(c) of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1782(c)). (d) Expansion of Bisti/De-Na-Zin Wilderness.-- (1) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> In general.--There is designated as wilderness and as a component of the National Wilderness Preservation System certain Federal land comprising approximately 2,250 acres, as generally depicted on the map entitled ``San Juan County Wilderness Designations'' and dated April 2, 2015, which is incorporated in and shall be considered to be a part of the Bisti/De-Na-Zin Wilderness. land designated as wilderness by paragraph (1) shall be administered by the Director of the Bureau of Land Management (referred to in this subsection as the ``Director''), in (A) the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.), except that any reference in that Act to the effective date of that Act shall be considered to be a reference to the date of enactment of this Act; and (B) the San Juan Basin Wilderness Protection Act of 1984 (Public Law 98-603; 98 Stat. 3155; 110 Stat. 4211). (3) Adjacent management.-- (A) In general.--Congress does not intend for the designation of the land as wilderness by paragraph (1) to create a protective perimeter or buffer zone around that land. (B) Nonwilderness activities.--The fact that nonwilderness activities or uses can be seen or heard areas within the land designated as wilderness by paragraph (1) shall not preclude the conduct of the activities or uses outside the boundary of that land. (4) Incorporation of acquired land and interests in land.-- Any land or interest in land that is within the boundary of the land designated as wilderness by paragraph (1) that is acquired by the United States shall-- (A) become part of the Bisti/De-Na-Zin Wilderness; (B) be managed in accordance with-- (i) the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1131 et (ii) the San Juan Basin Wilderness Protection Act of 1984 (Public Law 98-603; 98 Stat. 3155; 110 Stat. 4211); (iii) this subsection; and (5) Grazing.--Grazing of livestock in the land designated as wilderness by paragraph (1), where established before the date of enactment of this Act, shall be allowed to continue in (A) section 4(d)(4) of the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1133(d)(4)); and (B) the guidelines set forth in the report of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs of the House of Representatives accompanying H.R. 5487 of the 96th Congress (H. Rept. 96-617). (e) Road Maintenance.-- (1) In general.--Subject to paragraph (2), the Secretary, acting through the Director of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, shall ensure that L-54 between I-40 and Alamo, New Mexico, is maintained in a condition that is safe for motorized use. (2) Use of funds.--In carrying out paragraph (1), the Secretary and the Director of the Bureau of Indian Affairs may not require any Indian Tribe to use any funds-- (A) owned by the Indian Tribe; or (B) provided to the Indian Tribe pursuant to a contract under the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (25 U.S.C. 5304 et seq.). (3) Road upgrade.-- (A) In general.--Nothing in this subsection requires the Secretary or any Indian Tribe to upgrade the condition of L-54 as of the date of enactment of this (B) Written agreement.--An upgrade to L-54 may not be made without the written agreement of the Pueblo of Laguna. (4) Inventory.--Nothing in this subsection requires L-54 to be placed on the National Tribal Transportation Facility Inventory. (a) Reauthorization of the Rio Puerco Management Committee.--Section 401(b)(4) of division I of the Omnibus Parks and Public Lands Management Act of 1996 (Public Law 104-333; 110 Stat. 4147; 123 Stat. 1108) is amended by striking ``Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009'' and inserting ``John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act''. (b) Reauthorization of the Rio Puerco Watershed Management Program.--Section 401(e) of division I of the Omnibus Parks and Public Lands Management Act of 1996 (Public Law 104-333; 110 Stat. 4148; 123 Stat. 1108) is amended by striking ``Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009'' and inserting ``John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act''. (a) Conveyance.--Subject to valid existing rights, at the request of Uintah County, Utah (referred to in this section as the ``County''), the Secretary shall convey to the County, without consideration, the approximately 791 acres of public land administered by the Bureau of Land Management, as generally depicted on the map entitled ``Ashley Springs Property'' and dated February 4, 2019, subject to the following (1) The conveyed land shall be managed as open space to protect the watershed and underground karst system and aquifer. (2) Mining or any form of mineral development on the conveyed land is prohibited. (3) The County shall allow for non-motorized public recreation access on the conveyed land. (4) No new roads may be constructed on the conveyed land. (b) Reversion.--A conveyance under subsection (a) shall include a reversionary clause to ensure that management of the land described in that subsection shall revert to the Secretary if the land is no longer being managed in accordance with that subsection. (a) <<NOTE: 54 USC 320301 note.>> Definitions.--In this section: (1) Monument.--The term ``Monument'' means the Organ Mountains-Desert Peaks National Monument established by Presidential Proclamation 9131 (79 Fed. Reg. 30431). (2) State.--The term ``State'' means the State of New (3) Wilderness area.--The term ``wilderness area'' means a wilderness area designated by subsection (b)(1). (b) Designation of Wilderness Areas.-- (1) In general.--In accordance with the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.), the following areas in the State are designated as wilderness and as components of the National Wilderness Preservation System: (A) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Aden lava flow wilderness.--Certain land administered by the Bureau of Land Management in Dona Ana County comprising approximately 27,673 acres, as generally depicted on the map entitled ``Potrillo Mountains Complex'' and dated September 27, 2018, which shall be known as the ``Aden Lava Flow Wilderness''. (B) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Broad canyon map entitled ``Desert Peaks Complex'' and dated October 1, 2018, which shall be known as the ``Broad Canyon Wilderness''. (C) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Cinder cone September 27, 2018, which shall be known as the ``Cinder Cone Wilderness''. (D) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> East potrillo mountains wilderness.--Certain land administered by the Bureau of Land Management in Dona Ana and Luna counties comprising approximately 12,155 acres, as generally depicted on the map entitled ``Potrillo Mountains Complex'' and dated September 27, 2018, which shall be known as the ``East Potrillo Mountains Wilderness''. (E) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Mount riley Land Management in Dona Ana and Luna counties comprising approximately 8,382 acres, as generally depicted on the September 27, 2018, which shall be known as the ``Mount Riley Wilderness''. (F) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Organ mountains map entitled ``Organ Mountains Area'' and dated September 21, 2016, which shall be known as the ``Organ Mountains Wilderness'', the boundary of which shall be offset 400 feet from the centerline of Dripping Springs Road in T. 23 S., R. 04 E., sec. 7, New Mexico Principal (G) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Potrillo mountains approximately 105,085 acres, as generally depicted on the map entitled ``Potrillo Mountains Complex'' and dated September 27, 2018, which shall be known as the ``Potrillo Mountains Wilderness''. (H) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Robledo mountains 1, 2018, which shall be known as the ``Robledo Mountains (I) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Sierra de las uvas 1, 2018, which shall be known as the ``Sierra de las Uvas Wilderness''. (J) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Whitethorn approximately 9,616 acres, as generally depicted on the map entitled ``Potrillo Mountains Complex'' and dated September 27, 2018, which shall be known as the ``Whitethorn Wilderness''. (2) Maps and legal descriptions.-- date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall file maps and legal descriptions of the wilderness areas (i) the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate; and (ii) the Committee on Natural Resources of the (B) Force of law.--The maps and legal descriptions filed under subparagraph (A) shall have the same force and effect as if included in this section, except that the Secretary may correct errors in the maps and legal descriptions. (C) Public availability.--The maps and legal descriptions filed under subparagraph (A) shall be on (3) Management.--Subject to valid existing rights, the wilderness areas shall be administered by the Secretary-- (A) as components of the National Landscape Conservation System; and (i) this section; and (ii) the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.), except that-- (I) any reference in the Wilderness Act to the effective date of that Act shall be considered to be a reference to the date of enactment of this Act; and (II) any reference in the Wilderness Act to the Secretary of Agriculture the Secretary. Any land or interest in land that is within the boundary of a wilderness area that is acquired by the United States shall-- (A) become part of the wilderness area within the boundaries of which the land is located; and (ii) this section; and (5) Grazing.--Grazing of livestock in the wilderness areas, where established before the date of enactment of this Act, shall be administered in accordance with-- (B) the guidelines set forth in Appendix A of the Report of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs to accompany H.R. 2570 of the 101st Congress (H. Rept. 101-405). (6) Military overflights.--Nothing in this subsection restricts or precludes-- (A) low-level overflights of military aircraft over the wilderness areas, including military overflights that can be seen or heard within the wilderness areas; (B) the designation of new units of special airspace over the wilderness areas; or (C) the use or establishment of military flight training routes over the wilderness areas. (7) Buffer zones.-- (A) In general.--Nothing in this subsection creates a protective perimeter or buffer zone around any wilderness area. (B) Activities outside wilderness areas.--The fact that an activity or use on land outside any wilderness area can be seen or heard within the wilderness area shall not preclude the activity or use outside the boundary of the wilderness area. (8) Paragliding.--The use of paragliding within areas of the East Potrillo Mountains Wilderness designated by paragraph (1)(D) in which the use has been established before the date of accordance with section 4(d)(1) of the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1133(d)(1)), subject to any terms and conditions that the (9) Climatologic data collection.--Subject to such terms and conditions as the Secretary may prescribe, nothing in this section precludes the installation and maintenance of hydrologic, meteorologic, or climatologic collection devices in wilderness areas if the facilities and access to the facilities are essential to flood warning, flood control, or water reservoir operation activities. (10) Fish and wildlife.--Nothing in this section affects the jurisdiction of the State with respect to fish and wildlife located on public land in the State, except that the Secretary, after consultation with the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, may designate zones where, and establish periods during which, no hunting or fishing shall be permitted for reasons of public safety, administration, or compliance with applicable law. (11) Withdrawals.-- the Federal land within the wilderness areas and any land or interest in land that is acquired by the United States in the wilderness areas after the date of enactment of this Act is withdrawn from-- (i) entry, appropriation, or disposal under (ii) location, entry, and patent under the mining laws; and (iii) operation of the mineral leasing, mineral materials, and geothermal leasing laws. (B) Parcel b.--The approximately 6,498 acres of land generally depicted as ``Parcel B'' on the map entitled ``Organ Mountains Area'' and dated September 21, 2016, is withdrawn in accordance with subparagraph (A), except that the land is not withdrawn for purposes of the issuance of oil and gas pipeline or road rights-of-way. (C) Parcel c.--The approximately 1,297 acres of land generally depicted as ``Parcel C'' on the map entitled that the land is not withdrawn from disposal under the Act of June 14, 1926 (commonly known as the ``Recreation and Public Purposes Act'') (43 U.S.C. 869 et seq.). (D) Parcel d.-- (i) In general.--The Secretary of the Army shall allow for the conduct of certain recreational activities on the approximately 2,035 acres of land generally depicted as ``Parcel D'' on the map entitled ``Organ Mountains Area'' and dated September 21, 2016 (referred to in this paragraph as the ``parcel''), which is a portion of the public land withdrawn and reserved for military purposes by Public Land Order 833 dated May 21, 1952 (17 Fed. Reg. 4822). (ii) Outdoor recreation plan.-- (I) In general.--The Secretary of the Army shall develop a plan for public outdoor recreation on the parcel that is consistent with the primary military mission of the parcel. (II) Requirement.--In developing the plan under subclause (I), the Secretary of the Army shall ensure, to the maximum extent practicable, that outdoor recreation activities may be conducted on the parcel, including hunting, hiking, wildlife viewing, and camping. (iii) Closures.--The Secretary of the Army may close the parcel or any portion of the parcel to the public as the Secretary of the Army determines to be necessary to protect-- (I) public safety; or (II) the safety of the military members training on the parcel. (iv) Transfer of administrative jurisdiction; withdrawal.-- (I) In general.--On a determination by the Secretary of the Army that military training capabilities, personnel safety, and installation security would not be hindered as a result of the transfer to the Secretary of administrative jurisdiction over the parcel, the Secretary of the Army shall transfer to the Secretary administrative jurisdiction over the parcel. (II) Withdrawal.--On transfer of the parcel under subclause (I), the parcel (aa) under the jurisdiction of the Director of the Bureau of Land Management; and (bb) withdrawn from-- (AA) entry, appropriation, or disposal (BB) location, entry, and patent under the mining (CC) operation of the mineral leasing, mineral materials, and geothermal leasing laws. (III) Reservation.--On transfer under subclause (I), the parcel shall be reserved for management of the resources of, and military training conducted on, the parcel in accordance with a memorandum of understanding entered into under clause (v). (v) Memorandum of understanding relating to military training.-- (I) In general.--If, after the transfer of the parcel under clause (iv)(I), the Secretary of the Army requests that the Secretary enter into a memorandum of understanding, the Secretary shall enter into a memorandum of understanding with the Secretary of the Army providing for the conduct of military training on the parcel. (II) Requirements.--The memorandum of understanding entered into under subclause (I) shall-- (aa) address the location, frequency, and type of training activities to be conducted on the parcel; (bb) provide to the Secretary of the Army access to the parcel for the conduct of military training; (cc) authorize the Secretary or the Secretary of the Army to close the parcel or a portion of the parcel to the public as the Secretary or the Secretary of the Army determines to be necessary to protect-- (AA) public safety; or (BB) the safety of the military members training; (dd) to the maximum extent practicable, provide for the protection of natural, historic, and cultural resources in the area of the parcel. (vi) Military overflights.--Nothing in this subparagraph restricts or precludes-- (I) low-level overflights of military aircraft over the parcel, including military overflights that can be seen or heard within the parcel; (II) the designation of new units of special airspace over the parcel; or (III) the use or establishment of military flight training routes over the parcel. (12) Robledo mountains.-- (A) In general.--The Secretary shall manage the Federal land described in subparagraph (B) in a manner that preserves the character of the land for the future inclusion of the land in the National Wilderness Preservation System. (B) Land description.--The land referred to in subparagraph (A) is certain land administered by the Bureau of Land Management, comprising approximately 100 acres as generally depicted as ``Lookout Peak Communication Site'' on the map entitled ``Desert Peaks Complex'' and dated October 1, 2018. (C) Uses.--The Secretary shall permit only such uses on the land described in subparagraph (B) as were permitted on the date of enactment of this Act. (13) Release of wilderness study areas.--Congress finds that, for purposes of section 603(c) of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1782(c)), the public land in Dona Ana County administered by the Bureau of Land Management not designated as wilderness by paragraph (1) or described in paragraph (12)-- (A) has been adequately studied for wilderness designation; (B) is no longer subject to section 603(c) of the (C) shall be managed in accordance with-- (i) the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.); (14) Private land.--In accordance with section 5 of the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1134), the Secretary shall ensure adequate access to non-Federal land located within the boundary of a wilderness area. (c) Border Security.-- (1) In general.--Nothing in this section-- (A) prevents the Secretary of Homeland Security from undertaking law enforcement and border security activities, in accordance with section 4(c) of the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1133(c)), within the wilderness areas, including the ability to use motorized access within a wilderness area while in pursuit of a suspect; (B) affects the 2006 Memorandum of Understanding among the Department of Homeland Security, the Department of the Interior, and the Department of Agriculture regarding cooperative national security and counterterrorism efforts on Federal land along the borders of the United States; or (C) prevents the Secretary of Homeland Security from conducting any low-level overflights over the wilderness areas that may be necessary for law enforcement and border security purposes. (2) Withdrawal and administration of certain area.-- (A) Withdrawal.--The area identified as ``Parcel A'' on the map entitled ``Potrillo Mountains Complex'' and dated September 27, 2018, is withdrawn in accordance with subsection (b)(11)(A). (B) Administration.--Except as provided in subparagraphs (C) and (D), the Secretary shall administer the area described in subparagraph (A) in a manner that, to the maximum extent practicable, protects the wilderness character of the area. (C) Use of motor vehicles.--The use of motor vehicles, motorized equipment, and mechanical transport shall be prohibited in the area described in subparagraph (A) except as necessary for-- (i) the administration of the area (including the conduct of law enforcement and border security activities in the area); or (ii) grazing uses by authorized permittees. (D) Effect of subsection.--Nothing in this paragraph precludes the Secretary from allowing within the area described in subparagraph (A) the installation and maintenance of communication or surveillance infrastructure necessary for law enforcement or border security activities. (3) Restricted route.--The route excluded from the Potrillo Mountains Wilderness identified as ``Restricted--Administrative Access'' on the map entitled ``Potrillo Mountains Complex'' and dated September 27, 2018, shall be-- (A) closed to public access; but (B) available for administrative and law enforcement uses, including border security activities. (d) <<NOTE: 54 USC 320301 note.>> Organ Mountains-desert Peaks National Monument.-- (1) Management plan.--In preparing and implementing the management plan for the Monument, the Secretary shall include a watershed health assessment to identify opportunities for watershed restoration. (2) Incorporation of acquired state trust land and interests in state trust land.-- (A) In general.--Any land or interest in land that is within the State trust land described in subparagraph (B) that is acquired by the United States shall-- (i) become part of the Monument; and (I) Presidential Proclamation 9131 (79 Fed. Reg. 30431); (B) Description of state trust land.--The State trust land referred to in subparagraph (A) is the State trust land in T. 22 S., R 01 W., New Mexico Principal Meridian and T. 22 S., R. 02 W., New Mexico Principal (3) Land exchanges.-- (A) In general.--Subject to subparagraphs (C) through (F), the Secretary shall attempt to enter into an agreement to initiate an exchange under section 2201.1 of title 43, Code of Federal Regulations (or successor regulations), with the Commissioner of Public Lands of New Mexico, by the date that is 18 months after the date of enactment of this Act, to provide for a conveyance to the State of all right, title, and interest of the United States in and to Bureau of Land Management land in the State identified under subparagraph (B) in exchange for the conveyance by the State to the Secretary of all right, title, and interest of the State in and to parcels of State trust land within the boundary of the Monument identified under that subparagraph or described in paragraph (2)(B). (B) Identification of land for exchange.--The Secretary and the Commissioner of Public Lands of New Mexico shall jointly identify the Bureau of Land Management land and State trust land eligible for exchange under this paragraph, the exact acreage and legal description of which shall be determined by surveys approved by the Secretary and the New Mexico State Land Office. (C) Applicable law.--A land exchange under subparagraph (A) shall be carried out in accordance with section 206 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1716). (D) Conditions.--A land exchange under subparagraph (A) shall be subject to-- (ii) such terms as the Secretary and the State shall establish. (E) Valuation, appraisals, and equalization.-- (i) In general.--The value of the Bureau of Land Management land and the State trust land to be conveyed in a land exchange under this paragraph-- (I) shall be equal, as determined by appraisals conducted in accordance with clause (ii); or (II) if not equal, shall be equalized in accordance with clause (iii). (ii) Appraisals.-- (I) In general.--The Bureau of Land Management land and State trust land to be exchanged under this paragraph shall be appraised by an independent, qualified appraiser that is agreed to by the Secretary and the State. (II) Requirements.--An appraisal under subclause (I) shall be conducted (aa) the Uniform Appraisal Standards for Federal Land (bb) the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal (iii) Equalization.-- (I) In general.--If the value of the Bureau of Land Management land and the State trust land to be conveyed in a land exchange under this paragraph is not equal, the value may be equalized by-- (aa) making a cash equalization payment to the Secretary or to the State, as appropriate, in accordance with section 206(b) of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1716(b)); or (bb) reducing the acreage of the Bureau of Land Management land or State trust land to be exchanged, as appropriate. (II) Cash equalization payments.-- Any cash equalization payments received by the Secretary under subclause (I)(aa) (aa) deposited in the Federal Land Disposal Account established by section 206(a) of the Federal Land Transaction Facilitation Act (43 U.S.C. 2305(a)); and (bb) used in accordance with that Act. (F) Limitation.--No exchange of land shall be conducted under this paragraph unless mutually agreed to by the Secretary and the State. (1) Map.--The term ``map'' means the map entitled ``Rio Grande del Norte National Monument Proposed Wilderness Areas'' (b) Designation of Cerro Del Yuta and Rio San Antonio Wilderness Areas.-- U.S.C. 1131 et seq.), the following areas in the Rio Grande del Norte National Monument are designated as wilderness and as components of the National Wilderness Preservation System: (A) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Cerro del yuta Land Management in Taos County, New Mexico, comprising approximately 13,420 acres as generally depicted on the map, which shall be known as the ``Cerro del Yuta (B) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Rio san antonio Land Management in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, comprising approximately 8,120 acres, as generally depicted on the map, which shall be known as the ``Rio San Antonio Wilderness''. (2) Management of wilderness areas.--Subject to valid existing rights, the wilderness areas shall be administered in accordance with the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.) and this section, except that with respect to the wilderness areas designated by this section-- (A) any reference to the effective date of the Wilderness Act shall be considered to be a reference to (B) any reference in the Wilderness Act to the Secretary of Agriculture shall be considered to be a reference to the Secretary. Any land or interest in land within the boundary of the wilderness areas that is acquired by the United States shall-- (A) become part of the wilderness area in which the land is located; and wilderness areas. that an activity or use on land outside a wilderness for purposes of section 603(c) of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1782(c)), the public land within the San Antonio Wilderness Study Area not designated as wilderness by this section-- (C) shall be managed in accordance with this the map and legal descriptions of the wilderness areas (B) Force of law.--The map and legal descriptions the Secretary may correct errors in the legal description and map. (C) Public availability.--The map and legal (8) National landscape conservation system.--The wilderness areas shall be administered as components of the National jurisdiction of the State of New Mexico with respect to fish and wildlife located on public land in the State. (10) Withdrawals.--Subject to valid existing rights, any Federal land within the wilderness areas designated by paragraph (1), including any land or interest in land that is acquired by the United States after the date of enactment of this Act, is (11) Treaty rights.--Nothing in this section enlarges, diminishes, or otherwise modifies any treaty rights. (a) Definition of Map.--In this section, the term ``Map'' means the Forest Service map entitled ``Methow Headwaters Withdrawal Proposal Legislative Map'' and dated May 24, 2016. (b) Withdrawal.--Subject to valid existing rights, the approximately 340,079 acres of Federal land and interests in the land located in the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest within the area depicted on the Map as ``Proposed Withdrawal'' is withdrawn from all forms of-- (1) entry, appropriation, or disposal under the public land laws; (3) disposition under the mineral leasing and geothermal (c) Acquired Land.--Any land or interest in land within the area depicted on the Map as ``Proposed Withdrawal'' that is acquired by the United States after the date of enactment of this Act shall, on acquisition, be immediately withdrawn in accordance with this section. (d) Availability of Map.--The Map shall be kept on file and made available for public inspection in the appropriate offices of the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management. map entitled ``Emigrant Crevice Proposed Withdrawal Area'' and dated (b) Withdrawal.--Subject to valid existing rights in existence on the date of enactment of this Act, the National Forest System land and interests in the National Forest System land, as depicted on the map, is (2) disposition under all laws pertaining to mineral and geothermal leasing. depicted on the map that is acquired by the United States after the date of enactment of this Act shall, on acquisition, be immediately withdrawn in accordance with this section. (d) Map.-- (1) Submission of map.--As soon as practicable after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Agriculture shall file the map with-- (A) the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate; and (B) the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives. (2) Force of law.--The map filed under paragraph (1) shall have the same force and effect as if included in this section, except that the Secretary of Agriculture may correct clerical and typographical errors in the map. (3) Public availability.--The map filed under paragraph (1) appropriate offices of the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land (e) Effect.--Nothing in this section affects any recreational use, including hunting or fishing, that is authorized on land within the area depicted on the map under applicable law as of the date of enactment of this Act. (a) Wild and Scenic River Additions, Designations and Technical Corrections.-- (1) Additions to rogue wild and scenic river.-- (A) In general.--Section 3(a) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1274(a)) is amended by striking paragraph (5) and inserting the following: ``(5) Rogue, oregon.-- ``(A) In general.--The segment of the river extending from the mouth of the Applegate River downstream to the Lobster Creek Bridge, to be administered by the Secretary of the Interior or the Secretary of Agriculture, as agreed to by the Secretaries of the Interior and Agriculture or as directed by the President. ``(B) Additions.--In addition to the segment described in subparagraph (A), there are designated the following segments in the Rogue River: ``(i) Kelsey creek.--The approximately 6.8- mile segment of Kelsey Creek from the Wild Rogue Wilderness boundary in T. 32 S., R. 9 W., sec. 25, Willamette Meridian, to the confluence with the Rogue River, as a wild river. ``(ii) East fork kelsey creek.-- ``(I) Scenic river.--The approximately 0.2-mile segment of East Fork Kelsey Creek from headwaters downstream to the Wild Rogue Wilderness boundary in T. 33 S., R. 8 W., sec. 5, Willamette Meridian, as a scenic river. ``(II) Wild river.--The Fork Kelsey Creek from the Wild Rogue Wilderness boundary in T. 33 S., R. 8 W., sec. 5, Willamette Meridian, to the confluence with Kelsey Creek, as a wild ``(iii) Whisky creek.-- ``(I) Recreational river.--The approximately 1.6-mile segment of Whisky Creek from the confluence of the East Fork and West Fork to the south boundary of the non-Federal land in T. 33 S., R. 8 W., sec. 17, Willamette Meridian, as a recreational river. Creek from road 33-8-23 to the confluence with the Rogue River, as a wild river. ``(iv) East fork whisky creek.-- Fork Whisky Creek from its headwaters to Wild Rogue Wilderness boundary in T. 33 S., R. 8 W., sec. 11, Willamette Meridian, as a scenic river. Fork Whisky Creek from the Wild Rogue Wilderness boundary in T. 33 S., R. 8 W., sec. 11, Willamette Meridian, downstream to road 33-8-26 crossing, as a wild river. ``(III) Recreational river.--The Fork Whisky Creek from road 33-8-26 to the confluence with Whisky Creek, as a ``(v) West fork whisky creek.--The approximately 4.8-mile segment of West Fork Whisky Creek from its headwaters to the confluence with the East Fork Whisky Creek, as a wild river. ``(vi) Big windy creek.-- approximately 1.5-mile segment of Big Windy Creek from its headwaters to road 34-9-17.1, as a scenic river. Windy Creek from road 34-9-17.1 to the ``(vii) East fork big windy creek.-- Fork Big Windy Creek from its headwaters to road 34-8-36, as a scenic river. Fork Big Windy Creek from road 34-8-36 to the confluence with Big Windy Creek, as a wild river. ``(viii) Little windy creek.-- approximately 1.2-mile segment of Little Windy Creek from its headwaters to the Windy Creek from the Wild Rogue W., sec. 34, Willamette Meridian, to the ``(ix) Howard creek.-- approximately 3.5-mile segment of Howard Creek from its headwaters to road 34-9- 34, as a scenic river. Creek from 0.1 miles downstream of road 34-9-34 to the confluence with the Rogue River, as a wild river. ``(III) Wild river.--The approximately 3.5-mile segment of Anna Creek from its headwaters to the confluence with Howard Creek, as a wild ``(x) Mule creek.-- approximately 3.5-mile segment of Mule Creek from its headwaters downstream to the Wild Rogue Wilderness boundary as a scenic river. Creek from the Wild Rogue ``(xi) Missouri creek.-- approximately 3.1-mile segment of Missouri Creek from its headwaters boundary in T. 33 S., R. 10 W., sec. 24, Missouri Creek from the Wild Rogue Wilderness boundary in T. 33 S., R. 10 ``(xii) Jenny creek.-- approximately 3.1-mile segment of Jenny the Wild Rogue Wilderness boundary in T. 33 S., R. 9 W., sec. 28, Willamette Creek from the Wild Rogue Wilderness boundary in T. 33 S., R. 9 W., sec. 28, Willamette Meridian, to the confluence with the Rogue River, as a wild river. ``(xiii) Rum creek.-- approximately 2.2-mile segment of Rum Creek from its headwaters to the Wild R. 8 W., sec. 9, Willamette Meridian, as a scenic river. ``(xiv) East fork rum creek.-- Fork Rum Creek from its headwaters to Fork Rum Creek from the Wild Rogue confluence with Rum Creek, as a wild ``(xv) Wildcat creek.--The approximately 1.7- mile segment of Wildcat Creek from its headwaters downstream to the confluence with the Rogue River, ``(xvi) Montgomery creek.--The approximately 1.8-mile segment of Montgomery Creek from its headwaters downstream to the confluence with the ``(xvii) Hewitt creek.-- approximately 1.4-mile segment of Hewitt as a scenic river. ``(xviii) Bunker creek.--The approximately 6.6-mile segment of Bunker Creek from its headwaters to the confluence with the Rogue River, ``(xix) Dulog creek.-- approximately 0.8-mile segment of Dulog Creek from its headwaters to 0.1 miles downstream of road 34-8-36, as a scenic ``(xx) Quail creek.--The approximately 1.7- mile segment of Quail Creek from the Wild Rogue Wilderness boundary in T. 33 S., R. 10 W., sec. 1, ``(xxi) Meadow creek.--The approximately 4.1- mile segment of Meadow Creek from its headwaters to the confluence with the Rogue River, as a wild ``(xxii) Russian creek.--The approximately 2.5-mile segment of Russian Creek from the Wild Rogue Wilderness boundary in T. 33 S., R. 8 W., sec. 20, Willamette Meridian, to the confluence ``(xxiii) Alder creek.--The approximately 1.2- mile segment of Alder Creek from its headwaters to the confluence with the Rogue River, as a wild ``(xxiv) Booze creek.--The approximately 1.5- mile segment of Booze Creek from its headwaters to ``(xxv) Bronco creek.--The approximately 1.8- mile segment of Bronco Creek from its headwaters ``(xxvi) Copsey creek.--The approximately 1.5- mile segment of Copsey Creek from its headwaters ``(xxvii) Corral creek.--The approximately 0.5-mile segment of Corral Creek from its ``(xxviii) Cowley creek.--The approximately 0.9-mile segment of Cowley Creek from its headwaters ``(xxix) Ditch creek.--The approximately 1.8- mile segment of Ditch Creek from the Wild Rogue Wilderness boundary in T. 33 S., R. 9 W., sec. 5, Willamette Meridian, to its confluence with the ``(xxx) Francis creek.--The approximately 0.9- mile segment of Francis Creek from its headwaters ``(xxxi) Long gulch.-- approximately 1.4-mile segment of Long Gulch from its headwaters to the Wild R. 10 W., sec. 23, Willamette Meridian, Gulch from the Wild Rogue Wilderness ``(xxxii) Bailey creek.-- approximately 1.4-mile segment of Bailey Rogue Wilderness boundary on the west section line of T. 34 S., R. 8 W., sec. 14, Willamette Meridian, as a scenic Creek from the west section line of T. 34 S., R.8 W., sec. 14, Willamette Meridian, to the confluence of the Rogue ``(xxxiii) Shady creek.--The approximately 0.7-mile segment of Shady Creek from its ``(xxxiv) Slide creek.-- approximately 0.5-mile segment of Slide 6, as a scenic river. approximately 0.7-mile section of Slide Creek from road 33-9-6 to the confluence with the Rogue River, as a wild river.''. (B) Management.--Each river segment designated by subparagraph (B) of section 3(a)(5) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1274(a)(5)) (as added by subparagraph (A)) shall be managed as part of the Rogue Wild and Scenic River. (C) Withdrawal.--Subject to valid existing rights, the Federal land within the boundaries of the river segments designated by subparagraph (B) of section 3(a)(5) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1274(a)(5)) (as added by subparagraph (A)) is withdrawn (iii) disposition under all laws pertaining to mineral and geothermal leasing or mineral (D) Additional protections for rogue river tributaries.-- (i) Licensing by commission.--The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission shall not license the construction of any dam, water conduit, reservoir, powerhouse, transmission line, or other project works on or directly affecting any stream described in clause (iv). (ii) Other agencies.-- (I) In general.--No department or agency of the United States shall assist by loan, grant, license, or otherwise in the construction of any water resources project on or directly affecting any stream segment that is described in clause (iv), except to maintain or repair water resources projects in existence on the date of enactment of (II) Effect.--Nothing in this clause prohibits any department or agency of the United States in assisting by loan, grant, license, or otherwise, a water resources project-- (aa) the primary purpose of which is ecological or aquatic restoration; (bb) that provides a net benefit to water quality and aquatic resources; and (cc) that is consistent with protecting and enhancing the values for which the river was designated. (iii) Withdrawal.--Subject to valid existing rights, the Federal land located within \1/4\ mile on either side of the stream segments described in clause (iv) is withdrawn from all forms of-- (I) entry, appropriation, or disposal under the public land laws; (II) location, entry, and patent under the mining laws; and (III) disposition under all laws pertaining to mineral and geothermal leasing or mineral materials. (iv) Description of stream segments.--The following are the stream segments referred to in clause (i): (I) Kelsey creek.--The approximately 2.5-mile segment of Kelsey Creek from its headwaters to the Wild Rogue W., sec. 25, Willamette Meridian. (II) Grave creek.--The approximately 10.2-mile segment of Grave Creek from the east boundary of T. 34 S., R. 7 W., sec. 1, Willamette Meridian, downstream to the confluence with the Rogue River. (III) Centennial gulch.--The Centennial Gulch from its headwaters to its confluence with the Rogue River in T. 34 S., R. 7, W., sec. 18, Willamette (IV) Quail creek.--The approximately 0.8-mile segment of Quail Creek from its headwaters to the Wild Rogue Wilderness boundary in T. 33 S., R. 10 W., sec. 1, Willamette Meridian. (V) Ditch creek.--The approximately 0.7-mile segment of Ditch Creek from its (VI) Galice creek.--The approximately 2.2-mile segment of Galice Creek from the confluence with the North Fork Galice Creek downstream to the confluence with the Rogue River in T. 34 (VII) Quartz creek.--The approximately 3.3-mile segment of Quartz Creek from its headwaters to its confluence with the North Fork Galice Creek in T. 35 S., R. 8 W., sec. 4, (VIII) North fork galice creek.--The approximately 5.7-mile segment of the North Fork Galice Creek from its headwaters to its confluence with the South Fork Galice Creek in T. 35 S., R. 8 W., sec. 3, Willamette Meridian. (2) Technical corrections to the wild and scenic rivers act.-- (A) Chetco, oregon.--Section 3(a)(69) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1274(a)(69)) is amended-- (i) by redesignating subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C) as clauses (i), (ii), and (iii), respectively, and indenting appropriately; (ii) in the matter preceding clause (i) (as so redesignated), by striking ``The 44.5-mile'' and inserting the following: ``(A) Designations.--The 44.5-mile''; (iii) in clause (i) (as so redesignated)-- (I) by striking ``25.5-mile'' and inserting ``27.5-mile''; and (II) by striking ``Boulder Creek at the Kalmiopsis Wilderness boundary'' and inserting ``Mislatnah Creek''; (iv) in clause (ii) (as so redesignated)-- (I) by striking ``8-mile'' and inserting ``7.5-mile''; and (II) by striking ``Boulder Creek to Steel Bridge'' and inserting ``Mislatnah Creek to Eagle Creek''; (v) in clause (iii) (as so redesignated)-- (I) by striking ``11-mile'' and (II) by striking ``Steel Bridge'' and inserting ``Eagle Creek''; and (vi) by adding at the end the following: ``(B) Withdrawal.--Subject to valid rights, the Federal land within the boundaries of the river segments designated by subparagraph (A) is withdrawn from all forms of-- ``(i) entry, appropriation, or disposal under ``(ii) location, entry, and patent under the ``(iii) disposition under all laws pertaining to mineral and geothermal leasing or mineral materials.''. (B) Whychus creek, oregon.--Section 3(a)(102) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1274(a)(102)) is (i) in the paragraph heading, by striking ``Squaw creek'' and inserting ``Whychus creek''; (ii) by redesignating subparagraphs (A) and (B) as clauses (i) and (ii), respectively, and (iii) in the matter preceding clause (i) (as so redesignated)-- (I) by striking ``The 15.4-mile'' ``(A) Designations.--The 15.4-mile''; and (II) by striking ``McAllister Ditch, including the Soap Fork Squaw Creek, the North Fork, the South Fork, the East and West Forks of Park Creek, and Park Creek Fork'' and inserting ``Plainview Ditch, including the Soap Creek, the North and South Forks of Whychus Creek, the East and West Forks of Park Creek, and Park Creek''; (iv) in clause (ii) (as so redesignated), by striking ``McAllister Ditch'' and inserting ``Plainview Ditch''; and (v) by adding at the end the following: ``(B) Withdrawal.--Subject to valid existing rights, segments designated by subparagraph (A) is withdrawn ``(iii) disposition under all laws relating to (3) Wild and scenic river designations, wasson creek and franklin creek, oregon.--Section 3(a) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1274(a)) is amended by adding at the end ``(214) Franklin creek, oregon.--The 4.5-mile segment from its headwaters to the private land boundary in sec. 8, to be administered by the Secretary of Agriculture as a wild river. ``(215) Wasson creek, oregon.--The 10.1-mile segment in the following classes: ``(A) The 4.2-mile segment from the eastern boundary of T. 21 S., R. 9 W., sec. 17, downstream to the western boundary of T. 21 S., R. 10 W., sec. 12, to be administered by the Secretary of the Interior as a wild ``(B) The 5.9-mile segment from the western boundary of T. 21 S., R. 10 W., sec. 12, downstream to the eastern boundary of the northwest quarter of T. 21 S., R. 10 W., sec. 22, to be administered by the Secretary of Agriculture as a wild river.''. (4) Wild and scenic river designations, molalla river, oregon.--Section 3(a) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1274(a)) (as amended by paragraph (3)) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(216) Molalla river, oregon.-- ``(A) In general.--The following segments in the State of Oregon, to be administered by the Secretary of the Interior as a recreational river: ``(i) Molalla river.--The approximately 15.1- mile segment from the southern boundary line of T. 7 S., R. 4 E., sec. 19, downstream to the edge of the Bureau of Land Management boundary in T. 6 S., R. 3 E., sec. 7. ``(ii) Table rock fork molalla river.--The approximately 6.2-mile segment from the easternmost Bureau of Land Management boundary line in the NE\1/4\ sec. 4, T. 7 S., R. 4 E., downstream to the confluence with the Molalla (5) Designation of additional wild and scenic rivers.-- (A) Elk river, oregon.-- (i) In general.--Section 3(a) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1274(a)) is amended by striking paragraph (76) and inserting the ``(76) Elk, oregon.--The 69.2-mile segment to be administered by the Secretary of Agriculture in the following classes: ``(A) Mainstem.--The 17-mile segment from the confluence of the North and South Forks of the Elk to Anvil Creek as a recreational river. ``(B) North fork.-- ``(i) Scenic river.--The approximately 0.6- mile segment of the North Fork Elk from its source in T. 33 S., R. 12 W., sec. 21, Willamette Meridian, downstream to 0.01 miles below Forest Service Road 3353, as a scenic river. ``(ii) Wild river.--The approximately 5.5-mile segment of the North Fork Elk from 0.01 miles below Forest Service Road 3353 to its confluence with the South Fork Elk, as a wild river. ``(C) South fork.-- mile segment of the South Fork Elk from its source in the southeast quarter of T. 33 S., R. 12 W., sec. 32, Willamette Meridian, Forest Service Road 3353, as a scenic river. segment of the South Fork Elk from 0.01 miles Forest Service Road 3353 to its confluence with the North Fork Elk, as a wild river. ``(D) Other tributaries.-- ``(i) Rock creek.--The approximately 1.7-mile segment of Rock Creek from its headwaters to the west boundary of T. 32 S., R. 14 W., sec. 30, Willamette Meridian, as a wild river. ``(ii) Bald mountain creek.--The approximately 8-mile segment of Bald Mountain Creek from its headwaters, including Salal Spring to its confluence with Elk River, as a recreational ``(iii) South fork bald mountain creek.--The approximately 3.5-mile segment of South Fork Bald Mountain Creek from its headwaters to its confluence with Bald Mountain Creek, as a scenic ``(iv) Platinum creek.--The approximately 1- mile segment of Platinum Creek from-- ``(I) its headwaters to Forest Service Road 5325, as a wild river; and ``(II) Forest Service Road 5325 to its confluence with Elk River, as a ``(v) Panther creek.--The approximately 5.0- mile segment of Panther Creek from-- ``(I) its headwaters, including Mountain Well, to Forest Service Road 5325, as a wild river; and ``(vi) East fork panther creek.--The approximately 3.0-mile segment of East Fork Panther Creek from it headwaters, to the confluence with Panther Creek, as a wild river. ``(vii) West fork panther creek.--The approximately 3.0-mile segment of West Fork Panther Creek from its headwaters to the confluence with Panther Creek as a wild river. ``(viii) Lost creek.--The approximately 1.0- mile segment of Lost Creek from-- its confluence with the Elk River, as a ``(ix) Milbury creek.--The approximately 1.5- mile segment of Milbury Creek from-- ``(x) Blackberry creek.--The approximately 5.0-mile segment of Blackberry Creek from-- ``(xi) East fork blackberry creek.--The approximately 2.0-mile segment of the unnamed tributary locally known as `East Fork Blackberry Creek' from its headwaters in T. 33 S., R. 13 W., sec. 26, Willamette Meridian, to its confluence with Blackberry Creek, ``(xii) Mccurdy creek.--The approximately 1.0- mile segment of McCurdy Creek from-- ``(xiii) Bear creek.--The approximately 1.5- mile segment of Bear Creek from headwaters to the confluence with Bald Mountain Creek, as a ``(xiv) Butler creek.--The approximately 4- mile segment of Butler Creek from-- ``(I) its headwaters to the south boundary of T. 33 S., R. 13 W., sec. 8, Willamette Meridian, as a wild river; ``(II) from the south boundary of T. 33 S., R. 13 W., sec. 8, Willamette Meridian, to its confluence with Elk River, as a scenic river. ``(xv) East fork butler creek.--The approximately 2.8-mile segment locally known as the `East Fork of Butler Creek' from its headwaters on Mount Butler in T. 32 S., R. 13 W., sec. 29, Willamette Meridian, to its confluence with Butler Creek, as a scenic river. ``(xvi) Purple mountain creek.--The `Purple Mountain Creek' from-- ``(I) its headwaters in secs. 35 and 36, T. 33 S., R. 14 W., Willamette Meridian, to 0.01 miles above Forest ``(II) 0.01 miles above Forest Service Road 5325 to its confluence with the Elk River, as a scenic river.''. (ii) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1274 note.>> Withdrawal.--Subject to valid existing rights, the Federal land within the boundaries of the river segments designated by paragraph (76) of section 3(a) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1274(a)) (as amended by clause (i)) is withdrawn relating to mineral and geothermal (B) Designation of wild and scenic river segments.-- Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1274(a)) (as amended by paragraph (4)) is amended by adding at the end ``(217) Nestucca river, oregon.--The approximately 15.5-mile segment from its confluence with Ginger Creek downstream until it crosses the western edge of T. 4 S., R. 7 W., sec. 7, Willamette Meridian, to be administered by the Secretary of the Interior as a recreational river. ``(218) Walker creek, oregon.--The approximately 2.9-mile segment from the headwaters in T. 3 S., R. 6 W., sec. 20 downstream to the confluence with the Nestucca River in T. 3 S., R. 6 W., sec. 15, Willamette Meridian, to be administered by the Secretary of the Interior as a recreational river. ``(219) North fork silver creek, oregon.--The approximately 6-mile segment from the headwaters in T. 35 S., R. 9 W., sec. 1 downstream to the western edge of the Bureau of Land Management boundary in T. 35 S., R. 9 W., sec. 17, Willamette Meridian, to be administered by the Secretary of the Interior as a ``(220) Jenny creek, oregon.