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__label__cc	0.707917	0.292083	The Stargazers Sat24Aug + special guests: SISTER SUZIE + DJs New album launch for legendary 1980’s Rock ‘n’ Roll – Jump Jive Group. The Stargazers released their debut single “Groove, Baby, Groove” in 1981 on Epic Records closely followed by the LP “Watch This Space” and further singles “Tossin’ N Turnin” (a cover of the 1960 Bobby Lewis song), Louis Prima’s “Hey Marie” and “Ain’t Nobody Here But Us Chickens” (a cover of the 1946 Louis Jordan song) the following year. The band split in 1983 but reformed in the 1990’s where they released four more albums. Tonight the band will launch their brand new album. Nearly Dan Flamin’ Groovies + THE GALILEO 7 Graham Day & The Forefathers	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line0
__label__cc	0.664694	0.335306	Mike Patton, Jean-Claude Vannier “Chansons D’Amour” (Official Video) June 29, 2019 June 29, 2019 ABComments Off on Mike Patton, Jean-Claude Vannier “Chansons D’Amour” (Official Video) The second single from the September 13th release, Corpse Flower. Pre-order now on 180gram Colored Vinyl, CD Digipak and digital: http://smarturl.it/CorpseFlower Following the recent announcement of the 12-song album Corpse Flower by Mike Patton (Faith No More, Mondo Cane) and renowned French composer Jean-Claude Vannier, a video has been shared for the track “Chansons D’Amour”. Filmed by Eric Livingston Jean-Claude Vannier comments “When I was a little boy, love songs terrified me, with their stupid Ophelias, faded flowers of melodramatics singers, quavering vocalises of another time, barbaric rituals, screams of impatient sexes, furious and bloody refrains, like in this beautiful and poisonous video. Afterwards, I lived some love stories and it was even worse, all a bazaar puppet show that moved me despite myself, took me hostage and blames me for these crimes that I did not commit” Director Eric Livingston adds “the melody on Chansons D’ Amour chased me around in the back of my head for a few days after listening. I found it to be a haunting and unapologetically honest version of Vannier’s original piece. When I was given the choice between a few songs to shoot a video accompaniment to, I gravitated towards this one. Mainly, because I knew it would be a challenge for me. To film something that is subtle, yet demands attention.” A variety of musicians, both in Los Angeles and Paris, took part in the recording of Corpse Flower with the Los Angeles team including Smokey Hormel (Beck, Johnny Cash), Justin Meldal-Johnsen (Beck, Air, Nine Inch Nails) and James Gadson (Beck, Jamie Lidell). The Parisian players are Denys Lable, Bernard Paganotti (Magma), Daniel Ciampolini, Didier Malherbe, Léonard Le Cloarec and the Bécon Palace String Ensemble. The lyrics for “Ballad C.3.3.” are drawn from Oscar Wilde’s “The Ballad of Reading Gaol” poem, which was initially published using the name C.3.3. Corpse Flower is available now for pre-orders (http://smarturl.it/CorpseFlower), including special embossed versions featuring Kenro Izu’s stunning cover photo. The album will be available on 180gram coloured vinyl, as well as a CD digipak and digitally. Trans Dads Trystan and Biff Adopted Their Niece and Nephew. Should They Have Received Paid Time Off? Imani Coppola “Lying To My Therapist” (Official Video)	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line3
__label__cc	0.699422	0.300578	Annie Percik Processing Winchester Winchester Writers’ Festival is an amazing opportunity. Hundreds of writers of all types to meet and talk to. Workshops, talks, panels and presentations on all aspects of the craft and the industry. And, most importantly, submitting your work to agents and getting face-to-face feedback. I did not get an agent at Winchester, but then I wasn’t expecting to. One agent told me he gets 2000 submissions a year and signs maybe four new authors. What Winchester did for me was to teach me important things about myself and what I want from my writing, which made it an extremely valuable experience. I saw four agents over two days, and they all gave me detailed and constructive feedback, for which I’m very grateful. But it was also wildly contradictory, which made the whole thing quite baffling. Still, the opening to my first workshop of the weekend was: There are no absolutes in publishing. And most of publishing is wholly subjective. I learned from sending my first draft out to about fifteen readers that people respond very differently to fiction. If they all highlight the same issue, then you’ve got a problem you need to fix. But if they violently disagree on whether or not particular things work, you’ve got something that at least some people are going to love. The same thing, of course, applies to agent feedback. Contradictory advice on what ‘needs’ changing or improving suggests that there are some agents out there that will love my novel just as it is, and it’s simply a case of finding the right one. My last workshop of the weekend reinforced that principle, by repeating the age-old advice - the only way to get published is to persevere. Keep sending your work out until you find that one person who’s going to believe in your novel as much as you do. But it’s not that simple. Sure, there was one writer at that workshop who said she’d sent her novel out to 300+ agents over the course of five years, and eventually landed a two-book deal from a publisher a couple of weeks ago. I’m amazingly impressed with her staying power, and I’m delighted for her that it eventually paid off. But there was a another writer I met, who got an agent at Winchester last year, but whose book still hadn’t sold to a publisher a year on, so she was back with a different book to try and find a different agent. Finding an agent is only the first (very difficult) step in a long and complicated process that involves a huge amount of work, revision, patience, self-marketing and conviction. And, even with a publishing deal, there are certainly no guarantees of success. For those who are prepared to go through that, and put the work in - I salute you and wish you all the luck in the world. But I have decided that the traditional publishing route is not for me. At least not right now. I don’t know yet what I’m going to do with my novel. In a few months’ time, I may come back to it, do another pass, maybe send it out to some small independent presses, or bite the bullet and self-publish, just to get it out there in the world. Time will tell. In the meantime, I’m going to focus on my short fiction, which I love writing, and which I know I can sell. The defining moment of my weekend at Winchester came during Friday’s dinner, when I got an email from a print magazine, saying they want to publish my favourite short story I’ve written in the last couple of years - for more than twice what I’ve been paid for my short fiction before. It made me so happy, and it showed me where my passion and my writing future lies - at least for now. I’m not out to be famous or make lots of money from my writing. I just want to enjoy the process and see my work in print every now and then. And that’s okay. So, thank you to the Winchester Writers’ Festival for helping me figure out what I want. Novel, Read more in... Weeknotes - S03E28 - The End is Nigh! The end is definitely in sight for the Colours first draft and I had lots of interesting and useful writing experiences this week. Debunking Writing Myths My article about Debunking Writing Myths is included in Palm-Sized Press Vol. 1. You can get a copy here. What If It's No Good? My friend Charlie, who co-runs the Six Month Novel Programme, has a mantra for the writers she helps. When writing a first draft, give yourself permission to be "gloriously craptastic". The most important thing is to get the words down on the page. You can edit later. Because, if you get caught up in doubts, or a desire for unattainable perfection, you’ll never get through it. It’s better to have a flawed thing that exists than a shining masterpiece that only lives in your head. Weeknotes - S03E27 - Doing the Bare Minimum Not a huge amount of time, energy or motivation this week, but still some progress. I think sending Artisan off to the publisher last weekend had a knock-on effect on my desire to work hard this week! Weeknotes - S03E26 - The Waiting Begins Again Only two writing days this week, but a major milestone passed, as Artisan has now gone back to the publisher! Weeknotes - S03E25 - It Takes Some Grit I have a schedule now for completing Colours by my deadline. Two scenes per writing session. Every session so far, I have started by rewriting my schedule to see if I can give myself the excuse of not doing that day’s scenes. Then I have taken myself to task, knuckled down, and actually produced them with very little problem in a very short amount of time. Sometimes, you need a stick. Hour of Writes © 2016 Annie Percik \| Web design by Domnic Danson, Studio 359	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line8
__label__cc	0.537156	0.462844	>> Book Reviews > add tags About this document (click for more) Mirrored with permission from bahai-studies.ca/shoghi-effendi-pilgrims-eye-vol-1/. Shoghi Effendi through the Pilgrim's Eye by Earl Redman: by Catherine Nash published in Journal of Bahá'í Studies Ottawa: Association for Baha'i Studies North America, 2017 Review of: Shoghi Effendi through the Pilgrim’s Eye – Vol. 1: Building the Administrative Order, 1922–1952 Written by: Earl Redman Publisher: Oxford, UK: George Ronald (2015) Review by: Catherine Nash Review published in: Journal of Bahá'í Studies There has always been a tension between the enthusiasm versus the veracity of notes written by Haifa-bound pilgrims who shared their memories of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá or Shoghi Effendi. As Shoghi Effendi writes in The World Order of Bahá’u’lláh: It was chiefly in view of the misleading nature of the reports of the informal conversations of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá with visiting pilgrims, that I have insistently urged the believers of the West to regard such statements as merely personal impressions of the sayings of their Master, and to quote and consider as authentic only such translations as are based upon the authenticated text of His recorded utterances in the original tongue. (5) Clearly, no matter who is doing the remembering, notes, diaries, and letters written by individual Bahá’ís about their understanding of what ‘Abdu’l-Bahá or Shoghi Effendi might have said are not in any way authoritative. For example, Mary Maxwell compiled notes based on conversations she had with Shoghi Effendi prior to their marriage in 1937. These were shared with believers with the permission of the National Spiritual Assembly, but although they are interesting and useful, even these notes are not authoritative.[1] However, there is no denying that as we move deeper into the Formative Age of the Bahá’í Dispensation, and as a quotation’s authenticity may be confirmed with a few clicks, the enthusiasm of pilgrims’ notes is a wonderful way to glimpse the zeitgeist of different times in Bahá’í history. While not revealing authoritative statements about Bahá’í teachings or doctrine, they provide a window into the attitudes, preoccupations, demographics, and cultural patterns of the Bahá’í community at specific points in time, as shown particularly through intimate responses and reactions to ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, Shoghi Effendi, and other members of the Holy Family. In the first volume of Shoghi Effendi through the Pilgrim’s Eye, Earl Redman has curated pilgrims’ notes written between 1922 and 1952, providing readers with a captivating collection of impressions from a time of great transition in the Bahá’í Faith from its Heroic Age to its Formative Age. As he comments in the preface, the difference between pilgrims’ notes written during ‘Abdu’l-Bahá’s lifetime and those written during the lifetime of Shoghi Effendi shows the full impact of the change of focus of a Bahá’í community shifting from the adoration of a spiritual “father figure” toward the building of a world administrative order alongside their “true brother” (x). Redman is very careful to clarify that this collection of pilgrims’ notes, limited to those written in or translated into English, is not authoritative. It is, however, enlightening in numerous ways. By reproducing them as quotations, Redman conveys the emotional reality of each individual’s interactions with the Guardian. The enthusiastic punctuation, “grammatical stumbles,” and creative spellings add to our understanding of the individuality of every writer and offer insight into the effect Shoghi Effendi had on those who met him (xv). Redman’s commentaries also help draw out the perceptions that formed around the Guardian. His writing is engaging, informal, and immediate. His style is inclusive and lets the reader revel in the diversity represented by these early, mostly Western, believers whose personalities and character shine through their words. Within the first twenty pages of Redman’s book, one encounters the wildly different descriptive styles of wonderful figures in Bahá’í history ranging from John Bosch, Catharine Nourse (then seventeen years old), Saichiro Fujita, and Lady Blomfield. While Shoghi Effendi through the Pilgrim’s Eye is arranged chronologically, an inviting aspect of the book is that it is possible to open it to any page and become immersed in the world of the Guardian. Redman’s book is full of gems—moments and details that themselves could become books, research topics, or the starting points for blog posts. There must be photographers who would love the detailed description of the types of cameras Effie Baker took with her when Shoghi Effendi sent her on a mission to photograph historical Bábí sites in Iran. The description of her “No. 1A Kodak with a wide angle lens perfect for landscapes” and her second camera that “used half-sized glass plates as film and were able to focus very close to an object” might mystify those born in the digital era, but the details of Shoghi Effendi’s prescient guidance is fascinating (180). If this book is read in a linear manner, sometimes the lists of dates and names become lengthy and the narrative flow is stilted. Most of the chapters are only titled with the year or few years they cover. Yet each name mentioned is often a person worthy of his or her own biography, and Redman helps the reader imagine those individuals, with their vastly differing personalities and opinions, all together at the same time, all with the purpose of making a pilgrimage to Haifa and meeting with the Guardian. To give one example, the chapter titled “1925” is full of information that places disparate events, many of which Bahá’ís might be knowledgeable about, in a time and place together. The chapter begins with Shoghi Effendi’s advice to Jean Stannard that she move to Geneva (where she established the International Bahá’í Bureau). Shortly thereafter, Martha Root joined her, and they hosted a World Esperanto Congress, at which Lidia Zamenhof first learned of the Bahá’í Faith. This brief mention of Miss Zamenhof, who later died in a Nazi concentration camp, tempts the reader to reference not only her biography, but also the more recent biography of Hermann Grossmann that vividly recalls the German Bahá’í community’s struggle to save lives as well as books and archives during the Holocaust. This chapter continues with notes on visits by Baker, Root, Dhikr’u’llah Khadem, and others. The reader is also reminded that during this year, Shoghi Effendi would have been waiting for Egypt’s reaction to the Muslim Ecclesiastical Court’s decision that the Bahá’í religion was a new religion independent of Islam. Redman explains that while Shoghi Effendi was waiting on this news, the National Spiritual Assembly of the United States and Canada was officially formed. He acknowledges that this accomplishment took much guidance from the Guardian and the results “weren’t quite as Shoghi Effendi might have preferred” (108). The same chapter concludes with the almost simultaneous passing of Dr. John Esslemont and the arrival of Hasan Balyuzi in Haifa as a young seventeen-year-old. Redman’s inclusion of all this information in one single chapter emphasizes the intensity of those days and the complexities faced by Shoghi Effendi. The volume ends in 1952, just as Shoghi Effendi announces the beginning of the Ten Year Crusade. Thankfully, Redman has continued diligently with his work and his next book is now available: Shoghi Effendi through the Pilgrim’s Eye: The Ten Year Crusade, 1953–1963. Nakhjavani, Violette. The Maxwells of Montreal: Middle Years 1923–1939, Late Years 1937–1952. Vol. 2, George Ronald, 2012. Redman, Earl. Shoghi Effendi through the Pilgrim’s Eye: Building the Administrative Order, 1922–1952. Vol. 1, George Ronald, 2015. Shoghi Effendi. The World Order of Bahá’u’lláh. 2nd ed., Bahá’í Publishing Trust, 1969. [1] A detailed discussion of both positive and negative community reactions to these notes, as well as correspondence between Maxwell family members, can be found in pages 315–25 of Violette Nakhjavani’s The Maxwells of Montreal: Middle Years 1923–1937, Late Years 1937–1952. This discussion elucidates issues surrounding the use of pilgrims’ notes. Catherine Nash completed her law degree at the University of Victoria and focuses on advocacy work for vulnerable children and youth. Back to: Book Reviews	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line15
__label__cc	0.521249	0.478751	Agent Orange (Dioxin) and ESOPHAGEAL CANCERS AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CANCERS AS WELL AS OTHER Toxic Chemicals ASSOCIATED TO Military Service in Vietnam this IS A DRAFT AND IS NOT COMPLETE REVISED ON: Hard copies will be sent to: Congressman Christopher Shays -Democrat - Connecticut Congressman Bernie Sanders - Independent - Vermont Congressman Lane Evans - Democrat - Illinois Congressman Christopher Smith - New Jersey Republican Yes, out of the entire congress these four are the only four that after four years of searching that I can find that actually might give a damn. This link is posted in support of Veterans widows and those Vietnam Veterans that have developed Esophageal Cancer as well as other "Cancers of the Digestive System." A group of dedicated wives from California, Michigan, New Jersey, and Wisconsin have chosen to fight the government in this issue, rather than just give up. I believe it is obvious to the whole world that ESOPHAGEAL CANCER among other forms of "Digestive System Cancers" are significantly higher in those Veterans who served in Vietnam during wartime and were exposed to the "weapons of mass destruction" toxic chemicals (plural) that were used as offensive and defensive weapons. Many Veterans came home in poor health and one of the medical issues was gastrointestinal problems. Most of us thinking we had issues related to the malaria pills and once removed we would return to our old selves, with no medical issues. This in fact did not happen. We were diagnosed with all kinds of issues of the gastrointestinal area of medicine while none of it made any sense. Diagnosed with spastic colon, colitis, diverticulitis, Chron's, IBS, Celiac, delayed stomach emptying causing gastroparesis, etc. Most of these were considered hereditary related or old age. Yet, we were young men with no hereditary trail to these disorders. Some had rectal bleeding. Aversion to milk products and heavy red meats when the year before they went; there were no aversions to any food products or drinks and no digestive system issues. The Australian Veterans that served in III Corps reported the same issues: (1) "Dermatological, neurological, gastrointestinal, and psychological disorders. Chloracne, an incurable rash on the face, neck, back, arms and legs, boils, blisters, skin irritation and sensitivity to sunlight. Loss of sensation and tingling in the fingers and toes, intolerance to cold, damage to the peripheral nervous system. Constant fatigue. Depression, inability to concentrate, nervousness and irritability, insomnia, vertigo, loss of sex drive, recurring headaches, nausea and sudden unexplained weight loss. Red blood rectal bleeding has also been reported. Respiratory distress, shortness of breath, allergies, tender liver, recurring digestive upset and slowed digestion, vascular lesions, stomach, intestinal kidney and liver pain, and stiffness. Swelling and pain in the joints of the arms and legs." Many have developed Barrett's Esophagus, which can be a precursor to the cancer. This is from the body's deranged cell system replacing the esophageal tissue with tissue similar to what is found in the small intestines. The Ranch Hand transcripts for those primarily exposed by skin contact only, stated: (2) "That digestive system cancers were on the low end of being significant." Those exposed by "skin contact alone" were on the "low end of being significant." What about the rest of the men called "boots on the ground?" These men in the field and on the remote firebases that would never have been in a toxic chemical clean environment and had totally different methods and rates of exposures and ingestions. Bearing in mind that any Ranch Hand study comparisons that do not reach double statistical significance mean nothing. This is a government (White House) game played by the Ranch Hand, the VA, and our government. In other words, in one group there may be 5 and the other group their may be 3. The government says that the statistics do not mean anything as the significance between the two is not a valid increase. Bearing in mind, that both groups are Vietnam Veterans. The difference is the amount of dioxin. I believe the cut off was 10ppt of dioxin alone in considering who was exposed and who was not exposed. When no one knows what other toxic chemicals played a part or what the dose rate of dioxin actually is to cause anything medically; I find this whole 140 million dollar study issue very much slanted and certainly questionable. Now one would ask; why is it that Veterans exposed to massive amounts of three different toxic chemical herbicides that contained at least six different toxic chemicals can only be affected by some dose rate of dioxin alone, established by this study and not medical science? This would be a good question for everyone to ask of the following; if all of them were still alive: Presidents John Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. Bush, William Clinton, and George Bush. Some others that should be questioned on this amazing feat of medical science and wonderment should be the former Secretaries of Defense. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, Melvin Laird, Elliot Richardson, James Schlesinger, Donald Rumsfield, Harold Brown, Caspar Weinberger, Frank Carlucci, Richard Cheney, Les Aspin, William Perry, William Choen, and for the second time Donald Rumsfield. Obviously Mr. Rumsfield should now have some answers to what must be considered a miracle of science and protection of the 19th century that can only be attributable to the Uniform of the United States Military. Certainly the Secretaries of the VA should have some medical answers to this medical marvel of the uniform of the US military that can double as environmental toxic chemical hazards suits to not only skin exposures but drinking, eating cooked food, and bathing all in which toxic chemical water was used. Edward Derwinski who used the totally Veteran biased VA committee (VACEH) of former chemical company scientists should know. Jesse Brown, Togo West, Anthony Principi and the latest of these so called men of integrity Jim Nichols should know how this is all possible - since they make the Veterans biased decisions based on the government contracted NAS/IOM. Yes, that is correct the same government Veterans are seeking death and disablement claims from hired what seems to be a VA friendly National organization that also receives funds from that same government. Just a slight conflict of interest. No different than the government tainted CDC AO study fiasco in the 80's. HR 101-672. Maybe they can answer why it is that a former Monsanto chemical company scientist was selected to run the VA's AO study. When his prior professional job was to prove there is no damage from dioxin or any other product that Monsanto made and it was like Orange Juice and good for you. If you Veterans or widow's of Veterans reading this find these facts somewhat VA/Government slanted then join the rest of the Veterans of the nation that use to actually trust our government and do so no more! In other words, one hell of an expensive study that for all intensive purposes proves nothing except death rates and exoneration of our government! Except it does prove service in Vietnam in a toxic chemical(s) (plural) environment was not good for you in many medical areas; thanks to our own government! One of my Marines, tired of no VA answers, called one of the Gastrointestinal Disease centers and they told him that they had estimated about 70% came home with some form of gastrointestinal issue. I am trying to re- contact this Marine and get the details of this conversation. I recall during the period of about five years after returning, while doctors tested me over and over again, that my mother found an article in our home town newspaper. This article was in reference to a news story concerning some doctors at the University of Florida and the study they were conducting to see "why so many Vietnam Veterans were coming home with gastrointestinal issues." So this medical issue and problem has been "well known" since at least the early 1970's. Too bad we did not have the Internet back then! Government/VA Philosophy against veterans Our own Veterans Administration in its entirety, to include the Secretary of the VA, operates as a White House after White House "budget control" rather than the tell the Veterans and their families the truth for over 40 years or even give Veterans a fair assessment of our toxic chemicals health status. It is our Congress, rather than support the Veterans for their search for the truth, that remains deaf and blind in order to support these different White Houses and keep the government coffers for other programs. Yes, that does include your own congressional representative and your two state senators; who state they care about Veterans. While our own US government/VA studies, have been less than objective and truthful with regard to many medical issues for many reasons to include, politics and money; and the fact that the White House decision philosophy was made decades ago to "not support" the Vietnam Veterans of this nation for obvious "government wrong doing." "The White House Bureau of the Budget put out a memo to all the agencies of government in essence not to find a correlation between Agent Orange and health affects. Stating that it would be most unfortunate for two reasons: A) The cost of supporting the Veterans. B) The court liability to which corporations would be exposed." (3) At this time in our "toxic chemical legacy," our own White House/government and the chemical companies became an "official tag team of coconspirators." In fact, Admiral Zumwalt (deceased) appointed as a special assistant to the Secretary of the VA to resolve the toxic chemical issues stated in his report the following: “Unfortunately, political interference in government sponsored studies associated with Agent Orange has been the norm, not the exception. In fact, there appears to have been a systematic effort to suppress critical data, or alter results to meet preconceived notions of what alleged scientific studies were meant to find” (4) “Were the faulty conclusions, flawed methodology and noticeable bias of the Advisory Committee (VACEH) an isolated problem, correcting the misdirection would be more manageable. But, experience with other governmental agencies responsible for specifically analyzing and studying the effects of exposure to Agent Orange strongly hints at a discernible pattern, if not “outright governmental collaboration,” to deny compensation to Vietnam Veterans for disabilities associated with exposure to dioxin. (5) “Unfortunately, as hearings before the Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee on July 11, 1989 revealed, the design, implementation and conclusions of the CDC study were so ill conceived as to suggest that political pressures once again interfered with the kind of professional, unbiased review Congress had sought to obtain.” (6) Admiral Zumwalt using independent researchers and independent prestigious research centers, and that is the key word "independent", during a three year study as special assistant to the Secretary of the VA concluded the following were "more than likely" associated to exposures to dioxin. Non-Hodgkin’ s lymphoma, chloracne and other skin disorders, lip cancer, bone cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, birth defects, skin cancer, lung cancer, porphyria cutanea tarda and other liver disorders, Hodgkin’s disease, hematopoietic diseases, multiple myeloma, neurological defects, autoimmune diseases and disorders, liver cancer, nasal/pharyngeal/esophageal cancers, leukemia, malignant melanoma, kidney cancer, testicular cancer, pancreatic cancer, stomach cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, brain cancer, psychosocial effects, and gastrointestinal disease are service-connected. (7) This VA Agent Orange report was promptly classified and stamped, "Not for Release to the Public." For the record, in 2000 a former Principal Ranch Hand scientists Dr. Richard Albanese, Senior Medical Research Officer, in a government oversight review categorically stated, just as the Admiral indicated above, that for 20 years the government study called Ranch Hand Study had never told the truth in: "Birth defects, cancers, heart disease, vascular disease, neurological ailments, endocrine disturbances, and hematological difficulties.” (8) He also charged that "command influence" was being used as well as Air Force management was changing cleared for publication "medical findings and conclusions." (8) He also asked how any studies could be considered legitimate if the scientists were not considered to have intellectual freedom. (8) Prior to the use of these "weapons of mass destruction" the process used by the government for Veterans compensations was an "increased risk of incidence" or a "significant increase." Of course all of this changed when our own government turned against Veterans for mistakes made by an arrogant President Johnson and the arrogant Robert McNamara. Yes, they were warned by over 5,000 of our own US scientists in at least two petitions not to use these toxic chemicals of weapons of mass destruction. Of course they did it anyway because this government treats its Veterans as guinea pigs. (Reference the Project 112 testing and subset testing of SHAD.) For the record, Veterans tiring of trying to fight this "government legal system" set up for "only Veterans" have mounted a law suit against many individuals in the VA for their direct personal actions, regardless of what politician command the cover-ups or stalling. These VA individuals are being charged as follows: (9) "The VA officials named are Susan H. Mather, Neil S. Otchin, Robert J. Epley, and Thomas J. Pamperin. The suit alleges that these people orchestrated or contributed to a cover-up - characterized as "intentional, willful, wanton, and in bad faith" in the complaint - of SHAD and its possible adverse health effects by denying veterans access to information about the tests. "These are people who signed or stamped the letters and denials," lawyer Rosinski said." "The complaint holds that by not providing timely information to the veterans - the military knew as early as the mid-1980s that at least one substance used was emphatically not harmless, as originally believed - and by continuing to deny veterans access to the full information, the defendants violated the plaintiffs' constitutional right to go to court and file claims. It is by specifically naming defendants that the suit hopes to change things." This is typical of what our government has done for over 40 years with the VA being the lead federal agency in government denial. Certainly the toxic chemical legacy of our Vietnam Veterans will fall into this above example of "the military knew as early as the mid-1980s that at least one substance used was emphatically not harmless, as originally believed - and by continuing to deny veterans access to the full information... By using the entire power of the United Sates Government and its contracted agencies egregious medical fraud has been committed against the nation's Veterans by our own government. A more recent example of this medical fraud is our Gulf War Veterans. Many came home sick and dying while our government minimized this fact and our national media totally ignored these facts. The lead agency for denial was; once again the White House directed VA and its contracted partner the NAS/IOM in representing that the Veteran's death, sickness and disabling disorders, and birth defects regarding our nation's Veterans was "associated to mental stress" in a war that took less than 200 hours and suffered very minimal casualties. That in itself makes no medical sense. Yet, here we have on October 14th, 2004 in the New York Times an article that states: (10) Citing new scientific research on the effects of exposure to low levels of neurotoxins, the Research Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses concludes in its draft report that "a substantial proportion of Gulf War veterans are ill with multisymptom conditions not explained by wartime stress or psychiatric illness." A federal panel of medical experts studying illnesses among veterans of the 1991 war in the Persian Gulf has broken with several earlier studies and concluded that many suffer from neurological damage caused by exposure to toxic chemicals, rejecting past findings that the ailments resulted mostly from wartime stress. All the chemicals cited in the new study belong to a group called acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, which can cause a range of symptoms including pain, fatigue, diarrhea and cognitive impairment. Yet, for over a decade the VA and the NAS/IOM had concluded this ridiculous scenario that stress was the sole causation. Nice cover up for the DOD and our government. Also bearing in mind that the original study group reported to President Bill Clinton in 1996 that "current scientific evidence does not support a causal link" between the veterans' symptoms and chemical exposures in the Persian Gulf. Instead, the earlier group said, stress "is likely to be an important contributing factor to the broad range of physical and psychological illnesses currently being reported by gulf war veterans." Some 697,000 American troops were sent to the Persian Gulf at the end of 1990 to drive the Iraqi forces of President Saddam Hussein out of Kuwait. Thirteen years after the war ended many veterans still complain of persistent fatigue, headaches, joint pain, numbness, diarrhea and other health problems. Sounds oh so familiar to the Vietnam Veterans. In fact, the law to mandate this new study was passed in 1998 yet it was not acted on until 2002. Four more years of government/VA stalling. Out of the 697,000 troops, 16% are conservatively estimated to be effected by this so called stress syndrome with significant similar symptoms in 2004. Many have already succumbed to this "stress syndrome." In any deployment such as this only about 10-14% of the deployment is actual combat troops. So that means that all of the combat troops are either dead or dying from this so called stress syndrome. This also includes the same rate for our allies troops that were also deployed. This is how the United States Government actually treats its veterans; including our congress. What you see on TV on CSPAN in the senate and the house, is a mirage and is a total facade as they recite the praises for the military men and women. It is all a big academy award winning show. In other words, there is no "increased risk of incidence" or "significant increase" for Veterans and especially Vietnam Veterans. This only exists in the world of civilians and the world of civilian constitutional law. It can no longer exist in the government created "Veterans World of VA Law," which is outside the constitution of the United States. Government Actions For over 20 years our government denied any causations of medical issues related to the toxic chemicals. To stop the onslaught of legitimate claims for death and disablement that developed after irrefutable evidence was being brought forward of the overwhelming medical issues the Veterans were developing our government then: Set up an entire legal system that only applies to Veterans and is outside the constitution and constitutional law for the rest of the nation. Rather than increased "risk of incidence" or "significant increase" our government and the VA then mandated "cause and effect" results. After a court found that this "cause and effect" was impossible; given the numbers of toxic chemicals and the variety of exposures and was too stringent in favor of the government. The Secretary of the VA, while not challenging the court ruling, then wrote the CFR to only include the chemical formula for dioxin only, with a mandated statistical significant increase and a p-factor of 0.05 attached to it. Note: A p-factor of 0.05 is the worlds scientific standard for proving there is no doubt or there is little chance the differences found were associated by chance alone. Congress, in a total ruse, then passed the Dioxin Act of 1984. This had to be one of the biggest lies every put out by our Congress. This act gave the "benefit of the doubt" to the Veterans in this unknown toxic chemical legacy. Totally disregarded by the VA and the Secretary of the VA for over 21 additional years over the previous 20 years of denial of everything. With our own VA the lead denial federal agency, as directed by the White House. By default because of these actions by the Secretary of the VA, supported by our own government there can be no toxic chemical associations to just "Service in Vietnam" in a toxic chemical environment. Only those medical issues found to a linear dose rate to dioxin alone can be associated out of the many many toxic chemicals used. Even many of these that are actually found are not being brought forward because the government scientists indicate they cannot find any overt disease that qualifies to a 100 year old ICD code. They find a damaging process related to dioxin but because they are unfamiliar and cannot explain what this unknown toxic chemical is doing in this damaging process; it then falls by the way side and once again is not reported to the medical community or the nation's Veterans. In addition, many medical issues found in study comparisons between cohorts that reach a 50% increase or even higher are not considered significant in the eyes of our government for Veterans and their families. These issues do not even make the reports, so our nations doctors are even unaware of these significant medical findings in Vietnam Veterans. This is because while they show a significant increase they do not show a dose response to only dioxin. Remember, the VA created a new philosophy and requirement that there will be no associations based on "Service in Vietnam in a toxic chemical environment." While the Secretary of the VA did make one exception and that is for female Veterans that had offspring with birth defects. To exclude the male Veterans that had the very same birth defects and at the very same rate; the VA then did not tie this association for female Veterans to a dioxin only but only to "Service in Vietnam." So the VA has made a exception to the dioxin only rule. Remember that! A totally different legal standard was used and the precedence was set. Outside of our Vietnam Toxic Chemical Legacy this "Service in whatever campaign" does exist. Remember the New York Times article regarding the Gulf War. The VA Secretary himself through a spokesperson stated: (10) "I'm looking forward to studying the committee's report and working with them to ensure adequate research funding to find answers to these perplexing medical issues," he said. He said the department was already providing disability benefits for some veterans who have developed amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or Lou Gehrig's disease, based on studies finding that the veterans have nearly double the risk of the disease as veterans who did not go to the Persian Gulf do. Since all government studies for Vietnam Veterans have been corrupted and no study is allowed to only compare those that served versus those that did not serve with the additional government/VA mandate of finding a linear dioxin dose response. (See History) Even if the risk ratio is at 5 or greater it makes no difference to the collaborating government/VA. For the Vietnam Veterans there is no greater risk as stated above by the VA Secretary. Only government corruption and tyranny awaits them to a single end point linear dioxin dose response. Referencing the Korean study that did not compare like cohorts but those that served versus those that did not serve. The data is very damning. Yet, our congress does nothing. (18) If you look at the BVA cases in every instance you will see that the VA counselors make the statement, "that the Secretary of the VA has not determined an association to ESOPHAGEAL CANCER and Agent Orange." This is the legal term they use to deny you and as you will see in the History below there has never been a government study on Agent Orange. So that in itself, is nothing but VA counselor lies. Then we have the statements of the decisions as follows: DECISION OF THE BOARD "The Board of Veterans’ Appeals (Board), in accordance with the provisions of 38 U.S.C.A. § 7104 (West 1991 & Supp. 1997), has reviewed and considered all of the evidence and material of record in the veteran's claims file. Based on its review of the "relevant evidence" in this matter, and for the following reasons and bases, it is the decision of the Board that the appellant has not met the initial burden of submitting evidence sufficient to justify a belief by a "fair and impartial individual" that the claim of entitlement to service connection for the cause of death is well-grounded." This is the "government fox" watching the government hen house (government mistake coffers) for the White House and the Congress. "Fair and impartial" has got to be a joke. About as fair and forthcoming as the government studies have been. (See History section.) There in lies the problem - The VA, following the march orders of the White House, can limit the issues to only one part of a toxic chemical compound. Then our congress turns around and gives the sole power to the Secretary of the VA to do anything he wants regarding Veterans on behalf of the White House, criminal or not. Then to keep anyone from challenging the VA our congress than sets up a legal system that is biased against Veterans and not under any rule of law or subject to any other courts review. Congress has clearly precluded any judicial review of any Veterans Administration determinations as set forth in 38 U. S. C. paragraph 211a: …"the decision of the administrator on any question of law or fact under any law administered by the Veterans Administration providing benefits for Veterans…shall be final and conclusive and no other court of the United States shall have power or jurisdiction to review any decision by an action in the nature of mandamus or otherwise." A nice total government tyrannical package rolled into one by a collaborative government protecting "itself" for wrongdoing. As I was reading this to my sister-in-law she exclaimed, "that sounds like communism!" When any government agency says "Agent Orange" that is a lie and they really only mean dioxin. No, repeat NO, government study has studied the effects of Agent Orange. The government has mandated that all "herbicide studies" be reduced to "dioxin only" which was only one part of the herbicide Agent Orange and Agent Orange was only one of the 15 different formulas of herbicides used with multiple toxic chemicals used. While the two main other herbicides used were Agent Blue and Agent White each with their own set of toxic medical issues from both acute and chronic exposures. In fact, while the government states Agent Orange was the most widely used; the most widely used toxic chemical was 2,4-D used in both Agents Orange and White. It is noted for the record, that all government studies were mandated to those exposed by skin contact alone. It is noted for the record, that methods of ingestion of toxic chemicals plays a role in what will develop, how it will develop, and when it will develop. It is noted for the record, that in some areas such as the Quang Tri area in Quang Tri Province that herbicide tapes show more Agent Blue used than Agent Orange. It is also noted for the record, that most areas of Vietnam were indeed sprayed with all three major toxic chemicals. It is also noted for the record, that in 1969 as the medical issues were rising and being noted as toxic chemical associated. The State Department, under Jim Baker, got involved in the investigations. After trips to Vietnam the state department report concluded that Agent Orange in its entirety with dioxin; was not a real threat. However, they stated there was some major concerns and issues about Agent Blue since it contained arsenic acid. Yet, here we Veterans and families are; 40 years later, with the VA, directed by the White House, with every issue associated or non-associated to what they say is Agent Orange, when they really only mean dioxin alone. In spite of the many other toxic chemicals that obviously, according to the VA and the government contracted National Academy of Science, cannot harm Veterans for some magical medical fact. If you were going to hang your hat on denial and protecting the government coffers from government mistakes and had your own independent omnipotent legal system. Would you not select the most unknown toxic chemical? Especially, if you knew that the other toxic chemicals had already been characterized as to acute and chronic exposures for decades. Or that your partner in crime, Dow Chemical, and their toxic chemical compound called "Picloram" was DOW proprietary. In addition, you knew that our own EPA, as the many Veterans' deaths, disabilities, and medical issues were manifesting as toxic chemical issues, in 1985 in order for DOW to re-qualify "Picloram" had demanded they reduce the hexachlorobenzene to less than 200 parts per million and that the nitrosamine be reduced. Picloram now has less than 100 parts per million and no (zero) nitrosamine. There is no telling what the toxic chemical swill had in it as far as toxic chemical levels when used on Veterans and the terrain for over 10 years. If you knew that in 1990 Doctor Daniel Teitelbaum, a noted toxicologist stated: “What I do think...may bear on the Agent Orange issue, is the fact that in review of Dow’s 2,4-D documentation I found that there are significant concentrations of potentially carcinogenic materials present in 2,4-D "which have never been made known to the EPA, FDA, or to any other agency." Thus, in addition to the problem of the TCDD which, more likely than not, was present in the 2,4,5--T component of Agent Orange, the finding of "other dioxins" and closely related "furans and xanthones" in the 2,4--D formulation was of compelling interest to me.” (8) The bottom line is; we more than likely have other forms of dioxins other than TCDD in the Agent Orange herbicide. Agent Orange was a 50/50 mixture of 2,4,5-T and the DOW 2,4-D referenced by Doctor Teitelbaum. With the additional issues included of closely related furans and xanthones in 2,4-D. This also creates a synergy effect with more than one toxic chemical in the same formula. This can increase the potency of the chemicals as far as 1600 times what each one would be separately. This is especially true if two are further apart on the chemical property scale. In addition 2,4-D was used a separate herbicide under the nomenclature of Agent White. Some researchers are saying they actually mixed Agent Orange and Agent Blue together to spray. I cannot verify that but if they did, it is a wonder any one is left alive. Again, logically you would select the most unknown single toxic chemical that no one knows what it does, how it does it, and has never been characterized; in order to protect the government and the White House. Then you would demand a linear dose response when there is no proof of a linear dose response or that this single toxin will even have a linear dose response. Especially, since you have your own corrupt legal system given to you by the congress; you can now deny any study or animal study you want or even statistical increase data. Remember the CFR used in VA denials only lists the chemical formula for TCDD. Technical/Medical Nitrosamine contained in Agent White (12) “Nitrosamines are another type of carcinogenic chemicals that are known to cause cancers and other medical problems. Exposure to high concentrations of nitrosamines is associated with increased mortality from cancers of the esophagus, oral cavity, and pharynx (throat). When used in pesticides or herbicides it may cause DNA damage and cell death.” Cacodylic acid (dimethyl arsenic acid) which was called Agent Blue (13) Agent Blue: This was a code name for cacodylic acid (dimethyl arsenic acid) that was used from 1965 to 1970. Agent Blue produces a spectrum of acute toxic symptoms that includes gastrointestinal disorders, eye irritation, and dermatitis. Studies in experimental systems have indicated that it has the potential for mutagenicity, clastogenicity (chromosome damages), and teratogenicity. Carcinogenicity has not been tested adequately, but it should be noted that other inorganic arsenic compounds have been associated with liver, lung, skin, and stomach cancers. It is highly toxic by inhalation, ingestion and through skin contact. It may cause irreversible effects and death. It may act as a teratogen or carcinogen; or skin, eye and respiratory irritant. Garlic type odor of breath and feces, and metallic taste in the mouth. Adverse GI effects predominate with vomiting, abdominal pain and rice-water, or bloody diarrhea. GI effects may also include inflammation, vesicle formation, and eventual sloughing (shedding) of the mucosa in the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus. Note: Mucosa is moist tissue that lines particular organs and body cavities throughout the body, including your nose, mouth, lungs, pharynx, esophagus, and gastrointestinal tract. Central nervous system effects that are common include: headache, dizziness, drowsiness, and confusion. Symptoms may progress to include muscle weakness, spasms, hypothermia, lethargy, delirium, coma, and convulsions. Renal injury manifests as proteinuria, hematuria, glycosuria, oliguria, and shows up in the urine. In severe poisoning cases, acute tubular necrosis results. Cardiovascular effects include shock, cyanosis, and cardiac arrhythmia. Elevated liver enzymes and jaundice may manifest causing liver damage. Injury to blood-forming tissues may cause anemia, leucopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Chronic exposure may lead to: Muscle weakness, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss. Hyperpigmentation, hyperkeratosis. Peripheral neuropathy, paresthesia, paresis, and ataxia. Inability to coordinate voluntary muscular movements. Subcutaneous edema in face, eyelids, and ankles. Stomatitis, white striations across the nails (Mees lines) and sometimes loss of nails or hair. Liver toxicity as indicated by hepatomegaly, jaundice, and cirrhosis. Renal toxicity leading to oliguria, proteinuria, and hematuria. EKG abnormalities and peripheral vascular disease. Hematologic abnormalities. Cancer. Dioxin itself While our own EPA in the 70's and 80's operated as a direct White House collaborative operative in our toxic chemical legacy issue. It seems that in 1992 they did get at least some integrity back. Starting with what the EPA called their "Dioxin Reassessment" study in 1992. Which for all intensive purposes parallel a report that was done in 1979 by one of the EPA scientists who actually did have some integrity. For some "unknown and unexplained rationale" this report was shelved by the EPA in 1979 and not released. Another hero EPA scientists during this time found that many of the chemical company studies being presented in actual court cases were fraudulent and corrupted. When she made this known to the EPA enforcement, her reward was to be punished and set aside by the EPA, operating as a White House and VA pawn. Remember, the entire US Government using collaboration was denying any and all medical issues up until 1990, some 23 years while Vietnam Veterans died and became disabled. Denied any and all serious side effects from our toxic chemical legacy and exposures. In reviewing the EPA reassessments in 1992, 1994, and 1996 the emergence of EPA dioxin expert Dr. Linda Birnbaum is a ray of hope for all Veterans. Although, there seems to be some end fighting going on between the less than truthful Ranch Hand studies and their studies that are slanted towards "government exoneration" as opposed to scientific facts and the new EPA dioxin expert at the EPA. Very similar to the CDC that sold their "scientific soul" to our White House in the 80's. (14) I find it very interesting and questionable when I do review a Ranch Hand report and find zero references to any EPA findings and OTA study findings. Also, I have seen references that there does seemed to be some disparity between the two entities. In reviewing both the EPA reassessments and the Ranch Hand scientific transcripts, not the published and crafted reports, I find many of the same issues being discussed and found. While the Ranch Hand then "exonerates the findings" the EPA expands on the issues. How long before the White House or the new EPA Director at behest of the president who appointed him puts the clamps on Dr. Birnbaum is the question. One issue that the EPA discusses in their reassessment is the immunotoxicity of dioxin. That the threshold for immunotoxicity is 100 times less than that of a cancer. And that for some disorders created by dioxin there does not seemed to be a threshold. So much for the Ranch Hand study linear dose response only government/VA mandated study constraint. One would also wonder if the threshold for immunotoxicity is 100 times less than that of cancer then where are the immunotoxicity issues listed on our VA and NAS/IOM hit parade. You cannot have one without the other, except at the VA. I think most people are aware that cancer develops. It is not some magical medical moment you have cancer. It is a series of cell derangements and maturations that end up being a malignant cancer. This process can stop at any time for whatever reason leaving you with many other debilitating issues and even death from the autoimmune diseases that are created. Including other disorders such as medical conditions that may be in-between two cancers that are listed on our VA and NAS/IOM hit parade. These would be in the form of many issues and symptoms such as amyloydosis or many deranged antibody issues that are created, or even some form of connective tissue disorders. The EPA discusses the lack of an immune system and the creation of an attacking immune system and that you can actually have both. “Effects on the liver: There are some differences in different species but, in general, you see enlargement of the liver, you see accumulation of fat in the liver. In some tissue, you have hyperplasia, which is a proliferation of cells. The tissue actually gets bigger from having more cells, and this occurs in the lining of the gastro-intestinal tract, it occurs in the lining of the urinary tract, and it occurs in the bile duct, which comes from the liver. In other kinds of cells, instead of getting hyperplasia, which is an inappropriate proliferation of cells, you get squamous metaplasia, which is an inappropriate differentiation of cells. It is not that an eye turns into an ear, but in fact, one type of cell turns into another type of