--The approximately 17.6-mile segment from the Bureau of Land Management boundary located at the north boundary of the southwest quarter of the southeast quarter of T. 38 S., R. 4 E., sec. 34, Willamette Meridian, downstream to the Oregon State border, to be administered by the Secretary of the Interior as a scenic river. ``(221) Spring creek, oregon.--The approximately 1.1-mile segment from its source at Shoat Springs in T. 40 S., R. 4 E., sec. 34, Willamette Meridian, downstream to the confluence with Jenny Creek in T. 41 S., R. 4 E., sec. 3, Willamette Meridian, to be administered by the Secretary of the Interior as a scenic ``(222) Lobster creek, oregon.--The approximately 5-mile segment from T. 15 S., R. 8 W., sec. 35, Willamette Meridian, downstream to the northern edge of the Bureau of Land Management ``(223) Elk creek, oregon.--The approximately 7.3-mile segment from its confluence with Flat Creek near river mile 9, to the southern edge of the Army Corps of Engineers boundary in T. 33 S., R. 1 E., sec. 30, Willamette Meridian, near river mile 1.7, to be administered by the Secretary of the Interior as a scenic river.''. Administration of elk creek.-- (I) Lateral boundaries of elk creek.--The lateral boundaries of the river segment designated by paragraph (223) of section 3(a) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1274(a)) (as added by clause (i)) shall include an average of not more than 640 acres per mile measured from the ordinary high water mark on both sides of the river (II) Deauthorization.--The Elk Creek Project authorized under the Flood Control Act of 1962 (Public Law 87-874; 76 Stat. 1192) is deauthorized. (iii) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1274 note.>> segments designated by paragraphs (217) through (223) of section 3(a) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1274(a)) (as added by clause (i)) is withdrawn from all forms of-- (b) Devil's Staircase Wilderness.-- (1) Definitions.--In this subsection: (A) Map.--The term ``map'' means the map entitled ``Devil's Staircase Wilderness Proposal'' and dated July (B) Secretary.--The term ``Secretary'' means-- (i) the Secretary, with respect to public land administered by the Secretary; or (ii) the Secretary of Agriculture, with respect to National Forest System land. (C) State.--The term ``State'' means the State of (D) Wilderness.--The term ``Wilderness'' means the Devil's Staircase Wilderness designated by paragraph (2) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Designation.--In accordance approximately 30,621 acres of Forest Service land and Bureau of Land Management land in the State, as generally depicted on the map, is designated as wilderness and as a component of the National Wilderness Preservation System, to be known as the ``Devil's Staircase Wilderness''. prepare a map and legal description of the Wilderness. force and effect as if included in this subsection, except that the Secretary may correct clerical and typographical errors in the map and legal description. offices of the Forest Service and Bureau of Land area designated as wilderness by this subsection shall be administered by the Secretary in accordance with the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.), except that-- (A) any reference in that Act to the effective date shall be considered to be a reference to the date of enactment of this Act; and (B) any reference in that Act to the Secretary of Agriculture shall be considered to be a reference to the Secretary that has jurisdiction over the land within the (5) Fish and wildlife.--Nothing in this subsection affects the jurisdiction or responsibilities of the State with respect to fish and wildlife in the State. any protective perimeter or buffer zone around the (B) Activities outside wilderness.--The fact that a nonwilderness activity or use on land outside the Wilderness can be seen or heard within the Wilderness boundary of the Wilderness. (7) Protection of tribal rights.--Nothing in this subsection (8) Transfer of administrative jurisdiction.-- (A) In general.--Administrative jurisdiction over the approximately 49 acres of Bureau of Land Management land north of the Umpqua River in T. 21 S., R. 11 W., sec. 32, is transferred from the Bureau of Land Management to the Forest Service. (B) Administration.--The Secretary shall administer the land transferred by subparagraph (A) in accordance (i) the Act of March 1, 1911 (commonly known as the ``Weeks Law'') (16 U.S.C. 480 et seq.); and (ii) any laws (including regulations) applicable to the National Forest System. SEC. 1211. <<NOTE: 16 USC 460dddd note.>> DEFINITIONS. In this part: (1) Council.--The term ``Council'' means the San Rafael Swell Recreation Area Advisory Council established under section 1223(a). (2) County.--The term ``County'' means Emery County in the management plan for the Recreation Area developed under section 1222(c). (4) Map.--The term ``Map'' means the map entitled ``Emery County Public Land Management Act of 2018 Overview Map'' and dated February 5, 2019. San Rafael Swell Recreation Area established by section 1221(a)(1). (6) Secretary.--The term ``Secretary'' means-- (A) the Secretary, with respect to public land administered by the Bureau of Land Management; and (B) the Secretary of Agriculture, with respect to National Forest System land. wilderness area designated by section 1231(a). SEC. 1212. <<NOTE: 16 USC 460dddd note.>> ADMINISTRATION. Nothing in this part affects or modifies-- (1) any right of any federally recognized Indian Tribe; or (2) any obligation of the United States to any federally recognized Indian Tribe. SEC. 1213. <<NOTE: 16 USC 460dddd note.>> EFFECT ON WATER RIGHTS. Nothing in this part-- (2) affects any water right (as defined by applicable State law) in existence on the date of enactment of this Act, date of enactment of this Act; Act; or (5) affects the management and operation of Flaming Gorge Dam and Reservoir, including the storage, management, and release of water. SEC. 1214. <<NOTE: 16 USC 460dddd note.>> SAVINGS CLAUSE. Nothing in this part diminishes the authority of the Secretary under Public Law 92-195 (commonly known as the ``Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act'') (16 U.S.C. 1331 et seq.). SEC. 1221. <<NOTE: 16 USC 460dddd.>> ESTABLISHMENT OF RECREATION (a) Establishment.-- established the San Rafael Swell Recreation Area in the State. approximately 216,995 acres of Federal land managed by the Bureau of Land Management, as generally depicted on the Map. (b) Purposes.--The purposes of the Recreation Area are to provide for the protection, conservation, and enhancement of the recreational, cultural, natural, scenic, wildlife, ecological, historical, and educational resources of the Recreation Area. enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall file a map and legal description of the Recreation Area with the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate. (2) Effect.--The map and legal description filed under included in this subpart, except that the Secretary may correct clerical and typographical errors in the map and legal (3) Public availability.--A copy of the map and legal description filed under paragraph (1) shall be on file and SEC. 1222. <<NOTE: 16 USC 460dddd-1.>> MANAGEMENT OF RECREATION (a) In General.--The Secretary shall administer the Recreation Area-- purposes for which the Recreation Area is established; and (B) the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.); and (C) other applicable laws. (b) Uses.--The Secretary shall allow only uses of the Recreation Area that are consistent with the purposes for which the Recreation Area is established. (c) Management Plan.-- enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall develop a comprehensive management plan for the long-term protection and management of the Recreation Area. (2) Requirements.--The Management Plan shall-- (A) describe the appropriate uses and management of the Recreation Area; (B) be developed with extensive public input; (C) take into consideration any information developed in studies of the land within the Recreation Area; and (D) be developed fully consistent with the settlement agreement entered into on January 13, 2017, in the case in the United States District Court for the District of Utah styled ``Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance, et al. v. U.S. Department of the Interior, et al.'' and numbered 2:12-cv-257 DAK. (d) Motorized Vehicles; New Roads.-- (1) Motorized vehicles.--Except as needed for emergency response or administrative purposes, the use of motorized vehicles in the Recreation Area shall be permitted only on roads and motorized routes designated in the Management Plan for the use of motorized vehicles. (B) Effect.--Nothing in this subsection prevents the Secretary from rerouting an existing road or trail to protect Recreation Area resources from degradation or to protect public safety, as determined to be appropriate (e) Grazing.-- (1) In general.--The grazing of livestock in the Recreation Area, if established before the date of enactment of this Act, shall be allowed to continue, subject to such reasonable regulations, policies, and practices as the Secretary considers to be necessary in accordance with-- (A) applicable law (including regulations); and (B) the purposes of the Recreation Area. (2) Inventory.--Not later than 5 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary, in collaboration with any affected grazing permittee, shall carry out an inventory of facilities and improvements associated with grazing activities in the Recreation Area. (f) Cold War Sites.--The Secretary shall manage the Recreation Area in a manner that educates the public about Cold War and historic uranium mine sites in the Recreation Area, subject to such terms and conditions as the Secretary considers necessary to protect public health and safety. (g) Incorporation of Acquired Land and Interests.--Any land or interest in land located within the boundary of the Recreation Area that is acquired by the United States after the date of enactment of this Act (1) become part of the Recreation Area; and (2) be managed in accordance with applicable laws, including as provided in this section. (h) Withdrawal.--Subject to valid existing rights, all Federal land within the Recreation Area, including any land or interest in land that is acquired by the United States within the Recreation Area after the date of enactment of this Act, is withdrawn from-- (i) Study of Nonmotorized Recreation Opportunities.--Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary, in consultation with interested parties, shall conduct a study of nonmotorized recreation trail opportunities, including bicycle trails, within the Recreation Area, consistent with the purposes of the (j) Cooperative Agreement.--The Secretary may enter into a cooperative agreement with the State in accordance with section 307(b) of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1737(b)) and other applicable laws to provide for the protection, management, and maintenance of the Recreation Area. SEC. 1223. <<NOTE: 16 USC 460dddd-2.>> SAN RAFAEL SWELL RECREATION AREA ADVISORY COUNCIL. (a) Establishment.--Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall establish an advisory council, to be known as the ``San Rafael Swell Recreation Area Advisory Council''. (b) Duties.--The Council shall advise the Secretary with respect to the preparation and implementation of the Management Plan for the (c) Applicable Law.--The Council shall be subject to-- (1) the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.); and (2) section 309 of the Federal Land Policy and Management (d) Members.--The Council shall include 7 members, to be appointed by the Secretary, of whom, to the maximum extent practicable-- (1) 1 member shall represent the Emery County Commission; (2) 1 member shall represent motorized recreational users; (3) 1 member shall represent nonmotorized recreational users; (4) 1 member shall represent permittees holding grazing allotments within the Recreation Area or wilderness areas designated in this part; (5) 1 member shall represent conservation organizations; (6) 1 member shall have expertise in the historical uses of the Recreation Area; and (7) 1 member shall be appointed from the elected leadership of a Federally recognized Indian Tribe that has significant cultural or historical connections to, and expertise in, the landscape, archeological sites, or cultural sites within the County. SEC. 1231. ADDITIONS TO THE NATIONAL WILDERNESS PRESERVATION (a) Additions.--In accordance with the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.), the following land in the State is designated as wilderness and as components of the National Wilderness Preservation (1) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Big wild horse mesa.-- Certain Federal land managed by the Bureau of Land Management, comprising approximately 18,192 acres, generally depicted on the Map as ``Proposed Big Wild Horse Mesa Wilderness'', which shall be known as the ``Big Wild Horse Mesa Wilderness''. (2) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Cold wash.--Certain Federal land managed by the Bureau of Land Management, comprising approximately 11,001 acres, generally depicted on the Map as ``Proposed Cold Wash Wilderness'', which shall be known as the ``Cold Wash Wilderness''. (3) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Desolation canyon.--Certain Federal land managed by the Bureau of Land Management, comprising approximately 142,996 acres, generally depicted on the Map as ``Proposed Desolation Canyon Wilderness'', which shall be known as the ``Desolation Canyon Wilderness''. (4) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Devil's canyon.--Certain comprising approximately 8,675 acres, generally depicted on the Map as ``Proposed Devil's Canyon Wilderness'', which shall be known as the ``Devil's Canyon Wilderness''. (5) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Eagle canyon.--Certain Map as ``Proposed Eagle Canyon Wilderness'', which shall be known as the ``Eagle Canyon Wilderness''. (6) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Horse valley.--Certain Map as ``Proposed Horse Valley Wilderness'', which shall be known as the ``Horse Valley Wilderness''. (7) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Labyrinth canyon.--Certain comprising approximately 54,643 acres, generally depicted on the Map as ``Proposed Labyrinth Canyon Wilderness'', which shall be known as the ``Labyrinth Canyon Wilderness''. (8) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Little ocean draw.--Certain Map as ``Proposed Little Ocean Draw Wilderness'', which shall be known as the ``Little Ocean Draw Wilderness''. (9) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Little wild horse canyon.-- Map as ``Proposed Little Wild Horse Canyon Wilderness'', which shall be known as the ``Little Wild Horse Canyon Wilderness''. (10) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Lower last chance.-- Map as ``Proposed Lower Last Chance Wilderness'', which shall be known as the ``Lower Last Chance Wilderness''. (11) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Mexican mountain.--Certain Map as ``Proposed Mexican Mountain Wilderness'', which shall be known as the ``Mexican Mountain Wilderness''. (12) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Middle wild horse mesa.-- Map as ``Proposed Middle Wild Horse Mesa Wilderness'', which shall be known as the ``Middle Wild Horse Mesa Wilderness''. (13) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Muddy creek.--Certain Map as ``Proposed Muddy Creek Wilderness'', which shall be known as the ``Muddy Creek Wilderness''. (14) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Nelson mountain.-- (A) In general.--Certain Federal land managed by the Forest Service, comprising approximately 7,176 acres, and certain Federal land managed by the Bureau of Land Management, comprising approximately 257 acres, generally depicted on the Map as ``Proposed Nelson Mountain Wilderness'', which shall be known as the ``Nelson Mountain Wilderness''. (B) Transfer of administrative jurisdiction.-- Administrative jurisdiction over the 257-acre portion of the Nelson Mountain Wilderness designated by subparagraph (A) is transferred from the Bureau of Land (15) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Red's canyon.--Certain Map as ``Proposed Red's Canyon Wilderness'', which shall be known as the ``Red's Canyon Wilderness''. (16) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> San rafael reef.--Certain Map as ``Proposed San Rafael Reef Wilderness'', which shall be known as the ``San Rafael Reef Wilderness''. (17) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Sid's mountain.--Certain Map as ``Proposed Sid's Mountain Wilderness'', which shall be known as the ``Sid's Mountain Wilderness''. (18) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Turtle canyon.--Certain Map as ``Proposed Turtle Canyon Wilderness'', which shall be known as the ``Turtle Canyon Wilderness''. (b) Map and Legal Description.-- description of each wilderness area with-- (A) the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives; and (B) the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate. (2) Effect.--Each map and legal description filed under included in this part, except that the Secretary may correct clerical and typographical errors in the maps and legal (3) Availability.--Each map and legal description filed under paragraph (1) shall be on file and available for public inspection in the appropriate office of the Secretary. (a) Management.--Subject to valid existing rights, the wilderness areas shall be administered by the Secretary in accordance with the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.), except that-- (1) any reference in that Act to the effective date shall be considered to be a reference to the date of enactment of this Act; and (2) any reference in that Act to the Secretary of (b) Recreational Climbing.--Nothing in this part prohibits recreational rock climbing activities in the wilderness areas, such as the placement, use, and maintenance of fixed anchors, including any fixed anchor established before the date of the enactment of this Act-- (1) in accordance with the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.); and (2) subject to any terms and conditions determined to be necessary by the Secretary. (c) Trail Plan.--After providing opportunities for public comment, the Secretary shall establish a trail plan that addresses hiking and equestrian trails on the wilderness areas in a manner consistent with the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.). (d) Livestock.-- (1) In general.--The grazing of livestock in the wilderness areas, if established before the date of enactment of this Act, of the House of Representatives accompanying H.R. 2570 of the 101st Congress (House Report 101-405). (2) Inventory.--With respect to each wilderness area in which grazing of livestock is allowed to continue under paragraph (1), not later than 2 years after the date of in the wilderness area. (e) Adjacent Management.-- (1) In general.--Congress does not intend for the designation of the wilderness areas to create protective perimeters or buffer zones around the wilderness areas. (2) Nonwilderness activities.--The fact that nonwilderness activities or uses can be seen or heard from areas within a wilderness area shall not preclude the conduct of those activities or uses outside the boundary of the wilderness area. (f) Military Overflights.--Nothing in this subpart restricts or precludes-- (1) low-level overflights of military aircraft over the wilderness areas, including military overflights that can be seen or heard within the wilderness areas; (2) flight testing and evaluation; or (3) the designation or creation of new units of special use airspace, or the establishment of military flight training routes, over the wilderness areas. (g) Commercial Services.--Commercial services (including authorized outfitting and guide activities) within the wilderness areas may be authorized to the extent necessary for activities that are appropriate for realizing the recreational or other wilderness purposes of the wilderness areas, in accordance with section 4(d)(5) of the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1133(d)(5)). (h) Land Acquisition and Incorporation of Acquired Land and Interests.-- (1) Acquisition authority.--The Secretary may acquire land and interests in land within the boundaries of a wilderness area by donation, purchase from a willing seller, or exchange. (2) Incorporation.--Any land or interest in land within the boundary of a wilderness area that is acquired by the United States after the date of enactment of this Act shall be added to and administered as part of the wilderness area. (i) Water Rights.-- (1) Statutory construction.--Nothing in this subpart-- (A) shall constitute or be construed to constitute either an express or implied reservation by the United States of any water or water rights with respect to the land designated as wilderness by section 1231; (B) shall affect any water rights in the State existing on the date of enactment of this Act, including any water rights held by the United States; (C) shall be construed as establishing a precedent with regard to any future wilderness designations; (D) shall affect the interpretation of, or any designation made pursuant to, any other Act; or (E) shall be construed as limiting, altering, modifying, or amending any of the interstate compacts or equitable apportionment decrees that apportions water among and between the State and other States. (2) State water law.--The Secretary shall follow the procedural and substantive requirements of the State in order to obtain and hold any water rights not in existence on the date of enactment of this Act with respect to the wilderness areas. (j) Memorandum of Understanding.--The Secretary shall offer to enter into a memorandum of understanding with the County, in accordance with the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.), to clarify the approval processes for the use of motorized equipment and mechanical transport for search and rescue activities in the Muddy Creek Wilderness established by section 1231(a)(13). Nothing in this subpart affects the jurisdiction of the State with respect to fish and wildlife on public land located in the State. (a) Finding.--Congress finds that, for the purposes of section 1782(c)), the approximately 17,420 acres of public land administered by the Bureau of Land Management in the County that has not been designated as wilderness by section 1231(a) has been adequately studied for wilderness designation. (b) Release.--The public land described in subsection (a)-- (1) is no longer subject to section 603(c) of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1782(c)); and (2) shall be managed in accordance with-- (A) applicable law; and (B) any applicable land management plan adopted under section 202 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1712). (a) In General.--Section 3(a) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1274(a)) (as amended by section 1205(a)(5)(B)(i)) is amended by ``(224) Green river.--The approximately 63-mile segment, as generally depicted on the map entitled `Emery County Public Land Management Act of 2018 Overview Map' and dated December 11, 2018, to be administered by the Secretary of the Interior, in the following classifications: ``(A) Wild river segment.--The 5.3-mile segment from the boundary of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation, south to the Nefertiti boat ramp, as a wild river. ``(B) Recreational river segment.--The 8.5-mile segment from the Nefertiti boat ramp, south to the Swasey's boat ramp, as a recreational river. ``(C) Scenic river segment.--The 49.2-mile segment from Bull Bottom, south to the county line between Emery and Wayne Counties, as a scenic river.''. (b) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1274 note.>> Incorporation of Acquired Non- federal Land.--If the United States acquires any non-Federal land within or adjacent to a river segment of the Green River designated by paragraph (224) of section 3(a) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1274(a)) (as added by subsection (a)), the acquired land shall be incorporated in, and be administered as part of, the applicable wild, scenic, or recreational river. (a) In General.--The Secretary shall offer to convey to the Utah Division of Parks and Recreation of the Utah Department of Natural Resources (referred to in this section as the ``State''), approximately 6,261 acres of land identified on the Map as the ``Proposed Goblin Valley State Park Expansion'', without consideration, for the management by the State as a State park, consistent with uses allowed under the Act of June 14, 1926 (commonly known as the ``Recreation and Public Purposes Act'') (44 Stat. 741, chapter 578; 43 U.S.C. 869 et seq.). (b) Reversionary Clause Required.--A conveyance under subsection (a) shall include a reversionary clause to ensure that management of the land described in that subsection shall revert to the Secretary if the land is no longer being managed as a State park in accordance with subsection (a). SEC. 1252. <<NOTE: 54 USC 320301 note.>> JURASSIC NATIONAL (a) Establishment Purposes.--To conserve, interpret, and enhance for the benefit of present and future generations the paleontological, scientific, educational, and recreational resources of the area and subject to valid existing rights, there is established in the State the Jurassic National Monument (referred to in this section as the ``Monument''), consisting of approximately 850 acres of Federal land administered by the Bureau of Land Management in the County and generally depicted as ``Proposed Jurassic National Monument'' on the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall file with the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives a map and legal description of the Monument. description, subject to the requirement that, before making the proposed corrections, the Secretary shall submit to the State and any affected county the proposed corrections. (c) Withdrawal.--Subject to valid existing rights, any Federal land within the boundaries of the Monument and any land or interest in land that is acquired by the United States for inclusion in the Monument after the date of enactment of this Act is withdrawn from-- (3) operation of the mineral leasing laws, geothermal leasing laws, and minerals materials laws. (d) Management.-- (1) In general.--The Secretary shall manage the Monument-- (A) in a manner that conserves, protects, and enhances the resources and values of the Monument, including the resources and values described in subsection (a); and (iii) any other applicable Federal law. (2) National landscape conservation system.--The Monument shall be managed as a component of the National Landscape Conservation System. management of the Monument. (2) Components.--The management plan developed under paragraph (1) shall-- the Monument, consistent with the provisions of this (B) allow for continued scientific research at the Monument during the development of the management plan for the Monument, subject to any terms and conditions that the Secretary determines necessary to protect Monument resources. (f) Authorized Uses.--The Secretary shall only allow uses of the Monument that the Secretary determines would further the purposes for which the Monument has been established. (g) Interpretation, Education, and Scientific Research.-- (1) In general.--The Secretary shall provide for public interpretation of, and education and scientific research on, the paleontological resources of the Monument. (2) Cooperative agreements.--The Secretary may enter into cooperative agreements with appropriate public entities to carry out paragraph (1). (h) Special Management Areas.-- (1) In general.--The establishment of the Monument shall not modify the management status of any area within the boundary of the Monument that is managed as an area of critical environmental concern. (2) Conflict of laws.--If there is a conflict between the laws applicable to an area described in paragraph (1) and this section, the more restrictive provision shall control. (i) Motorized Vehicles.--Except as needed for administrative vehicles in the Monument shall be allowed only on roads and trails designated for use by motorized vehicles under the management plan for the Monument developed under subsection (e). (j) Water Rights.--Nothing in this section constitutes an express or implied reservation by the United States of any water or water rights with respect to the Monument. (k) Grazing.--The grazing of livestock in the Monument, if (House Report 101-405); and (3) the purposes of the Monument. (a) In General.--In accordance with applicable law, the Secretary may sell public land located in the County that has been identified as suitable for disposal based on specific criteria as listed in the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1713) in the applicable resource management plan in existence on the date of (b) Use of Proceeds.-- (1) In general.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law (other than a law that specifically provides for a portion of the proceeds of a land sale to be distributed to any trust fund of the State), proceeds from the sale of public land under subsection (a) shall be deposited in a separate account in the Treasury, to be known as the ``Emery County, Utah, Land Acquisition Account'' (referred to in this section as the ``Account''). (2) Availability.-- (A) In general.--Amounts in the Account shall be available to the Secretary, without further appropriation, to purchase from willing sellers land or interests in land within a wilderness area or the (B) Applicability.--Any purchase of land or interest in land under subparagraph (A) shall be in accordance with applicable law. (C) Protection of cultural resources.--To the extent that there are amounts in the Account in excess of the amounts needed to carry out subparagraph (A), the Secretary may use the excess amounts for the protection of cultural resources on Federal land within the County. 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1712, 1713), on request by the applicable local governmental entity, the Secretary shall convey without consideration the following parcels of public land to be used for public purposes: (1) Emery city recreation area.--The approximately 640-acre parcel as generally depicted on the Map, to the City of Emery, Utah, for the creation or enhancement of public recreation opportunities consistent with uses allowed under the Act of June 14, 1926 (commonly known as the ``Recreation and Public Purposes Act'') (44 Stat. 741, chapter 578; 43 U.S.C. 869 (2) Huntington airport.--The approximately 320-acre parcel as generally depicted on the Map, to Emery County, Utah, for expansion of Huntington Airport consistent with uses allowed under the Act of June 14, 1926 (commonly known as the ``Recreation and Public Purposes Act'') (44 Stat. 741, chapter 578; 43 U.S.C. 869 et seq.). (3) Emery county sheriff's office.--The approximately 5-acre parcel as generally depicted on the Map, to Emery County, Utah, for the Emery County Sheriff's Office substation consistent with uses allowed under the Act of June 14, 1926 (commonly known as the ``Recreation and Public Purposes Act'') (44 Stat. 741, (4) Buckhorn information center.--The approximately 5-acre for the Buckhorn Information Center consistent with uses allowed description of each parcel of land to be conveyed under subsection (a) with-- clerical or typographical errors in the map and legal (3) Public availability.--Each map and legal description public inspection in the Price Field Office of the Bureau of (c) Reversion.-- (1) In general.--If a parcel of land conveyed under subsection (a) is used for a purpose other than the purpose described in that subsection, the parcel of land shall, at the discretion of the Secretary, revert to the United States. (2) Responsibility for remediation.--In the case of a reversion under paragraph (1), if the Secretary determines that the parcel of land is contaminated with hazardous waste, the local governmental entity to which the parcel of land was conveyed under subsection (a) shall be responsible for remediation. SEC. 1255. EXCHANGE OF BLM AND SCHOOL AND INSTITUTIONAL TRUST LANDS ADMINISTRATION LAND. (1) Exchange map.--The term ``Exchange Map'' means the map prepared by the Bureau of Land Management entitled ``Emery County Public Land Management Act--Proposed Land Exchange'' and dated December, 10, 2018. (2) Federal land.--The term ``Federal land'' means public land located in the State of Utah that is identified on the Exchange Map as-- (A) ``BLM Surface and Mineral Lands Proposed for Transfer to SITLA''; (B) ``BLM Mineral Lands Proposed for Transfer to SITLA''; and (C) ``BLM Surface Lands Proposed for Transfer to SITLA''. the land owned by the State in the Emery and Uintah Counties that is identified on the Exchange Map as-- (A) ``SITLA Surface and Mineral Land Proposed for Transfer to BLM''; (B) ``SITLA Mineral Lands Proposed for Transfer to BLM''; and (C) ``SITLA Surface Lands Proposed for Transfer to BLM''. (4) State.--The term ``State'' means the State, acting through the School and Institutional Trust Lands Administration. (b) Exchange of Federal Land and Non-federal Land.-- (1) In general.--If the State offers to convey to the United States title to the non-Federal land, the Secretary, in accordance with this section, shall-- (A) accept the offer; and (B) on receipt of all right, title, and interest in and to the non-Federal land, convey to the State (or a designee) all right, title, and interest of the United States in and to the Federal land. (2) Conveyance of parcels in phases.-- (A) In general.--Notwithstanding that appraisals for all of the parcels of Federal land and non-Federal land may not have been approved under subsection (c)(5), parcels of the Federal land and non-Federal land may be exchanged under paragraph (1) in phases, to be mutually agreed by the Secretary and the State, beginning on the date on which the appraised values of the parcels included in the applicable phase are approved. (B) No agreement on exchange.--If any dispute or delay arises with respect to the exchange of an individual parcel of Federal land or non-Federal land under paragraph (1), the Secretary and the State may mutually agree to set aside the individual parcel to allow the exchange of the other parcels of Federal land and non-Federal land to proceed. (3) Exclusion.-- (A) In general.--The Secretary shall exclude from any conveyance of a parcel of Federal land under paragraph (1) any Federal land that contains critical habitat designated for a species listed as an endangered species or a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.). (B) Requirement.--Any Federal land excluded under subparagraph (A) shall be the smallest area necessary to protect the applicable critical habitat. (4) Applicable law.-- (A) In general.--The land exchange under paragraph (1) shall be subject to section 206 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1716) and other applicable law. (B) Land use planning.--With respect to the Federal land to be conveyed under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall not be required to undertake any additional land use planning under section 202 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1712) before the conveyance of the Federal land. (5) Valid existing rights.--The land exchange under paragraph (1) shall be subject to valid existing rights. (6) Title approval.--Title to the Federal land and non- Federal land to be exchanged under paragraph (1) shall be in a form acceptable to the Secretary and the State. (c) Appraisals.-- (1) In general.--The value of the Federal land and the non- Federal land to be exchanged under subsection (b)(1) shall be determined by appraisals conducted by 1 or more independent and qualified appraisers. (2) State appraiser.--The Secretary and the State may agree to use an independent and qualified appraiser-- (A) retained by the State; and (B) approved by the Secretary. (3) Applicable law.--The appraisals under paragraph (1) shall be conducted in accordance with nationally recognized appraisal standards, including, as appropriate-- (4) Minerals.-- (A) Mineral reports.--The appraisals under paragraph (1) may take into account mineral and technical reports provided by the Secretary and the State in the evaluation of mineral deposits in the Federal land and (B) Mining claims.--To the extent permissible under applicable appraisal standards, the appraisal of any parcel of Federal land that is encumbered by a mining or millsite claim located under sections 2318 through 2352 of the Revised Statutes (commonly known as the ``Mining Law of 1872'') (30 U.S.C. 21 et seq.) shall be appraised in accordance with standard appraisal practices, Standards for Federal Land Acquisition. (C) Validity examinations.--Nothing in this subsection requires the United States to conduct a mineral examination for any mining claim on the Federal (D) Adjustment.-- (i) In general.--If value is attributed to any parcel of Federal land because of the presence of minerals subject to leasing under the Mineral Act (30 U.S.C. 181 et seq.), the value of the parcel (as otherwise established under this subsection) shall be reduced by the percentage of the applicable Federal revenue sharing obligation U.S.C. 191(a)). (ii) Limitation.--An adjustment under clause (i) shall not be considered to be a property right of the State. (5) Approval.--An appraisal conducted under paragraph (1) shall be submitted to the Secretary and the State for approval. (6) Duration.--An appraisal conducted under paragraph (1) shall remain valid for 3 years after the date on which the appraisal is approved by the Secretary and the State. (7) Cost of appraisal.-- (A) In general.--The cost of an appraisal conducted under paragraph (1) shall be paid equally by the Secretary and the State. (B) Reimbursement by secretary.--If the State retains an appraiser in accordance with paragraph (2), the Secretary shall reimburse the State in an amount equal to 50 percent of the costs incurred by the State. (d) Conveyance of Title.--It is the intent of Congress that the land exchange authorized under subsection (b)(1) shall be completed not later than 1 year after the date of final approval by the Secretary and the State of the appraisals conducted under subsection (c). (e) Public Inspection and Notice.-- (1) Public inspection.--Not later than 30 days before the date of any exchange of Federal land and non-Federal land under subsection (b)(1), all final appraisals and appraisal reviews for the land to be exchanged shall be available for public review at the office of the State Director of the Bureau of Land Management in the State of Utah. (2) Notice.--The Secretary shall make available on the public website of the Secretary, and the Secretary or the State, as applicable, shall publish in a newspaper of general circulation in Salt Lake County, Utah, a notice that the appraisals conducted under subsection (c) are available for public inspection. (f) Equal Value Exchange.-- (1) In general.--The value of the Federal land and non- Federal land to be exchanged under subsection (b)(1)-- (A) shall be equal; or (B) shall be made equal in accordance with paragraph (2) Equalization.-- (A) Surplus of federal land.--With respect to any Federal land and non-Federal land to be exchanged under subsection (b)(1), if the value of the Federal land exceeds the value of the non-Federal land, the value of the Federal land and non-Federal land shall be equalized (i) the State conveying to the Secretary, as necessary to equalize the value of the Federal land and non-Federal land, after the acquisition of all State trust land located within the wilderness areas or recreation area designated by this part, State trust land located within any of the wilderness areas or national conservation areas in Washington County, Utah, established under subtitle O of title I of the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 (Public Law 111-11; 123 Stat. 1075); and (ii) the State, to the extent necessary to equalize any remaining imbalance of value after all available Washington County, Utah, land described in clause (i) has been conveyed to the Secretary, conveying to the Secretary additional State trust land as identified and agreed on by (B) Surplus of non-federal land.--If the value of the non-Federal land exceeds the value of the Federal land, the value of the Federal land and the non-Federal land shall be equalized-- (i) by the Secretary making a cash equalization payment to the State, in accordance with section 206(b) of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1716(b)); or (ii) by removing non-Federal land from the exchange. (g) Indian Tribes.--The Secretary shall consult with any federally recognized Indian Tribe in the vicinity of the Federal land and non- Federal land to be exchanged under subsection (b)(1) before the completion of the land exchange. (h) Appurtenant Water Rights.--Any conveyance of a parcel of Federal land or non-Federal land under subsection (b)(1) shall include the conveyance of water rights appurtenant to the parcel conveyed. (i) Grazing Permits.-- (1) In general.--If the Federal land or non-Federal land exchanged under subsection (b)(1) is subject to a lease, permit, or contract for the grazing of domestic livestock in effect on the date of acquisition, the Secretary and the State shall allow the grazing to continue for the remainder of the term of the lease, permit, or contract, subject to the related terms and conditions of user agreements, including permitted stocking rates, grazing fee levels, access rights, and ownership and use of range improvements. (2) Renewal.--To the extent allowed by Federal or State law, on expiration of any grazing lease, permit, or contract described in paragraph (1), the holder of the lease, permit, or contract shall be entitled to a preference right to renew the lease, permit, or contract. (3) Cancellation.-- (A) In general.--Nothing in this section prevents the Secretary or the State from canceling or modifying a grazing permit, lease, or contract if the Federal land or non-Federal land subject to the permit, lease, or contract is sold, conveyed, transferred, or leased for non-grazing purposes by the Secretary or the State. (B) Limitation.--Except to the extent reasonably necessary to accommodate surface operations in support of mineral development, the Secretary or the State shall not cancel or modify a grazing permit, lease, or contract because the land subject to the permit, lease, or contract has been leased for mineral development. (4) Base properties.--If non-Federal land conveyed by the State under subsection (b)(1) is used by a grazing permittee or lessee to meet the base property requirements for a Federal grazing permit or lease, the land shall continue to qualify as a base property for-- (A) the remaining term of the lease or permit; and (B) the term of any renewal or extension of the lease or permit. (j) Withdrawal of Federal Land From Mineral Entry Prior to Exchange.--Subject to valid existing rights, the Federal land to be conveyed to the State under subsection (b)(1) is withdrawn from mineral location, entry, and patent under the mining laws pending conveyance of the Federal land to the State. (1) the Lower Farmington River and Salmon Brook Study Act of 2005 (Public Law 109-370) authorized the study of the Farmington River downstream from the segment designated as a recreational river by section 3(a)(156) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1277(a)(156)) to its confluence with the Connecticut River, and the segment of the Salmon Brook including its main stem and east and west branches for potential inclusion in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System; (2) the studied segments of the Lower Farmington River and Salmon Brook support natural, cultural, and recreational resources of exceptional significance to the citizens of Connecticut and the Nation; (3) concurrently with the preparation of the study, the Lower Farmington River and Salmon Brook Wild and Scenic Study Committee prepared the Lower Farmington River and Salmon Brook Management Plan, June 2011 (referred to in this section as the ``management plan''), that establishes objectives, standards, and action programs that will ensure the long-term protection of the outstanding values of the river segments without Federal management of affected lands not owned by the United States; (4) the Lower Farmington River and Salmon Brook Wild and Scenic Study Committee has voted in favor of Wild and Scenic River designation for the river segments, and has included this recommendation as an integral part of the management plan; (5) there is strong local support for the protection of the Lower Farmington River and Salmon Brook, including votes of support for Wild and Scenic designation from the governing bodies of all ten communities abutting the study area; (6) the State of Connecticut General Assembly has endorsed the designation of the Lower Farmington River and Salmon Brook as components of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System (Public Act 08-37); and (7) the Rainbow Dam and Reservoir are located entirely outside of the river segment designated by subsection (b), and, based on the findings of the study of the Lower Farmington River pursuant to Public Law 109-370, this hydroelectric project (including all aspects of its facilities, operations, and transmission lines) is compatible with the designation made by subsection (b). (b) Designation.--Section 3(a) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1274(a)) (as amended by section 1241(a)) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(225) Lower farmington river and salmon brook, connecticut.--Segments of the main stem and its tributary, Salmon Brook, totaling approximately 62 miles, to be administered by the Secretary of the Interior as follows: ``(A) The approximately 27.2-mile segment of the Farmington River beginning 0.2 miles below the tailrace of the Lower Collinsville Dam and extending to the site of the Spoonville Dam in Bloomfield and East Granby as a ``(B) The approximately 8.1-mile segment of the Farmington River extending from 0.5 miles below the Rainbow Dam to the confluence with the Connecticut River in Windsor as a recreational river. ``(C) The approximately 2.4-mile segment of the main stem of Salmon Brook extending from the confluence of the East and West Branches to the confluence with the Farmington River as a recreational river. ``(D) The approximately 12.6-mile segment of the West Branch of Salmon Brook extending from its headwaters in Hartland, Connecticut, to its confluence with the East Branch of Salmon Brook as a recreational ``(E) The approximately 11.4-mile segment of the East Branch of Salmon Brook extending from the Massachusetts-Connecticut State line to the confluence with the West Branch of Salmon Brook as a recreational (c) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1274 note.>> Management.-- (1) In general.--The river segments designated by subsection (b) shall be managed in accordance with the management plan and such amendments to the management plan as the Secretary determines are consistent with this section. The management plan shall be deemed to satisfy the requirements for a comprehensive management plan pursuant to section 3(d) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1274(d)). (2) Committee.--The Secretary shall coordinate the management responsibilities of the Secretary under this section with the Lower Farmington River and Salmon Brook Wild and Scenic Committee, as specified in the management plan. (A) In general.--In order to provide for the long- term protection, preservation, and enhancement of the river segment designated by subsection (b), the Secretary is authorized to enter into cooperative agreements pursuant to sections 10(e) and 11(b)(1) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1281(e), 1282(b)(1)) with-- (i) the State of Connecticut; (ii) the towns of Avon, Bloomfield, Burlington, East Granby, Farmington, Granby, Hartland, Simsbury, and Windsor in Connecticut; (iii) appropriate local planning and environmental organizations. (B) Consistency.--All cooperative agreements provided for under this section shall be consistent with the management plan and may include provisions for financial or other assistance from the United States. (4) Land management.-- (A) Zoning ordinances.--For the purposes of the segments designated in subsection (b), the zoning ordinances adopted by the towns in Avon, Bloomfield, Burlington, East Granby, Farmington, Granby, Hartland, Simsbury, and Windsor in Connecticut, including provisions for conservation of floodplains, wetlands, and watercourses associated with the segments, shall be deemed to satisfy the standards and requirements of section 6(c) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 (B) Acquisition of land.--The provisions of section 6(c) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1277(c)) that prohibit Federal acquisition of lands by condemnation shall apply to the segments designated in subsection (b). The authority of the Secretary to acquire lands for the purposes of the segments designated in subsection (b) shall be limited to acquisition by donation or acquisition with the consent of the owner of the lands, and shall be subject to the additional criteria set forth in the management plan. (5) Rainbow dam.--The designation made by subsection (b) shall not be construed to-- (A) prohibit, pre-empt, or abridge the potential future licensing of the Rainbow Dam and Reservoir (including any and all aspects of its facilities, operations and transmission lines) by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission as a federally licensed hydroelectric generation project under the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 791a et seq.), provided that the Commission may, in the discretion of the Commission and consistent with this section, establish such reasonable terms and conditions in a hydropower license for Rainbow Dam as are necessary to reduce impacts identified by the Secretary as invading or unreasonably diminishing the scenic, recreational, and fish and wildlife values of the segments designated by subsection (b); or (B) affect the operation of, or impose any flow or release requirements on, the unlicensed hydroelectric facility at Rainbow Dam and Reservoir. (6) Relation to national park system.--Notwithstanding section 10(c) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1281(c)), the Lower Farmington River shall not be administered as part of the National Park System or be subject to regulations which govern the National Park System. (d) Farmington River, Connecticut, Designation Revision.--Section 3(a)(156) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1274(a)(156)) is amended in the first sentence-- (1) by striking ``14-mile'' and inserting ``15.1-mile''; and (2) by striking ``to the downstream end of the New Hartford- Canton, Connecticut town line'' and inserting ``to the confluence with the Nepaug River''. SEC. 1302. WOOD-PAWCATUCK WATERSHED WILD AND SCENIC RIVER SEGMENTS. (a) Designation.--Section 3(a) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1274(a)) (as amended by section 1301(b)) is amended by adding at ``(226) Wood-pawcatuck watershed, rhode island and connecticut.--The following river segments within the Wood- Pawcatuck watershed, to be administered by the Secretary of the Interior, in cooperation with the Wood-Pawcatuck Wild and Scenic Rivers Stewardship Council: ``(A) The approximately 11-mile segment of the Beaver River from its headwaters in Exeter and West Greenwich, Rhode Island, to its confluence with the Pawcatuck River in Richmond, Rhode Island, as a scenic ``(B) The approximately 3-mile segment of the Chipuxet River from the Kingstown Road Bridge, South Kingstown, Rhode Island, to its outlet in Worden Pond, ``(C) The approximately 9-mile segment of the Green Fall River from its headwaters in Voluntown, Connecticut, to its confluence with the Ashaway River in Hopkinton, Rhode Island, as a scenic river. ``(D) The approximately 3-mile segment of the Ashaway River from its confluence with the Green Fall River to its confluence with the Pawcatuck River in Hopkinton, Rhode Island, as a recreational river. ``(E) The approximately 3-mile segment of the Pawcatuck River from the Worden Pond outlet in South Kingstown, Rhode Island, to the South County Trail Bridge, Charlestown and South Kingstown, Rhode Island, ``(F) The approximately 4-mile segment of the Pawcatuck River from South County Trail Bridge, Charlestown and South Kingstown, Rhode Island, to the Carolina Back Road Bridge in Richmond and Charlestown, Rhode Island, as a recreational river. ``(G) The approximately 21-mile segment of the Pawcatuck River from Carolina Back Road Bridge in Richmond and Charlestown, Rhode Island, to the confluence with Shunock River in Stonington, Connecticut, as a scenic river. ``(H) The approximately 8-mile segment of the Pawcatuck River from the confluence with Shunock River in Stonington, Connecticut, to the mouth of the river between Pawcatuck Point in Stonington, Connecticut, and Rhodes Point in Westerly, Rhode Island, as a ``(I) The approximately 11-mile segment of the Queen River from its headwaters in Exeter and West Greenwich, Rhode Island, to the Kingstown Road Bridge in South Kingstown, Rhode Island, as a scenic river. ``(J) The approximately 5-mile segment of the Usquepaugh River from the Kingstown Road Bridge to its confluence with the Pawcatuck River in South Kingstown, Rhode Island, as a wild river. ``(K) The approximately 8-mile segment of the Shunock River from its headwaters in North Stonington, Connecticut, to its confluence with the Pawcatuck River as a recreational river. ``(L) The approximately 13-mile segment of the Wood River from its headwaters in Sterling and Voluntown, Connecticut, and Exeter and West Greenwich, Rhode Island, to the Arcadia Road Bridge in Hopkinton and Richmond, Rhode Island, as a wild river. ``(M) The approximately 11-mile segment of the Wood River from the Arcadia Road Bridge in Hopkinton and Richmond, Rhode Island, to the confluence with the Pawcatuck River in Charlestown, Hopkinton, and Richmond, Rhode Island, as a recreational river.''. (b) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1274 note.>> Management of River Segments.-- (A) Covered tributary.--The term ``covered tributary'' means-- (i) each of Assekonk Brook, Breakheart Brook, Brushy Brook, Canochet Brook, Chickasheen Brook, Cedar Swamp Brook, Fisherville Brook, Glade Brook, Glen Rock Brook, Kelly Brook, Locke Brook, Meadow Brook, Pendleton Brook, Parris Brook, Passquisett Brook, Phillips Brook, Poquiant Brook, Queens Fort Brook, Roaring Brook, Sherman Brook, Taney Brook, Tomaquag Brook, White Brook, and Wyassup Brook within the Wood-Pawcatuck watershed; and (ii) any other perennial stream within the Wood-Pawcatuck watershed. (B) River segment.--The term ``river segment'' means a river segment designated by paragraph (226) of section 1274(a)) (as added by subsection (a)). (C) Stewardship plan.--The term ``Stewardship Plan'' means the plan entitled the ``Wood-Pawcatuck Wild and Scenic Rivers Stewardship Plan for the Beaver, Chipuxet, Green Fall-Ashaway, Pawcatuck, Queen-Usquepaugh, Shunock, and Wood Rivers'' and dated June 2018, which takes a watershed approach to the management of the river segments. (2) Wood-pawcatuck wild and scenic rivers stewardship plan.-- (A) In general.--The Secretary, in cooperation with the Wood-Pawcatuck Wild and Scenic Rivers Stewardship Council, shall manage the river segments in accordance (i) the Stewardship Plan; and (ii) any amendment to the Stewardship Plan that the Secretary determines is consistent with this subsection. (B) Watershed approach.--In furtherance of the watershed approach to resource preservation and enhancement described in the Stewardship Plan, the covered tributaries are recognized as integral to the protection and enhancement of the river segments. (C) Requirements for comprehensive management plan.--The Stewardship Plan shall be considered to each requirement for a comprehensive management plan required under section 3(d) of the Wild and Scenic (3) Cooperative agreements.--To provide for the long-term protection, preservation, and enhancement of each river segment, in accordance with sections 10(e) and 11(b)(1) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1281(e), 1282(b)(1)), the Secretary may enter into cooperative agreements (which may include provisions for financial or other assistance from the Federal Government) with-- (A) the States of Connecticut and Rhode Island; (B) political subdivisions of the States of Connecticut and Rhode Island, including-- (i) the towns of North Stonington, Sterling, Stonington, and Voluntown, Connecticut; and (ii) the towns of Charlestown, Exeter, Hopkinton, North Kingstown, Richmond, South Kingstown, Westerly, and West Kingstown, Rhode Island; (C) the Wood-Pawcatuck Wild and Scenic Rivers Stewardship Council; and (D) any appropriate nonprofit organization, as determined by the Secretary. 1281(c)), each river segment shall not be-- (A) administered as a unit of the National Park System; or (B) subject to the laws (including regulations) that govern the administration of the National Park System. (A) Zoning ordinances.--The zoning ordinances adopted by the towns of North Stonington, Sterling, Stonington, and Voluntown, Connecticut, and Charlestown, Exeter, Hopkinton, North Kingstown, Richmond, South Kingstown, Westerly, and West Greenwich, Rhode Island (including any provision of the zoning ordinances relating to the conservation of floodplains, wetlands, and watercourses associated with any river segment), shall be considered to satisfy the standards and requirements described in section 6(c) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1277(c)). (B) Villages.--For purposes of section 6(c) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1277(c)), each town described in subparagraph (A) shall be considered to be a village. (C) Acquisition of land.-- (i) Limitation of authority of secretary.-- With respect to each river segment, the Secretary may only acquire parcels of land-- (I) by donation; or (II) with the consent of the owner of the parcel of land. (ii) Prohibition relating to the acquisition of land by condemnation.--In accordance with 6(c) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1277(c)), with respect to each river segment, the Secretary may not acquire any parcel of land by (a) Designation of Wild and Scenic River Segments.--Section 3(a) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1274(a)) (as amended by section 1302(a)) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(227) Nashua, squannacook, and nissitissit wild and scenic rivers, massachusetts and new hampshire.-- ``(A) The following segments in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and State of New Hampshire, to be administered by the Secretary of the Interior as a scenic river: ``(i) The approximately 27-mile segment of the mainstem of the Nashua River from the confluence of the North and South Nashua Rivers in Lancaster, Massachusetts, and extending north to the Massachusetts-New Hampshire border, except as provided in subparagraph (B). ``(ii) The approximately 16.3-mile segment of the Squannacook River from its headwaters in Ash Swamp, Townsend, Massachusetts, extending downstream to the confluence of the river with the Nashua River in Shirley/Ayer, Massachusetts, except as provided in subparagraph (B). ``(iii) The approximately 9.5-mile segment of the Nissitissit River from its headwaters in Brookline, New Hampshire, to the confluence of the river with the Nashua River in Pepperell, Massachusetts. ``(B) Exclusion areas.--The designation of the river segments in subparagraph (A) shall exclude-- ``(i) with respect to the Ice House hydroelectric project (FERC P-12769), from 700 feet upstream from the crest of the dam to 500 feet downstream from the crest of the dam; ``(ii) with respect to the Pepperell hydroelectric project (FERC P12721), from 9,240 feet upstream from the crest of the dam to 1,000 feet downstream from the crest of the dam; and ``(iii) with respect to the Hollingsworth and Vose dam (non-FERC), from 1,200 feet upstream from the crest of the dam to 2,665 feet downstream from the crest of the dam.''. (b) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1274 note.>> Management.-- (1) Process.-- (A) In general.--The river segments designated by paragraph (227) of section 3(a) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1274(a)) (as added by subsection (a)) shall be managed in accordance with-- (i) the Nashua, Squannacook, and Nissitissit Rivers Stewardship Plan developed pursuant to the study described in section 5(b)(21) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1276(b)(21)) (referred to in this subsection as the ``management plan''), dated February 15, 2018; and (ii) such amendments to the management plan as the Secretary determines are consistent with this section and as are approved by the Nashua, Squannacook, and Nissitissit Rivers Stewardship Council (referred to in this subsection as the ``Stewardship Council''). (B) Comprehensive management plan.--The management plan shall be considered to satisfy the requirements for a comprehensive management plan under section 3(d) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1274(d)). with the Stewardship Council, as specified in the management plan. river segments designated by paragraph (227) of section 1274(a)) (as added by subsection (a)), the Secretary may enter into cooperative agreements pursuant to sections 10(e) and 11(b)(1) of that Act (16 U.S.C. 1281(e), (i) the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the State of New Hampshire; (ii) the municipalities of-- (I) Ayer, Bolton, Dunstable, Groton, Harvard, Lancaster, Pepperell, Shirley, and Townsend in Massachusetts; and (II) Brookline and Hollis in New Hampshire; and (iii) appropriate local, regional, State, or multistate, planning, environmental, or recreational organizations. (B) Consistency.--Each cooperative agreement entered into under this paragraph shall be consistent with the management plan and may include provisions for financial or other assistance from the United States. (4) Effect on working dams.-- (A) In general.--The designation of the river segments by paragraph (227) of section 3(a) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1274(a)) (as added by subsection (a)), does not-- (i) impact or alter the existing terms of permitting, licensing, or operation of-- (I) the Pepperell hydroelectric project (FERC Project P-12721, Nashua River, Pepperell, MA); (II) the Ice House hydroelectric River, Ayer, MA); or (III) the Hollingsworth and Vose Dam (non-FERC industrial facility, Squannacook River, West Groton, MA) as further described in the management plan (Appendix A, ``Working Dams''); or (ii) preclude the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission from licensing, relicensing, or otherwise authorizing the operation or continued operation of the Pepperell and Ice House hydroelectric projects under the terms of licenses or exemptions in effect on the date of enactment of this Act; or (iii) limit actions taken to modernize, upgrade, or carry out other changes to such projects authorized pursuant to clause (i), subject to written determination by the Secretary that the changes are consistent with the purposes of the designation. (A) Zoning ordinances.--For the purpose of the segments designated by paragraph (227) of section 3(a) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1274(a)) (as added by subsection (a)), the zoning ordinances adopted by the municipalities described in paragraph (3)(A)(ii), including provisions for conservation of floodplains, wetlands, and watercourses associated with the segments, shall be deemed to satisfy the standards and requirements of section 6(c) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1277(c)). (B) Acquisitions of lands.--The authority of the Secretary to acquire land for the purposes of the (as added by subsection (a)) shall be-- (i) limited to acquisition by donation or acquisition with the consent of the owner of the land; and (ii) subject to the additional criteria set forth in the management plan. (C) No condemnation.--No land or interest in land within the boundary of the river segments designated by (a)) may be acquired by condemnation. (6) Relation to the national park system.--Notwithstanding section 10(c) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act(16 U.S.C. 1281(c)), each segment of the Nashua, Squannacook, and Nissitissit Rivers designated as a component of the Wild and Scenic Rivers System under this section shall not-- (A) be administered as a unit of the National Park (B) be subject to regulations that govern the National Park System. SEC. 1401. <<NOTE: 16 USC 410aaa-7 note.>> DEFINITIONS. In this subtitle: (1) Conservation area.--The term ``Conservation Area'' means the California Desert Conservation Area. (A) the Secretary, with respect to land administered by the Department of the Interior; or (a) Designation of Wilderness Areas to Be Administered by the Bureau of Land Management.--Section 102 of the California Desert Protection Act of 1994 (16 U.S.C. 1132 note; Public Law 103-433; 108 Stat. 4472) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(70) Avawatz mountains wilderness.--Certain land in the California Desert Conservation Area administered by the Director of the Bureau of Land Management, comprising approximately 89,500 acres, as generally depicted on the map entitled `Proposed Avawatz Mountains Wilderness' and dated November 7, 2018, to be known as the `Avawatz Mountains Wilderness'. ``(71) Great falls basin wilderness.--Certain land in the of the Bureau of Land Management, comprising approximately 7,810 acres, as generally depicted on the map entitled `Proposed Great Falls Basin Wilderness' and dated November 7, 2018, to be known as the `Great Falls Basin Wilderness'. ``(72) Soda mountains wilderness.--Certain land in the California Desert Conservation Area, administered by the Bureau of Land Management, comprising approximately 80,090 acres, as generally depicted on the map entitled `Proposed Soda Mountains Wilderness' and dated November 7, 2018, to be known as the `Soda Mountains Wilderness'. ``(73) Milpitas wash wilderness.--Certain land in the of Land Management, comprising approximately 17,250 acres, depicted as `Proposed Milpitas Wash Wilderness' on the map entitled `Proposed Vinagre Wash Special Management Area and Proposed Wilderness' and dated December 4, 2018, to be known as the `Milpitas Wash Wilderness'. ``(74) Buzzards peak wilderness.--Certain land in the depicted as `Proposed Buzzards Peak Wilderness' on the map the `Buzzards Peak Wilderness'.''. (b) Additions to Existing Wilderness Areas Administered by the Bureau of Land Management.--In furtherance of the purposes of the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.), the following land in the State is designated as wilderness and as components of the National Wilderness Preservation System: (1) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Golden valley wilderness.-- Certain land in the Conservation Area administered by the Director of the Bureau of Land Management, comprising entitled ``Proposed Golden Valley Wilderness Addition'' and dated November 7, 2018, which shall be added to and administered as part of the ``Golden Valley Wilderness''. (2) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Kingston range wilderness.--Certain land in the Conservation Area administered by the Director of the Bureau of Land Management, comprising approximately 52,410 acres, as generally depicted on the map entitled ``Proposed Kingston Range Wilderness Additions'' and as part of the ``Kingston Range Wilderness''. (3) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Palo verde mountains approximately 9,350 acres, depicted as ``Proposed Palo Verde Mountains Wilderness Additions'' on the map entitled ``Proposed Vinagre Wash Special Management Area and Proposed Wilderness'' and dated December 4, 2018, which shall be added to and administered as part of the ``Palo Verde Mountains Wilderness''. (4) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Indian pass mountains approximately 10,860 acres, depicted as ``Proposed Indian Pass Wilderness Additions'' on the map entitled ``Proposed Vinagre Wash Special Management Area and Proposed Wilderness'' and dated December 4, 2018, which shall be added to and administered as part of the ``Indian Pass Mountains Wilderness''. (c) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Designation of Wilderness Areas to Be Administered by the National Park Service.--In furtherance of the purposes of the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.) the following land in Death Valley National Park is designated as wilderness and as a component of the National Wilderness Preservation System, which shall be added to, and administered as part of the Death Valley National Park Wilderness established by section 601(a)(1) of the California Desert Protection Act of 1994 (16 U.S.C. 1132 note; Public Law 103-433; 108 Stat. 4496): (1) Death valley national park wilderness additions-north eureka valley.--Approximately 11,496 acres, as generally depicted on the map entitled ``Death Valley National Park Proposed Wilderness Area-North Eureka Valley'', numbered 143/ 100,082D, and dated November 1, 2018. (2) Death valley national park wilderness additions-ibex.-- entitled ``Death Valley National Park Proposed Wilderness Area- Ibex'', numbered 143/100,081D, and dated November 1, 2018. (3) Death valley national park wilderness additions-panamint valley.--Approximately 4,807 acres, as generally depicted on the map entitled ``Death Valley National Park Proposed Wilderness Area-Panamint Valley'', numbered 143/100,083D, and dated (4) Death valley national park wilderness additions-warm springs.--Approximately 10,485 acres, as generally depicted on the map entitled ``Death Valley National Park Proposed Wilderness Area-Warm Spring Canyon/Galena Canyon'', numbered 143/100,084D, and dated November 1, 2018. (5) Death valley national park wilderness additions-axe head.--Approximately 8,638 acres, as generally depicted on the map entitled ``Death Valley National Park Proposed Wilderness Area-Axe Head'', numbered 143/100,085D, and dated (6) Death valley national park wilderness additions-bowling alley.--Approximately 28,923 acres, as generally depicted on the Area-Bowling Alley'', numbered 143/128,606A, and dated November 1, 2018. (d) Additions to Existing Wilderness Area Administered by the Forest Service.-- (1) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> In general.--In furtherance of the purposes of the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.), the land described in paragraph (2)-- (A) is designated as wilderness and as a component of the National Wilderness Preservation System; and (B) shall be added to and administered as part of the San Gorgonio Wilderness established by the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.). (2) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1132 note.>> Description of land.--The land referred to in paragraph (1) is certain land in the San Bernardino National Forest, comprising approximately 7,141 acres, as generally depicted on the map entitled ``San Gorgonio Wilderness Additions--Proposed'' and dated November 7, 2018. (3) Fire management and related activities.-- (A) In general.--The Secretary may carry out such activities in the wilderness area designated by paragraph (1) as are necessary for the control of fire, insects, and disease, in accordance with section 4(d)(1) of the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1133(d)(1)) and House Report 98-40 of the 98th Congress. (B) Funding priorities.--Nothing in this subsection limits the provision of any funding for fire or fuel management in the wilderness area designated by paragraph (1). (C) Revision and development of local fire management plans.--As soon as practicable after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall amend the local fire management plans that apply to the wilderness area designated by paragraph (1). (D) Administration.--In accordance with subparagraph (A) and other applicable Federal law, to ensure a timely and efficient response to fire emergencies in the wilderness area designated by paragraph (1), the Secretary shall-- (i) not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, establish agency approval procedures (including appropriate delegations of authority to the Forest Supervisor, District Manager, or other agency officials) for responding to fire emergencies in the wilderness area designated by paragraph (1); and (ii) enter into agreements with appropriate State or local firefighting agencies relating to the wilderness area. (e) Effect on Utility Facilities and Rights-of-way.--Nothing in this section or an amendment made by this section affects or precludes the renewal or reauthorization of any valid existing right-of-way or customary operation, maintenance, repair, upgrading, or replacement activities in a right-of-way acquired by or issued, granted, or permitted to the Southern California Edison Company or successors or assigns of the Southern California Edison (f) Release of Wilderness Study Areas.-- (1) Finding.--Congress finds that, for purposes of section U.S.C. 1782), any portion of a wilderness study area described in paragraph (2) that is not designated as a wilderness area or a wilderness addition by this subtitle (including an amendment made by this subtitle) or any other Act enacted before the date of enactment of this Act has been adequately studied for (2) Description of study areas.--The study areas referred to in subsection (a) are-- (A) the Cady Mountains Wilderness Study Area; (B) the Soda Mountains Wilderness Study Area; (C) the Kingston Range Wilderness Study Area; (D) the Avawatz Mountain Wilderness Study Area; (E) the Death Valley 17 Wilderness Study Area; and (F) the Great Falls Basin Wilderness Study Area. (3) Release.--The following are no longer subject to section U.S.C. 1782(c)): (A) Any portion of a wilderness study area described in paragraph (2) that is not designated as a wilderness area or a wilderness addition by this subtitle (including an amendment made by this subtitle) or any other Act enacted before the date of enactment of this (B) Any portion of a wilderness study area described in paragraph (2) that is not transferred to the administrative jurisdiction of the National Park Service for inclusion in a unit of the National Park System by this subtitle (including an amendment made by this subtitle) or any other Act enacted before the date of Title I of the California Desert Protection Act of 1994 (16 U.S.C. 1132 note; Public Law 103-433; 108 Stat. 4472) is amended by adding at ``SEC. 109. <<NOTE: 16 USC 460eeee.>> VINAGRE WASH SPECIAL ``(a) Definitions.--In this section: ``(1) Management area.--The term `Management Area' means the Vinagre Wash Special Management Area established by subsection ``(2) Map.--The term `map' means the map entitled `Proposed Vinagre Wash Special Management Area and Proposed Wilderness' and dated December 4, 2018. ``(3) Public land.--The term `public land' has the meaning given the term `public lands' in section 103 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1702). ``(4) State.--The term `State' means the State of ``(b) Establishment.--There is established the Vinagre Wash Special Management Area in the State, to be managed by the Secretary. ``(c) Purpose.--The purpose of the Management Area is to conserve, protect, and enhance-- ``(1) the plant and wildlife values of the Management Area; ``(2) the outstanding and nationally significant ecological, geological, scenic, recreational, archaeological, cultural, historic, and other resources of the Management Area. ``(d) Boundaries.--The Management Area shall consist of the public land in Imperial County, California, comprising approximately 81,880 acres, as generally depicted on the map as `Proposed Special Management Area'. ``(e) Map; Legal Description.-- ``(1) In general.--As soon as practicable, but not later than 3 years, after the date of enactment of this section, the Secretary shall submit a map and legal description of the Management Area to-- ``(A) the Committee on Natural Resources of the ``(B) the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate. ``(2) Effect.--The map and legal description submitted under any errors in the map and legal description. ``(3) Availability.--Copies of the map submitted under paragraph (1) shall be on file and available for public inspection in the appropriate offices of the Bureau of Land ``(f) Management.-- ``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall manage the Management ``(A) in a manner that conserves, protects, and enhances the purposes for which the Management Area is ``(B) in accordance with-- ``(i) this section; ``(ii) the Federal Land Policy and Management ``(iii) other applicable laws. ``(2) Uses.--The Secretary shall allow only those uses that are consistent with the purposes of the Management Area, including hiking, camping, hunting, and sightseeing and the use of motorized vehicles, mountain bikes, and horses on designated routes in the Management Area in a manner that-- ``(A) is consistent with the purpose of the Management Area described in subsection (c); ``(B) ensures public health and safety; and ``(C) is consistent with all applicable laws (including regulations), including the Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan. ``(3) Off-highway vehicle use.-- ``(A) In general.--Subject to subparagraphs (B) and (C) and all other applicable laws, the use of off- highway vehicles shall be permitted on routes in the Management Area as generally depicted on the map. ``(B) Closure.--The Secretary may close or permanently reroute a portion of a route described in subparagraph (A)-- ``(i) to prevent, or allow for restoration of, resource damage; ``(ii) to protect Tribal cultural resources, including the resources identified in the Tribal cultural resources management plan developed under section 705(d); ``(iii) to address public safety concerns; or ``(iv) as otherwise required by law. ``(C) Designation of additional routes.--During the 3-year period beginning on the date of enactment of this section, the Secretary-- ``(i) shall accept petitions from the public regarding additional routes for off-highway vehicles; and ``(ii) may designate additional routes that the Secretary determines-- ``(I) would provide significant or unique recreational opportunities; and ``(II) are consistent with the purposes of the Management Area. ``(4) Withdrawal.--Subject to valid existing rights, all Federal land within the Management Area is withdrawn from-- ``(A) all forms of entry, appropriation, or disposal ``(B) location, entry, and patent under the mining ``(C) right-of-way, leasing, or disposition under all laws relating to-- ``(i) minerals and mineral materials; or ``(ii) solar, wind, and geothermal energy. ``(5) No buffer zone.--The establishment of the Management Area shall not-- ``(A) create a protective perimeter or buffer zone around the Management Area; or ``(B) preclude uses or activities outside the Management Area that are permitted under other applicable laws, even if the uses or activities are prohibited within the Management Area. ``(6) Notice of available routes.--The Secretary shall ensure that visitors to the Management Area have access to adequate notice relating to the availability of designated routes in the Management Area through-- ``(A) the placement of appropriate signage along the designated routes; ``(B) the distribution of maps, safety education materials, and other information that the Secretary determines to be appropriate; and ``(C) restoration of areas that are not designated as open routes, including vertical mulching. ``(7) Stewardship.--The Secretary, in consultation with Indian Tribes and other interests, shall develop a program to provide opportunities for monitoring and stewardship of the Management Area to minimize environmental impacts and prevent resource damage from recreational use, including volunteer assistance with-- ``(A) route signage; ``(B) restoration of closed routes; ``(C) protection of Management Area resources; and ``(D) recreation education. ``(8) Protection of tribal cultural resources.--Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this section, the Secretary, in accordance with chapter 2003 of title 54, United States Code, and any other applicable law, shall-- ``(A) prepare and complete a Tribal cultural resources survey of the Management Area; and ``(B) consult with the Quechan Indian Nation and other Indian Tribes demonstrating ancestral, cultural, or other ties to the resources within the Management Area on the development and implementation of the Tribal cultural resources survey under subparagraph (A). ``(9) Military use.--The Secretary may authorize use of the non-wilderness portion of the Management Area by the Secretary of the Navy for Naval Special Warfare Tactical Training, including long-range small unit training and navigation, vehicle concealment, and vehicle sustainment training, consistent with this section and other applicable laws.''. (a) <<NOTE: 16 USC 410aaa-7 note.>> In General.--The boundary of Death Valley National Park is adjusted to include-- (1) the approximately 28,923 acres of Bureau of Land Management land in San Bernardino County, California, abutting the southern end of the Death Valley National Park that lies between Death Valley National Park to the north and Ft. Irwin Military Reservation to the south and which runs approximately 34 miles from west to east, as depicted on the map entitled ``Death Valley National Park Proposed Boundary Addition-Bowling Alley'', numbered 143/128,605A, and dated November 1, 2018; and (2) the approximately 6,369 acres of Bureau of Land Management land in Inyo County, California, located in the northeast area of Death Valley National Park that is within, and surrounded by, land under the jurisdiction of the Director of the National Park Service, as depicted on the map entitled ``Death Valley National Park Proposed Boundary Addition- Crater'', numbered 143/100,079D, and dated November 1, 2018. (b) <<NOTE: 16 USC 410aaa-7 note.>> Availability of Map.--The maps described in paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (a) shall be on file and available for public inspection in the appropriate offices of the National Park Service. (c) <<NOTE: 16 USC 410aaa-7 note.>> Administration.--The Secretary-- (1) shall administer any land added to Death Valley National Park under subsection (a)-- (A) as part of Death Valley National Park; and (B) in accordance with applicable laws (including regulations); and (2) may enter into a memorandum of understanding with Inyo County, California, to permit operationally feasible, ongoing access to and use (including material storage and excavation) of existing gravel pits along Saline Valley Road within Death Valley National Park for road maintenance and repairs in accordance with applicable laws (including regulations). (d) Mormon Peak Microwave Facility.--Title VI of the California Desert Protection Act of 1994 (16 U.S.C. 1132 note; Public Law 103-433; 108 Stat. 4496) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``SEC. 604. MORMON PEAK MICROWAVE FACILITY. ``The designation of the Death Valley National Park Wilderness by section 601(a)(1) shall not preclude the operation and maintenance of the Mormon Peak Microwave Facility.''. SEC. 1432. <<NOTE: 16 USC 410aaa-56 note.>> MOJAVE NATIONAL The boundary of the Mojave National Preserve is adjusted to include the 25 acres of Bureau of Land Management land in Baker, California, as depicted on the map entitled ``Mojave National Preserve Proposed Boundary Addition'', numbered 170/100,199A, and dated November 1, 2018. (a) <<NOTE: 16 USC 410aaa-22 note.>> Boundary Adjustment.--The boundary of the Joshua Tree National Park is adjusted to include-- (1) the approximately 2,879 acres of land managed by the Bureau of Land Management that are depicted as ``BLM Proposed Boundary Addition'' on the map entitled ``Joshua Tree National Park Proposed Boundary Additions'', numbered 156/149,375, and (2) the approximately 1,639 acres of land that are depicted as ``MDLT Proposed Boundary Addition'' on the map entitled ``Joshua Tree National Park Proposed Boundary Additions'', numbered 156/149,375, and dated November 1, 2018. (b) <<NOTE: 16 USC 410aaa-22 note.>> Availability of Maps.--The map described in subsection (a) and the map depicting the 25 acres described in subsection (c)(2) shall be on file and available for public inspection in the appropriate offices of the National Park Service. (c) <<NOTE: 16 USC 410aaa-22 note.>> Administration.-- (1) In general.--The Secretary shall administer any land added to the Joshua Tree National Park under subsection (a) and the additional land described in paragraph (2)-- (A) as part of Joshua Tree National Park; and regulations). (2) Description of additional land.--The additional land referred to in paragraph (1) is the 25 acres of land-- (A) depicted on the map entitled ``Joshua Tree National Park Boundary Adjustment Map'', numbered 156/ 80,049, and dated April 1, 2003; (B) added to Joshua Tree National Park by the notice of the Department of the Interior of August 28, 2003 (68 Fed. Reg. 51799); and (C) more particularly described as lots 26, 27, 28, 33, and 34 in sec. 34, T. 1 N., R. 8 E., San Bernardino (d) <<NOTE: 16 USC 410aaa-22 note.>> Southern California Edison Company Energy Transport Facilities and Rights-of-way.-- (1) In general.--Nothing in this section affects any valid right-of-way for the customary operation, maintenance, upgrade, repair, relocation within an existing right-of-way, replacement, or other authorized energy transport facility activities in a right-of-way issued, granted, or permitted to the Southern California Edison Company or the successors or assigns of the Southern California Edison Company that is located on land described in paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (a), including, at a minimum, the use of mechanized vehicles, helicopters, or other aerial devices. (2) Upgrades and replacements.--Nothing in this section prohibits the upgrading or replacement of-- (A) Southern California Edison Company energy transport facilities, including the energy transport facilities referred to as the Jellystone, Burnt Mountain, Whitehorn, Allegra, and Utah distribution circuits rights-of-way; or (B) an energy transport facility in rights-of-way issued, granted, or permitted by the Secretary adjacent to Southern California Edison Joshua Tree Utility (3) Publication of plans.--Not later than the date that is 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act or the issuance of a new energy transport facility right-of-way within the Joshua Tree National Park, whichever is earlier, the Secretary, in consultation with the Southern California Edison Company, shall publish plans for regular and emergency access by the Southern California Edison Company to the rights-of-way of the Southern California Edison Company within Joshua Tree National Park. (e) Visitor Center.--Title IV of the California Desert Protection Act of 1994 (16 U.S.C. 410aaa-21 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``SEC. 408. <<NOTE: 16 USC 410aaa-28.>> VISITOR CENTER. ``(a) In General.--The Secretary may acquire not more than 5 acres of land and interests in land, and improvements on the land and interests, outside the boundaries of the park, in the unincorporated village of Joshua Tree, for the purpose of operating a visitor center. ``(b) Boundary.--The Secretary shall modify the boundary of the park to include the land acquired under this section as a noncontiguous ``(c) Administration.--Land and facilities acquired under this section-- ``(1) may include the property owned (as of the date of enactment of this section) by the Joshua Tree National Park Association and commonly referred to as the `Joshua Tree National Park Visitor Center'; ``(2) shall be administered by the Secretary as part of the park; and ``(3) may be acquired only with the consent of the owner, by donation, purchase with donated or appropriated funds, or exchange.''. Public Law 103-433 is amended by inserting after title XII (16 U.S.C. 410bbb et seq.) the following: ``TITLE XIII--OFF-HIGHWAY VEHICLE RECREATION AREAS ``SEC. 1301. <<NOTE: 16 USC 410aaa-91.>> DESIGNATION OF OFF- HIGHWAY VEHICLE RECREATION AREAS. ``(a) In General.-- ``(1) Designation.--In accordance with the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) and resource management plans developed under this title and subject to valid rights, the following land within the Conservation Area in San Bernardino County, California, is designated as Off- Highway Vehicle Recreation Areas: ``(A) Dumont dunes off-highway vehicle recreation area.--Certain Bureau of Land Management land in the Conservation Area, comprising approximately 7,620 acres, as generally depicted on the map entitled `Proposed Dumont Dunes OHV Recreation Area' and dated November 7, 2018, which shall be known as the `Dumont Dunes Off- Highway Vehicle Recreation Area'. ``(B) El mirage off-highway vehicle recreation Conservation Area, comprising approximately 16,370 acres, as generally depicted on the map entitled `Proposed El Mirage OHV Recreation Area' and dated December 10, 2018, which shall be known as the `El Mirage Off-Highway Vehicle Recreation Area'. ``(C) Rasor off-highway vehicle recreation area.-- Certain Bureau of Land Management land in the `Proposed Rasor OHV Recreation Area' and dated November 7, 2018, which shall be known as the `Rasor Off-Highway Vehicle Recreation Area'. ``(D) Spangler hills off-highway vehicle recreation `Proposed Spangler Hills OHV Recreation Area' and dated December 10, 2018, which shall be known as the `Spangler Hills Off-Highway Vehicle Recreation Area'. ``(E) Stoddard valley off-highway vehicle recreation `Proposed Stoddard Valley OHV Recreation Area' and dated November 7, 2018, which shall be known as the `Stoddard Valley Off-Highway Vehicle Recreation Area'. ``(2) Expansion of johnson valley off-highway vehicle recreation area.--The Johnson Valley Off-Highway Vehicle Recreation Area designated by section 2945 of the Military Construction Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 (division B of Public Law 113-66; 127 Stat. 1038) is expanded to include approximately 20,240 acres, depicted as `Proposed OHV Recreation Area Additions' and `Proposed OHV Recreation Area Study Areas' on the map entitled `Proposed Johnson Valley OHV Recreation Area' and dated November 7, 2018. ``(b) Purpose.--The purpose of the off-highway vehicle recreation areas designated or expanded under subsection (a) is to preserve and enhance the recreational opportunities within the Conservation Area (including opportunities for off-highway vehicle recreation), while conserving the wildlife and other natural resource values of the ``(c) Maps and Descriptions.-- ``(1) Preparation and submission.--As soon as practicable after the date of enactment of this title, the Secretary shall file a map and legal description of each off-highway vehicle recreation area designated or expanded by subsection (a) with-- ``(2) Legal effect.--The map and legal descriptions of the off-highway vehicle recreation areas filed under paragraph (1) shall have the same force and effect as if included in this title, except that the Secretary may correct errors in the map and legal descriptions. ``(3) Public availability.--Each map and legal description filed under paragraph (1) shall be filed and made available for public inspection in the appropriate offices of the Bureau of ``(d) Use of the Land.-- ``(1) Recreational activities.-- ``(A) In general.--The Secretary shall continue to authorize, maintain, and enhance the recreational uses of the off-highway vehicle recreation areas designated or expanded by subsection (a), as long as the recreational use is consistent with this section and any ``(B) Off-highway vehicle and off-highway recreation.--To the extent consistent with applicable Federal law (including regulations) and this section, any authorized recreation activities and use designations in effect on the date of enactment of this title and applicable to the off-highway vehicle recreation areas designated or expanded by subsection (a) shall continue, including casual off-highway vehicular use, racing, competitive events, rock crawling, training, and other forms of off-highway recreation. ``(2) Wildlife guzzlers.--Wildlife guzzlers shall be allowed in the off-highway vehicle recreation areas designated or expanded by subsection (a) in accordance with-- ``(A) applicable Bureau of Land Management guidelines; and ``(B) State law. ``(3) Prohibited uses.-- ``(A) In general.--Except as provided in subparagraph (B), commercial development (including development of energy facilities, but excluding energy transport facilities, rights-of-way, and related telecommunication facilities) shall be prohibited in the off-highway vehicle recreation areas designated or expanded by subsection (a) if the Secretary determines that the development is incompatible with the purpose described in subsection (b). ``(B) Exception.--The Secretary may issue a temporary permit to a commercial vendor to provide accessories and other support for off-highway vehicle use in an off-highway vehicle recreation area designated or expanded by subsection (a) for a limited period and consistent with the purposes of the off-highway vehicle recreation area and applicable laws. ``(e) Administration.-- ``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall administer the off- highway vehicle recreation areas designated or expanded by subsection (a) in accordance with-- ``(A) this title; ``(B) the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of ``(C) any other applicable laws (including ``(2) Management plan.-- ``(A) In general.--As soon as practicable, but not later than 3 years after the date of enactment of this title, the Secretary shall-- ``(i) amend existing resource management plans applicable to the off-highway vehicle recreation areas designated or expanded by subsection (a); or ``(ii) develop new management plans for each off-highway vehicle recreation area designated or expanded under that subsection. ``(B) Requirements.--All new or amended plans under subparagraph (A) shall be designed to preserve and enhance safe off-highway vehicle and other recreational opportunities within the applicable recreation area ``(i) the purpose described in subsection (b); ``(ii) any applicable laws (including ``(C) Interim plans.--Pending completion of a new management plan under subparagraph (A), the existing resource management plans shall govern the use of the applicable off-highway vehicle recreation area. ``(f) Withdrawal.--Subject to valid existing rights, all Federal land within the off-highway vehicle recreation areas designated or expanded by subsection (a) is withdrawn from-- ``(1) all forms of entry, appropriation, or disposal under ``(2) location, entry, and patent under the mining laws; and ``(3) right-of-way, leasing, or disposition under all laws relating to mineral leasing, geothermal leasing, or mineral ``(g) Southern California Edison Company Utility Facilities and Rights-of-way.-- ``(1) Effect of title.--Nothing in this title-- ``(A) affects any validly issued right-of-way for the customary operation, maintenance, upgrade, repair, relocation within an existing right-of-way, replacement, or other authorized energy transport facility activities (including the use of any mechanized vehicle, helicopter, and other aerial device) in a right-of-way acquired by or issued, granted, or permitted to Southern California Edison Company (including any successor in interest or assign) that is located on land included in-- ``(i) the El Mirage Off-Highway Vehicle Recreation Area; ``(ii) the Spangler Hills Off-Highway Vehicle ``(iii) the Stoddard Valley Off-Highway Vehicle Recreation Area; or ``(iv) the Johnson Valley Off-Highway Vehicle ``(B) affects the application, siting, route selection, right-of-way acquisition, or construction of the Coolwater-Lugo transmission project, as may be approved by the California Public Utilities Commission and the Bureau of Land Management; or ``(C) prohibits the upgrading or replacement of any Southern California Edison Company-- ``(i) utility facility, including such a utility facility known on the date of enactment of this title as-- ``(I) `Gale-PS 512 transmission lines or rights-of-way'; ``(II) `Patio, Jack Ranch, and Kenworth distribution circuits or rights-of-way'; or ``(III) `Bessemer and Peacor distribution circuits or rights-of-way'; ``(ii) energy transport facility in a right- of-way issued, granted, or permitted by the Secretary adjacent to a utility facility referred to in clause (i). ``(2) Plans for access.--The Secretary, in consultation with the Southern California Edison Company, shall publish plans for regular and emergency access by the Southern California Edison Company to the rights-of-way of the Company by the date that is 1 year after the later of-- ``(A) the date of enactment of this title; and ``(B) the date of issuance of a new energy transport facility right-of-way within-- ``(h) Pacific Gas and Electric Company Utility Facilities and or other authorized activity (including the use of any mechanized vehicle, helicopter, and other aerial device) in a right-of-way acquired by or issued, granted, or permitted to Pacific Gas and Electric Company (including any successor in interest or assign) that is located on land included in the Spangler Hills Off-Highway Vehicle Recreation Area; or ``(B) prohibits the upgrading or replacement of any-- ``(i) utility facilities of the Pacific Gas and Electric Company, including those utility facilities known on the date of enactment of this title as-- ``(I) `Gas Transmission Line 311 or ``(II) `Gas Transmission Line 372 or ``(ii) utility facilities of the Pacific Gas and Electric Company in rights-of-way issued, granted, or permitted by the Secretary adjacent to a utility facility referred to in clause (i). ``(2) Plans for access.--Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this title or the issuance of a new utility facility right-of-way within the Spangler Hills Off-Highway Vehicle Recreation Area, whichever is later, the Secretary, in consultation with the Pacific Gas and Electric Company, shall publish plans for regular and emergency access by the Pacific Gas and Electric Company to the rights-of-way of the Pacific Gas and Electric Company. ``TITLE XIV--ALABAMA HILLS NATIONAL SCENIC AREA ``SEC. 1401. <<NOTE: 16 USC 460ffff.>> DEFINITIONS. ``In this title: ``(1) Management plan.--The term `management plan' means the management plan for the Scenic Area developed under section Alabama Hills National Scenic Area' and dated November 7, 2018. ``(3) Motorized vehicle.--The term `motorized vehicle' means a motorized or mechanized vehicle and includes, when used by a utility, mechanized equipment, a helicopter, and any other aerial device necessary to maintain electrical or communications infrastructure. ``(4) Scenic area.--The term `Scenic Area' means the Alabama Hills National Scenic Area established by section 1402(a). ``(6) Tribe.--The term `Tribe' means the Lone Pine Paiute- Shoshone Tribe. ``SEC. 1402. <<NOTE: 16 USC 460ffff-1.