cell. It starts behaving like that cell. So, one of the classic kinds of symptomatology that we see in humans, is metaplasia of the meibomian glands of the eye. Now, meibomian glands are little glands at the base of your eyelid that secrete very small amounts of fluid. With exposure to dioxins, these actually change and start producing waxy exudates on your eye that makes vision very difficult and this is a complaint of people who have had very high levels of dioxin exposure. They also complain of problems with hearing. There are glands that line your ear canal, which are called the ceruminous glands and these undergo an inappropriate differentiation and start producing earwax. These are not the normal glands that produce normal earwax.” (15) Now that last paragraph is some scary stuff to think that dioxin can create these issues for external organs and glands and think what this poison is doing to your internal organs. So the bottom line is the "dioxin damaging process that is created," not the end item ICD code that not everyone will reach, based on many many variants. To include there is no ICD code for total body system disruption caused by toxic chemicals that have never been identified as to some sort of syndrome. What Dr. Birnbaum described is about as close as you come to a body's response to some form of antigen or virus. While the dioxin itself does not appear to create an antigenic response the damage it creates from cell derangement and hormone and enzyme changes does parallel a body response to a virus. Very similar to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), or AIDS virus, or even Hepatitis C virus. All of these, including the cancers we have listed on our VA and NAS/IOM hit parade all seemed to be associated with B and T cell issues. In talking to the NAS/IOM I posed this theory that it seemed dioxin was creating a body response similar to that of a virus such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), or AIDS virus, or even Hepatitis C virus. The immediate response, with no hesitation, from the NAS/IOM was, "There is no proof of that." Almost as if they indeed know that this is a very likely scenario but do not want to confess that fact. In 2003 the Korean Agent Orange Immunotoxicological seven year Impact study that was not as anti-veteran and constrained as our own government studies found Immune-Modulation: (16) "Overall, this study suggests that military service in Vietnam and/or Agent Orange Exposure disturbs the immune-homeostasis resulting in dysregulation of B and T cell activities." Found disturbed in this study were. IFN gamma TNF alpha IL4:IFN gamma ratio Once again this describes a reaction similar to that of an exposure to a virus which can set off many issues including any predisposition by genetics. Which would now mean that anything associated to this damaging processes should more than likely be associated, especially if trends are found whether there is a linear dose response found to dioxin only or not. Example: You can have the genetics for celiac-sprue all your life and never have a problem. You may have the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) genes specifically linked to celiac disease of DR3, DQ2 and DQ8. But only when you have the immune system issue or virus like response created by dioxin will this disease manifest. Normally associated with T-cell involvement. In my novice research, I found many issues on our VA and NAS/IOM hit parade that are already associated with the EBV in many medical publications. In addition, I found most of the issues associated and those issues that we know are prevalent among our Veterans that probably "should be associated" were also involved with B and T cell issues derangement and dysregulation. Many of the immune system cancers and nasal/pharyngeal cancers are associated to an immune system response from the EBV. In one study I found "EBV INFECTION OF ESOPHAGEAL CANCER TISSUE AS DETERMINED BY PCR" Their study indicated - Conclusion: Tentatively, there appears to be a correlation between EBV infection of esophageal tissue and abnormalities of the esophagus. "The percentages of EBV positive samples amongst the esophagitis (42.3%), esophagus squamous cell carcinomas (42.8%) and esophageal aden carcinomas (42.8%) were rather high. If these results are borne out in further investigations, they suggest a possible role of the EBV virus in the etiology of esophageal diseases. The fact that a large percent of non-cancerous esophagitis samples were positive suggests the virus may play a role in the early stages of abnormalities of the esophagus,... This is highly suggestive of EBV involvement in Esophageal cancers. One of the issues associated with Barrett's Esophagus and the development of esophageal cancers is GERD. I previously reported above, all the gastrointestinal issues reported to include gastroparesis which seems to be related to possible delayed stomach emptying or increased stomach acid production. We already know that many many Veterans suffer from peripheral neuropathy. This was found to a linear dose response in the Ranch Hand studies as a stand alone and then not brought forward; and of course the NAS/IOM still denies this peripheral nerve damage. In fact in the 2002 update the NAS/IOM had this to say: The 2002 update concluded that there is inadequate or insufficient evidence to determine whether an association exists between the chemicals studied and chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy. In relation to acute and subacute transient peripheral neuropathy, the NAS concluded that there was limited or suggestive evidence of an association between chemical exposure and the disease, as stated in the update 1996 report. Update 2002 also indicated that if TCDD were associated with the development of transient acute and subacute peripheral neuropathy, the disorder would become evident shortly after exposure. The NAS was unaware of any evidence that new cases developing long after service in Vietnam that could be attributed to herbicide exposure in Vietnam. This is because the NAS/IOM operates under government constraints and goes more blind every two years, as it is time to put out their slanted and biased findings. Just as our congress does every election cycle in stating they support Veterans. All of it fictitious and sickening. The Korean Agent Orange Impact study found this very painful nerve damage as a stand alone prevalent and relevant to Agent Orange at a p-value of 0.039 and related to service in Vietnam at a p-value of 0.0042. Of course, our VA and the NAS/IOM still deny this involvement. The point is, you cannot have all this peripheral nerve damage without involvement in the autonomic nerves or even the central nervous system itself. I would seriously doubt, using any logic at all, that dioxin involvement already proven scientifically and mathematically in peripheral nerve damages is that specific to only affect part of the nervous system. Autonomic nervous system would be involved with delayed stomach emptying and also insulin timing/glucose, which we also know is a big issue among Vietnam Veterans. Regardless, if it was the involvement of B and T cells as some form of virus like response from the dioxin or autonomic nerve damage causing gastroparesis it is all associated with Service in Vietnam to multiple toxic chemical exposures. In addition the VA and NAS/IOM state they are not looking for "cause and effect." In fact, I challenged the NAS/IOM on this fact and they categorically denied this fact. While the Ranch Hand demands a liner dose response, which by default means you are looking for some form of "cause and effect" or at least to some level of cause and effect. By mandating this constraint many medical issues from Military Service in Vietnam that are "indeed found significant" go unreported; as planned by the entire government. Remember in my previous discussions that prior to our toxic chemical legacy our government based Veterans compensations on "increased risk of incidence" or "significant increase" regardless of cause and effect, especially in an unknown issue as we had 40 years ago in types of toxic chemicals and the different forms of ingestions. Logically, even "medical trends" such as showing up in those that served from Australia, New Zealand, Korea, US Forces should be looked at with great concern as an "increased risk of incidence." Unfortunately, this has not happened by our government scientists and those scientists at the NAS/IOM who are contracted by our government with apparently some built in constraints; or the NAS/IOM is totally biased against Veterans as the committee they replaced. Just as that committee that operated from 1979 to 1991 that was disbanded in disgrace after review of their totally biased processes , the VACEH. It seems the NAS/IOM itself is more tied to a VA mandated and controlled process than real scientific trends and medical issues. Included in this comparison should be those medical issues from Times Beach, Mo where the government bought up a whole town for less exposures than most Veterans saw while at the same time they were denying Veterans any and all dioxin issues. Or the Love Canal, New York manifestations, or the Seveso, Italy dioxin incident. Which if you compare the amount of toxic chemicals released in pounds and the amount of TCDD in Italy it is about 2% of what my gun park saw along the DMZ, not counting the drift from other firebases within the drift rate of about 11 miles. Yet, this area of Italy was declared a disaster area by national and international standards. The Seveso, Italy dioxin accident has been characterized as a "National disaster." The actual 2,4,5-T release was estimated to be 100 grams (3.52 oz) to 20 kg (44.09 lbs) of dioxin was released into the air along with the estimated only 3,000 kg (6,613.9 pounds) of chemical that was released. The furthest contamination distance was 6 km (3.7 miles) to the south. This absolutely pales in comparison to just the Rockpile FSB minimum of 506,000 pounds within 4.8 miles. (Not including the other firebase overlaps, the drift rates from the DMZ burm, tank spraying, tanker spraying, helicopter spraying, the additional toxic chemical poundage of Agents White and Blue.) In fact, the Seveso Italy area was the perfect place to study these "increased risk of incidences" because of the way the exposure levels were broken out by exposure zones. Almost as if you would have a built in dose rate evaluation. In reviewing the following peer reviewed article on, "The Seveso Studies on Early and Long-Term Effects of Dioxin Exposure: A Review" I found many issues that Veterans have been submitting for and being turned down by our anti-Veteran Veterans Administration. Many of which were found in our allies as well as US troops. Many were found in the Ranch Hand transcripts and then not bought forward into the medical community. I indicate "peer reviewed" because the NAS/IOM will not look at anything that has not been stalled for at least seven years in some peer review. Even though the Ranch Hand reports are peer reviewed and published in medical journals you can build a medical journal on dioxin exposures on what they are not reporting; as they seemed to "craft for publication" as opposed to medical science. I will not go into the many things found significant in mortality and disease that we Veterans have been saying was associated and suffering from while the government stalls using the VA and the NAS/IOM. What I did find that was interesting was obstructive air way diseases COPD, which the Ranch Hand found some of that. I was thinking why did the Koreans in their honest evaluation, that did not select by MOS only; not find this issue. Then realized that this is one medical area they did not evaluate. Had they done so; I can assure you they would not only have found it; but published the "unmodified results." However, esophageal cancer mortality was one of them in the Seveso, Italy incident; especially in males. With a Risk Ratio (RR) of 1.8 and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) of 1.1-2.4. (17) In fact the study concluded: (It should be noted that this was only a 15-year after the fact study.) Increases in rectal cancers and increases in selected digestive digestive sites (liver and others). It was theorized by some of the Ranch Hand scientists that one of the rationales as to why the Ranch Handers themselves were not showing more cancers was because of the non-cancerous mortality from ischemic heart and vascular disease mortality. The men were not living long enough to show the increase in cancers. (2) Now that is a comforting thought for all our Vietnam Veterans left alive. This seems to be very possibly a trend in the Seveso, Italy dioxin exposure also. In a court document the following was submitted in evidence by Doctor Cate Jenkins of the EPA: (19) Many Vietnam veterans have experienced more than one of the adverse health effects associated with dioxin. Such a coincidence of injuries increases the probability that the common casual factor of the multiple injuries was dioxin rather than two or more coincidental factors. In addition, a variety of human population exposed to dioxin have experienced these health effects (Vietnam veterans, farmers, forestry workers, residential populations in Missouri and Italy, and chemical production workers in the U.S. and other countries), thus establishing a firm basis for concluding that dioxin, and not some other unique factor related to service in Vietnam, was responsible for these health effects. Further, many Vietnam veterans and other populations exposed to dioxin have experienced dose-related increased rates of these adverse health effects, proving strong epidemiological evidence that the effects were caused by, not merely associated with, dioxin. In all cases, animals have experienced these same health effects when dioxin is administered in a controlled laboratory setting, thus providing a plausible biological basis for the health effects observed in humans. The effects demonstrated by these new studies to be significantly associated with dioxin exposures include elevated cancers of all sites combined (representing a general carcinogenic effect of dioxin), as well as cancers of specific sites, namely: soft tissue sarcomas; non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; Hodgkin's disease; leukemias, lymphomas, and other hematologic cancers; respiratory system cancer; skin cancer; testicular cancer; and cancers of the brain, stomach, colon, rectum, prostate, hepatobiliary tract, pancreas, and kidney. One adverse effect in addition to cancer significantly associated with dioxin is organic nerve damage, including peripheral as well as central nervous system damage, and the severe consequences of central nervous system damage, such as suicide and fatal accidents, depression, anxiety, and other neuropsychological problems. Other adverse effects significantly associated with dioxin include reproductive abnormalities; immunological abnormalities; dermatologic abnormalities; hepatoxic effects; gastrointestinal ulcer; cardiovascular disorders; metabolic disorders such as porphyria cutanea tarda, thyroid dysfunction, diabetes, and altered lipid metabolism; and lung and thorax abnormalities. Specific digestive system cancers: Stomach: Dow Chemical Corporation Studies of Chlorophenol Production Workers. (19) The 1989 Dow Chemical Corporation analysis of employees exposed to dioxin found elevated stomach cancer deaths. When Dow directly compared "exposed" and "unexposed" workers, "exposed" workers were found to have statistically significant higher rates of stomach cancer. NIOSH Study of Maine Paper Mill Workers (19) The June 1991 NIOSH study of paper mill workers in Maine found elevated stomach cancer deaths, although this elevation was not significant. The odds ratio for dying of stomach cancer, however, was found to increase in a statistically significant manner with increasing duration of employment at the paper mill, thus establishing a dose-response casual relationship between work at the paper mill and increased gastric cancer. Significant Earlier Studies Showing Elevated Stomach Cancer (19) Earlier studies have demonstrated statistically significant excesses of stomach cancer in populations exposed to dioxin. Three deaths from stomach cancer (0.6 expected) were found among workers exposed to a trichlorophenol process accident (p = 0.024 - 0.034). An investigation of railway workers exposed to phenoxyacetic acid herbicides found an excess of stomach cancer deaths (odds ratio = 6.1; p< 0.05), for over 10 years latency from exposure. Seveso, Italy 15 year mortality study shows stomach cancer incidence as high as RR = 1.3 and confidence interval (CI) .7-2.7. (17) American Journal of Epidemiology reports on Seveso, Italy 20 year study reports an increase in all cancers. Stomach cancer was increased in the second decade. In the 10–14-year period, digestive cancer mortality was elevated, and stomach and liver cancer showed statistically significant increases. (20) Rectal: In 1985, the Danish Cancer Society published a study examining the incidence of cancer in persons employed in manufacture of phenoxyacetic acid herbicides before 1982. <32> Cancer cases were identified for 3,390 males and 1,069 females. The highest observed statistically significant elevated risk was soft tissue sarcomas among males employed in any department at the two factories (relative risk = 2.72; 95% C.I. = 0.88 - 6.34). The two Danish factories included in the study used limited amounts of 2,4,5-T production took place, the predominant product being 4-chloro-ortho-cresol. In addition to elevated soft tissue sarcomas, this study also identified excess risk of lung, rectal, and cervical cancers. (19) American Journal of Epidemiology reports on Seveso, Italy 20 year study reports an increase in all cancers with rectal cancer RR=2.4, 95% CI = 1.2, 4.6. (20) Deaths from rectal cancer were elevated, with a nearly twofold increase in zone B. (20) All of these trends and factual data add up to one of three things: One - Esophageal cancer as well as gastrointestinal cancers are associated to dioxin exposure. Two - Esophageal cancer as well as gastrointestinal cancers are associated to Military Service In Vietnam; regardless of cause and effect or which one of the toxic chemicals caused the cancer. Three - Esophageal cancer as well as gastrointestinal cancers are associated to Military Service In Vietnam. This is especially true if it is Barrett's Esophagus or Esophageal Cancer that begins in cells that line internal organs. This is called "adenocarcinoma" and is not normally associated with drinking or smoking but from stomach acid or other forms of gastrointestinal stress. Or, as I have pointed out a dioxin or other toxic chemicals in Agent White or Agent Blue caused dysregulation of B and/or T cell activities identified by the Korean Study. (16) No different than an exposure to the Epstein Barr Virus which is associated to this form of cancer in nasal/oral cavity, pharynx (throat), and Esophageal cancers. This rare form of cancers of this type should be associated to military service in Vietnam in toxic chemical environment; regardless of what specific body or internal organ site. In the Addendum, I review two cases that were approved as individual cases of Esophageal Cancer. In the disapproved cases the majority of the BVA disapproval decisions are based on the fact the Veteran did not have the cancer in the service or didn't come down with within a year from discharge. We are after all talking about the long term effects of these toxic chemicals (plural). DUH! There is probably not even one toxic chemical that will cause a diagnosed cancer inside of one year from time of exposure. To take that much you would probably be dead already. But when you have own legal system set up, granted by the congress then any dumb White House excuse for Veteran's denial will suffice. Not only suffice, but it is absolutely unchallengeable no matter how illegal it or dumb the decision. Unless you consider the corrupt US Court of Appeals for Veterans as some sort of challenge. Over 17,000 cases heard and 13 positive decisions in favor of the Veteran or his widow. This to the normal person would seem just a tad bit questionable. That is unless you serve in the United States Congress. (1) Open letter to the Australian Government by Veteran Gary McMahon (2) Ranch Hand Official Transcripts (Not the government redacted published reports) (3) Taped interview by Moon Callison with Admiral Zumwalt on July 26th 1999 discussing his role in the Department of Veterans Affairs Report “Classified Confidential Status 1, not for Publication and Release to the General Public.” A report regarding adverse health affects from exposure to Agent Orange; Dated May 5 1990. (America’s Defense Monitor (ADM's) Moon Callison interviews the former Chief of Naval Operations, for "Environmental Impact of War"). (4) Department of Veterans Affairs Report “Classified Confidential Status 1, not for Publication and Release to the General Public.” A report regarding adverse health affects from exposure to Agent Orange; Dated May 5 1990, page 37. (5) Department of Veterans Affairs Report “Classified Confidential Status 1, not for Publication and Release to the General Public.” A report regarding adverse health affects from exposure to Agent Orange; Dated May 5 1990, page 23 and page 24. (7) Department of Veterans Affairs Report “Classified Confidential Status 1, not for Publication and Release to the General Public.” A report regarding adverse health affects from exposure to Agent Orange; Dated May 5, 1990 (8) March of 2000, House of Representatives, Subcommittee on National Security, Veterans Affairs, and International Relations, Committee on Government Reform, Washington, DC, ; Oversight review of the Ranch Hand Study. (9) Vietnam Veterans of America statement regarding the law suit against VA individuals. (10) New York Times article titled, "Chemicals Sickened '91 Gulf War Veterans, Latest Study Finds." October 14, 2004. (11) Letter from Daniel Teitelbaum, M.D., P.C. to Admiral E.R. Zumwalt, Jr. (April 18, 1990). 12) Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (13) Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisoning, 5th edition, U.S. EPA, Chapter 14. (14) House Report HR 101-672. (15) Re-Evaluation of Dioxin; A Presentation by Linda Birnbaum, Director Environmental Toxicology Division U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); To the 102nd Meeting of the Great Lakes Water Quality Board, Chicago, Illinois. (16) Immunotoxicological Effects of Agent Orange Exposures to the Vietnam War Korean Veterans accepted May 28, 2003. Industrial Health 2003, 41, 158-166 (17) Sort-Long Term Morbidity and Mortality in the Population Exposed to Dioxin after the "Seveso Accident - Industrial Health 2003, 41, 127-138 (18) Impact of Agent Orange Exposures among Korean Vietnam Veterans accepted May 28, 2003, Industrial Health 41, 149-157 (19) IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK SHIRLEY IVY, Individually and as Representative of the Estate of DONALD IVY, et al. Plaintiffs, CV-89-03361 (E.D.N.Y.) (JBW) v. [B-89-0059-CA (E.D.TEX.)] DIAMOND SHAMROCK CHEMICALS COMPANY, et al. SEP 3, 1991 (20) American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 153, No. 11 : 1031-1044 (Health Effects of Dioxin Exposure: A 20-Year Mortality Study) Comparison of data to sample cases of Esophageal Cancers that were approved by the VA on an individual basis associated to dioxin alone. Citation Nr: 9914625 Decision Date: 05/24/99 Archive Date: 06/07/99 DOCKET NO. 98-01 854 On appeal from the Department of Veterans Affairs Regional Office in Boise, Idaho 1. Entitlement to service connection for esophageal cancer for purposes of accrued benefits. 2. Entitlement to service connection for metastasized liver and lymph node cancer for purposes of accrued benefits. 3. Entitlement to service connection for the cause of the veteran's death. Appellant represented by: Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States ATTORNEY FOR THE BOARD K. Conner, Associate Counsel The veteran had active service from June 1969 to July 1973. This matter comes to the Board of Veterans' Appeals (Board) from a September 1997 rating decision of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Boise Regional Office (RO). This matter was previously before the Board in October 1998, at which time the issue of service connection for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for purposes of accrued benefits was denied. The issues of service connection for esophageal, liver and lymph node cancer for purposes of accrued benefits and the cause of the veteran's death were remanded for additional development of the evidence. FINDINGS OF FACT 1. All relevant evidence necessary for an equitable disposition of the appellant's appeal has been obtained by the RO. 2. Based on his service in the Republic of Vietnam during the Vietnam era and his military occupational specialty (field radio operator), the veteran was exposed to herbicidal agents in service, including Agent Orange. 3. The record contains clinical evidence showing that the veteran's esophageal cancer, which metastasized to his liver and lymph nodes, was incurred as a result of exposure to Agent Orange in service. 4. The cause of the veteran's death was esophageal carcinoma with liver metastasis. 2. Based on his service they have concluded that the veteran, in this case a Marine, was exposed to herbicidal agents, including Agent Orange. So this court is allowed to use the undefined term "herbicidal agents" rather than state the facts of Agents Orange, White, and Blue. Knowing this Veteran was a Marine and knowing where the Marines operated within Vietnam itself; it is a fact of record this Marine was exposed to copious amounts all three major herbicides of Agents Orange, White, and Blue. One would have to wonder why Agent White was not mentioned specifically since in Technical/Medical above it is clearly found the toxic chemicals used in the herbicide Agent White are noted for causing increased mortality from cancers of the esophagus, oral cavity, and pharynx (throat). One would have to wonder why Agent Blue was not mentioned specifically since in Technical/Medical above it is clearly found the toxic chemicals used in the herbicide Agent Blue are noted for causing - GI effects may also include inflammation, vesicle formation, and eventual sloughing (shedding) of the mucosa in the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus. 3. The record indicates clinical evidence showing that the veteran's esophageal cancer, which metastasized to his liver and lymph nodes, was incurred as a result of exposure to Agent Orange in service. This conclusion is moot at best, even though it was a positive outcome for the Veteran's Widow. You can have clinical evidence that the esophageal cancer was associated to only Agent Orange. How is this medically possible? We do have the Seveso, Italy study findings that show a increase risk of of Esophageal Cancers at RR = 1.8 but to state that there is medical evidence to only Agent Orange when they really mean "only Dioxin" is a scientific feat that no other scientists in the world have been able to accomplish. More to the point; what should have been stated: Based on the scientific findings from Seveso, Italy and based on the known chronic and acute exposure medical outcomes already established decades ago from the other toxic chemicals the Marine was also exposed to, should have concluded: That the Marines Esophageal Cancer was "more likely as not" caused by his exposures to the "multiple toxic chemicals" during his wartime service in the toxic chemical environment in the Republic of Vietnam. This should be the conclusion for any Vietnam Veteran that develops Barrett's Esophagus and/or Esophageal Cancer and should be automatically "Service Connected." CONCLUSIONS OF LAW 1. Affording the appellant the benefit of the doubt, the veteran's esophageal, liver, and lymph node cancer was incurred in active service and accrued benefits, based on service connection for esophageal, liver, and lymph node cancer, are payable. 38 U.S.C.A. §§ 1110, 5107, 5121 (West 1991); 38 C.F.R. §§ 3.303, 3.310, 3.1000 (1998). 2. A disability incurred in service caused or contributed substantially or materially to the veteran's death. 38 U.S.C.A. §§ 1110, 1310, 5107(a) (West 1991); 38 C.F.R. §§ 3.303, 3.312 (1998). REASONS AND BASES FOR FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION I. Factual Background The post-service medical evidence shows that in November 1996, the veteran sought treatment for severe epigastric pain which he indicated had been present for the past month. He reported a history of peptic ulcer disease and reflux, as well as a family history of gastric cancer (maternal grandmother), but denied symptoms of heartburn in the past three years. A barium swallow test was performed and revealed a tumor at the gastroesophageal junction. The veteran was hospitalized later that month for an esophagogastroduodenoscopy with biopsy, which revealed a malignant tumor of the distal esophagus. The examiner indicated that, with the veteran's history of reflux, "one might raise the question of a short segment Barrett's that has developed adenocarcinoma but there is no gross evidence of Barrett's esophagus." Shortly thereafter, a CT scan of the lower chest and upper abdomen showed metastatic spread to the liver as well as probably the celiac nodes. The VA examiner states there is no gross evidence of Barrett's esophagus. After reviewing many many cases in this "so called legal system" set up for the Veterans as some kind of reward by our congress; the anti-veteran bias is so obvious in reviewing these cases. Any VA examiner can make descriptive statements like, "no gross evidence of Barrett's esophagus", then this is now by default considered fact of absolutely no (zero) evidence of any association to Barrett's Esophagus. In support of her claim, the appellant submitted a December 1997 letter from one of the veteran's treating physicians. In his letter, the physician indicated that the veteran "did not have any significant risk factors for esophageal cancer" as he was not a smoker or a drinker and he had not had a past history of peptic ulcer disease or chronic reflex or dyspepsia. "There was no family history of esophageal or stomach cancer. Of interest is that [the veteran] did partake in the Vietnam conflict and states that he was exposed to Agent Orange." The physician indicated that, while he was not an expert in cancer, he had consulted with a private hematologist/oncologist who felt that the veteran's cancer was very rare, given his lack of definable risk factors. As such, he indicated that, "I question if there might be some relationship between [the veteran's] aggressive cancer and his past exposure to Agent Orange." Also submitted by the appellant was a January 1999 letter from another private physician, a specialist in gastroenterology, who indicated that the etiology of the veteran's adenocarcinoma was not classically defined, although he did have long existing reflux symptoms. He noted that the appellant had some concern that the veteran's Agent Orange exposure may have played a role in the development of his esophageal cancer. In that regard, he noted that, since there were no available data that Agent Orange can or cannot cause esophageal cancer, it was possible that the veteran's esophageal cancer was at least as likely as not related to his exposure to Agent Orange in service, rather than to any other cause. Three issues: While that statement was only true during that time period. The long term mortality Seveso, Italy study does conclude that significant increased mortality from Esophageal Cancer and a relationship of dioxin exposures, does indeed exist. Thanks to our government and especially the "Veterans Administration" this Marine, more than likely, had no idea of the other toxic chemicals which he was exposed. I have found this true in discussing the toxic chemicals with both Army and Marine Veterans. Many who were on the same Marine gun park I was on; and they have not a clue as to the different toxic chemicals they were exposed. Once again, thanks to our government and especially the "Veterans Administration" this Marine, more than likely, had no idea of the other toxic chemicals which he was exposed. Therefore, he had no way of conveying to his practicing civilian medical doctor of the total toxic chemicals he was exposed. In addition, the practicing civilian medical doctor would have no idea on his own thanks to the medical information void created by the Veterans Administration, based on White House philosophy. I have found this true in discussing the toxic chemicals with my own civilian doctor that he had no clue to the other toxic chemicals associated. In a February 1999 medical opinion, a VA physician indicated that longstanding gastroesophageal reflux disease with progression into dysplasia and adenocarcinoma was well recognized. He noted that while multiple cancers and sarcomas were now accepted by VA as related to Agent Orange exposure, esophageal cancers with metastases to the regional nodes and liver was not currently accepted by VA as etiologically related. He noted that while a feasibility study related to a research initiative had been completed, the study of long-term health effects due to Agent Orange would not be released until the end of the year 2001. As such, he indicated that "at present adenocarcinoma while related to longstanding gastroesophageal reflux disease is not accepted in its etiology as related to agent orange exposure at this time." Once again, thanks to our government and especially the "Veterans Administration" even our practicing VA physicians do not have any knowledge of the other toxic chemicals or at least they feign they do not. In several instances, I mentioned the other toxic chemicals to my VA physicians and clinical specialists and they indicated they have never heard of these other herbicides; nor what was in them. In fact, when I mentioned Agent Blue and the toxic chemicals the retort was; MY GOD, that is toxic chemical that is noted for its "neurotoxicity effects." II. Law and Regulations To establish service connection for the cause of the veteran's death, the evidence must show that a disability incurred in or aggravated by service either caused or contributed substantially or materially to cause death. 38 U.S.C.A. § 1310; 38 C.F.R. § 3.312 (1998). For a service- connected disability to be the cause of death, it must singly, or with some other condition, be the immediate or underlying cause, or be etiologically related. For a service-connected disability to constitute a contributory cause, it is not sufficient to show that it casually shared in producing death, but rather it must be shown that there was a causal connection. Id. Service connection may be granted for disability resulting from disease or injury incurred in or aggravated by wartime service. 38 U.S.C.A. § 1110. Additionally, service connection may be granted for disability which is proximately due to or the result of a service-connected disease or injury. 38 C.F.R. § 3.310 (1998). Service connection may also be granted for any disease diagnosed after discharge when all the evidence, including that pertinent to service, establishes that the disease was incurred in service. 38 C.F.R. § 3.303(d) (1998). A veteran who, during active military, naval, or air service, served in the Republic of Vietnam during the Vietnam era, and has a disease listed at 38 C.F.R. § 3.309(e), shall be presumed to have been exposed during such service to a herbicide agent, unless there is affirmative evidence to establish that the veteran was not exposed to any such agent during that service. 38 C.F.R. § 3.307(a)(6)(iii) (1998). The U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims (Court) has recently held that under the plain language of 38 U.S.C. § 1116(a)(3) and 38 C.F.R. § 3.307(a)(6)(iii), the incurrence element of a well-grounded claim is not satisfied where the veteran has not developed a condition enumerated in either 38 U.S.C. § 1116(a) or 38 C.F.R. § 3.309(e). In other words, both service in the Republic of Vietnam during the designated time period and the establishment of one of the listed diseases is required in order to establish entitlement to the in-service presumption of exposure to an herbicide agent. McCartt v. West, 12 Vet. App. 164 (1999). In this case, although the veteran's primary cancer, esophageal cancer, is not one of the cancers listed in 38 C.F.R. § 3.309(e), the Board nonetheless concludes that the evidence shows that he was likely exposed to Agent Orange in service. First, it is observed that his DD Form 214 shows that he served in the U.S. Marine Corps in Vietnam during the Vietnam era. He was awarded numerous decorations, including the Vietnam Gallantry Cross and Combat Action Ribbon. Moreover, and most probative, his military occupational specialty was field radio operator. Given the nature of his military occupational specialty and his service in Vietnam during the Vietnam era, the Board finds that he was likely exposed to Agent Orange in service. See also 38 U.S.C.A. § 1154(b) (providing that with combat veterans, VA shall accept as sufficient proof of service-connection satisfactory lay or other evidence of service incurrence, if consistent with the circumstances, conditions, or hardships of such service). If a veteran was exposed to a herbicide agent during active military, naval, or air service, the following diseases shall be service-connected if the requirements of 38 U.S.C.A. § 1116, 38 C.F.R. § 3.307(a)(6)(iii) are met, even though there is no record of such disease during service, provided further that the rebuttable presumption provisions of 38 U.S.C.A. § 1113; 38 C.F.R. § 3.307(d) are also satisfied: chloracne or other acneform diseases consistent with chloracne, Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, acute and subacute peripheral neuropathy, porphyria cutanea tarda, prostate cancer, respiratory cancers (cancer of the lung, bronchus, larynx, or trachea), and certain specified soft-tissue sarcomas. 38 C.F.R. § 3.309(e) (1998). The Secretary has also determined that there is no positive association between exposure to herbicides and any other condition for which he has not specifically determined a presumption of service connection is warranted. See Disease Not Associated With Exposure to Certain Herbicide Agents, 59 Fed. Reg. 341-46 (Jan. 4, 1994). In a recent opinion, the VA General Counsel held that presumptive service connection may not be established under 38 U.S.C. § 1116 and 38 CFR § 3.307(a) for a cancer listed in 38 CFR 3.309(e) as being associated with herbicide exposure, if the cancer developed as the result of metastasis of a cancer which is not associated with herbicide exposure. VA O.G.C. Prec. Op. No. 18-97, 62 Fed. Reg. 37,954 (1997); see also Darby v. Brown, 10 Vet. App. 243, 245 (1997). Evidence sufficient to support the conclusion that a cancer listed in section 3.309(e) resulted from metastasis of a cancer not associated with herbicide exposure will constitute "affirmative evidence" to rebut the presumption of service connection for the purposed of 38 U.S.C. § 1113(a) and 38 CFR § 3.307(d). Id. The Board is bound by this opinion. 38 U.S.C.A. § 7104. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (Federal Circuit) has determined that the Veteran's Dioxin and Radiation Exposure Compensation Standards (Radiation Compensation) Act, Pub. L. No. 98-542, § 5, 98 Stat. 2725, 2727-29 (1984) does not preclude a veteran from establishing service connection with proof of actual direct causation. Combee v. Brown, 34 F.3d 1039 (Fed. Cir. 1994). The rationale employed in Combee also applies to claims based on exposure to Agent Orange. Brock v. Brown, 10 Vet. App. 155 (1997). The standard of proof to be applied in decisions on claims for VA benefits is set forth in 38 U.S.C.A. § 5107(b). Under that provision, a claimant is entitled to the "benefit of doubt" when there is an approximate balance of positive and negative evidence. The preponderance of the evidence must be against the claim for benefits to be denied. When a claimant seeks benefits and the evidence is in relative equipoise, the law requires that the claimant prevail. See Gilbert v. Derwinski, 1 Vet. App. 49 (1990). III. Analysis Initially, it is noted that at the time of his death, the veteran had a pending claim of service connection for esophageal cancer with liver and lymph node metastases. As a matter of law, veteran's claims do not survive their deaths. Vda de Landicho v. Brown, 7 Vet. App. 42, 47 (1994). However, the provisions of 38 U.S.C.A. § 5121 "set forth a procedure for a qualified survivor to carry on, to the limited extent provided for therein, a deceased veteran's claim for VA benefits by submitting an application for accrued benefits within one year after the veteran's death." Vda. de Landicho, 7 Vet. App. at 47. Specifically, section 5121 provides that periodic monetary benefits to which a veteran was entitled on the basis of evidence in the file at date of death, and due and unpaid for a period of not more than one year prior to death, may be paid to the living person first listed as follows: (1) His spouse, (2) his children (in equal shares), (3) his dependent parents (in equal shares). 38 U.S.C.A. § 5121. In this case, the appellant's claim for accrued benefits was received at the RO in August 1997, within one year of the veteran's death. As such, the Board will address the merits of the claims of service connection for esophageal cancer with liver and lymph node metastases for purposes of accrued As set forth above, because esophageal carcinoma is not among the diseases listed at 38 C.F.R. § 3.309(e), the appellant is not entitled to the legal presumption that this disorder is etiologically related to exposure to herbicide agents in service. However, that fact does not preclude her from establishing service connection with proof of actual, direct causation. See Combee v. Brown, 34 F.3d 1039 (Fed.Cir. 1994); Brock v. Brown, 10 Vet. App. 155 (1997). In that regard, the Board notes that she has submitted opinions from two physicians who tend to link the veteran's esophageal cancer to his exposure to Agent Orange in service. In a December 1997 statement, a physician indicated that "there might be some relationship between [the veteran's] aggressive cancer and his past exposure to Agent Orange." In a January 1999 opinion, another physician indicated that it was possible that the veteran's esophageal cancer was at least as likely as not related to his exposure to Agent Orange in service, as opposed to any other cause. On the other hand, the record also contains a February 1999 opinion from a VA examiner to the effect that adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, while related to longstanding gastroesophageal reflux disease, is not currently accepted by VA in its etiology as related to Agent Orange exposure. On the basis of this competent medical evidence, the Board finds that the positive evidence in favor of allowance is at least equal to the negative evidence against an allowance. Therefore, with an approximate balance of positive and negative evidence regarding the merits of her claim, the appellant must be accorded the benefit of the doubt. 38 U.S.C.A. § 5107(b); Gilbert, 1 Vet. App. at 53-56 (1990). Thus, service connection for esophageal cancer for accrued benefits purposes is granted. Inasmuch as the Board has determined that service connection is appropriate for esophageal cancer, service connection for metastasized liver and lymph node cancer is likewise warranted on a secondary basis. 38 C.F.R. § 3.310(a). Accordingly, in light of the Board's decision to grant service connection for these disabilities, and given the cause of his death as listed on his death certificate, it is clear that service connection for the cause of the veteran's death is now warranted. 38 U.S.C.A. § 1310; 38 C.F.R. § 3.312 (1998). Service connection for esophageal cancer with liver and lymph node metastases (for purposes of accrued benefits) is granted. Service connection for the cause of the veteran's death is granted. J.F. GOUGH Member, Board of Veterans' Appeals DOCKET NO. 04-17 060 ) DATE On appeal from the Department of Veterans Affairs Regional Office in San Diego, Entitlement to service connection for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Appellant represented by: California Department of J. Connolly Jevtich, Counsel The veteran served on active duty from January 1967 to This case comes before the Board of Veterans' Appeals (the Board) on appeal from an April 1998 rating decision of the San Diego, California, Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Regional Office (RO) 1. The veteran had service in the Republic of Vietnam during the Vietnam era and is presumed to have been exposed to Agent Orange during that time. 2. The veteran's adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is related to service. CONCLUSION OF LAW Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus was incurred during active service. 38 U.S.C.A. § 1110 (West 2002); 38 C.F.R. §§ 3.303, 3.304 (2003). There has been a significant change in the law during the pendency of this appeal with the enactment of the Veterans Claims Assistance Act (VCAA). 38 U.S.C.A. § 5100, 5102, 5103, 5103A, 5106, 5107, 5126 (West 2002). To implement the provisions of the law, the VA promulgated regulations at 38 C.F.R. §§ 3.102, 3.156(a), 3.159, 3.326(a)). The amendments became effective November 9, 2000, except for the amendment to 38 C.F.R. § 3.156(b) which became effective August 29, 2001. Except for the amendment to 38 C.F.R. § 3.156(a), the second sentence of 38 C.F.R. § 3.159(c), and 38 C.F.R. § 3.159(c)(4)(iii), VA stated that "the provisions of this rule merely implement the VCAA and do not provide any rights other than those provided in the VCAA." 66 Fed. Reg. 45,629. Accordingly, in general where the record demonstrates that the statutory mandates have been satisfied, the regulatory provisions likewise are satisfied. The Act and implementing regulations eliminate the concept of a well-grounded claim, redefine the obligations of VA with respect to the duty to assist, and supersede the decision of the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims in Morton v. West, 12 Vet. App. 477 (1999), withdrawn sub nom. Morton v. Gober, 14 Vet. App. 174 (per curiam order) (holding that VA cannot assist in the development of a claim that is not well grounded). First, VA has a duty to notify the veteran and his representative, if represented, of any information and evidence needed to substantiate and complete a claim. 38 U.S.C.A. §§ 5102, 5103. Second, VA has a duty to assist the veteran in obtaining evidence necessary to substantiate the claim. 38 U.S.C.A. § 5103A. The Board is, at this time, granting the veteran's claim; thus any deficiencies in this case as to VCAA are harmless and nonprejudicial. Service connection may be granted for disability resulting from disease or injury incurred in or aggravated by service. 38 U.S.C.A. § 1110. For the showing of chronic disease in service there is required a combination of manifestations sufficient to identify the disease entity and sufficient observation to establish chronicity at the time, as distinguished from merely isolated findings or a diagnosis including the word "chronic." Continuity of symptomatology is required where the condition noted during service is not, in fact, shown to be chronic or where the diagnosis of chronicity may be legitimately questioned. When the fact of chronicity in service is not adequately supported, then a showing of continuity after discharge is required to support the claim. 38 C.F.R. § 3.303(b) (2003). A chronic, tropical, or prisoner-of-war related disease, or a disease associated with exposure to certain herbicide agents, listed in 38 C.F.R. § 3.309 will be considered to have been incurred in service under the circumstances outlined in this section even though there is no evidence of such disease during the period of service. No condition other than the ones listed in 38 C.F.R. § 3.309(a) will be considered chronic. 38 U.S.C.A. §§ 1101, 1112, 1113, 1116; 38 C.F.R. § 3.307(a). A veteran who, during active military, naval, or air service, served in the Republic of Vietnam during the period beginning on January 9, 1962, and ending on May 7, 1975 shall be presumed to have been exposed during such service to an herbicide agent, unless there is affirmative evidence to establish that the veteran was not exposed to any such agent during that service. The last date on which such a veteran shall be presumed to have been exposed to an herbicide agent shall be the last date on which he or she served in the Republic of Vietnam during the period beginning on January 9, 1962, and ending on May 7, 1975. "Service in the Republic of Vietnam" includes service in the waters offshore and service in other locations if the conditions of service involved duty or visitation in the Republic of Vietnam. 38 U.S.C.A. § 1116(f); 38 C.F.R. § 3.307(a)(6)(iii). If a veteran was exposed to an herbicide agent during active military, naval, or air service, the following diseases shall be service-connected if the requirements of 38 U.S.C.A. § 1116, 38 C.F.R. § 3.307(a)(6)(iii) are met, even though there is no record of such disease during service, provided further that the rebuttable presumption provisions of 38 U.S.C.A. § 1113; 38 C.F.R. § 3.307(d) are also satisfied: chloracne or other acneform diseases consistent with chloracne, Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, acute and subacute peripheral neuropathy, porphyria cutanea tarda, prostate cancer, respiratory cancers (cancer of the lung, bronchus, larynx, or trachea), soft-tissue sarcomas (other than osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, or mesothelioma), diabetes, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. 38 C.F.R. § 3.309(e). Further, VA regulation provides that with chronic disease shown as such in service (or within the presumptive period under 38 C.F.R. § 3.307) so as to permit a finding of service connection, subsequent manifestations of the same chronic disease at any later date, however remote, are service connected, unless clearly attributable to intercurrent causes. For the showing of chronic disease in service there is required a combination of manifestations sufficient to identify the disease entity, and sufficient observation to establish chronicity at the time, as distinguished from merely isolated findings or a diagnosis including the word "chronic." When the disease identity is established (leprosy, tuberculosis, multiple sclerosis, etc.), there is no requirement of evidentiary showing of continuity. Continuity of symptomatology is required only where the condition noted during service (or in the presumptive period) is not, in fact, shown to be chronic or where the diagnosis of chronicity may be legitimately questioned. When the fact of chronicity in service is not adequately supported, then a the claim. 38 C.F.R. 3.303(b). Service connection may be granted for any disease diagnosed after service when all the evidence establishes that the disease was incurred in service. 38 C.F.R. § 3.303(d); Combee v. Brown, 34 F.3d 1039, 1042 (Fed. Cir. 1994). A claim for service connection requires competent evidence of a current disability; proof as to incurrence or aggravation of a disease or injury in service, as provided by either lay or medical evidence, as the situation dictates; and competent evidence as to a nexus between the in-service injury or disease and the current disability. Cohen v. Brown, 10 Vet. App. 128, 137 (1997); Layno v. Brown, 6 Vet. App. 465 (1994). The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has determined that a claimant is not precluded from establishing service connection with proof of direct causation. Combee; Ramey v. Brown, 9 Vet. App. 40, 44 (1996), aff'd sub nom. Ramey v. Gober, 120 F.3d 1239 (Fed. Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 118 S.Ct. 1171 (1998). See also Brock v. Brown, 10 Vet. App. 155, 160-61 (1997). October 1970. His service record confirms service in Vietnam. Thus, exposure to Agent Orange is presumed. It is further noted that the veteran served in combat and is entitled to consideration of 38 U.S.C.A. § 1154(b). The veteran was initially diagnosed as having esophageal cancer in October 2002. The veteran maintains that his esophageal cancer is a result of exposure to Agent Orange during his service in Vietnam. Esophageal cancer/adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is not one diseases listed at 38 C.F.R. § 3.309(e). Thus, the Board will consider if direct service connection is warranted. In support of his claim, the veteran has submitted two letters from his private treating physician, J. W., who is a diplomate in internal medicine, medical oncology, and hematology, as well as a March 2004 letter of another private treating physician, Dr. D. B., another of his treating physicians who is an oncologist specialist. In the first letter of Dr. J. W., dated in January 2003. Dr. J. W. stated that the veteran had been under his care for esophageal cancer since November 2002. He indicated that the veteran had no known risk factors for the development of his neoplasm beyond his exposure to Agent Orange during service. In support of his opinion, Dr. J. W. submitted medical literature which addressed the health effects of dioxin exposure in a 20-year mortality study. In reviewing this literature, the physician found that there was an increased relative risk of "other digestive cancers." Although the study did not list these other types of cancers, he concluded that the study factored out stomach, cancer, colon, rectum, hepabillary, liver, and pancreatic cancer. The Board notes that in viewing the study, these types of cancers were listed under the heading of "digestive cancers" and were listed individually. Also listed under "digestive cancers" was a category entitled "other digestive." Dr. J. W. opined that this other category, after factoring out the enumerated cancers, left only esophageal and small bowel neoplasms unaccounted for; thus, they were the cancers in the catchall category. Dr. J. W. stated that he had not been able to find a specific reference to adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and Agent Orange due to the relatively rare occurrence of this cancer as compared to breast, lung, colon, and rectal cancers. However, with the referenced medical literature and the lack of a specific study, it was his opinion that there was an association between esophageal cancer and Agent Orange. He stated that it was his belief that Agent Orange was at least a factor or possibly the cause of the veteran's esophageal cancer. In his second letter, dated in March 2003, Dr. J. W. expanded on his earlier letter and addressed the veteran's documented history of cigarette smoking and any etiological relationship to his development of esophageal cancer. Dr. J. W. stated that there was a strong association with tobacco use and alcohol use and the development of squamous cell cancer of the esophagus, however, not with adenocarcinoma, which is the type of cancer from which the veteran suffers. Dr. J. W. stated that in patients with Barrett's esophagus, there might be an increased risk with tobacco, but the veteran did not have a preexisting history of Barrett's esophagus. In sum, the physician indicates that as the veteran did not have a preexisting history of Barrett's esophagus, since most cases do not have smoking as a risk factor, and because of the Agent Orange components have been shown to increase adenocarcinoma of the digestive tract, the physician felt that it was likely that the veteran's exposure to Agent Orange was a risk factor or causative factor in his In April 2003, the veteran was afforded a VA examination. The examiner reviewed the veteran's history and took note of his past exposure to Agent Orange as well as tobacco use. The examiner indicated that he had read literature with regard to Agent Orange exposure. The examiner also indicated that carcinoma of the esophagus, adeno or squamous, was not listed as one of the Agent Orange diseases. However, the examiner stated that in reviewing the article referenced by Dr. J. W., there was discussion about the rate possibility of cancers of the esophagus. Usually cancers of the esophagus are squamous cell carcinoma and related to smoking and alcohol use, rarely is the carcinoma adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, which is often related to Barrett's esophagitis which is due to reflux. The examiner noted that the veteran did not seem to have reflux. The examiner indicated that the article did say that gastrointestinal cancers are rare and esophagus cancer is very rare. The examiner stated that the Agent Orange protocol says that carcinoma of the esophagus is not an accepted diagnosis from Agent Orange, it seemed as likely as not that this carcinoma of the esophagus could be related to Agent Orange. In July 2003, the veteran's case was referred to the Under Secretary for Health. The Chief Public Health and Environment Hazards Officer provided a statement. She noted that the veteran had served in Vietnam in 1969 and 1970. She stated that he subsequently was diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus arising in the milieu of Barrett's esophagus in 2002. She related that the most recent general Institute of Medicine (IOM) national Academy of Sciences report of herbicides used in Vietnam did not specifically address the question of possible association between exposure to herbicides and specifically esophageal cancer. She stated that this indicated that the information obtained from their extensive review of all available scientific and medical literature, to include the medical literature cited above, did not permit the IOM to assign this disorder to one of its specific categories. Moreover, the IOM committee reviewed the article cited by Dr. J. W., and apparently esophageal carcinoma is not included with "other digestive" cancers in that paper's analysis. The VA physician indicated that a lot of weight was being given to the IOM findings on the health effects from exposure to herbicides in Vietnam. Therefore, at this time, she could not say that it was likely or at least as likely as not that esophageal cancer was the result of exposure to herbicides used in Vietnam. In March 2004, Dr. D. B., stated that prior to his diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, the veteran did not have a history of gastrointestinal problems including regurgitation, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, or early satiety. Dr. D. B. noted that the veteran had a history of exposure to Agent Orange. He stated that the veteran had very little of the typical symptoms associated with the development of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus such as reflux symptoms, indigestion, and only presented with late symptoms of dysphasia. The physician opined that it seemed reasonable that his esophageal adenocarcinoma related to his past Agent Orange exposure. The physician explained that while the veteran had a history of tobacco use, this exposure was a significant risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, not adenocarcinoma of the esophagus; thus, it was unlikely that his social habits had any relation to the development of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Dr. D. B. concluded that the veteran had known Agent Orange exposure. Agent Orange exposure was related to adenocarcinoma of the digestive tract. The veteran had none of the usual/typical risk factors of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. He stated that it was reasonable to conclude that his Agent Orange exposure greatly increased his risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. The Board disagrees with the AOJ's assessment in this case. While the AOJ states that the doctors did not adequately discuss or evaluate the veteran's other risk factors in developing his cancer, the Board finds that this is not the case. The private oncologists and the VA examiner who examined the veteran did in fact consider the veteran's risk factors and discussed them in each report. It was noted by all three physicians that the veteran had a history of smoking, but since he had adenocarcinoma and not squamous cell carcinoma, this was not felt to be an etiological factor. In addition, Barrett's esophagus was specifically ruled out. Thus, the veteran's various risk factors were adequately explored. Court has stated that service connection can be granted on a direct basis, not just a presumptive basis. As such, other diseases, besides those deemed by VA to be presumptive diseases may be service-connected. In order for them to be service-connected, there must be competent evidence establishing a nexus to service. The fact that a condition is not a presumptive disease is not relevant. In this case, Dr. J. W. made such an assessment and opined that the medical literature that he submitted did support his conclusion. Dr. J. W. discussed his supporting medical literature. In reviewing this literature, the physician found that there was an increased relative risk of "other digestive cancers." He addressed the fact that the study did not specifically list adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. However, he concluded that since the study factored out stomach, cancer, colon, rectum, hepabillary, liver, and pancreatic cancer, the "other digestive" category included esophageal and small bowel neoplasms. Dr. J. W. is an expert in oncology. He is competent to make that assessment. His opinion is confirmed by Dr. D. B. and the VA examiner. The VA examiner addressed the fact that the article did say that gastrointestinal cancers are rare and esophagus cancer is very rare. Likewise, Dr. J. W. stated that the veteran's type of cancer was rare as compared to breast, lung, colon, and rectal cancers. Dr. D. B., who did not appear to rely on the referenced study, opined that the veteran had none of the usual/typical risk factors of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. In essence, he indicated that the veteran's sole risk factor was his Agent Orange exposure. Thus, the Board does not agree with the AOJ with regard to those arguments. The Board finds that the three supporting medical opinions are competent and supported by medical literature. The two private physicians are the veteran's treating oncologists and are specialists in their field of medicine. In addition, the VA examiner also had an opportunity to examine the veteran. They are all in agreement that the veteran's Agent Orange exposure played a role in his development of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. They have supported their opinions, as noted above. However, a question remains as to whether those positive opinions are outweighed by the negative opinion of the Chief Public Health and Environment Hazards Officer. In reviewing this opinion, the Board notes that the Chief Public Health and Environment Hazards Officer's opinion is also competent. However, in this particular case, her opinion is outweighed. First of all, she stated that the veteran had been diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus arising in the milieu of Barrett's esophagus in 2002. The veteran's adenocarcinoma of the esophagus has not been found to have any relationship to Barrett's esophagus and has been deemed by the treating oncologists to be without similar symptoms. The treating oncologists discussed such in detail. The veteran has not had the typical symptoms, his symptoms are not those of Barrett's esophagus or having similarity to such. Second, she stated that the most recent IOM report did not specifically address the question of possible association between exposure to herbicides and specifically esophageal cancer. She indicated that the reason was that their extensive review of all available scientific and medical literature, to include the cited medical literature, did not permit the IOM to assign this disorder to one of its specific categories. The Board has recognized that esophageal cancer is not in fact a presumptive disorder. However, the treating oncologists and the VA examiner have indicated that the veteran's specific type of cancer is so rare that there are insufficient studies. This is not discounted by the Chief Public Health and Environment Hazards Officer. As noted, she stated that the most recent IOM report did not specifically address the herbicides and specifically esophageal cancer. However, it was her opinion that such an omission amounted to that disease having been ruled out as being associated by the IOM committee as being associated with dioxin exposure. The three other physicians raise the possibility that the omission does not amount to an exclusion, but rather is based on the rare occurrences of this type of cancer and lack of studies in that regard. It was pointed out that while it is not among the recognized types of cancers, the veteran's cancer is very unusual and atypical. The three other physicians felt that in this particular case, the fact that there was not a specific study on esophageal cancer was not determinative. It did not mean that there was no relationship between adenocarcinoma and Agent Orange exposure. In sum, the Chief Public Health and Environment Hazards Officer stated that she could not say that it was likely or at least as likely as not that esophageal cancer was the result of exposure to herbicides used in Vietnam. However, the Board finds it significant to note that she was requested to state whether it was likely, as likely as not, or unlikely, that the veteran's esophageal cancer was related to Agent Orange. While, she indicated that she could not say that it was likely or at least as likely as not that esophageal cancer was the result of exposure to herbicides used in Vietnam, she did not state that it was unlikely or rule out that possibility. She basically indicated that it was not currently recognized by IOM and that prevented her from stating that it was likely or at least as likely as not that esophageal cancer was the result of exposure to herbicides used in Vietnam. Conversely, the three other physicians opined that it was as likely as not that the veteran's esophageal cancer was the result of exposure to herbicides used in Vietnam. The Board finds that the three positive opinions outweigh the negative opinion. The three positive opinions are based on expert knowledge in oncology, personal knowledge of the veteran's history, examination and treatment of the veteran, and supporting medical literature as reviewed and explained in the medical reports. They discuss the unusual and rare nature of the veteran's cancer. They rule out the other possible risk factors for this cancer. They correctly note that the veteran had Agent Orange exposure. They conclude that Agent Orange exposure is an etiological factor. The negative opinion appears to rest entirely on the fact that esophageal cancer has not been determined to be a presumptive disorder by the IOM. None of the veteran's specific symptoms, unusual circumstances of his cancer, or accurate factors were discussed. Nothing specific to the veteran's case was referenced except for the fact that he served in Vietnam and that he had esophageal cancer. The only other specific reference was an analogy to Barrett's esophagus, which the veteran has not had. In light of the foregoing, the Board accords less probative weight to this opinion. The evidence supports the claim of service connection for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Accordingly, service connection is warranted for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Service connection is granted for adenocarcinoma of the H. N. SCHWARTZ Veterans Law Judge, Board of Veterans' Appeals YOUR RIGHTS TO APPEAL OUR DECISION The attached decision by the Board of Veterans' Appeals (BVA or Board) is the final decision for all issues addressed in the "Order" section of the decision. The Board may also choose to remand an issue or issues to the local VA office for additional development. If the Board did this in your case, then a "Remand" section follows the "Order." However, you cannot appeal an issue remanded to the local VA office because a remand is not a final decision. The advice below on how to appeal a claim applies only to issues that were allowed, denied, or dismissed in the "Order." If you are satisfied with the outcome of your appeal, you do not need to do anything. We will return your file to your local VA office to implement the BVA's decision. However, if you are not satisfied with the Board's decision on any or all of the issues allowed, denied, or dismissed, you have the following options, which are listed in no particular order of ? Appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims (Court) ? File with the Board a motion for reconsideration of this decision ? File with the Board a motion to vacate this decision ? File with the Board a motion for revision of this decision based on clear and unmistakable error. Although it would not affect this BVA decision, you may choose to also: ? Reopen your claim at the local VA office by submitting new and material evidence. There is no time limit for filing a motion for reconsideration, a motion to vacate, or a motion for revision based on clear and unmistakable error with the Board, or a claim to reopen at the local VA office. None of these things is mutually exclusive - you can do all five things at the same time if you wish. However, if you file a Notice of Appeal with the Court and a motion with the Board at the same time, this may delay your case because of jurisdictional conflicts. If you file a Notice of Appeal with the Court before you file a motion with the BVA, the BVA will not be able to consider your motion without the Court's permission. How long do I have to start my appeal to the Court? You have 120 days from the date this decision was mailed to you (as shown on the first page of this decision) to file a Notice of Appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims. If you also want to file a motion for reconsideration or a motion to vacate, you will still have time to appeal to the Court. As long as you file your motion(s) with the Board within 120 days of the date this decision was mailed to you, you will then have another 120 days from the date the BVA decides the motion for reconsideration or the motion to vacate to appeal to the Court. You should know that even if you have a representative, as discussed below, it is your responsibility to make sure that your appeal to Court is filed on time. How do I appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims? Send your Notice of Appeal to the Court at: Clerk, U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims 625 Indiana Avenue, NW, Suite 900 You can get information about the Notice of Appeal, the procedure for filing a Notice of Appeal, the filing fee (or a motion to waive the filing fee if payment would cause financial hardship), and other matters covered by the Court's rules directly from the Court. You can also get this information from the Court's web site on the Internet at www.vetapp.uscourts.gov, and you can download forms directly from that website. The Court's facsimile number is (202) 501-5848. To ensure full protection of your right of appeal to the Court, you must file your Notice of Appeal with the Court, not with the Board, or any other VA office. How do I file a motion for reconsideration? You can file a motion asking the BVA to reconsider any part of this decision by writing a letter to the BVA stating why you believe that the BVA committed an obvious error of fact or law in this decision, or stating that new and material military service records have been discovered that apply to your appeal. If the BVA has decided more than one issue, be sure to tell us which issue(s) you want reconsidered. Send your letter to: Director, Management and Administration (014) Board of Veterans' Appeals (RS) Remember, the Board places no time limit on filing a motion for reconsideration, and you can do this at any time. However, if you also plan to appeal this decision to the Court, you must file your motion within 120 days from the date of this decision. How do I file a motion to vacate? You can file a motion asking the BVA to vacate any part of this decision by writing a letter to the BVA stating why you believe you were denied due process of law during your appeal. For example, you were denied your right to representation through action or inaction by VA personnel, you were not provided a Statement of the Case or Supplemental Statement of the Case, or you did not get a personal hearing that you requested. You can also file a motion to vacate any part of this decision on the basis that the Board allowed benefits based on false or fraudulent evidence. Send this motion to the address above for the Director, Management and Administration, at the Board. Remember, the Board places no time limit on filing a motion to vacate, and you can do this at any time. However, if you also plan to appeal this decision to the Court, you must file your motion within 120 days from the date of this decision. How do I file a motion to revise the Board's decision on the basis of clear and unmistakable error? You can file a motion asking that the Board revise this decision if you believe that the decision is based on "clear and unmistakable error" (CUE). Send this motion to the address above for the Director, Management and Administration, at the Board. You should be careful when preparing such a motion because it must meet specific requirements, and the Board will not review a final decision on this basis more than once. You should carefully review the Board's Rules of Practice on CUE, 38 C.F.R. 20.1400 -- 20.1411, and seek help from a qualified representative before filing such a motion. See discussion on representation below. Remember, the Board places no time limit on filing a CUE review motion, and you can do this at any time. How do I reopen my claim? You can ask your local VA office to reopen your claim by simply sending them a statement indicating that you want to reopen your claim. However, to be successful in reopening your claim, you must submit new and material evidence to that office. See 38 C.F.R. 3.156(a). Can someone represent me in my appeal? Yes. You can always represent yourself in any claim before VA, including the BVA, but you can also appoint someone to represent you. An accredited representative of a recognized service organization may represent you free of charge. VA approves these organizations to help veterans, service members, and dependents prepare their claims and present them to VA. An accredited representative works for the service organization and knows how to prepare and present claims. You can find a listing of these organizations on the Internet at: www.va.gov/vso. You can also choose to be represented by a private attorney or by an "agent." (An agent is a person who is not a lawyer, but is specially accredited by VA.) If you want someone to represent you before the Court, rather than before VA, then you can get information on how to do so by writing directly to the Court. Upon request, the Court will provide you with a state-by-state listing of persons admitted to practice before the Court who have indicated their availability to represent appellants. This information is also provided on the Court's website at www.vetapp.uscourts.gov. Do I have to pay an attorney or agent to represent me? Except for a claim involving a home or small business VA loan under Chapter 37 of title 38, United States Code, attorneys or agents cannot charge you a fee or accept payment for services they provide before the date BVA makes a final decision on your appeal. If you hire an attorney or accredited agent within 1 year of a final BVA decision, then the attorney or agent is allowed to charge you a fee for representing you before VA in most situations. An attorney can also charge you for representing you before the Court. VA cannot pay fees of attorneys or agents. Fee for VA home and small business loan cases: An attorney or agent may charge you a reasonable fee for services involving a VA home loan or small business loan. For more information, read section 5904, title 38, United States Code. In all cases, a copy of any fee agreement between you and an attorney or accredited agent must be sent to: Office of the Senior Deputy Vice Chairman (012) The Board may decide, on its own, to review a fee agreement for reasonableness, or you or your attorney or agent can file a motion asking the Board to do so. Send such a motion to the address above for the Office of the Senior Deputy Vice Chairman at the Board. Charles Kelley DMZ Veteran 67-68 SP5Kelley2nd94th@aol.com	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line18
__label__cc	0.594597	0.405403	Kid Icarus: Of Myths and Monsters A game by Nintendo and Tose for GB, originally released in 1991. The original Kid Icarus and Metroid games share a common history. Both were developed by Gunpei Yokoi, father of the GameBoy (as well as the Game and Watch, VirtualBoy, and the WonderSwan). They shared the same game engine and both had scores composed by Hip Tanaka. Each of them had a followup on the original GameBoy, which were also developed by Yokoi, and again they shared the same game engine. But while Metroid went on to become one of Nintendo’s pillar franchises, it took them nearly 20 years to release another game in the Kid Icarus series. In the meantime, Pit’s only other appearance was in the Smash Bros. series. Also, unlike Metroid II: Return of Samus, Kid Icarus: Of Myths and Monsters was never released in Japan. However, the original Famicom Disk System game was popular enough to be re-released on the GBA as part of the Famicom Mini series… but only in Japan. In spite of, or perhaps because of, the ongoing absence of this franchise during the next few console generations, Pit has retained a place in the hearts of gamers around the world. From the instruction manual: The Tale of Kid Icarus Let us return to he past, a long long time ago, in an age when the Gods and Man lived together in harmony. At that time, there was a kingdom called “Angel Land” which was founded by the Goddess Palutena. Angel Land was a place where the sun was always shining and the people peacefully raised their crops. It was a good and happy place and a smile never left the face of Palutena as she watched over the country from The Sky Palace. But, one day her smile was wiped away as a result of a dream. A terrible dream, which seemed so real and was much more horrible than her worst nightmare. Calling a soothsayer to her, she asked him to unravel the dream and foretell what was to pass. Seemingly in pain, the soothsayer began to speak, “Angel Land will be attacked. Attacked by an invasion of demons from another world. Terrible demons by the name of O…Or…Orcos!” Upon uttering this name, the soothsayer was struck speechless, as voiceless as a stone. Palutena immediately summoned Pit, the leader of the Icarus Army. The personal body-guards of Palutena, the Icarus Army was responsible for guarding the peace in Angel Land and none took their job lightly. Upon arriving, Pit was asked to have a seat, a liberty not usually given by a Goddess. Looking directly into his eyes, Palutena began, “Pit! Thank you for coming. I have a task for you,” she then told him of her dream and of the soothsayer. “Pit, this dream will come to pass. And I believe that it will happen in the not-too-distant future. I trust you, but, you must tell no one else! News of these terrible demons will cast our peaceful Angel Land into chaos. I bid you now to begin training so that you may gain special magical power. I am placing all of my hopes and the fate of Angel Land on you Pit. You must be the one to battle the demons.” Sitting back in her chair, Palutena continued, “Since the days of old, Angel Land has possessed The Three Sacred Treasures. These treasures, when worn, will give the wearer the special magical powers to battle any demon. Yet alas, poor Pit you do not yet have sufficient power to wear these Three Sacred Treasures.” So Pit, with the help of Palutena, devised a mission so that he might attain the power he needed to wear The Three Sacred Treasures. This mission was threefold: To battle his way up the Under World Tower, storm the Over World, and conquer the dizzying heights of the Sky World Tower. Only then would Pit have sufficient power to enter The Sky Palace and wear The Three Sacred Treasures. To keep The Three Sacred Treasures safe in case Angel Land was attacked while Pit was away on his mission, Palutena sealed them and sent one to each of the Fortress Guardians. She knew that once they had their hands on The Three Sacred Treasures, the Fortress Guardians would not give them up again without a fight. After Pit’s mission of training was complete, and he had gained the ability to use the Three Sacred Treasures, the job to defend Angel Land from the Orcos would be his. With this plan in mind, Palutena then dispatched Pit to the darkest depths of the Under Would (sic) Tower. You must help Pit on his life-or-death mission to collect The Three Sacred Treasures and return them quickly to the Sky Palace before the Orcos can overrun the land. Just what are the Orcos?!!!!! The game makes no mention of Pit’s other adventures, in which Palutena helped Pit to escape his prison in the Underworld, regain The Three Sacred Treasures, and defeat Medusa. Press SELECT to switch between arrows and hammers On paper, the GameBoy version doesn’t appear to be much different from the NES original, especially given that the structure is practically identical. In each game, Pit is tasked with fighting through the vertically-oriented Underworld, the horizontally-oriented Overworld, and then the vertically-oriented Skyworld. At the end of each of these worlds is a fortress, made of interconnected rooms linked with doors and ladders, and Pit must find his way through the rooms to reach the boss at the end. Each boss carries one of The Three Sacred Treasures in a sealed casket. And once all of the bosses have been defeated, Pit journeys to the Sky Palace and uses The Three Sacred Treasures to navigate the level and defeat the final boss. Looking at it in this way, this game seems like little more than a GameBoy port of the original game… and in many ways it is. Pit uses the same weapons, encounters the same rooms, and powers up in roughly the same manner as he did in the original game. However, numerous minor changes have been made throughout, which add up to a final product that is substantially different from its predecessor. NES GB The biggest change is apparent from the moment you start playing the game, and that has to do with the screen resolution on the GameBoy. To preserve the level of detail from the original game, and the size of the levels, the action is “zoomed in” so that the sprites take up a larger percentage of the screen. This was a common practice in dealing with the reduced resolution of the original GameBoy system, and often resulted in merely a cosmetic change, rather than one that directly affected gameplay (outside of the more restricted view, of course). Here, however, this is a complete game-changer. In the original Kid Icarus, you started the game by ascending a vertical shaft. The shaft was exactly one screen wide and ensured that all players would tackle the environment in roughly the same way. In this game, the environment is about 50% larger than the screen, meaning that if you were to make a straight ascent, you could potentially miss a door, a health restorative, or a pickup. Suddenly, the game becomes much more exploration-based, which fits well with the RPG conventions of both games. The screen still wraps horizontally, so you will continue to loop around the environment if you move to the left or right, but often doors are purposely hidden so that you might not see them if you take the most direct route, and some can only be entered by bypassing them, and then coming back around to them from behind. This holds true for the horizontally-oriented Overworld as well, meaning that there is essentially a “high road” and a “low road” in these areas. Since gravity tends to keep players on the lower part of the level, a lot of doors are hidden in the upper sections, often off the top of the screen from your regular view. Careful use of your jump and glide mechanics can keep you in the upper sections for large stretches of the levels. Gameplay in the fortress levels is affected by this as well, since the rooms are no longer single static screens. With a static screen, you could walk into a room and instantly survey all of its dangers and platforms, as well as see which of the 4 walls had an exit. With a scrolling screen, you don’t know exactly what’s ahead without charging in and seeing for yourself. So, you may walk in and see a pair of Eggplant Wizards on the 2 nearest platforms. Do you brave an encounter with them and try to run to the far side of the room? Is there a door over there? There’s almost certainly another Eggplant Wizard waiting for you. It adds an element of tension, especially if you come into the top of the room and wonder if it’s safe to drop down. There could be enemies or a pit of lava waiting for you at the bottom. To counteract the limited view area, players can look around by pressing the START button, and then moving the D-pad in any direction (except in fortress levels), which will allow you to view your immediate surroundings. Unfortunately, the START button is also the method by which you access your inventory screen, so you press it once to pause and look around, press it again to check your inventory, and press it a third time to resume gameplay. It’s nice to have a “look” function, but it certainly slows the act of pausing and unpausing the game. The second major design change – which has an enormous effect on gameplay – is the fact that you can now scroll the screen in any direction. Not only does this further emphasize exploration as a means of progression, but it also drastically changes the balance of the game. During the vertical sections of the original game, you were constantly at war with the scroll box, as each jump you made brought a bottomless pit up with you, which would kill you instantly if you fell off the screen. No more. Dropping down just means that you lose a bit of your vertical progress, and as mentioned, this is sometimes the means by which you can find hidden items or doors. Minor changes to enemy spawning and movement patterns have a substantial effect on gameplay as well. For one, snakes (called Shemum in the first game) used to spawn in evenly-spaced waves of 4. they would descend upon you from above, dropping down the platforms and turning to face your position on the X-axis each time they landed. After you defeated several waves of them (or moved out of their spawning area) they would stop appearing. Later, in the fortress levels, you would find pots mounted to the ceilings which would also drop snakes, but these pots would drop them infinitely, dropping another set of 4 every time you walked under the pot. In this game, the snakes retain their same rules of movement, but now they all appear from infinitely-generating pots, even outside of the fortress levels. Because of the game’s RPG elements – namely that you can level up and gain money (in the form of hearts) – these infinitely-spawning enemies give players the chance to do some grinding. Just walk under a pot, pick off the 4 snakes that drop, grab the hearts they leave behind, and repeat until you reach your maximum number of hearts at 999. This allows you to buy as many health restoratives and other items as you may need early in the game, and reduces the risk of being underpowered or losing all of your health. Hearts appear in the same denominations as the original game, with a small heart worth 1, a half heart worth 5, and a big heart worth 10. Also, snake pots can now be aligned vertically, one over the other, suspended from different platforms. So, it is possible to wander under the lower pot, and have 2 snakes drop from the lower pot, and 2 from the upper. The pots will not generate more snakes until all of the snakes are killed and their hearts are collected (or disappear), or until the snakes fall off the bottom of the screen. Since snakes will turn toward your position on the X-axis when they land, you can opt to lure them toward you, or potentially lure them into falling off the bottom of the screen. Most of the other enemies in the game are limited in number, and will only spawn until you have defeated all that are available, or until you leave their spawning range. But here too, some rule changes regarding enemy waves have a large impact on the gameplay. In both games, flying enemies appear in waves of 4, moving about the top of the screen, and then descending. However, since the gameplay area now exceeds the width of the screen, dropping enemies no longer come straight for Pit, but often move off the side of the screen, and fall down below the platform he is standing on. So, you’ve essentially gone from a situation where most enemies will eventually seek you out and become a danger, to one where you may have to go through extra effort just to get in front of an enemy so you can kill it for its hearts… and points. Each enemy you kill is worth a certain number of points. While the player’s score is hidden during gameplay, it is displayed at the end of each level, and the total number of points determines when Pit will reach his next level. Pit gains a new block on his health meter each time he levels up, for a maximum of 5. Killing a large number of enemies is also the key to gaining more powerful arrows that cause additional damage to enemies (see Sacred Chamber section below), so that’s yet another reason to kill as many enemies as you can. Like the first game, there are doors spread throughout the environments, and there are several kinds of rooms to be found behind them. While these are mostly exact duplicates of the rooms from the original NES game, there are several new items that change how you can access them. First off, this game introduces keys. Keys can be purchased in shops for a fairly high price, but they allow you to do something you’ve never been able to do before: re-enter a locked room. You see, every time you leave a room, the door locks behind you. But if you have a key, you can re-enter any room you like. Their expense keeps you from just re-opening doors willy-nilly, but they can come in handy in certain instances, and they can be stockpiled. There’s also a second type of key known as Palutena’s key. It is larger and more ornate than a standard key, and it has the ability to open any door in the level as often as you like. This powerful key doesn’t come easy though… you can only get one if you’ve entered every room in the entire level, and its location is hidden. So, not only do you have to find every door, but once you do, you still have to find the key to re-open the doors. Given the number of infinitely-spawning enemies and the ease of harvesting resources, you may find this key to be more trouble to attain that the value you’d get from using it. Still, it gives you license to re-explore the area and gather valuable resources before continuing to the next level. There is one key per non-fortress level, and they do not carry over from level to level. Finally, the biggest change that has been made to accessing rooms is that some of the doors are hidden. As mentioned above, doors can go unseen depending on how you navigate the environment, and some take a bit of creative screen-scrolling to get to, but others aren’t visible to at all. These doors can only be revealed by using hammers. That’s right, hammers now have a use outside of fortress levels. In the original game, hammers (called mallets in that game) were only useful for breaking open statues and freeing imprisoned centurions to aid you during the boss battle. That does not occur at all in this game. Yes, there are still centurion statues, but now they generally contain health restoratives. And, there are certain regular-looking blocks that can be destroyed as well, revealing hidden passages or doors. You can use hammers infinitely to hit enemies, but each time you break a statue or a block, one of your hammers will disappear. You’ll also be automatically reverted back to your arrows after breaking an object, so you’ll need to keep hitting the SELECT button to switch back to your hammers if you need to break more blocks. Since a door is 2 blocks high, you’ll need to break at least 2 of them to get to through, but sometimes you’ll have to break a stack of 4 or 5. Often these hidden doors reveal Hot Spring Chambers, offering you full health restoration. Since centurion statues are spread liberally throughout the game, both in regular levels and fortresses, having a large supply of hammers on-hand (they’re cheap!) means that you have regular access to health restoratives. Once again, this helps to temper the overall difficulty and reduces the chances of you finding yourself back at the beginning of the level with naught but one unit of life and your short-range arrows. You can purchase hammers in shops or – as in the first game – grabbing a harp will turn all enemies into hammers for a short time. The hammers will fall slowly toward the ground, falling directly from the enemies’ original positions, or clumped together in groups of 4 you manage to scroll an off-screen enemy wave into the play area. Gather them up, because they’re basically your ticket to free health later in the game. Feathers (previously known as Angel’s Feathers) make a return as well, only now they have a somewhat different function. In the original game, feathers were your protection against instant death from bottomless pits. If you fell off the bottom of the screen, and you had a feather in your inventory (they could be stockpiled), you would rise up for a few seconds, flapping your wings. This would give you an opportunity to return to a safe platform and land, and you could even manually flap your wings Joust-style by tapping the JUMP button. In this game, feathers are used immediately upon being picked up, and there are no bottomless pits to avoid. Instead, the feather simply provides Pit a few seconds of free flight, allowing him to bypass enemies, lava, or other obstacles, and to potentially fly up to an otherwise inaccessible door. As before, tapping the JUMP button allows you to control the rate of your ascent. Of note is the fact that Pit now has the ability to glide, even without the use of a feather. By tapping the JUMP button in midair, Pit can slow his descent. This makes lining up landings on narrow platforms considerably less difficult, and allows you to make longer jumps than you could previously. Combined with the variable jump height, Pit becomes a much more easily maneuverable character. Health restoratives are more prevalent in this game than the original: Water of Life (Goblet) – restores a little bit health immediately. This is a new addition to the series. Unlike the original game where restoratives could only be found in the levels or purchased from shops, Water of Life goblets can sometimes appear as enemy drops, and appear frequently as a result of breaking centurion statues with your hammers. Water of Life (Chalice) – restores 1 full unit of health immediately Water of Life (Bottle) – restores 1 full unit of health; this is a stored item that is used automatically when your health reaches zero Water Barrel – allows Pit to carry up to 8 Water of Life bottles at once; you can only have 1 barrel There are certain items that can only be found in fortress levels: Map – In the first game, rather than a map, you had a Check Sheet. It didn’t actually show you all of the rooms in the fortress; it only showed you where you were and where you had been (and that was only if you had the pencil and the torch). Now the map functions more like you’d expect, working in the same way as the map from the original The Legend of Zelda game, showing you the layout of the rooms, although you’ll need some additional items to track your movement. You still don’t get to see where the fortress boss is on the map, so you’ll have to explore until you find him. The torch shows your position on the map and the pencil shows the rooms that you've already visited. The map, torch, and pencil are usually found within the first few rooms of the fortress, and you must break open centurion statues to reveal them. Torches and pencils can also be purchased at a fortress shop, if you’re not able to find them on your own. However, fortress design is a bit more linear this time around, and it isn’t until the 3rd fortress that you really start encountering long meandering paths. The first 2 fortresses are pretty straightforward room-to-room romps from the entrance to the boss, with a small number of side rooms to be found. There’s one last regular item to discuss – which is a very odd item given the mythological nature of the game – and that’s the credit card. While the credit card also appeared in the original game, it worked differently than it does here. In the first game, you could buy whatever you wanted on credit, but you couldn’t make any more purchases until you had paid back your debt. Any earned hearts went toward reducing the amount owed. In this game, the credit card basically allows you to grab 1 free item from the Black Market. You don’t have to pay the money back, and the credit card is used up until you can find another. The Black Marketeer will accept this as payment and recommend that next time you pay using hearts, but otherwise the credit card is free money. Not a great lesson for the kiddies. The game offers 3 special items to help you tackle the levels. Each of these must be gained by passing the trial in the Sacred Training Center (see below), and each can only be equipped once you have enough “strength” (i.e. once you have leveled up and raised your health meter). If your health drops too low, you will temporarily lose the ability to use the item until your health has been restored. This means that the game will actually become more difficult the more damaged you are. The Fire Arrow adds a ball of fire which spins around your arrows, greatly increasing the width of Pit’s attack range. The fireballs don’t hurt enemies as much as the arrows themselves, but it does at least let you cause some additional damage, and it’s good for sweeping out low-powered enemies. It can only be used if Pit has at least 2 blocks of health. The Long Bow (Sacred Bow in the original game) allows Pit to fire his arrows from one side of the screen to the other. As with standard arrows, you’re limited to one shot on the screen at a time, so this does decrease your firing rate somewhat, but arrows move quickly so this is rarely an issue. This special item requires at least 3 blocks of health to use. A pair of Protective Crystals revolves around Pit, causing damage to anything they hit, and offering Pit some additional protection. To use this item, Pit must have at least 4 blocks of health. There is a major change to how you can use the Fire Arrow, Long Bow, and Protective Crystals. Namely, you can now use these items in fortress levels, against bosses, and even in the final Sky Palace level. In the first game, the powerups were disabled during these sections, which made things a bit more difficult. This change makes it substantially more easy to navigate fortress levels, since you can hit your targets more easily, and you can hit enemies – and bosses – from across the room. As in the original game, Pit is on a quest to find The Three Sacred Treasures. Although this time, rather than escaping from the Underworld and fighting his way to the Sky Palace, he has purposely entered the Underworld so that he can fight and build up his strength and earn the ability to wear The Three Sacred Treasures. Each boss he defeats reveals a casket, which Pit keeps in his inventory until he reaches the Sky Palace. There, he opens the caskets and equips the treasures… provided that he has completed his mission. You see, before you can enter the Sky Palce, you’ll meet up with Palutena in a cutscene. She will determine how well you’ve done on your mission to become a hero. According to the instruction manual: “If Palutena recognizes that [Pit’s] mission was successful enough, she will allow him to wear the Three Sacred Treasures. However, Pit will not be allowed to wear all three of The Three Sacred Treasures if he has not been successful enough in his mission.” This works similarly to the Sacred Chambers (see below) where Zeus evaluates your hero-ness and determines whether or not to reward you with more powerful arrows, and again the manual is purposely oblique as to how you go about doing this. Palutena will drop each of The Three Sacred Treasures down from the ceiling, one at a time. If your stats are high enough, she’ll drop all 3 of them. Otherwise, you won’t get them all, making the final level and boss fight more difficult. Oh, and after she gives you the treasures, Orcos breaks in, turns her to stone, and abducts her. Two of the treasures are identical to the ones that appeared in the first game, but one is new: The Wings of Pegasus essentially operate like the feather, giving you infinite flight. The difference here is that there is no time limit, and you can fly through the entire Sky Palace level with them. The Light Arrow travels all the way across the screen and allows you to kill most enemies in a single shot. Obviously this weapon cancels out the effects of your Long Bow, but your fireballs will still appear around these arrows, provided your health is high enough. And the last is the Silver Armor. In the original game, you gained armor at the beginning of the Sky Palace level, although its presence was never explained. Instead, the other treasure was a Mirror Shield, which deflected Medusa’s gaze during the final boss fight. Since Medusa does not appear in this game, the Mirror Shield had no purpose. And so, you have Silver Armor, which protects you and cuts enemy damage in half. According to the instruction manual, “When Pit wears all of The Three Sacred Treasures he becomes Amazing Pit.” Amazing! Aside from leveling up your character, and gaining new weapons and abilities, there is one other piece of the design that strongly enforces the RPG elements of this game… and that’s the many rooms you will encounter along your journey. You can enter a room by passing through an open door (or unlocking a closed door with a key). Treasure Chambers As in the first game, the Treasure Chamber is a room with 8 pots. Each of them can be broken, and it will cost you 5 hearts for each one you break. Inside are hearts or hammers, but one of the pots contains the God of Poverty. If you break open the pot with the God of Poverty, the game ends and all of the remaining pots disappear. Here again, a change was made to the rules of this game that drastically alter how it is played. In the original game, you could break as many pots as you wanted, but the game ended as soon as you picked up the treasure that was left behind. If you uncovered the God of Poverty, you were immediately kicked out of the room and were not allowed to collect anything. So, you spent 5 hearts to break each pot, but risked losing everything you had revealed up to that point, making it quite possible to come away with fewer hearts than you had when you entered. The tension in the game came from placing your greed and/or desperation up against luck, and seeing which fared better. In Kid Icarus: Of Myths and Monsters, the game does not end when you grab an item; it only ends when you find the God of Poverty. And even then, you can still go back and pick up all of the hearts and hammers you’ve revealed. As such, you always leave with more than you came in with, and finding the God of Poverty only limits the number of pots you can break; it doesn’t get you booted out of the room empty-handed. The result is that the Treasure Chambers have almost none of the risk-reward factor as they did in the original game. If you manage to break all of the pots in the right order (as in the first game, there is a pattern), then you will uncover a rare item, such as a Water of Life bottle, a credit card, or a key. Bat Chamber This is functionally similar to the Enemy’s Lair in the original game, except that the only enemy type here is bats. The bats fly around in a pattern, and the trick is to find a safe spot to start picking them off, revealing half hearts and health-restoring goblets as you do. In your first encounter, these rooms may pose a bit of a threat, but the pattern of the bats is always the same. And once you get the Fire Arrow, Long Bow, and Protective Crystals, they become very easy. (In the original game, the Protective Crystals did not cause damage to the enemies in these rooms, but they work just fine here.) Bat Chambers appear in only the scrolling levels; they do not appear in fortress levels. Here a shopkeeper will present you with 3 items, and below each is the price. Jump up and touch one of the items to buy it. These can include Water of Life (in bottle and chalice forms), hammers, and keys. In fortress levels, you can also purchase a torch or a pencil here, if you’re not able to find them on your own. After you make a purchase, a new set of goods will be displayed. Or, if you press DOWN on the D-pad, the shopkeeper will cycle through the available items. Even without doing this, the items will cycle through after every few seconds. The Black Marketeer has some more valuable items for sale, such as the barrel, which allows you to store up to 8 Water of Life bottles. He has some of the items that are carried in regular stores as well, but at a higher price. Like the original game, there is a trick that allows you to threaten him, and – depending on your stats – he’ll either lower his prices or raise them. Of note is that the Black Market is the only place where you can use a credit card. Also, if you’ve had your Fire Arrow, Long Bow, or Protective Crystals stolen by a Sticky Talon (see BCE section below), you can buy them back on the Black Market. This occurred in the original game as well, but the prices for getting your weapons back here is significantly lower than it was in the first game. The Black Market does not restock its items after you make a purchase. So, if you’re trying to buy back your stolen weapons, you can only purchase them one at a time (or you can re-earn them in a Sacred Training Center). Sacred Chamber Depending on Pit’s stats when he arrives at the Sacred Chamber, he’ll either be told that he must train harder, or he’ll be rewarded with Power Arrows from Zeus. Oddly, Zeus is wearing a halo, which seems neither fitting with his fashion sense nor his religious beliefs. In the original game, these rewards were bestowed upon Pit by a “friendly god”, who had robes but no halo. Whether or not you are rewarded is determined by the number of enemies you’ve killed, items collected, rooms discovered, and damage taken. Each arrow adds to your overall strength, and your arrows will gain the ability to penetrate lower-powered enemies as you grow stronger. You can get up to 8 Power Arrows during the course of the game. Sacred Training Center Zeus is back, and this time he’s not just handing out rewards for good behavior; he’s punishing you with spinning monoliths from the skies! Unlike the monoliths from Xevious, these can be destroyed. You don’t have to destroy a particular number; you just have to survive for a certain amount of time. This can be pretty tough early in the game when you have only 1 unit of health, but it becomes easier as you go along. If it’s too tough, you can duck back out of the room, and this time you won’t be verbally berated for doing so. Your reward for surviving the challenge is your choice of the Fire Arrow, Long Bow, or Protective Crystals. Be aware, however, that you need to have a certain amount of health to use each of them, so it’s best to collect them in the order listed. If you manage to make it to the Sky Palace without collecting all of the treasures (or having them stolen by BCE Sticky Talons), you can easily pass the Sacred Training Center challenges by simply flying to the top of the room and waiting until the challenge ends. These rooms didn’t exist in the original game. Here, a man named Don gives you hints, often revealing clues as to the whereabouts of Hot Spring Chambers hidden in the levels. Don wears a hat with earflaps, and has an uncomfortably large beard. Hot Spring Chamber Hot Spring Chambers are far more prevalent in this game than they were in the original. They appear throughout the game, both in standard scrolling levels and in fortress levels. They can also be revealed by using a hammer to break open blocks in certain areas to reveal a hidden door. Jumping into the hot spring slowly refills your health. Sometimes you’ll find an empty room with a hot spring, but other times you’ll find guardians protecting the spring. In the standard scrolling levels, the guardian is a series of heads that fall down from the ceiling and begin to stack up into a totem pole in front of you, firing projectiles horizontally. You can pick them off one-by-one if you choose, but you can also jump between them and into the hot spring, which will make all of them disappear. In the fortress levels, you will sometimes encounter a very small spring in the corner of an otherwise enemy-filled room, so you may need to fight off some spear-wielding guards or Eggplant Wizards before you can safely bathe in the rejuvenating spring. Other times, you will encounter a single Eggplant Wizard near a full-size spring. So, while you may not be concerned with losing a bit of health in a room where you can refill it to its max, you do have to contend with the possibility of becoming infected with eggplantism. In which case, you can still heal, but you’ll need to seek out a hospital to be cured. The hospital is the one place where you can get turned back into your angelic form after being transmogrified into a bipedal eggplant. The hospital is staffed solely with nurses who are trained to cure your of your eggplant affliction. The room will be empty otherwise, because if you’re not a walking eggplant, they don’t have time for you. Hospitals appear in fortress levels only, which is the only place where you will find Eggplant Wizards… so it’s a symbiotic relationship, really. As in the first game, you’ll deal with a variety of platforms on your quest. Most of them are solid on all sides, but others – such as clouds, ice, and thin platforms – can be jumped through from underneath. And, ducking on these platforms will drop you back down. Fortunately, this time around, instant death does not await you at the bottom of each screen, so accidentally dropping through a platform will not generally be cause for cursing the name of Zeus. This game also introduces a save system. Technically, the Japanese original offered game saves, because the game was released on the Famicom Disk System. In the U.S., however, players of the original NES game had to deal with lengthy passwords. At the end of each stage, the player will be given the option to walk to the left and enter the save menu, or walk to the right to continue without saving. This certainly makes continuing easier. However, be aware that if you resume a game from a continue – even if you didn’t die – you will be reduced back down to 1 unit of health. So, even if you’re fully powered up, with Fire Arrows, a Long Bow, and Protective Crystals, shutting off the system will return you to your original weakling self until you can earn or purchase enough health restoratives. In the first game, this made some sense, since you only received a password upon death. But here you’re essentially being punished for not having the time to play more levels in a single sitting. This can be frustrating if you’ve worked to make it to a fortress with all of your items intact, only to save your game, and return later with none of them. Granted the overall difficulty level makes it easier to regain this lost health, but it still it’s still a bit unfair. The game also provides you with 3 continues, which is an odd design choice given that you have the option to save your game at the end of each level and restore it as often as you wish. There are a couple of wacky new enemies, this time around. For one, as you climb the Sky World Tower, you’ll frequently pass half-moon shapes in the background, each with