>> ALABAMA HILLS NATIONAL SCENIC AREA, CALIFORNIA. ``(a) Establishment.--Subject to valid existing rights, there is established in Inyo County, California, the Alabama Hills National Scenic Area, to be comprised of the approximately 18,610 acres generally depicted on the Map as `National Scenic Area'. ``(b) Purpose.--The purpose of the Scenic Area is to conserve, protect, and enhance for the benefit, use, and enjoyment of present and future generations the nationally significant scenic, cultural, geological, educational, biological, historical, recreational, cinematographic, and scientific resources of the Scenic Area managed consistent with section 302(a) of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1732(a)). ``(c) Map; Legal Descriptions.-- ``(1) In general.--As soon as practicable after the date of enactment of this title, the Secretary shall file a map and a legal description of the Scenic Area with-- ``(A) the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate; and ``(B) the Committee on Natural Resources of the ``(2) Force of law.--The map and legal descriptions filed included in this title, except that the Secretary may correct any clerical and typographical errors in the map and legal ``(d) Administration.--The Secretary shall manage the Scenic Area-- ``(1) as a component of the National Landscape Conservation ``(2) so as not to impact the future continuing operation and maintenance of any activities associated with valid, existing rights, including water rights; ``(3) in a manner that conserves, protects, and enhances the resources and values of the Scenic Area described in subsection (b); and ``(4) in accordance with-- ``(A) the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of ``(B) this title; and ``(C) any other applicable laws. ``(e) Management.-- ``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall allow only such uses of the Scenic Area as the Secretary determines would further the purposes of the Scenic Area as described in subsection (b). ``(2) Recreational activities.--Except as otherwise provided in this title or other applicable law, or as the Secretary determines to be necessary for public health and safety, the Secretary shall allow existing recreational uses of the Scenic Area to continue, including hiking, mountain biking, rock climbing, sightseeing, horseback riding, hunting, fishing, and appropriate authorized motorized vehicle use in accordance with ``(3) Motorized vehicles.--Except as otherwise specified in this title, or as necessary for administrative purposes or to respond to an emergency, the use of motorized vehicles in the Scenic Area shall be permitted only on-- ``(A) roads and trails designated by the Secretary for use of motorized vehicles as part of a management plan sustaining a semiprimitive motorized experience; or ``(B) county-maintained roads in accordance with applicable State and county laws. ``(f) No Buffer Zones.-- ``(1) In general.--Nothing in this title creates a protective perimeter or buffer zone around the Scenic Area. ``(2) Activities outside scenic area.--The fact that an activity or use on land outside the Scenic Area can be seen or heard within the Scenic Area shall not preclude the activity or use outside the boundaries of the Scenic Area. ``(g) Access.--The Secretary shall provide private landowners adequate access to inholdings in the Scenic Area. ``(h) Filming.--Nothing in this title prohibits filming (including commercial film production, student filming, and still photography) within the Scenic Area-- ``(1) subject to-- ``(A) such reasonable regulations, policies, and practices as the Secretary considers to be necessary; ``(B) applicable law; and ``(2) in a manner consistent with the purposes described in ``(i) Fish and Wildlife.--Nothing in this title affects the jurisdiction or responsibilities of the State with respect to fish and wildlife. ``(j) Livestock.--The grazing of livestock in the Scenic Area, including grazing under the Alabama Hills allotment and the George Creek allotment, as established before the date of enactment of this title, shall be permitted to continue-- ``(k) Withdrawal.--Subject to the provisions of this title and valid rights in existence on the date of enactment of this title, including rights established by prior withdrawals, the Federal land within the Scenic Area is withdrawn from all forms of-- ``(1) entry, appropriation, or disposal under the public land laws; ``(3) disposition under all laws pertaining to mineral and geothermal leasing or mineral materials. ``(l) Wildland Fire Operations.--Nothing in this title prohibits the Secretary, in cooperation with other Federal, State, and local agencies, as appropriate, from conducting wildland fire operations in the Scenic Area, consistent with the purposes described in subsection (b). ``(m) Cooperative Agreements.--The Secretary may enter into cooperative agreements with, State, Tribal, and local governmental entities and private entities to conduct research, interpretation, or public education or to carry out any other initiative relating to the restoration, conservation, or management of the Scenic Area. ``(n) Utility Facilities and Rights-of-way.-- ``(A) affects the existence, use, operation, maintenance (including vegetation control), repair, reconfiguration, expansion, inspection, renewal, reconstruction, alteration, addition, relocation, improvement, funding, removal, or replacement of any utility facility or appurtenant right-of-way within or adjacent to the Scenic Area; ``(B) subject to subsection (e), affects necessary or efficient access to utility facilities or rights-of- way within or adjacent to the Scenic Area; and ``(C) precludes the Secretary from authorizing the establishment of new utility facility rights-of-way (including instream sites, routes, and areas) within the Scenic Area in a manner that minimizes harm to the purpose of the Scenic Area as described in subsection (b)-- ``(i) in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) and any other applicable law; ``(ii) subject to such terms and conditions as the Secretary determines to be appropriate; and ``(iii) that are determined by the Secretary to be the only technical or feasible location, following consideration of alternatives within existing rights-of-way or outside of the Scenic ``(2) Management plan.--Consistent with this title, the Management Plan shall establish provisions for maintenance of public utility and other rights-of-way within the Scenic Area. ``SEC. 1403. <<NOTE: 16 USC 460ffff-2.>> MANAGEMENT PLAN. ``(a) In General.--Not later than 3 years after the date of enactment of this title, in accordance with subsections (b) and (c), the Secretary shall develop a comprehensive plan for the long-term management of the Scenic Area. ``(b) Consultation.--In developing the management plan, the Secretary shall consult with-- ``(1) appropriate State, Tribal, and local governmental entities, including Inyo County and the Tribe; ``(2) utilities, including Southern California Edison Company and the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power; ``(3) the Alabama Hills Stewardship Group; and ``(4) members of the public. ``(c) Requirement.--In accordance with this title, the management plan shall include provisions for maintenance of existing public utility and other rights-of-way within the Scenic Area. ``(d) Incorporation.--In developing the management plan, in accordance with this section, the Secretary may allow casual use mining limited to the use of hand tools, metal detectors, hand-fed dry washers, vacuum cleaners, gold pans, small sluices, and similar items. ``(e) Interim Management.--Pending completion of the management plan, the Secretary shall manage the Scenic Area in accordance with section 1402(b). ``SEC. 1404. <<NOTE: 16 USC 460ffff-3.>> LAND TAKEN INTO TRUST FOR LONE PINE PAIUTE-SHOSHONE RESERVATION. ``(a) Trust Land.-- ``(1) In general.--On completion of the survey described in subsection (b), all right, title, and interest of the United States in and to the approximately 132 acres of Federal land depicted on the Map as `Lone Pine Paiute-Shoshone Reservation Addition' shall be held in trust for the benefit of the Tribe, subject to paragraphs (2) and (3). ``(2) Conditions.--The land described in paragraph (1) shall be subject to all easements, covenants, conditions, restrictions, withdrawals, and other matters of record in existence on the date of enactment of this title. ``(3) Exclusion.--The Federal land over which the right-of- way for the Los Angeles Aqueduct is located, generally described as the 250-foot-wide right-of-way granted to the City of Los Angeles pursuant to the Act of June 30, 1906 (34 Stat. 801, chapter 3926), shall not be taken into trust for the Tribe. ``(b) Survey.--Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this title, the Secretary shall complete a survey of the boundary lines to establish the boundaries of the land to be held in trust under subsection (a)(1). ``(c) Reservation Land.--The land held in trust pursuant to subsection (a)(1) shall be considered to be a part of the reservation of the Tribe. ``(d) Gaming Prohibition.--Land held in trust under subsection (a)(1) shall not be eligible, or considered to have been taken into trust, for gaming (within the meaning of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (25 U.S.C. 2701 et seq.)). ``SEC. 1405. <<NOTE: 16 USC 460ffff-4.>> TRANSFER OF ADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTION. ``Administrative jurisdiction over the approximately 56 acres of Federal land depicted on the Map as `USFS Transfer to BLM' is transferred from the Forest Service to the Bureau of Land Management. ``SEC. 1406. <<NOTE: 16 USC 460ffff-5.>> PROTECTION OF SERVICES AND RECREATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES. ``(a) Effect of Title.--Nothing in this title limits commercial services for existing or historic recreation uses, as authorized by the permit process of the Bureau of Land Management. ``(b) Guided Recreational Opportunities.--Commercial permits to exercise guided recreational opportunities for the public that are authorized as of the date of enactment of this title may continue to be authorized.''. Title VII of the California Desert Protection Act is 1994 (16 U.S.C. 410aaa-71 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``SEC. 712. <<NOTE: 16 USC 410aaa-81a.>> TRANSFER OF LAND TO ANZA-BORREGO DESERT STATE PARK. ``(a) In General.--On termination of all mining claims to the land described in subsection (b), the Secretary shall transfer the land described in that subsection to the State of California. ``(b) Description of Land.--The land referred to in subsection (a) is certain Bureau of Land Management land in San Diego County, California, comprising approximately 934 acres, as generally depicted on the map entitled `Proposed Table Mountain Wilderness Study Area Transfer to the State' and dated November 7, 2018. ``(c) Management.-- ``(1) In general.--The land transferred under subsection (a) shall be managed in accordance with the provisions of the California Wilderness Act (California Public Resources Code sections 5093.30-5093.40). ``(2) Withdrawal.--Subject to valid existing rights, the land transferred under subsection (a) is withdrawn from-- ``(C) disposition under all laws relating to mineral and geothermal leasing. ``(3) Reversion.--If the State ceases to manage the land transferred under subsection (a) as part of the State Park System or in a manner inconsistent with the California Wilderness Act (California Public Resources Code sections 5093.30-5093.40), the land shall revert to the Secretary at the discretion of the Secretary, to be managed as a Wilderness Study Area.''. 410aaa-71 et seq.) (as amended by section 1451) is amended by adding at ``SEC. 713. <<NOTE: 16 USC 410aaa-81b.>> WILDLIFE CORRIDORS. ``(a) In General.--The Secretary shall-- ``(1) assess the impacts of habitat fragmentation on wildlife in the California Desert Conservation Area; and ``(2) establish policies and procedures to ensure the preservation of wildlife corridors and facilitate species migration. ``(b) Study.-- Secretary shall complete a study regarding the impact of habitat fragmentation on wildlife in the California Desert Conservation ``(2) Components.--The study under paragraph (1) shall-- ``(A) identify the species migrating, or likely to migrate in the California Desert Conservation Area; ``(B) examine the impacts and potential impacts of habitat fragmentation on-- ``(i) plants, insects, and animals; ``(ii) soil; ``(iii) air quality; ``(iv) water quality and quantity; and ``(v) species migration and survival; ``(C) identify critical wildlife and species migration corridors recommended for preservation; and ``(D) include recommendations for ensuring the biological connectivity of public land managed by the Secretary and the Secretary of Defense throughout the California Desert Conservation Area. ``(3) Rights-of-way.--The Secretary shall consider the information and recommendations of the study under paragraph (1) to determine the individual and cumulative impacts of rights-of-way for projects in the California Desert Conservation Area, in accordance with-- ``(A) the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.); ``(B) the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.); and ``(C) any other applicable law. ``(c) Land Management Plans.--The Secretary shall incorporate into all land management plans applicable to the California Desert Conservation Area the findings and recommendations of the study completed under subsection (b).''. SEC. 1453. PROHIBITED USES OF ACQUIRED, DONATED, AND CONSERVATION ``SEC. 714. <<NOTE: 16 USC 410aaa-81c.>> PROHIBITED USES OF ACQUIRED, DONATED, AND CONSERVATION LAND. ``(1) Acquired land.--The term `acquired land' means any land acquired within the Conservation Area using amounts from the land and water conservation fund established under section 200302 of title 54, United States Code. ``(2) Conservation area.--The term `Conservation Area' means ``(3) Conservation land.--The term `conservation land' means any land within the Conservation Area that is designated to satisfy the conditions of a Federal habitat conservation plan, general conservation plan, or State natural communities conservation plan, including-- ``(A) national conservation land established pursuant to section 2002(b)(2)(D) of the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 (16 U.S.C. 7202(b)(2)(D)); ``(B) areas of critical environmental concern established pursuant to section 202(c)(3) of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1712(c)(3)). ``(4) Donated land.--The term `donated land' means any private land donated to the United States for conservation purposes in the Conservation Area. ``(5) Donor.--The term `donor' means an individual or entity that donates private land within the Conservation Area to the ``(6) Secretary.--The term `Secretary' means the Secretary, ``(b) Prohibitions.--Except as provided in subsection (c), the Secretary shall not authorize the use of acquired land, conservation land, or donated land within the Conservation Area for any activities contrary to the conservation purposes for which the land was acquired, designated, or donated, including-- ``(1) disposal; ``(2) rights-of-way; ``(3) leases; ``(4) livestock grazing; ``(5) infrastructure development, except as provided in subsection (c); ``(6) mineral entry; and ``(7) off-highway vehicle use, except on-- ``(A) designated routes; ``(B) off-highway vehicle areas designated by law; ``(C) administratively designated open areas. ``(c) Exceptions.-- ``(1) Authorization by secretary.--Subject to paragraph (2), the Secretary may authorize limited exceptions to prohibited uses of acquired land or donated land in the Conservation Area if-- ``(A) a right-of-way application for a renewable energy development project or associated energy transport facility on acquired land or donated land was submitted to the Bureau of Land Management on or before December 1, 2009; or ``(B) after the completion and consideration of an analysis under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.), the Secretary has determined that proposed use is in the public interest. ``(2) Conditions.-- ``(A) In general.--If the Secretary grants an exception to the prohibition under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall require the permittee to donate private land of comparable value located within the Conservation Area to the United States to mitigate the use. ``(B) Approval.--The private land to be donated under subparagraph (A) shall be approved by the Secretary after-- ``(i) consultation, to the maximum extent practicable, with the donor of the private land proposed for nonconservation uses; and ``(ii) an opportunity for public comment regarding the donation. ``(d) Existing Agreements.--Nothing in this section affects permitted or prohibited uses of donated land or acquired land in the Conservation Area established in any easements, deed restrictions, memoranda of understanding, or other agreements in existence on the date of enactment of this section. ``(e) Deed Restrictions.--Effective beginning on the date of enactment of this section, within the Conservation Area, the Secretary may-- ``(1) accept deed restrictions requested by landowners for land donated to, or otherwise acquired by, the United States; ``(2) consistent with existing rights, create deed restrictions, easements, or other third-party rights relating to any public land determined by the Secretary to be necessary-- ``(A) to fulfill the mitigation requirements resulting from the development of renewable resources; ``(B) to satisfy the conditions of-- ``(i) a habitat conservation plan or general conservation plan established pursuant to section 10 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1539); or ``(ii) a natural communities conservation plan approved by the State.''. Section 705 of the California Desert Protection Act is 1994 (16 U.S.C. 410aaa-75) is amended-- (1) by redesignating subsection (b) as subsection (c); (2) by striking subsection (a) and inserting the following: ``(a) Access.--The Secretary shall ensure access to areas designated under this Act by members of Indian Tribes for traditional cultural and religious purposes, consistent with applicable law, including Public Law 95-341 (commonly known as the `American Indian Religious Freedom Act') (42 U.S.C. 1996). ``(b) Temporary Closure.-- ``(1) In general.--In accordance with applicable law, including Public Law 95-341 (commonly known as the `American Indian Religious Freedom Act') (42 U.S.C. 1996), and subject to paragraph (2), the Secretary, on request of an Indian Tribe or Indian religious community, shall temporarily close to general public use any portion of an area designated as a national monument, special management area, wild and scenic river, area of critical environmental concern, or National Park System unit under this Act (referred to in this subsection as a `designated area') to protect the privacy of traditional cultural and religious activities in the designated area by members of the Indian Tribe or Indian religious community. ``(2) Limitation.--In closing a portion of a designated area under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall limit the closure to the smallest practicable area for the minimum period necessary for the traditional cultural and religious activities.''; and (3) by adding at the end the following: ``(d) Tribal Cultural Resources Management Plan.-- ``(1) In general.--Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of the John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act, the Secretary shall develop and implement a Tribal cultural resources management plan to identify, protect, and conserve cultural resources of Indian Tribes associated with the Xam Kwatchan Trail network extending from Avikwaame (Spirit Mountain, Nevada) to Avikwlal (Pilot Knob, California). ``(2) Consultation.--The Secretary shall consult on the development and implementation of the Tribal cultural resources management plan under paragraph (1) with-- ``(A) each of-- ``(i) the Chemehuevi Indian Tribe; ``(ii) the Hualapai Tribal Nation; ``(iii) the Fort Mojave Indian Tribe; ``(iv) the Colorado River Indian Tribes; ``(v) the Quechan Indian Tribe; and ``(vi) the Cocopah Indian Tribe; ``(B) the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation; ``(C) the State Historic Preservation Offices of Nevada, Arizona, and California. ``(3) Resource protection.--The Tribal cultural resources management plan developed under paragraph (1) shall-- ``(A) be based on a completed Tribal cultural resources survey; and ``(B) include procedures for identifying, protecting, and preserving petroglyphs, ancient trails, intaglios, sleeping circles, artifacts, and other resources of cultural, archaeological, or historical significance in accordance with all applicable laws and policies, including-- ``(i) chapter 2003 of title 54, United States Code; ``(ii) Public Law 95-341 (commonly known as the `American Indian Religious Freedom Act') (42 U.S.C. 1996); ``(iii) the Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 (16 U.S.C. 470aa et seq.); ``(iv) the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (25 U.S.C. 3001 et seq.); and ``(v) Public Law 103-141 (commonly known as the `Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993') (42 U.S.C. 2000bb et seq.). ``(e) Withdrawal.--Subject to valid existing rights, all Federal land within the area administratively withdrawn and known as the `Indian Pass Withdrawal Area' is permanently withdrawn from-- ``(3) right-of-way leasing and disposition under all laws relating to minerals or solar, wind, or geothermal energy.''. (1) 1932 act.--The term ``1932 Act'' means the Act of June 18, 1932 (47 Stat. 324, chapter 270). (2) District.--The term ``District'' means the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. (b) Release.--Subject to valid existing claims perfected prior to the effective date of the 1932 Act and the reservation of minerals set forth in the 1932 Act, the Secretary shall release, convey, or otherwise quitclaim to the District, in a form recordable in local county records, and subject to the approval of the District, after consultation and without monetary consideration, all right, title, and remaining interest of the United States in and to the land that was conveyed to the District pursuant to the 1932 Act or any other law authorizing conveyance subject to restrictions or reversionary interests retained by the United States, on request by the District. (c) Terms and Conditions.--A conveyance authorized by subsection (b) shall be subject to the following terms and conditions: (1) The District shall cover, or reimburse the Secretary for, the costs incurred by the Secretary to make the conveyance, including title searches, surveys, deed preparation, attorneys' fees, and similar expenses. (2) By accepting the conveyances, the District agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the United States with regard to any boundary dispute relating to any parcel conveyed under this Section 707 of the California Desert Protection Act of 1994 (16 (1) in subsection (a)-- (A) in the first sentence-- (i) by striking ``Upon request of the California State Lands Commission (hereinafter in this section referred to as the `Commission'), the Secretary shall enter into negotiations for an agreement'' and inserting the following: ``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall negotiate in good faith to reach an agreement with the California State Lands Commission (referred to in this section as the `Commission')''; (ii) by inserting ``, national monuments, off- highway vehicle recreation areas,'' after ``more of the wilderness areas''; and (B) in the second sentence, by striking ``The Secretary shall negotiate in good faith to'' and ``(2) Agreement.--To the maximum extent practicable, not later than 10 years after the date of enactment of this title, the Secretary shall''; and (2) in subsection (b)(1), by inserting ``, national monuments, off-highway vehicle recreation areas,'' after ``wilderness areas''. (a) Amargosa River, California.--Section 3(a)(196)(A) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1274(a)(196)(A)) is amended to read as ``(A) The approximately 7.5-mile segment of the Amargosa River in the State of California, the private property boundary in sec. 19, T. 22 N., R. 7 E., to 100 feet upstream of the Tecopa Hot Springs Road crossing, to be administered by the Secretary of the Interior as a (b) Additional Segments.--Section 3(a) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1274(a)) (as amended by section 1303(a)) is amended by ``(228) Surprise canyon creek, california.-- ``(A) In general.--The following segments of Surprise Canyon Creek in the State of California, to be administered by the Secretary of the Interior: ``(i) The approximately 5.3 miles of Surprise Canyon Creek from the confluence of Frenchman's Canyon and Water Canyon to 100 feet upstream of Chris Wicht Camp, as a wild river. ``(ii) The approximately 1.8 miles of Surprise Canyon Creek from 100 feet upstream of Chris Wicht Camp to the southern boundary of sec. 14, T. 21 S., R. 44 E., as a recreational river. ``(B) Effect on historic mining structures.--Nothing in this paragraph affects the historic mining structures associated with the former Panamint Mining District. ``(229) Deep creek, california.-- ``(A) In general.--The following segments of Deep Creek in the State of California, to be administered by the Secretary of Agriculture: ``(i) The approximately 6.5-mile segment from 0.125 mile downstream of the Rainbow Dam site in sec. 33, T. 2 N., R. 2 W., San Bernardino Meridian, to 0.25 miles upstream of the Road 3N34 crossing, as a wild river. ``(ii) The 0.5-mile segment from 0.25 mile upstream of the Road 3N34 crossing to 0.25 mile downstream of the Road 3N34 crossing, as a scenic ``(iii) The 2.5-mile segment from 0.25 miles downstream of the Road 3 N. 34 crossing to 0.25 miles upstream of the Trail 2W01 crossing, as a ``(iv) The 0.5-mile segment from 0.25 miles upstream of the Trail 2W01 crossing to 0.25 mile downstream of the Trail 2W01 crossing, as a scenic ``(v) The 10-mile segment from 0.25 miles downstream of the Trail 2W01 crossing to the upper limit of the Mojave dam flood zone in sec. 17, T. 3 N., R. 3 W., San Bernardino Meridian, as a wild ``(vi) The 11-mile segment of Holcomb Creek from 100 yards downstream of the Road 3N12 crossing to .25 miles downstream of Holcomb Crossing, as a recreational river. ``(vii) The 3.5-mile segment of the Holcomb Creek from 0.25 miles downstream of Holcomb Crossing to the Deep Creek confluence, as a wild ``(B) Effect on ski operations.--Nothing in this paragraph affects-- ``(i) the operations of the Snow Valley Ski Resort; or ``(ii) the State regulation of water rights and water quality associated with the operation of the Snow Valley Ski Resort. ``(230) Whitewater river, california.--The following segments of the Whitewater River in the State of California, to be administered by the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of the Interior, acting jointly: ``(A) The 5.8-mile segment of the North Fork Whitewater River from the source of the River near Mt. San Gorgonio to the confluence with the Middle Fork, as ``(B) The 6.4-mile segment of the Middle Fork Whitewater River from the source of the River to the confluence with the South Fork, as a wild river. ``(C) The 1-mile segment of the South Fork Whitewater River from the confluence of the River with the East Fork to the section line between sections 32 and 33, T. 1 S., R. 2 E., San Bernardino Meridian, as a ``(D) The 1-mile segment of the South Fork Whitewater River from the section line between sections 32 and 33, T. 1 S., R. 2 E., San Bernardino Meridian, to the section line between sections 33 and 34, T. 1 S., R. 2 E., San Bernardino Meridian, as a recreational river. ``(E) The 4.9-mile segment of the South Fork the confluence with the Middle Fork, as a wild river. ``(F) The 5.4-mile segment of the main stem of the Whitewater River from the confluence of the South and Middle Forks to the San Gorgonio Wilderness boundary, as ``(G) The 3.6-mile segment of the main stem of the Whitewater River from the San Gorgonio Wilderness boundary to .25 miles upstream of the southern boundary of section 35, T. 2 S., R. 3 E., San Bernardino Meridian, as a recreational river.''. (a) Short Title.--Section 1 of the California Desert Protection Act of 1994 (16 U.S.C. 410aaa note; Public Law 103-433) is amended by striking ``1 and 2, and titles I through IX'' and inserting ``1, 2, and 3, titles I through IX, and titles XIII and XIV''. (b) Definitions.--The California Desert Protection Act of 1994 (Public Law 103-433; 108 Stat. 4471) is amended by inserting after section 2 the following: ``SEC. 3. <<NOTE: 16 USC 410aaa note.>> DEFINITIONS. ``(a) Titles I Through Ix.--In titles I through IX, the term `this Act' means only-- ``(1) sections 1 and 2; and ``(2) titles I through IX. ``(b) Titles Xiii and Xiv.--In titles XIII and XIV: ``(2) Secretary.--The term `Secretary' means-- ``(A) with respect to land under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of the Interior; and ``(B) with respect to land under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of Agriculture. California.''. The California Desert Protection Act of 1994 is amended by striking section 711 (16 U.S.C. 410aaa-81) and inserting the following: ``SEC. 711. <<NOTE: 16 USC 410aaa-81.>> JUNIPER FLATS. ``Development of renewable energy generation facilities (excluding rights-of-way or facilities for the transmission of energy and telecommunication facilities and infrastructure) is prohibited on the approximately 27,990 acres of Federal land generally depicted as `BLM Land Unavailable for Energy Development' on the map entitled `Juniper Flats' and dated November 7, 2018.''. SEC. 1460. CONFORMING AMENDMENTS TO CALIFORNIA MILITARY LANDS WITHDRAWAL AND OVERFLIGHTS ACT OF 1994. (a) Findings.--Section 801(b)(2) of the California Military Lands Withdrawal and Overflights Act of 1994 (16 U.S.C. 410aaa-82 note; Public Law 103-433) is amended by inserting ``, special management areas, off- highway vehicle recreation areas, scenic areas,'' before ``and wilderness areas''. (b) Overflights; Special Airspace.--Section 802 of the California Military Lands Withdrawal and Overflights Act of 1994 (16 U.S.C. 410aaa- 82) is amended-- (1) in subsection (a), by inserting ``, scenic areas, off- highway vehicle recreation areas, or special management areas'' before ``designated by this Act''; (2) in subsection (b), by inserting ``, scenic areas, off- before ``designated by this Act''; and ``(d) Department of Defense Facilities.--Nothing in this Act alters any authority of the Secretary of Defense to conduct military operations at installations and ranges within the California Desert Conservation Area that are authorized under any other provision of law.''. SEC. 1461. <<NOTE: 16 USC 670g note.>> DESERT TORTOISE CONSERVATION CENTER. (a) In General.--The Secretary shall establish, operate, and maintain a trans-State desert tortoise conservation center (referred to in this section as the ``Center'') on public land along the California- Nevada border-- (1) to support desert tortoise research, disease monitoring, handling training, rehabilitation, and reintroduction; (2) to provide temporary quarters for animals collected from authorized salvage from renewable energy sites; and (3) to ensure the full recovery and ongoing survival of the species. (b) Center.--In carrying out this section, the Secretary shall-- (1) seek the participation of or contract with qualified organizations with expertise in desert tortoise disease research and experience with desert tortoise translocation techniques, and scientific training of professional biologists for handling tortoises, to staff and manage the Center; (2) ensure that the Center engages in public outreach and education on tortoise handling; and (3) consult with the State and the State of Nevada to ensure that the Center is operated consistent with State law. (c) Non-Federal Contributions.--The Secretary may accept and expend contributions of non-Federal funds to establish, operate, and maintain the Center. SEC. 2001. SPECIAL RESOURCE STUDY OF JAMES K. POLK PRESIDENTIAL (a) Definition of Study Area.--In this section, the term ``study area'' means the President James K. Polk Home in Columbia, Tennessee, and adjacent property. (b) Special Resource Study.-- (1) Study.--The Secretary shall conduct a special resource study of the study area. (2) Contents.--In conducting the study under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall-- (A) evaluate the national significance of the study (B) determine the suitability and feasibility of designating the study area as a unit of the National Park System; (C) consider other alternatives for preservation, protection, and interpretation of the study area by the Federal Government, State or local government entities, or private and nonprofit organizations; (D) consult with interested Federal agencies, State or local governmental entities, private and nonprofit organizations, or any other interested individuals; and (E) identify cost estimates for any Federal acquisition, development, interpretation, operation, and maintenance associated with the alternatives. (3) Applicable law.--The study required under paragraph (1) shall be conducted in accordance with section 100507 of title 54, United States Code. (4) Report.--Not later than 3 years after the date on which funds are first made available for the study under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives a report that describes-- (A) the results of the study; and (B) any conclusions and recommendations of the area'' means-- (1) P.S. 103, the public school located in West Baltimore, Maryland, which Thurgood Marshall attended as a youth; and (2) any other resources in the neighborhood surrounding P.S. 103 that relate to the early life of Thurgood Marshall. funds are first made available to carry out the study under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate a report that describes-- area'' means the President Street Station, a railroad terminal in Baltimore, Maryland, the history of which is tied to the growth of the railroad industry in the 19th century, the Civil War, the Underground Railroad, and the immigrant influx of the early 20th century. (1), the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Natural Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate a report that area'' means the site known as ``Amache'', ``Camp Amache'', and ``Granada Relocation Center'' in Granada, Colorado, which was 1 of the 10 relocation centers where Japanese Americans were incarcerated during (1) In general.--The Secretary shall conduct a special resource study of the study area. maintenance associated with the alternatives described in subparagraphs (B) and (C). SEC. 2005. SPECIAL RESOURCE STUDY OF GEORGE W. BUSH CHILDHOOD area'' means the George W. Bush Childhood Home, located at 1412 West Ohio Avenue, Midland, Texas. SEC. 2101. <<NOTE: 16 USC 430f-13.>> SHILOH NATIONAL MILITARY PARK BOUNDARY ADJUSTMENT. (1) Affiliated area.--The term ``affiliated area'' means the Parker's Crossroads Battlefield established as an affiliated area of the National Park System by subsection (c)(1). (2) Park.--The term ``Park'' means Shiloh National Military Park, a unit of the National Park System. (b) Areas to Be Added to Shiloh National Military Park.-- (1) Additional areas.--The boundary of the Park is modified to include the areas that are generally depicted on the map entitled ``Shiloh National Military Park, Proposed Boundary Adjustment'', numbered 304/80,011, and dated July 2014, and which are comprised of the following: (A) Fallen Timbers Battlefield. (B) Russell House Battlefield. (C) Davis Bridge Battlefield. (2) Acquisition authority.--The Secretary may acquire the land described in paragraph (1) by donation, purchase from willing sellers with donated or appropriated funds, or exchange. (3) Administration.--Any land acquired under this subsection shall be administered as part of the Park. (c) Establishment of Affiliated Area.-- (1) In general.--Parker's Crossroads Battlefield in the State of Tennessee is established as an affiliated area of the (2) Description of affiliated area.--The affiliated area shall consist of the area generally depicted within the ``Proposed Boundary'' on the map entitled ``Parker's Crossroads Battlefield, Proposed Boundary'', numbered 903/80,073, and dated July 2014. (3) Administration.--The affiliated area shall be managed in (A) this section; and (B) any law generally applicable to units of the (4) Management entity.--The City of Parkers Crossroads and the Tennessee Historical Commission shall jointly be the management entity for the affiliated area. (5) Cooperative agreements.--The Secretary may provide technical assistance and enter into cooperative agreements with the management entity for the purpose of providing financial assistance for the marketing, marking, interpretation, and preservation of the affiliated area. (6) Limited role of the secretary.--Nothing in this section authorizes the Secretary to acquire property at the affiliated area or to assume overall financial responsibility for the operation, maintenance, or management of the affiliated area. (7) General management plan.-- (A) In general.--The Secretary, in consultation with the management entity, shall develop a general management plan for the affiliated area in accordance with section 100502 of title 54, United States Code. (B) Transmittal.--Not later than 3 years after the date on which funds are made available to carry out this section, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate the general management plan developed under subparagraph (A). SEC. 2102. <<NOTE: 16 USC 410yyy-3.>> OCMULGEE MOUNDS NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK BOUNDARY. (1) Historical park.--The term ``Historical Park'' means the Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park in the State of Georgia, as redesignated by subsection(b)(1)(A). (2) Map.--The term ``map'' means the map entitled ``Ocmulgee National Monument Proposed Boundary Adjustment'', numbered 363/ 125996, and dated January 2016. (3) Study area.--The term ``study area'' means the Ocmulgee River corridor between the cities of Macon, Georgia, and Hawkinsville, Georgia. (b) Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park.-- (1) Redesignation.-- (A) In general.--The Ocmulgee National Monument, established pursuant to the Act of June 14, 1934 (48 Stat. 958, chapter 519), shall be known and designated as the ``Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park''. (B) References.--Any reference in a law, map, regulation, document, paper, or other record of the United States to the ``Ocmulgee National Monument'' shall be deemed to be a reference to the ``Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park''. (2) Boundary adjustment.-- (A) In general.--The boundary of the Historical Park is revised to include approximately 2,100 acres of land, as generally depicted on the map. (B) Availability of map.--The map shall be on file and available for public inspection in the appropriate offices of the National Park Service. (3) Land acquisition.-- (A) In general.--The Secretary may acquire land and interests in land within the boundaries of the Historical Park by donation, purchase from a willing seller with donated or appropriated funds, or exchange. (B) Limitation.--The Secretary may not acquire by condemnation any land or interest in land within the boundaries of the Historical Park. (4) Administration.--The Secretary shall administer any land acquired under paragraph (3) as part of the Historical Park in (c) Ocmulgee River Corridor Special Resource Study.-- SEC. 2103. <<NOTE: 16 USC 430t-1.>> KENNESAW MOUNTAIN NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD PARK BOUNDARY. (1) Map.--The term ``map'' means the map entitled ``Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, Proposed Boundary Adjustment'', numbered 325/80,020, and dated February 2010. (2) Park.--The term ``Park'' means the Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park. (b) Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park Boundary Adjustment.-- (1) Boundary adjustment.--The boundary of the Park is modified to include the approximately 8 acres of land or interests in land identified as ``Wallis House and Harriston Hill'', as generally depicted on the map. (2) Map.--The map shall be on file and available for inspection in the appropriate offices of the National Park (3) Land acquisition.--The Secretary may acquire land or interests in land described in paragraph (1) by donation, purchase from willing sellers, or exchange. (4) Administration of acquired land.--The Secretary shall administer land and interests in land acquired under this section as part of the Park in accordance with applicable laws (including regulations). (a) Maximum Acreage.--The first section of the Act of May 26, 1936 (16 U.S.C. 433g), is amended by striking ``two hundred and fifty acres'' and inserting ``305 acres''. (b) Boundary Expansion.-- (1) In general.--The boundary of the Fort Frederica National Monument in the State of Georgia is modified to include the land generally depicted as ``Proposed Acquisition Areas'' on the map entitled ``Fort Frederica National Monument Proposed Boundary Expansion'', numbered 369/132,469, and dated April 2016. (2) Availability of map.--The map described in paragraph (1) appropriate offices of the National Park Service. (3) Acquisition of land.--The Secretary may acquire the land and interests in land described in paragraph (1) by donation or purchase with donated or appropriated funds from willing sellers (4) No use of condemnation or eminent domain.--The Secretary may not acquire by condemnation or eminent domain any land or interests in land under this section or for the purposes of this Public Law 95-484 (92 Stat. 1610) <<NOTE: 54 USC 320101 note.>> is (1) in the first section-- (A) by inserting ``, by purchase with appropriated funds, or by exchange'' after ``donation''; and (B) by striking the proviso; and (2) in section 2-- (A) by striking ``sec. 2. When'' and inserting the ``SEC. 2. ESTABLISHMENT. ``(a) In General.--When''; and (B) by adding at the end the following: ``(b) Boundary Modification.--The boundary of the Fort Scott National Historic Site established under subsection (a) is modified as generally depicted on the map referred to as `Fort Scott National Historic Site Proposed Boundary Modification', numbered 471/80,057, and dated February 2016.''. The first section of Public Law 91-60 (83 Stat. 101) <<NOTE: 54 USC 320301 note.>> is amended-- (1) by striking ``entitled `Proposed Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument', numbered NM-FFB-7100, and dated March 1967, and more particularly described by metes and bounds in an attachment to that map,'' and inserting ``entitled `Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument Proposed Boundary Adjustment', numbered 171/132,544, and dated May 3, 2016,''; and (2) by striking ``six thousand acres'' and inserting ``6,300 (a) Boundaries.-- (1) In general.--Section 102(a) of Public Law 91-661 (16 U.S.C. 160a-1(a)) is amended-- (A) in the first sentence, by striking ``the drawing entitled'' and all that follows through ``February 1969'' and inserting ``the map entitled `Voyageurs National Park, Proposed Land Transfer & Boundary Adjustment', numbered 172/80,056, and dated June 2009 (22 sheets)''; and (B) in the second and third sentences, by striking ``drawing'' each place it appears and inserting ``map''. (2) Technical corrections.--Section 102(b)(2)(A) of Public Law 91-661 (16 U.S.C. 160a-1(b)(2)(A)) is amended-- (A) by striking ``paragraph (1)(C) and (D)'' and inserting ``subparagraphs (C) and (D) of paragraph (B) in the second proviso, by striking ``paragraph 1(E)'' and inserting ``paragraph (1)(E)''. (b) Land Acquisitions.--Section 201 of Public Law 91-661 (16 U.S.C. 160b) is amended-- (1) by striking the section designation and heading and all that follows through ``(a) The Secretary'' and inserting the ``SEC. 201. LAND ACQUISITIONS. ``(a) Authorization.-- ``(1) In general.--The Secretary''; (A) in the second sentence, by striking ``When any tract of land is only partly within such boundaries'' ``(2) Certain portions of tracts.-- ``(A) In general.--In any case in which only a portion of a tract of land is within the boundaries of the park''; (B) in the third sentence, by striking ``Land so acquired'' and inserting the following: ``(B) Exchange.-- ``(i) In general.--Any land acquired pursuant to subparagraph (A)''; (C) in the fourth sentence, by striking ``Any portion'' and inserting the following: ``(ii) Portions not exchanged.--Any portion''; (D) in the fifth sentence, by striking ``Any Federal property'' and inserting the following: ``(C) Transfers of federal property.--Any Federal property''; and (E) by striking the last sentence and inserting the ``(D) Administrative jurisdiction.--Effective beginning on the date of enactment of this subparagraph, there is transferred to the National Park Service administrative jurisdiction over-- ``(i) any land managed by the Bureau of Land Management within the boundaries of the park, as depicted on the map described in section 102(a); ``(ii) any additional public land identified by the Bureau of Land Management as appropriate for transfer within the boundaries of the park. ``(E) Land owned by state.-- ``(i) Donations and exchanges.--Any land located within or adjacent to the boundaries of the park that is owned by the State of Minnesota (or a political subdivision of the State) may be acquired by the Secretary only through donation or ``(ii) Revision.--On completion of an acquisition from the State under clause (i), the Secretary shall revise the boundaries of the park to reflect the acquisition.''; and (3) in subsection (b), by striking ``(b) In exercising his'' ``(b) Offers by Individuals.--In exercising the''. (a) Boundary Clarification.--Section 101 of Public Law 99-420 (16 U.S.C. 341 note) is amended-- (1) in the first sentence, by striking ``In order to'' and ``(a) Boundaries.--Subject to subsections (b) and (c)(2), to''; (2) in the second sentence-- (A) by striking ``The map shall be on file'' and ``(c) Availability and Revisions of Maps.-- ``(1) Availability.--The map, together with the map described in subsection (b)(1) and any revised boundary map published under paragraph (2), if applicable, shall be-- ``(A) on file''; and (B) by striking ``Interior, and it shall be made'' and inserting the following: ``Interior; and ``(B) made''; (3) by inserting after subsection (a) (as designated by paragraph (1)) the following: ``(b) Schoodic Peninsula Addition.-- ``(1) In general.--The boundary of the Park is confirmed to include approximately 1,441 acres of land and interests in land, as depicted on the map entitled `Acadia National Park, Hancock County, Maine, Schoodic Peninsula Boundary Revision', numbered 123/129102, and dated July 10, 2015. ``(2) Ratification and approval of acquisitions of land.-- Congress ratifies and approves-- ``(A) effective as of September 26, 2013, the acquisition by the United States of the land and interests in the land described in paragraph (1); and ``(B) effective as of the date on which the alteration occurred, any alteration of the land or interests in the land described in paragraph (1) that is held or claimed by the United States (including conversion of the land to fee simple interest) that occurred after the date described in subparagraph (A).''; and (4) in subsection (c) (as designated by paragraph (2)(A)), by adding at the end the following: ``(2) Technical and limited revisions.--Subject to section 102(k), notwithstanding any other provision of this section, the Secretary of the Interior (referred to in this title as the `Secretary'), by publication in the Federal Register of a revised boundary map or other description, may make-- ``(A) such technical boundary revisions as the Secretary determines to be appropriate to the permanent boundaries of the Park (including any property of the Park located within the Schoodic Peninsula and Isle Au Haut districts) to resolve issues resulting from causes such as survey error or changed road alignments; and ``(B) such limited boundary revisions as the boundaries of the Park to take into account acquisitions or losses, by exchange, donation, or purchase from willing sellers using donated or appropriated funds, of land adjacent to or within the Park, respectively, in any case in which the total acreage of the land to be so acquired or lost is less than 10 acres, subject to the condition that-- ``(i) any such boundary revision shall not be a part of a more-comprehensive boundary revision; ``(ii) all such boundary revisions, considered collectively with any technical boundary revisions made pursuant to subparagraph (A), do not increase the size of the Park by more than a total of 100 acres, as compared to the size of the Park on the date of enactment of this paragraph.''. (b) Limitation on Acquisitions of Land for Acadia National Park.-- Section 102 of Public Law 99-420 (16 U.S.C. 341 note) is amended-- (1) in subsection (a), in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by striking ``of the Interior (hereinafter in this title referred to as `the Secretary')''; (2) in subsection (d)(1), in the first sentence, by striking ``the the'' and inserting ``the''; (3) in subsection (k)-- (A) by redesignating the subsection as paragraph (4) and indenting the paragraph appropriately; and (B) by moving the paragraph so as to appear at the end of subsection (b); and ``(k) Requirements.--Before revising the boundaries of the Park pursuant to this section or section 101(c)(2)(B), the Secretary shall-- ``(1) certify that the proposed boundary revision will contribute to, and is necessary for, the proper preservation, protection, interpretation, or management of the Park; ``(2) consult with the governing body of each county, city, town, or other jurisdiction with primary taxing authority over the land or interest in land to be acquired regarding the impacts of the proposed boundary revision; ``(3) obtain from each property owner the land or interest in land of which is proposed to be acquired for, or lost from, the Park written consent for the proposed boundary revision; and ``(4) submit to the Acadia National Park Advisory Commission established by section 103(a), the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives, the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate, and the Maine Congressional Delegation a written notice of the proposed boundary revision. ``(l) Limitation.--The Secretary may not use the authority provided by section 100506 of title 54, United States Code, to adjust the permanent boundaries of the Park pursuant to this title.''. (c) Acadia National Park Advisory Commission.-- (1) <<NOTE: 16 USC 341 note.>> In general.--The Secretary shall reestablish and appoint members to the Acadia National Park Advisory Commission in accordance with section 103 of Public Law 99-420 (16 U.S.C. 341 note). (2) Conforming amendment.--Section 103 of Public Law 99-420 (16 U.S.C. 341 note) is amended by striking subsection (f). (d) Repeal of Certain Provisions Relating to Acadia National Park.-- The following are repealed: (1) Section 3 of the Act of February 26, 1919 <<NOTE: 16 USC 343.>> (40 Stat. 1178, chapter 45). (2) The first section of the Act of January 19, 1929 <<NOTE: 16 USC 342a.>> (45 Stat. 1083, chapter 77). (e) Modification of Use Restriction.--The Act of August 1, 1950 (64 Stat. 383, chapter 511), is amended-- (1) by striking ``That the Secretary'' and inserting the ``SECTION 1. CONVEYANCE OF LAND IN ACADIA NATIONAL PARK. ``The Secretary''; and (2) by striking ``for school purposes'' and inserting ``for public purposes, subject to the conditions that use of the land shall not degrade or adversely impact the resources or values of Acadia National Park and that the land shall remain in public ownership for recreational, educational, or similar public purposes''. (f) Continuation of Certain Traditional Uses.--Title I of Public Law 99-420 (16 U.S.C. 341 note) is amended by adding at the end the ``SEC. 109. <<NOTE: 16 USC 341 note.>> CONTINUATION OF CERTAIN ``(1) Land within the park.--The term `land within the Park' means land owned or controlled by the United States-- ``(A) that is within the boundary of the Park established by section 101; or ``(B)(i) that is outside the boundary of the Park; ``(ii) in which the Secretary has or acquires a property interest or conservation easement pursuant to this title. ``(2) Marine species; marine worm; shellfish.--The terms `marine species', `marine worm', and `shellfish' have the meanings given those terms in section 6001 of title 12 of the Maine Revised Statutes (as in effect on the date of enactment of this section). ``(3) State law.--The term `State law' means the law (including regulations) of the State of Maine, including the common law. ``(4) Taking.--The term `taking' means the removal or attempted removal of a marine species, marine worm, or shellfish from the natural habitat of the marine species, marine worm, or shellfish. ``(b) Continuation of Traditional Uses.--The Secretary shall allow for the traditional taking of marine species, marine worms, and shellfish, on land within the Park between the mean high watermark and the mean low watermark in accordance with State law.''. (g) Conveyance of Certain Land in Acadia National Park to the Town of Bar Harbor, Maine.-- (1) In general.--The Secretary shall convey to the Town of Bar Harbor all right, title, and interest of the United States in and to the .29-acre parcel of land in Acadia National Park identified as lot 110-055-000 on the tax map of the Town of Bar Harbor for section 110, dated April 1, 2015, to be used for-- (A) a solid waste transfer facility; or (B) other public purposes consistent with uses allowed under the Act of June 14, 1926 (commonly known as the ``Recreation and Public Purposes Act'') (44 Stat. 741, chapter 578; 43 U.S.C. 869 et seq.). (2) Reversion.--If the land conveyed under paragraph (1) is used for a purpose other than a purpose described in that paragraph, the land shall, at the discretion of the Secretary, revert to the United States. SEC. 2109. AUTHORITY OF SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR TO ACCEPT CERTAIN PROPERTIES, MISSOURI. (a) Ste. Genevieve National Historical Park.--Section 7134(a)(3) of the Energy and Natural Resources Act of 2017 (as enacted into law by section 121(a)(2) of division G of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 (Public Law 115-141)) <<NOTE: 16 USC 410xxx.>> is amended by striking `` `Ste. Genevieve National Historical Park Proposed Boundary', numbered 571/132,626, and dated May 2016'' and inserting `` `Ste. Genevieve National Historical Park Proposed Boundary Addition', numbered 571/149,942, and dated December 2018''. (b) Harry S Truman National Historic Site.--Public Law 98-32 (54 U.S.C. 320101 note) is amended-- (1) in section 3, by striking the section designation and all that follows through ``is authorized'' and inserting the ``SEC. 4. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. ``There are authorized''; (A) in the second sentence, by striking ``The Secretary is further authorized, in the administration of the site, to'' and inserting the following: ``(b) Use by Margaret Truman Daniel.--In administering the Harry S Truman National Historic Site, the Secretary may''; and (B) by striking the section designation and all that follows through ``and shall be'' in the first sentence ``SEC. 3. DESIGNATION; USE BY MARGARET TRUMAN DANIEL. ``(a) Designation.--Any property acquired pursuant to section 2-- ``(1) is designated as the `Harry S Truman National Historic Site'; and ``(2) shall be''; and (A) by redesignating subsection (e) as paragraph (2), indenting the paragraph appropriately, and moving the paragraph so as to appear at the end of subsection (c); (B) in subsection (c)-- (i) by striking the subsection designation and all that follows through ``authorized to'' and ``(c) Truman Farm Home.-- ``(1) In general.--The Secretary may''; and (ii) in paragraph (2) (as redesignated by subparagraph (A))-- (I) by striking ``Farm House'' and inserting ``Farm Home''; and (II) by striking the paragraph designation and all that follows through ``authorized and directed to'' and ``(2) Technical and planning assistance.--The Secretary shall''; (C) in subsection (b)-- (i) by striking ``(b)(1) The Secretary is further authorized to'' and inserting the ``(b) Noland/Haukenberry and Wallace Houses.-- (ii) in paragraph (1), by indenting subparagraphs (A) and (B) appropriately; (D) by adding at the end the following: ``(e) Additional Land in Independence for Visitor Center.-- ``(1) In general.--The Secretary may acquire, by donation from the city of Independence, Missouri, the land described in paragraph (2) for-- ``(A) inclusion in the Harry S Truman National Historic Site; and ``(B) if the Secretary determines appropriate, use as a visitor center of the historic site, which may include administrative services. ``(2) Description of land.--The land referred to in paragraph (1) consists of the approximately 1.08 acres of land-- ``(A) owned by the city of Independence, Missouri; ``(B) designated as Lots 6 through 19, DELAYS Subdivision, a subdivision in Independence, Jackson County, Missouri; and ``(C) located in the area of the city bound by Truman Road on the south, North Lynn Street on the west, East White Oak Street on the north, and the city transit center on the east. ``(3) Boundary modification.--On acquisition of the land under this subsection, the Secretary shall modify the boundary of the Harry S Truman National Historic Site to reflect that acquisition.''; and (E) in subsection (a)-- (i) in the second sentence, by striking ``The Secretary may also acquire, by any of the above means, fixtures,'' and inserting the following: ``(2) Fixtures and personal property.--The Secretary may acquire, by any means described in paragraph (1), any fixtures''; and (ii) in the first sentence-- (I) by striking ``of the Interior (hereinafter referred to as the `Secretary')''; and (II) by striking ``That (a) in order to'' and inserting the following: ``SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; DEFINITION OF SECRETARY. ``(a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the `Harry S Truman National Historic Site Establishment Act'. ``(b) Definition of Secretary.--In this Act, the term `Secretary' means the Secretary of the Interior. ``SEC. 2. PURPOSE; ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY. ``(a) Purpose; Acquisition.-- ``(1) In general.--To''. SEC. 2110. <<NOTE: 54 USC 320101 note.>> HOME OF FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE. (a) Land Acquisition.--The Secretary may acquire, by donation, purchase from a willing seller using donated or appropriated funds, or exchange, the approximately 89 acres of land identified as the ``Morgan Property'' and generally depicted on the map entitled ``Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site, Proposed Park Addition'', numbered 384/138,461, and dated May 2017. (b) Availability of Map.--The map referred to in subsection (a) shall be available for public inspection in the appropriate offices of the National Park Service. (c) Boundary Adjustment; Administration.--On acquisition of the land referred to in subsection (a), the Secretary shall-- (1) adjust the boundary of the Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site to reflect the acquisition; and (2) administer the acquired land as part of the Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site, in accordance with applicable laws. SEC. 2201. <<NOTE: 16 USC 410zzz note.>> DESIGNATION OF SAINT- GAUDENS NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK. (a) In General.--The Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site shall be known and designated as the ``Saint-Gaudens National Historical Park''. (b) Amendments to Public Law 88-543.--Public Law 88-543 (78 Stat.749) is amended-- (1) <<NOTE: 16 USC791410zzz-2--zzz-4.>> by striking ``National Historic Site'' each place it appears and inserting ``National Historical Park'';410zzz-2--zzz-4. (2) <<NOTE: 16 USC 410zzz-1.>> in section 2(a), by striking ``historic site'' and inserting ``Saint-Gaudens National Historical Park''; (3) <<NOTE: 16 USC 410zzz-2.>> in section 3, by-- (A) striking ``national historical site'' and inserting ``Saint-Gaudens National Historical Park''; (B) striking ``part of the site'' and inserting ``part of the park''; and (4) <<NOTE: 16 USC 410zzz-3.>> in section 4(b), by striking ``traditional to the site'' and inserting ``traditional to the park''. (c) <<NOTE: 16 USC 410zzz note.>> References.--Any reference in any law, regulation, document, record, map, or other paper of the United States to the Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site shall be considered to be a reference to the ``Saint-Gaudens National Historical Park''. (a) Redesignation.--The small triangular property designated by the National Park Service as reservation 302, shall be known as ``Robert Emmet Park''. (b) Reference.--Any reference in any law, regulation, document, record, map, paper, or other record of the United States to the property referred to in subsection (a) is deemed to be a reference to ``Robert (c) Signage.--The Secretary may post signs on or near Robert Emmet Park that include 1 or more of the following: (1) Information on Robert Emmet, his contribution to Irish Independence, and his respect for the United States and the American Revolution. (2) Information on the history of the statue of Robert Emmet located in Robert Emmet Park. SEC. 2203. <<NOTE: 16 USC 410aaaa.>> FORT SUMTER AND FORT MOULTRIE NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK. (1) Map.--The term ``map'' means the map entitled ``Boundary Map, Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie National Historical Park'', numbered 392/80,088, and dated August 2009. (2) Park.--The term ``Park'' means the Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie National Historical Park established by subsection (b). (3) State.--The term ``State'' means the State of South Carolina. (4) Sullivan's island life saving station historic district.--The term ``Sullivan's Island Life Saving Station Historic District'' means the Charleston Lighthouse, the boathouse, garage, bunker/sighting station, signal tower, and any associated land and improvements to the land that are located between Sullivan's Island Life Saving Station and the mean low water mark. (b) Establishment.--There is established the Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie National Historical Park in the State as a single unit of the National Park System to preserve, maintain, and interpret the nationally significant historical values and cultural resources associated with Fort Sumter National Monument, Fort Moultrie National Monument, and the Sullivan's Island Life Saving Station Historic District. (c) Boundary.--The boundary of the Park shall be as generally (d) Availability of Map.--The map shall be on file and available for public inspection in the appropriate offices of the National Park of the National Park Service, shall administer the Park in accordance with this section and the laws generally applicable to units of the National Park System, including-- (A) section 100101(a), chapter 1003, and sections 100751(a), 100752, 100753, and 102101 of title 54, United States Code; and (B) chapter 3201 of title 54, United States Code. (2) Interpretation of historical events.--The Secretary shall provide for the interpretation of historical events and activities that occurred in the vicinity of Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie, including-- (A) the Battle of Sullivan's Island on June 28, (B) the Siege of Charleston during 1780; (C) the Civil War, including-- (i) the bombardment of Fort Sumter by Confederate forces on April 12, 1861; and (ii) any other events of the Civil War that are associated with Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie; (D) the development of the coastal defense system of the United States during the period from the Revolutionary War to World War II, including-- (i) the Sullivan's Island Life Saving Station; (ii) the lighthouse associated with the Sullivan's Island Life Saving Station; and (iii) the coastal defense sites constructed during the period of fortification construction from 1898 to 1942, known as the ``Endicott Period''; and (E) the lives of-- (i) the free and enslaved workers who built and maintained Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie; (ii) the soldiers who defended the forts; (iii) the prisoners held at the forts; and (iv) captive Africans bound for slavery who, after first landing in the United States, were brought to quarantine houses in the vicinity of Fort Moultrie in the 18th century, if the Secretary determines that the quarantine houses and associated historical values are nationally (f) Cooperative Agreements.--The Secretary may enter into cooperative agreements with public and private entities and individuals to carry out this section. (g) Repeal of Existing Law.--Section 2 of the Joint Resolution entitled ``Joint Resolution to establish the Fort Sumter National Monument in the State of South Carolina'', approved April 28, 1948 (16 U.S.C. 450ee-1), is repealed. SEC. 2204. <<NOTE: 16 USC 410bbbb.>> RECONSTRUCTION ERA NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK AND RECONSTRUCTION ERA NATIONAL HISTORIC NETWORK. Reconstruction Era National Historical Park. (2) Map.--The term ``Map'' means the maps entitled ``Reconstruction Era National Monument Old Beaufort Firehouse'', numbered 550/135,755, and dated January 2017; ``Reconstruction Era National Monument Darrah Hall and Brick Baptist Church'', numbered 550/135,756, and dated January 2017; and ``Reconstruction Era National Monument Camp Saxton'', numbered 550/135,757, and dated January 2017, collectively. (3) Network.--The term ``Network'' means the Reconstruction Era National Historic Network established pursuant to this (b) Reconstruction Era National Historical Park.-- (1) Redesignation of reconstruction era national monument.-- (A) In general.--The Reconstruction Era National Monument is redesignated as the Reconstruction Era National Historical Park, as generally depicted on the (B) Availability of funds.--Any funds available for the purposes of the Reconstruction Era National Monument shall be available for the purposes of the historical park. (C) References.--Any references in a law, regulation, document, record, map, or other paper of the United States to the Reconstruction Era National Monument shall be considered to be a reference to the historical park. (2) Boundary expansion.-- (A) Beaufort national historic landmark district.-- Subject to subparagraph (D), the Secretary is authorized to acquire land or interests in land within the Beaufort National Historic Landmark District that has historic connection to the Reconstruction Era. Upon finalizing an agreement to acquire land, the Secretary shall expand the boundary of the historical park to encompass the (B) St. helena island.--Subject to subparagraph (D), the Secretary is authorized to acquire the following and shall expand the boundary of the historical park to include acquisitions under this authority: (i) Land and interests in land adjacent to the existing boundary on St. Helena Island, South Carolina, as reflected on the Map. (ii) Land or interests in land on St. Helena Island, South Carolina, that has a historic connection to the Reconstruction Era. (C) Camp saxton.--Subject to subparagraph (D), the Secretary is authorized to accept administrative jurisdiction of Federal land or interests in Federal land adjacent to the existing boundary at Camp Saxton, as reflected on the Map. Upon finalizing an agreement to accept administrative jurisdiction of Federal land or interests in Federal land, the Secretary shall expand the boundary of the historical park to encompass that Federal land or interests in Federal land. (D) Land acquisition authority.--The Secretary may only acquire land under this section by donation, exchange, or purchase with donated funds. (3) Administration.-- (A) In general.--The Secretary shall administer the historical park in accordance with this section and with the laws generally applicable to units of the National Park System. (B) Management plan.--If the management plan for the Reconstruction Era National Monument-- (i) has not been completed on or before the incorporate all provisions of this section into the planning process and complete a management plan for the historical park within 3 years; and (ii) has been completed on or before the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall update the plan incorporating the provisions of (c) Reconstruction Era National Historic Network.-- (1) In general.--The Secretary shall-- (A) establish, within the National Park Service, a program to be known as the ``Reconstruction Era National Historic Network''; (B) not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, solicit proposals from sites interested in being a part of the Network; and (C) administer the Network through the historical (2) Duties of secretary.--In carrying out the Network, the (A) review studies and reports to complement and not duplicate studies of the historical importance of Reconstruction Era that may be underway or completed, such as the National Park Service Reconstruction Handbook and the National Park Service Theme Study on Reconstruction; (B) produce and disseminate appropriate educational and promotional materials relating to the Reconstruction Era and the sites in the Network, such as handbooks, maps, interpretive guides, or electronic information; (C) enter into appropriate cooperative agreements and memoranda of understanding to provide technical assistance; (D)(i) create and adopt an official, uniform symbol or device for the Network; and (ii) issue regulations for the use of the symbol or device adopted under clause (i); and (E) conduct research relating to Reconstruction and the Reconstruction Era. (3) Elements.--The Network shall encompass the following (A) All units and programs of the National Park Service that are determined by the Secretary to relate to the Reconstruction Era. (B) Other Federal, State, local, and privately owned properties that the Secretary determines-- (i) relate to the Reconstruction Era; and (ii) are included in, or determined by the Secretary to be eligible for inclusion in, the National Register of Historic Places. (C) Other governmental and nongovernmental sites, facilities, and programs of an educational, research, or interpretive nature that are directly related to the Reconstruction Era. (4) Cooperative agreements and memoranda of understanding.-- To achieve the purposes of this section and to ensure effective coordination of the Federal and non-Federal elements of the Network and units and programs of the National Park Service, the Secretary may enter into cooperative agreements and memoranda of understanding with, and provide technical assistance to, the heads of other Federal agencies, States, units of local government, regional governmental bodies, and private entities. SEC. 2205. <<NOTE: 16 USC 410cccc-3.>> GOLDEN SPIKE NATIONAL (1) Park.--The term ``Park'' means the Golden Spike National Historical Park designated by subsection (b)(1). (2) Program.--The term ``Program'' means the program to commemorate and interpret the Transcontinental Railroad authorized under subsection (c). acting through the Director of the National Park Service. (4) Transcontinental railroad.--The term ``Transcontinental Railroad'' means the approximately 1,912-mile continuous railroad constructed between 1863 and 1869 extending from Council Bluffs, Iowa, to San Francisco, California. (b) Redesignation.-- (1) Redesignation.--The Golden Spike National Historic Site designated April 2, 1957, and placed under the administration of the National Park Service under Public Law 89-102 (54 U.S.C. 320101 note; 79 Stat. 426), shall be known and designated as the ``Golden Spike National Historical Park''. Golden Spike National Historic Site shall be considered to be a reference to the ``Golden Spike National Historical Park''. (c) Transcontinental Railroad Commemoration and Program.-- (1) In general.--Subject to paragraph (2), the Secretary shall establish within the National Park Service a program to commemorate and interpret the Transcontinental Railroad. (2) Study.--Before establishing the Program, the Secretary shall conduct a study of alternatives for commemorating and interpreting the Transcontinental Railroad that includes-- (A) a historical assessment of the Transcontinental Railroad; (B) the identification of-- (i) existing National Park System land and affiliated areas, land managed by other Federal agencies, and Federal programs that may be related to preserving, commemorating, and interpreting the Transcontinental Railroad; (ii) any properties relating to the Transcontinental Railroad-- (I) that are designated as, or could meet the criteria for designation as, National Historic Landmarks; or (II) that are included, or eligible for inclusion, on the National Register of Historic Places; (iii) any objects relating to the Transcontinental Railroad that have educational, research, or interpretative value; and (iv) any governmental programs and nongovernmental programs of an educational, research, or interpretive nature relating to the Transcontinental Railroad; and (C) recommendations for-- (i) incorporating the resources identified under subparagraph (B) into the Program; and (ii) other appropriate ways to enhance historical research, education, interpretation, and public awareness of the Transcontinental Railroad. funds are made available to carry out the study under paragraph Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate a report containing the findings and recommendations of the study. (4) Freight railroad operations.--The Program shall not include any properties that are-- (A) used in active freight railroad operations (or other ancillary purposes); or (B) reasonably anticipated to be used for freight railroad operations in the future. (5) Elements of the program.--In carrying out the Program under this subsection, the Secretary-- (A) shall produce and disseminate appropriate education materials relating to the history, construction, and legacy of the Transcontinental Railroad, such as handbooks, maps, interpretive guides, or electronic information; (B) may enter into appropriate cooperative agreements and memoranda of understanding and provide technical assistance to the heads of other Federal agencies, States, units of local government, regional governmental bodies, and private entities to further the purposes of the Program and this section; and (C) may-- (i) create and adopt an official, uniform symbol or device to identify the Program; and (ii) issue guidance for the use of the symbol or device created and adopted under clause (i). (d) Programmatic Agreement.-- enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall seek to enter into a programmatic agreement with the Utah State Historic Preservation Officer to add to the list of undertakings eligible for streamlined review under section 306108 of title 54, United States Code, certain uses that would have limited physical impact to land in the Park. (2) Development and consultation.--The programmatic agreement entered into under paragraph (1) shall be developed-- (A) in accordance with applicable laws (including (B) in consultation with adjacent landowners, Indian Tribes, and other interested parties. (3) Approval.--The Secretary shall-- (A) consider any application for uses covered by the programmatic agreement; and (B) not later than 60 days after the receipt of an application described in subparagraph (A), approve the application, if the Secretary determines the application is consistent with-- (i) the programmatic agreement entered into under paragraph (1); and (ii) applicable laws (including regulations). (e) Invasive Species.--The Secretary shall consult with, and seek to coordinate with, adjacent landowners to address the treatment of invasive species adjacent to, and within the boundaries of, the Park. (a) <<NOTE: 54 USC 320301 notes.>> Pearl Harbor National Memorial, Hawai'i.-- ``Pearl Harbor National Memorial--Proposed Boundary'', numbered 580/140,514, and dated November 2017. (B) National memorial.--The term ``National Memorial'' means the Pearl Harbor National Memorial established by paragraph (2)(A)(i). (2) Pearl harbor national memorial.-- (i) In general.--There is established the Pearl Harbor National Memorial in the State of Hawai'i as a unit of the National Park System. (ii) Boundaries.--The boundaries of the National Memorial shall be the boundaries (iii) Availability of map.--The Map shall be on file and available for public inspection in (B) Purposes.--The purposes of the National Memorial are to preserve, interpret, and commemorate for the benefit of present and future generations the history of World War II in the Pacific from the events leading to the December 7, 1941, attack on O'ahu, to peace and reconciliation. (3) Administration.--The Secretary shall administer the National Memorial in accordance with this subsection, section 121 of Public Law 111-88 (123 Stat. 2930), and the laws generally applicable to units of the National Park System including-- (4) Removal of pearl harbor national memorial from the world war ii valor in the pacific national monument.-- (A) Boundaries.--The boundaries of the World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument are revised to exclude from the monument the land and interests in land identified as the ``Pearl Harbor National Memorial'', as (B) Incorporation into national memorial.-- (i) In general.--The land and interests in land excluded from the monument under subparagraph (A) are incorporated in and made part of the National Memorial in accordance with this (ii) Use of funds.--Any funds for the purposes of the land and interests in land excluded from the monument under subparagraph (A) shall be made available for the purposes of the National Memorial. (iii) References.--Any reference in a law (other than this section), regulation, document, record, map, or other paper of the United States to resources in the State of Hawai'i included in the World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument shall be considered a reference to the ``Pearl Harbor National Memorial''. (b) <<NOTE: 54 USC 320301 notes.>> Tule Lake National Monument, California.-- (1) In general.--The areas of the World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument located in the State of California, as established by Presidential Proclamation 8327 (73 Fed. Reg. 75293; December 10, 2008), are redesignated as the ``Tule Lake National Monument''. (2) Administration.--The Secretary shall administer the Tule Lake National Monument in accordance with the provisions of Presidential Proclamation 8327 (73 Fed. Reg. 75293; December 10, 2008) applicable to the sites and resources in the State of California that are subject to that proclamation. (3) References.--Any reference in a law (other than this section), regulation, document, record, map, or other paper of the United States to resources in the State of California included in the World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument shall be considered to be a reference to ``Tule Lake (c) <<NOTE: 54 USC 320301 notes.>> Aleutian Islands World War II National Monument, Alaska.-- Pacific National Monument located in the State of Alaska, as 75293; December 10, 2008), are redesignated as the ``Aleutian Islands World War II National Monument''. Aleutian Islands World War II National Monument in accordance with the provisions of Presidential Proclamation 8327 (73 Fed. Reg. 75293; December 10, 2008) applicable to the sites and resources in the State of Alaska that are subject to that proclamation. the United States to the sites and resources in the State of Alaska included in the World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument shall be considered to be a reference to the ``Aleutian Islands World War II National Monument''. (d) <<NOTE: 54 USC 320301 notes.>> Honouliuli National Historic Site, Hawai'i.-- (A) Historic site.--The term ``Historic Site'' means the Honouliuli National Historic Site established by paragraph (2)(A)(i). (B) Map.--The term ``Map'' means the map entitled ``Honouliuli National Historic Site--Proposed Boundary'', numbered 680/139428, and dated June 2017. (2) Honouliuli national historic site.-- Honouliuli National Historic Site in the State of Historic Site shall be the boundaries generally (B) Purposes.--The purposes of the Historic Site are to preserve and interpret for the benefit of present and future generations the history associated with the internment and detention of civilians of Japanese and other ancestries during World War II in Hawai'i, the impacts of war and martial law on society in the Hawaiian Islands, and the co-location and diverse experiences of Prisoners of War at the Honouliuli Internment Camp site. Historic Site in accordance with this subsection and the laws generally applicable to units of the National Park System, including-- (i) section 100101(a), chapter 1003, and sections 100751(a), 100752, 100753, and 102101 of title 54, United States Code; and (ii) chapter 3201 of title 54, United States (B) Partnerships.-- (i) In general.--The Secretary may enter into agreements with, or acquire easements from, the owners of property adjacent to the Historic Site to provide public access to the Historic Site. (ii) Interpretation.--The Secretary may enter into cooperative agreements with governmental and nongovernmental organizations to provide for interpretation at the Historic Site. (C) Shared resources.--To the maximum extent practicable, the Secretary may use the resources of the Pearl Harbor National Memorial to administer the Historic Site. (4) Abolishment of honouliuli national monument.-- (A) In general.--In light of the establishment of the Honouliuli National Historic Site, the Honouliuli National Monument is abolished and the lands and interests therein are incorporated within and made part of Honouliuli National Historic Site. Any funds available for purposes of Honouliuli National Monument shall be available for purposes of the Historic Site. (B) References.--Any references in law (other than in this section), regulation, document, record, map or other paper of the United States to Honouliuli National Monument shall be considered a reference to Honouliuli National Historic Site. SEC. 2301. <<NOTE: 54 USC 320301 note.>> MEDGAR AND MYRLIE EVERS HOME NATIONAL MONUMENT. (1) College.--The term ``College'' means Tougaloo College, a private educational institution located in Tougaloo, Mississippi. (2) Historic district.--The term ``Historic District'' means the Medgar Evers Historic District, as included on the National Register of Historic Places, and as generally depicted on the (3) Map.--The term ``Map'' means the map entitled ``Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument'', numbered 515/142561, and dated September 2018. (4) Monument.--The term ``Monument'' means the Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument established by subsection (1) In general.--Subject to paragraph (2), there is established the Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument in the State of Mississippi as a unit of the National Park System to preserve, protect, and interpret for the benefit of present and future generations resources associated with the pivotal roles of Medgar and Myrlie Evers in the American Civil Rights Movement. (2) Determination by the secretary.--The Monument shall not be established until the date on which the Secretary determines that a sufficient quantity of land or interests in land has been acquired to constitute a manageable park unit. (c) Boundaries.--The boundaries of the Monument shall be the boundaries generally depicted on the Map. (e) Acquisition Authority.--The Secretary may only acquire any land or interest in land located within the boundary of the Monument by-- (1) donation; (2) purchase from a willing seller with donated or appropriated funds; or (3) exchange. (f) Administration.-- (1) In general.--The Secretary shall administer the Monument (B) the laws generally applicable to units of the National Park System, including-- date on which funds are first made available to the Secretary for this purpose, the Secretary shall prepare a general management plan for the Monument in accordance (B) Submission.--On completion of the general management plan under subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall submit it to the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate. (g) Agreements.-- (1) Monument.--The Secretary-- (A) shall seek to enter into an agreement with the College to provide interpretive and educational services relating to the Monument; and (B) may enter into agreements with the College and other entities for the purposes of carrying out this (2) Historic district.--The Secretary may enter into agreements with the owner of a nationally significant property within the Historic District, to identify, mark, interpret, and provide technical assistance with respect to the preservation and interpretation of the property. SEC. 2302. <<NOTE: 54 USC 320301 note.>> MILL SPRINGS BATTLEFIELD NATIONAL MONUMENT. (1) Map.--The term ``Map'' means the map entitled ``Mill Springs Battlefield National Monument, Nancy, Kentucky'', numbered 297/145513, and dated June 2018. (2) Monument.--The term ``Monument'' means the Mill Springs Battlefield National Monument established by subsection (b)(1). established as a unit of the National Park System, the Mill Springs Battlefield National Monument in the State of Kentucky, to preserve, protect, and interpret for the benefit of present and future generations-- (A) the nationally significant historic resources of the Mill Springs Battlefield; and (B) the role of the Mill Springs Battlefield in the (3) Notice.--Not later than 30 days after the date on which the Secretary makes a determination under paragraph (2), the Secretary shall publish in the Federal Register notice of the establishment of the Monument. (4) Boundary.--The boundary of the Monument shall be as (5) Availability of map.--The Map shall be on file and (6) Acquisition authority.--The Secretary may only acquire land or an interest in land located within the boundary of the Monument by-- (A) donation; (B) purchase from a willing seller with donated or (C) exchange. (c) Administration.-- date on which funds are first made available to prepare a general management plan for the Monument, the Secretary shall prepare the general management plan in accordance with section 100502 of title 54, United States Code. (B) Submission to congress.--On completion of the general management plan, the Secretary shall submit to Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate the general management plan. (d) Private Property Protection.--Nothing in this section affects the land use rights of private property owners within or adjacent to the (e) No Buffer Zones.-- (2) Activities outside national monument.--The fact that an activity or use on land outside the Monument can be seen or heard within the Monument shall not preclude the activity or use outside the boundary of the Monument. SEC. 2303. <<NOTE: 54 USC 320301 note.>> CAMP NELSON HERITAGE (1) Map.--The term ``Map'' means the map entitled ``Camp Nelson Heritage National Monument Nicholasville, Kentucky'', numbered 532/144,148, and dated April 2018. (2) Monument.--The term ``Monument'' means the Camp Nelson Heritage National Monument established by subsection (b)(1). established, as a unit of the National Park System, the Camp Nelson Heritage National Monument in the State of Kentucky, to preserve, protect, and interpret for the benefit of present and future generations, the nationally significant historic resources of Camp Nelson and the role of Camp Nelson in the Civil War, Reconstruction, and African American history and (2) Conditions.--The Monument shall not be established until after the Secretary-- (A) has entered into a written agreement with the owner of any private or non-Federal land within the boundary of the Monument, as depicted on the Map, providing that the property shall be donated to the United States for inclusion in the Monument, to be managed consistently with the purposes of the Monument; (B) has determined that sufficient land or interests in land have been acquired within the boundary of the Monument to constitute a manageable unit. or interest in land located within the boundary of the Monument by donation, purchase with donated or appropriated funds, or exchange. (B) Presidential Proclamation 9811 (83 Fed. Reg. 54845 (October 31, 2018)); and (C) the laws generally applicable to units of the Secretary for the preparation of a general management plan for the Monument, the Secretary shall prepare a general management plan for the Monument in accordance Senate and the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives the general management plan. (g) No Buffer Zones.-- (h) Conflicts.--If there is conflict between this section and Proclamation 9811 (83 Fed. Reg. 54845; October 31, 2018), this section shall control. (a) Permit.--Section 3(b)(1) of the Denali National Park Improvement Act (Public Law 113-33; 127 Stat. 516) is amended by striking ``within, along, or near the approximately 7-mile segment of the George Parks Highway that runs through the Park''. (b) Terms and Conditions.--Section 3(c)(1) of the Denali National Park Improvement Act (Public Law 113-33; 127 Stat. 516) is amended-- (1) in subparagraph (A), by inserting ``and'' after the semicolon; (2) by striking subparagraph (B); and (3) by redesignating subparagraph (C) as subparagraph (B). (c) Applicable Law.--Section 3 of the Denali National Park Improvement Act (Public Law 113-33; 127 Stat. 515) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(d) Applicable Law.--A high pressure gas transmission pipeline (including appurtenances) in a nonwilderness area within the boundary of the Park, shall not be subject to title XI of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (16 U.S.C. 3161 et seq.).''. Section 507(d)(2) of the Omnibus Parks and Public Lands Management Act of 1996 (54 U.S.C. 302101 note) is amended by striking the period at the end and inserting ``and each of fiscal years 2019 through 2025.''. (a) In General.--Section 2(b) of the Strengthening Coastal Communities Act of 2018 (Public Law 115-358) <<NOTE: 16 USC 3503 note.>> is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(36) The map entitled `Cape San Blas Unit P30/P30P (1 of 2)' and dated December 19, 2018, with respect to Unit P30 and Unit P30P. Unit P30P.''. (b) Effect.--Section 7003 shall have no force or effect. SEC. 2403. <<NOTE: 54 USC 101703 note.>> AUTHORIZING COOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT AGREEMENTS BETWEEN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA AND THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. The Secretary may enter into a cooperative management agreement with the District of Columbia in accordance with section 101703 of title 54, United States Code. SEC. 2404. <<NOTE: 54 USC 102712 note.>> FEES FOR MEDICAL (a) Fees Authorized.--The Secretary may establish and collect fees for medical services provided to persons in units of the National Park System or for medical services provided by National Park Service personnel outside units of the National Park System. (b) National Park Medical Services Fund.--There is established in the Treasury a fund, to be known as the ``National Park Medical Services Fund'' (referred to in this section as the ``Fund''). The Fund shall consist of-- (1) donations to the Fund; and (2) fees collected under subsection (a). (c) Availability of Amounts.--All amounts deposited into the Fund shall be available to the Secretary, to the extent provided in advance by Acts of appropriation, for the following in units of the National Park System: (1) Services listed in subsection (a). (2) Preparing needs assessments or other programmatic analyses for medical facilities, equipment, vehicles, and other needs and costs of providing services listed in subsection (a). (3) Developing management plans for medical facilities, equipment, vehicles, and other needs and costs of services listed in subsection (a). (4) Training related to providing services listed in (5) Obtaining or improving medical facilities, equipment, vehicles, and other needs and costs of providing services listed in subsection (a). SEC. 2405. AUTHORITY TO GRANT EASEMENTS AND RIGHTS-OF-WAY OVER FEDERAL LANDS WITHIN GATEWAY NATIONAL Section 3 of Public Law 92-592 (16 U.S.C. 460cc-2) is amended by ``(j) Authority To Grant Easements and Rights-of-Way.-- ``(1) In general.--The Secretary of the Interior may grant, to any State or local government, an easement or right-of-way over Federal lands within Gateway National Recreation Area for construction, operation, and maintenance of projects for control and prevention of flooding and shoreline erosion. ``(2) Charges and reimbursement of costs.--The Secretary may grant such an easement or right-of-way without charge for the value of the right so conveyed, except for reimbursement of costs incurred by the United States for processing the application therefore and managing such right. Amounts received as such reimbursement shall be credited to the relevant appropriation account.''. SEC. 2406. <<NOTE: 40 USC 8903 note.>> ADAMS MEMORIAL COMMISSION. (a) Commission.--There is established a commission to be known as the ``Adams Memorial Commission'' (referred to in this section as the ``Commission'') for the purpose of establishing a permanent memorial to honor John Adams and his legacy as authorized by Public Law 107-62 (115 Stat. 411), located in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, including sites authorized by Public Law 107-315 (116 Stat. 2763). (b) Membership.--The Commission shall be composed of-- (1) 4 persons appointed by the President, not more than 2 of whom may be members of the same political party; (2) 4 Members of the Senate appointed by the President pro tempore of the Senate in consultation with the Majority Leader and Minority Leader of the Senate, of which not more than 2 appointees may be members of the same political party; and (3) 4 Members of the House of Representatives appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives in consultation with the Majority Leader and Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, of which not more than 2 appointees may be members of the same political party. (c) Chair and Vice Chair.--The members of the Commission shall select a Chair and Vice Chair of the Commission. The Chair and Vice Chair shall not be members of the same political party. (d) Vacancies.--Any vacancy in the Commission shall not affect its powers if a quorum is present, but shall be filled in the same manner as the original appointment. (e) Meetings.-- (1) Initial meeting.--Not later than 45 days after the date on which a majority of the members of the Commission have been appointed, the Commission shall hold its first meeting. (2) Subsequent meetings.--The Commission shall meet at the call of the Chair. (f) Quorum.--A majority of the members of the Commission shall constitute a quorum but a lesser number of members may hold hearings. (g) No Compensation.--A member of the Commission shall serve without compensation, but may be reimbursed for expenses incurred in carrying out the duties of the Commission. (h) Duties.--The Commission shall consider and formulate plans for a permanent memorial to honor John Adams and his legacy, including the nature, location, design, and construction of the memorial. (i) Powers.--The Commission may-- (1) make such expenditures for services and materials for the purpose of carrying out this section as the Commission considers advisable from funds appropriated or received as gifts for that purpose; (2) accept gifts, including funds from the Adams Memorial Foundation, to be used in carrying out this section or to be used in connection with the construction or other expenses of (3) hold hearings, enter into contracts for personal services and otherwise, and do such other things as are necessary to carry out this section. (j) Reports.--The Commission shall-- (1) report the plans required by subsection (h), together with recommendations, to the President and the Congress at the earliest practicable date; and (2) in the interim, make annual reports on its progress to the President and the Congress. (k) Applicability of Other Laws.--The Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.) shall not apply to the Commission. (l) Termination.--The Commission shall terminate on December 2, (m) Amendments to Public Law 107-62.-- (1) References to commission.--Public Law 107-62 (115 Stat. 411) is amended by striking ``Adams Memorial Foundation'' each place it occurs and inserting ``Adams Memorial Commission''. (2) Extension of authorization.--Section 1(c) of Public Law 107-62 (115 Stat. 411; 124 Stat. 1192; 127 Stat. 3880) is amended by striking ``2020'' and inserting ``2025''. SEC. 2407. TECHNICAL CORRECTIONS TO REFERENCES TO THE AFRICAN AMERICAN CIVIL RIGHTS NETWORK. (a) Chapter Amendments.--Chapter 3084 of title 54, United States Code, <<NOTE: 54 USC 308401 prec., 308402.>> is amended by striking ``U.S. Civil Rights Network'' each place it appears and inserting ``African American Civil Rights Network'' (using identical font as used in the text being replaced). (b) Amendments to List of Items.--The list of items of title 54, United States Code, <<NOTE: 54 USC 100101 prec.>> is amended by striking ``U.S. Civil Rights Network'' each place it appears and inserting ``African American Civil Rights Network'' (using identical font as used in the text being replaced). (c) <<NOTE: 54 USC 308402 note.>> References.--Any reference in any law (other than in this section), regulation, document, record, map, or other paper of the United States to the ``U.S. Civil Rights Network'' shall be considered to be a reference to the ``African American Civil Rights Network''. SEC. 2408. TRANSFER OF THE JAMES J. HOWARD MARINE SCIENCES LABORATORY. Section 7 of Public Law 100-515 (16 U.S.C. 1244 note) is amended by striking subsection (b) and inserting the following: ``(b) Transfer From the State to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.-- ``(1) In general.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law, or the provisions of the August 13, 1991, Ground Lease Agreement (`Lease') between the Department of the Interior and the State of New Jersey (`State'), upon notice to the National Park Service, the State may transfer without consideration, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration may accept, all State improvements within the land assignment and right of way, including the James J. Howard Marine Sciences Laboratory (`Laboratory'), two parking lots, and the seawater supply and backflow pipes as generally depicted on the map entitled `Gateway National Recreation Area, James J. Howard Marine Science Laboratory Land Assignment', numbered 646/142,581A, and dated April 2018 (`Map') and any related State personal ``(2) Lease amendment.--Upon the transfer authorized in paragraph (1), the Lease shall be amended to exclude any obligations of the State and the Department of the Interior related to the Laboratory and associated property and improvements transferred to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. However, all obligations of the State to rehabilitate Building 74 and modify landscaping on the surrounding property as depicted on the Map, under the Lease and pursuant to subsection (a), shall remain in full force and ``(3) Use by the national oceanic and atmospheric administration.