smiling faces. Later in the level, you’ll encounter Linus, a full moon with fangs who will actually attack Pit. The enemy with the most humorous premise is Pythagoras. According to the instruction manual, Pythagoras is “a lively old man who throws equilateral triangles.” Sadly, his illustration shows him holding triangles, but none of them are equilateral. And in the game, he tosses right-angle triangles at you. So one wonders why they would go through all the trouble to say that the triangles are equilateral, when they clearly are not. Moreover, what is Pythagoras even doing as an enemy in the first place? The famous Komayto enemy makes a return, but he has been redesigned. In the first game, this creature strongly resembled a Metroid, and the instruction manual even described it as “A mysterious floating creature. Nobody knows where it came from. One theory has it that it came from a planet other than Earth.” Here, it’s still described as a mysterious floating creature that resembles a jellyfish, but the Metroid connection is no longer apparent. In the first game, one of the BCE’s we discussed was the Grim Reaper, and his Reapettes. In that game, the Reaper would walk along a platform, pausing from time to time to look behind him. If he spotted you, he summoned forth a wave of 4 Reapettes, with some cacophonic music to accompany them. The reason why these fights were tough is that this was an infinite cycle, and the Reaper was temporarily invincible while his hood was pulled back. Not any more; the Reaper can now be damaged at any time, whether he sees you or not. Just keep firing arrows at the him while the Reapettes come down, and you can easily destroy him without fear of additional attacks. And since he will run in your direction when he discovers you, this just places him closer to the business end of your bow. Sadly, the newly-neutered Reaper’s tune has been changed to something much less impressive. Death has a hard life. Eggplant Wizard But we do still have Eggplant Wizards, and they’re just as bastardly as ever. As mentioned above, they can now appear in Hot Spring Chambers, and they can also appear in sets of 3 instead of the pairs from the original game. Since you can’t see the entire room due to the screen size, you may find eggplants flying at you from offscreen! Since thrown eggplants fly in high arcs, it’s easy to walk into one’s trajectory without being aware of it. Getting hit turns you into an eggplant, and you'll be unable to use your arrows during this time. Interestingly, you can still use your hammers to attack enemies, so you're not entirely defenseless, but hammers are considerably weaker than arrows. However, this game does something a bit differently with the eggplant-infected Pit… There are now some passages that Pit is too tall to fit through normally. But, if he has been turned into an eggplant, he can walk right through them. Often, this leads Pit to a hospital, but it also means that Pit cannot use this as his return path after he is cured, so he is forced to find another route. And, in the final fortress level, it’s actually not possible to get to the end of the level without being turned into an eggplant first! So… um… thank you, Eggplant Wizard! Sticky Talon In the first game, there was an enemy known as Pluton that could steal your special items (Fire Arrow, Long Bow, and/or Protective Crystals). They were invincible, and each time one of them touched you, one of your weapons would disappear, and it could only be regained by purchasing it in the Black Market (at a very steep price), or by re-earning it in a Sacred Training Center. Avoidance was the only possibility. Here, this function is given to a sunglasses-wearing bird called the Sticky Talon. Like Pluton, these appear in small groups and head for you with thievery on their minds. However, their BQ (Bastard Quotient) isn’t quite as high as Pluton’s. For one, they can be destroyed by your arrows, so you’ve got a chance to pick them off before they can even get to you. And secondly, if one of your weapons does get stolen, the price to get it back is about half of what it was in the first game, so the penalty isn’t nearly as high. Still, no one likes other people touching their stuff, and no one has the right to touch you in your bathing suit area. Boss rooms are slightly different from the other rooms in the fortress levels, in that they are exactly 1 screen wide, as opposed to scrolling horizontally. However, they are still just as tall, so bosses can move up off the top of the screen, forcing you to jump up to meet them or wait until they come back down if you want to deal some damage. Under World: Minotaur The Minotaur is a bit tough for a first boss. He can toss a stream of 5 skulls (!!) up in the air, followed by another set of 5 shortly thereafter, alternating between short- and long-distance attacks. The gap between these volleys is just large enough for you to squeeze through. The Minotaur will also periodically disappear, turning into a fireball, and floating around the room. This form is fairly easy to avoid, but you have to be careful because he will rematerialize into his former bullish self at a random spot in the room, potentially on the spot where you’re standing. The location where he appears has nothing to do with the location of the fireball when it disappears. There are several platforms in the room, and a limit to the places where he can show up. If he appears on the upper platforms, you can simply stand beneath him and dodge all of his attacks. If he appears on the lower platforms, you’ll need to do some active dodging, while taking every opportunity you can to fill his snout with arrows. He takes a ton of hits to kill, especially given that Pit can’t have received many Power Arrows at this point in the game. Once you finally bring him down, he’ll drop a casket containing one of The Three Sacred Treasures. Over World: Skull Wing The skull wing is a skull, with wings. He flies slowly around the room, occasionally dropping a fireball that spreads out into 3 flame spouts when it hits the ground. If you have the Long Bow at this point, you can easily avoid these fireballs and hit him from a distance. If you stay on the ground level, most of the dropped fireballs will detonate on the platforms above you, and the only other attack available to the boss is to fly directly into you for melee damage. However, he’s a slow enemy, and generally won’t follow you into corners, which means that you don’t need to be terribly aggressive to take him down. Once you make him part of your 80's metal album cover, you’ll receive another sealed casket. Sky World: Fire Serpent The Fire Serpent flies around the room, occasionally tossing 3 fireballs at you in spread-shot formation. The serpent’s body is made up of a series of fireballs, which can sometimes make it difficult to discern between his body and the projectiles that he’s firing at you. It doesn’t help that there’s quite a lot of flicker happening during this battle as well, making projectiles momentarily disappear and reappear. His head is his only weak point, which is a fairly small target. Extinguish his life force to reveal the last of the sealed caskets. Sky Palace: Orcos Your path through the Sky Palace is one long, continuous level culminating in a boss fight. There are tons of enemies in this area, as well as a huge number of hidden passages and doors, many of which lead to Hot Spring Chambers. So, as long as you’ve brought enough hammers, there’s no reason why you shouldn’t be able to make it to the last boss with something close to full health. You’ll have infinite flight through this area, so getting through requires a slightly different skill set than you may be used to, since you’ll need to repeatedly tap the JUMP button to ascend, while using the SHOOT button to put arrows into anything that moves. Pressing DOWN on the D-pad will also allow you to make a quick descent and help you to dodge enemy attacks. In your fight against Orcos, you’ll face off against his 2 forms. The first is fairly straightforward. Orcos flies around the room, occasionally stopping to fire a spread of 3 fireballs at you, and he’ll try to fly at you for some melee damage as well. Dodge Orcos and his fireballs, and return fire as often as possible, and he’ll be destroyed... revealing his ultimate form. Orcos returns only now he is huge, scary, and highly detailed. His body doesn’t even fit on the screen entirely (and doesn’t actually exist, from a programming standpoint), and he is nearly 1.5 screens tall. Orcos will swing in to shoot a large fireball out of his mouth, which will fly to the far side of the screen and detonate, exploding in a tight semicircle of projectiles that expand outward as they move in your direction and Orcos pulls back. The gap for dodging these projectiles is small, especially if you’re between the blast and Orcos and don’t have much space to wait for them to spread out. Ocros can back up and spin around (offscreen), bringing his tail onto the bottom of the screen to launch a series of darts up at an angle. They will aim in your general direction, so it’s best to start out high, and then slowly descend while the darts lower their trajectory to meet yours. If you go too low too fast, you’ll have to try to dodge between them. Finally, when Orcos returns to the screen, he’ll extend his claw and send out a series of bats from his fingertips. Fortunately, your arrows make quick work of them, but you need to make sure you’re lined up with them, lest they get in behind you. Since you can’t fire up at an angle, it’s important to kill them off as quickly as possible, lest they attack your weak spot while Orcos brings his head back into view. Introduce as many arrows as you can to the ugly face of Orcos to cause him to disintegrate, and you’ll receive your ending. The ending is the same regardless of your stats and what you have collected. Pit is easier to control, and precision is jumping easier with the glide mechanic RPG elements emphasized more though exploration No insta-death penalty from falling Slow pause / unpause Risk-reward factor missing from Treasure Chambers Continuing takes you down to 1 unit of health 1991, GameBoy, GB, Heritage, Nintendo, Tose cheez said... I'm fairly certain you lose everything you picked up in the treasure room if you make the guy appear. Making the God of Poverty appear in Kid Icarus: Of Myths and Monsters only makes the unbroken pots disappear. You may freely collect any of the remaining items from the broken pots and leave the room at will. In the original Kid Icarus, making the God of Poverty appear would immediately eject you from the room without the ability to collect anything. Very informative page, I look forward to reading your other pages. I just started playing this today and am kinda rushing through it and am at 2-4 with only 2 arrows but 4 blocks of health. So are arrows awarded for enemy kills but blocks awarded for entering rooms and stuff? My point total isn't that high. for example getting 9990 in 1-1 doesn't get me a block upgrade when I tried it, so I guess it's not just about score as the Gamefaqs claims.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line19
__label__wiki	0.640007	0.640007	BradCassidy.Com in loving memory of Brad Cassidy 1971 - 2008 MenuToggle menu visibility Patrick's Reading Kristin's Reading Marianne's Reading Kate's Reading Tidbits & Memories CD List Record List Submitted by Kris on Mon, 09/08/2008 - 2:29pm Full List Coming Soon- There are hundreds of them to catalog! Fun Facts/Food for Thought Brad had: 6 large crates – each hold about 70-75 records weighing in at about 40 lbs each. (one partial uncounted crate) 6 x 70 = 420 records 40 x 6 = 240 lbs 9 small tubs - each hold about 120 - 130 7” records weighing in at about 17 lbs each 9 x 120 = 1080 7” records 17 x 9 = 153 lbs So all added up he had more than 15 crates holding a total of more than 1500 records weighing in at more than 393 pounds! Vinyl Record Day Profile America — Sunday, August 12th. Listening to a favorite song can bring back fond memories. That's the idea behind Vinyl Record Day — celebrated each year on this date, the anniversary of Thomas Edison's invention of the phonograph. Vinyl records — both 33? and 45 RPM — brought Americans their favorite music for more than half a century. Today, computer downloaded music means that we can each put hundreds of songs into a tiny, portable device, so we can hear our favorites anywhere. Even with these advances, CDs still account for a majority of recordings sold. And vinyl LPs haven't entirely gone away — they are a little less than 1 percent of total annual music sales. You can find these and more facts about America from the U.S. Census Bureau on the Web at <www.census.gov>. Sources: Chase's Calendar of Events 2007, p. 412 Statistical Abstract of the United States 2007, t. 1124 http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2007edition.html Gramophone record A gramophone record (also known as phonograph record, or simply record) is an analog sound storage medium consisting of a flat disc with an inscribed modulated spiral groove usually starting near the periphery and ending near the center of the disc. When made of vinyl they were also known as vinyl records. Gramophone records were the primary medium used for commercial music reproduction for most of the 20th century. They replaced the phonograph cylinder as the most popular recording medium in the 1900s, and although they were supplanted in popularity in the late 1980s by digital media, leaving mainstream by 1991, they continue to be manufactured and sold as of 2008, still used by DJs and audiophiles for certain types of music, especially electronic dance music and hip hop. Types of records As recording technology evolved, more specific terms for gramophone or phonograph records would be used to emphasize some aspect of the record, often its nominal rotational speed ("16 2/3 rpm", "33 1/3 rpm", "45 rpm", "78 rpm") or the material used (particularly "vinyl" to refer to records made of polyvinyl chloride, or the earlier "shellac records"). Less specific terms such as "Long Play" (LP, meaning it was capable of playing for far longer than the old acetate records, which typically didn't go much past 4 minutes per side. An L.P. can play for over forty minutes per side. The 45 rpm discs also came in a variety known as Extended play (EP) which achieved up to 10–15 minutes play at the expense of attenuating (and possibly compressing) the sound to reduce the width required by the groove. EP discs were generally used to reissue LP albums on the smaller format for those people who had only 45 rpm players. LP albums could be purchased 1 EP at a time, with four songs per EP, or in a boxed set with 3 EPs or 12 songs. The large center hole on 45s allows for easier handling by jukebox mechanisms. In modern times it is common that a band will release an "E.P." oF 4 or 5 songs shortly before releasing a full album, or "L.P.", that hopefully will build a buzz around the new album. Sizes of records in America and the UK are generally measured in inches, usually represented with a double prime symbol, e.g. a 7-inch or 7″ record. 45s are generally 7″ records. LPs were 10″ records at first, but soon the 12″ size became by far the most common. Common formats Revolutions per minute 33 1/3 rpm 45 min Long play (LP) 45 rpm 12-inch single, Maxi Single, and Extended play (EP) Long play (LP) 7 in. (17.5 cm) Extended play (EP) Often used for children's records in the 1960s and 1970s. Note: Before the early 1950s, the 33 1/3 rpm LP was most commonly found in a 10-inch (25 cm) format. The 10-inch format disappeared from United States stores around 1950, but remained a common format in some markets until the mid-1960s. today. you can. ride a bicycle. study tai chi. learn to play an instrument. let yourself be known. be kind to a stranger. show love & care. plant a tree. improve the world. read a book. try a new food. listen to music and sing loudly. learn to say hello in a new language. breathe deeply. laugh. give thanks for the day. I wish...... Family gathering today. I can't believe it's been 10 years... I know posts from a lot of Brad's friends have been few and far between on here, but I assure you So I spent most of tonight taking notes on what I think I'll have the courage to speak on here. I just wanted to tell you how much I wish you were here to celebrate your birthday. I'm going to have to order 1 year 2 months ago We all do. Brad was so unique 1 year 2 months ago LOL 1 year 2 months ago Love the button 1 year 2 months ago Thanks 1 year 2 months ago	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line21
__label__wiki	0.880259	0.880259	No slowing down for British blues legend John Mayall John Mayall starts four nights at Jazz Alley Thursday. Photo courtesy of Jazz Alley. When you’re turning 80 later this year and have already mentored Eric Clapton, Jack Bruce, Mick Taylor and countless other rock legends, no one would blame you for taking it easy. John Mayall is having none of that. The father of British blues still tours relentlessly, playing about 100 shows a year. Mayall and his crackerjack band (not the iconic Blues Breakers, however) will hit Dmitriou’s Jazz Alley for four nights starting Thursday. “It’s just for the love of the music,” Mayall said in a phone interview Monday. “It’s great to have audiences all over the world who appreciate what we do. I think the music is such a life’s blood energy. And I have my health, so I don’t see any reason to cut back.” Mayall’s current band, the same group of guys from his 2009 studio album “Tough,” includes Texas guitar hero Rocky Athas, and Chicago southsiders Greg Rzab and Jay Davenport on bass and drums. “There’s a lot more dynamics. With the Blues Breakers it was pretty much a set thing. There wasn’t that much variety in it,” Mayall said. “With this band there’s a lot more improvisational qualities to it. There’s a lot more freedom within the medium so it’s a much more exciting experience and that’s seemed to been proved right by the reactions we’ve been getting over the last few years.” Fans hoping of a new studio album shouldn’t hold their breaths. Mayall said that things are hung up with his label, Eagle Records, and that the band is waiting to hear how the label wants to move forward. In the meantime, Mayall is still releasing new live material via his website, johnmayall.com. Seattle Mayall fans will likely remember previous dates he’s played Jazz Alley. It’s where he usually plays when in the city. “It’s nice because we can settle in for a few days, rather than one night stands, which is the normal procedure,” Mayall said. “We enjoy the fact we don’t have to break down our equipment every night and pack up. It’s a nice little change.” If you’re expecting to hear certain songs brace yourself. With over 50 years of material to choose from, Mayall said that no two nights will be the same. In fact, he said it’s possible that he might not repeat a song over the four nights he’s in town. “It’s always a cross-section because there’s so much material,” he said. “People will come over one night and hear a show and come the next night and hear a completely different repertoire because there’s so much to choose from and we have so much fun with the music. A lot of people will come to more than one show.” Act quickly if you’re hoping to catch more than one show. Both of Thursday night’s performances are already sold out. 7:30 and 9:30 p.m, Thursday-Sunday at Dimitriou’s Jazz Alley, 2033 6th Ave, Seattle; $25.50 (206-441-9729 or jazzalley.com) -Owen R. Smith, on Twitter @inanedetails Comments \| More in Blues More from Blues January 2 - 5:02 AM Mark Hummel takes a flyer with Bluebird Records \| Concert preview November 2 - 11:19 AM The Black Keys crank it up to 11 \| Concert review October 30 - 4:17 PM Black Keys drummer Patrick Carney never wanted to play drums \| Concert preview August 7 - 3:08 PM Lady Gaga, Arctic Monkeys, Counting Crows, what a week! \| Concert preview July 30 - 4:59 PM Kitsap songwriting legend Bill Carter \| Concert preview	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line24
__label__cc	0.534858	0.465142	Susan Surandon Horror Headlines: Monday April 8th, 2013 The folks over at Lionsgate have picked up the US distribution rights to "Ritual", a new flick about a fella who finds his ex wife has murdered a stranger who happens to be connected to a dangerous cult. Semi-new director Mickey Keating leads this one and while there's no word on a release date the other territories will go up on the auction block next month at Cannes. I plan on picking up the rights to Guam. Gotta make that chedda. Susan Surandon and Topher Grace would make the world's creepiest couple and the thought of them making love makes me throw up a little in my mouth but the good news here is that both of them have been confirmed for the cast of "The Calling" and not confirmed to be bumping uglies. The duo will play detectives who are on the hunt for a serial killer who's targeting the mentally ill. I bet their children would be adorable though. You can't argue that. Sally Hawkins, who apparently is no relation to the smart guy in the wheelchair, is the latest name to be added to the cast of the upcoming "Godzilla" reboot. No word on what role she'll play but since she's British I assume she'll play a British doctor or maybe a British police officer. Or any of those roles without a British accent. Really I have no idea here. "Pro-Wrestlers Vs. Zombies" is a real thing and the trailer looks a lot worse than you would expect. That's saying a lot I know. Pro-Wrestlers Vs. Zombies Mickey Keating	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line25
__label__wiki	0.611187	0.611187	OPINION OF ADVOCATE GENERAL delivered on 30 April 2013 (1) Case C‑628/11 Criminal proceedings International Jet Management GmbH (Request for a preliminary ruling from the Oberlandesgericht Braunschweig (Germany)) (Prohibition of any discrimination on the ground of nationality – Commercial flights from a third country to a Member State – Legislation of a Member State providing that air carriers not having an operating licence issued by that State must obtain an authorisation for each flight from a third country) 1. By this reference for a preliminary ruling, the Court is invited to declare whether Article 18 TFEU must be interpreted as precluding a Member State from requiring Community air carriers in possession of an operating licence issued in another Member State under Regulation (EC) No 1008/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 September 2008 on common rules for the operation of air services in the Community (Recast), (2) to hold an authorisation to enter its airspace in order to operate charter flights from a third country to its territory. 2. The chief difficulty in the case now before the Court is in determining whether Article 18 TFEU is applicable to a situation such as that in the main proceedings, regard being had to the subject-matter concerned, that is to say the supply by a Community air carrier of air services between a third country and a Member State. 3. In this Opinion I shall explain, first of all, the reasons why I consider that provision to be applicable to the situation at issue in the main proceedings. 4. I shall then state why in my view that provision must be interpreted as precluding a Member State from requiring Community air carriers in possession of an operating licence issued in another Member State to hold an authorisation to enter its airspace in order to operate charter flights from a third country to its territory. I – Legal framework A – European Union law 1. Regulation (EC) No 847/2004 5. Article 3 of Regulation (EC) No 847/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the negotiation and implementation of air service agreements between Member States and third countries (3) provides that ‘[a] Member State shall not enter into any new arrangement with a third country, which reduces the number of Community air carriers which may, in accordance with existing arrangements, be designated to provide services between its territory and that country, neither in respect of the entire air transport market between the two parties nor on the basis of specific city pairs’. 6. Article 5 of the regulation provides as follows: ‘Where a Member State concludes an agreement, or amendments to an agreement or its Annexes, that provide for limitations on the use of traffic rights or the number of Community air carriers eligible to be designated to take advantage of traffic rights, that Member State shall ensure a distribution of traffic rights among eligible Community air carriers on the basis of a non-discriminatory and transparent procedure.’ 2. Regulation No 1008/2008 7. Recital 10 in the preamble to Regulation No 1008/2008 provides: ‘In order to complete the internal aviation market, still existing restrictions applied between Member States, such as restrictions on the code sharing on routes to third countries or on the price setting on routes to third countries with an intermediate stop in another Member State (sixth freedom flights) should be lifted.’ 8. Article 1(1) of that regulation reads as follows: ‘This Regulation regulates the licensing of Community air carriers, the right of Community air carriers to operate intra-Community air services and the pricing of intra-Community air services.’ 9. Article 2 of that regulation provides: ‘For the purposes of this Regulation: 1. “operating licence” means an authorisation granted by the competent licensing authority to an undertaking, permitting it to provide air services as stated in the operating licence; 4. “air service” means a flight or a series of flights carrying passengers, cargo and/or mail for remuneration and/or hire; 8. “air operator certificate (AOC)” means a certificate delivered to an undertaking confirming that the operator has the professional ability and organisation to ensure the safety of operations specified in the certificate, as provided in the relevant provisions of Community or national law, as applicable; 10. “air carrier” means an undertaking with a valid operating licence or equivalent; 11. “Community air carrier” means an air carrier with a valid operating licence granted by a competent licensing authority in accordance with Chapter II; 13. “intra-Community air service” means an air service operated within the Community; 14. “traffic right” means the right to operate an air service between two Community airports. 10. Article 3(1) of Regulation No 1008/2008 provides: ‘No undertaking established in the Community shall be permitted to carry by air passengers, mail and/or cargo for remuneration and/or hire unless it has been granted the appropriate operating licence. An undertaking meeting the requirements of this Chapter shall be entitled to receive an operating licence.’ 11. Article 4 of that regulation provides: ‘An undertaking shall be granted an operating licence by the competent licensing authority of a Member State provided that: (a) its principal place of business is located in that Member State; (b) it holds a valid AOC issued by a national authority of the same Member State whose competent licensing authority is responsible for granting, refusing, revoking or suspending the operating licence of the Community air carrier; (d) its main occupation is to operate air services in isolation or combined with any other commercial operation of aircraft or the repair and maintenance of aircraft; 12. Article 15 of Regulation No 1008/2008, entitled ‘Provision of intra-Community air services’, which forms part of Chapter III, itself entitled ‘Access to routes’, provides as follows: ‘1. Community air carriers shall be entitled to operate intra-Community air services. 2. Member States shall not subject the operation of intra-Community air services by a Community air carrier to any permit or authorisation. Member States shall not require Community air carriers to provide any documents or information which they have already supplied to the competent licensing authority, provided that the relevant information may be obtained from the competent licensing authority in due time. 5. Notwithstanding the provisions of bilateral agreements between Member States, and subject to the Community competition rules applicable to undertakings, Community air carriers shall be permitted by the Member State(s) concerned to combine air services and to enter into code share arrangements with any air carrier on air services to, from or via any airport in their territory from or to any point(s) in third countries. A Member State may, in the framework of the bilateral air service agreement with the third country concerned, impose restrictions on code share arrangements between Community air carriers and air carriers of a third country, in particular if the third country concerned does not allow similar commercial opportunities to Community air carriers operating from the Member State concerned. In doing so, Member States shall ensure that restrictions imposed under such agreements do not restrict competition and are non-discriminatory between Community air carriers and that they are not more restrictive than necessary.’ B – German law 13. Paragraph 2(1) of the Law on aviation (Luftverkehrsgesetz), in the version published on 10 May 2007 (BGB1. 2007 I, p. 698) (‘the LuftVG’), provides that German aircraft are authorised to fly only when they possess an authorisation to that effect (operating licence) and are entered, where provided for by legislation, in the register of German aircraft (aircraft register). Moreover, that provision states that an aircraft is authorised to fly only if that type of aircraft is approved, if the certificate of airworthiness provided for in the legislation on the technical monitoring of aircraft is produced in respect of it, if the owner of the aircraft has taken out third-party liability insurance and the aircraft is equipped in such a way as not to exceed the technically acceptable threshold with regard to noise nuisance. 14. Under Paragraph 2(7) of that law, aircraft not registered and approved within the territory of application of the law may enter the airspace, or be brought there in any other way, for the purpose of flying only after having obtained due authorisation. The latter requirement is not necessary when a treaty between the country of origin and the Federal Republic of Germany, or an agreement binding on the two States, provides otherwise. 15. Paragraph 2(8) states that the authorisation referred to in subparagraphs (6) and (7) may be granted in general terms or for a specific case; it may be accompanied by conditions and by a time‑limit. 16. Under Paragraph 58 of the LuftVG, any person who intentionally or negligently enters the airspace to which the present law applies by means of an aircraft, or brings into it an aircraft in any other manner, without obtaining the authorisation provided for in Paragraph 2(7), shall be guilty of an offence. That offence is punishable by a fine of up to EUR 10 000. 17. Paragraph 94 of the Regulation on aircraft operating licences (Luftverkehrs-Zulassungs-Ordnung), in the version published on 10 July 2008 (BGB1. 2008 I, p. 1229) (‘the LuftVZO’), provides that the authorisation to enter the airspace of the Federal Republic of Germany, referred to in Paragraph 2(7) of the LuftVG, is to be issued by the Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung (Federal Ministry of Transport, Construction and Town Planning), or by another authority designated by it. 18. Paragraph 95(1) of the LuftVZO states that an application for an authorisation must contain the name and address of the owner of the aircraft, the aircraft type and its registration status and registration number, the predicted date and time of arrival and the likely time of its return flight or of its flight to another destination, the departure and arrival airports and, where appropriate, the transit airports within federal territory; it must also state the number of passengers and the nature and volume of cargo, the purpose of the flight, in particular, in the case of carriage of a specific group, and the place where that group was initially assembled and, in the case of a charter flight, the name, address and branch of the operator. The authority issuing the authorisation may require other information. The Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung, or any other authority designated by it, is to provide details of the procedure for the application for authorisation in the form of general administrative provisions. 19. Under Paragraph 95(2) of the LuftVZO, with the exception of the case referred to in subparagraph (3) thereof, application for an authorisation in respect of flights outside the regular schedules requiring landing facilities for commercial purposes (charter flights) must be made to the issuing authority not later than two whole working days before take-off of the intended flight and, in the case of a series of more than four flights, not later than four weeks before the take-off of the intended flights. II – Facts in the main proceedings 20. International Jet Management GmbH (4) is an airline company with its seat in Schwechat, Vienna (Austria). It operates charter flights from third countries, in this case Russia and Turkey, to the Member States of the European Union. 21. This company is the holder of an operating licence issued by the Austrian Ministry of Transport under Regulation No 1008/2008. It also holds an air operating certificate in accordance with Article 6 of that regulation issued to it by Austro Control GmbH, a company wholly owned by the Republic of Austria which provides public services. 22. By judgment of 24 May 2011, the Amtsgericht Braunschweig (Local Court, Braunschweig) ordered International Jet Management to pay a fine of EUR 500 in respect of contraventions committed through negligence, four fines of EUR 1 890 for deliberate contraventions and six fines of EUR 600, again for deliberate contraventions. That court found that, from 9 December 2008 to 15 March 2009, International Jet Management had operated flights from Moscow (Russia) and Ankara (Turkey) to destinations in Germany, even though it was not in possession of an authorisation to enter German airspace provided for in Paragraph 2(7) of the LuftVG, read in conjunction with Paragraph 94 et seq. of the LuftVZO. 23. In three cases, the Luftfahrtbundesamt (Federal Office for Aviation) had refused it authorisation to enter German airspace on the ground that it had not produced a non-availability declaration. That declaration attests to the fact that the Community air carrier established in the territory of another Member State has previously inquired with German airline companies in order to ensure that none of them is available to operate the flight in question on comparable terms. In the other cases, the Luftfahrtbundesamt had not, at the time of the flights in question, given a decision on the application for authorisation. 24. International Jet Management appealed against the judgment of 24 May 2011 to the first criminal chamber of the Oberlandesgericht Braunschweig (Higher Regional Court, Braunschweig), seeking annulment of that judgment and its acquittal. In support of its appeal, that company submits, first, that the conditions under which the fine was imposed are incompatible with European Union law and that Regulation No 1008/2008 already gives it the right to enter European Union airspace without authorisation. It considers, secondly, that the principle of non-discrimination laid down in Article 18 TFEU prohibits the imposition of such fines. It maintains, finally, that the German national rule is incompatible with Article 56 TFEU which champions freedom to provide services within the European Union. 25. Since the national court entertained doubts as to the interpretation to be given to European Union law, it decided to stay the proceedings and refer several questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling. III – The questions referred 26. The Oberlandesgericht Braunschweig refers the following questions to the Court of Justice: ‘(1) Does it fall within the scope of the prohibition of discrimination laid down in Article 18 TFEU (formerly Article 12 EC) if a Member State ([namely the] Federal Republic of Germany) requires an airline to obtain an authorisation to make inward flights in respect of charter flights (commercial flights in non-scheduled traffic) from non-member countries into the territory of that Member State, where that airline holds a valid operating licence within the meaning of Articles 3 and 8 of Regulation … No 1008/2008 …, issued in another Member State ([namely the] Republic of Austria)? (2) If the reply to Question 1 is in the affirmative, is the requirement for an authorisation in itself contrary to Article 18 TFEU … if an authorisation to make an inward flight, the obtaining of which can be enforced by means of an administrative fine, is required for flight services from non-member countries by airlines which have received an operating licence in the other Member States, but not by airlines with an operating licence obtained in [Germany]? (3) If the case falls within the scope of Article 18 TFEU … (Question 1) but the requirement for authorisation is not itself found to be discriminatory (Question 2), may the grant of an authorisation to make an inward flight in respect of the appellant’s flight services from non-member countries to the Federal Republic of Germany be made conditional, on pain of an administrative fine, and without breaching the prohibition of discrimination, on whether the airline of the Member State proves to the authority which grants the authorisation that airlines with an operating licence in [Germany] are not in a position to carry out the flights (non-availability declaration)?’ IV – Analysis 27. By its first and second questions, the national court is essentially asking whether Article 18 TFEU must be interpreted as precluding a Member State from requiring Community air carriers in possession of an operating licence issued in another Member State to hold an authorisation to enter its airspace in order to operate charter flights from a third country to its territory. 28. The chief difficulty in this case is knowing whether the situation at issue in the main proceedings, that is to say the supply by a Community air carrier of air services from a third country to a Member State, comes within the scope of the FEU Treaty, thus rendering the principle of non-discrimination applicable to it. A – Applicability of Article 18 TFEU to the situation in the main proceedings 29. The air transport sector occupies a specific place in the FEU Treaty. Under Article 4(2)(g) TFEU, the Member States and the European Union have shared competence in the area of transport. Under Article 58(1) TFEU, freedom to provide services in the field of transport is governed by the provisions of the title relating to transport, namely Title VI. The freedom to provide services in the transport sector is therefore governed by a legal regime distinct from the ordinary law. 30. Furthermore, that title treats sea and air transport in a special way and distinguishes them from other modes of transport. Under Article 100(1) and (2) TFEU, both are excluded from that title, unless the European Union legislature should decide otherwise. (5) For air transport, therefore, liberalising measures may only be adopted under Article 100(2) TFEU. 31. In that regard, by adopting Regulation No 1008/2008, the European Union legislature exercised the competence conferred on it by Article 100(2) TFEU and liberalised air services for intra-Community routes. Article 1(1) of that regulation states that it specifically governs the right of Community air carriers to operate intra-Community air services. Conversely, the European Union legislature has not hitherto liberalised the sector covering air routes between third countries and the Member States. 32. Therefore, even if those routes are not yet liberalised, must they be subject to the general rules of the FEU Treaty and, more specifically, to the principle of non-discrimination? 33. According to the German Government, in so far as under Articles 1(1) and 15(1) and (2) of Regulation No 1008/2008, the latter instrument applies only to intra-Community air services, the Union legislature availed itself of the competence conferred on it by Article 100(2) TFEU only in this area. Accordingly, Title VI of the FEU Treaty governs only intra-Community air services and does not apply to air services operated from a third country to a Member State, thus excluding the latter services from the scope of the Treaties. Article 18 TFEU is therefore, in the German Government’s view, not applicable to the situation in the main proceedings. 34. In other words, the German Government considers that, because no secondary legislation has been adopted under Article 100(2) TFEU to govern a situation such as that in the main proceedings, that situation must be excluded from the scope of the FEU Treaty. 35. I cannot share that assessment of the matter. In my view, the field within which this situation is subsumed, namely the provision by a Community air carrier of air services between a Member State and a third country, comes within the scope of European Union law and remains subject to the requirement of observance of the principle of non-discrimination. 36. The German Government is mistaken, in my view, as to the meaning and scope to be attributed to Article 100(2) TFEU, read in conjunction with Article 58(1) TFEU. 37. The reference to Article 100(2) TFEU in Article 58(1) TFEU concerns only the freedom to provide services. Thus, it states that transport services may be liberalised not under the common regime but under Title VI of the FEU Treaty, relating to transport. 38. Article 100(2) TFEU for its part has no purpose other than to define the scope of Title VI by distinguishing the different modes of transport and specifying that the provisions under that Title do not apply automatically to air and sea transport. (6) Contrary to the German Government’s assertion, it is not intended to remove air transport of whatever nature from the scope of the FEU Treaty unless the European Union legislature has adopted legislation on the basis of Article 100(2) TFEU. (7) 39. Accordingly, even though a transport service does not come within the scope of a provision of secondary law adopted under Article 100(2) TFEU and continues to be subject to national legislation, none the less, when adopting legislation on that service, the Member States must do so in compliance with Article 61 TFEU and other general provisions of the FEU Treaty. (8) 40. If the authors of the Treaties had wished to exclude the application to the air transport sector of the general rules of the FEU Treaty, other than those relating to the freedom to provide services, they would have done so expressly by a provision analogous to Article 58(1) TFEU. (9) 41. Accordingly, Article 18 TFEU applies to a situation which is not yet governed by secondary law adopted on the basis of Article 100(2) TFEU. 42. It remains to determine whether, in view of the fact that the situation in the main proceedings concerns the provision by a Community air carrier of air services from a third country to a Member State, that situation comes within the scope of application of the FEU Treaty within the meaning of that provision. 43. I consider that this is indeed the case. 44. At the outset and because that question has been raised in particular at the hearing I consider that the fact that the situation at issue in the main proceedings concerns a non-scheduled flight has no bearing on the solution that I will be proposing. In fact, the distinction between scheduled and non-scheduled air services is weakening. (10) Regulation No 1008/2008 itself mentions scheduled air services only on a few occasions when flight schedules affect the application of the conditions under which the issue of an operating licence may be granted (11) or are important in terms of ensuring that public service obligations are met. (12) Apart from these specific exceptions, the regulation does not distinguish between scheduled and non-scheduled flights in terms of the application of the provisions it enacts, which seems to me to be sensible in the light of the aim of the regulation which is to ensure the financial health of air carriers and thus safety. 45. Regulation No 1008/2008 is not unrelated to the situation at issue in the main proceedings. It is true that under Article 1(1) of the regulation it governs the right of Community air carriers to operate intra-Community air services. However, it should not be overlooked that that regulation also governs the licences of Community air carriers. Under Chapter II dealing with the operating licence, the European Union legislature harmonised the conditions for granting the operating licence and established rules concerning the validity, suspension and withdrawal of that licence. In that regard, the second subparagraph of Article 3(1) of that regulation provides that any undertaking meeting the requirements laid down in that Chapter may obtain an operating licence. Article 3(2) provides that the competent licensing authority is not to grant operating licences or maintain them in force where any of the requirements of this Chapter are not complied with. 46. Yet that harmonisation, which concerns the status of any Community air carrier, is to be understood as applying to any flight effectuated, whether an intra-Community flight or a flight between a Member State and a third country. Article 4(d) of that regulation states that the competent licensing authority of a Member State is to issue an operating licence to an undertaking if its main occupation is to operate air services in isolation or combined with any other commercial operation of aircraft or the repair and maintenance of aircraft. 47. The concept of ‘air service’ is defined in Article 2(4) of Regulation No 1008/2008 as ‘a flight or a series of flights carrying passengers, cargo and/or mail for remuneration and/or hire’. That concept therefore encompasses all flights whether they be intra-Community or between a third country and a Member State. That is borne out by the fact that the Union legislature was at pains to distinguish such a service from an intra-Community air service, defined in Article 2(13) of that regulation as ‘an air service operated within the Community’. 48. Therefore, for the provision of air services of whatever nature, a Community air carrier must hold an operating licence issued in accordance with the provisions of Chapter II of Regulation No 1008/2008. That licence guarantees that the air carrier obtained it in compliance with the common rules, in particular those concerning safety, and must therefore be recognised as valid by the other Member States. In actual fact, that regulation, without stating so expressly, establishes a principle under which there must be mutual recognition of operating licences. 49. The operating licence must also be seen as a condition precedent to the provision by a Community air carrier of aviation services in respect of, inter alia, routes from a third country to a Member State. 50. A national measure such as that in the main proceedings, which does not recognise the operating licence issued by another Member State, may affect the very status of the Community air carrier. 51. Next, it is undeniably the case that other secondary legislation, though not specifically referring to the provision by an air carrier holding an operating licence issued by a Member State of air services between a third country and another Member State, may apply to a situation such as that is issue in the main proceedings. Thus, for example, Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 261/2004 applies to ‘passengers departing from an airport located in a third country to an airport situated in the territory of a Member State to which the [EC] Treaty applies ..., if the operating air carrier of the flight concerned is a Community carrier’. 52. Similarly, under Article 2(1) of Regulation (EC) No 785/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on insurance requirements for air carriers and aircraft operators, (13) ‘[the] Regulation shall apply to all air carriers and to all aircraft operators flying within, into, out of, or over the territory of a Member State to which the [EC] Treaty applies’. 53. Moreover, it must also be noted that Regulation No 1107/2006 provides in Article 1(2) and (3) that ‘[t]he provisions of [the] Regulation shall apply to disabled persons and persons with reduced mobility, using or intending to use commercial passenger air services on departure from, on transit through, or on arrival at an airport, when the airport is situated in the territory of a Member State to which the [EC] Treaty applies. Articles 3, 4 and 10 shall also apply to passengers departing from an airport situated in a third country to an airport situated in the territory of a Member State to which the [EC] Treaty applies, if the operating carrier is a Community air carrier.’ 54. Finally, and without being exhaustive, European Union legislation in this field being abundant, it must be observed that, following the ‘Open Skies’ judgments, (14) the European Union legislature adopted Regulation No 847/2004 to establish a procedure for cooperation between the Member States and the European Commission when the Member States decide to enter into agreements concerning aviation services between the Member States and third countries (15) and where it becomes apparent that the subject-matter of the agreement in question falls partly within the competence of the European Union and partly within that of the Member States. 55. In particular, under Article 5 of Regulation No 847/2004, entitled ‘Distribution of traffic rights’, (16) ‘[w]here a Member State concludes an agreement, or amendments to an agreement or its Annexes, that provide for limitations on the use of traffic rights or the number of Community air carriers eligible to be designated to take advantage of traffic rights, that Member State shall ensure a distribution of traffic rights among eligible Community air carriers on the basis of a non-discriminatory and transparent procedure.’ (17) 56. Accordingly I am of the opinion that, inasmuch as the European Union legislature adopted several rules with regard to the situation at issue in the main proceedings, the provision by a Community air carrier of air services from a third country to a Member State comes within the scope of the FEU Treaty. Under Article 2 TEU, the European Union is founded on values common to the Member States in a society in which, inter alia, non-discrimination prevails. So, a rule as fundamental as that derived from the principle of non-discrimination must apply in the case before the Court which intersects at many points with European Union law. 57. However, the French Government considers that application of Article 18 TFEU to a situation such as that in issue in the main proceedings would deprive Article 58(1) TFEU of any useful effect in so far as, if a Member State were required to treat equally Community air carriers which obtained operating licences in its territory and Community air carriers which obtained them in the territory of another Member State, that would result in extending the freedom to provide services laid down in Article 56 TFEU to the transport services at issue in the present case. In support of its argument the French Government cites the judgement in Corsica Ferries (France), (18) in which the Court held that the EEC Treaty, in particular Articles 59, 61, 62 and 84 thereof, did not, before the entry into force of Council Regulation (EEC) No 4055/86, (19) prevent a Member State from levying, in connection with the use by a ship of harbour installations situated in its island territory, charges on the embarkation and disembarkation of passengers arriving from or going to a port situated in another Member State, whilst in the case of travel between two ports situated within national territory those charges were levied only on embarkation at the island port. 58. I do not share the French Government’s view. 59. The judgment in Corsica Ferries (France) does not in my view call in question the applicability of Article 18 TFEU to the situation at issue in the main proceedings. Indeed, first of all, as correctly pointed out by Advocate General Mengozzi in his Opinion in the case which gave rise to Neukirchinger, the Court in Corsica Ferrries (France), did not examine the legislation at issue from the perspective of Article 7 of the EEC Treaty (now Article 18 TFEU). (20) 60. Next, freedom to provide services is not solely founded on the prohibition of discriminatory measures based on the nationality of the service provider. It is founded also on the elimination of any restrictions imposed by national legislation which, although applicable without distinction, impede freedom to provide services where such legislation is such as to prohibit, impede or render less attractive the provision of services by a provider established in another Member State. (21) 61. That means that, if a sector is not liberalised, the Member States are entitled to impose restrictions. That was, moreover, the conclusion reached by the Court in Corsica Ferries (France). (22) On the other hand, even where a sector is not liberalised, the Member States must none the less, in my view, observe the principle of non‑discrimination. 62. In that regard, Article 15(5) of Regulation No 1008/2008, it seems to me, illustrates these points very well. That provision stipulates that, notwithstanding the provisions of bilateral agreements entered into between Member States, Community air carriers are permitted by the Member State(s) concerned to combine air services and to enter into code share arrangements with any air carrier (23) on air services to any airport in their territory and from any point in third countries. Under the second subparagraph of that provision a Member State may impose restrictions on code share arrangements between Community air carriers and air carriers of a third country. However, that Member State must ensure that restrictions imposed under such agreements do not restrict competition and are non-discriminatory between Community air carriers and that they are not more restrictive than necessary. 63. That provision shows in my view that, despite the fact that air services in respect of routes between a third country and a Member State have not been liberalised, the Member States remain subject to the obligation to observe, inter alia, the principle of non-discrimination. 64. Having regard to all of the foregoing considerations, I am of the opinion that Article 18 TFEU is applicable to a situation such as that in the main proceedings. 65. It necessary now to determine whether that provision precludes a Member State from requiring Community air carriers with an operating licence issued in another Member State to hold an authorisation to enter its airspace in order to operate charter flights from a third country to its territory. B – Infringement of Article 18 TFEU 66. As the Court pointed out in paragraph 32 of Neukirchinger, it is settled case-law that the rules regarding equality of treatment between nationals and non-nationals forbid not only overt discrimination on the ground of nationality or, for a company, its seat, but also all covert forms of discrimination which, by the application of other distinguishing criteria, lead to the same result. 67. In the present case there is no doubt that the German legislation at issue in the main proceedings introduces a distinguishing criterion based on the place where Community air carriers have their seat. 68. Under Paragraph 2(7) of the LuftVG, an authorisation to enter airspace is required for air carriers holding an operating licence from a Member State other than the Federal Republic of Germany. 