--Upon the transfer authorized in paragraph (1), the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is authorized to use the land generally depicted on the Map as a land assignment and right of way and associated land and appurtenances for continued use of the Laboratory, including providing maintenance and repair, and access to the Laboratory, the parking lots and the seawater supply and back flow pipes, without consideration, except for reimbursement to the National Park Service of agreed upon reasonable actual costs of subsequently provided goods and services. ``(4) Agreement between the national park service and the national oceanic and atmospheric administration.--Upon the transfer authorized in paragraph (1), the Director of the National Park Service and the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration shall enter into an agreement addressing responsibilities pertaining to the use of the land assignment within the Sandy Hook Unit of the Gateway National Recreation Area as authorized in paragraph (3). The agreement shall prohibit any new construction on this land, permanent or nonpermanent, or significant alteration to the exterior of the Laboratory, without National Park Service approval. ``(5) Restoration.-- ``(A) Notwithstanding any provision of the Lease to the contrary, if the State does not transfer the improvements as authorized in paragraph (1), and these improvements are not used as or in support of a marine science laboratory, the State shall demolish and remove the improvements and restore the land in accordance with the standards set forth by the National Park Service, free of unacceptable encumbrances and in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations regarding known contaminants. ``(B) If the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration accepts the improvements as authorized in paragraph (1) and these improvements are not used as or in support of a marine science laboratory, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration shall be responsible for demolishing and removing these improvements and restoring the land, in accordance with contaminants.''. (a) In General.--Chapter 1049 of title 54, United States Code, is ``Sec. 104908. <<NOTE: 54 USC 104908.>> Bows in parks ``(a) Definition of Not Ready for Immediate Use.--The term `not ready for immediate use' means-- ``(1) a bow or crossbow, the arrows of which are secured or stowed in a quiver or other arrow transport case; and ``(2) with respect to a crossbow, uncocked. ``(b) Vehicular Transportation Authorized.--The Director shall not promulgate or enforce any regulation that prohibits an individual from transporting bows and crossbows that are not ready for immediate use across any System unit in the vehicle of the individual if-- ``(1) the individual is not otherwise prohibited by law from possessing the bows and crossbows; ``(2) the bows or crossbows that are not ready for immediate use remain inside the vehicle of the individual throughout the period during which the bows or crossbows are transported across System land; and ``(3) the possession of the bows and crossbows is in compliance with the law of the State in which the System unit is located.''. (b) Clerical Amendment.--The table of sections for chapter 1049 of title 54, United States Code, <<NOTE: 54 USC 104901 prec.>> is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 104907 the following: ``104908. Bows in parks.''. (a) In General.--Chapter 1049 of title 54, United States Code (as amended by section 2409(a)), is amended by adding at the end the ``Sec. 104909. <<NOTE: 54 USC 104909.>> Wildlife management in ``(a) Use of Qualified Volunteers.--If the Secretary determines it is necessary to reduce the size of a wildlife population on System land in accordance with applicable law (including regulations), the Secretary may use qualified volunteers to assist in carrying out wildlife management on System land. ``(b) Requirements for Qualified Volunteers.--Qualified volunteers providing assistance under subsection (a) shall be subject to-- ``(1) any training requirements or qualifications established by the Secretary; and ``(2) any other terms and conditions that the Secretary may require. ``(c) Donations.--The Secretary may authorize the donation and distribution of meat from wildlife management activities carried out under this section, including the donation and distribution to Indian Tribes, qualified volunteers, food banks, and other organizations that work to address hunger, in accordance with applicable health guidelines and such terms and conditions as the Secretary may require.''. title 54 (as amended by section 2409(b)), United States Code, <<NOTE: 54 USC 104901 prec.>> is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 104908 the following: ``104909. Wildlife management in parks.''. Section 2 of Public Law 101-191 (103 Stat. 1697) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1244 ``(g) Conveyance of Reversionary Interest.-- ``(1) In general.--If the Secretary determines that it is no longer in the public interest to operate and maintain the center, subject to paragraph (2), the Secretary may enter into 1 or more agreements-- ``(A) to convey the reversionary interest held by the United States and described in the quitclaim deed dated April 13, 1998, instrument number 19170, and as recorded in book 98, page 55015, in Pottawattamie County, Iowa (referred to in this subsection as the `deed'); and ``(B) to extinguish the requirement in the deed that alterations to structures on the property may not be made without the authorization of the Secretary. ``(2) Consideration.--A reversionary interest may be conveyed under paragraph (1)(A)-- ``(A) without consideration, if the land subject to the reversionary interest is required to be used in perpetuity for public recreational, educational, or similar purposes; or ``(B) for consideration in an amount equal to the fair market value of the reversionary interest, as determined based on an appraisal that is conducted in ``(i) the Uniform Appraisal Standards for ``(ii) the Uniform Standards of Professional ``(3) Execution of agreements.--The Secretary shall execute appropriate instruments to carry out an agreement entered into under paragraph (1). ``(4) Effect on prior agreement.--Effective on the date on which the Secretary has executed instruments under paragraph (3) and all Federal interests in the land and properties acquired under this Act have been conveyed, the agreement between the National Park Service and the State Historical Society of Iowa, dated July 21, 1995, and entered into under subsection (d), shall have no force or effect.''. (a) Designation.--The bridge located in Blount County, Tennessee, on the Foothills Parkway (commonly known as ``Bridge 2'') shall be known and designated as the ``Dean Stone Bridge''. (b) References.--Any reference in a law, map, regulation, document, paper, or other record of the United States to the bridge referred to in subsection (a) shall be deemed to be a reference to the ``Dean Stone Bridge''. Section 5(a)(8) of the National Trails System Act (16 U.S.C. 1244(a)(8)) is amended in the first sentence-- (1) by striking ``thirty two hundred miles, extending from eastern New York State'' and inserting ``4,600 miles, extending from the Appalachian Trail in Vermont''; and (2) by striking ``Proposed North Country Trail'' and all that follows through ``June 1975.'' and inserting `` `North Country National Scenic Trail, Authorized Route', dated February 2014, and numbered 649/116870.''. (a) Extension.--Section 5(a)(6) of the National Trails System Act (16 U.S.C. 1244(a)(6)) is amended-- (1) by striking ``three thousand seven hundred'' and inserting ``4,900''; (2) by striking ``Wood River, Illinois,'' and inserting ``the Ohio River in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,''; and (3) by striking ``maps identified as, `Vicinity Map, Lewis and Clark Trail' study report dated April 1977.'' and inserting ``the map entitled `Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail Authorized Trail Including Proposed Eastern Legacy Extension', dated April 2018, and numbered 648/143721.''. (b) <<NOTE: 16 USC 1244 note.>> Effective Date.--The amendments made by subsection (a) shall take effect on the date that is 60 days after the date of enactment of this Act. (A) the Secretary, with respect to Federal land under the jurisdiction of the Secretary; or Federal land under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of (2) Trail.--The term ``Trail'' means the trail known as the ``American Discovery Trail'', which consists of approximately 6,800 miles of trails extending from Cape Henlopen State Park in Delaware to Point Reyes National Seashore in California, as generally described in volume 2 of the National Park Service feasibility study dated June 1995. (b) Signage Authorized.--As soon as practicable after the date on which signage acceptable to the Secretary concerned is donated to the United States for placement on Federal land at points along the Trail, the Secretary concerned shall place the signage on the Federal land. (c) No Federal Funds.--No Federal funds may be used to acquire signage authorized for placement under subsection (b). Section 5(c) of the National Trails System Act (16 U.S.C. 1244(c)) ``(46) Pike national historic trail.--The Pike National Historic Trail, a series of routes extending approximately 3,664 miles, which follows the route taken by Lt. Zebulon Montgomery Pike during the 1806-1807 Pike expedition that began in Fort Bellefontaine, Missouri, extended through portions of the States of Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas, and ended in Natchitoches, Louisiana.''. (a) In General.--Section 200302 of title 54, United States Code, is (1) in subsection (b), in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by striking ``During the period ending September 30, 2018, there'' and inserting ``There''; and (2) in subsection (c)(1), by striking ``through September 30, 2018''. (b) Allocation of Funds.--Section 200304 of title 54, United States Code, is amended-- (1) by striking the second sentence; (2) by striking ``There'' and inserting the following: ``(a) In General.--There''; and ``(b) Allocation of Funds.--Of the total amount made available to the Fund through appropriations or deposited in the Fund under section 105(a)(2)(B) of the Gulf of Mexico Energy Security Act of 2006 (43 U.S.C. 1331 note; Public Law 109-432)-- ``(1) not less than 40 percent shall be used for Federal purposes; and ``(2) not less than 40 percent shall be used to provide financial assistance to States.''. (c) Parity for Territories and the District of Columbia.--Section 200305(b) of title 54, United States Code, is amended by striking (d) Recreational Public Access.--Section 200306 of title 54, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(c) Recreational Public Access.-- ``(1) In general.--Of the amounts made available for expenditure in any fiscal year under section 200303, there shall be made available for recreational public access projects identified on the priority list developed under paragraph (2) not less than the greater of-- ``(A) an amount equal to 3 percent of those amounts; ``(B) $15,000,000. ``(2) Priority list.--The Secretary and the Secretary of Agriculture, in consultation with the head of each affected Federal agency, shall annually develop a priority list for projects that, through acquisition of land (or an interest in land), secure recreational public access to Federal land under the jurisdiction of the applicable Secretary for hunting, fishing, recreational shooting, or other outdoor recreational purposes.''. (e) Acquisition Considerations.--Section 200306 of title 54, United States Code (as amended by subsection (d)), is amended by adding at the ``(d) Acquisition Considerations.--In determining whether to acquire land (or an interest in land) under this section, the Secretary and the Secretary of Agriculture shall take into account-- ``(1) the significance of the acquisition; ``(2) the urgency of the acquisition; ``(3) management efficiencies; ``(4) management cost savings; ``(5) geographic distribution; ``(6) threats to the integrity of the land; and ``(7) the recreational value of the land.''. SEC. 3002. <<NOTE: 16 USC 3474.>> CONSERVATION INCENTIVES LANDOWNER EDUCATION PROGRAM. of this Act, the Secretary shall establish a conservation incentives landowner education program (referred to in this section as the ``program''). (b) Purpose of Program.--The program shall provide information on Federal conservation programs available to landowners interested in undertaking conservation actions on the land of the landowners, including options under each conservation program available to achieve the conservation goals of the program, such as-- (1) fee title land acquisition; (2) donation; and (3) perpetual and term conservation easements or agreements. (c) Availability.--The Secretary shall ensure that the information provided under the program is made available to-- (1) interested landowners; and (2) the public. (d) Notification.--In any case in which the Secretary contacts a landowner directly about participation in a Federal conservation program, the Secretary shall, in writing-- (1) notify the landowner of the program; and (2) make available information on the conservation program options that may be available to the landowner. SEC. 4001. <<NOTE: 16 USC 7901.>> CONGRESSIONAL DECLARATION OF NATIONAL POLICY. (a) In General.--Congress declares that it is the policy of the United States that Federal departments and agencies, in accordance with the missions of the departments and agencies, Executive Orders 12962 and 13443 (60 Fed. Reg. 30769 (June 7, 1995); 72 Fed. Reg. 46537 (August 16, 2007)), and applicable law, shall-- (1) facilitate the expansion and enhancement of hunting, fishing, and recreational shooting opportunities on Federal land, in consultation with the Wildlife and Hunting Heritage Conservation Council, the Sport Fishing and Boating Partnership Council, State and Tribal fish and wildlife agencies, and the public; (2) conserve and enhance aquatic systems and the management of game species and the habitat of those species on Federal land, including through hunting and fishing, in a manner that respects-- (A) State management authority over wildlife resources; and (B) private property rights; and (3) consider hunting, fishing, and recreational shooting opportunities as part of all Federal plans for land, resource, and travel management. (b) Exclusion.--In this title, the term ``fishing'' does not include commercial fishing in which fish are harvested, either in whole or in part, that are intended to enter commerce through sale. SEC. 4101. <<NOTE: 16 USC 7911.>> DEFINITIONS. (1) Federal land.--The term ``Federal land'' means-- (A) any land in the National Forest System (as defined in section 11(a) of the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974 (16 U.S.C. 1609(a))) that is administered by the Secretary of Agriculture, acting through the Chief of the Forest Service; and (B) public lands (as defined in section 103 of the U.S.C. 1702)), the surface of which is administered by the Secretary, acting through the Director of the Bureau of Land Management. land described in paragraph (1)(A); and (B) the Secretary, with respect to land described in paragraph (1)(B). SEC. 4102. <<NOTE: 16 USC 7912.>> FEDERAL LAND OPEN TO HUNTING, FISHING, AND RECREATIONAL SHOOTING. (a) In General.--Subject to subsection (b), Federal land shall be open to hunting, fishing, and recreational shooting, in accordance with applicable law, unless the Secretary concerned closes an area in accordance with section 4103. (b) Effect of Part.--Nothing in this subtitle opens to hunting, fishing, or recreational shooting any land that is not open to those activities as of the date of enactment of this Act. SEC. 4103. <<NOTE: 16 USC 7913.>> CLOSURE OF FEDERAL LAND TO HUNTING, FISHING, AND RECREATIONAL (a) Authorization.-- (1) In general.--Subject to paragraph (2) and in accordance with section 302(b) of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1732(b)), the Secretary concerned may designate any area on Federal land in which, and establish any period during which, for reasons of public safety, administration, or compliance with applicable laws, no hunting, fishing, or recreational shooting shall be permitted. (2) Requirement.--In making a designation under paragraph (1), the Secretary concerned shall designate the smallest area for the least amount of time that is required for public safety, administration, or compliance with applicable laws. (b) Closure Procedures.-- (1) In general.--Except in an emergency, before permanently or temporarily closing any Federal land to hunting, fishing, or recreational shooting, the Secretary concerned shall-- (A) consult with State fish and wildlife agencies; (B) provide public notice and opportunity for comment under paragraph (2). (2) Public notice and comment.-- (A) In general.--Public notice and comment shall (i) a notice of intent-- (I) published in advance of the public comment period for the closure-- (aa) in the Federal Register; (bb) on the website of the applicable Federal agency; (cc) on the website of the Federal land unit, if available; (dd) in at least 1 local newspaper; (II) made available in advance of the public comment period to local offices, chapters, and affiliate organizations in the vicinity of the closure that are signatories to the memorandum of understanding entitled ``Federal Lands Hunting, Fishing, and Shooting Sports Roundtable Memorandum of Understanding''; and (III) that describes-- (aa) the proposed closure; (bb) the justification for the proposed closure, including an explanation of the reasons and necessity for the decision to close the area to hunting, fishing, or recreational shooting; and (ii) an opportunity for public comment for a period of-- (I) not less than 60 days for a permanent closure; or (II) not less than 30 days for a temporary closure. (B) Final decision.--In a final decision to permanently or temporarily close an area to hunting, fishing, or recreation shooting, the Secretary concerned (i) respond in a reasoned manner to the comments received; (ii) explain how the Secretary concerned resolved any significant issues raised by the comments; and (iii) show how the resolution led to the closure. (c) Temporary Closures.-- (1) In general.--A temporary closure under this section may not exceed a period of 180 days. (2) Renewal.--Except in an emergency, a temporary closure for the same area of land closed to the same activities-- (A) may not be renewed more than 3 times after the first temporary closure; and (B) must be subject to a separate notice and comment procedure in accordance with subsection (b)(2). (3) Effect of temporary closure.--Any Federal land that is temporarily closed to hunting, fishing, or recreational shooting under this section shall not become permanently closed to that activity without a separate public notice and opportunity to comment in accordance with subsection (b)(2). (d) Reporting.--On an annual basis, the Secretaries concerned (1) publish on a public website a list of all areas of Federal land temporarily or permanently subject to a closure under this section; and (2) submit to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources and the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry of the Senate and the Committee on Natural Resources and the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives a report that identifies-- (A) a list of each area of Federal land temporarily or permanently subject to a closure; (B) the acreage of each closure; and (C) a survey of-- (i) the aggregate areas and acreage closed under this section in each State; and (ii) the percentage of Federal land in each State closed under this section with respect to hunting, fishing, and recreational shooting. (e) Application.--This section shall not apply if the closure is-- (1) less than 14 days in duration; and (2) covered by a special use permit. SEC. 4104. <<NOTE: 16 USC 7914.>> SHOOTING RANGES. (a) In General.--Except as provided in subsection (b), the Secretary concerned may, in accordance with this section and other applicable law, lease or permit the use of Federal land for a shooting range. (b) Exception.--The Secretary concerned shall not lease or permit the use of Federal land for a shooting range within-- (1) a component of the National Landscape Conservation (2) a component of the National Wilderness Preservation (3) any area that is-- (A) designated as a wilderness study area; (B) administratively classified as-- (i) wilderness-eligible; or (ii) wilderness-suitable; or (C) a primitive or semiprimitive area; (4) a national monument, national volcanic monument, or national scenic area; or (5) a component of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System (including areas designated for study for potential addition to the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System). SEC. 4105. <<NOTE: 16 USC 7915.>> IDENTIFYING OPPORTUNITIES FOR RECREATION, HUNTING, AND FISHING ON (i) the Director of the National Park Service; (ii) the Director of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service; and (iii) the Director of the Bureau of Land Management; and land administered by the Chief of the Forest Service. (2) State or regional office.--The term ``State or regional office'' means-- (A) a State office of the Bureau of Land Management; (B) a regional office of-- (i) the National Park Service; (ii) the United States Fish and Wildlife Service; or (iii) the Forest Service. (3) Travel management plan.--The term ``travel management plan'' means a plan for the management of travel-- (A) with respect to land under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service, on park roads and designated routes under section 4.10 of title 36, Code of Federal Regulations (or successor regulations); (B) with respect to land under the jurisdiction of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, on the land under a comprehensive conservation plan prepared under section 4(e) of the National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966 (16 U.S.C. 668dd(e)); (C) with respect to land under the jurisdiction of the Forest Service, on National Forest System land under part 212 of title 36, Code of Federal Regulations (or successor regulations); and (D) with respect to land under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Land Management, under a resource management plan developed under the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.). (b) Priority Lists Required.-- enactment of this Act, and biennially thereafter during the 10- year period beginning on the date on which the first priority list is completed, the Secretary shall prepare a priority list, to be made publicly available on the website of the applicable Federal agency referred to in subsection (a)(1), which shall identify the location and acreage of land within the jurisdiction of each State or regional office on which the public is allowed, under Federal or State law, to hunt, fish, or use the land for other recreational purposes but-- (A) to which there is no public access or egress; or (B) to which public access or egress to the legal boundaries of the land is significantly restricted (as determined by the Secretary). (2) Minimum size.--Any land identified under paragraph (1) shall consist of contiguous acreage of at least 640 acres. (3) Considerations.--In preparing the priority list required under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall consider, with respect to the land-- (A) whether access is absent or merely restricted, including the extent of the restriction; (B) the likelihood of resolving the absence of or restriction to public access; (C) the potential for recreational use; (D) any information received from the public or other stakeholders during the nomination process described in paragraph (5); and (E) any other factor, as determined by the (4) Adjacent land status.--For each parcel of land on the priority list, the Secretary shall include in the priority list whether resolving the issue of public access or egress to the land would require acquisition of an easement, right-of-way, or fee title from-- (A) another Federal agency; (B) a State, local, or Tribal government; or (C) a private landowner. (5) Nomination process.--In preparing a priority list under this section, the Secretary shall provide an opportunity for members of the public to nominate parcels for inclusion on the priority list. (c) Access Options.--With respect to land included on a priority list described in subsection (b), the Secretary shall develop and submit to the Committees on Appropriations and Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committees on Appropriations and Natural Resources of the House of Representatives a report on options for providing access that-- (1) identifies how public access and egress could reasonably be provided to the legal boundaries of the land in a manner that minimizes the impact on wildlife habitat and water quality; (2) specifies the steps recommended to secure the access and egress, including acquiring an easement, right-of-way, or fee title from a willing owner of any land that abuts the land or the need to coordinate with State land management agencies or other Federal, State, or Tribal governments to allow for such access and egress; and (3) is consistent with the travel management plan in effect on the land. (d) Protection of Personally Identifying Information.--In making the priority list and report prepared under subsections (b) and (c) available, the Secretary shall ensure that no personally identifying information is included, such as names or addresses of individuals or entities. (e) Willing Owners.--For purposes of providing any permits to, or entering into agreements with, a State, local, or Tribal government or private landowner with respect to the use of land under the jurisdiction of the government or landowner, the Secretary shall not take into account whether the State, local, or Tribal government or private landowner has granted or denied public access or egress to the land. (f) Means of Public Access and Egress Included.--In considering public access and egress under subsections (b) and (c), the Secretary shall consider public access and egress to the legal boundaries of the land described in those subsections, including access and egress-- (1) by motorized or non-motorized vehicles; and (2) on foot or horseback. (g) Effect.-- (1) In general.--This section shall have no effect on whether a particular recreational use shall be allowed on the land included in a priority list under this section. (2) Effect of allowable uses on agency consideration.--In preparing the priority list under subsection (b), the Secretary shall only consider recreational uses that are allowed on the land at the time that the priority list is prepared. (a) Modification of Equal Access to Justice Provisions.-- (1) Agency proceedings.--Section 504 of title 5, United States Code, is amended-- (A) in subsection (c)(1), by striking ``, United States Code''; (B) by redesignating subsection (f) as subsection (i); and (C) by striking subsection (e) and inserting the ``(e)(1) Not later than March 31 of the first fiscal year beginning after the date of enactment of the John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act, and every fiscal year thereafter, the Chairman of the Administrative Conference of the United States, after consultation with the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration, shall submit to Congress and make publicly available online a report on the amount of fees and other expenses awarded during the preceding fiscal year under this section. ``(2) Each report under paragraph (1) shall describe the number, nature, and amount of the awards, the claims involved in the controversy, and any other relevant information that may aid Congress in evaluating the scope and impact of such awards. ``(3)(A) Each report under paragraph (1) shall account for all payments of fees and other expenses awarded under this section that are made pursuant to a settlement agreement, regardless of whether the settlement agreement is sealed or otherwise subject to a nondisclosure provision. ``(B) The disclosure of fees and other expenses required under subparagraph (A) shall not affect any other information that is subject to a nondisclosure provision in a settlement agreement. ``(f) As soon as practicable, and in any event not later than the date on which the first report under subsection (e)(1) is required to be submitted, the Chairman of the Administrative Conference of the United States shall create and maintain online a searchable database containing, with respect to each award of fees and other expenses under this section made on or after the date of enactment of the John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act, the following ``(1) The case name and number of the adversary adjudication, if available, hyperlinked to the case, if ``(2) The name of the agency involved in the adversary adjudication. ``(3) A description of the claims in the adversary ``(4) The name of each party to whom the award was made as such party is identified in the order or other court document making the award. ``(5) The amount of the award. ``(6) The basis for the finding that the position of the agency concerned was not substantially justified. ``(g) The online searchable database described in subsection (f) may not reveal any information the disclosure of which is prohibited by law or a court order. ``(h) The head of each agency shall provide to the Chairman of the Administrative Conference of the United States in a timely manner all information requested by the Chairman to comply with the requirements of subsections (e), (f), and (g).''. (2) Court cases.--Section 2412(d) of title 28, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(5)(A) Not later than March 31 of the first fiscal year beginning Chairman of the Administrative Conference of the United States shall submit to Congress and make publicly available online a report on the amount of fees and other expenses awarded during the preceding fiscal year pursuant to this subsection. ``(B) Each report under subparagraph (A) shall describe the number, ``(C)(i) Each report under subparagraph (A) shall account for all payments of fees and other expenses awarded under this subsection that are made pursuant to a settlement agreement, regardless of whether the ``(ii) The disclosure of fees and other expenses required under clause (i) shall not affect any other information that is subject to a nondisclosure provision in a settlement agreement. ``(D) The Chairman of the Administrative Conference of the United States shall include and clearly identify in each annual report under subparagraph (A), for each case in which an award of fees and other expenses is included in the report-- ``(i) any amounts paid under section 1304 of title 31 for a judgment in the case; ``(ii) the amount of the award of fees and other expenses; ``(iii) the statute under which the plaintiff filed suit. ``(6) As soon as practicable, and in any event not later than the date on which the first report under paragraph (5)(A) is required to be this subsection made on or after the date of enactment of the John D. ``(A) The case name and number, hyperlinked to the case, if ``(B) The name of the agency involved in the case. ``(C) The name of each party to whom the award was made as ``(D) A description of the claims in the case. ``(E) The amount of the award. ``(F) The basis for the finding that the position of the ``(7) The online searchable database described in paragraph (6) may ``(8) The head of each agency (including the Attorney General of the United States) shall provide to the Chairman of the Administrative Conference of the United States in a timely manner all information requested by the Chairman to comply with the requirements of paragraphs (5), (6), and (7).''. (3) Technical and conforming amendments.--Section 2412 of title 28, United States Code, is amended-- (A) in subsection (d)(3), by striking ``United States Code,''; and (B) in subsection (e)-- (i) by striking ``of section 2412 of title 28, United States Code,'' and inserting ``of this section''; and (ii) by striking ``of such title'' and inserting ``of this title''. (b) Judgment Fund Transparency.--Section 1304 of title 31, United ``(d) Beginning not later than the date that is 60 days after the date of enactment of the John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act, and unless the disclosure of such information is otherwise prohibited by law or a court order, the Secretary of the Treasury shall make available to the public on a website, as soon as practicable, but not later than 30 days after the date on which a payment under this section is tendered, the following information with regard to that payment: ``(1) The name of the specific agency or entity whose actions gave rise to the claim or judgment. ``(2) The name of the plaintiff or claimant. ``(3) The name of counsel for the plaintiff or claimant. ``(4) The amount paid representing principal liability, and any amounts paid representing any ancillary liability, including attorney fees, costs, and interest. ``(5) A brief description of the facts that gave rise to the ``(6) The name of the agency that submitted the claim.''. SEC. 4301. FEDERAL CLOSING DATE FOR HUNTING OF DUCKS, MERGANSERS, AND COOTS. Section 3 of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (16 U.S.C. 704) is ``(c) Federal Framework Closing Date for Hunting of Ducks, Mergansers, and Coots.-- ``(1) Regulations relating to framework closing date.-- ``(A) In general.--In promulgating regulations under subsection (a) relating to the Federal framework for the closing date up to which the States may select seasons for migratory bird hunting, except as provided in (2), the Secretary shall, with respect to the hunting season for ducks, mergansers, and coots-- ``(i) subject to subparagraph (B), adopt the recommendation of each respective flyway council (as defined in section 20.152 of title 50, Code of Federal Regulations) for the Federal framework if the Secretary determines that the recommendation is consistent with science-based and sustainable harvest management; and ``(ii) allow the States to establish the closing date for the hunting season in accordance with the Federal framework. ``(B) Requirement.--The framework closing date promulgated by the Secretary under subparagraph (A) shall not be later than January 31 of each year. ``(2) Special hunting days for youths, veterans, and active military personnel.-- ``(A) In general.--Notwithstanding the Federal framework closing date under paragraph (1) and subject to subparagraphs (B) and (C), the Secretary shall allow States to select 2 days for youths and 2 days for veterans (as defined in section 101 of title 38, United States Code) and members of the Armed Forces on active duty, including members of the National Guard and Reserves on active duty (other than for training), to hunt eligible ducks, geese, swans, mergansers, coots, moorhens, and gallinules, if the Secretary determines that the addition of those days is consistent with science-based and sustainable harvest management. Such days shall be treated as separate from, and in addition to, the annual Federal framework hunting season lengths. ``(B) Requirements.--In selecting days under subparagraph (A), a State shall ensure that-- ``(i) the days selected-- ``(I) may only include the hunting of duck, geese, swan, merganser, coot, moorhen, and gallinule species that are eligible for hunting under the applicable annual Federal framework; ``(II) are not more than 14 days before or after the Federal framework hunting season for ducks, mergansers, and coots; and ``(III) are otherwise consistent with the Federal framework; and ``(ii) the total number of days in a hunting season for any migratory bird species, including any days selected under subparagraph (A), is not more than 107 days. ``(C) Limitation.--A State may combine the 2 days allowed for youths with the 2 days allowed for veterans and members of the Armed Forces on active duty under subparagraph (A), but in no circumstance may a State have more than a total of 4 additional days added to its regular hunting season for any purpose. ``(3) Regulations.--The Secretary shall promulgate regulations in accordance with this subsection for the Federal framework for migratory bird hunting for the 2019-2020 hunting season and each hunting season thereafter.''. SEC. 4401. <<NOTE: 16 USC 7931.>> RESPECT FOR TREATIES AND RIGHTS. Nothing in this title or the amendments made by this title-- (1) affects or modifies any treaty or other right of any federally recognized Indian Tribe; or (2) modifies any provision of Federal law relating to migratory birds or to endangered or threatened species. SEC. 4402. <<NOTE: 16 USC 7932.>> NO PRIORITY. Nothing in this title or the amendments made by this title provides a preference to hunting, fishing, or recreational shooting over any other use of Federal land or water. SEC. 4403. <<NOTE: 16 USC 7933.>> STATE AUTHORITY FOR FISH AND Nothing in this title-- (1) authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture or the Secretary to require Federal licenses or permits to hunt and fish on Federal land; or (2) enlarges or diminishes the responsibility or authority of States with respect to fish and wildlife management. SEC. 5001. <<NOTE: 43 USC 31k.>> NATIONAL VOLCANO EARLY WARNING AND MONITORING SYSTEM. acting through the Director of the United States Geological Survey. (2) System.--The term ``System'' means the National Volcano Early Warning and Monitoring System established under subsection (b)(1)(A). (b) National Volcano Early Warning and Monitoring System.-- (1) Establishment.-- (A) In general.--The Secretary shall establish within the United States Geological Survey a system, to be known as the ``National Volcano Early Warning and Monitoring System'', to monitor, warn, and protect citizens of the United States from undue and avoidable harm from volcanic activity. (B) Purposes.--The purposes of the System are-- (i) to organize, modernize, standardize, and stabilize the monitoring systems of the volcano observatories in the United States, which includes the Alaska Volcano Observatory, California Volcano Observatory, Cascades Volcano Observatory, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, and Yellowstone Volcano Observatory; and (ii) to unify the monitoring systems of volcano observatories in the United States into a single interoperative system. (C) Objective.--The objective of the System is to monitor all the volcanoes in the United States at a level commensurate with the threat posed by the volcanoes by-- (i) upgrading existing networks on monitored volcanoes; (ii) installing new networks on unmonitored volcanoes; and (iii) employing geodetic and other components when applicable. (2) System components.-- (A) In general.--The System shall include-- (i) a national volcano watch office that is operational 24 hours a day and 7 days a week; (ii) a national volcano data center; and (iii) an external grants program to support research in volcano monitoring science and (B) Modernization activities.--Modernization activities under the System shall include the comprehensive application of emerging technologies, including digital broadband seismometers, real-time continuous Global Positioning System receivers, satellite and airborne radar interferometry, acoustic pressure sensors, and spectrometry to measure gas (A) Management plan.-- (i) In general.--Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall submit to Congress a 5-year management plan for establishing and operating the System. (ii) Inclusions.--The management plan submitted under clause (i) shall include-- (I) annual cost estimates for modernization activities and operation of the System; (II) annual milestones, standards, and performance goals; and (III) recommendations for, and progress towards, establishing new, or enhancing existing, partnerships to leverage resources. (B) Advisory committee.--The Secretary shall establish an advisory committee to assist the Secretary in implementing the System, to be comprised of representatives of relevant agencies and members of the scientific community, to be appointed by the Secretary. (C) Partnerships.--The Secretary may enter into cooperative agreements with institutions of higher education and State agencies designating the institutions of higher education and State agencies as volcano observatory partners for the System. (D) Coordination.--The Secretary shall coordinate the activities under this section with the heads of relevant Federal agencies, including-- (i) the Secretary of Transportation; (ii) the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration; (iii) the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; and (iv) the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency. (4) Annual report.--Annually, the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report that describes the activities carried out (c) Funding.-- (1) Authorization of appropriations.--There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section $55,000,000 for the period of fiscal years 2019 through 2023. (2) Effect on other sources of federal funding.--Amounts made available under this subsection shall supplement, and not supplant, Federal funds made available for other United States Geological Survey hazards activities and programs. SEC. 5002. REAUTHORIZATION OF NATIONAL GEOLOGIC MAPPING ACT OF (a) Reauthorization.-- (1) In general.--Section 9(a) of the National Geologic Mapping Act of 1992 (43 U.S.C. 31h(a)) is amended by striking ``2018'' and inserting ``2023''. (2) Conforming amendment.--Section 4(b)(1) of the National Geologic Mapping Act of 1992 (43 U.S.C. 31c(b)(1)) is amended by striking ``Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009'' each place it appears in subparagraphs (A) and (B) and inserting ``John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act''. (b) Geologic Mapping Advisory Committee.--Section 5(a)(3) of the National Geologic Mapping Act of 1992 (43 U.S.C. 31d(a)(3)) is amended by striking ``Associate Director for Geology'' and inserting ``Associate Director for Core Science Systems''. (c) Clerical Amendments.--Section 3 of the National Geologic Mapping Act of 1992 (43 U.S.C. 31b) is amended-- (1) in paragraph (4), by striking ``section 6(d)(3)'' and inserting ``section 4(d)(3)''; inserting ``section 4(d)(1)''; and inserting ``section 4(d)(2)''. (a) In General.--The following areas are designated as National Heritage Areas, to be administered in accordance with this section: (1) Appalachian forest national heritage area, west virginia and maryland.-- (A) In general.--There is established the Appalachian Forest National Heritage Area in the States of West Virginia and Maryland, as depicted on the map entitled ``Appalachian Forest National Heritage Area'', numbered T07/80,000, and dated October 2007, including-- (i) Barbour, Braxton, Grant, Greenbrier, Hampshire, Hardy, Mineral, Morgan, Nicholas, Pendleton, Pocahontas, Preston, Randolph, Tucker, Upshur, and Webster Counties in West Virginia; and (ii) Allegany and Garrett Counties in Maryland. (B) Local coordinating entity.--The Appalachian Forest Heritage Area, Inc., shall be-- (i) the local coordinating entity for the National Heritage Area designated by subparagraph (A) (referred to in this subparagraph as the ``local coordinating entity''); and (ii) governed by a board of directors that (I) include members to represent a geographic balance across the counties described in subparagraph (A) and the States of West Virginia and Maryland; (II) be composed of not fewer than 7, and not more than 15, members elected by the membership of the local coordinating entity; (III) be selected to represent a balanced group of diverse interests, (aa) the forest industry; (bb) environmental interests; (cc) cultural heritage (dd) tourism interests; and (ee) regional agency partners; (IV) exercise all corporate powers of the local coordinating entity; (V) manage the activities and affairs of the local coordinating entity; and (VI) subject to any limitations in the articles and bylaws of the local coordinating entity, this section, and other applicable Federal or State law, establish the policies of the local coordinating entity. (2) <<NOTE: 54 USC 320101 note.>> Maritime washington national heritage area, washington.-- (A) In general.--There is established the Maritime Washington National Heritage Area in the State of Washington, to include land in Whatcom, Skagit, Snohomish, San Juan, Island, King, Pierce, Thurston, Mason, Kitsap, Jefferson, Clallam, and Grays Harbor Counties in the State that is at least partially located within the area that is \1/4\-mile landward of the shoreline, as generally depicted on the map entitled ``Maritime Washington National Heritage Area Proposed Boundary'', numbered 584/125,484, and dated August, (B) Local coordinating entity.--The Washington Trust for Historic Preservation shall be the local coordinating entity for the National Heritage Area designated by subparagraph (A). (3) <<NOTE: 54 USC 320101 note.>> Mountains to sound greenway national heritage area, washington.-- (A) In general.--There is established the Mountains to Sound Greenway National Heritage Area in the State of Washington, to consist of land in King and Kittitas Counties in the State, as generally depicted on the map entitled ``Mountains to Sound Greenway National Heritage Area Proposed Boundary'', numbered 584/125,483, and dated August, 2014 (referred to in this paragraph as the ``map''). (B) Local coordinating entity.--The Mountains to Sound Greenway Trust shall be the local coordinating entity for the National Heritage Area designated by (C) Map.--The map shall be on file and available for public inspection in the appropriate offices of-- (ii) the Forest Service; (iii) the Indian Tribes; and (iv) the local coordinating entity. (D) References to indian tribe; tribal.--Any reference in this paragraph to the terms ``Indian Tribe'' and ``Tribal'' shall be considered, for purposes of the National Heritage Area designated by subparagraph (A), to refer to each of the Tribal governments of the Snoqualmie, Yakama, Tulalip, Muckleshoot, and Colville Indian Tribes. (E) Management requirements.--With respect to the National Heritage Area designated by subparagraph (A)-- (i) the preparation of an interpretive plan under subsection (c)(2)(C)(vii) shall also include plans for Tribal heritage; (ii) the Secretary shall ensure that the management plan developed under subsection (c) is consistent with the trust responsibilities of the Secretary to Indian Tribes and Tribal treaty rights within the National Heritage Area; (iii) the interpretive plan and management plan for the National Heritage Area shall be developed in consultation with the Indian Tribes; (iv) nothing in this paragraph shall grant or diminish any hunting, fishing, or gathering treaty right of any Indian Tribe; and (v) nothing in this paragraph affects the authority of a State or an Indian Tribe to manage fish and wildlife, including the regulation of hunting and fishing within the National Heritage (4) <<NOTE: 54 USC 320101 note.>> Sacramento-san joaquin delta national heritage area, california.-- Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta National Heritage Area in the State of California, to consist of land in Contra Costa, Sacramento, San Joaquin, Solano, and Yolo entitled ``Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta National Heritage Area Proposed Boundary'', numbered T27/105,030, (B) Local coordinating entity.--The Delta Protection Commission established by section 29735 of the California Public Resources Code shall be the local (C) Effect.--This paragraph shall not be interpreted or implemented in a manner that directly or indirectly has a negative effect on the operations of the Central Valley Project, the State Water Project, or any water supply facilities within the Bay-Delta watershed. (5) <<NOTE: 54 USC 320101 note.>> Santa cruz valley national heritage area, arizona.-- (A) In general.--There is established the Santa Cruz Valley National Heritage Area in the State of Arizona, to consist of land in Pima and Santa Cruz Counties in the State, as generally depicted on the map entitled ``Santa Cruz Valley National Heritage Area'', numbered T09/80,000, and dated November 13, 2007. (B) Local coordinating entity.--Santa Cruz Valley Heritage Alliance, Inc., a nonprofit organization established under the laws of the State of Arizona, shall be the local coordinating entity for the National Heritage Area designated by subparagraph (A). (6) <<NOTE: 54 USC 320101 note.>> Susquehanna national heritage area, pennsylvania.-- Susquehanna National Heritage Area in the State of Pennsylvania, to consist of land in Lancaster and York Counties in the State. (B) Local coordinating entity.--The Susquehanna Heritage Corporation, a nonprofit organization established under the laws of the State of Pennsylvania, (b) <<NOTE: 54 USC 320101 note.>> Administration.-- (1) Authorities.