69. The distinguishing criterion is therefore based on the place of issue of the operating licence. Under Article 4(a) of Regulation No 1008/2008, the operating licence is issued by the competent authorities of the Member State on whose territory the undertaking applying has its principal place of business. That legislation thus plainly concerns Community air carriers having their seat in another Member State. Accordingly, since the distinguishing criterion is based on the place where the seat is situated, this distinguishing criterion imposed by German legislation ultimately leads to the same result as a criterion based on nationality. (24) 70. That difference in treatment can be justified only if it is based on objective considerations independent of the nationality of the persons concerned and is proportionate to the legitimate aim of the national provisions. (25) However, that does not appear to be the situation in the present case. 71. In the main proceedings the Generalstaatsanwaltschaft (Public Ministry) does indeed consider that such difference in treatment is justified on grounds of economic protectionism and security. 72. As regards economic protectionism, I find it difficult to see how, in a European Union of 27, such an objective may be regarded as legitimate and justify an infringement of the principle of non‑discrimination. The exceptions to the prohibition of any discrimination based on nationality must be interpreted strictly because they strike at a fundamental right. An objective of an economic nature has repeatedly been considered by the Court not to be capable of justifying discriminatory legislation. (26) In any event I do not see how the protection of the national economy can be considered to be based on objective considerations independent of the nationality of the persons concerned. 73. With regard to the justification founded on security advanced by the Generalstaatsanwaltschaft, although such an objective may actually be regarded as legitimate I do not believe that such a justification may be relied on in the present case. 74. In fact, as has been seen, the German legislation requires Community air carriers holding an operating licence issued in another Member State to apply for an authorisation to enter its airspace. The issue of that authorisation is itself subject to the submission of a non‑availability declaration and confirmation of insurance and the verification of additional matters. In that regard the national court states that the circumstances which must be examined under German law in the procedure for obtaining authorisation are the same as those which must continually be examined by the Republic of Austria. By way of example, the AOC must be presented to the German authorities in accordance with Paragraph 95(1), second sentence, of the LuftVZO for review. 75. In reality the requirement of an authorisation to enter German airspace is tantamount to a fresh review of the matters which have already been subject to scrutiny by the national authorities when they issued the operating licence under the relevant provisions of Regulation No 1008/2008. 76. Under that regulation, only the authority of the Member State in whose territory the Community air carrier has its principal place of business is competent to verify whether the conditions of issue provided for under that regulation are satisfied. (27) Among the conditions to be fulfilled, Article 4(h) of that regulation provides that the competent authority to grant the operating licence must verify that the air carrier observes the requirements with regard to insurance laid down in Article 11 and in Regulation (EC) No 785/2004. Similarly, an operating licence cannot be issued unless that authority has verified that the air carrier holds a valid AOC. (28) It is also the only authority which may suspend or revoke that licence if those conditions are no longer fulfilled. (29) 77. Observance of the conditions for the issue of the operating licence to which air carriers are subject is intended to ensure that those air carriers are financially healthy, in as much as the European Union legislature considered there to be a potential link between financial health and safety. (30) 78. Therefore, in as much as the matters relating to safety raised by the Generalstaatsanwaltschaft in the dispute in the main proceedings were already taken into account by the authority competent to grant the operating licence, to conduct a fresh review of those matters is disproportionate to the legitimate objective pursued. (31) 79. It is, moreover, interesting to note that the German Government at the hearing stated that the information requested from a Community air carrier operating charter flights from a third country to Germany is not, on the other hand, required of Community air carriers operating non-direct flights from a third country. Thus, at the hearing, the German Government confirmed that for a flight from Moscow with an intermediate stop in Vienna on the way to its final destination of Berlin (Germany), no authorisation to enter the airspace of the Federal Republic of Germany is requested of the Community air carrier. I do not see how in that case the national legislation can be justified by reasons relating to aviation safety. 80. It follows that legislation such as that at issue in the main proceedings constitutes discrimination on grounds of nationality within the meaning of Article 18 TFEU. 81. In the light of the reply given to the first and second questions, it is unnecessary to reply to the third question. V – Conclusion 82. Having regard to the foregoing considerations I propose that the Court reply to the questions referred for a preliminary ruling by the Oberlandesgericht Braunschweig as follows: Article 18 TFEU must be interpreted as precluding a Member State from requiring Community air carriers in possession of an operating licence issued in another Member State to hold an authorisation to enter its airspace to operate charter flights from a third country to its territory. 1 – Original language: French. 2 – OJ 2008 L 293, p. 3. 3 – OJ 2004 L 157, p. 7, and corrigenda OJ 2004 L 195, p. 3, and OJ 2007 L 204, p. 27. 4 – ‘International Jet Management’. 5 – Case 167/73 Commission v France [1974] ECR 359, paragraph 32; Joined Cases 209/84 to 213/84 Asjes and Others [1986] ECR 1425, paragraph 45; and Case C‑382/08 Neukirchinger [2011] ECR I‑139, paragraph 21. 6 – Asjes and Others, paragraphs 43 and 44. 7 – Commission v France, paragraph 31, and, with regard to sea transport, Case C‑440/05 Commission v Council [2007] ECR I‑9097, paragraph 57 and the case‑law cited. 8 – Case C‑251/04 Commission v Greece [2007] ECR I‑67, paragraph 26, and Neukirchinger, paragraph 21. 9 – See, to that effect, the judgment in Commission v France, paragraph 28. 10 – See, inter alia, recital 5 in the preamble to Regulation (EC) No 261/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 February 2004 establishing common rules on compensation and assistance to passengers in the event of denied boarding and of cancellation or long delay of flights, and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 295/91 (OJ 2004 L 46, p. 1), and Article 2(l) of Regulation No 1107/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the rights of disabled persons and persons with reduced mobility when travelling by air (OJ 2006 L 204, p. 1, and corrigendum in OJ 2013 L 26, p. 34). 11 – Articles 5(3), first and second subparagraphs and 8(8), first and second subparagraphs, of that regulation. 12 – Article 16 of Regulation No 1008/2008. 13 – OJ 2004 L 138, p. 1. 14 – Judgments of 5 November 2002 in Case C‑466/98 Commission v United Kingdom [2002] ECR I‑9427; Case C‑467/98 Commission v Denmark [2002] ECR I‑9519; Case C‑468/98 Commission v Sweden [2002] ECR I‑9575; Case C‑469/98 Commission v Finland [2002] ECR I‑9627; Case C‑471/98 Commission v Belgium [2002] ECR I-9681; Case C‑472/98 Commission v Luxembourg [2002] ECR I‑9741; Case C‑475/98 Commission v Austria [2002] ECR I-9797; and Case C‑476/98 Commission v Germany [2002] ECR I‑9855. 15 – Article 1 of Regulation No 847/2004. 16 – A traffic right may be defined as the right to operate an air service between two airports. See, to this effect, Article 2(14) of Regulation No 1008/2008. 17 – Emphasis added. 18 – C‑49/89 [1989] ECR 4441. 19 – Regulation of the Council of 22 December 1986 applying the principle of freedom to provide services to maritime transport between Member States and between Member States and third countries (OJ 1986 L 378, p. 1, and corrigenda OJ 1987 L 30, p. 87, and OJ 1988 L 117, p. 33). 20 – Point 65 of that Opinion. 21 – See, inter alia, Case 346/06 Rüffert [2008] ECR I‑1989, paragraph 37, and Case C‑518/06 Commission v Italy [2009] ECR I‑3491, paragraph 62 and the case-law cited. 22 – Paragraph 14. 23 – The sharing of codes is a common commercial practice in the aviation sector. Each company is identified by a code composed of two letters. Under this practice an airline company markets flights under its own code although those flights are operated by another company. For example, Air France SA whose code is AF, will offer AF flights to its customers from Toronto (Canada) to Vancouver (Canada), even though the flight will be operated by a different airline, usually a regional one. 24 – Neukirchinger, paragraph 38. 25 – Ibid., paragraph 35. 26 – See, inter alia, Case C‑17/92 Distribuidores Cinematográficos [1993] ECR I‑2239, paragraph 16 and the case-law cited, and, with regard to justification of legislation impeding the freedom to provide services, Case C‑398/95 SETTG [1997] ECR I‑3091, paragraph 22. 27 – Articles 4(a) and 8 of Regulation No 1008/2008. Recital 4 in the preamble to that regulation states in this connection that, given, inter alia, the need to ensure the efficient supervision of air carriers, the same Member State should be responsible for the oversight of the air operator certificate and of the operating licence. 28 – Article 6(1) of the Regulation. 29 – Article 9 of the Regulation. 30 – Recitals (3) and (6) of Regulation (EC) No 1008/2008. 31 – See, to that effect, Neukirchinger, paragraph 42.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line29
__label__wiki	0.856409	0.856409	Justin Amash Left the GOP—Opening a New Set of Possibilities in American Politics By ReasonTV on July 12, 2019 in News The following video is brought to you courtesy of the ReasonTV YouTube Channel. Click the video below to watch it now. After Michigan representative Justin Amash said he would leave the Republican Party to become an independent, he may have opened up a new path for politicians tired of a partisan two-party system. Subscribe to our YouTube channel: http://youtube.com/reasontv Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Reason.Magazine/ Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/reason Subscribe to our podcast at Apple Podcasts: https://goo.gl/az3a7a Reason is the planet’s leading source of news, politics, and culture from a libertarian perspective. Go to reason.com for a point of view you won’t get from legacy media and old left-right opinion magazines. When Michigan Congressman Justin Amash announced he was leaving the Republican Party to become an independent, he didn’t just say goodbye to the GOP—he opened up a whole new set of possibilities in American politics. In choosing principle over party, the 39-year-old son of a Palestinian refugee has become the spokesman for all Americans who believe in limited government. Since taking office in 2011, Amash has been an outspoken critic of out-of-control government spending, state surveillance, and unauthorized wars. He believes that President Donald Trump engaged in impeachable behavior, but he’s primarily motivated by the belief that Congress is no longer doing its job of writing laws that the Executive branch implements. “The founders envisioned Congress as a deliberative body in which outcomes are discovered,” Amash wrote in The Washington Post. “We are fast approaching the point, however, where Congress exists as little more than a formality to legitimize outcomes dictated by the president, the speaker of the House, and the Senate majority leader.” Amash doesn’t believe the system can be reformed from within, telling CNN’s Jake Tapper: “I don’t think there’s anyone in there who can change the system…. It’s pretty rigid. It’s top-down. It comes down from leadership to the bottom. And over the years it’s gotten more rigid. It’s more difficult now to change the process than it was a few years ago.” This is something Amash has been consistent on for his entire time in Congress. He’s called out Nancy Pelosi for strait-jacketing the way legislation is introduced, debated, and voted on—a criticism he leveled against her Republican predecessors. In a 2018 interview with Reason, he lodged this complaint against then-Speaker Paul Ryan (R–Wis.): The speaker has not been protecting the institution. You need a speaker in there who is an institutionalist, who cares about the institution first, who is not a partisan…. Let Republicans and Democrats and others offer their amendments, and let’s have votes on all sorts of things, substantive things, not just post offices like they do now. Modern politics is “trapped in a partisan death spiral,” says Amash. But there is a way out if Congress will actually do its job and if the House and Senate become less fixated on partisan advantage. “What you have right now are two parties that are relatively small and weak, and, actually the reason they are so partisan right now is because they are small and weak,” he told Reason. “The future I see is one where there are no strong parties and more independent candidates. We don’t really need the parties anymore.” Amash says he will run for Congress as an independent and is confident that he can retain his seat. But he also hasn’t ruled out running for president, possibly as a Libertarian. Whether that happens, Justin Amash has already stirred things up by doing what he believes in rather than what is convenient for partisan purposes. For that alone, he deserves our attention—and commands our respect. Written by Nick Gillespie. Edited by Paul Detrick. Assembling by Asher Fulero is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: https://www.youtube.com/audiolibrary_download?vid=dad7861562106c5d Artist: Asher Fulero About ReasonTV View all posts by ReasonTV → You've Got to See these Newly Minted Coins! Customers Also Liked these Products... 2nd Amendment Gun Owner Yard Flags! TRUMP 2020 Re-Election Yard Flag! Trump’s Labor Secretary Alexander Acosta resigns amid Epstein plea deal furor \| ABC News Breaking “Powerful Quake Shakes Seattle Washington” Another Hits California	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line32
__label__cc	0.685103	0.314897	So it's no surprise that as soon as medical science develops a treatment for a disease, we often ask if it couldn't perhaps make a healthy person even healthier. Take Viagra, for example: developed to help men who couldn't get erections, it's now used by many who function perfectly well without a pill but who hope it will make them exceptionally virile. A total of 14 studies surveyed reasons for using prescription stimulants nonmedically, all but one study confined to student respondents. The most common reasons were related to cognitive enhancement. Different studies worded the multiple-choice alternatives differently, but all of the following appeared among the top reasons for using the drugs: “concentration” or “attention” (Boyd et al., 2006; DeSantis et al., 2008, 2009; Rabiner et al., 2009; Teter et al., 2003, 2006; Teter, McCabe, Cranford, Boyd, & Guthrie, 2005; White et al., 2006); “help memorize,” “study,” “study habits,” or “academic assignments” (Arria et al., 2008; Barrett et al., 2005; Boyd et al., 2006; DeSantis et al., 2008, 2009; DuPont et al., 2008; Low & Gendaszek, 2002; Rabiner et al., 2009; Teter et al., 2005, 2006; White et al., 2006); “grades” or “intellectual performance” (Low & Gendaszek, 2002; White et al., 2006); “before tests” or “finals week” (Hall et al., 2005); “alertness” (Boyd et al., 2006; Hall et al., 2005; Teter et al., 2003, 2005, 2006); or “performance” (Novak et al., 2007). However, every survey found other motives mentioned as well. The pills were also taken to “stay awake,” “get high,” “be able to drink and party longer without feeling drunk,” “lose weight,” “experiment,” and for “recreational purposes.” The idea of a digital pill that records when it has been consumed is a sound one, but as the FDA notes, there is no evidence to say it actually increases the likelihood patients that have a history of inconsistent consumption will follow their prescribed course of treatment. There is also a very strange irony in schizophrenia being the first condition this technology is being used to target. One symptom of Alzheimer's disease is a reduced brain level of the neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. It is thought that an effective treatment for Alzheimer's disease might be to increase brain levels of acetylcholine. Another possible treatment would be to slow the death of neurons that contain acetylcholine. Two drugs, Tacrine and Donepezil, are both inhibitors of the enzyme (acetylcholinesterase) that breaks down acetylcholine. These drugs are approved in the US for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Also known as Arcalion or Bisbuthiamine and Enerion, Sulbutiamine is a compound of the Sulphur group and is an analog to vitamin B1, which is known to pass the blood-brain barrier easily. Sulbutiamine is found to circulate faster than Thiamine from blood to brain. It is recommended for patients suffering from mental fatigue caused due to emotional and psychological stress. The best part about this compound is that it does not have most of the common side effects linked with a few nootropics. This world is a competitive place. If you’re not seeking an advantage, you’ll get passed by those who do. Whether you’re studying for a final exam or trying to secure a big business deal, you need a definitive mental edge. Are smart drugs and brain-boosting pills the answer for cognitive enhancement in 2019? If you’re not cheating, you’re not trying, right? Bad advice for some scenarios, but there is a grain of truth to every saying—even this one. First half at 6 AM; second half at noon. Wrote a short essay I’d been putting off and napped for 1:40 from 9 AM to 10:40. This approach seems to work a little better as far as the aboulia goes. (I also bother to smell my urine this time around - there’s a definite off smell to it.) Nights: 10:02; 8:50; 10:40; 7:38 (2 bad nights of nasal infections); 8:28; 8:20; 8:43 (▆▃█▁▂▂▃). “Smart Drugs” are chemical substances that enhance cognition and memory or facilitate learning. However, within this general umbrella of “things you can eat that make you smarter,” there are many variations as far as methods of action within the body, perceptible (and measurable) effects, potential for use and abuse, and the spillover impact on the body’s non-cognitive processes. If you happen to purchase anything recommended on this or affiliated websites, we will likely receive some kind of affiliate compensation. We only recommend stuff that we truly believe in and share with our friends and family. If you ever have an issue with anything we recommend please let us know. We want to make sure we are always serving you at the highest level. If you are purchasing using our affiliate link, you will not pay a different price for the products and/or services, but your purchase helps support our ongoing work. Thanks for your support! Null results are generally less likely to be published. Consistent with the operation of such a bias in the present literature, the null results found in our survey were invariably included in articles reporting the results of multiple tasks or multiple measures of a single task; published single-task studies with exclusively behavioral measures all found enhancement. This suggests that some single-task studies with null results have gone unreported. The present mixed results are consistent with those of other recent reviews that included data from normal subjects, using more limited sets of tasks or medications (Advokat, 2010; Chamberlain et al., 2010; Repantis, Schlattmann, Laisney, & Heuser, 2010). Spaced repetition at midnight: 3.68. (Graphing preceding and following days: ▅▄▆▆▁▅▆▃▆▄█ ▄ ▂▄▄▅) DNB starting 12:55 AM: 30/34/41. Transcribed Sawaragi 2005, then took a walk. DNB starting 6:45 AM: 45/44/33. Decided to take a nap and then take half the armodafinil on awakening, before breakfast. I wound up oversleeping until noon (4:28); since it was so late, I took only half the armodafinil sublingually. I spent the afternoon learning how to do value of information calculations, and then carefully working through 8 or 9 examples for my various pages, which I published on Lesswrong. That was a useful little project. DNB starting 12:09 AM: 30/38/48. (To graph the preceding day and this night: ▇▂█▆▅▃▃▇▇▇▁▂▄ ▅▅▁▁▃▆) Nights: 9:13; 7:24; 9:13; 8:20; 8:31. The greatly increased variance, but only somewhat increased mean, is consistent with nicotine operating on me with an inverted U-curve for dosage/performance (or the Yerkes-Dodson law): on good days, 1mg nicotine is too much and degrades performance (perhaps I am overstimulated and find it hard to focus on something as boring as n-back) while on bad days, nicotine is just right and improves n-back performance. Adaptogens are plant-derived chemicals whose activity helps the body maintain or regain homeostasis (equilibrium between the body’s metabolic processes). Almost without exception, adaptogens are available over-the-counter as dietary supplements, not controlled drugs. Well-known adaptogens include Ginseng, Kava Kava, Passion Flower, St. Johns Wort, and Gotu Kola. Many of these traditional remedies border on being “folk wisdom,” and have been in use for hundreds or thousands of years, and are used to treat everything from anxiety and mild depression to low libido. While these smart drugs work in a many different ways (their commonality is their resultant function within the body, not their chemical makeup), it can generally be said that the cognitive boost users receive is mostly a result of fixing an imbalance in people with poor diets, body toxicity, or other metabolic problems, rather than directly promoting the growth of new brain cells or neural connections. Modafinil is not addictive, but there may be chances of drug abuse and memory impairment. This can manifest in people who consume it to stay up for way too long; as a result, this would probably make them ill. Long-term use of Modafinil may reduce plasticity and may harm the memory of some individuals. Hence, it is sold only on prescription by a qualified physician. Power-wise, the effects of testosterone are generally reported to be strong and unmistakable. Even a short experiment should work. I would want to measure DNB scores & Mnemosyne review averages as usual, to verify no gross mental deficits; the important measures would be physical activity, so either pedometer or miles on treadmill, and general productivity/mood. The former 2 variables should remain the same or increase, and the latter 2 should increase. The majority of nonmedical users reported obtaining prescription stimulants from a peer with a prescription (Barrett et al., 2005; Carroll et al., 2006; DeSantis et al., 2008, 2009; DuPont et al., 2008; McCabe & Boyd, 2005; Novak et al., 2007; Rabiner et al., 2009; White et al., 2006). Consistent with nonmedical user reports, McCabe, Teter, and Boyd (2006) found 54% of prescribed college students had been approached to divert (sell, exchange, or give) their medication. Studies of secondary school students supported a similar conclusion (McCabe et al., 2004; Poulin, 2001, 2007). In Poulin’s (2007) sample, 26% of students with prescribed stimulants reported giving or selling some of their medication to other students in the past month. She also found that the number of students in a class with medically prescribed stimulants was predictive of the prevalence of nonmedical stimulant use in the class (Poulin, 2001). In McCabe et al.’s (2004) middle and high school sample, 23% of students with prescriptions reported being asked to sell or trade or give away their pills over their lifetime. The question of whether stimulants are smart pills in a pragmatic sense cannot be answered solely by consideration of the statistical significance of the difference between stimulant and placebo. A drug with tiny effects, even if statistically significant, would not be a useful cognitive enhancer for most purposes. We therefore report Cohen’s d effect size measure for published studies that provide either means and standard deviations or relevant F or t statistics (Thalheimer & Cook, 2002). More generally, with most sample sizes in the range of a dozen to a few dozen, small effects would not reliably be found. There is no official data on their usage, but nootropics as well as other smart drugs appear popular in the Silicon Valley. “I would say that most tech companies will have at least one person on something,” says Noehr. It is a hotbed of interest because it is a mentally competitive environment, says Jesse Lawler, a LA based software developer and nootropics enthusiast who produces the podcast Smart Drug Smarts. “They really see this as translating into dollars.” But Silicon Valley types also do care about safely enhancing their most prized asset – their brains – which can give nootropics an added appeal, he says. Related to the famous -racetams but reportedly better (and much less bulky), Noopept is one of the many obscure Russian nootropics. (Further reading: Google Scholar, Examine.com, Reddit, Longecity, Bluelight.ru.) Its advantages seem to be that it’s far more compact than piracetam and doesn’t taste awful so it’s easier to store and consume; doesn’t have the cloud hanging over it that piracetam does due to the FDA letters, so it’s easy to purchase through normal channels; is cheap on a per-dose basis; and it has fans claiming it is better than piracetam. DNB-wise, eyeballing my stats file seems to indicate a small increase: when I compare peak scores D4B scores, I see mostly 50s and a few 60s before piracetam, and after starting piracetam, a few 70s mixed into the 50s and 60s. Natural increase from training? Dunno - I’ve been stuck on D4B since June, so 5 or 10% in a week or 3 seems a little suspicious. A graph of the score series26: It isn’t unlikely to hear someone from Silicon Valley say the following: “I’ve just cycled off a stack of Piracetam and CDP-Choline because I didn’t get the mental acuity I was expecting. I will try a blend of Noopept and Huperzine A for the next two weeks and see if I can increase my output by 10%. We don’t have immortality yet and I would really like to join the three comma club before it’s all over.” All clear? Try one (not dozens) of nootropics for a few weeks and keep track of how you feel, Kerl suggests. It’s also important to begin with as low a dose as possible; when Cyr didn’t ease into his nootropic regimen, his digestion took the blow, he admits. If you don’t notice improvements, consider nixing the product altogether and focusing on what is known to boost cognitive function – eating a healthy diet, getting enough sleep regularly and exercising. "Some of those lifestyle modifications," Kerl says, "may improve memory over a supplement." Organizations, and even entire countries, are struggling with “always working” cultures. Germany and France have adopted rules to stop employees from reading and responding to email after work hours. Several companies have explored banning after-hours email; when one Italian company banned all email for one week, stress levels dropped among employees. This is not a great surprise: A Gallup study found that among those who frequently check email after working hours, about half report having a lot of stress. The FDA has approved the first smart pill for use in the United States. Called Abilify MyCite, the pill contains a drug and an ingestible sensor that is activated when it comes into contact with stomach fluid to detect when the pill has been taken. The pill then transmits this data to a wearable patch that subsequently transfers the information to an app on a paired smartphone. From that point, with a patient's consent, the data can be accessed by the patient's doctors or caregivers via a web portal. The majority of studies seem to be done on types of people who are NOT buying nootropics. Like the elderly, people with blatant cognitive deficits, etc. This is analogous to some of the muscle-building research but more extreme. Like there are studies on some compound increasing muscle growth in elderly patients or patients with wasting, and supplement companies use some of those studies to back their supplements. Please browse our website to learn more about how to enhance your memory. Our blog contains informative articles about the science behind nootropic supplements, specific ingredients, and effective methods for improving memory. Browse through our blog articles and read and compare reviews of the top rated natural supplements and smart pills to find everything you need to make an informed decision. Flow diagram of cognitive neuroscience literature search completed July 2, 2010. Search terms were dextroamphetamine, Aderrall, methylphenidate, or Ritalin, and cognitive, cognition, learning, memory, or executive function, and healthy or normal. Stages of subsequent review used the information contained in the titles, abstracts, and articles to determine whether articles reported studies meeting the inclusion criteria stated in the text. Noopept was developed in Russia in the 90s, and is alleged to improve learning. This drug modifies acetylcholine and AMPA receptors, increasing the levels of these neurotransmitters in the brain. This is believed to account for reports of its efficacy as a 'study drug'. Noopept in the UK is illegal, as the 2016 Psychoactive Substances Act made it an offence to sell this drug in the UK - selling it could even lead to 7 years in prison. To enhance its nootropic effects, some users have been known to snort Noopept. As Sulbutiamine crosses the blood-brain barrier very easily, it has a positive effect on the cholinergic and the glutamatergic receptors that are responsible for essential activities impacting memory, concentration, and mood. The compound is also fat-soluble, which means it circulates rapidly and widely throughout the body and the brain, ensuring positive results. Thus, patients with schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease will find the drug to be very effective. Brain-imaging studies are consistent with the existence of small effects that are not reliably captured by the behavioral paradigms of the literature reviewed here. Typically with executive function tasks, reduced activation of task-relevant areas is associated with better performance and is interpreted as an indication of higher neural efficiency (e.g., Haier, Siegel, Tang, Abel, & Buchsbaum, 1992). Several imaging studies showed effects of stimulants on task-related activation while failing to find effects on cognitive performance. Although changes in brain activation do not necessarily imply functional cognitive changes, they are certainly suggestive and may well be more sensitive than behavioral measures. Evidence of this comes from a study of COMT variation and executive function. Egan and colleagues (2001) found a genetic effect on executive function in an fMRI study with sample sizes as small as 11 but did not find behavioral effects in these samples. The genetic effect on behavior was demonstrated in a separate study with over a hundred participants. In sum, d-AMP and MPH measurably affect the activation of task-relevant brain regions when participants’ task performance does not differ. This is consistent with the hypothesis (although by no means positive proof) that stimulants exert a true cognitive-enhancing effect that is simply too small to be detected in many studies. If this is the case, this suggests some thoughtfulness about my use of nicotine: there are times when use of nicotine will not be helpful, but times where it will be helpful. I don’t know what makes the difference, but I can guess it relates to over-stimulation: on some nights during the experiment, I had difficult concentrating on n-backing because it was boring and I was thinking about the other things I was interested in or working on - in retrospect, I wonder if those instances were nicotine nights. The surveys just reviewed indicate that many healthy, normal students use prescription stimulants to enhance their cognitive performance, based in part on the belief that stimulants enhance cognitive abilities such as attention and memorization. Of course, it is possible that these users are mistaken. One possibility is that the perceived cognitive benefits are placebo effects. Another is that the drugs alter students’ perceptions of the amount or quality of work accomplished, rather than affecting the work itself (Hurst, Weidner, & Radlow, 1967). A third possibility is that stimulants enhance energy, wakefulness, or motivation, which improves the quality and quantity of work that students can produce with a given, unchanged, level of cognitive ability. To determine whether these drugs enhance cognition in normal individuals, their effects on cognitive task performance must be assessed in relation to placebo in a masked study design. The majority of smart pills target a limited number of cognitive functions, which is why a group of experts gathered to discover a formula which will empower the entire brain and satisfy the needs of students, athletes, and professionals. Mind Lab Pro® combines 11 natural nootropics to affect all 4 areas of mental performance, unlocking the full potential of your brain. Its carefully designed formula will provide an instant boost, while also delivering long-term benefits. Ongoing studies are looking into the possible pathways by which nootropic substances function. Researchers have postulated that the mental health advantages derived from these substances can be attributed to their effects on the cholinergic and dopaminergic systems of the brain. These systems regulate two important neurotransmitters, acetylcholine and dopamine. Nootroo and Nootrobox are two San Francisco nootropics startups that launched last year. Their founders come from the tech scene and their products are squarely aimed at the tech crowd seeking the convenience of not having to build their own combinations. Each claims big-name Silicon Valley entrepreneurs and investors among their users, though neither will name them. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that gastrointestinal diseases affect between 60 and 70 million Americans every year. This translates into tens of millions of endoscopy procedures. Millions of colonoscopy procedures are also performed to diagnose or screen for colorectal cancers. Conventional, rigid scopes used for these procedures are uncomfortable for patients and may cause internal bruising or lead to infection because of reuse on different patients. Smart pills eliminate the need for invasive procedures: wireless communication allows the transmission of real-time information; advances in batteries and on-board memory make them useful for long-term sensing from within the body. The key application areas of smart pills are discussed below. Not that everyone likes to talk about using the drugs. People don’t necessarily want to reveal how they get their edge and there is stigma around people trying to become smarter than their biology dictates, says Lawler. Another factor is undoubtedly the risks associated with ingesting substances bought on the internet and the confusing legal statuses of some. Phenylpiracetam, for example, is a prescription drug in Russia. It isn’t illegal to buy in the US, but the man-made chemical exists in a no man’s land where it is neither approved nor outlawed for human consumption, notes Lawler. Nootropics include natural and manmade chemicals that produce cognitive benefits. These substances are used to make smart pills that deliver results for enhancing memory and learning ability, improving brain function, enhancing the firing control mechanisms in neurons, and providing protection for the brain. College students, adult professionals, and elderly people are turning to supplements to get the advantages of nootropic substances for memory, focus, and concentration. 10:30 AM; no major effect that I notice throughout the day - it’s neither good nor bad. This smells like placebo (and part of my mind is going how unlikely is it to get placebo 3 times in a row!, which is just the Gambler’s fallacy talking inasmuch as this is sampling with replacement). I give it 60% placebo; I check the next day right before taking, and it is. Man! Probably most significantly, use of the term “drug” has a significant negative connotation in our culture. “Drugs” are bad: So proclaimed Richard Nixon in the War on Drugs, and Nancy “No to Drugs” Reagan decades later, and other leaders continuing to present day. The legitimate demonization of the worst forms of recreational drugs has resulted in a general bias against the elective use of any chemical to alter the body’s processes. Drug enhancement of athletes is considered cheating – despite the fact that many of these physiological shortcuts obviously work. University students and professionals seeking mental enhancements by taking smart drugs are now facing similar scrutiny. I took the pill at 11 PM the evening of (technically, the day before); that day was a little low on sleep than usual, since I had woken up an hour or half-hour early. I didn’t yawn at all during the movie (merely mediocre to my eyes with some questionable parts)22. It worked much the same as it did the previous time - as I walked around at 5 AM or so, I felt perfectly alert. I made good use of the hours and wrote up my memories of ICON 2011. The original “smart drug” is piracetam, which was discovered by the Romanian scientist Corneliu Giurgea in the early 1960s. At the time, he was looking for a chemical that could sneak into the brain and make people feel sleepy. After months of testing, he came up with “Compound 6215”. It was safe, it had very few side effects – and it didn’t work. The drug didn’t send anyone into a restful slumber and seemed to work in the opposite way to that intended. I had tried 8 randomized days like the Adderall experiment to see whether I was one of the people whom modafinil energizes during the day. (The other way to use it is to skip sleep, which is my preferred use.) I rarely use it during the day since my initial uses did not impress me subjectively. The experiment was not my best - while it was double-blind randomized, the measurements were subjective, and not a good measure of mental functioning like dual n-back (DNB) scores which I could statistically compare from day to day or against my many previous days of dual n-back scores. Between my high expectation of finding the null result, the poor experiment quality, and the minimal effect it had (eliminating an already rare use), the value of this information was very small. In sum, the evidence concerning stimulant effects of working memory is mixed, with some findings of enhancement and some null results, although no findings of overall performance impairment. A few studies showed greater enhancement for less able participants, including two studies reporting overall null results. When significant effects have been found, their sizes vary from small to large, as shown in Table 4. Taken together, these results suggest that stimulants probably do enhance working memory, at least for some individuals in some task contexts, although the effects are not so large or reliable as to be observable in all or even most working memory studies. Exercise is also important, says Lebowitz. Studies have shown it sharpens focus, elevates your mood and improves concentration. Likewise, maintaining a healthy social life and getting enough sleep are vital, too. Studies have consistently shown that regularly skipping out on the recommended eight hours can drastically impair critical thinking skills and attention. Many people find it difficult to think clearly when they are stressed out. Ongoing stress leads to progressive mental fatigue and an eventual breakdown. Luckily, there are several ways that nootropics can help relieve stress. One is through the natural promotion of feelings of relaxation and the other is by replenishing the brain chemicals drained by stress. The use of prescription stimulants is especially prevalent among students.[9] Surveys suggest that 0.7–4.5% of German students have used cognitive enhancers in their lifetimes.[10][11][12] Stimulants such as dimethylamylamine and methylphenidate are used on college campuses and by younger groups.[13] Based upon studies of self-reported illicit stimulant use, 5–35% of college students use diverted ADHD stimulants, which are primarily used for enhancement of academic performance rather than as recreational drugs.[14][15][16] Several factors positively and negatively influence an individual's willingness to use a drug for the purpose of enhancing cognitive performance. Among them are personal characteristics, drug characteristics, and characteristics of the social context.[10][11][17][18]	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line41
__label__wiki	0.929412	0.929412	Lavelle’s Catholic alma mater cheers her goals, team’s World Cup victory Brooklyn Collars vs. Scholars game part of Catholic education celebration Devon Prep gets hot at right time, captures state baseball title St. Joe’s Prep crew heading to London after Stotesbury win Two of 3 area Catholic schools capture state lacrosse titles More than a few fans prayed for St. Louis Blues to win Stanley Cup CYO coach retires after 40 faithful years John Knebels Sports Columnist In Frank Capra’s holiday classic “It’s a Wonderful Life,” heroic character George Bailey is given a remarkable gift – the chance to see what the world would have been like had he never been born. Like actor Jimmy Stewart’s famous alter ego, if Tom Flaherty had never been born, innumerable people would have been significantly shortchanged and their lives dramatically altered. “Someone recently asked me how many people I have coached,” said Flaherty, 63, whose decorated 40-year career as a CYO basketball coach at Holy Cross Parish in Springfield, Delaware County, came to a close last week. “I haven’t a clue. But I know that I coached kids whose fathers I also coached. It’s been a lot, that’s for sure.” Thanks to his most recent fifth and sixth grade boys’ team, Flaherty could not have finished his four-decade stint in better style.{{more}} Against a rugged St. Anastasia’s of Newtown Square squad that entered the game with only one loss, Holy Cross jumped to an early lead and hung on for a Region 25 championship victory that punctuated a spectacular, undefeated record of 28-0. Including Holy Cross’ summer results, the team finished 45-0. “I wanted us to win because I didn’t want any of our kids feeling that they let anyone down by missing out on a perfect season,” said Flaherty, a 1966 graduate of since-closed St. Thomas More High School who has coached both genders from fifth through 12th grades. “If they were feeling any pressure, I certainly didn’t sense it.” At a parish celebration that followed Holy Cross’ storybook campaign, Flaherty was honored with a plaque and various certificates and gifts. Former players and coaching peers – not all of whom Flaherty recognized immediately thanks to Father Time – offered hearty handshakes and warm embraces. This past Monday at a grade school all-star game, Flaherty was presented with yet another keepsake and long ovation for his selfless contribution to CYO. Flaherty’s coaching resume is packed with championships at every level, including two CYO high school state titles (and three others as runner-up), double figures in regional conquests and a winning percentage of better than 80 percent. As showy as those accomplishments are, it’s the pearls of wisdom and the constant support provided to his players that explain why Holy Cross has a new banner in its gymnasium honoring Flaherty’s career. Even when he was in high school, Flaherty was a winner. Two years before he would serve his country at Vietnam, Flaherty was the starting guard on the 1966 St. Thomas More team that captured the Catholic League title. Jeff Toal, a 1990 graduate of Cardinal O’Hara, played on a high school CYO team that Flaherty coached. Toal said he and his teammates always felt confident they were going to win each game because the notion of Flaherty being outcoached was a foreign concept. Toal added that the best part about playing under Flaherty was that he allowed players to use their instincts on the court and not have to worry about a micro-managing instructor. Now Toal’s talented nephew, Tom, whose father Richard also played under Flaherty, is a disciple, having played guard on this year’s Holy Cross unit. “Generations of players have learned from Tom Flaherty,” said the elder Toal. “He’s a great coach and a great man.” Flaherty’s life has not been without incalculable loss. On March 29, 2001, Flaherty’s daughter, Sheila, died after giving birth to her and her husband Kevin’s only child, Kelly. The youngest of Tom and Eileen’s four children was 30 years old. Sheila also left behind three younger brothers – Tommy, Brian and Kevin, now 39, 37 and 34, respectively. To say Sheila’s death was the most devastating trial (and there have been several, including two major health scares that came close to leaving Eileen a young widow) during the Flaherty’s 41-year marriage would be putting it mildly. He doesn’t mind when people ask about his daughter; actually, he couldn’t be happier. He enjoys reminding people how closely his granddaughter Kelly mirrors how her mother looked as a 9-year-old. He loves when friends of Sheila will occasionally tell him something they remember about his daughter from many years ago. Although he understands why many people would be reticent about bringing up Sheila’s name in fear of causing an unpleasant memory, he wishes they wouldn’t be. “It keeps her memory alive,” he said. “I still talk to her all the time.” The sexton at Holy Cross, Flaherty gets up very early every morning and before leaving the house adjusts the thermostat to a more comfortable level. Adjacent to the thermostat is a wedding picture of Sheila. He gives it a kiss every day. “I’m not going to lie,” he said. “Overall, I have been very blessed, but my faith has been tested, and I still get angry. Sheila wanted to be a mother and a wife, and she had that cut short. “It still hurts, and it always will. But I move on. I do my best. I try and live a good life. I want to see my daughter again. So there better be a heaven.” Flaherty speaks about his daughter, and his wife, and his sons, and his grandchildren, with reverence. Now and then he sneaks in some dry one-liners, the kind that don’t really hurt but poke gentle fun at the idiosyncrasies that only a loving father and husband and grandfather would recognize. Sometime in the near future, Tom and Eileen will once again sponsor an annual scholarship presented to an eighth-grader in the name of their beloved daughter. And then summer will come along, and then the fall and then the winter. Flaherty will no longer be coaching basketball. His wife thinks he will be okay. “It’s time to let the younger people take over,” Eileen Flaherty said. “He will miss it because it’s something that he has loved. It’s always been fine with me.” Like George Bailey learned from the angel Clarence, Tom Flaherty now realizes what a great life he has lived thanks to the countless people who continually approach him with an expression of gratitude or send an occasional letter of appreciation. “Ring them bells,” Flaherty said. “I want to get those wings.” Not yet, Tom. There’s too much left to do. John Knebels can be reached at jknebs@aol.com. PREVIOUS: Wood girls grab league crown NEXT: La Salle stuns Malvern in OT, wins Flyers Cup	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line43
__label__cc	0.622874	0.377126	Cleaning Up Your Image Be Mindful of Spoliation of Social Media Information By David Brown , Eric C. Raby Everyone is doing it. Society, especially the younger generations, spend countless hours every week on social media websites. The names of the websites have been left out of this article to protect the innocent, but we all know people who post pictures and write blog entries about their daily activities. Most of this information is retained by these social media websites well beyond the date of the initial posting. What happens though when that person posting on the website decides to file a claim against someone or files a lawsuit and decides to “clean up” their social media presence? Spoliation issues arise when this evidence is destroyed or altered in light of a claim or lawsuit. Often, the vehicle to obtain the social media information is via discovery request or a preservation letter. The litigation hold or discovery request is sent to the claimant/plaintiff at the very beginning of the litigation process. Routinely, one would request the account names, passwords and web addresses for a standard period of time (maybe five years). The typical situation that a claims handler or attorney will encounter involves a claimant/plaintiff who decides to post evidence (photographs or statements) on a social media site that are contrary to their assertions in the claim or lawsuit. For instance, an individual who has testified that he or she has physical limitations from an accident that prohibits him or her from engaging in strenuous physical activities and then posts pictures of a rock climbing vacation or pick up basketball game. The postings could also involve character evidence that could be used at trial. Another goal of the discovery request is to look into potentially fraudulent objectives. There have been instances where the plaintiff even staged their accident and placed that information on social media websites to which the insurance carrier SIU department was able to track down information. What is Spoliation? Spoliation is typically defined as the intentional (or some states negligent) alteration, tampering or destruction of evidence. Depending upon the jurisdiction, a party who has been deemed to have spoliated evidence could be subject to a negative inference being read to the jury or steep monetary fines/awards. Some jurisdictions even treat spoliation as an independent cause of action. The term “evidence” has been determined by the courts to include postings including photographs placed on social media websites. The most infamous case dealing with this issue is Allied Concrete Co. v. Lester. In that case, Lester and his wife were in a vehicle that was struck by an Allied Concrete truck. Lester’s wife died in the accident and he received a $8.5 million jury verdict at trial. After the trial, Allied Concrete filed a post trial motion for sanctions against Lester and his attorney and alleged that they “intentionally and improperly” destroyed evidence on Lester’s Facebook account. In essence, Allied Concrete sent a discovery request to Lester’s attorney requesting all of Lester’s Facebook posting and photographs. Allied Concrete’s attorneys had already seen one photograph of Lester on Facebook wearing a shirt that said, “I ♥ hot moms.” Upon receiving the discovery request, Lester’s attorney instructed his paralegal to contact Lester and tell him to “clean up” his Facebook page because “we do NOT want blow ups of other pics at trial.” Lester proceeded to clean up his account and they produced a sanitized version of the Facebook account. Allied Concrete’s attorneys then subpoenaed Facebook and found the missing pages. The trial court sanctioned Lester $180,000 and his attorney $542,000 for spoliation of evidence. This is particularly interesting because the “cleaned up” photographs/evidence were eventually discovered and still used at trial. Determining Spoliation Different jurisdictions look at various factors to determine if spoliation has occurred. The general factors however are: Was the evidence in the party’s control? Was there actual suppression or withholding of the evidence? Was the evidence destroyed or withheld relevant to the claims or defenses? Was it reasonably foreseeable that the evidence would be discoverable? In the Gatto v. United Air Lines case, the court found that the plaintiff had committed evidence spoliation when he deactivated his Facebook account therefore causing Facebook to delete all of the information after 14 days. The plaintiff in that case had executed an authorization for the defendant’s attorneys to obtain his Facebook records before he deactivated his account. The court ruled that the defendants were entitled to have a negative inference read to the jury. Preserving Evidence The underlying theme in these situations is to make sure that the claimant/plaintiff is put on notice to preserve the evidence. Most individuals probably would not think that their social media content would be considered evidence from a litigation standpoint, so sending a preservation letter or a discovery request would probably satisfy the notice requirement for most jurisdictions. This is a rapidly evolving area of the law and should continue to expand over the next few years. As attorneys and representatives for insurance companies, we need to be cognizant of the ever-changing dynamics in our society and industries. These changes will not only affect the way claims are adjusted on the front end, but also the way they are litigated up to, and through trial. Hopefully, as we all become more and more fascinated and familiar with the technological advances of social media, we also keep in mind that “big brother” really is watching all of us and that text, post, email or picture we share may potentially be used in some litigation presently, or at some time in the future. David Brown is a Partner with Huie, Fernambucq & Stewart. Eric C. Raby is a Litigation Claims Manager for Go Auto Insurance Company.