--For purposes of carrying out the management plan for each of the National Heritage Areas designated by subsection (a), the Secretary, acting through the local coordinating entity, may use amounts made available under subsection (g)-- (A) to make grants to the State or a political subdivision of the State, Indian Tribes, nonprofit organizations, and other persons; (B) to enter into cooperative agreements with, or provide technical assistance to, the State or a political subdivision of the State, Indian Tribes, nonprofit organizations, and other interested parties; (C) to hire and compensate staff, which shall include individuals with expertise in natural, cultural, and historical resources protection, and heritage programming; (D) to obtain money or services from any source including any money or services that are provided under any other Federal law or program; (E) to contract for goods or services; and (F) to undertake to be a catalyst for any other activity that furthers the National Heritage Area and is consistent with the approved management plan. (2) Duties.--The local coordinating entity for each of the National Heritage Areas designated by subsection (a) shall-- (A) in accordance with subsection (c), prepare and submit a management plan for the National Heritage Area to the Secretary; (B) assist Federal agencies, the State or a regional planning organizations, nonprofit organizations and other interested parties in carrying out the approved management plan by-- (i) carrying out programs and projects that recognize, protect, and enhance important resource values in the National Heritage Area; (ii) establishing and maintaining interpretive exhibits and programs in the National Heritage (iii) developing recreational and educational opportunities in the National Heritage Area; (iv) increasing public awareness of, and appreciation for, natural, historical, scenic, and cultural resources of the National Heritage Area; (v) protecting and restoring historic sites and buildings in the National Heritage Area that are consistent with National Heritage Area themes; (vi) ensuring that clear, consistent, and appropriate signs identifying points of public access and sites of interest are posted throughout the National Heritage Area; and (vii) promoting a wide range of partnerships among the Federal Government, State, Tribal, and local governments, organizations, and individuals to further the National Heritage Area; (C) consider the interests of diverse units of government, businesses, organizations, and individuals in the National Heritage Area in the preparation and implementation of the management plan; (D) conduct meetings open to the public at least semiannually regarding the development and (E) for any year that Federal funds have been received under this subsection-- (i) submit to the Secretary an annual report that describes the activities, expenses, and income of the local coordinating entity (including grants to any other entities during the year that the report is made); (ii) make available to the Secretary for audit all records relating to the expenditure of the funds and any matching funds; and (iii) require, with respect to all agreements authorizing expenditure of Federal funds by other organizations, that the organizations receiving the funds make available to the Secretary for audit all records concerning the expenditure of the funds; and (F) encourage by appropriate means economic viability that is consistent with the National Heritage (3) Prohibition on the acquisition of real property.--The local coordinating entity shall not use Federal funds made available under subsection (g) to acquire real property or any interest in real property. (c) <<NOTE: 54 USC 320101 note.>> Management Plan.-- enactment of this Act, the local coordinating entity for each of the National Heritage Areas designated by subsection (a) shall submit to the Secretary for approval a proposed management plan for the National Heritage Area. (A) incorporate an integrated and cooperative approach for the protection, enhancement, and interpretation of the natural, cultural, historic, scenic, and recreational resources of the National Heritage Area; (B) take into consideration Federal, State, local, and Tribal plans and treaty rights; (C) include-- (i) an inventory of-- (I) the resources located in the National Heritage Area; and (II) any other property in the National Heritage Area that-- (aa) is related to the themes of the National Heritage (bb) should be preserved, restored, managed, or maintained because of the significance of the property; (ii) comprehensive policies, strategies and recommendations for conservation, funding, management, and development of the National Heritage Area; (iii) a description of actions that the Federal Government, State, Tribal, and local governments, private organizations, and individuals have agreed to take to protect the natural, historical, cultural, scenic, and recreational resources of the National Heritage (iv) a program of implementation for the management plan by the local coordinating entity that includes a description of-- (I) actions to facilitate ongoing collaboration among partners to promote plans for resource protection, restoration, and construction; and (II) specific commitments for implementation that have been made by the local coordinating entity or any government, organization, or individual for the first 5 years of operation; (v) the identification of sources of funding for carrying out the management plan; (vi) analysis and recommendations for means by which Federal, State, local, and Tribal programs, including the role of the National Park Service in the National Heritage Area, may best be coordinated to carry out this subsection; and (vii) an interpretive plan for the National Heritage Area; and (D) recommend policies and strategies for resource management that consider and detail the application of appropriate land and water management techniques, including the development of intergovernmental and interagency cooperative agreements to protect the natural, historical, cultural, educational, scenic, and recreational resources of the National Heritage Area. (3) Deadline.--If a proposed management plan is not submitted to the Secretary by the date that is 3 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the local coordinating entity shall be ineligible to receive additional funding under this section until the date on which the Secretary receives and approves the management plan. (4) Approval or disapproval of management plan.-- date of receipt of the management plan under paragraph (1), the Secretary, in consultation with State and Tribal governments, shall approve or disapprove the management plan. (B) Criteria for approval.--In determining whether to approve the management plan, the Secretary shall consider whether-- (i) the local coordinating entity is representative of the diverse interests of the National Heritage Area, including Federal, State, Tribal, and local governments, natural and historic resource protection organizations, educational institutions, businesses, and recreational organizations; (ii) the local coordinating entity has afforded adequate opportunity, including public hearings, for public and governmental involvement in the preparation of the management plan; and (iii) the resource protection and interpretation strategies contained in the management plan, if implemented, would adequately protect the natural, historical, and cultural resources of the National Heritage Area. (C) Action following disapproval.--If the Secretary disapproves the management plan under subparagraph (A), (i) advise the local coordinating entity in writing of the reasons for the disapproval; (ii) make recommendations for revisions to the management plan; and (iii) not later than 180 days after the receipt of any proposed revision of the management plan from the local coordinating entity, approve or disapprove the proposed revision. (D) Amendments.-- (i) In general.--The Secretary shall approve or disapprove each amendment to the management plan that the Secretary determines make a substantial change to the management plan. (ii) Use of funds.--The local coordinating entity shall not use Federal funds authorized by this subsection to carry out any amendments to the management plan until the Secretary has approved the amendments. (d) <<NOTE: 54 USC 320101 note.>> Relationship to Other Federal Agencies.-- (1) In general.--Nothing in this section affects the authority of a Federal agency to provide technical or financial assistance under any other law. (2) Consultation and coordination.--The head of any Federal agency planning to conduct activities that may have an impact on a National Heritage Area designated by subsection (a) is encouraged to consult and coordinate the activities with the Secretary and the local coordinating entity to the maximum extent practicable. (3) Other federal agencies.--Nothing in this section-- (A) modifies, alters, or amends any law or regulation authorizing a Federal agency to manage Federal land under the jurisdiction of the Federal agency; (B) limits the discretion of a Federal land manager to implement an approved land use plan within the boundaries of a National Heritage Area designated by subsection (a); or (C) modifies, alters, or amends any authorized use of Federal land under the jurisdiction of a Federal (e) <<NOTE: 54 USC 320101 note.>> Private Property and Regulatory Protections.--Nothing in this section-- (1) abridges the rights of any property owner (whether public or private), including the right to refrain from participating in any plan, project, program, or activity conducted within a National Heritage Area designated by subsection (a); (2) requires any property owner-- (A) to permit public access (including access by Federal, State, or local agencies) to the property of the property owner; or (B) to modify public access or use of property of the property owner under any other Federal, State, or local law; (3) alters any duly adopted land use regulation, approved land use plan, or other regulatory authority of any Federal, State, Tribal, or local agency; (4) conveys any land use or other regulatory authority to the local coordinating entity; (5) authorizes or implies the reservation or appropriation of water or water rights; (6) enlarges or diminishes the treaty rights of any Indian Tribe within the National Heritage Area; (7) diminishes-- (A) the authority of the State to manage fish and wildlife, including the regulation of fishing and hunting within a National Heritage Area designated by (B) the authority of Indian Tribes to regulate members of Indian Tribes with respect to fishing, hunting, and gathering in the exercise of treaty rights; (8) creates any liability, or affects any liability under any other law, of any private property owner with respect to any person injured on the private property. (f) <<NOTE: 54 USC 320101 note.>> Evaluation and Report.-- (1) In general.--For each of the National Heritage Areas designated by subsection (a), not later than 3 years before the date on which authority for Federal funding terminates for each National Heritage Area, the Secretary shall-- (A) conduct an evaluation of the accomplishments of (B) prepare a report in accordance with paragraph (2) Evaluation.--An evaluation conducted under paragraph (1)(A) shall-- (A) assess the progress of the local management entity with respect to-- (i) accomplishing the purposes of the authorizing legislation for the National Heritage (ii) achieving the goals and objectives of the approved management plan for the National Heritage (B) analyze the investments of the Federal Government, State, Tribal, and local governments, and private entities in each National Heritage Area to determine the impact of the investments; and (C) review the management structure, partnership relationships, and funding of the National Heritage Area for purposes of identifying the critical components for sustainability of the National Heritage Area. (3) Report.--Based on the evaluation conducted under paragraph (1)(A), the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives a report that includes recommendations for the future role of the National Park Service, if any, with respect to the National Heritage (g) <<NOTE: 54 USC 320101 note.>> Authorization of Appropriations.-- (1) In general.--There is authorized to be appropriated for each National Heritage Area designated by subsection (a) to carry out the purposes of this section $10,000,000, of which not more than $1,000,000 may be made available in any fiscal year. (2) Availability.--Amounts made available under paragraph (1) shall remain available until expended. (3) Cost-sharing requirement.-- (A) In general.--The Federal share of the total cost of any activity under this section shall be not more than 50 percent. (B) Form.--The non-Federal contribution of the total cost of any activity under this section may be in the form of in-kind contributions of goods or services fairly valued. (4) Termination of authority.--The authority of the Secretary to provide assistance under this section terminates on the date that is 15 years after the date of enactment of this SEC. 6002. ADJUSTMENT OF BOUNDARIES OF LINCOLN NATIONAL HERITAGE (a) Boundary Adjustment.--Section 443(b)(1) of the Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008 (Public Law 110-229; 122 Stat. 819) <<NOTE: 54 USC 320101 note.>> is amended-- (1) by inserting ``, Livingston,'' after ``LaSalle''; and (2) by inserting ``, the city of Jonesboro in Union County, and the city of Freeport in Stephenson County'' after ``Woodford counties''. (b) Map.--The Secretary shall update the map referred to in section 443(b)(2) of the Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008 to reflect the boundary adjustment made by the amendments in subsection (a). (1) Heritage area.--The term ``Heritage Area'' means the Finger Lakes National Heritage Area. (2) State.--The term ``State'' means the State of New York. (3) Study area.--The term ``study area'' means-- (A) the counties in the State of Cayuga, Chemung, Cortland, Livingston, Monroe, Onondaga, Ontario, Schuyler, Seneca, Steuben, Tioga, Tompkins, Wayne, and Yates; and (B) any other areas in the State that-- (i) have heritage aspects that are similar to the areas described in subparagraph (A); and (ii) are adjacent to, or in the vicinity of, those areas. (b) Study.-- (1) In general.--The Secretary, in consultation with State and local historic preservation officers, State and local historical societies, State and local tourism offices, and other appropriate organizations and governmental agencies, shall conduct a study to assess the suitability and feasibility of designating the study area as a National Heritage Area, to be known as the ``Finger Lakes National Heritage Area''. (2) Requirements.--The study shall include analysis, documentation, and determinations on whether the study area-- (A) has an assemblage of natural, historic, and cultural resources that-- (i) represent distinctive aspects of the heritage of the United States; (ii) are worthy of recognition, conservation, interpretation, and continuing use; and (iii) would be best managed-- (I) through partnerships among public and private entities; and (II) by linking diverse and sometimes noncontiguous resources and active communities; (B) reflects traditions, customs, beliefs, and folklife that are a valuable part of the story of the United States; (C) provides outstanding opportunities-- (i) to conserve natural, historic, cultural, or scenic features; and (ii) for recreation and education; (D) contains resources that-- (i) are important to any identified themes of the study area; and (ii) retain a degree of integrity capable of supporting interpretation; (E) includes residents, business interests, nonprofit organizations, and State and local governments (i) are involved in the planning of the (ii) have developed a conceptual financial plan that outlines the roles of all participants in the Heritage Area, including the Federal Government; and (iii) have demonstrated support for the designation of the Heritage Area; (F) has a potential management entity to work in partnership with the individuals and entities described in subparagraph (E) to develop the Heritage Area while encouraging State and local economic activity; and (G) has a conceptual boundary map that is supported by the public. (c) Report.--Not later than 3 years after the date on which funds are first made available to carry out this section, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate a report that describes-- (1) the findings of the study under subsection (b); and (2) any conclusions and recommendations of the Secretary. (a) Rivers of Steel National Heritage Area.--Section 409(a) of the Omnibus Parks and Public Lands Management Act of 1996 (Public Law 104- 333; 110 Stat. 4256; 129 Stat. 2551) <<NOTE: 54 USC 320101 note.>> is amended in the second sentence, by striking ``$17,000,000'' and inserting ``$20,000,000''. (b) Essex National Heritage Area.--Section 508(a) of the Omnibus Parks and Public Lands Management Act of 1996 (Public Law 104-333; 110 Stat. 4260; 129 Stat. 2551) is amended in the second sentence, by striking ``$17,000,000'' and inserting ``$20,000,000''. (c) Ohio & Erie National Heritage Canalway.--Section 810(a) of the 333; 110 Stat. 4275; 122 Stat. 826) is amended by striking the second sentence and inserting the following: ``Not more than a total of $20,000,000 may be appropriated for the canalway under this title.''. (d) Blue Ridge National Heritage Area.--The Blue Ridge National Heritage Area Act of 2003 (Public Law 108-108; 117 Stat. 1274; 131 Stat. 461; 132 Stat. 661) is amended-- (1) in subsection (i)(1), by striking ``$12,000,000'' and inserting ``$14,000,000''; and (2) by striking subsection (j) and inserting the following: ``(j) Termination of Authority.--The authority of the Secretary to provide assistance under this section terminates on September 30, (e) MotorCities National Heritage Area.--Section 110(a) of the Automobile National Heritage Area Act (Public Law 105-355; 112 Stat. 3252) is amended, in the second sentence, by striking ``$10,000,000'' and inserting ``$12,000,000''. (f) Wheeling National Heritage Area.--Subsection (h)(1) of the Wheeling National Heritage Area Act of 2000 (Public Law 106-291; 114 Stat. 967; 128 Stat. 2421; 129 Stat. 2550) is amended by striking ``$13,000,000'' and inserting ``$15,000,000''. (g) Tennessee Civil War Heritage Area.--Section 208 of the Omnibus Stat. 4248; 127 Stat. 420; 128 Stat. 314; 129 Stat. 2551; 132 Stat. 661) is amended by striking ``after'' and all that follows through the period at the end and inserting the following: ``after September 30, 2021.''. (h) Augusta Canal National Heritage Area.--Section 310 of the 333; 110 Stat. 4252; 127 Stat. 420; 128 Stat. 314; 129 Stat. 2551; 132 Stat. 661) is amended by striking ``2019'' and inserting ``2021''. (i) South Carolina National Heritage Corridor.--Section 607 of the 333; 110 Stat. 4264; 127 Stat. 420; 128 Stat. 314; 129 Stat. 2551; 132 Stat. 661) is amended by striking (j) Oil Region National Heritage Area.--The Oil Region National Heritage Area Act (Public Law 108-447; 118 Stat. 3368) is amended by striking ``Oil Heritage Region, Inc.'' each place it appears and inserting ``Oil Region Alliance of Business, Industry and Tourism''. (k) Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area Redesignation.-- (1) In general.--The Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area Act of 1996 (Public Law 104-333; 110 Stat. 4275) is amended by striking ``Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area'' each place it appears and inserting ``Maurice D. Hinchey Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area''. (2) Reference in law.--Any reference in a law, map, regulation, document, paper, or other record of the United States to the Heritage Area referred to in paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be a reference to the ``Maurice D. Hinchey Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area''. (a) Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program Reauthorization.--Section 5 of the Partners for Fish and Wildlife Act (16 U.S.C. 3774) is amended by striking ``2006 through 2011'' and inserting ``2019 through 2023''. (b) Fish and Wildlife Coordination.-- (1) Purpose.--The purpose of this subsection is to protect water, oceans, coasts, and wildlife from invasive species. (2) Amendments to fish and wildlife coordination act.-- (A) Short title; authorization.--The first section of the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (16 U.S.C. 661) is amended by striking ``For the purpose'' and ``SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; AUTHORIZATION. ``(a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the `Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act'. ``(b) Authorization.--For the purpose''. (B) Protection of water, oceans, coasts, and wildlife from invasive species.--The Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (16 U.S.C. 661 et seq.) is amended by ``SEC. 10. <<NOTE: 16 USC 666c-1.>> PROTECTION OF WATER, OCEANS, COASTS, AND WILDLIFE FROM INVASIVE SPECIES. ``(1) Control.--The term `control', with respect to an invasive species, means the eradication, suppression, or reduction of the population of the invasive species within the area in which the invasive species is present. ``(2) Ecosystem.--The term `ecosystem' means the complex of a community of organisms and the environment of the organisms. ``(3) Eligible state.--The term `eligible State' means any ``(A) a State; ``(B) the District of Columbia; ``(C) the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico; ``(D) Guam; ``(E) American Samoa; ``(F) the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands; and ``(G) the United States Virgin Islands. ``(4) Invasive species.-- ``(A) In general.--The term `invasive species' means an alien species, the introduction of which causes, or is likely to cause, economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. ``(B) Associated definition.--For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term `alien species', with respect to a particular ecosystem, means any species (including the seeds, eggs, spores, or other biological material of the species that are capable of propagating the species) that is not native to the affected ecosystem. ``(5) Manage; management.--The terms `manage' and `management', with respect to an invasive species, mean the active implementation of any activity-- ``(A) to reduce or stop the spread of the invasive species; and ``(B) to inhibit further infestations of the invasive species, the spread of the invasive species, or harm caused by the invasive species, including investigations regarding methods for early detection and rapid response, prevention, control, or management of the invasive species. ``(6) Prevent.--The term `prevent', with respect to an invasive species, means-- ``(A) to hinder the introduction of the invasive species onto land or water; or ``(B) to impede the spread of the invasive species within land or water by inspecting, intercepting, or confiscating invasive species threats prior to the establishment of the invasive species onto land or water of an eligible State. ``(7) Secretary concerned.--The term `Secretary concerned' ``(A) the Secretary of the Army, with respect to Federal land administered by the Corps of Engineers; ``(B) the Secretary of the Interior, with respect to Federal land administered by the Secretary of the Interior through-- ``(i) the United States Fish and Wildlife Service; ``(ii) the Bureau of Indian Affairs; ``(iii) the Bureau of Land Management; ``(iv) the Bureau of Reclamation; or ``(v) the National Park Service; ``(C) the Secretary of Agriculture, with respect to Federal land administered by the Secretary of Agriculture through the Forest Service; and ``(D) the head or a representative of any other Federal agency the duties of whom require planning relating to, and the treatment of, invasive species for the purpose of protecting water and wildlife on land and coasts and in oceans and water. ``(8) Species.--The term `species' means a group of organisms, all of which-- ``(A) have a high degree of genetic similarity; ``(B) are morphologically distinct; ``(C) generally-- ``(i) interbreed at maturity only among themselves; and ``(ii) produce fertile offspring; and ``(D) show persistent differences from members of allied groups of organisms. ``(b) Control and Management.--Each Secretary concerned shall plan and carry out activities on land directly managed by the Secretary concerned to protect water and wildlife by controlling and managing invasive species-- ``(1) to inhibit or reduce the populations of invasive ``(2) to effectuate restoration or reclamation efforts. ``(c) Strategic Plan.-- ``(1) In general.--Each Secretary concerned shall develop a strategic plan for the implementation of the invasive species program to achieve, to the maximum extent practicable, a substantive annual net reduction of invasive species populations or infested acreage on land or water managed by the Secretary concerned. ``(2) Coordination.--Each strategic plan under paragraph (1) shall be developed-- ``(A) in coordination with affected-- ``(i) eligible States; and ``(ii) political subdivisions of eligible States; ``(B) in consultation with federally recognized Indian tribes; and ``(C) in accordance with the priorities established by 1 or more Governors of the eligible States in which an ecosystem affected by an invasive species is located. ``(3) Factors for consideration.--In developing a strategic plan under this subsection, the Secretary concerned shall take into consideration the economic and ecological costs of action or inaction, as applicable. ``(d) Cost-effective Methods.--In selecting a method to be used to control or manage an invasive species as part of a specific control or management project conducted as part of a strategic plan developed under subsection (c), the Secretary concerned shall prioritize the use of methods that-- ``(1) effectively control and manage invasive species, as determined by the Secretary concerned, based on sound scientific data; ``(2) minimize environmental impacts; and ``(3) control and manage invasive species in the most cost- effective manner. ``(e) Comparative Economic Assessment.--To achieve compliance with subsection (d), the Secretary concerned shall require a comparative economic assessment of invasive species control and management methods to be conducted. ``(f) Expedited Action.-- ``(1) In general.--The Secretaries concerned shall use all tools and flexibilities available (as of the date of enactment of this section) to expedite the projects and activities described in paragraph (2). ``(2) Description of projects and activities.--A project or activity referred to in paragraph (1) is a project or activity-- ``(A) to protect water or wildlife from an invasive species that, as determined by the Secretary concerned is, or will be, carried out on land or water that is-- ``(i) directly managed by the Secretary concerned; and ``(ii) located in an area that is-- ``(I) at high risk for the introduction, establishment, or spread of invasive species; and ``(II) determined by the Secretary concerned to require immediate action to address the risk identified in subclause ``(B) carried out in accordance with applicable agency procedures, including any applicable-- ``(i) land or resource management plan; or ``(ii) land use plan. ``(g) Allocation of Funding.--Of the amount appropriated or otherwise made available to each Secretary concerned for a fiscal year for programs that address or include protection of land or water from an invasive species, the Secretary concerned shall use not less than 75 percent for on-the-ground control and management of invasive species, which may include-- ``(1) the purchase of necessary products, equipment, or services to conduct that control and management; ``(2) the use of integrated pest management options, including options that use pesticides authorized for sale, distribution, or use under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (7 U.S.C. 136 et seq.); ``(3) the use of biological control agents that are proven to be effective to reduce invasive species populations; ``(4) the use of revegetation or cultural restoration methods designed to improve the diversity and richness of ecosystems; ``(5) the use of monitoring and detection activities for invasive species, including equipment, detection dogs, and mechanical devices; ``(6) the use of appropriate methods to remove invasive species from a vehicle or vessel capable of conveyance; or ``(7) the use of other effective mechanical or manual control methods. ``(h) Investigations, Outreach, and Public Awareness.--Of the amount appropriated or otherwise made available to each Secretary concerned for a fiscal year for programs that address or include protection of land or water from an invasive species, the Secretary concerned may use not more than 15 percent for investigations, development activities, and outreach and public awareness efforts to address invasive species control and management needs. ``(i) Administrative Costs.--Of the amount appropriated or otherwise made available to each Secretary concerned for a fiscal year for programs that address or include protection of land or water from an invasive species, not more than 10 percent may be used for administrative costs incurred to carry out those programs, including costs relating to oversight and management of the programs, recordkeeping, and implementation of the strategic plan developed under subsection (c). ``(j) Reporting Requirements.--Not later than 60 days after the end of the second fiscal year beginning after the date of enactment of this section, each Secretary concerned shall submit to Congress a report-- ``(1) describing the use by the Secretary concerned during the 2 preceding fiscal years of funds for programs that address or include invasive species management; and ``(2) specifying the percentage of funds expended for each of the purposes specified in subsections (g), (h), and (i). ``(k) Relation to Other Authority.-- ``(1) Other invasive species control, prevention, and management authorities.--Nothing in this section precludes the Secretary concerned from pursuing or supporting, pursuant to any other provision of law, any activity regarding the control, prevention, or management of an invasive species, including investigations to improve the control, prevention, or management of the invasive species. ``(2) Public water supply systems.--Nothing in this section authorizes the Secretary concerned to suspend any water delivery or diversion, or otherwise to prevent the operation of a public water supply system, as a measure to control, manage, or prevent the introduction or spread of an invasive species. ``(l) Use of Partnerships.--Subject to the subsections (m) and (n), the Secretary concerned may enter into any contract or cooperative agreement with another Federal agency, an eligible State, a federally recognized Indian tribe, a political subdivision of an eligible State, or a private individual or entity to assist with the control and management of an invasive species. ``(m) Memorandum of Understanding.-- ``(1) In general.--As a condition of a contract or cooperative agreement under subsection (l), the Secretary concerned and the applicable Federal agency, eligible State, political subdivision of an eligible State, or private individual or entity shall enter into a memorandum of understanding that describes-- ``(A) the nature of the partnership between the parties to the memorandum of understanding; and ``(B) the control and management activities to be conducted under the contract or cooperative agreement. ``(2) Contents.--A memorandum of understanding under this subsection shall contain, at a minimum, the following: ``(A) A prioritized listing of each invasive species to be controlled or managed. ``(B) An assessment of the total acres of land or area of water infested by the invasive species. ``(C) An estimate of the expected total acres of land or area of water infested by the invasive species after control and management of the invasive species is attempted. ``(D) A description of each specific, integrated pest management option to be used, including a comparative economic assessment to determine the least- costly method. ``(E) Any map, boundary, or Global Positioning System coordinates needed to clearly identify the area in which each control or management activity is proposed to be conducted. ``(F) A written assurance that each partner will comply with section 15 of the Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974 (7 U.S.C. 2814). ``(3) Coordination.--If a partner to a contract or cooperative agreement under subsection (l) is an eligible State, individual or entity, the memorandum of understanding under this subsection shall include a description of-- ``(A) the means by which each applicable control or management effort will be coordinated; and ``(B) the expected outcomes of managing and controlling the invasive species. ``(4) Public outreach and awareness efforts.--If a contract or cooperative agreement under subsection (l) involves any outreach or public awareness effort, the memorandum of understanding under this subsection shall include a list of goals and objectives for each outreach or public awareness effort that have been determined to be efficient to inform national, regional, State, Tribal, or local audiences regarding invasive species control and management. ``(n) Investigations.--The purpose of any invasive species-related investigation carried out under a contract or cooperative agreement under subsection (l) shall be-- ``(1) to develop solutions and specific recommendations for control and management of invasive species; and ``(2) specifically to provide faster implementation of control and management methods. ``(o) Coordination With Affected Local Governments.--Each project and activity carried out pursuant to this section shall be coordinated with affected local governments in a manner that is consistent with section 202(c)(9) of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1712(c)(9)).''. (c) Wildlife Conservation.-- (1) Reauthorizations.-- (A) Reauthorization of african elephant conservation act.--Section 2306(a) of the African Elephant Conservation Act (16 U.S.C. 4245(a)) is amended by striking ``2007 through 2012'' and inserting ``2019 through 2023''. (B) Reauthorization of asian elephant conservation act of 1997.--Section 8(a) of the Asian Elephant Conservation Act of 1997 (16 U.S.C. 4266(a)) is amended by striking ``2007 through 2012'' and inserting ``2019 (C) Reauthorization of rhinoceros and tiger conservation act of 1994.--Section 10(a) of the Rhinoceros and Tiger Conservation Act of 1994 (16 U.S.C. 5306(a)) is amended by striking ``2007 through 2012'' and inserting ``2019 through 2023''. (2) Amendments to great ape conservation act of 2000.-- (A) Panel.--Section 4(i) of the Great Ape Conservation Act of 2000 (16 U.S.C. 6303(i)) is (i) by striking paragraph (1) and inserting ``(1) Convention.--Not later than 1 year after the date of and Recreation Act, and every 5 years thereafter, the Secretary may convene a panel of experts on great apes to identify the greatest needs and priorities for the conservation of great apes.''; (ii) by redesignating paragraph (2) as paragraph (5); and (iii) by inserting after paragraph (1) the ``(2) Composition.--The Secretary shall ensure that the panel referred to in paragraph (1) includes, to the maximum extent practicable, 1 or more representatives-- ``(A) from each country that comprises the natural range of great apes; and ``(B) with expertise in great ape conservation. ``(3) Conservation plans.--In identifying the conservation needs and priorities under paragraph (1), the panel referred to in that paragraph shall consider any relevant great ape conservation plan or strategy, including scientific research and findings relating to-- ``(A) the conservation needs and priorities of great apes; ``(B) any regional or species-specific action plan or strategy; ``(C) any applicable strategy developed or initiated by the Secretary; and ``(D) any other applicable conservation plan or ``(4) Funds.--Subject to the availability of appropriations, the Secretary may use amounts available to the Secretary to pay for the costs of convening and facilitating any meeting of the panel referred to in paragraph (1).''. (B) Multiyear grants.--Section 4 of the Great Ape Conservation Act of 2000 (16 U.S.C. 6303) is amended by ``(j) Multiyear Grants.-- ``(1) Authorization.--The Secretary may award to a person who is otherwise eligible for a grant under this section a multiyear grant to carry out a project that the person demonstrates is an effective, long-term conservation strategy for great apes and the habitat of great apes. ``(2) Effect of subsection.--Nothing in this subsection precludes the Secretary from awarding a grant on an annual basis.''. (C) Administrative expenses.--Section 5(b)(2) of the Great Ape Conservation Act of 2000 (16 U.S.C. 6304(b)(2)) is amended by striking ``$100,000'' and inserting ``$150,000''. (D) Authorization of appropriations.--Section 6 of the Great Ape Conservation Act of 2000 (16 U.S.C. 6305) is amended by striking ``2006 through 2010'' and inserting ``2019 through 2023''. (3) Amendments to marine turtle conservation act of 2004.-- (A) Purpose.--Section 2 of the Marine Turtle ``(b) Purpose.--The purpose of this Act is to assist in the conservation of marine turtles, freshwater turtles, and tortoises and the habitats of marine turtles, freshwater turtles, and tortoises in foreign countries and territories of the United States by supporting and providing financial resources for projects-- ``(1) to conserve marine turtle, freshwater turtle, and tortoise habitats under the jurisdiction of United States Fish and Wildlife Service programs; ``(2) to conserve marine turtles, freshwater turtles, and tortoises in those habitats; and ``(3) to address other threats to the survival of marine turtles, freshwater turtles, and tortoises, including habitat loss, poaching of turtles or their eggs, and wildlife trafficking.''. (B) Definitions.--Section 3 of the Marine Turtle Conservation Act of 2004 (16 U.S.C. 6602) is amended-- (i) in paragraph (2)-- subparagraph (A), by striking ``nesting habitats of marine turtles in foreign countries and of marine turtles in those habitats'' and inserting ``marine turtles, freshwater turtles, and tortoises, and the habitats of marine tortoises, in foreign countries and territories of the United States under the jurisdiction of United States Fish and Wildlife Service programs''; (II) in subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C), by striking ``nesting'' each place it appears; (III) in subparagraph (D)-- (aa) in the matter preceding clause (i), by striking ``countries to--'' and inserting ``countries--''; (bb) in clause (i)-- (AA) by inserting ``to'' before ``protect''; and (BB) by striking ``nesting'' each place it appears; and (cc) in clause (ii), by inserting ``to'' before ``prevent''; (IV) in subparagraph (E)(i), by striking ``turtles on nesting habitat'' and inserting ``turtles, freshwater turtles, and tortoises''; (V) in subparagraph (F), by striking ``turtles over habitat used by marine turtles for nesting'' and inserting ``turtles, freshwater turtles, and tortoises over habitats used by marine tortoises''; and (VI) in subparagraph (H), by striking ``nesting'' each place it appears; (ii) by redesignating paragraphs (3), (4), (5), and (6) as paragraphs (4), (6), (7), and (8), respectively; (iii) by inserting before paragraph (4) (as so redesignated) the following: ``(3) Freshwater turtle.-- ``(A) In general.--The term `freshwater turtle' means any member of the family Carettochelyidae, Chelidae, Chelydridae, Dermatemydidae, Emydidae, Geoemydidae, Kinosternidae, Pelomedusidae, Platysternidae, Podocnemididae, or Trionychidae. ``(B) Inclusions.--The term `freshwater turtle' includes-- ``(i) any part, product, egg, or offspring of a turtle described in subparagraph (A); and ``(ii) a carcass of such a turtle.''; (iv) by inserting after paragraph (4) (as so ``(5) Habitat.--The term `habitat' means any marine turtle, freshwater turtle, or tortoise habitat (including a nesting habitat) that is under the jurisdiction of United States Fish and Wildlife Service programs.''; and (v) by inserting after paragraph (8) (as so ``(9) Territory of the united states.--The term `territory of the United States' means-- ``(A) American Samoa; ``(B) the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands; ``(E) the United States Virgin Islands; and ``(F) any other territory or possession of the ``(10) Tortoise.-- ``(A) In general.--The term `tortoise' means any member of the family Testudinidae. ``(B) Inclusions.--The term `tortoise' includes-- a tortoise described in subparagraph (A); and ``(ii) a carcass of such a tortoise.''. (C) Conservation assistance.--Section 4 of the Marine Turtle Conservation Act of 2004 (16 U.S.C. 6603) is amended-- (i) in the section heading, by striking ``marine turtle''; (ii) in subsection (a), by inserting ``, freshwater turtles, or tortoises'' after ``marine turtles''; (iii) in subsection (b)(1)-- subparagraph (A), by inserting ``, freshwater turtles, or tortoises'' after ``marine turtles''; (II) by striking subparagraph (A) ``(A) any wildlife management authority of a foreign country or territory of the United States that has within its boundaries marine turtle, freshwater turtle, or tortoise habitat, if the activities of the authority directly or indirectly affect marine turtle, freshwater turtle, or tortoise conservation; or''; and (III) in subparagraph (B), by inserting ``, freshwater turtles, or tortoises'' after ``marine turtles''; (iv) in subsection (c)(2), in each of subparagraphs (A) and (C), by inserting ``and territory of the United States'' after ``each country''; (v) by striking subsection (d) and inserting ``(d) Criteria for Approval.--The Secretary may approve a project proposal under this section if the Secretary determines that the project will help to restore, recover, and sustain a viable population of marine turtles, freshwater turtles, or tortoises in the wild by assisting efforts in a foreign country or territory of the United States to implement a marine turtle, freshwater turtle, or tortoise conservation program.''; and (vi) in subsection (e), by striking ``marine turtles and their nesting habitats'' and inserting ``marine turtles, freshwater turtles, or tortoises and the habitats of marine turtles, freshwater turtles, or tortoises''. (D) Marine turtle conservation fund.--Section 5 of the Marine Turtle Conservation Act of 2004 (16 U.S.C. 6604) is amended-- (i) in subsection (a)(2), by striking ``section 6'' and inserting ``section 7(a)''; and (ii) in subsection (b)(2), by striking ``3 percent, or up to $80,000'' and inserting ``5 percent, or up to $150,000''. (E) Advisory group.--Section 6(a) of the Marine Turtle Conservation Act of 2004 (16 U.S.C. 6605(a)) is amended by inserting ``, freshwater turtles, or tortoises'' after ``marine turtles''. (F) Authorization of appropriations.--Section 7 of 6606) is amended to read as follows: ``(a) In General.--There is authorized to be appropriated to the Fund $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2019 through 2023. ``(b) Allocation.--Of the amounts made available for each fiscal year pursuant to subsection (a)-- ``(1) not less than $1,510,000 shall be used by the Secretary for marine turtle conservation purposes in accordance with this Act; and ``(2) of the amounts in excess of the amount described in paragraph (1), not less than 40 percent shall be used by the Secretary for freshwater turtle and tortoise conservation purposes in accordance with this Act.''. (d) <<NOTE: 16 USC 742b note.>> Prize Competitions.-- (A) Non-federal funds.--The term ``non-Federal funds'' means funds provided by-- (i) a State; (ii) a territory of the United States; (iii) 1 or more units of local or tribal government; (iv) a private for-profit entity; (v) a nonprofit organization; or (vi) a private individual. (B) Secretary.--The term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary, acting through the Director of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. (C) Wildlife.--The term ``wildlife'' has the meaning given the term in section 8 of the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (16 U.S.C. 666b). (2) Theodore roosevelt genius prize for prevention of wildlife poaching and trafficking.-- (A) Definitions.--In this paragraph: (i) Board.--The term ``Board'' means the Prevention of Wildlife Poaching and Trafficking Technology Advisory Board established by subparagraph (C)(i). (ii) Prize competition.--The term ``prize competition'' means the Theodore Roosevelt Genius Prize for the prevention of wildlife poaching and trafficking established under subparagraph (B). (B) Authority.--Not later than 180 days after the establish under section 24 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3719) a prize competition, to be known as the ``Theodore Roosevelt Genius Prize for the prevention of wildlife poaching and trafficking''-- (i) to encourage technological innovation with the potential to advance the mission of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service with respect to the prevention of wildlife poaching and trafficking; and (ii) to award 1 or more prizes annually for a technological advancement that prevents wildlife poaching and trafficking. (C) Advisory board.-- (i) Establishment.--There is established an advisory board, to be known as the ``Prevention of Wildlife Poaching and Trafficking Technology Advisory Board''. (ii) Composition.--The Board shall be composed of not fewer than 9 members appointed by the Secretary, who shall provide expertise in-- (I) wildlife trafficking and trade; (II) wildlife conservation and (III) biology; (IV) technology development; (V) engineering; (VI) economics; (VII) business development and (VIII) any other discipline, as the Secretary determines to be necessary to achieve the purposes of this paragraph. (iii) Duties.--Subject to clause (iv), with respect to the prize competition, the Board (I) select a topic; (II) issue a problem statement; (III) advise the Secretary regarding any opportunity for technological innovation to prevent wildlife poaching and trafficking; and (IV) advise winners of the prize competition regarding opportunities to pilot and implement winning technologies in relevant fields, including in partnership with conservation organizations, Federal or State agencies, federally recognized Indian tribes, private entities, and research institutions with expertise or interest relating to the prevention of wildlife poaching and trafficking. (iv) Consultation.--In selecting a topic and issuing a problem statement for the prize competition under subclauses (I) and (II) of clause (iii), respectively, the Board shall consult widely with Federal and non-Federal stakeholders, including-- (I) 1 or more Federal agencies with jurisdiction over the prevention of wildlife poaching and trafficking; (II) 1 or more State agencies with (III) 1 or more State, regional, or local wildlife organizations, the mission of which relates to the prevention of wildlife poaching and (IV) 1 or more wildlife conservation groups, technology companies, research institutions, institutions of higher education, industry associations, or individual stakeholders with an interest in the prevention of wildlife poaching and trafficking. (v) Requirements.--The Board shall comply with all requirements under paragraph (7)(A). (D) Agreement with national fish and wildlife foundation.-- (i) In general.--The Secretary shall offer to enter into an agreement under which the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation shall administer the prize competition. (ii) Requirements.--An agreement entered into under clause (i) shall comply with all requirements under paragraph (7)(B). (E) Judges.-- (i) Appointment.--The Secretary shall appoint not fewer than 3 judges who shall, except as provided in clause (ii), select the 1 or more annual winners of the prize competition. (ii) Determination by secretary.--The judges appointed under clause (i) shall not select any annual winner of the prize competition if the Secretary makes a determination that, in any fiscal year, none of the technological advancements entered into the prize competition merits an award. (F) Report to congress.--Not later than 60 days after the date on which a cash prize is awarded under this paragraph, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Environment and Public Works of the Senate and the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives a report on the prize competition that (i) a statement by the Board that describes the activities carried out by the Board relating to the duties described in subparagraph (C)(iii); (ii) if the Secretary has entered into an agreement under subparagraph (D)(i), a statement by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation that describes the activities carried out by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation relating to the duties described in paragraph (7)(B); and (iii) a statement by 1 or more of the judges appointed under subparagraph (E) that explains the basis on which the winner of the cash prize was (G) Termination of authority.--The Board and all authority provided under this paragraph shall terminate on December 31, 2023. (3) Theodore roosevelt genius prize for promotion of wildlife conservation.-- Promotion of Wildlife Conservation Technology Advisory Board established by subparagraph (C)(i). Prize for the promotion of wildlife conservation established under subparagraph (B). Roosevelt Genius Prize for the promotion of wildlife conservation''-- the promotion of wildlife conservation; and technological advancement that promotes wildlife conservation. advisory board, to be known as the ``Promotion of Wildlife Conservation Technology Advisory Board''. (I) wildlife conservation and (II) biology; (III) technology development; (IV) engineering; (V) economics; (VI) business development and (VII) any other discipline, as the innovation to promote wildlife conservation; and agencies, federally recognized Indian tribes, private entities, and research institutions with expertise or interest relating to the promotion of wildlife jurisdiction over the promotion of wildlife conservation; promotion of wildlife conservation; and in the promotion of wildlife by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation that describes the activities carried out by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation relating to the duties described in paragraph (7)(B); and (4) Theodore roosevelt genius prize for management of invasive species.