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line45
__label__wiki	0.815615	0.815615	Dept. of Infectious Diseases Infectious Diseases Training and Research Centre CMC Home page Fellowship in General ID Dr. David A. Warrell MA, DM, DSc, FRCP, FRCPE, FRGS, HonFZS, FMedSci, HonFCeylonCP David Alan Warrell is Emeritus Professor of Tropical Medicine and Honorary Fellow of St Cross College, University of Oxford. After training at Oxford, St Thomas’ Hospital and the Royal Postgraduate Medical School in London, he lived, worked, researched and travelled in many tropical countries, founding the Oxford-based Tropical Medicine Research Programme whose units in Thailand (since 1979) and elsewhere study malaria and other major tropical diseases. He is senior editor of the Oxford Textbook of Medicine (5th edition 2010) and has published research papers, articles and textbook chapters on malaria, rabies, relapsing fevers, other tropical and infectious diseases, comparative respiratory physiology, respiratory diseases, herpetology, venomous animals, envenoming and plant and chemical poisoning. He is a consultant to the World Health Organization, British Army, Foreign and Commonwealth Office and Earth Watch International (conservation) and is past President of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene and International Federation for Tropical Medicine. Dr. Jay S. Keystone MD MSc (CTM) FRCPC Born at the Toronto General Hospital in 1943 where he still practices tropical and travel medicine (boring!) He graduated from University of Toronto Medical School following which he trained in internal medicine in Toronto and Ann Arbor Michigan. After obtaining his MSc in clinical tropical medicine from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine he carried out fieldwork in Africa and South America, and later trained as a leprologist near Vellore . He is past president of the International Society of Travel Medicine and the clinical group of ASTMH. Dr. Jay is an accomplished speaker in the areas of travel and tropical medicine where he is well known for his political incorrectness. Professor Peter Chiodini Specialities: Parasitology, Tropical & Infectious Diseases Consultant Parasitologist since 1985, Honorary Professor at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine since 2002. Director of the Health Protection Agency (HPA) Malaria Reference Laboratory and the HPA Parasite Reference Laboratory. Peter Chiodini trained in Zoology at King’s College London and Parasitology at the Wellcome Research Laboratories, before undergoing specialist training in Communicable Diseases in Birmingham. He is Consultant Parasitologist at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Honorary Professor at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and Director of the Health Protection Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory and the HPA Parasitology Reference Laboratory. Purchase dissertation online from our research workers and you'll secure the very best internet rates. Our rates are updated occasionally to make sure our customers get a competitive advantage. Seasonal and intermittent concessions could be availed based on the time of this year. The discounts dispensed are over and beyond getting the most competitive prices in the marketplace. Students are educated to administer exact directions for every one of the dissertations. Write on Deadline specialists won't be able to execute some aims and objectives to get a dissertation that has yet to be fully disclosed. Professor Chiodini organises the UK National External Quality Assessment Scheme for Parasitology, is a member of the HPA Advisory Committee on Malaria Prevention in Travellers and advises the National Blood Service on the prevention of transfusion-transmitted parasitic infections. Prof Chiodini’s research programme and publications focus on malaria and diagnostic methods for parasitic infections. He has many publications on malaria, schistosomiasis, hydatid and new diagnostic methods for the diagnosis of parasitic infections Dr. Eli Schwartz, MD DTMH The Director of the Center of Geographic Medicine & Tropical Diseases at Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel. He is the past- President of the Asia-Pacific Travel health (APTH) society. He is the President of the Israeli society of Parasitology, & Tropical diseases. His activities include (i) Editorial board of J. Travel Med. (ii) Editorial board of The Open Tropical Medicine Journal. He is deeply Involved in Tropical and Travel Medicine since 1980. He gained his field experience while working for several years in Asia and Africa.He published several books and about 190 articles and chapters in the medical literature on travel and tropical diseases. His last book “Tropical Diseases in Travelers” (Wiley-Blackwell) was published last in 2009. Dr. Dilip Mathai MD PhD FRCP (Lond.) FCAMS FICP FIDSA Dr. Dilip Mathai is a Professor of Medicine at Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamilnadu in India. He serves Chief Mentor to Infectious Diseases Training and Research Center (IDTRC), Dr Benjamin Pulimood Laboratories for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (BMPLIII) and the Managing trustee ACTFID (ACC CMC Trust for Infectious Diseases) NACO ART Center at Vellore. After obtaining MBBS and MD medical degree from the same college he trained as a Clinical Research Fellow at the Division of ID, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Sciences, Los Angeles, California (1987-1998) and later as a visiting scientist in the Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa (1999-2001). He is Editor–in- chief: Journal for Global Infectious Diseases. He is appointed by the National AIDS Control Organization of India as National Trainer and conducts physician training in AIDS.Functional Features of Spyware http://cellphonetrackapp.net/spy-app-features/ Best Facebook Spying Software which is Used to Monitor Girlfriend Facebook Account Free 2018 His research interests include: antimicrobial resistance surveillance, evaluation of newer anti-infectives, randomized control studies, HIV-TB co-infections, HPV infection among MSM in India, community acquired pneumonias and control of hospital infections. He has received over 80 operating research grants from, ICMR, NIH, DBT . .His goal is to develop an accredited post doctoral training program for ID at several center in India. Dr. Annelies Wilder-Smith MD PhD MIH TM&H Dr Annelies Wilder-Smith is Associate Professor at the National University of Singapore, and the Director of the Travellers’ Screening and Vaccination Clinic, National University Hospital Singapore. She obtained her MD from the University of Heidelberg, Germany, in 1987, and her MIH at Curtin University in 2002 and her PhD from the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in 2003. She is a public health physician with extensive postgraduate training and experience in travel & tropical medicine and vaccine preventable diseases. She is the module coordinator for communicable diseases for the MPH course and runs short courses in global health. Her research interests are meningococcal and influenza vaccines, travel health, dengue, tuberculosis, SARS, and other emerging diseases. Dr. Annelies Wilder-Smith has published more than 80 scientific papers in international peer reviewed journals. She co-edited the book “Manual of Travel Medicine & Health” (Steffen/DuPont/Wilder-Smith, 2003 and 2007, B.C. Decker Inc) and “Travel Medicine: tales behind the science” (Wilder-Smith, Schwartz, Shaw; Elsevier, 2007) and authored the book “How to take a medical history in Chinese” (Armour Publishing ISBN 981-4045-29-2). She is Editorial Consultant to The Lancet, on the editorial board for the Journal of Travel Medicine, advisor to GeoSentinel, was the editor for the World Health Organization for ‘International travel and health 2007 and 2008’, and maintains an active role as external advisor to the International Health Regulations Secretariat, WHO, with regards to travel health. Dr. Mary J Warrell MB BS, MRCP, FRCPath After qualifying in medicine at St Mary’s Medical School and having further medical training in London, Mary carried out research directed by David Taylor-Robinson on the pathogenicity of chlamydiae and mycoplasmas at the MRC Division of Communicable diseases at Northwick Park Clinical Research Centre, Middlesex. She returned to hospital medicine to become a clinical virologist in Oxford. Seven years were spent as a Wellcome Research Fellow at the Bangkok Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Mahidol University, as deputy director of the Wellcome-Mahidol University Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Programme while based in James Porterfield’s laboratory at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford. In collaboration with Thai colleagues, clinical research concentrated on the investigation of: the pathogenesis and treatment of severe malaria; assisting in research on snake bite; the management and treatment of rabies encephalitis and the economical use of rabies vaccines, notably by multi-site intradermal application. Later posts were held in the University of Oxford, studying the neuropathogenicity of dengue virus, and currently as Honorary Senior Researcher at the Oxford Vaccine Group at the Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine. Interest in all aspects of the rabies virus and infection continues through: clinical vaccine trials to improve the acceptability and immunogenicity of economical rabies prophylaxis in developing counties; encouraging the implementation of new methods especially in Africa and Asia; teaching and as a WHO advisor. She is an author of over 70 papers published between 1970 and 2010, and has contributed chapters on lyssaviruses to major textbooks. Mary is a trustee of the Margaret Pyke Trust, the principal sponsor of the Population Sustainability Network. Dr. Mark Thomas I am currently Associate Professor of Infectious Diseases in the Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences at the University of Auckland, and an infectious disease physician at Auckland City Hospital, New Zealand. I graduated from Auckland University in 1979 and during the next six years trained as a physician in hospitals in Auckland. From 1985-1988 I continued my training in infectious diseases in London, based at St Georges Medical School, and then returned to work in Auckland. My interests are in the care of adult patients with HIV infection and the great diversity of other infectious diseases seen in a large tertiary hospital. Current interests include the pathogenesis of disease due to Staphylococcus aureus, strategies to encourage responsible use of antimicrobials, and the interactions between infections and human behaviour. Dr. O C Abraham MD MPH He was trained in “Clinical Infectious Diseases” at the Wayne State University in Detroit Michigan. Dr OC Abraham is a well-loved teacher and a renowned clinician sought after by specialists, peers and students internationally and nationally. He is Professor and Head of the Medicine at Christian Medical College Vellore and is responsible for the development of the CMC antibiotic policy; hospital acquired infection (HAI) surveillance and has contributed towards the Hospital Infection Control manual as well. He has been responsible for start of the “post doctoral Infectious Disease fellowship” at CMC Vellore Dr. Buddha Basnyat M.D., M.Sc., F. A. C. P., FRCPC ( E) Dr Buddha Basnyat completed his MBBS from Punjab India. After which he proceeded to his Masters in Respiratory Physiology at the University Of Calgary, Canada. He is certified in Internal Medicine by the American Board of Internal Medicine and subsequently is now a Fellow of the American College of Physicians. He is also a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (Edinburgh). He is the Principal Investigator for the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit/Nepal based at Patan Hospital in Kathmandu. He is also the Medical Director of the Nepal International Clinic which specializes in altitude related illnesses and the Himalaya Rescue Association. He is the President Elect for the International Society of Mountain Medicine (ISMM). He and his team of young scientists do research on high altitude medicine and infectious diseases both of which are in plentiful supply in Nepal. He is a member of the Editorial for : High Altitude Medicine and Biology; Wilderness and Environmental Medicine; Journal of Travel Medicine; author and co-author of over 70 publications, 26 letters, 8 books/chapters, invited speaker on international level. Dr. Camilla Rodrigues She is at present a Consultant Clinical Microbiologist and the Chair of Infection Control at the Hinduja Hospital. Dr Rodrigues completed her MBBS from AFMC, in 1979, and subsequently served a 5 year Short Service Commission in the Indian Navy as a Medical Officer, from 1980 –1985. She completed her MD (Microbiology) from AFMC in 1987, and joined the Hinduja Hospital in 1988. She is currently a recognized postgraduate teacher for DNB Microbiology and is a guide for MSc and PhD at the University of Mumbai. She served as a member of the Task Force, under the DGHS, GOI to assess, review and suggest measures for antibiotic resistance in 2010. She is currently a member of the National Working Group for Tuberculosis on Case Finding & Diagnostics for The National Strategic Plan (2012-2017), Central TB Division, and also a member of the National Laboratory Committee (NLC) under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program, Govt of India. She has authored 163 publications in international and national journals, as well as book chapters, and conducted 70 research projects as the principal or co-investigator with tuberculosis being a focused area of research. She has received 16 awards / prizes and given over 400 presentations internationally and regionally. Lt.Gen.D.Raghunath MD,DCP,FRC Path, FAMS Lt.Gen.D.Raghunath PVSM, AVSM (retd.), is Principal Executive, Sir Dorabji Tata Centre for Research in Tropical Diseases, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bangalore. He is a medical graduate from Grant Medical College, Mumbai (then Bombay). He holds a Diploma in Clinical Pathology and MD in Pathology / Bacteriology from Poona University, Fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists and is a Fellow National Academy of Medical Sciences. Lt. Gen. Raghunath has been Professor and Head of Microbiology of the Armed Forces Medical College in the 1980s and later its Dean and Commandant. He was elevated as the Director-General, (Indian) Armed Forces Medical Services and retired from the appointment in 1997. In recognition of his distinguished service he has been awarded the Param Vishist Seva Medal and the Ati Vishist Seva Medal. He has served on the Advisory Committees of a number of research institutes National Institute of Virology, Pune, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata. Presently his is with ICMR Virus-Unit, Kolkata, Regional Medical Research Centre for Tribals, Jabalpur, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai etc. He also consults with the Indian Council of Medical Research and other national governmental bodies on Infectious Diseases matters particularly emerging infections and microbial containment facilities. He has published about 40 papers in international and national journals and his research areas include: rickettsial diseases, streptococcal infections and antibiotic susceptibility, testing and assay. He is on the Indian National Advisory Board of International AIDS Vaccine Initiative. Dr. FD Dasur MD FRCP (Lond) Dr. FD Dastur was born and educated in the UK. In 1969 he joined the KEM Hospital in Mumbai where he remained for 17 years to become Professor and Head of the Department of Medicine. His main interest is infectious diseases and especially tetanus. In 1987 he joined Hinduja Hospital in the private sector where he remains till today, - striving with colleagues to create infectious diseases as a specialty section in India. Dr. Shyam Sundar MD, FRCP (London), FAMS, FNASc, FASc, FNA D Dr Shyam Sundar joined the Institute of Medical Sciences in 1972 as a MBBS student, and went on to complete his MD in Internal Medicine in 1981. He joined as a Lecturer in Medicine at BHU in 1981, and in 1997 rose to the chair of Professor of Medicine, and headed the department for his tenure of three years. Dr Shyam Sundar is an outstanding researcher, who gave tremendous thrust to both clinical and applied research in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in India. His pioneering clinical research has put Institute of Medical Sciences as a global leader in clinical research on VL. He has been trained in Infectious diseases at National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA, Sloan Katering Memorial Hospital, New York and Cornell University, New York, USA. He described several breakthroughs in the treatment of kala-azar, and was instrumental in development of the effective oral drug “miltefosine” for the treatment of VL which was finally approved for oral treatment of VL. Based on his work, India was the first country to approve its use, and now it is being used world wide. He led the pivotal paromomycin trial, based on which the drug was approval by the Government of India. He has also done excellent work on lipid associated amphotericin B. His work on successful treatment of Indian VL with single dose liposomal amphotericin B is considered as a major breakthrough and has earned worldwide acclaim. In the diagnosis of kala-azar, his pioneering work on rapid rK39 strip test resulted in the global application of this tool for the diagnosis, and it is being used in the national programmes of India and several countries of the world. He was first in the world to introduce short course combination therapy in VL with modern drugs. He was first to describe emergence of large scale drug resistance including drug resistant strains, and a novel mechanism of drug resistance in clinical isolates. He is a fellow of several prestigious organisations including Royal College of Physician, London, National Academy of Medical Sciences, India, and all three Science Academies of India. Dr. Mary S Mathews MD Dr Mary S Mathews is Professor of Microbiology at the Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu in India. She completed her undergraduate studies at the Armed Forces Medical College, Poona, followed by an MD in Microbiology at Christian Medical College, Vellore in 1980. She spent two years on a research scholarship in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the University of Adelaide in Australia from 1986-1988. She has more than 30 years of undergraduate and postgraduate teaching experience in Microbiology. Dr Mathews has published more than 50 scientific papers in peer reviewed national and international journals. She has contributed a chapter on “Emerging Yeast Pathogens” in the “Handbook of Pathogenic Yeasts” which has recently been published by Springer Ltd. She was President of Society for the Indian Human Animal Mycologists (SIHAM) from 2006-2008. She is also a member of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM) and a member of Indian Association of Medical Microbiologists (IAMM). She is a well-known mycologist in India, with a national and international profile. Dr. Rajshekhar Dr. Rajshekhar of Neurosurgery in the Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore. He finished his M.Ch. (Neurosurgery) in 1987 and has since been on the faculty of the Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore. He did a Cerebrovascular Fellowship at Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA from 1989 to 1991. He has won the following awards: Madurai Neuro Association Award of Neurological Society of India, Shakuntala Devi Amirchand Award for Young Scientists for the year 1996 conferred by the Indian Council for Medical Research; Fr. Lourdu F. Yeddanapalli Award for Outstanding Research conferred by the Christian Medical College for the year 1999; Basanti Devi Amirchand Award for the year 2007 conferred by the Indian Council for Medical Research . He has delivered three Orations – Prof. B. Ramamurthi Oration of the Institute of Neurology of Madras Medical College, in 2008, the Delhi Neuroscientists Association Dr. A D Sehgal Oration in 2007 and the Andhra Pradesh Neuroscientists Association Dr. B. Muralidhar Oration in 2006. He is a member of the International Expert Group on Cysticercosis. He has 196 papers in peer reviewed journals, 24 Chapters and 1 book (Solitary Cysticercus granuloma). He was an invited speaker at 15 International meetings and 60 National meetings. He is member of the Editorial Board for 5 journals including Neurology India, Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery (Official publication of the World and American Society of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery) and British Journal of Neurosurgery. He is a reviewer for 12 international journals including JNNP, Lancet etc. He was the Secretary (1994-2000) and President (2005-2007) of the India Dr. Anand Zachariah MD DNB Dr. Anand Zachariah, Professor in the Department of Medicine I. He completed his MBBS in 1985 and MD Medicine in 1993 from Christian Medical College, Vellore. His areas of interest are: Infectious Diseases and HIV/AIDS, Clinical toxocology with focus on organophosphate poisoning and plant poisoning and Medical education- undergraduate education and distance education. He has implemented the following projects: Physician training towards inproving HIV / AIDS care, Up-scaling of Fellowship in HIV Medicine, Fellowship in Secondary hospital medicine programme. Dr. Gagandeep Kang MD PhD FRCPath FAAM Dr. Gagandeep Kang, MD, FRCPath, PhD is Professor of Microbiology, Head of the Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences and the Vice Principal for Research at Christian Medical College, Vellore. Gagandeep Kang is a pioneer in the use of molecular tools to study the epidemiology of enteric infections. Her research interests are broadly in the fields of the epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis of and prevention of viral and parasitic gastroenteritis. All of Dr. Kang's research utilizes laboratory techniques that are state of the art, while employing sound epidemiologic practice, creating a unique blend of applied science that has lead to Dr. Kang being recognized in India and overseas as an exceptional researcher. Her research has led to practical interventions to prevent diarrhoeal disease, and continues to lay the groundwork for further interventions in the form of treatment techniques and vaccines Dr. Kristine Morch MD Dr. Kristine Mørch is a senior consultant in infectious diseases and head of National Centre for Tropical Infectious Diseases in Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen Norway. She graduated from the University of Trondheim in 1990, and became specialist in infectious diseases in 2004. In 2003 she got her Exam in Tropical medicine and parasitology from University of Oslo. As head of Centre for Tropical medicine in Bergen since 2005, she has run postgraduate courses in parasitology and tropical medicine annually in Norway, and has been Norwegian coordinator for the Course in Tropical Medicine at CMC since the first course in 2007. She has published scientific papers on Giardia, malaria and hepatitis C. Centre for Tropical medicine at Haukeland University hospital and Department of Medicine at CMC has had a scientific and training collaboration since 2005 Dr. Bjørn Blomberg MD PhD Dr. Bjørn Blomberg is a consultant physician in infectious diseases at Haukeland University Hospital (HUS), Bergen, and associate professor of infectious diseases at the University of Bergen. He has given lectures at the international short-course tropical medicine course at CMC, Vellore, India since the start in 2007. He has experience from clinical work in internal medicine in Tanzania, and has a PhD from the University of Bergen based on research on antimicrobial resistance in bloodstream infections in Tanzania. He has worked two years in the global tuberculosis programme in WHO, Geneva Dr. Priscilla Rupali MD DTM&H Dr. Priscilla Rupali is a Professor and Head of the Department Infectious Diseases at the Christian Medical College, Vellore. Her interest in Infectious diseases began when she was a research officer in 1995 in the Department of Medicine-I and Infectious Diseases and worked on various projects related to HIV infection and risk of exposures to blood borne pathogens among health care workers. Now she works as faculty in the same unit, and has been actively involved in patient care, treatment, research and medical education (undergraduates and post graduates) in all aspects of Infectious diseases. She has been a faculty member contributing actively to “Fellowship in HIV Medicine” (which is a distance learning programme with 4 contact session and a project aimed at improving existing facilities in HIV), and the NACO India affiliated “Training of trainers for antiretroviral therapy in HIV and management of opportunistic infections”. She also acquired a “Diploma in Tropical Medicine and Hygiene” in 2008 at the Universidad Cayetano Heredia affiliated to the University of Alabama Birmingham. She has been an active participant of the International Short Course in Tropical Medicine being held at CMC Vellore every year and is now the national coordinator for this year’s course. Her interests include Tropical Medicine, HIV and transplant related Infectious diseases. Dr. George M Varghese MD DNB DTMH Dr. George M Varghese is Associate Professor in the Department of Medicine & Infectious Diseases at the Christian Medical College, Vellore. Dr. Varghese received his postdoctoral fellowship training in Infectious Diseases from Wayne State University, USA. He has a special interest in tropical medicine, having trained at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. Subsequently, he has worked as a clinician, teacher, and researcher at the Christian Medical College, his alma mater. Dr. Varghese describes his career in Infectious Diseases in India as both challenging and rewarding. The challenges include splitting time among many different need areas of clinical care for patients with complex ID problems, conducting research, teaching, problem-solving and presenting work at meetings and conferences. The rewards are seen on a daily basis on the faces of satisfied patients and on a larger scale in the successful implementation of management protocols for the treatment of various infections. He also has an adjunct faculty appointment at Wayne State University, USA. His current research includes genotyping and studying the immunopathogenic mechanisms in Rickettsial infections. Dr. Varghese’s other research interests include mycobacterial and tropical infections Dr. Peter Daley MD FRCPC DTM+H Peter Daley is a Canadian infectious diseases physician and medical microbiologist with a primary research interest in tuberculosis diagnostics, epidemiology and treatment. He is assistant professor of Medicine at Memorial University. He worked at the Infectious Diseases Training and Research Center at the Christian Medical College Vellore for three years. Prior to that he was a research fellow at McMaster University where he worked on 16S sequencing of mycobacteria. He holds a diploma in Tropical Medicine from the Gorgas Institute in Lima, Peru, and a number of national and international research grants for work in Tuberculosis and HIV, including an ongoing randomized clinical trial examining the effect of adjunctive vitamin D in TB treatment Dr. Sitara Rao MD Dr Sitara Swarna Rao completed her undergraduate training in medicine at T D Medical College, Alleppey , India followed by a MD in Microbiology at CMC Vellore, India in 2005. Currently she is working as a faculty at the Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, CMC, Vellore and holds an adjunct position in the Dept. of Public Health & Family Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston . She has recently completed her PhD dissertation work on the molecular epidemiology and immune response to cryptosporidiosis in children and the HIV infected with Prof Gagandeep Kang as her guide. She is involved with teaching parasitology to medical students, training workshops for students from other institutions and also the diagnostic parasitology laboratory. Her research interests include enteric protozoan infections like cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis. She currently has three independent external grants to support her work on cryptosporidiosis. She also has internal grants on toxoplasmosis and hydatid disease with her clinical colleagues Dr. Joy Sarojini Michael MD, MRCPath Dr. Joy Sarojini Michael MD FRCPath ( Medical Microbiology), is an Professor in the Department of Microbiology , at Christian Medical College Vellore since 2006. She looks after the section of mycobacteriology at CMC and has been responsible for various modification of equipment , standardizations in reporting and accreditation of the Mycobacteriology laboratory. She has independently received Grants for study of new diagnostics for mycobacteria from FIND diagnostics, Geneva for. At the national level she is working with RNTCP in implementing DOTS plus programme i.e early diagnosis and treatment of MDR TB patients from 5 districts in Tamil Nadu.She also has many publications to her credit especially in the fields of Tuberculosis and Mycology . Her other interest is Infection Control and she has been the Secretary of the Hospital Infection control committee at CMCH Vellore since 2007. Her primary areas of interest include Mycobacteriology, Mycology, Infection control and Antibiotic Stewardship. She has organised training programmes in fluorescence microscopy for the diagnosis of tuberculosis ,and taken part in undergraduate and post graduate training programmes in laboratory diagnosis in Microbiology including Mycology and Infectious diseases. Dr. Rajiv Karthik MD MPH Dr. Rajiv Karthik is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases. After completing both his undergraduate and Post Graduate training at CMC Vellore he subsequently joined the faculty in the department of Medicine. He is actively involved as faculty in both the “Fellowship in HIV Medicine” (which is a distance learning programme with 4 contact session and a project aimed at improving existing facilities in HIV), and the NACO India training programs. His special areas of interest include HIV/AIDS and HPV Class Photographs Village visit CMC Pictures Copyright © 2010 by Dept. of Infectious Diseases CMCH Vellore	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line47
__label__cc	0.724284	0.275716	A Real Opportunity for Conservation The nation’s approach to conservation isn’t working well enough. For generations the approach has been based on protection and prescription. Legislation is protective and conservation programmes are prescriptive. A species in worrying decline is typically given legal protection – even though the real threat may come from something legislation cannot address. Conservation programmes pay landowners and farmers for following habitat management prescriptions, but these fail if they are poorly applied or not backed by other measures. Overall protection and prescription have largely failed to arrest a continuing decline in biodiversity; Government targets, such as the Farmland Bird Index, continue to fall short, yet GWCT research has clearly demonstrated what needs to be done. Modernising the nation’s approach to conservation could transform the prospects for many declining species and leaving the European Union gives us the increased flexibility to concentrate on conserving populations, rather than protecting individual animals. Special protection, where it is needed, might vary regionally and could change with time or be condition on circumstances. Environment Stewardship, as well as supporting habitats through prescriptions, should also reward real improvements in biodiversity that can be measured locally. Under current legislation, designed as a “one size fits all” across the EU, wildlife protection measures have been a blunt instrument. For example, special protection of red squirrels and water voles failed to stop their disappearance because the true cause of their demise has been the spread of American grey squirrels and mink. A better approach would have been effective control strategies against mink and grey squirrels in the first place – something the nation did when it eradicated the South American coypu in the 1980s. In some case, special protection can have unintended consequences. The Badgers Act, for example, has achieved what it was designed to do, but the result may be detrimental to other species such as hedgehogs and bumble bees. We should pay for what works. Farmers and landowners should be given clear incentives to increase the wildlife on their land. In many schemes, it is assumed that the conservation of a species depends on the provision of its habitat. Research shows that this is not always the case. Animals usually need a mosaic of habitats and their life cycles can be compromised by other factors such as intensive farming or predation. Successful conservation addresses these other factors too. Now is an opportunity to shape conservation policy to recognise this. Rewarding farmers and landowners for successful results would encourage them to pick the right options within environmental schemes, put them in the right place and undertake other measures to support them. We accept that devising a payment by result top up scheme is not easy. It will depend on selecting good indicator species that can be readily identified and recorded and where their conservation would also enhance the prospects for a range of other animals and plants. The decline of Britain’s wildlife continues partly because the current system fails to find practical solutions to specific wildlife problems and does not reward conservation success. Reforming both elements would improve the prospects for much of our countryside wildlife. Mrs Teresa Dent CBE Mrs Teresa Dent CBE has been the Chief Executive of the Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust since 2001, which is a charity that seeks to promote game and wildlife management as an essential part of nature conservation. In 2014 she was appointed to the Board of Natural England, which is the government’s adviser for the natural environment helping to protect England’s nature and landscapes for people to enjoy. Teresa was named Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE) for “services to wildlife conservation” as part of the 2015 Queen’s Birthday Honors and is a fellow of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. Previously she was a partner with Strutt and Parker working as a farming and business management consultant.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line48
__label__cc	0.57405	0.42595	NH Governor Vetoes Permitless Carry Bill. Again. Again. #DIGTHERIG - Steve and his Glock 23 in an Alien Gear Holster Two Permit Holders Get Into A Car Accident. The Rest Of The Story Is Unsettling. Posted by G. Halek, June 10, 2016 WESTLAKE, KENTUCKY — Just because a permit is issued doesn’t mean anyone has the right to use it to provoke and intimidate other people. That’s a hard lesson one concealed carrier learned when he reportedly got into a verbal altercation with a couple at a traffic light. Westlake police allege the man purposefully crashed into the couple’s vehicle multiple times before the driver of the vehicle pulled over. William Keener, 67, the alleged perpetrator of the event, got out of his vehicle and approached the couple with a drawn .45 caliber Kimber semiautomatic pistol. A passenger in the vehicle announced he had a concealed carry permit and handgun, to which the offender then announced that he did as well and challenged the elderly gentleman, 71, to draw. Thankfully, five police officers arrived to break up the incident and Keener was charged with two counts of felonious assault, two counts of aggravated menacing, two counts of possession of criminal tools and criminal mischief according to court transcripts obtained by WKYC 3. He also has a protective order against him to keep him away from the couple. Who the heck knows what got into this man… Keener is somebody who probably shouldn’t be allowed to carry concealed if that’s the way he’s going to act. We all get stuck in frustrating situations but with the responsibility of a concealed carry permit and firearm, it’s our responsibility to resolve those differences reasonably. Brandishing is something we’ve ardently spoken out against and it’s a practice used by bullies and idiots to intimidate. People defending their own lives have no need to brandish — they just aim for center mass when the time comes. As for the concealed carrier on the victim’s side, he took every opportunity to try to avoid the fight and complied with police. The couple avoided the conflict for as long as possible, as well, from what little is known through the news report. We never know who we’re going to be confronting but definitely exercising caution, contacting authorities, and trying to de-escalate are pretty safe strategies to avoid an outright conflict that can be avoided. Categories: General, Irresponsible Gun Owner, News About G. Halek \| View all posts by G. Halek GH is a Marine Corps veteran of Operation Iraqi Freedom and has served as a defense contractor in Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. His daily concealed carry handgun… GH is a Marine Corps veteran of Operation Iraqi Freedom and has served as a defense contractor in Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. His daily concealed carry handgun is a Glock 26 in a Lenwood Holsters Specter IWB or his Sig Sauer SP2022 in a Dara Holsters Appendix IWB holster. Suspect Linked With Multiple Burglaries And Car Robberies Picks The ONE House In New Jersey Guaranteed To Have An Armed Occupant MANVILLE, NEW JERSEY -- An off-duty police officer awoke to the sounds of a man rummaging through his home. He got up and confronted the suspect and a struggle ensued. During the struggle, the officer used his handgun to shoot the man in the chest.… Man Jumped by Pair of Thugs Bent on Knife Attack, But Their “Victim” Is Packing 0 Comments - 10 months ago Two attackers were forced to flee for their lives when their intended knife attack victim turned out to have a gun in his car -- and he was more than willing to send them on their way when he had to, according to Jacksonville.com. You know… Ex-Football Player Issues Apology After Bringing Glock Through Security Checkpoint At Tampa International TAMPA BAY, FLORIDA -- Former Gators and Bucs receiver Louis Murphy was arrested last week for bringing a firearm to the Tampa International Airport, according to the Tampa Bay Times. Apparently, the former NFL receiver was trying to conceal the weapon from his daughter, and forgot… Elderly Woman Prevents Home Intruders From Raping Her By Using Her Gun BIG SUR, CALIFORNIA -- When two home intruders came barging in early one evening, one elderly woman was able to make it to her bedroom and grab her firearm to protect herself. According to authorities, the two suspects - 5'2" and 5'4" respectively - had…	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line49
__label__wiki	0.897689	0.897689	Outbreak.com: Using the Web to Track Deadly Diseases in Real Time By Bryan Walsh Tuesday, Aug. 16, 2011 Claudette Barius / Warner Bros. Pictures Matt Damon stars in Contagion, a new thriller about a deadly pandemic that spreads around the world Back in February 2003, if you subscribed to the ProMED e-mail list a clearinghouse for intelligence about infectious-disease outbreaks you might have seen quizzical messages about a strange spate of respiratory disease cropping up in the southern Chinese city of Guangzhou. Those messages some of which were translated versions of news items appearing in the mainland-Chinese press before government censors stepped in were the first public descriptions of what would later be known as severe acute respiratory syndrome or SARS. In just a few months SARS would escape from southern China and spread thanks to international jet travel to Singapore, Canada, Taiwan and Europe, infecting more than 8,000 people and killing more than 900 in the first serious pandemic of the 21st century. Before the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) or the World Health Organization knew anything about the new disease, the information was out there on the wire and if the right people had known earlier, there's a chance the outbreak could have been halted before it became a pandemic. A century ago before jet planes it took new diseases months to travel around the world, and many pathogens probably never made it out of their isolated rural stomping grounds. But now no place is truly isolated, no matter how remote. We live in a world that's more connected than ever before, one where humans and the viruses hitchhiking inside us can circle the planet in a day. As a result, we're at greater risk from new infectious diseases than ever before. (See the top 10 terrible epidemics.) But there's an upside to our interconnectedness as well. Thanks to the Internet and cell phones, we can know what's happening in nearly every corner of the globe almost instantaneously and that's a boon for epidemiology. In the arms race between us and the viruses, communication is our advantage. By analyzing the Internet's everyday wealth of data, we can catch new diseases before they've emerged and stop them before they become a deadly threat. That's what John Brownstein, a digital epidemiologist at Children's Hospital Boston, is working to do with his HealthMap project. HealthMap automatically trolls news sites, eyewitness reports, government data, even wildlife-disease cases to identify new patterns in outbreaks, presenting the results on a clickable map. Want to know about an ongoing polio outbreak in Angola? HealthMap will show you where it's occurring and who's dying. "We bring in all the cases we can on one site, which enables early detection and heightened awareness of new diseases," says Brownstein, who developed the site with software expert Clark Freifeld. "This is a way for epidemiology to move forward." HealthMap first launched about five years ago, but it has just relaunched with a new focus toward what Brownstein calls "participatory epidemiology." HealthMap will tap the wealth of potential information on social media think tweets about flu outbreaks and Facebook postings about contaminated food. The result is more finely tuned intelligence about emerging outbreaks, presented in a personalized format Facebook by way of the CDC. HealthMap already has a related mobile app called Outbreaks Near Me, which gives users news about public health around their location and allows them to report information as well. "It's really taking the local-weather-forecast idea and making it applicable to disease," says Brownstein. "We're trying to make these ideas that much more relevant to the general population." (See photos of the swine flu in Mexico.) The ideas behind digital and participatory epidemiology have merit. Scientists have already managed to find spikes in seasonal flu before the CDC by analyzing online search queries and Twitter feeds for flu-related items. (If an unusually large number of people in Pittsburgh are suddenly searching for influenza symptoms and treatment, chances are an outbreak is already under way.) Brownstein himself has worked with Google and the CDC to use the same methods to track outbreaks of mosquito-borne dengue fever, which has recently reappeared in the U.S. The neat project Bio.Diaspora, at the University of Toronto, combines intelligence on outbreaks from HealthMap with real-time information on international travel. And Global Viral Forecasting Initiative a group I spent time with recently in Cameroon is working to get on-the-ground intelligence in disease hot spots like the Congo and China. The challenge with HealthMap and other digital epidemiology projects is the same one that all intelligence experts face: separating the signal from the noise. Brownstein points out that HealthMap could show unusual cases of respiratory illness in Mexico in the early spring of 2009, before what would become the H1N1 flu pandemic burst onto the global stage, but it's still difficult to separate truly dangerous events from run-of-the mill outbreaks. The hope is that sharper data collection will allow future digital epidemiologists to identify the patterns that indicate a potentially deadly new disease in time to actually do something to stop it. "We're trying to improve our algorithms to make sure that we catch the really important events," says Brownstein. One way to do that might be to get more people participating in participatory epidemiology. To that end, HealthMap is part of a public-education campaign built around the upcoming disease thriller Contagion. The Steven Soderberghdirected film which opens in U.S. theaters on Sept. 9 and stars Gwyneth Paltrow, Matt Damon and Jude Law, among others tells the story of a deadly pandemic that spreads around the world. (Imagine H1N1 if it had killed 20% of those it infected, instead of at most 1%.) "We want to get people talking about this threat, so they can take it seriously without being scared," says Brownstein. Fighting new infectious diseases is no different than any other war the first step is good intelligence. See the project that will help to track animal diseases before they infect humans. See the top 10 cases of public panics.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line51
__label__cc	0.669462	0.330538	On the People's Terms Conclusion. The argument, in summary A Republican Theory and Model of Democracy Print publication year: 2012 Online publication date: January 2013 Philip Pettit, Princeton University, New Jersey DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139017428.007 pp 293-310 The argument of this book has taken us over a wide terrain, introducing the republican perspective, traditional and contemporary; presenting the ideal of freedom that lies at its core; sketching a theory and model of the social justice that this ideal would support; defending a matching, republican theory of political legitimacy; and then outlining a model of the democratic institutions that might be thought to satisfy that theory. In conclusion, I think the best thing I can do is to provide a summary of the claims maintained in the development of the argument. While the summary is inevitably sketchy and inexact, I hope that it will help to facilitate readers in finding their way through a book that I wanted to make shorter and simpler than it has turned out to be. INTRODUCTION. THE REPUBLIC, OLD AND NEW The main ideas in the republican tradition are: freedom as non-domination, the mixed constitution and the contestatory citizenry. Appearing in the Roman republic, in medieval and renaissance Italy, in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and Britain, and eventually in revolutionary America, they suggest that the state should enable its citizens – however inclusive – to act as free, undominated persons in the sphere of the fundamental liberties, being protected under a mixed, contestatory constitution. This republican tradition came under sustained attack at the hands of Jeremy Bentham and William Paley in later eighteenth-century England, as they introduced a theory of freedom as non-interference. They argued that while the state should cater for the freedom of all citizens – now understood more inclusively – it should do so with only this less demanding ideal in view. Italian–Atlantic republicanism was also challenged in the late eighteenth century by the communitarian republicanism of Jean Jacques Rousseau. While he continued to think of freedom as non-domination, he followed Jean Bodin and Thomas Hobbes in giving up on the mixed constitution and the contestatory citizenry. He argued that there had to be a single sovereign in any well-functioning state and thought that in a republic this should be the assembled, incorporated people. The aim of this book is to build philosophically on the main republican ideas, developing a theory of social justice and, in particular, political legitimacy, where justice governs people’s relations with one another, legitimacy their relations with the state. The republican theory of legitimacy gives the state a democratic job specification, requiring it to operate under equally shared, popular control. Recommend this book Email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this book to your organisation's collection. Philip Pettit Online ISBN: 9781139017428 Book DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139017428	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line52
__label__wiki	0.569896	0.569896	The hosting costs of websites on this system have historically been covered by advertising. However changes in the way people use the internet, including ad-blocking mean that the revenues no longer cover the expenses. For this reason we will be closing this website within the next two months unless we can find a different model. If any users of the site would be interested in the possibility of taking this incredible archive or pictures and comments over including paying for hosting, please get in touch. Bus and Coach Photos Upload a Picture About this Site \| Links \| Random Pic \| Advanced Search Home \| Latest Additions \| Contributors \| Visitors Modern Bus London Bus Routes : The 134 Route 134 : Tottenham Court Road - Barnet Church. TE897 (LK08 NVN) on a short working to North Fi... National Express West Midlands 4710 On an 87 to Birmingham outside Smethwick Galton Bridge Station (11/02/2012). MERCEDES MERCEDES CITARO BENDY.One of a batch of ex London bendy buses on the GO North East 58 Heworth Wallse... VOLVO GO NORTH EAST WRIGHT BODY VOLVO. One of a batch delivered towards the middle of 2011 Connex 1183 J35501 Seen near St Aubin heading for St.Helier on Route 15 to Jersey Airport. 17/02/12 BATH 301 (PN10 FNR) Taken on 29/11/2010 nr Bath Abbey a Volvo B9TL / Optare O51/31F new 2010 Electric Hybrid Electric Hybrid seen in Harborne, Birmingham, December 2011. Stagecoach Manchester 12035 Stagecoach Manchester's 12035 (MX60 BVA)at Piccadilly Gardens about to leave ona 42 to East Didsbury... Finglands 1795 Finglands 1795 (YX08 FWH)) at Piccadilly Gardens competing with Stagecoach on route 42 (17/02/12) First Manchester First Manchester's 37458 (WX58 EAP) at the Central Manchester terminus of route 83 to Oldham 17/02/1... Reading Buses Reading are one of the few handful of municipal operators still remaining. Here is their 211 (SN11 B... Reading 211 A side on view of Reading 211 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 «« previous 12 (3085 to 3096 of 3172) next 12 (results 3109 to 3132 of 3172) »» My Album Admin Login \| Terms & Copyright \| Try our site about Police Cars	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line55
__label__cc	0.657492	0.342508	Late that night insomnia bit me in the ass and wouldn’t let go. I didn’t want to wake J, and I didn’t want him to think if I left–i.e. went for a walk or something–that I was freaking out over something he had said. Which led me to wonder, wait, am I freaking out over something he said? We’d just agreed we weren’t in a serious relationship, hadn’t we? We agreed we were in the early days. The still-figuring-it-out days. Was that scary? This whole concept that there was something to figure out was new to me. But not freak-out scary. I don’t think. What I was thinking about mostly was the fact that the deadline for Digger was fast approaching. Six months we’d given him, and that would run out when the calendar turned to July 1st. We’d be in Memphis or somewhere then, I couldn’t remember exactly. I’d been trying not to think about it and I’d been succeeding, until I was lying there in the dark, under J’s arm. It felt odd to be so sated physically, warm and comfortable under the covers with him, pressed together but utterly relaxed, and yet to have my mind racing. I kept waiting for it to stop and for sleep to come back around, but it didn’t. I heard him snuffle sleepily and felt something damp on my shoulder. His mouth, kissing my arm affectionately. He shifted position and I settled even more under the crook of his arm. “What’s wrong?” he asked. He murmured. “Mm, bullshit. You’re tense as a string.” “A guitar string?” “Er, yeah. I think I meant to say bowstring, but I’m sleepy, and guitar string is more appropriate anyway.” He rubbed his face and propped himself up on one elbow. We’d left the light on in the bathroom and I could see his face in the dimness. “You need something?” “Not something like that,” I said, knowing he meant sex. Not that I’d have said no if he suggested it, but he seemed to genuinely be asking. “Just, can’t sleep. Thinking about everything coming up.” “The tour?” “And, yeah. And the whole business with Digger.” “You mentioned being kind of glad to be rid of him for the leg of the trip when I saw you in DC…” “That’s not it. I really… did I tell you he’s my father? I can’t even remember.” “You told me, but at the time you didn’t act like it was a big secret.” “I didn’t?” I suppose I’d already decided to trust J that far back. “It’s not, not really. A big secret, I mean. I just don’t want it to be a… a thing. It’s just vaguely embarrassing, I guess.” “Is it? Lots of people have family members working for them.” “He’s just vaguely embarrassing, is what I mean, maybe.” I groaned. “He probably feels the same way about me.” “Does he? Why? You’re incredibly successful for… oh.” He looked at me and frowned. “Oh.” “Yeah, ‘oh.’ Not so thrilled about the gay part, I don’t think.” It still wasn’t easy to say the word “gay” honestly, but I didn’t want to seem like a wuss in front of him, besides it would have been kind of ridiculous not to be able to say it while lying in bed with him. I mean, I know I’m ridiculous sometimes, but that would’ve been too much even for me. Meanwhile I was kind of impressed with how he seemed to know what I was talking about, and I knew what he was talking about, when we hardly said anything. That was kinda scary, but really nifty at the same time. “You don’t think?” “Well, it’s complicated. He knows. I know he knows. He knows I know that he knows. And so we have kind of a truce about it.” “Hang on. He knows that you know that he knows…” J blinked while he worked that one out. “I’m making some coffee if we’re going to talk about anything that complicated.” He slid out of bed and padded back and forth in the room, fussing with the coffee pot the hotel had provided. “Keep talking.” “Anyway, yeah, I didn’t come out and say ‘Hey Dad I’m gay,’ but you know, it just feels like sometimes he goes out of his way to make gay jokes or…” I paused while I tried to remember what he’d said about Carynne. Digger thought I was sleeping with her, too. Well, or knew that I had. Which might kind of make the whole conversation we’d had in the strip club…. “Oh fuck.” “I just realized maybe the whole conversation we had about it without talking about it, he might’ve been talking about something else.” J brought me a mug of coffee with cream and sugar that smelled fancy. Like hazelnuts, I think. I sat up to take it in my hands, crossing my legs with the sheet over my knees. “Maybe it doesn’t matter,” I said. “The gist of the conversation was that who I fuck is none of his business regardless, and that much he agreed to, basically. Even though I never came out and said… I mean, I never ‘came out.'” “But you think he’s still upset over it.” “I think he’s still none too happy if I’m gay. He’s a homophobic, sexist asshole. You should hear the shit he says about Carynne when she’s not there to hear it. For that matter, the shit he says about me when I AM there to hear it.” I shook my head. “Would you put up with that if he wasn’t your father?” “If you’d hired a manager, and he made disparaging comments about you or your other employees, would you keep him?” I thought about that for a moment. “No. Except that he doesn’t think he’s making disparaging comments. It’s not like he realizes he’s being a sexist pig, you know? If he could tell he was, he’d already be way ahead of where he is now. Does that make sense?” “That makes perfect sense,” J assured me. “But to play devil’s advocate for a second, you’re not going to find a lot of manager types out there who have embraced a feminist consciousness.” “Um… yeah.” “By which I mean guys who…” “I know what you mean,” I said quickly. “You’re using big words but they’re not that big.” He kissed me on the forehead then. “Sorry. Sometimes I’m not sure if I’m coming across. They don’t teach you to talk like a normal person in the Ivy Leagues.” “No, shit, Sherlock.” I reached up and traced his lip with one finger. “So anyway, my asshole dad is my manager, he might owe me money, and when his contract runs out we’ll be in the middle of a tour he helped arrange.” “What do you mean by he might owe you money?” “So, he quit his old job and started his own talent management company, right? That took startup money he didn’t have, to open an office in LA, get an answering service, all that stuff. There are a lot of technicalities in it, like he can claim that he was opening the office for the band’s management, but you know, I’d think he’d have asked me first if that were the case, right? Carynne had a lawyer friend of hers who had Mike Fink by the short and curlies draw up the contract, trying to make it airtight. She asked him about. Thing is, Digger didn’t outright spend much of our money at all, but he did use the band’s contracts and income as collateral… He established us a credit line based on the money in the bank, and he spent from that.” My head hurt a little just thinking about it. “So even this lawyer said it’s dicey ethically speaking, but not actually illegal, and not actually a breach of contract.” “The part that sounds dicey to me is that he didn’t tell you about it.” “I know! If it was legit, he should’ve just asked me.” I sipped the coffee. It was too hot and I scalded myself a little but I didn’t pay much attention to that. “But meanwhile, he’s the one who got Ziggy this movie deal, and who got Mills to let us hit the road when he wanted to bury us.” “Waitasec, Mills wanted to bury you?” J actually stood up as he said that. “Well, not in so many words, but…” I faltered under J’s incredulous stare. “Oh, come on, you know bands get buried all the time by their labels.” “Yes, but…” “And he was saying not to tour. To wait. But come on. ‘Candlelight’ was in the Top 40. Why wait?” “Can you think of a good reason?” He paced a bit back and forth between the two beds. “Well, there must be some reason. Had they already committed the touring budget to some other bands?” “What would it matter if we supported ourselves?” I said. “I don’t even remember what his rationale was. Didn’t want us playing places that were too small because it’d diminish our image, was one line he used, but come on. The Police played a show to three people in Albany when they were in support of their first record. He did say he wanted us to wait until we had full tour support. But at the same time he wasn’t saying what kind of support they were going to give, yet.” J wrinkled his face. “Okay. That’s kind of fishy.” “He kept saying let’s get the new album on the shelves before doing anything bigger. And I said great, we’ll do something bigger, but let’s do something small first. We needed to do that B tour, J. We really did.” “Yes. I agree. And you were only out for two weeks. It’s not like you took six months on the road when they were waiting for you to go in the studio or something…” “Anyway, Digger made him see sense. So that’s all worked out. But…” J sat across from me again, gulping his coffee and setting the mug down. “So that’s what Digger’s good for, I guess.” “What, it takes a slime wad to talk to a slime wad?” “I didn’t mean it like that…” J said cautiously. “Yeah, well I did.” I set the almost full cup of coffee next to J’s on the nightstand. My stomach was churning a little and it might as well have been a cup of rocket fuel in my hand. “So what happens if you fire him?” J asked. I shrugged. “No idea. Worst case scenario, Mills eats us alive and we never work again, right? Best case scenario, we get someone we both like and trust and I get a source of stress out of my life.” J looked at me kinda sideways. “Well, he might not be your manager if you fire him, but that doesn’t get him out of your life. It’s too late to change your name and go into hiding.” “Tried that already,” I said, lying back and looking at the ceiling. “Didn’t work.” « Liner Note #16: The Days of Venus, HIV, & Brickphones Next: Holiday on the Moon » Jude wrote: Maybe a bus will hit Digger and he’ll be out of your life that way. It would be pleasant. Well, it would suck for you for a while, and then your life would be sane again. Or as close to sane as it gets. Heh. I should make sure I’m the beneficiary on his life insurance policy, eh? I’m sure he put himself down on mine… Debbie wrote: loved it ,family is something you can never really get away from ,but you can sure try like hell. Yep, you said it Posted 10 Jan 2012 at 7:59 pm ¶ why can't I sleep?	