-- Management of Invasive Species Technology Advisory Board established by subparagraph (C)(i). Prize for the management of invasive species Roosevelt Genius Prize for the management of invasive species''-- the management of invasive species; and technological advancement that manages invasive advisory board, to be known as the ``Management of Invasive Species Technology Advisory Board''. (I) invasive species; innovation to manage invasive species; relating to the management of invasive jurisdiction over the management of invasive species; management of invasive species; and in the management of invasive species. and the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives a report on the prize competition that includes-- (5) Theodore roosevelt genius prize for protection of endangered species.-- Protection of Endangered Species Technology Prize for the protection of endangered species Roosevelt Genius Prize for the protection of endangered the protection of endangered species; and technological advancement that protects endangered advisory board, to be known as the ``Protection of Endangered Species Technology Advisory Board''. (I) endangered species; innovation to protect endangered relating to the protection of endangered jurisdiction over the protection of endangered species; protection of endangered species; and in the protection of endangered species. (6) Theodore roosevelt genius prize for nonlethal management of human-wildlife conflicts.-- Nonlethal Management of Human-Wildlife Conflicts Prize for the nonlethal management of human- wildlife conflicts established under subparagraph Roosevelt Genius Prize for the nonlethal management of human-wildlife conflicts''-- the nonlethal management of human-wildlife conflicts; and technological advancement that promotes the nonlethal management of human-wildlife conflicts. advisory board, to be known as the ``Nonlethal Management of Human-Wildlife Conflicts Technology (I) nonlethal wildlife management; (II) social aspects of human- wildlife conflict management; innovation to promote the nonlethal management of human-wildlife conflicts; relating to the nonlethal management of human-wildlife conflicts. subparagraph (C), respectively, the Board shall native wildlife species at risk due to conflict with human activities; management of native wildlife species at risk due to conflict with human activities; and in the management of native wildlife species at risk due to conflict with human activities. (7) Administration of prize competitions.-- (A) Additional requirements for advisory boards.--An advisory board established under paragraph (2)(C)(i), (3)(C)(i), (4)(C)(i), (5)(C)(i), or (6)(C)(i) (referred to in this paragraph as a ``Board'') shall comply with the following requirements: (i) Term; vacancies.-- (I) Term.--A member of the Board shall serve for a term of 5 years. (II) Vacancies.--A vacancy on the Board-- (aa) shall not affect the powers of the Board; and (bb) shall be filled in the same manner as the original appointment was made. (ii) Initial meeting.--Not later than 30 days after the date on which all members of the Board have been appointed, the Board shall hold the initial meeting of the Board. (iii) Meetings.-- (I) In general.--The Board shall meet at the call of the Chairperson. (II) Remote participation.-- (aa) In general.--Any member of the Board may participate in a meeting of the Board through the use of-- (AA) teleconferencing; (BB) any other remote method that allows each participating member to simultaneously hear each other participating member during the meeting. (bb) Presence.--A member of the Board who participates in a meeting remotely under item (aa) shall be considered to be present at the meeting. (iv) Quorum.--A majority of the members of the Board shall constitute a quorum, but a lesser number of members may hold a meeting. (v) Chairperson and vice chairperson.--The Board shall select a Chairperson and Vice Chairperson from among the members of the Board. (vi) Administrative cost reduction.--The Board shall, to the maximum extent practicable, minimize the administrative costs of the Board, including by encouraging the remote participation described in clause (iii)(II)(aa) to reduce travel costs. (B) Agreements with national fish and wildlife foundation.--Any agreement entered into under paragraph (2)(D)(i), (3)(D)(i), (4)(D)(i), (5)(D)(i), or (6)(D)(i) shall comply with the following requirements: (i) Duties.--An agreement shall provide that the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation shall-- (I) advertise the prize competition; (II) solicit prize competition participants; (III) administer funds relating to the prize competition; (IV) receive Federal funds-- (aa) to administer the prize competition; and (bb) to award a cash prize; (V) carry out activities to generate contributions of non-Federal funds to offset, in whole or in part-- (aa) the administrative costs of the prize competition; (bb) the costs of a cash prize; (VI) in consultation with, and subject to final approval by, the Secretary, develop criteria for the selection of prize competition winners; (VII) provide advice and consultation to the Secretary on the selection of judges under paragraphs (2)(E), (3)(E), (4)(E), (5)(E), and (6)(E) based on criteria developed in consultation with, and subject to the final approval of, the Secretary; (VIII) announce 1 or more annual winners of the prize competition; (IX) subject to clause (ii), award 1 cash prize annually; and (X) protect against unauthorized use or disclosure by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation of any trade secret or confidential business information of a prize competition participant. (ii) Additional cash prizes.--An agreement shall provide that the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation may award more than 1 cash prize annually if the initial cash prize referred to in clause (i)(IX) and any additional cash prize are awarded using only non-Federal funds. (iii) Solicitation of funds.--An agreement Foundation-- (I) may request and accept Federal funds and non-Federal funds for a cash (II) may accept a contribution for a cash prize in exchange for the right to name the prize; and (III) shall not give special consideration to any Federal agency or non-Federal entity in exchange for a donation for a cash prize awarded under (C) Award amounts.-- (i) In general.--The amount of the initial cash prize referred to in subparagraph (B)(i)(IX) shall be $100,000. (ii) Additional cash prizes.--On notification non-Federal funds are available for an additional cash prize, the Secretary shall determine the amount of the additional cash prize. SEC. 7002. REAUTHORIZATION OF NEOTROPICAL MIGRATORY BIRD CONSERVATION ACT. Section 10 of the Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act (16 U.S.C. 6109) is amended to read as follows: ``SEC. 10. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. ``(a) In General.--There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this Act $6,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2019 through 2023. ``(b) Use of Funds.--Of the amounts made available under subsection (a) for each fiscal year, not less than 75 percent shall be expended for projects carried out at a location outside of the United States.''. (a) Replacement of John H. Chafee Coastal Barrier Resources System Maps.-- (1) In general.--Subject to paragraph (3), each map included in the set of maps referred to in section 4(a) of the Coastal Barrier Resources Act (16 U.S.C. 3503(a)) that relates to a Unit of such System referred to in paragraph (2) is replaced in such set with the map described in that paragraph with respect to that Unit. (2) Replacement maps described.--The replacement maps referred to in paragraph (1) are the following: (A) The map entitled ``Delaware Seashore Unit DE-07/ DE-07P North Bethany Beach Unit H01'' and dated March 18, 2016, with respect to Unit DE-07, Unit DE-07P, and Unit H01. (B) The map entitled ``Pine Island Bay Unit NC-01/ NC-01P'' and dated March 18, 2016, with respect to Unit NC-01 and Unit NC-01P. (C) The map entitled ``Roosevelt Natural Area Unit NC-05P. (D) The map entitled ``Hammocks Beach Unit NC-06/NC- 06P (2 of 2) Onslow Beach Complex L05 (1 of 2)'' and dated March 18, 2016, with respect to Unit L05. (E) The map entitled ``Onslow Beach Complex L05 (2 of 2) Topsail Unit L06 (1 of 2)'' and dated November 20, 2013, with respect to Unit L05 and Unit L06. (F) The map entitled ``Topsail Unit L06 (2 of 2)'' and dated November 20, 2013, with respect to Unit L06. (G) The map entitled ``Litchfield Beach Unit M02 Pawleys Inlet Unit M03'' and dated March 18, 2016, with respect to Unit M02 and Unit M03. (H) The map entitled ``Fort Clinch Unit FL-01/FL- 01P'' and dated March 18, 2016, with respect to Unit FL- 01 and Unit FL-01P. (I) The map entitled ``Usina Beach Unit P04A Conch Island Unit P05/P05P'' and dated March 18, 2016, with respect to Unit P04A, Unit P05, and Unit P05P. (J) The map entitled ``Ponce Inlet Unit P08/P08P'' and dated March 18, 2016, with respect to Unit P08 and (K) The map entitled ``Spessard Holland Park Unit FL-13P Coconut Point Unit P09A/P09AP'' and dated March 18, 2016, with respect to Unit FL-13P, Unit P09A, and Unit P09AP. (L) The map entitled ``Blue Hole Unit P10A Pepper Beach Unit FL-14P'' and dated March 18, 2016, with respect to Unit P10A and Unit FL-14P. (M) The map entitled ``Hutchinson Island Unit P11/ P11P (1 of 2)'' and dated March 18, 2016, with respect to Unit P11 and Unit P11P. (N) The map entitled ``Hutchinson Island Unit P11 (2 of 2)'' and dated March 18, 2016, with respect to Unit P11. (O) The map entitled ``Blowing Rocks Unit FL-15 Jupiter Beach Unit FL-16P Carlin Unit FL-17P'' and dated March 18, 2016, with respect to Unit FL-15, Unit FL-16P, and Unit FL-17P. (P) The map entitled ``MacArthur Beach Unit FL-18P'' and dated March 18, 2016, with respect to Unit FL-18P. (Q) The map entitled ``Birch Park Unit FL-19P'' and dated March 18, 2016, with respect to Unit FL-19P. (R) The map entitled ``Lloyd Beach Unit FL-20P North Beach Unit P14A'' and dated March 18, 2016, with respect to Unit FL-20P and Unit P14A. (S) The map entitled ``Tavernier Key Unit FL-39 Snake Creek Unit FL-40'' and dated March 18, 2016, with respect to Unit FL-39 and Unit FL-40. (T) The map entitled ``Channel Key Unit FL-43 Toms Harbor Keys Unit FL-44 Deer/Long Point Keys Unit FL- 45'' and dated March 18, 2016, with respect to Unit FL- 43, Unit FL-44, and FL-45. (U) The map entitled ``Boot Key Unit FL-46'' and dated March 18, 2016, with respect to Unit FL-46. (V) The map entitled ``Bowditch Point Unit P17A Bunche Beach Unit FL-67/FL-67P Sanibel Island Complex to Unit P17A, Unit FL-67, and Unit FL-67P. (W) The map entitled ``Bocilla Island Unit P21/ P21P'' and dated March 18, 2016, with respect to Unit P21 and Unit P21P. (X) The map entitled ``Venice Inlet Unit FL-71P Casey Key Unit P22'' and dated March 18, 2016, with respect to Unit P22. (Y) The map entitled ``Lido Key Unit FL-72P'' and (Z) The map entitled ``De Soto Unit FL-73P Rattlesnake Key Unit FL-78 Bishop Harbor Unit FL-82'' and dated March 18, 2016, with respect to Unit FL-73P, Unit FL-78, and Unit FL-82. (AA) The map entitled ``Passage Key Unit FL-80P Egmont Key Unit FL-81/FL-81P The Reefs Unit P24P (1 of 2)'' and dated March 18, 2016, with respect to Unit FL- 80P, Unit FL-81, and Unit FL-81P. (BB) The map entitled ``Cockroach Bay Unit FL-83'' and dated March 18, 2016, with respect to Unit FL-83. (CC) The map entitled ``Sand Key Unit FL-85P'' and (DD) The map entitled ``Pepperfish Keys Unit P26'' and dated March 18, 2016, with respect to Unit P26. (EE) The map entitled ``Peninsula Point Unit FL-89'' (FF) The map entitled ``Phillips Inlet Unit FL-93/ FL-93P Deer Lake Complex FL-94'' and dated March 18, 2016, with respect to Unit FL-93, Unit FL-93P, and Unit FL-94. (GG) The map entitled ``St. Andrew Complex P31 (1 of 3)'' and dated October 7, 2016, with respect to Unit (HH) The map entitled ``St. Andrew Complex P31 (2 of (II) The map entitled ``St. Andrew Complex P31/P31P (3 of 3)'' and dated October 7, 2016, with respect to Unit P31 and Unit P31P. (3) Limitations.--For purposes of paragraph (1)-- (A) nothing in this subsection affects the boundaries of any of Units NC-06 and NC-06P; (B) the occurrence in paragraph (2) of the name of a Unit solely in the title of a map shall not be construed to be a reference to such Unit; and (C) the depiction of boundaries of any of Units P18P, FL-71P, and P24P in a map referred to in subparagraph (V), (X), or (AA) of paragraph (2) shall not be construed to affect the boundaries of such Unit. (4) Conforming amendment.--Section 4(a) of the Coastal Barrier Resources Act (16 U.S.C. 3503(a)) is amended-- (A) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by inserting ``replaced,'' after ``may be''; and (B) in paragraph (3), by inserting ``replaces such a map or'' after ``that specifically''. (b) Digital Maps of John H. Chafee Coastal Barrier Resources System Units.--Section 4(b) of the Coastal Barrier Resources Act (16 U.S.C. 3503(b)) is amended-- (1) by inserting before the first sentence the following: ``(1) In general.--''; and ``(2) Digital maps.-- ``(A) Availability.--The Secretary shall make available to the public on the Internet web site of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service digital versions of the maps included in the set of maps referred to in ``(B) Effect.--Any determination as to whether a location is inside or outside the System shall be made without regard to the digital maps available under this paragraph, except that this subparagraph does not apply with respect to any printed version of such a digital map if the printed version is included in the maps referred to in subsection (a). ``(C) Report.--No later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Environment and Public Works of the Senate a report regarding the progress and challenges in the transition from paper to digital maps and a timetable for completion of the digitization of all maps related to the System.''. (c) Repeal of Report.--Section 3 of Public Law 109-226 (16 U.S.C. 3503 note) is repealed. SEC. 8001. <<NOTE: 43 USC 2901.>> PURPOSE. The purpose of this subtitle is to facilitate the transfer of title to Reclamation project facilities to qualifying entities on the completion of repayment of capital costs. (1) Conveyed property.--The term ``conveyed property'' means an eligible facility that has been conveyed to a qualifying entity under section 8003. (2) Eligible facility.--The term ``eligible facility'' means a facility that meets the criteria for potential transfer established under section 8004(a). (3) Facility.-- (A) In general.--The term ``facility'' includes a dam or appurtenant works, canal, lateral, ditch, gate, structure, pumping station, other infrastructure, recreational facility, building, distribution and drainage works, and associated land or interest in land or water. (B) Exclusions.--The term ``facility'' does not include a Reclamation project facility, or a portion of a Reclamation project facility-- (i) that is a reserved works as of the date of enactment of this Act; (ii) that generates hydropower marketed by a Federal power marketing administration; or (iii) that is managed for recreation under a lease, permit, license, or other management agreement that does contribute to capital repayment. (4) Project use power.--The term ``project use power'' means the electrical capacity, energy, and associated ancillary service components required to provide the minimum electrical service needed to operate or maintain Reclamation project facilities in accordance with the authorization for the Reclamation project. (5) Qualifying entity.--The term ``qualifying entity'' means an agency of a State or political subdivision of a State, a joint action or powers agency, a water users association, or an Indian Tribe or Tribal utility authority that-- (A) as of the date of conveyance under this subtitle, is the current operator of the eligible facility pursuant to a contract with Reclamation; and (B) as determined by the Secretary, has the capacity to continue to manage the eligible facility for the same purposes for which the property has been managed under the reclamation laws. (6) Reclamation.--The term ``Reclamation'' means the Bureau of Reclamation. (7) Reclamation project.--The term ``Reclamation project'' (A) any reclamation or irrigation project, including incidental features of the project-- (i) that is authorized by the reclamation (ii) that is constructed by the United States pursuant to the reclamation laws; or (iii) in connection with which there is a repayment or water service contract executed by the United States pursuant to the reclamation laws; or (B) any project constructed by the Secretary for the reclamation of land. (8) Reserved works.--The term ``reserved works'' means any building, structure, facility, or equipment-- (A) that is owned by the Bureau; and (B) for which operations and maintenance are performed, regardless of the source of funding-- (i) by an employee of the Bureau; or (ii) through a contract entered into by the Commissioner. acting through the Commissioner of Reclamation. SEC. 8003. <<NOTE: 43 USC 2903.>> AUTHORIZATION OF TRANSFERS OF TITLE TO ELIGIBLE FACILITIES. (1) In general.--Subject to the requirements of this subtitle, the Secretary, without further authorization from Congress, may, on application of a qualifying entity, convey to a qualifying entity all right, title, and interest of the United States in and to any eligible facility, if-- (A) not later than 90 days before the date on which the Secretary makes the conveyance, the Secretary submits to Congress-- (i) a written notice of the proposed conveyance; and (ii) a description of the reasons for the (B) a joint resolution disapproving the conveyance is not enacted before the date on which the Secretary makes the conveyance. (2) Consultation.--A conveyance under paragraph (1) shall be made by written agreement between the Secretary and the qualifying entity, developed in consultation with any existing water and power customers affected by the conveyance of the eligible facility. (b) Reservation of Easement.--The Secretary may reserve an easement over a conveyed property if-- (1) the Secretary determines that the easement is necessary for the management of any interests retained by the Federal Government under this subtitle; (2) the Reclamation project or a portion of the Reclamation project remains under Federal ownership; and (3) the Secretary enters into an agreement regarding the easement with the applicable qualifying entity. (c) Interests in Water.--No interests in water shall be conveyed under this subtitle unless the conveyance is provided for in a separate, quantified agreement between the Secretary and the qualifying entity, subject to applicable State law and public process requirements. SEC. 8004. <<NOTE: 43 USC 2904.>> ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA. (a) Establishment.--The Secretary shall establish criteria for determining whether a facility is eligible for conveyance under this (b) Minimum Requirements.-- (1) Agreement of qualifying entity.--The criteria established under subsection (a) shall include a requirement that a qualifying entity shall agree-- (A) to accept title to the eligible facility; (B) to use the eligible facility for substantially the same purposes for which the eligible facility is being used at the time the Secretary evaluates the potential transfer; and (C) to provide, as consideration for the assets to be conveyed, compensation to the reclamation fund established by the first section of the Act of June 17, 1902 (32 Stat. 388, chapter 1093), in an amount that is the equivalent of the net present value of any repayment obligation to the United States or other income stream that the United States derives from the eligible facility to be transferred, as of the date of the transfer. (2) Determinations of secretary.--The criteria established under subsection (a) shall include a requirement that the (A) be able to enter into an agreement with the qualifying entity with respect to the legal, institutional, and financial arrangements relating to the conveyance; (B) determine that the proposed transfer-- (i) would not have an unmitigated significant effect on the environment; (ii) is consistent with the responsibilities of the Secretary-- (I) in the role as trustee for federally recognized Indian Tribes; and (II) to ensure compliance with any applicable international and Tribal treaties and agreements and interstate compacts and agreements; (iii) is in the financial interest of the (iv) protects the public aspects of the eligible facility, including water rights managed for public purposes, such as flood control or fish and wildlife; (v) complies with all applicable Federal and State law; and (vi) will not result in an adverse impact on fulfillment of existing water delivery obligations consistent with historical operations and applicable contracts; and (C) if the eligible facility proposed to be transferred is a dam or diversion works (not including canals or other project features that receive or convey water from the diverting works) diverting water from a water body containing a species listed as a threatened species or an endangered species or critical habitat under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), determine that-- (i) the eligible facility continues to comply with the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) in a manner that provides no less protection to the listed species as existed under Federal ownership; and (ii) the eligible facility is not part of the Central Valley Project in the State of California. (3) Status of reclamation land.--The criteria established under subsection (a) shall require that any land to be conveyed out of Federal ownership under this subtitle is-- (A) land acquired by the Secretary; or (B) land withdrawn by the Secretary, only if-- (i) the Secretary determines in writing that the withdrawn land is encumbered by facilities to the extent that the withdrawn land is unsuitable for return to the public domain; and (ii) the qualifying entity agrees to pay fair market value based on historical or existing uses for the withdrawn land to be conveyed. (c) Hold Harmless.--No conveyance under this subtitle shall adversely impact applicable Federal power rates, repayment obligations, or other project power uses. SEC. 8005. <<NOTE: 43 USC 2905.>> LIABILITY. (a) In General.--Effective on the date of conveyance of any eligible facility under this subtitle, the United States shall not be held liable by any court for damages of any kind arising out of any act, omission, or occurrence relating to the eligible facility, other than damages caused by acts of negligence committed by the United States or by agents or employees of the United States prior to the date of the conveyance. (b) Effect.--Nothing in this section increases the liability of the United States beyond that currently provided in chapter 171 of title 28, United States Code (commonly known as the ``Federal Tort Claims Act''). SEC. 8006. <<NOTE: 43 USC 2906.>> BENEFITS. After a conveyance of an eligible facility under this subtitle-- (1) the conveyed property shall no longer be considered to be part of a Reclamation project; (2) except as provided in paragraph (3), the qualifying entity to which the conveyed property is conveyed shall not be eligible to receive any benefits, including project use power, with respect to the conveyed property, except for any benefit that would be available to a similarly situated entity with respect to property that is not a part of a Reclamation project; (3) the qualifying entity to which the conveyed property is conveyed may be eligible to receive project use power if-- (A) the qualifying entity is receiving project use power as of the date of enactment of this Act; (B) the project use power will be used for the delivery of Reclamation project water; and (C) the Secretary and the qualifying entity enter into an agreement under which the qualifying entity agrees to continue to be responsible for a proportionate share of operation and maintenance and capital costs for the Federal facilities that generate and deliver, if applicable, power used for delivery of Reclamation project water after the date of conveyance, in accordance with Reclamation project use power rates. SEC. 8007. <<NOTE: 43 USC 2907.>> COMPLIANCE WITH OTHER LAWS. (a) In General.--Before conveying an eligible facility under this subtitle, the Secretary shall comply with all applicable Federal environmental laws, including-- (1) the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. (2) the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531 et (3) subtitle III of title 54, United States Code. (b) Sense of Congress.--It is the sense of Congress that any Federal permitting and review processes required with respect to a conveyance of an eligible facility under this subtitle should be completed with the maximum efficiency and effectiveness. SEC. 8101. EXTENSION OF AUTHORIZATION FOR ANNUAL BASE FUNDING OF FISH RECOVERY PROGRAMS; REMOVAL OF CERTAIN REPORTING REQUIREMENT. Section 3(d) of Public Law 106-392 (114 Stat. 1604; 126 Stat. 2444) (1) by striking paragraph (1) and inserting the following: ``(1) Authorization of appropriations.-- ``(A) In general.--There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to be used by the Bureau of Reclamation to make the annual base funding contributions to the Recovery Implementation Programs $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2020 through 2023. ``(B) Nonreimursable funds.--The funds contributed to the Recovery Implementation Programs under subparagraph (A) shall be considered a nonreimbursable Federal expenditure.''; and (2) in paragraph (2), by striking the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh sentences. Section 3 of Public Law 106-392 (114 Stat. 1603; 126 Stat. 2444) is ``(j) Report.-- ``(1) In general.--Not later than September 30, 2021, the Secretary shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report that-- ``(A) describes the accomplishments of the Recovery Implementation Programs; ``(B) identifies-- ``(i) as of the date of the report, the listing status under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) of the Colorado pikeminnow, humpback chub, razorback sucker, and bonytail; and ``(ii) as of September 30, 2023, the projected listing status under that Act of each of the species referred to in clause (i); ``(C)(i) identifies-- ``(I) the total expenditures and the expenditures by categories of activities by the Recovery Implementation Programs during the period beginning on the date on which the applicable Recovery Implementation Program was established and ending on September 30, 2021; and ``(II) projected expenditures by the Recovery Implementation Programs during the period beginning on October 1, 2021, and ending on September 30, 2023; and ``(ii) for purposes of the expenditures identified under clause (i), includes a description of-- ``(I) any expenditures of appropriated funds; ``(II) any power revenues; ``(III) any contributions by the States, power customers, Tribes, water users, and environmental organizations; and ``(IV) any other sources of funds for the Recovery Implementation Programs; and ``(D) describes-- ``(i) any activities to be carried out under the Recovery Implementation Program after ``(ii) the projected cost of the activities described under clause (i). ``(2) Consultation required.--The Secretary shall consult with the participants in the Recovery Implementation Programs in preparing the report under paragraph (1).''. (1) Integrated plan.--The term ``Integrated Plan'' means the Yakima River Basin Integrated Water Resource Management Plan, the Federal elements of which are known as ``phase III of the Yakima River Basin Water Enhancement Project'', as described in the Bureau of Reclamation document entitled ``Record of Decision for the Yakima River Basin Integrated Water Resource Management Plan Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement'' and dated March 2, 2012. (2) Irrigation entity.--The term ``irrigation entity'' means a district, project, or State-recognized authority, board of control, agency, or entity located in the Yakima River basin that manages and delivers irrigation water to farms in the Yakima River basin. (3) Proratable irrigation entity.--The term ``proratable irrigation entity'' means an irrigation entity that possesses, or the members of which possess, proratable water (as defined in section 1202 of Public Law 103-434 (108 Stat. 4551)). Washington. (5) Total water supply available.--The term ``total water supply available'' has the meaning given the term in applicable civil actions, as determined by the Secretary. (6) Yakima river basin water enhancement project.--The term ``Yakima River Basin Water Enhancement Project'' means the Yakima River basin water enhancement project authorized by Congress pursuant to title XII of Public Law 103-434 (108 Stat. 4550; 114 Stat. 1425) and other Acts (including Public Law 96- 162 (93 Stat. 1241), section 109 of Public Law 98-381 (16 U.S.C. 839b note), and Public Law 105-62 (111 Stat. 1320)) to promote water conservation, water supply, habitat, and stream enhancement improvements in the Yakima River basin. (b) Integrated Plan.-- (1) Initial development phase.-- (A) In general.--As the initial development phase of the Integrated Plan, the Secretary, in coordination with the State and the Yakama Nation, shall identify and implement projects under the Integrated Plan that are prepared to be commenced during the 10-year period beginning on the date of enactment of this Act. (B) Requirement.--The initial development phase of the Integrated Plan under subparagraph (A) shall be carried out in accordance with-- (i) this subsection, including any related plans, reports, and correspondence referred to in this subsection; and (ii) title XII of Public Law 103-434 (108 Stat. 4550; 114 Stat. 1425). (2) Intermediate and final development phases.-- (A) Plans.--The Secretary, in coordination with the State and the Yakama Nation, shall develop plans for the intermediate and final development phases of the Integrated Plan to achieve the purposes of title XII of Public Law 103-434 (108 Stat. 4550; 114 Stat. 1425), including conducting applicable feasibility studies, environmental reviews, and other relevant studies required to develop those plans. (B) Intermediate development phase.--The Secretary, in coordination with the State and the Yakama Nation, shall develop an intermediate development phase of the Integrated Plan, to commence not earlier than the date that is 10 years after the date of enactment of this (C) Final development phase.--The Secretary, in coordination with the State and the Yakama Nation, shall develop a final development phase of the Integrated Plan, to commence not earlier than the date that is 20 (3) Requirements.--The projects and activities identified by the Secretary for implementation under the Integrated Plan shall be carried out only-- (A) subject to authorization and appropriation; (B) contingent on the completion of applicable feasibility studies, environmental reviews, and cost- benefit analyses that include favorable recommendations for further project development; (C) on public review and a determination by the Secretary that design, construction, and operation of a proposed project or activity is in the best interest of the public; and (D) in accordance with applicable laws, including-- (i) the National Environmental Policy Act of (ii) the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 (4) Effect of subsection.--Nothing in this subsection-- (A) shall be considered to be a new or supplemental benefit for purposes of the Reclamation Reform Act of 1982 (43 U.S.C. 390aa et seq.); (B) affects-- (i) any contract in existence on the date of enactment of this Act that was executed pursuant to the reclamation laws; or (ii) any contract or agreement between the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Bureau of Reclamation; (C) affects, waives, abrogates, diminishes, defines, or interprets any treaty between the Yakama Nation and the United States; or (D) constrains the authority of the Secretary to provide fish passage in the Yakima River basin, in accordance with the Hoover Power Plant Act of 1984 (43 U.S.C. 619 et seq.). (5) Progress report.--Not later than 5 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary, in conjunction with the State and in consultation with the Yakama Nation, shall submit to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate Representatives a progress report on the development and implementation of the Integrated Plan. (c) Financing, Construction, Operation, and Maintenance of Kachess Drought Relief Pumping Plant and Keechelus to Kachess Pipeline.-- (1) Long-term agreements.-- (A) In general.--A long-term agreement negotiated pursuant to this section or the reclamation laws between the Secretary and a participating proratable irrigation entity in the Yakima River basin for the non-Federal financing, construction, operation, or maintenance of the Drought Relief Pumping Plant or the Keechelus to Kachess Pipeline shall include provisions regarding-- (i) responsibilities of each participating proratable irrigation entity for-- (I) the planning, design, and construction of infrastructure, in consultation and coordination with the (II) the pumping and operational costs necessary to provide the total water supply available that is made inaccessible due to drought pumping during any preceding calendar year, if the Kachess Reservoir fails to refill as a result of pumping drought storage water during such a calendar year; (ii) property titles and responsibilities of each participating proratable irrigation entity for the maintenance of, and liability for, all infrastructure constructed under title XII of Public Law 103-434 (108 Stat. 4550; 114 Stat. (iii) operation and integration of the projects by the Secretary in the operation of the Yakima Project; and (iv) costs associated with the design, financing, construction, operation, maintenance, and mitigation of projects, with the costs of Federal oversight and review to be nonreimbursable to the participating proratable irrigation entities and the Yakima Project. (B) Treatment.--A facility developed or operated by a participating proratable irrigation entity under this subsection shall not be considered to be a supplemental work for purposes of section 9(a) of the Reclamation Project Act of 1939 (43 U.S.C. 485h(a)). (2) Kachess reservoir.-- (A) In general.--Any additional stored water made available by the construction of a facility to access and deliver inactive and natural storage in Kachess Lake and Reservoir under this subsection-- (i) shall be considered to be Yakima Project (ii) shall be used exclusively by the Secretary to enhance the water supply during years for which the total water supply available is not sufficient to provide a percentage of proratable entitlements in order to make that additional water available, in a quantity representing not more than 70 percent of proratable entitlements to the Kittitas Reclamation District, the Roza Irrigation District, or any other proratable irrigation entity participating in the construction, operation, or maintenance costs of a facility under this section, in accordance with such terms and conditions as the districts may agree, subject to the conditions that-- (I) the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Wapato Irrigation Project, and the Yakama Nation, on an election to participate, may also obtain water from Kachess Reservoir inactive storage to enhance applicable existing irrigation water supply in accordance with such terms and conditions as the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Yakama Nation may agree; and (II) the additional supply made available under this clause shall be available to participating individuals and entities based on-- (aa) the proportion that-- (AA) the proratable entitlement of each participating individual or entity; bears to (BB) the proratable entitlements of all participating individuals and entities; or (bb) such other proportion as the participating entities may agree; and (iii) shall not be any portion of the total water supply available. (B) Effect of paragraph.--Nothing in this paragraph affects, as in existence on the date of enactment of this Act, any-- (i) contract; (ii) law (including regulations) relating to repayment costs; (iii) water rights; or (iv) treaty right of the Yakama Nation. (3) Project power for kachess pumping plant.-- (A) In general.--Subject to subparagraphs (B) through (D), the Administrator of the Bonneville Power Administration, pursuant to the Pacific Northwest Electric Power Planning and Conservation Act (16 U.S.C. 839 et seq.), shall provide to the Secretary project power to operate the Kachess Pumping Plant constructed under this section if inactive storage in the Kachess Reservoir is needed to provide drought relief for irrigation. (B) Determinations by secretary.--The project power described in subparagraph (A) may be provided only if the Secretary determines that-- (i) there are in effect-- (I) a drought declaration issued by the State; and (II) conditions that have led to 70 percent or lower water delivery to proratable irrigation districts; and (ii) it is appropriate to provide the power under that subparagraph. (C) Period of availability.--The power described in subparagraph (A) shall be provided during the period-- (i) beginning on the date on which the Secretary makes the determinations described in subparagraph (B); and (ii) ending on the earlier of-- (I) the date that is 1 year after that date; and (II) the date on which the Secretary determines that-- (aa) drought mitigation measures are still necessary in the Yakima River basin; or (bb) the power should no longer be provided for any other reason. (D) Rate.-- (i) In general.--The Administrator of the Bonneville Power Administration shall provide project power under subparagraph (A) at the then- applicable lowest Bonneville Power Administration rate for public body, cooperative, and Federal agency customer firm obligations on the date on which the authority is provided. (ii) No discounts.--The rate under clause (i) shall not include any irrigation discount. (E) Local provider.--During any period for which project power is not provided under subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall obtain power to operate the Kachess Pumping Plant from a local provider. (F) Other costs.--The cost of power for pumping and station service, and the costs of transmitting power from the Federal Columbia River power system to the pumping facilities of the Yakima River Basin Water Enhancement Project, shall be borne by the irrigation districts receiving the benefits of the applicable (G) Duties of commissioner.--For purposes of this paragraph, the Commissioner of Reclamation shall arrange transmission for any delivery of-- (i) Federal power over the Bonneville system through applicable tariff and business practice processes of that system; or (ii) power obtained from any local provider. (d) Design and Use of Groundwater Recharge Projects.--The Secretary, in coordination with the State and the Yakama Nation, may provide technical assistance for, participate in, and enter into agreements, including with irrigation entities for the use of excess conveyance capacity in Yakima River Basin Water Enhancement Project facilities, for-- (1) groundwater recharge projects; and (2) aquifer storage and recovery projects. (e) Operational Control of Water Supplies.-- (1) In general.--The Secretary shall retain authority and discretion over the management of Yakima River Basin Water Enhancement Project supplies-- (A) to optimize operational use and flexibility; and (B) to ensure compliance with all applicable Federal and State laws, treaty rights of the Yakama Nation, and legal obligations, including those under title XII of Public Law 103-434 (108 Stat. 4550; 114 Stat. 1425). (2) Inclusion.--The authority and discretion described in paragraph (1) shall include the ability of the United States to store, deliver, conserve, and reuse water supplies deriving from projects authorized under title XII of Public Law 103-434 (108 (f) Cooperative Agreements and Grants.--The Secretary may enter into cooperative agreements and make grants to carry out this section, including for the purposes of land and water transfers, leases, and acquisitions from willing participants, subject to the condition that the acquiring entity shall hold title to, and be responsible for, all required operation, maintenance, and management of the acquired land or water during any period in which the acquiring entity holds title to the acquired land. (g) Water Conservation Projects.--The Secretary may participate in, provide funding for, and accept non-Federal financing for water conservation projects, regardless of whether the projects are in accordance with the Yakima River Basin Water Conservation Program established under section 1203 of Public Law 103-434 (108 Stat. 4551), that are intended to partially implement the Integrated Plan by providing conserved water to improve tributary and mainstem stream flow. (h) Indian Irrigation Projects.-- (1) In general.--The Secretary, acting through the Commissioner of Reclamation, may contribute funds for the preparation of plans and investigation measures, and, after the date on which the Secretary certifies that the measures are consistent with the water conservation objectives of this section, to any Indian irrigation project-- (A) that is located in the Pacific Northwest Region; (B) that is identified in the report of the Government Accountability Office numbered GAO-15-453T; (C) that has been identified as part of a Bureau of Reclamation basin study pursuant to subtitle F of title IX of Public Law 111-11 (42 U.S.C. 10361 et seq.) to increase water supply for the Pacific Northwest Region; (D) an improvement to which would contribute to the flow of interstate water. be appropriated to carry out this subsection $75,000,000. (a) Purposes.--Section 1201 of Public Law 103-434 (108 Stat. 4550) ``(1) to protect, mitigate, and enhance fish and wildlife and the recovery and maintenance of self-sustaining harvestable populations of fish and other aquatic life, both anadromous and resident species, throughout their historic distribution range in the Yakima Basin through-- ``(A) improved water management and the constructions of fish passage at storage and diversion dams, as authorized under the Hoover Power Plant Act of 1984 (43 U.S.C. 619 et seq.); ``(B) improved instream flows and water supplies; ``(C) improved water quality, watershed, and ecosystem function; ``(D) protection, creation, and enhancement of wetlands; and ``(E) other appropriate means of habitat improvement;''; (2) in paragraph (2), by inserting ``, municipal, industrial, and domestic water supply and use purposes, especially during drought years, including reducing the frequency and severity of water supply shortages for pro-ratable irrigation entities'' before the semicolon at the end; (3) by striking paragraph (4); (4) by redesignating paragraph (3) as paragraph (4); (5) by inserting after paragraph (2) the following: ``(3) to authorize the Secretary to make water available for purchase or lease for meeting municipal, industrial, and domestic water supply purposes;''; (6) by redesignating paragraphs (5) and (6) as paragraphs (6) and (8), respectively; (7) by inserting after paragraph (4) (as redesignated by ``(5) to realize sufficient water savings from implementing the Yakima River Basin Integrated Water Resource Management Plan, so that not less than 85,000 acre feet of water savings are achieved by implementing the initial development phase of the Integrated Plan pursuant to section 8201(b)(1) of the John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act, in addition to the 165,000 acre-feet of water savings targeted through the Basin Conservation Program, as authorized on October 31, 1994;''; (8) in paragraph (6) (as redesignated by paragraph (6))-- (A) by inserting ``an increase in'' before ``voluntary''; and (B) by striking ``and'' at the end; (9) by inserting after paragraph (6) (as so redesignated) ``(7) to encourage an increase in the use of, and reduce the barriers to, water transfers, leasing, markets, and other voluntary transactions among public and private entities to enhance water management in the Yakima River basin;''; (10) in paragraph (8) (as so redesignated), by striking the period at the end and inserting ``; and''; and ``(9) to improve the resilience of the ecosystems, economies, and communities in the Yakima River basin facing drought, hydrologic changes, and other related changes and variability in natural and human systems, for the benefit of the people, fish, and wildlife of the region.''. (b) Definitions.--Section 1202 of Public Law 103-434 (108 Stat. (1) by redesignating paragraphs (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13), and (14) as paragraphs (8), (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), (17), and (18), respectively; ``(6) Designated federal official.--The term `designated Federal official' means the Commissioner of Reclamation (or a designee), acting pursuant to the charter of the Conservation Advisory Group. ``(7) Integrated plan.--The term `Integrated Plan' has the meaning given the term in section 8201(a) of the John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act, to be carried out in cooperation with, and in addition to, activities of the State of Washington and the Yakama Nation.''; ``(9) Municipal, industrial, and domestic water supply and use.--The term `municipal, industrial, and domestic water supply and use' means the supply and use of water for-- ``(A) domestic consumption (whether urban or rural); ``(B) maintenance and protection of	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1664
__label__cc	0.732616	0.267384	The TCL Blog Ike Martinson What is knowledge and how is it changing? In school I perceived knowledge as a growing but finite volume. Standards had been set for each subject and a list of skills was assigned to be honed to at least a minimum competency. Literacy, history, math, science and art branched into more specialized subsets as I progressed upward through grade levels. As a college g... Student Perspectives on Remote Education I get tired of having conversations about masks. I got a cool one with the Chicago Cubs emblem that fills me with pride, I wear it everywhere and I feel responsible about it. But the discussion is stale. It's as riveting as a weather review in mid-August or late February. I want to talk about something interesting. My suspicion is that all you teachers are exhausted planning and thinki... Facilitation of Successful Online Learning Experiences: Pointers, Tips & Tricks We are all dealing with difficult times in our day-to-day teaching. We’re working harder than before to bring meaningful lessons to life and making sure students are staying engaged and progressing through this unprecedented situation. But let's face it - now that we have done this and as we enter the final weeks of the year many of us recognize the value in incorporating virtual teac... Vocational Education in America I left university after one year and spent the next six bartending while I figured out what direction to take in life. At one point I worked at this steakhosue in Portland and made a friend who was exceptionally artistic in a hands-on kind of way. He was working on a degree at the Oregon College of Art & Craft. Obviously a liberal college, OCAC... I liked Malcolm Gladwell after reading The Tipping Point and I love his podcast Revisionist History. On a long drive the other day I finished Season 4, episode 10 - The Obscure Virus Club. It was about three biologists from last century branded as pari... How to Embrace the 21st-Century Classroom: TRY A Classroom Visitor Let’s imagine for a second you are Abraham Lincoln standing in the middle of a modern day classroom in your long coat and stovepipe hat. You look around to see rows of student desks waiting for eager young minds to fill them. Y... Teacher Recommended: ADHD Classroom Strategies and Resources Jill Rockwell From graphic organizers for math to literacy-based yoga exercises, teachers work endlessly to determine ways to help students learn and succeed. Outlined below are valuable resources and strategies to support students with ADHD in the classroom shared by educators in our online course The beautiful and fulfilling task of teaching project-based curriculum Part two of a three part series on The Community School, a PBL High School Part 1: The Den & the Project Part 3: Finding your identity through PBL Beginning the Journey to Creating and E-STEM School - Part 2 In part one of this series there was an examination of the history, core principles, and general overview of both STEM and E-STEM curricular practices. Beginning my work at an E-STEM school was an exciting opportunity that I was ready to take on in addition to my new role... Beginning the Journey to Creating an E-STEM School From the first time I walked into my current school its originality was so apparent, like no other school, and after four years that authenticity endures. Approaching the main entrance, I was greeted with a sign saying &ldquo...	cc/2021-04/en_middle_0084.json.gz/line1665

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