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line60
__label__cc	0.732238	0.267762	Debate: Medical marijuana dispensaries Are medical marijuana dispensaries a good idea? Medical marijuana dispensaries have been popping up in different places across the United States and in other countries as well. They are designed to supply individuals with medical needs for marijuana, so they are deeply connected with the medical marijuana debate. While connected to this larger debate, dispensaries have their own set of pros and cons to consider. Some of these include whether medical marijuana dispensaries will have negative effects on the communities where they are located. Will crime increase in these areas? Can dispensaries be properly regulated to ensure against fraud, faked prescriptions, or just shady prescriptions for individuals with insignificant or debatably-significant illnesses? Are whole dispensaries required, or should marijuana only be carried in traditional pharmacies? Are they economically beneficial, or can they harm businesses in surrounding communities? These and other questions are addressed below. Industry: Should the medical marijuana industry be encouraged? Marijuana dispensaries are not drug rings Darcy Hughes, who used to manage the dispensary B Green in Los Angeles, said in 2010 after her and other's dispensaries were closed: "It's like treating us like drug dealers. It's not right."[1] Medical marijuana dispensaries are professional institutions Jesse McKinley. "Don’t Call It ‘Pot’ in This Circle; It’s a Profession." NYTimes. April 23, 2010: "Like hip-hop, health food and snowboarding, marijuana is going corporate. As more and more states allow medical use of the drug, and California considers outright legalization, marijuana’s supporters are pushing hard to burnish the image of pot by franchising dispensaries and building brands; establishing consulting, lobbying and law firms; setting up trade shows and a seminar circuit; and constructing a range of other marijuana-related businesses." Marijuana dispensaries should be regulated, but allowed The answer to the many possible challenges faced by Marijuana dispensaries - including fraudulent prescriptions and crime outside of dispensaries - is regulation. The answer is not to ban dispensaries out right.[2] Marijuana is natural; dispensaries should be allowed Cedaredge Town Council Trustee Nancy Sturgill said in 2009: "This [marijuana] is a very natural product, said Sturgill, and I don’t feel conﬁdent in denying Cedaredge residents access at this point.”[3] Marijuana dispensaries are key to enabling pain relief Art Santa Cruz, a 66-year-old Lansing man, said he would like to open a dispensary. He said he has severe back pain from a military stint in Vietnam or perhaps a car crash: "If it weren't for medical marijuana, I wouldn't be able to sleep. There has to be dispensaries. This is an important issue. The marijuana industry should be allowed to flourish. When pain goes away, I thank God."[4] Marinol pills can be prescribed; Marijuana is unnecessary "The case against medical marijuana." The casual observer. March 31, 2010: "A very basic question that I have is this. THC, the ingredient in marijuana that people are smoking it for, is available in pill form already. Why then do we need to have smoked marijuana available with all the problems that it brings? Marinol is a prescription medicine that can be prescribed by a doctor and dispensed from a controlled pharmacy." Medical marijuana prescriptions are often fraudulent "The case against medical marijuana." The casual observer. March 31, 2010: "On January 31, 2010 Christian Thurston published an article in the Denver Post entitled Smoke and Mirrors. Christian is the Medical Director of a substance abuse treatment program in Denver. Christian provided an example of a 19 year old being treated for “Severe Addiction”. This 19 year old walked in to dispensary, gave them $300 and discussed his depression with a “doctor”. He was then given a medical marijuana card. One pregnant woman was given a marijuana card to smoke because of her nausea. Yes, she was told to smoke marijuana during the pregnancy. We have people showing up to work stoned and claiming no foul because the marijuana was “prescribed” for them. We have 18 year olds obtaining a license to smoke joints daily for an ear ache, depression, etc." Whole marijuana dispensaries are excessive; pharmacies better. If marijuana dispensaries are indeed about providing marijuana for medical purposes, than entire dispensaries are probably excessive. Instead, why not carry medical marijuana in pharmacies? This would probably reduce the excessive supply and abuses, and would certainly eliminate concerns of shady crowds centering around dispensaries and creating concerns for local communities. Crime: Is crime outside of dispensaries manageable? Crime outside of dispensaries no different then outside banks Cumberland County Sheriff Mark Dion joined the Maine Civil Liberties Union, said on June 17th of 2010: "Medical marijuana is a public health issue, it's not a law enforcement problem. The data from California suggests that the risk of crime outside a dispensary is no greater than what we'd experience at a bank. So I think we should just move forward and exercise the common sense that the voters have demonstrated in repeated votes on this measure."[5] Crime surrounds many shops; should not stop dispensaries. Crime surrounds all kinds of legal shops, including strip clubs, banks, supermarkets, and bars. This fact does not mean that these shops should be closed. Nor should it be the case for marijuana dispensaries. Medical marijuana is unrelated to crime that surrounds dispensaries. The legitimate place of dispensaries in supplying individuals that suffer from illnesses with access to medicine must be separated from the crime that may or may not surround them. This crime is unrelated to the fundamental mission of medical marijuana dispensaries, so it should not be used against them, just as crime surrounding other legitimate businesses cannot be used to argue against the legitimate purpose of these businesses. Raids on marijuana dispensaries have collateral damage Steph Sherer, medical marijuana patient and executive director of Americans for Safe Access (ASA), the nation's largest medical cannabis advocacy organization: "There has been a lot of collateral damage in the federal campaign against medical marijuana patients. We need to stop the prosecutions, bring the prisoners home, and begin working to eliminate the conflict between state and federal medical marijuana laws."[6] Marijuana dispensaries will exist whether legal or not. Marijuana dispensaries are popping up in places whether it is legal or not. It is better to legalize and regulate these dispensaries then to let them exist under the radar. Economics: Are these dispensaries economical? Marijuana dispensaries will create many jobs Aaron Randle is tending to his new shop, Sunnyside Alternative Medicine: "There's a lot of jobs created because of medical marijuana. You have employees that work at the dispensaries, then you have vendors that are getting paid. ... Real estate is booming right now. Warehouses are getting rented out for grow operations."[7] Medical marijuana dispensaries can hurt surrounding businesses. Medical marijuana dispensaries can create an unfortunate local environment for other businesses. Some customers might not want to go to the grocery store right next door to the marijuana dispensary. This is a serious economic consideration. Treatment: Is marijuana valuable in treating illnesses? Marijuana is an effective medicine and treatment for many illnesses Joycelyn Elders, M.D., Former U.S. Surgeon General. Op-ed: Providence Journal. March 26, 2004: "The evidence is overwhelming that marijuana can relieve certain types of pain, nausea, vomiting and other symptoms caused by such illnesses as multiple sclerosis, cancer and AIDS -- or by the harsh drugs sometimes used to treat them. And it can do so with remarkable safety. Indeed, marijuana is less toxic than many of the drugs that physicians prescribe every day."[8] Medical benefits of marijuana outweigh potential risks Consumer Reports Magazine. "Marijuana as Medicine - How Strong Is the Science?" May 1997: "Consumer Reports believes that, for patients with advanced AIDS and terminal cancer, the apparent benefits some derive from smoking marijuana outweigh any substantiated or even suspected risks."[9] Marijuana can provide patients with significant pain relief Joycelyn Elders, MD Former US Surgeon General. Editorial: Providence Journal. March 26, 2004]: "The evidence is overwhelming that marijuana can relieve certain types of pain, nausea, vomiting and other symptoms caused by such illnesses as multiple sclerosis, cancer and AIDS -- or by the harsh drugs sometimes used to treat them. And it can do so with remarkable safety. Indeed, marijuana is less toxic than many of the drugs that physicians prescribe every day." [10] Allowing medical marijuana shows compassion to the suffering Dennis Kucinich, US Representative (D-OH) and 2008 Democratic Candidate for US President, stated on Aug. 9, 2007: "It's a matter between doctors and patients, and if doctors want to prescribe medical marijuana to relieve pain, compassion requires that the government support that. And so as president of the United States, I would make sure that our Justice Department was mindful that we should be taking a compassionate approach."[11] General statements in favor of medical marijuana Marijuana is not an effective drug for treating illnesses Richard H. Schwartz, MD, physician in Advanced Pediatrics. Letter to the Editor, New England Journal of Medicine. July 14, 1994: "...support of the use of marijuana for medical purposes is scientifically unfounded. There is no evidence that marijuana is superior to ondansetron (Zofran), dexamethasone, or synthetic tetrahydrocannabinol (Marinol) as an antiemetic in patients undergoing chemotherapy. Nor is there scientific evidence to support the use of marijuana for AIDS-associated anorexia, depression, epilepsy, narrow-angle glaucoma, or spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis."[12] Evidence is too inconclusive on medicinal value of marijuana Bill Frist, MD Former US Senator (R-TN). ProCon.org. Oct. 20, 2003: "Although I understand many believe marijuana is the most effective drug in combating their medical ailments, I would caution against this assumption due to the lack of consistent, repeatable scientific data available to prove marijuana's medical benefits. Unhealthy effects of Marijuana outweigh medical benefits Sanjay Gupta, MD, Chief Medical Correspondent for CNN. "Why I Would Vote No on Pot." Time magazine. Nov. 6, 2006: "Marijuana isn't really very good for you. True, there are health benefits for some patients. [but...] Frequent marijuana use can seriously affect your short-term memory. It can impair your cognitive ability (why do you think people call it dope?) and lead to long-lasting depression or anxiety. While many people smoke marijuana to relax, it can have the opposite effect on frequent users. And smoking anything, whether it's tobacco or marijuana, can seriously damage your lung tissue...Despite all the talk about the medical benefits of marijuana, smoking the stuff is not going to do your health any good." Legalizing medical marijuana opens door to bad definitions of "pain". People who are addicted to a drug are especially driven to find loopholes. In countries where marijuana has already been introduced for medical purposes, this has been the case. Legalizing marijuana would pose a bad example and trigger pressures for the legalization of other drugs. General statements against medical marijuana Physician judgement: Should doctors be allowed to judge use of marijuana case-by-case? State should not override physician judgement on marijuana Dennis Kucinich, US Representative (D-OH) and 2008 Democratic Candidate for US President, stated the following in an Aug. 9, 2007 Democratic presidential forum aired on Viacom's Logo cable network: "It's a matter between doctors and patients, and if doctors want to prescribe medical marijuana to relieve pain, compassion requires that the government support that."[13] Health policy on marijuana should not be decided by individual doctors. Steel industry workers do not make policies regulating steel. In the same way, individual doctors should not make policies on medicine such as marijuana. Vs alternatives: Is marijuana a good alternative to other medications? Marijuana is a safer alternative to many medications Philip Denney, MD, co-founder of a medical cannabis evaluation practice, stated the following in his Nov. 17, 2005, testimony to the Arkansas legislature in support of House Bill 1303: "An Act to Permit the Medical Use of Marijuana": "I have found in my study of these patients that cannabis is really a safe, effective and non-toxic alternative to many standard medications." Marijuana is homeopathic alternative to pharmaceutical drugs "Libertarian Party Condemns the Supreme Court Decision Against the Use of Medical Marijuana." The Libertarian Party. June 6, 2005: "The Libertarian Party is a long-standing advocate for individual liberty and believes that Americans should be responsible for their own actions and, in this case, be able to use alternative forms of medication outside of the realm of insurance companies and the pharmaceutical lobby."[14] Marijuana is a good alternative medicine to suit individual needs The fact that there are alternatives to medical marijuana for many treatments is not necessarily an argument against medical marijuana. It is always important to have many alternatives, largely due to differing personal preferences, beliefs, and physical reactions to different drugs.[15] Marinol is an inadequate alternative to marijuana for some treatments There are less dangerous, equally effective alternatives to marijuana Bill Frist, MD Former US Senator (R-TN). ProCon.org. Oct. 20, 2003: Based on current evidence, I believe that marijuana is a dangerous drug and that there are less dangerous medicines offering the same relief from pain and other medical symptoms."[16] Bill Frist, M.D. U.S. Senator (R-TN), Correspondence to ProCon.org. October 20, 2003] - "Although I understand many believe marijuana is the most effective drug in combating their medical ailments, I would caution against this assumption due to the lack of consistent, repeatable scientific data available to prove marijuana's medical benefits. Based on current evidence, I believe that marijuana is a dangerous drug and that there are less dangerous medicines offering the same relief from pain and other medical symptoms."[17] Marinol is a good substitute for marijuana treatment California Narcotics Officers Association. Official policy statement. "The Use of Marijuana as a Medicine". October 31, 2005 - "Marinol differs from the crude plant marijuana because it consists of one pure, well-studied, FDA-approved pharmaceutical in stable known dosages. Marijuana is an unstable mixture of over 400 chemicals including many toxic psychoactive chemicals which are largely unstudied and appear in uncontrolled strengths."[18] Smoked marijuana: Is smoking marijuana necessary to obtain "benefits"? Smoked marijuana has advantages over chemical break-downs Jacob Sullum, Senior Editor of Reason magazine. "Saying Yes: In Defense of Drug Use." 2003 book: "It's beyond serious dispute that marijuana, which has been used therapeutically for thousands of years, helps relieve nausea and restore appetite. Marinol, a capsule containing THC, is approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a treatment for AIDS wasting syndrome and the side effects of cancer chemotherapy. But smoked marijuana has several advantages over Marinol..." Smoking marijuana is more damaging than taking chemical parts Gabriel Nahas, MD, PhD, Professor Emeritus of Anesthesiology and Medicine at Columbia University. "Marihuana Is the Wrong Medicine." Wall Street Journal. Mar. 11, 1997: "The debate over using marihuana as medicine has been distorted by a basic confusion: the implicit assumption that smoking marihuana is a better therapy than the ingestion of its active therapeutic agent THC or a more effective one than approved medications. This assumption is wrong. THC (also known as Marinol) is an approved remedy that may be prescribed by physicians for nausea and AIDS wasting syndrome. It is safer than marihuana smoke."[19] HIV/AIDS: Is marijuana good for treating HIV/AIDS? Marijuana improves immune system functions in patients with HIV Donald Abrams, M.D., et al. "Short-Term Effects of Cannabinoids in Patients with HIV-1 Infection". Annals of Internal Medicine. August 19, 2003 - "Patients receiving cannabinoids [smoked marijuana and marijuana pills] had improved immune function compared with those receiving placebo. They also gained about 4 pounds more on average than those patients receiving placebo."[20] Marijuana damages the immune system; risky for HIV/AIDS sufferers U.S. Institute of Medicine Report. Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base. March, 1999 - "The most compelling concerns regarding marijuana smoking in HIV/AIDS patients are the possible effects of marijuana on immunity. Reports of opportunistic fungal and bacterial pneumonia in AIDS patients who used marijuana suggest that marijuana smoking either suppresses the immune system or exposes patients to an added burden of pathogens. In summary, patients with preexisting immune deficits due to AIDS should be expected to be vulnerable to serious harm caused by smoking marijuana." Psychological disorders: Can marijuana help treat marijuana? Marijuana can help treat bipolar disorders: Scientists and mentally-ill sufferers of bipolar disorder have independently made the discovery that cannabis can improve this medical condition, whether mania or depression. It may also reduce side effects of other drugs used in its treatment, such as Lithium, Carbamazepine (Tegretol) or Valproate (Depakote). Moreover, 30-40% of patients with bipolar disorder are not consistently helped by or cannot tolerate standard medications. Marijuana can curb psychotic symptoms in people with schizophrenia It is a myth that marijuana use can cause schizophrenia There are psychological consequences to smoking marijuana. A number of studies have reported that the negative effects of smoking marijuana for people with psychological problems are profound. This is most significantly in young women, where rates of mental health problems were many times higher in daily cannabis users. Cannabis causes higher rates of depression and anxiety problems. Cannabis also triggers the onset or relapse of schizophrenia in predisposed people and also exacerbates the symptoms generally. Treating the terminally ill: Can marijuana use help the terminally ill cope with their illness? Marijuana helps the terminally ill cope with their ebbing life. Because smoked marijuana can give rapid relief from great suffering to some patients, quickly improving such patients' comfort and mental outlook, the terminally ill can still maintain their human dignity and suffer less. The benefits of marijuana for the terminally ill outweigh risks Consumer Reports. Editorial. May, 1997: "Consumer Reports believes that, for patients with advanced AIDS and terminal cancer, the apparent benefits some derive from smoking marijuana outweigh any substantiated or even suspected risks. In the same spirit the FDA uses to hasten the approval of cancer drugs, federal laws should be relaxed in favor of states' rights to allow physicians to administer marijuana to their patients on a caring and compassionate basis."[21] Alternatives to marijuana should be used to ease the terminally ill Gabriel Nahas, MD, PhD. Editorial, Wall Street Journal. Mar. 1997: "[T]he use of marijuana [for the terminally ill] can no longer be considered a therapeutic intervention but one of several procedures used to ease the ebbing of life of the terminally ill. But for this purpose doctors should prescribe antiemetic and analgesic therapies of proven efficacy, rather than marijuana smoking. This therapeutic course is not based on bureaucratic absolutism, political correctness, or reflexive ideology - but on scientific knowledge and the humane practice of medicine."[22] Health: Is marijuana harmless enough to be considered a medicine? Marijuana might have some toxicity, but so do other drugs. Almost all drugs are chemicals that have some side-effects. Marijuana, therefore should not be alienated for this reason. The health risks of smoking marijuana are relatively minor Lester Grinspoon, M.D., Emeritus Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School. "Puffing Is the Best Medicine," Los Angeles Times. May 5, 2006. - "[T]here is very little evidence that smoking marijuana as a means of taking it represents a significant health risk. Although cannabis has been smoked widely in Western countries for more than four decades, there have been no reported cases of lung cancer or emphysema attributed to marijuana. I suspect that a day's breathing in any city with poor air quality poses more of a threat than inhaling a day's dose -- which for many ailments is just a portion of a joint -- of marijuana."[23] Marijuana is only unhealthy or risky when abused. The problem with illegalizing marijuana is that it lumps the most moderate of uses of marijuana in with the worst of abuses. Just like with alcohol, there are scales of use that fall within responsible to irresponsible to abusive categories. The responsible use of marijuana might involve the recreational use of the drug a couple of times a year and in very small doses, such as, a single toke. Does it make sense for such innocuous levels of consumption to be illegal? No. And, yet, in states where marijuana is illegal, such levels of consumption are illegal. Instead of this system, marijuana should be legally regulated like alcohol on the basis of abuse in circumstances where it has the potential to threaten other citizens, such as before driving or operating machinery. There is no evidence that marijuana decreases cognitive functions A 15-year John Hopkins University study published in May 1999 found "no significant differences in cognitive decline between heavy users, light users, and non-users of cannabis." Marijuana is no more harmful than tobacco and alcohol Although cannabis does indeed have some harmful effects, it is no more harmful than legal substances like alcohol and tobacco. As a matter of fact, research by the British Medical Association shows that nicotine is far more addictive than cannabis. Furthermore, the consumption of alcohol and the smoking of cigarettes cause more deaths per year than does the use of cannabis (e.g. through lung cancer, stomach ulcers, accidents caused by drink driving etc.). The legalisation of cannabis will remove an anomaly in the law whereby substances that are more dangerous than cannabis are legal whilst the possession and use of cannabis remains unlawful. Marijuana can have a beneficial mind-altering effect if used right Marijuana use can alter one's perception of reality or consciousness. The alteration need not be thought of as spiritual or religious to be respected for what it is; a fresh look on a reality that we are programed as humans to perceive only in a particular manner. Marijuana can help humans perceive that complex reality from simply a different perspective, which can benefit our appreciation for that reality and our unique and limited perceptions of it. With this more intelligent approach to marijuana consumption, it is easy to argue that mental, perceptual, and societal benefits exist. Weighing marijuana's "mind-expansion" against its costs is subjective. Who can say that marijuana use is "worth it" or "not worth it"? Many individuals strongly believe that marijuana use has a "mind expanding" effect that makes the health costs worth it. Other disagree. But can the government or anyone conclude for us all that "it's not worth it"? No. With so much subjectiveness involved, marijuana should not be illegal. Smoking marijuana is generally very unhealthy Sanjay Gupta, MD, Chief Medical Correspondent for CNN. "Why I Would Vote No on Pot." Time magazine. Nov. 6, 2006: "Marijuana isn't really very good for you. True, there are health benefits for some patients. [but...] Frequent marijuana use can seriously affect your short-term memory. It can impair your cognitive ability (why do you think people call it dope?) and lead to long-lasting depression or anxiety. While many people smoke marijuana to relax, it can have the opposite effect on frequent users. And smoking anything, whether it's tobacco or marijuana, can seriously damage your lung tissue...Despite all the talk about the medical benefits of marijuana, smoking the stuff is not going to do your health any good." Marijuana smoke is highly damaging to the lungs British Lung Foundation. "Smoking Gun: The Impact of Cannabis Smoking on Respiratory Health," a publicly disseminated report November, 2002 - "3-4 Cannabis cigarettes a day are associated with the same evidence of acute and chronic bronchitis and the same degree of damage to the bronchial mucosa as 20 or more tobacco cigarettes a day." Smoking marijuana impairs the immune system - British Lung Foundation. "Smoking Gun: The Impact of Cannabis Smoking on Respiratory Health," a publicly disseminated report. November, 2002 - "Cannabis smoking is likely to weaken the immune system. Infections of the lung are due to a combination of smoking-related damage to the cells lining the bronchial passage and impairment of the principal immune cells in the small air sacs caused by cannabis."[24] Marijuana use increases the risk of psychosis "Marijuana may increase psychosis risk, analysis says". CNN.com. July 27, 2007: "Using marijuana seems to increase the chance of becoming psychotic, researchers report in an analysis of past research that reignites the issue of whether pot is dangerous." Marijuana impairs brain functions Many researches conclude that marijuana impairs short-term memory, cognition, and motivations. Marijuana smoke is highly damaging to the lungs Marijuana smoke is more potent than cigarette smoke, with some researches concluding that the negative effect of one joint is equivalent to a pack of cigarettes. Marijuana use impairs hormone production It is frequently cited that marijuana use leads to reductions in sperm levels. This reduction in hormone levels is a major cost of marijuana use. Marijuana use has been linked to various birth challenges "Why Marijuana Should Remain Illegal". New York Times, Letter to Editor. February 26, 1994: "THC and marijuana smoke have been directly linked to miscarriage, in-utero fetal death, stillbirth and infant death just after birth, along with behavioral and biological abnormalities of offspring." That marijuana is herbal does not mean it is safe Some argue that marijuana is "OK" because it's "natural", "herbal", or "comes from the earth". But, on these criteria, poisons would be considered "OK" to consume. Marijuana use can lead to cancer Just like with cigarettes, the intake of carcinogens in marijuana risks causing cancer. Addictiveness: Is marijuana non-addictive? Does this matter? Marijuana is not addictive There is no evidence that marijuana physically addictive. While it may be psychologically addictive, in the sense that people like it and want to do it again, this is little different than alcohol. But, certainly, cigarettes are more addictive than marijuana. And, since cigarettes are physically addictive and yet legal, should addictiveness really be a barometer for a substance's illegality? No. Colin Blakemore, Ph.D. Chair, Dept. of Physiology, University of Oxford (U.K.), and Leslie Iversen, Ph.D., Professor of Pharmacology, Oxford University. Editorial, The Times (U.K.). August 6, 2001 - "For some users, perhaps as many as 10 per cent, cannabis leads to psychological dependence, but there is scant evidence that it carries a risk of true addiction. Unlike cigarette smokers, most users do not take the drug on a daily basis, and usually abandon it in their twenties or thirties. Unlike for nicotine, alcohol and hard drugs, there is no clearly defined withdrawal syndrome, the hallmark of true addiction, when use is stopped." Due to low addiction rates, marijuana is good for medical use. Marijuana is the best drug to be put into medical use since it was ranked lowest for withdrawal symptoms, tolerance and dependence (addiction) potential. It ranked close to caffeine in the degree of reinforcement and higher than caffeine and nicotine only in the degree of intoxication. Marijuana is addictive There are many studies that demonstrate a "dependency" relationship evolving between individuals and marijuana. Alan J. Budney, Ph.D. et al., Professor, University of Arkansas Center for Addiction Research. "Marijuana Abstinence Effects in Marijuana Smokers Maintained in Their Home Environment". Archives of General Psychiatry. October, 2001. - "This study validated several specific effects of marijuana abstinence in heavy marijuana users, and showed they were reliable and clinically significant. These withdrawal effects appear similar in type and magnitude to those observed in studies of nicotine withdrawal [...] Craving for marijuana, decreased appetite, sleep difficulty, and weight loss reliably changed across the smoking and abstinence phases. Aggression, anger, irritability, restlessness, and strange dreams increased significantly during one abstinence phase, but not the other."[25] Repeated use of marijuana leads to psychological cravings for it. Marijuana by definition meets the criteria for an addictive drug; animal studies suggest marijuana causes physical dependence, and some people report withdrawal symptoms. Individual liberty: Should individuals be at liberty to use marijuana? Individuals have right to pursue what they believe are best treatments. Individuals have a right to pursue treatments that they believe are in their best interest, and which do not come into conflict with the rights of other patients. Medical marijuana qualifies as a such a treatment, which many believe is best for their ailments, and so should be allowed to pursue. State should not override doctor-patient decisions on marijuana Dennis Kucinich, US Representative (D-OH) and 2008 Democratic Candidate for US President, stated the following in an Aug. 9, 2007 Democratic presidential forum aired on Viacom's Logo cable network: "It's a matter between doctors and patients, and if doctors want to prescribe medical marijuana to relieve pain, compassion requires that the government support that."[26] People should be free to use marijuana as long as it harms no one else People should be at liberty to treat their bodies how they want to. Indeed, people are allowed to eat and drink to their detriment and even death, so why shouldn't they be able to harm themselves with marijuana use? This is, of course, assuming that their use does not harm anyone else. This means, as with substances such as alcohol or cigarrettes, that regulations be put in place to ensure that one individual's consumption of marijuana does not violate the liberties of another citizen. If this is achievable with alcohol and cigarettes, it seems achievable with marijuana. The choice to use marijuana should be based on individual experience Marijuana induces different experiences in different individuals; some of these experiences are great, some are terrible and harmful. Individuals should be free to choose to use marijuana or not, depending on their relative experience. Illegal medical marijuana forces sufferers to purchase on the black market. Presently, cannabis is sold by dealers who have connections with the underworld. The legalization of cannabis will help facilitate the sale of the drug in establishments like Amsterdam’s "coffee houses". This will shift the sale of cannabis away from the criminal underworld. The severance of this ‘criminal link’ will ensure that the users of the drug no longer need to come into contact with organized crime. The State is justified in protecting individuals from themselves Even if marijuana's effects were isolated to the individual, there is room for the state to protect individuals from harming themselves. This is why it is illegal to commit suicide or to, in some places, not wear a seat belt. If marijuana's effects are seen as clearly harmful, the state can justly protect its citizens from it. Marijuana use directly threatens other's liberties. Various risks to other citizens are greatly enhanced by marijuana use. Because marijuana impairs judgement and motor skills in various ways, people on a high who attempt to drive or operate heavy machinery risk other people's lives or health. Impaired judgement from marijuana use also has the potential to lead to violent encounters. Marijuana's public health costs violate tax-payer liberties. Marijuana, due to its negative effects on overall health, will be a burden on taxpayers that have to foot the bill for these higher health care costs. Legalizing medical marijuana would make roads more dangerous. People smoking marijuana, even medically, are a risk on the road. Marijuana is not a threat to society only because it is illegal The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse: "Drugs are not a threat to American society because they are illegal; they are illegal because they are a threat to American society."[27] Abuse: Is medical marijuana likely to result in abuse and further drug-use? Legalizing medical marijuana is not legalizing recreational use Bernard Rimland, PhD, Founder of the Autism Society of America (ASA). "Medical Marijuana: a Valuable Treatment for Autism?" Autism Research Review International. 2003: "It is important to keep in mind the distinction between legalizing marijuana for medical uses, which has been done in some states, and 'recreational' drug use which is illegal throughout the U.S. Medical marijuana is usually not seriously abused Philip Denney, MD, co-founder of a medical cannabis evaluation practice, stated the following in his Nov. 17, 2005 testimony to the Arkansas legislature in support of House Bill 1303, "An Act to Permit the Medical Use of Marijuana": "We have seen very minimal problems with abuse or dependence, which at worst are equivalent to dependence on caffeine."[28] Potential for abuse should not halt legitimate marijuana use. Philip Denney, MD, co-founder of a medical cannabis evaluation practice, stated the following in his Nov. 17, 2005 testimony to the Arkansas legislature in support of House Bill 1303, "An Act to Permit the Medical Use of Marijuana": "While a substance may have some potential for misuse, in my opinion, that's a poor excuse to deny its use and benefit to everyone else."[29] Doctors should be trusted to check abuse of medical marijuana Robert DeLorenzo, MD, PhD, MPH, Professor of Neurology in the Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine. University press release: "Marijuana and Its Receptor Protein in Brain Control Epilepsy." Sep. 30, 2003: "Individuals both here and abroad report that marijuana has been therapeutic for them in the treatment of a variety of ailments, including epilepsy. But the psychoactive side effects of marijuana make its use impractical in the treatment of epilepsy. If we can understand how marijuana works to end seizures, we may be able to develop novel drugs that might do a better job of treating epileptic seizures."[30] There is little evidence that Marijuana is a gateway drug If marijuana was a gateway drug, you would expect to see high numbers of marijuana consumers also being, for instance, cocaine users. But, this correlation does not really exist. In America, for every roughly one hundred marijuana user, there is only one cocaine user. Legalizing medical marijuana does not increase use and abuse Mitch Earleywine, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Psychology, State University of New York at Albany Karen O’Keefe, Esq. Attorney & Legislative Analyst. Marijuana Policy Project Report. "Marijuana Use by Young People: The Impact of State Medical Marijuana Laws". September, 2005. - "While it is not possible with existing data to determine conclusively that state medical marijuana laws caused the documented declines in adolescent marijuana use, the overwhelming downward trend strongly suggests that the effect of state medical marijuana laws on teen marijuana use has been either neutral or positive, discouraging youthful experimentation with the drug."[31] Medical marijuana will be abused by druggies Medical marijuana has a high likelihood of being abused. This is one of the main criteria of the FDA's decisions in regards to legalizing drugs for medical uses. Medical marijuana's potential for abuse exists mainly due to its substantial use as a recreational drug, which creates the potential that, for example, individuals will obtain or produce false prescriptions or IDs, or that they will illicitly sell Marijuana obtained via a prescription. Marijuana is a gateway drug U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). SAMHSA press release on their report. "Initiation of Marijuana Use: Trends, Patterns and Implications". August 28, 2002. - "A new federal report released today concludes the younger children are when they first use marijuana, the more likely they are to use cocaine and heroin and become dependent on drugs as adults.[...] Increases in the likelihood of cocaine and heroin use and drug dependence are also apparent for those who initiate use of marijuana at any later age". Medical marijuana can act as a gateway drug to harder ones Peter Provet, PhD, President and Chief Executive Officer at the Odyssey House, Letter to the editor of the New York Times. Apr. 26, 2006: "As a treatment provider, I support the Food and Drug Administration's dismissal of medical benefit from marijuana. Regardless of the heated political debate that swirls around this issue, the fact remains that despite the Institute of Medicine's claim to the contrary, for people vulnerable to addictive disease, marijuana is a gateway drug that leads to the use of more dangerous drugs like cocaine and heroin. Not everyone who smokes marijuana will necessarily become an addict. But why open the gate to increased use for the sake of unproven medical benefits when we already know the harm that marijuana inflicts on millions of Americans."[32] Legalizing medical marijuana may cause crime and safety problems Jerry Dyer, MS, Fresno Chief of Police and President of the California Police Chief's Association. Apr. 16, 2008 letter to Deputy Director of the Illinois Association of Chiefs of Police: "Based on the almost 12 years of medical marijuana experience in the state of California it is our observation that it has been destructive to lives and communities. Passage of any form of medical marijuana anywhere in our nation is bad public policy and will cause crime and public safety problems."[33] Legalizing medical marijuana normalizes drug, increases use Andrea Barthwell, M.D. Former Deputy Director, White House Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP). Chicago Tribune editorial. February 17, 2004. - "By characterizing the use of illegal drugs as quasi-legal, state-sanctioned, Saturday afternoon fun, legalizers destabilize the societal norm that drug use is dangerous. They undercut the goals of stopping the initiation of drug use to prevent addiction.... Children entering drug abuse treatment routinely report that they heard that 'pot is medicine' and, therefore, believed it to be good for them." Economics: Is legalizing medical marijuana economically wise? Legalizing medical marijuana will reduce state spending. The cost of battling marijuana distribution and possession is exorbitant. By legalization for medicinal purposes, producers of marijuana can opt to sell the cannabis through legal channels and do not need to be caught, prosecuted, or jailed- all things that require taxpayers money. A Harvard University professor of economics, Jeffrey Miron, calculated legalizing marijuana would save $7.7 billion annually in money spent on enforcing dope laws.The case for legal pot use Legalizing medical marijuana will increase state revenue. Having it a legal product, the government can tax the marijuana and increase state revenue. Harvard's Miron estimates that tax revenue for legalized pot would run about $2.4 billion annually if it were taxed like all other goods.The case for legal pot use More money for other sectors The money that the government saves from not having to enforce laws to prohibit marijuana, along with the extra tax income from legal sales, can be allocated to more important sectors like education and health-- i.e. better management of funds, better economics. Medical marijuana should not be allowed just to grow state revenue Alberto Torrico. "Opinion: Medical marijuana needs closer regulation." Mercury News. November 15th, 2009: "a decision to legalize a powerful drug in order to balance our budget would be a critical mistake and would jeopardize public safety. Even in the midst of this fiscal crisis, we need to focus on providing safe medicine, not just grasping for any available revenue source." Pro/con resources "Editorial: Way is clear for medical marijuana in Mass." Boston Globe. October 29, 2009 Bruce Mirken. "The Case For Medical Marijuana." Forbes. August 17, 2009 Bill Richardson, MA, Governor of New Mexico. "Governor Bill Richardson Urges Action on Medical Marijuana Bill." Feb. 7, 2007: "Libertarian Party Condemns the Supreme Court Decision Against the Use of Medical Marijuana." The Libertarian Party. June 6, 2005: Andrew Weil, MD, Director of Integrative Medicine at the University of Arizona College of Medicine. "Stop the Federal War on Medical Marijuana." San Francisco Chronicle. June 6, 2002 American Public Health Association. Sanjay Gupta, MD, Chief Medical Correspondent for CNN. "Why I Would Vote No on Pot." Time magazine. Nov. 6, 2006 Wayne Roques, former President of Drug Watch International. "Medical Marijuana Pain Sufferers Who Smoke for Relief Want to End Stigma of Breaking Law." Miami Herald. April 8th, 1993. The American Academy of Ophthalmology. "Assessment of Marijuana in the Treatment of Glaucoma." May 2003 Drug Watch International. "Position Statement on Marijuana for Medical Use." July 30, 2001 The Eagle Forum, a conservative interest group. "Facts You Need To Know About ... Marijuana." The US Institute of Medicine. Debate: Legalization of Marijuana Debate: Decriminalizing marijuana possession Debate: Medical marijuana Smoking pot no big deal?" Washington Post. November 16, 2009 Medical Marijuana Debate at Opposing Views The science of medical marijuana Pro and con medical marijuana MAPS: medical marijuana research Canadian Medical Marijauna Associatio Canada's Official Medical Marihuana Resource Websit Argumente fur eine realistische Drogenpolitik (Arguments for a realistic drug policy) Associazione per la Cannabis terapeutica (Association for therapeutic marijuana) International Association for Cannabis as Medicine (IACM) Jesse McKinley. "Don’t Call It ‘Pot’ in This Circle; It’s a Profession." NYTimes. April 23, 2010 Susan Vela. "Lansing might regulate pot dispensaries." Lansig State Journal. May 6th, 2010 Cannabis in Medical Practice: A Legal, Historical and Pharmacological Overview of the Therapeutic Use of Marijuana : Mary Lynn Mathre Cannabis : Howard Sooley The Healing Magic of Cannabi : Beverly Potter Is Marijuana the Right Medicine for You: A Factual Guide to Medical Uses of Marijuana : Bill Zimmerman Retrieved from "http://dbp.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate:_Medical_marijuana_dispensaries" Categories: Debatabase \| Politics \| Law \| Health \| Science \| Bioethics \| Medicine \| Morality \| Public safety \| Public health \| Individual rights \| Canada \| United States \| Europe \| Marijuana \| Drugs \| US politics \| International \| Privacy This page was last modified 22:45, 15 October 2010.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line62
__label__wiki	0.730806	0.730806	Valeant nabs Medicis for $2.6 billion Valeant Pharmaceutical International, Inc. Medicis Pharmaceutical Corporation J.P. Morgan Securities LLC Skadden, Arps, Meagher & Flom LLP Deutsche Bank Securities Inc. MONTREAL—Valeant Pharmaceutical International, Inc. and Medicis Pharmaceutical Corporation have announced this week the establishment of a definitive agreement by which Valeant will acquire all outstanding shares of Medicis' common stock for $44 per share, for a total cash value of approximately $2.6 billion. The offer price represents a 39 percent premium over Medicis' closing share price on August 31, the last trading day before the transaction was announced, and a 31 percent premium over the company's three-month average trading price. The transaction has been unanimously approved by both companies' boards of directors, and is expected to close in the first half of next year. "Our Board of Directors believes this compelling all-cash transaction demonstrates the value our employees have created and the strength of our brand in the specialty pharmaceutical market," said Jonah Shacknai, chairman and CEO of Medicis, in a press release about the deal. "We look forward to combining our portfolio of products with Valeant, and we are confident that the combined portfolio under the Medicis name will be well positioned to capitalize on meaningful opportunities in the growing dermatology and aesthetics markets." Medicis was founded in 1988, with its corporate headquarters in Scottsdale, Ariz. The pharmaceutical company specializes mainly on products for the treatment of dermatological and aesthetic conditions. The company's product portfolio includes brands such as Solodyn, Restylane, Ziana, Dysport, Perlane and Zyclara. The company has shown continued growth over recent years, posting revenues of approximately $571.9 million for full-year 2009, approximately $700 million for full-year 2010 and then approximately $721 million for 2011. Medicis posted a gross profit margin of roughly 90.7 percent for 2011, with a non-GAAP cash flow from continuing operations of roughly $218 million. In a recent press release of the company's second quarter 2012 financial results, Medicis reported revenues of roughly $197 million, placing above its guidance of $185 million to $195 million. It is expected that the combined company will see pro forma net revenue for 2012, for the combined dermatology and aesthetics businesses, of more than $1.7 billion in the United States. "The acquisition of Medicis represents a significant next step in our journey to become the leader in dermatology by strengthening Valeant's presence in acne, actinic keratosis, aesthetic injectables and antivirals, among others," J. Michael Pearson, CEO and chairman of Valeant, said in a press release. "Medicis' highly complementary portfolio of leading branded products and promising pipeline is a solid strategic fit, and we look forward to leveraging Medicis' well known and respected name in dermatology to drive long- term growth." Once the transaction is complete, Valeant expects it to be immediately accretive to cash earnings per share, with forecasted cost synergies of at least $225 million annually within six months of the close of the deal. The combined company's commercial dermatology operations will be based in Scottsdale, Ariz., under the name Medicis, a division of Valeant. Dermatology research and development operations will be based in Laval, QC; Scottsdale, Ariz.; and Petaluma, Calif., with corporate support functions primarily located in New Jersey. Valeant brought on J.P. Morgan Securities LLC as its exclusive financial advisor, and Sullivan & Cromwell LLP and Skadden, Arps, Meagher & Flom LLP as its legal counsel. Medicis brought on Deutsche Bank Securities Inc. and Roberts Mitani, LLC as financial advisors, and Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP and Latham & Watkins LLP as legal counsel.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line63
__label__wiki	0.827892	0.827892	Moon to deliver a parliamentary speech on constitutional revision next month Political parties on Monday have agreed to launch negotiations on constitutional revision bill proposed by President Moon Jae-in. Negotiations will begin on Tuesday. National Assembly Speaker Chung Sye-kyun (3rd from L) and the floor leaders of major parties pose for a photo on Monday./ Photographed by Lee Byung-hwa By AsiaToday reporter Joo Sung-sik South Korea's major political parties have agreed Monday to begin negotiations over a constitutional revision bill submitted by President Moon Jae-in. During a meeting on Monday presided over by National Assembly Speaker Chung Sye-kyun, floor leaders Woo Won-shik of the ruling Democratic Party (DP), Kim Sung-tae of the main opposition Liberty Korea Party (LKP) and Kim Dong-cheol of the Bareunmirae Party (BP) dramatically agreed to meet Tuesday to begin earnest negotiations over a constitutional revision. The floor leaders agreed to hold an extraordinary session of the National Assembly next month. Prior to that, they decided to hold a plenary meeting to conclude the legislature's extraordinary session of March on Friday. In particular, the ruling and opposition parties agreed that Moon can deliver a parliamentary speech on the revision during the extraordinary session next month. They also agreed to allow Prime Minister Lee Nak-yon or Finance Minister Kim Dong-yeon to make a speech on the government's supplementary budget bill during the extra session. Earlier, the government held a provisional cabinet meeting presided by the prime minister and passed a constitutional revision proposal before sending the bill to the National Assembly. The bill was signed electronically as President Moon Jae-in is currently on an official visit to the United Arab Emirates (UAE). As a result, Moon has become the third president to propose a constitutional change following former presidents Park Chung-hee and Chun Doo-hwan. It marks the first time since 1980 for a president to propose a constitutional revision. Cheong Wa Dae submitted the revision bill to the National Assembly at around 3 pm on Monday and revealed the process of public announcement. Chief presidential secretary for political affairs Han Byung-do visited the National Assembly to deliver the bill and said, "In response to the changing times, the government has submitted a constitutional amendment bill reflecting the will of the people." After submitting the bill, Han said, "Cheong Wa Dae asked the Assembly several times to make active discussions before submitting the presidential constitutional amendment bill. Since the proposal is made to keep the 60-day review period, I ask the National Assembly to take this opportunity to discuss the constitutional amendment even more actively." Immediately after submitting the bill, the president explained why he proposed the revision despite what he called "strong opposition from the opposition parties." He offered four main reasons in a statement read by Cheong Wa Dae spokesman Kim Eui-kyeom on his behalf. He said a revised constitution would realize the spirit of the candlelight rally, keep his promise to the people, and save national power and costs due to simultaneous presidential and local elections. He also said it is a constitutional revision not for the president but for the people. "The people own the Constitution and the final decision to revise the Constitution lies with the people. The constitutional revision proposal I submitted today is only a step in the process to realize constitutional revision. I believe the people will have steady interest in the process of revising the Constitution for the lives of each and every citizen and the future of the economy," the president added. #constitutional revision #Moon Jae-in #bill #Democratic Party #Liberty Korea Party	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line64
__label__cc	0.703146	0.296854	institutions and locations person specialization kolorismus (keyword) kolorismus The Fine Art Archive The Fine Art Archivecollects, processes and makes available materials on contemporary art. Náměstí Smiřických 49, 281 63 Kostelec nad Černými lesy ID - 26639327, bank - 187566169/0300 office phone – 222 942 718 www.artarchiv.cz Alphabetical list of persons A B C D E F G H CH I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Alphabetical list of documents A B C D E F G H CH I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Alphabetical list of events A B C D E F G H CH I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Alphabetical list of groups A B C D E F G H CH I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Alphabetical list of institutions A B C D E F G H CH I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Alphabetical list of terms A B C D E F G H CH I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Work available under a Creative Commons license Give the author credit-Non-commercial use-Share-Alike 3.0 Unported licence Czech Republic Archiv supported by:	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line65
__label__wiki	0.567861	0.567861	1 Actor/Actress / M Dacre Montgomery by follers · April 21, 2016 Montgomery in 2017, photo by Prphotos Birth Name: Dacre Kayd Montgomery-Harvey Place of Birth: Perth, Australia Date of Birth: 22 November, 1994 Ethnicity: Scottish, English, Irish, distant European Royal, possibly other Dacre Montgomery is an Australian actor. He plays Jason, the Red Ranger, in the 2017 film version of Power Rangers. His father, Scott Montgomery-Harvey, is from New Zealand. His mother, Judith (Barrett-Lennard), is the daughter of Australian parents, and has lived in Australia and Canada. Dacre is descended from Lords, Barons, and Viscounts, including Barons of Dacre and Lords Dacre, which is likely the origin of his first name. The Baronship Dacre traces back to 1321, when Ralph Dacre became Lord Dacre. Dacre is also the great-great-great-grandson of Australian farmer and politician Edmund Ralph Brockman, originally from Kent, England, whose own father, William Locke Brockman, was an early settler of Western Australia. Dacre’s maternal grandfather is Dr. Godfrey Trevor Barrett-Lennard (the son of George Graham Belhus Barrett-Lennard and Maud Gladys Hastings Hester). Dr. Godfrey is a psychologist. George was the son of George Hardey/Hardy Barrett-Lennard and Amy Brockman, whose mother was from Edinburgh, Lothian, Scotland. Maud was the daughter of Godfrey William Hester, whose parents were of English origin, and of Mary Evangeline Sweeting, whose parents were English, her father from Dorset and her mother from Newmarket, Cambridgeshire. Dacre’s maternal grandmother was Helen M. P. S. Love (the daughter of William J. Love). Among Dacre’s famous ancestors is Charles II of England (1630-1685), who was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland, from 1660 to 1685, and King of Scotland, from 1649 to 1651 [this descent is through Anne Lennard, Countess of Sussex, an illegitimate daughter of Charles]. Dacre is also descended from Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke (1584-1649/50), Richard Lennard, 13th Lord Dacre (1596-1630), Thomas Lennard, 1st and last Earl of Essex (1654-1715), and Thomas Barrett-Lennard (Barrett), 17th Baron of Dacre (1717-1786), among others. Though his descent from Charles II, Dacre is a distant cousin of English actor Kit Harington and Scottish actress Rose Leslie, who are also descended from Charles II. Sources: Genealogy of Dacre Montgomery – https://www.geni.com Genealogies of Dacre’s mother – http://www.thepeerage.com https://worldconnect.rootsweb.ancestry.com Genealogy of Dacre’s maternal grandfather, Dr. Godfrey Trevor Barrett-Lennard (focusing on his own father’s side) – http://www.angelfire.com Genealogy of Dacre’s maternal great-grandfather, George Graham Belhus Barrett-Lennard – https://www.wikitree.com Tags: EnglishEuropean RoyalIrishScottish Carlos Mencía Dez Bryant Li Bingbing Tahj Mowry	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line69
__label__wiki	0.991259	0.991259	REALITY TIME interviews ‘The Outlaw’ JOSEY WALES backstage at SNMWF 2014 Posted by Radmin / June 26, 2014 / Leave a comment "The Outlaw" JOSEY WALES caught up with the hosts of REALITY TIME backstage at the 2014 Sierra Nevada Music and Wine Festival for an exclusive interview and LIVE perfomance. Watch the video below! About JOSEY WALES: Josey Wales was one of dancehall's founding fathers, building on the innovative DJ chatting of his mentor U-Roy and creating a highly influential style of his own. Along with Brigadier Jerry and his sound-system partner Charlie Chaplin,Wales was widely regarded as one of the best DJs in Jamaica when dancehall took over the reggae scene in the early '80s. His gruff, gravelly voice and half-spoken, half-sung delivery were instantly recognizable, and were copied by many an up-and-coming DJ. Unlike his contemporary Yellowman — perhaps the only DJ of the era who was more popular –Wales pointedly refused to resort to slackness, keeping his lyrics purely conscious and Rastafarian. That meant he grew increasingly unfashionable over the course of the '80s, but he nonetheless continued to perform regularly, and remained a highly respected pioneer. Josey Wales was born Joseph Winston Sterling in West Kingston, Jamaica, and took his stage name from the Clint Eastwood Western The Outlaw Josey Wales; naturally, "The Outlaw" became a standard nickname for him, along with "The Colonel." Wales first performed professionally as a DJ with the Roots Unlimited Sound System in 1977, and made his name as part of U-Roy's King SturGav Hi-Fi Sound System, where he spent three and a half years in the early '80s. There he teamed with DJ sparring partner Charlie Chaplin in one of the most potent one-two punches of the era, which in turn made King SturGav arguably the biggest sound system around. Wales' first recordings were live performances issued on producer Bunny Roots' label, but he didn't enter the studio until he hooked up with the foremost producer in early dancehall, Henry "Junjo" Lawes. Wales began moonlighting for Lawes' Volcano sound system, and in 1983, he issued his first-ever single on the Volcano label, "Baby Come Home." "Baby Come Home" wasn't a big hit, but its follow-up, "Let Go Mi Hand," was a breakthrough smash that established Wales as a recording star, not just an electrifying live performer. His debut album, The Outlaw Josey Wales, appeared later in 1983, and it cemented his status as one of Jamaica's top DJs, behind only Yellowman at his peak. Further hits followed, including "Bobo Dread" (which appeared on a shared album with Yellowman, 1984'sTwo Giants Clash) and "Drug Abusing" (on his second proper solo album, 1984's self-produced No Way No Better Than Yard). In 1985, Wales moved over to producer King Jammy's label and recorded a series of hits that included "Na Lef Jamaica," "Ha Fi Say So," "Right Moves," "It's Raining," and "Water Come a Mi Eye," among others. The Rulin' album appeared in 1986 on the Black Solidarity label, and several collections of his work for Jammys also followed in the late '80s.[The Teacher Meets the Student] By that time, however, Wales' style seemed increasingly out of date; other toasters had upped the ante for lyrical technique, and slackness and gun talk ruled the dancehalls, leaving little room for Wales' staunch Rastafarianism. Nonetheless, he remained an active presence on the Jamaican music scene for quite some time, both as a recording artist and as a mentor to up-and-comers like the young Shabba Ranks. He cut an album for George Phang in 1989 called Undercover Lover, and focused chiefly on collaborations during the early '90s. Duo albums with old cohorts U-Roy (Teacher Meets the Student) and Charlie Chaplin (Kings of the Dancehall) appeared in 1992 and 1994, respectively, and a duet with Beres Hammond, "Hey Girl," was a smash hit in the U.K. in 1993. The solo album Cowboy Style was released onKing Jammy's label in 1994, and Wales also worked with the likes of Gussie Clarke, Tappa Zukie, Philip "Fatis" Burrell, and Bobby Digital during the decade. In 1997, Wales was robbed at a Kingston bar and managed to survive gunshot wounds; the incident briefly revitalized his recording career, as he scored Jamaican hits with the singles "Bush Wacked" and "Who Shot the Colonel" later that year. In 1998, Wales joined the reunited King SturGav Hi Fi Sound System, touring with the likes of Charlie Chaplin, Brigadier Jerry, and U-Roy. Biography by Steve Huey About REALITY TIME: More than 15 years of consistent participation in Northern California's reggae scene qualifies Kurious as an old dog among the Bay Area's myriad selectas and sound systems. Top artists like Luciano, Yami Bolo and Warrior King have contributed to his impressive collection of dub plates. This Oakland native has spun at every dancehall venue worth its salt and 'long side any and all reputable selectas in the area. Reggae heads come from all 'round to hear his generous mix of bashment, ganja man and God-bless riddims every time he shows up to the dance. For the last 5 years Selecta Kurious has been the co-host and dj for his very popular Internet radio show Reality Time. Broadcasting every Sunday and internationally reaching tens of thousands of devoted listeners weekly, Selecta Kurious and Mc Taiyefoon have over 150 shows under their belt and have interviewed and hosted the who’s who of Reggae artists: Barrington Levy, Eek-A-Mouse, Sugar Minott, Pato Banton, Lucky Dube, Tony Rebel, Jr. Reid and Yami Bolo, just to name a few. Taiyefoon is Oakland born and grown. He began his radio career at Cal State Hayward where he hosted the university's popular hip-hop/reggae show Rip City Radio while studying broadcast media. The gentle giant has absorbed the reggae scene since the Reagan era when Eek A Mouse was an Omni regular and Sun Splash annually accompanied the arrival of spring at Berkeley's Greek Theater. Currently, Taiyefoon is host and producer of "Full Circle," KPFA's weekly culture magazine. Together they bring you Reality Time Reggae. http://realitytimereggae.com http://www.facebook.com/pages/Reality-Time-Reggae/271588052867355 http://www.myspace.com/realitytime http://www.bigupradio.com Karl Mize became a registered member 7 minutes ago Andres Barrientos became a registered member 16 minutes ago Lelia Baldwin became a registered member 26 minutes ago Jaxon Purves became a registered member 1 hour, 9 minutes ago Tosha Girardi became a registered member 1 hour, 11 minutes ago Claribel Kenney became a registered member 1 hour, 14 minutes ago Layne Mawby became a registered member 2 hours, 20 minutes ago Fawn Gerow became a registered member 2 hours, 31 minutes ago Ricardo Vroland became a registered member 2 hours, 35 minutes ago Carey Britton became a registered member 2 hours, 37 minutes ago Selma Nesmith became a registered member 2 hours, 47 minutes ago	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line74
__label__wiki	0.773563	0.773563	Introducing Kellen303 "Alright people, let's move like we got a purpose..." B: So, could you introduce yourself? Where are you from, where you at as we speak?” K303: This is Kellen303 I am in Brooklyn, on my bed, Superbowl Sunday not giving a shit about sports. B: Could you tell me a bit about when you began the ‘WHB’ EP? K303: That happened last year, last August. I had a couple of friends of mine whose work I was really digging and I had the itch to get back into making music but I never took the step. A friend of mine gave me FL Studio and I just started tinkering with it, not really taking it seriously and then I decided one day to sit down and try to figure things out. I used the interview with said MC [who is sampled on ‘WHB’] who is dear to Keysound’s heart. To be perfectly honest I kind of got a lot of inspiration from what you and Dusk were doing and just how the whole 130 scene was very very minimal, very sparse. So I decided that I wanted to try and do that and “WHB” happened. That’s kind of how it started. B: Having voices in tracks, the link between journalism, spoken word, dialects and slang – they’re something I really relate to. And if you recall, the first time we “met”, was when you interviewed us for BigUp magazine ahead of playing Reconstrvct NYC a few years back. But how did you find yourself come about blending interviews in tracks? K303: The interview stuff came from Rabit. There's Reconstrvct set he did where he was using a lot of different interviews and soundbites from different things and it kind of got me interested in taking on that type of concept. When I remembered the set, it was one of those things where I said “I have interviews that I’ve done.” so I was like "Let me see what I can do with these interviews and just started experimenting. When homie said ‘what’s happening brother,’ I was like ‘that’s it!’ B: And to be fair, people have been sampling dialog in music since recording sound was possible. Off the top of my head The Beatles did it on ‘The White Album.’ K303: Yeah, ‘number nine, number nine...’ - Photo credit Hayden Schwartz B: so how come you came to choose the phases “who do you think you are, a big shot?” in “Big Shot?” K3: The phrase really struck me. You know I was building the beat and the phrase fit with the mood of the track. It wasn’t anything that was overtly significant. With the track “W.H.B,” I used the sample as away of discussing things that were happening in my personal life. As if someone was asking me the question. I have another version of the song that expands on that, where I just picked out more samples from the interview that related to me. I just started trying to take that recording and attribute it to what was going on my life – talking about how certain people are fake and talking about how to stay true to yourself, and I think that idea started to develop, started to manifest from just a hook to “how can I make this personal?” B: you didn’t think about recording yourself? K303: Well man’s not going to sing, ever. B: To me that “Big Shot” sample really sets you in a moment, like it’s in a scene on screen. You’re a film director as well as a music producer, how are the mediums connected for you? K303: Sometimes if I hear something I can see a visual and vice versa. Sometimes it works sometimes it doesn’t. With ‘Big Shot’, I knew wanted to do something that was kind of vougey and kind of 130 as well. I wanted the intro to feel really creepy and when I was looking through soundbites for that tune it was literally something from this vintage movie file I had and the lady just said, “who do you think you are, a big shot?” and I was just like “okay, let’s see what I can do with this and how can I build a world out of this”. Not a defined idea but a space to explore, I don’t know if that makes any sense whatsoever. I guess how I try to work my music is if I can bring someone into an atmosphere versus just playing you a song, that’s my goal. I guess it comes from filmmaking where in you’re writing dialogue, you’re writing a scene, creating a world or and atmosphere, so I’d attribute that to how I started making music. Trying to build an atmosphere for you to be in and most of the atmospheres on this record are kind of unsafe. But I wanted that because I was in a very unsafe time period, so it was just getting all of that anger and darkness out. And I like scaring people so that helps haha... B: When you describe the musical influences on the EP, many of them – genres like say metal, goth, industrial - are really interesting because they’re so removed from the kinds of musical connections I can usually see in Keysound’s widest sound. Can you tell me a bit about where you’re at, musically? K303: Jersey club, vogue are big things in New York and I love the vibe. At the time, I was surrounded by that and footwork, which is also big within my crew. I was just trying to take those aesthetics that I was listening to and attribute them to the 130 sound. One of the biggest pieces of advice that I got from another producer was “when you’re making music, don’t listen to the genre your making, listen to everything else and bring those influences into your work” which really helped me a lot but it didn’t help me when I had to DJ because I wasn’t listening to anything else but my own stuff so I was like “what’s new? I don’t know what’s happening now”. But it’s a tip something that helped me a lot. I've always been a lover of Goth, Industrial and EBM stuff. I was listening to a lot of it and it definitely made it's influence in my sound. “What I noticed with that genre of music was panning and how voices pan left, pan right, they sound like they’re above you, they sound like they're behind you and that was something that I started doing a lot with and it all kind of came to a head with “Planet X” because I panned those breaks back and forth. I wanted that song to sound like you were surrounded by something that you can’t see and you're trapped. So taking that effect and that influence from that music helped shape that song and helped shape how I go about building atmospheres for my music. B: haha that’s mad... K303: Yeah ‘Big Shot’ was definitely inspired by this one group called Xmal Deutschland I fucking love the shit out of that band and I was listening to them over and over and over again. The one song that I love to death is called ‘Eiland’ , just listening to those drones of the guitars and that heavy atmosphere that I loved so much, I thought “how can I do this in what I’m doing?” so that one song and that bands was a major influence. B: And what’s it like for you - once you’ve found some inspiration - the actual process of making a track? K303: Well it's funny. I've worked on songs with Mike Empyrean [fellow Transit FM family] and he’d be like “that’s how you do it?” and I’m like “yeah” and he’s like “that’s crazy because I wouldn’t think of doing it like that” I know that's incredibly vague, but I'm a bit shy about talking about my process. The strangeness of it I think also came from being the new producer, how does FL Studio work, what are the limitations, just figuring shit out which I think is really interesting. I think this record shows how I grew in way – going from just crazy kicks and pitching them up and down, to like ‘Big Shot’ and exploring more with space and atmosphere and then to ‘Planet X’ and Spy Glass. B: Well, I think sometimes the best most free ideas come from people who are just beginning to master their tools. I for one fight against my own pattern recognition to try and find net new twists and turns in where my music is going. Amen Ra from LHF always talks about “playing with the beginner’s mind” and there really is something in that. One of the things I feel is really creative is how you’ve woven film dialog into a sense of scenes and place, and this has then looped back into the visual narrative of the promo videos you’ve been making for your own tracks. As an example, can you tell me about the narrative for “Planet X?” K303: How that happened was, I was messing with this one note that became the main pulse theme, the “whomp” bass and when I made that, literally just by changing the pitch, adding a reverb... I saw in my head that little Geiger counter that they have in all the alien movies. When they're looking at the screen and they're seeing where the aliens are in reference to where they are. And that pulse when it’s just getting closer and closer and closer to you – I literally saw that in my head. That’s when I said okay let me go and get that sample because I know it exists. That was the beginning of that track. I was like okay let me just basically make you feel like you’re in that movie and there’s no escape. B: I’ll be honest, I hadn’t noticed or particularly thought recently about what an iconic badass SW is until “Planet X?” K303: SW is dope. She is one of ultimate badass women in film, I don’t really attribute the song to be about her journey. I think that to me that song was kind of like, “you’re going out there to destroy the dance, to make people go crazy” and that’s kind of all I meant by using that quote, that was my point behind it but what it became was this bigger world that I didn’t know that I was creating for myself. Making the ‘Interstellar’ version of that song was just me saying “okay I haven’t done anything that was similar to weightless so let me try a hand at that” that song has become one of my favourites. B: And then you built this amazing short Instagram clip for the weightless “Planet X [Interstellar version]” that took it somewhere else, like SW was waking up from deep, deep slumber in this really groggy but almost erotic way... K303: The scene from that video clip I did where SW and her team all wake up, that was the inspiration. That's exactly what I was seeing with all those sounds. “Planet X” is more about getting ready for war and the interstellar version is about traveling to that war. I wanted it to feel like cryo-sleep, more dreamlike, thoughts of the day passing in and out in that version. B: So there’s just the two versions? K303: There’s the other one that no one has that I’m just keeping right now. ‘Planet X (Into Darkness)’ and that one is basically just ‘You Lose’. Yeah the aliens win. Or you narrowly escape. I was listening to a lot of metal at the time and I wanted to focus on drumming. That tune and the other song I did called ‘INk’ were more focused on drumming – I mean the crazy kicks are in there – but kind of trying to tone it down a little bit and focus on something that I haven’t done before. So yeah, metal. B: can you tell me about how the vocal collab with Rainey came about? K303: So, I shopped ‘Spyglass’ to a couple of people who were working on it but just was a fit for them, which is fine. Rainey I knew from the crew that I hang out with from the BX; Kush Jones, Bojaq, BassBear and El Blanco Nino. They're work is mostly footwork and Jersey Club. Rainey did a show with BassBear and I was like, “he’s a dope MC and he’s always supported me” so I reached out to him and he immediately texted me back and said “this reminds me of a story". Then the next day he was like “it’s done” and I was at work like “what do you mean it’s done?” and he was like “I’ve finished it, it’s done” and he sent it to me and that’s how that happened. He’s amazing, I don’t know what chord I struck with him to get that back to me in 24 hours but the verse he put down and the story that he was telling just really hits. He helped make everything I wanted. It was already a moody track and he just enhanced it tenfold. I owe him a lot for that. B: What I think is interesting from a Keysound point of view, is that maybe if I’d done a tune with a US MC, it wouldn’t feel right in terms of the roots of Keysound and where our energy has come from. But for you, based out of Brooklyn, to work with Rainey – that feels more interesting & authentic to me. A black US producer from Brooklyn working with a Afro-Dominican MC from the Bronx. K303: Yeah it’s like the influences are just melded together. The ‘Spyglass’ tune was really influenced by the whole trip hop scene, I’m a lover of that music too and I wanted to make something that sounded similar to that even though it sounds like a CSI crime scene. Talking about more influences, taking like a Bristol based genre of music influence and then having him make it completely the Bronx, New York City... just worlds crossing worlds you know? B: I’ve only ever been through the Bronx in passing, what’s it like? K303: I don’t actually know; I’ve only been in the Bronx twice so I don’t really have a good reference point. I don’t really have a sense of where my friends live, where I am in Brooklyn people get shot up at the corner and the day goes on but I’m not really too sure what the Bronx is like from his experience. B: so as well as producing and making films, you also co-founded a radio station Transit FM. Can you tell me a bit about that? K303: Transit FM started out of a little experiment. I was supposed to play a gig in DC but a blizzard hit the east coast and pretty much trapped everyone in their homes. Friends and I decided to make the best of it and do a soundclash over the internet. Throughout the day we had other homies jump in from around NYC, Philly, Jersey and the DC area. The soundclash went from I think 2pm-12am on MIXLR. The next day, it kept going. People who didn't play the day before kept the spirit alive. I said to Hayden, “I think we started a radio station”. We had meeting with our friends, Mike Empyrean and Joe Milazzo who lived out on Long Island at the time and had been involved in the clash the first day and drummed up how we could make everything happen in my basement. The main focus was and still is to big up our friends in the States. We said “well we’re all a family so let’s big up our family, let’s start putting our homies on more and showing what the locals do” and just trying to showcase that. People look out of the country instead of in and we wanted to shift that. I think what you saw at the 1 Year anniversary party [Sunnyvale BK, May 2017] is just a culmination of that fact that we all know each other and we all love each other a lot and we’re all pretty tight knit even though we cross cities and different states. B: yeah, that party was insane, genuinely life-affirming as a DJ, to be able to really go deep into 130/rollage dubs and have people really, really come with us – it was nuts. And NYC has had a few special nights over the years, well, a few I’ve been lucky enough to see, like Reconstvct and Dub War before it, but that one... K303: I missed all the Dub War parties I was out on Long Island for school not knowing anything about dubstep at the time. B: so you’ve got Transit FM up and running, what creative people should we be looking for from NYC? K303: So the 130 stuff, I know there’s like a handful of people making it and I wish I could find more, my homies; A0, Diyr, they go in and out of 130 and different influences. A0 is a terrific producer who does a lot of work, be it weightless stuff, clubby stuff and grime. I featured him on my Rinse mix I did last year. Diyr, I think is another amazingly underrated producer. I really dig his influence on grime and how he puts that into 130, how he takes that seemingly icy, Wiley, eskimo sound and kind of makes it his own thing - I’ve always told him that I love what he does. Mikey Dubs, his tunes always bang. He's been a broadcaster on Transit FM for a minute and has become a really good friend of mine. We share a lot of the similar influences. Bojaq, another homie, who I featured on my Rinse mix last year. He is another really talented producer, mostly Footwork but also explores various genres music. B: one of the things that was so positive about the 1st Birthday to Dusk and I, was how diverse the crowd was – age, race, gender, sexuality or vibe-wise. There’s a photo on my Instagram taken from the decks looking back into the crowd and seeing that meant a lot to me, because personally I just try and play the music that I think is interesting and and find new ways to re-frame certain other vibes but you never know who will relate to it. You never know who’s locked on Rinse, where they’re from or where they’re at. But these sounds came from a place – FWD>> particularly - where different cultures, classes, races, groups from within London met up around a love of new music and that was pretty rare to be honest and I treasured it, because I have always loved meeting new people on shared musical ground and learning about where they were from and at. So it was amazing to see how the sounds we have been working on have connected with such diverse crowd in NYC. K303: I think that’s just us. Male, female, gay, straight, bisexual, transgender, non binary gender: “are you a good person and do you like music?” that’s what it should boil down to and that’s what we try to boil it down to – there’s no discrimination. I’m glad that you felt that because that’s all we try to do. B: If I’m being honest, I think between you guys in NYC and Ganessa, Squane and the Jelly Bean Farm camp on the west coast, Son Raw in Montreal or Panch in D.C., the North America “gets” Keysound more than London right now, and so it’s doubly special that it’s such a blend of people who connect with it. K303: There's always been and open mindedness in my crew, since I’ve been coming here to party and since I moved here. We don’t really bleed into the pop mainstream scene like the Space/Ibiza and all that other crap that goes on where you have to dress to impress, that’s kind of unto itself. If there’s a dark room where people are playing good music on a system you’re going to find everyone there. I remember going to parties and thinking I was the only gay dude there and then also being like, it doesn’t matter though, you could vibe at whoever you want, you can dance however you want. That aspect has always something that’s been pretty healthy. There’s other dumb shit that has gone on in New York that our crew hasn’t taken lightly and we’ve kind of kicked people out for whatever reason – just bad energy. B: yeah, I’ve had a bit of a remote window onto that particular world via Facebook, but all I’ll say is... anyone who uses hugs to stage a non-violent intervention and make a peaceful rejection of someone who’s unwelcome due to sexual harassment... well bigup that person and her non-violent, hug based methodolgy. If only there was more of that in the world... So, are you going to make a film of/for your sound? K303: I do need to get back into it. Music took over last year and I haven't written a thing, I still have stories, ideas I want to share. The last film I did is a short psychological thriller called ‘Closure.’ I have started a video interview segment on Transit FM called EXPRESS. Each one is on a different local artist/producers in NYC electronic or not. I’ve talked to Ben [Lyeform, Keysound] a lot because we kind of come from a similar background where film is a big influence on us and I’ve talked to him about trying to build an audio film, kind of writing a script and making the script pretty sparse but having the music and the script kind of being this album that’s an audio film. I think that would be pretty cool because it would be blending everything I love. - The "WHB" EP is out now on Keysound Recordings. Buy the vinyl + free digi at Boomkat or hear it here on Spotify: Posted by Blackdown at 4:23 pm	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line75
__label__cc	0.7352	0.2648	Home > ARTICLES Herbs for the Immune System HERBS FOR HEALTHY IMMUNITY GAIL FAITH EDWARDS Item# herforhealim This article will introduce you to a number of herbs that can safely be relied upon to strengthen the immune system, protect you from a wide array of disease-causing organisms and assist you in maintaining vibrant and robust health. Your immune system is an incredibly complex interaction between organs, glands, body systems, surfaces, cells and chemicals. This symphonic concert of processes requires nourishment in order to function optimally. Many herbs and other substances are used by cultures around the world to nourish and support immunity and protect us from a multitude of disease causing micro-organisms, including influenza, the Herpes simplex virus, or fungal growths such as Candida. I know a few of these protective and immune strengthening herbs on an intimate level, and would like to introduce you to some of them here. We'll cover astragalus, usnea, sage, garlic, honey, shitake and reishi mushrooms, hyssop, and St. John�s wort. Milk Vetch Astragalus membranaceus Astragalus has been growing in our gardens for over ten years now. It is quite hardy, and withstands even the coldest Maine winter. It grows into a large bush, quite feathery, bright green and very pretty looking, with dainty, fan-like yellow flowers in mid to late summer. Oftentimes in nature you will find that the gifts of a plant make themselves known to you in the manner in which the plant grows, the conditions it requires, and its degree of hardiness. When a plant thrives no matter what, take a deeper look, and you may find that it will help you to do the same. Astragalus strikes me as such a plant. Rugged, resilient, strong, powerful, long-lived, graceful, and elegant. Astragalus is a tonic and restorative food and a potent medicine plant. The Chinese have been using this plant to strengthen immunity for centuries. They say it "strengthens the exterior", or protects against illness. Known as Huang-qi, astragalus is written about in the 2,000 year old Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing, and is still considered to be one of the superior tonic roots in traditional Chinese medicine. It's name literally means yellow leader; yellow referring to the inside of the root, and leader to its medicinal potency. Mildly sweet, and slightly warm, astragalus invigorates vital energy, is restorative, strengthens resistance, restores damaged immunity, promotes tissue regeneration, is cancer inhibiting, antiviral, adaptogenic, protects and strengthens the heart and the liver, is tonic to the lungs and enhances digestion. Many scientific studies have verified its immune enhancing action. Astragalus is a powerful "non-specific" immune system stimulant. Instead of activating our defense system against a specific disease organism, astragalus nourishes immunity by increasing the numbers and activity of roving white blood cells, the macrophages. As an immunostimulant, astragalus engages and activates every phase of of our immune system into heightened activity. In one study, the activity of macrophages was significantly enhanced within six hours of treatment with astragalus, and remained so for the next seventy-two hours. In Chinese medicine astragalus roots are said to tonify the Spleen, Blood, and Chi. They are used as a tonic for the lungs, for those with pulmonary disease, frequent colds, shortness of breath, and palpitations. Astragalus is also prescribed for those who suffer from fatigue, from any source, chronic nephritis, night sweats, uterine prolapse, or prolapse of the rectum. It's tissue regenerating and anti-inflammatory abilities make astragalus an excellent ally to heal chronic ulcerations and persistent external infections, as well as to heal hard-to-heal sores and wounds, and to drain boils and draw out pus. Astragalus processed in honey is a specific against fatigue, used to boost vital energy, to nourish the blood, and also against incontinence, bloody urine or diarrhea. In a study conducted by the University of Texas Medical Center, in Houston, researchers compared damaged immune cells from cancer patients to healthy cells. Astragalus extracts were found to completely restore the function of the cancer patients' damaged immune cells, in some cases surpassing the health and activity of the cells from healthy individuals. The extract of astragalus was also shown to significantly inhibit the growth of tumor cells in mice, especially when combined with lovage Ligustrum lucidum. According to a study reported in Phytotherapy Research, astragalus appears to restore immunocompetence and is potentially beneficial for cancer patients as well as those suffering with AIDS. It increases the number of stem cells present in the bone marrow and lymph tissue and stimulates their differentiation into immune competent cells, which are then released into the tissues, according to one study reported in the Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Astragalus also stimulates the production of Interferon, increases its effectiveness in treating disease, and was also found to increase the life span of human cells in culture. Astragalus protects adrenal cortical function while undergoing chemotherapy or radiation, and helps modify the gastrointestinal toxicity in patients recieving these therapies. Chinese doctors use astragalus against chronic hepatitis, and many studies have demonstrated that astragalus protects the liver against liver-toxic drugs and anti-cancer compounds commonly used in chemotherapy, such as stilbenemide. When used as an adjunct to conventional cancer treatments, astragalus appears to increase survival rates, to increase endurance, and to be strongly liver protective. Astragalus helps lower blood pressure, due to its ability to dilate blood vessels, and protects the heart. Scientists in the Soviet Union have shown that astragalus protects the heart muscle from damage caused by oxygen deprivation and heart attack. According to reports in the Chinese Medical Journal, doctors at the Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases found that astragalus showed significant activity against Coxsackie B virus, which can cause an infection of the heart called Coxsackie B viral myocarditis, and for which there is no effective treatment. In a follow-up study, researchers found that astragalus helped maintain regular heart rhythms, and beating frequency, and that Coxsackie B patients showed far less damage from the viral infection (as much as 85%). In Chinese medicine, astragalus is often combined with codonopsis. This compound is said to strengthen the heart and increase the vital energy, while invigorating the circulation of blood throughout the body. It is also traditionally combined with ginseng, and used as a tonic against fatigue, chronic tiredness, lack of energy, enthusiasm, or appetite, and to ease "spontaneous perspiration" or hot flashes. Japanese physicians use astragalus in combination with other herbs in the treatment of cerebral vascular disease. According to a research paper published by Zhang in 1990, adolescent brain dysfunction improved more with a Traditional Chinese Medicine formula containing astragalus in combination with codonopsis and other herbs than with Ritilin. Integrating astragalus roots into your winter-time diet, as the Asians have been doing for years, turns out to be a very good idea. Scientists have demonstrated that astragalus will not only prevent colds, but cut their duration in half. Astragalus possesses strong antiviral properties, and in one study regenerated the bronchial cells of virus-infected mice. Astragalus has been safely used throughout Asia for thousands of years. The Chinese typically slice astragalus roots and add them, along with other vegetables, to chicken broth to create a nourishing and tonic soup. Discard the root after cooking, and consume the broth. No toxicity from the use of astragalus has ever been shown in the millennia of its use in China. The genus Astragalus is the largest group of flowering plants, with over 2,000 different species, most of which are found in the northern temperate regions. Plants in this genus are amazingly diverse, some are nourishing and medicinal, some useful as raw materials, and others, such as the locoweeds, are toxic. Astragalus membranaceus grows in the wild along the edges of woodlands, in thickets, open woods and grasslands. It is native to the Northeastern regions of China, but grows excellently in Maine soils and temperatures, as do most Chinese medicinal plants we've attempted to grow thus far. Astragalus appreciates deep, well drained, somewhat alkaline soil. Seeds are easily gathered and when planted in the fall require no prior soaking. They will germinate the following spring as soon as conditions are right. The seeds have a hard seed coat, and some people nick the covering with a file, or soak the seed overnight to hasten germination. Give each plant plenty of room, as much as a foot all around, and harvest after the fourth or fifth year of growth. Use whole or sliced, fresh or dried root for tinctures, honey, infusions, syrup, or in soups. Astragalus Tincture St. John's wort contains numerous compounds that possess documented biological actions, and are the focus of much study. Those constituents that have generated the most interest thus far, include the naphthodianthrones, hypericin and pseudohypericin, a wide range of flavonoids, including quercetin, quercitrin, amentoflavone and hyperin, and the phloroglucinols, hyperforin and adhyperforin. Also of interest to researchers are the essential oils, and xanthones. Wise herbalists have always used the whole herb, and researchers agree, that it is an interaction between the many constituents in St. John's wort, rather than any one active ingredient, that is responsible for the wide range of beneficial actions this healing herb offers. All parts of the herb are used medicinally, with hypericin content concentrated in the buds and flowers, and also present in top and bottom leaves, as well as the stem, though to a lesser degree. Activity of Constituents: Amentoflavone is antiinflammatory and antiulcer. GABA is a sedative. Hyperforin is an antibacterial agent active against gram-positive bacteria, is wound healing, a potential anticarcinogenic, and a neurotransmitter inhibitor. Hypericin is strongly antiviral Proanthocyanidins are antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, and vasorelaxant. Pseudohypericin is antiviral and Quercitrin is a MAO inhibitor, as are the Xanthones. Xanthones are antidepressant, antimicrobial, antiviral, diuretic, and cardiotonic. St. John's wort is an excellent wound healer. It possesses strong antimicrobial properties, is a significant antifungal and antibacterial agent, and is especially effective against gram-positive bacteria. It inactivates Escherichia coli at dilutions of 1:400 or 1:200, and is also active against Staphloccus aureus. Two constituents of the herb, hyperforin and adhyperforin possess antibiotic effects stronger than that of sulfonilamide. Burns heal rapidly with the application of St. John's wort. In one study using St. Johns'wort oil, first, second, and third degree burns healed at least three times as rapidly than those treated with conventional treatments, and scaring was minimal. Orally administered St. John's wort tincture demonstrated a remarkable healing of incisions, excision and dead space wounds, and has also been shown to inhibit keloid formation. Studies indicate St. John's wort may enhance coronary blood flow as well as hawthorn, due to the activity of the procyanidins. It significantly increases the production of nocturnal melatonin, which means taking it will help you sleep better, and feel better. St. John's wort has also shown promise in the treatment of chronic tension headaches, and also appears to be liver-protective. It is a proven antidepressant, best used by those who are mildly to moderately depressed. It is also historically used to treat neurological conditions such as anxiety, insomnia, restlessness, irritability, neuralgia, neuroses, migraines, fibrosis, dyspepsia, and sciatica. St. John�s wort is an ally when dealing with any fungal problem, such as candida (infusion as sitz bath), thrush (infusion as mouth wash), or an infection on the skin or nails(frequent soaks in infusion). Frequent applications of St. John�s wort oil will also help in healing these infections. Use the oil to rub on to tired, sore, achy, painful, overworked muscles. St. John�s wort oil is legendary for relieving the pain and inflammation of back-ache, stiff neck, sore shoulders, bad knees, tennis elbow, and anything else that hurts. St. Johns'wort has shown to be of considerable benefit to patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. (AIDS) In one study, 16 out of 18 patients stabilized or improved during a 40 month period during which they were treated with St. John's wort. Only 2 of the 16 experienced an opportunistic infection during the time they took the herb. Many studies have proven that St. John's wort inhibits a variety of viruses, including herpes simplex types 1 and 2, and HIV-1 viruses associated with AIDS. Researchers have concluded that both hypericin and pseudohypericin are uncommonly effective antiviral agents. The antiviral activity of St. John's wort appears to be somewhat photo-dynamic, involving a photoactivation process to become more intensely effective. Internal use of St. John'swort is not recommended if you are currently taking a pharmaceutical antidepressant. St. John's wort Tincture St. John's wort Oil The ancients used aromatic sage to bring the virtues of wisdom, strength and clear thinking. Modern day researchers in Great Britain found that sage inhibits the breakdown of acetylcholine, and so helps to preserve the compound used to prevent and treat Alzheimer�s. Sage is loaded with antioxidants, so is anti-aging, and also offers lots of calcium, magnesium, the essential oil, thujone, flavonoids and phytosterols. It is sedating and soothing, and has a tonic effect on the nerves. Sage is a potent broad spectrum antibiotic, and immune stimulant. It possesses antibacterial, and antiseptic properties and is active against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. E. coli, Candida albicans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella spp. Some native tribes like the Mohican, commonly chewed the leaves of sage as a strengthening tonic, and people all over the world use sage to build strength and enhance vitality. Expectorant and diaphoretic, sage is especially effective against sore throat and upper respiratory illness, and infections where there is an excess of mucous. Sage dries up secretions. Sage is also traditionally used, and effective against, dysentery. Its astringent tannins make it an ally for healing mouth sores, canker sores, bleeding gums, and gingivitis, when used as a mouth rinse. A study done in Germany showed that drinking sage infusion on an empty stomach, reduced the blood sugar levels in diabetic patients. In Italy sage is very commonly used as a seasoning herb. One cannot help but notice the vibrant health and strength of the elder people, which I attribute, at least in part, to their copious use of sage in the diet. Sage Tincture Antibiotic Spray Allium sativum < Garlic enjoys a history that appears to come from the mists of time, and it surely was one of the earliest spices used to liven up the taste of food. The biting aroma of the allium family plants is due to its sulfur-rich, volatile oil, allicin. It is this substance that is primarily responsible for the power of garlic and onions to kill bacteria and stimulate circulation. Garlic is not only antibacterial, but antiviral, antiseptic, antiparasitic, immune-stimulating, antispasmodic, hypotensive, diaphoretic, antiprotozoan, antifungal, anthelmintic, and cholagogue. You can rely on the regular use of this spice to keep your body toned and functioning optimally. It will help keep that all-important and vital organ, the heart toned, help keep blood pressure down, as well as help lower cholesterol. Repeated studies have shown that garlic has a beneficial effect on the heart and circulatory system. Chop some into your salad, throw it, simmered in olive oil, over noodles and sprinkle with parsley. Garlic is rich in antibiotic powers and strengthens the immune system. It is active against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria, including Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus spp., Salmonella spp., Camphylobacter spp., Proteus mirablis, and Bacillius anthraxis. Garlic is also active against herpes simplex, influenza B, HIV and many other serious illnesses. Note that it is active against the food-borne pathogens so often found in commercial foods, Shigella, E. coli, and Salmonella. Garlic kills bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract immediately on contact. To treat an active intestinal bacterial infection, consume lots of raw or cooked garlic, or take garlic capsules. Garlic in the diet has also been shown to have a beneficial effect on those dealing with cancer, stress, and fatigue. Garlic stimulates the isles of langerhans, increases insulin production, and lowers blood sugar levels, thus aids diabetics in the control of this debilitating disease. Garlic also helps increase the senovial fluids, and so is an ally for those dealing with arthritis. The sulfur in garlic helps break up the crystallization of uric acid in the joints, and so aids in the relief of gout. Garlic stimulates the brain and has a positive effect on brain functioning, helping to keep us alert and energized. Scientists have found that garlic�s anti-aging properties not only slowed the destruction of brain cells, but also caused new brain neurons to branch out. An old Ukrainian recipe to keep the mind sharp includes one pound of garlic, ground and added to a jar with the juice of 24 lemons. Leave covered for one moon cycle, then take one teaspoon each night. Honey is, an ancient Islamic saying goes, the food of foods, the drink of drinks, and the remedy of remedies. The ancient Greeks, Romans and Egyptians all kept honeybees, and extolled the virtues of honey. Some call honey a sweet medicine of heaven, others, elixir of long life. I use honey everyday and you probably should too. Here�s why: Honey is a rejuvenating, revitalizing, invigorating, natural antibiotic substance created by those magical insects, bees. Bees have been called messengers of the gods, and were associated with Great Goddess since the most ancient times. Many legends hint that bees, and their special creation, honey, played a very important role in our human development. It is said that the gifts of honey are long life, good health, and reverence for spirit. Honey has an ancient reputation as a life force increasing, immune strengthening, potency promoting, aphrodisiac elixir. Honey consists of invert sugar (fructose, dextroglucose) and other sugars. It also contains a complex assortment of enzymes, antibiotic and antimicrobial compounds, organic acids, minerals such as iron, copper, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, manganese, magnesium, sodium, silicon, calcium, iodine, chlorine, zinc, formic acid, and high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. Honey also contains varying degrees (it depends on what flowers and herbs the bees are taking their nectar from) of vitamin C, the entire B complex, vitamins D, E, and K, pantothenic acid, niacin, and folic acid, amino acids, hormones, alcohols, and essential oils. Honey can, and should be, thought of as a super food. It is a live food, stores its vitamins and minerals indefinitely, and is very easily digested by the body. Honey is an all around health and vitality enhancing substance. Wildflower honey, the concentrated nectar of wildflowers, the essence of all the combined medicinal qualities of all the diverse and abundant wild herbs, is thought to be the most medicinal.. All natural, unheated honey is antibiotic, antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, expectorant, antiallergenic, laxative, antianemic, tonic, immune stimulating, and cell regenerating. Bees gather the nectar from flowers and store it in their stomach while transporting it back to the hive. During their transport, the dew-laden nectars become concentrated by evaporation. The nectars also combine, in some as yet unexplained way, with the bees� digestive enzymes, producing entirely unique compounds. Scientists have measured over 75 different compounds in honey, some of them so complex they have yet to be identified. One thing we can identify however, is the fact that when used as a consistent additive to food and drink, honey increases vitality, energy, immunity, libido, and life force. Honey is proven more effective than any pharmaceutical antibiotic in the treatment of stomach ulceration, gangrene, surgical wound infections, and speedy healing of surgical incisions. Honey is unsurpassed for the protection of skin grafts, corneas, blood vessels, and bones during storage and transport. In fact, honey is such an excellent preservative of living tissue that it was commonly used to keep dead bodies from decomposing while being transported back to their homeland for burial. After his death in a foreign land, Napoleon was sent home in a huge vat of honey. The fact that fist size ulcers and third degree burns heal beautifully with frequent applications of pure raw honey is clinically proven, and something I can personally attest to. A few years ago, I got a large third degree burn on my heel during a misstep on a motorcycle tailpipe. It was a deep wound and definitely hampered my ability to get around all that summer. I soaked my burned foot morning and night in lavender and rose salts and after each soaking applied a bandage liberally smeared with pure honey directly over the burn. I kept a thick layer of honey over that burn for a couple of months, and tried as much as possible not to walk on it. Today there is barely a trace of that huge burn hole on the heel of my foot. Since that time, honey is my first treatment of choice for any burn, first, second or third degree, any wounds, no matter how deep, skin ulcers, impetigo, and infections. I just keep whatever it is covered with a thick layer of pure honey. And keep eating it by the spoonful, or drinking it in water, or as mead, depending on what you are trying to nourish and heal. Honey is active against staph Staphylococcus aureus, strep Streptococcus spp., and Helicobacter pylori, responsible for stomach ulcers, and enterococcus. Honey is also one of my top choices for treating any respiratory condition, whether a cold, flu, or respiratory infection. Honey will be your ally against bronchitis, chronic bronchial and asthmatic problems, rhinitis and sinusitis. Those dealing with chronic fatigue, any wasting disease, a depressed immune system, will all feel the benefits of integrating this sweet medicine of the bees into their daily diets. Syrups made with pure honey Usnea spp. Usnea, or old man's beard as it is commonly called, is a common lichen found hanging from trees around the world. It possesses strong antibacterial and antifungal agents and is a potent immune stimulant. Usnea has been shown to be more effective than penicillin against some bacterial strains. It completely inhibits the growth of staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus spp., and pneumonococcus organisms. Usnea is effective against tuberculosis, triconomas, candida spp., enterococcus, and various fungal strains, and has also been reported active against Salmonella typhimurium and E.coli. Usnea is actually two plants in one. The inner plant looks like a thin white stretchy thread or rubber band, especially when wet. The outer plant gives usnea its color and grows around the inner plant. The inner part is a potent immune stimulant, the outer part strongly antibacterial. Among the known constituents of usnea are usnic acid, protolichesterinic acid, and oreinol derivatives. Usnea is traditionally used around the world against skin infections, upper respiratory and lung infections, and vaginal infections. It can be dusted as a powder, drank as tea or infusion, used as a wash, bath, soak, douche, or spray. Usnea is also effective in tincture form, 30-60 drops, 4 times daily to boost immunity, 6 times daily to treat an active infection. Drink 2-4 cups of infusion for acute illness. Use 10 drops in an ounce of water and use as a nasal spray to treat sinus infections. Usnea can sometimes be irritating to delicate mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and throat, so the tincture should always be diluted in water before using. We walk out into the woods to a big old spruce tree beautifully decorated with long strands of this unique and potent lichen which we gather to make our medicine. Usnea easily absorbs heavy toxic metals and can be potentially toxic, so gather in a clean place. Usnea Tincture Shitake Mushroom Lentinus edodes Reishi Ganoderma lucidum, Western reishi/artists conk Ganoderma applanatum Immune activating fungi have been used as allies against disease for millennia. Mysterious mushrooms and fungi are classed in a kingdom all their own. They cannot be called plants, as they are much more primitive, nor are they animal. Fungi actually possess some characteristics of both plant and animal. There are many common medicinal mushrooms with immune enhancing properties, including maitake, the abundant birch polypores, turkey tails, honey mushrooms, and hens of the woods. The polypores are commonly given to chemotherapy and radiation patients in Japan, and have been shown to increase survival rates. The body receives deep nourishment from medicinal fungi, as the nutrients and medicinal properties of mushrooms penetrates deep into the bone marrow. So much so, that some have referred to using medicinal mushrooms as herbal bone marrow transplants! We'll take a deeper look at two of the most widely used medicinal mushrooms, shitake and reishi. Shitake mushrooms have been used in China for thousands of years to mobilize the immune system to fight off disease. An immunostimulant, shitake increases the activity of the human immune system against any invading organism. Antiviral, antitumor shitake has been effectively used to treat viral infections, parasites, and cancer. One of its most important constituents, lintinan, has been shown to stimulate immune competent cells, stimulate T-cell production, and increase macrophage activity. In one study of 23 people with low killer cell activity, and associated fever and fatique for over 6 months, all responded well to taking lintinan, despite not having responded to conventional therapies, including antibiotics and antipyretics. Studies have shown shitake to be active against viral encephalitis. It also possesses potent anti-tumor activities, and has been shown to prevent metastasis of cancer to the lungs. Shitake mushrooms are usually added to soups and stews, cooked for about two hours, and then allowed to sit for an additional two hours. Remove the mushrooms before consuming the broth. Called reishi in Japan, and Ling zhe in China, all the Ganodermas are powerfully immune enhancing, and adaptogens with potent anti cancer properties. Both sweet and bitter, the Ganodermas are powerful free radical scavengers, eliminating these highly reactive chemicals from the blood stream before they can damage the DNA of healthy cells. Ganodermas are strongly cancer protective, and have been shown to actually help break down and dissolve tumors. Ganodermas are an excellent addition to the diet of any one who is run down, has been suffering from long term stress, and has low immune function. Either of the Ganodermas effectively increases leukocyte production, promotes lymphatic health, promotes phagocytosis, stimulates T-cells, induces the generation of immunoglobulins, and promotes the multiplication of antibodies. Scientists from the Tokyo Medical and Dental University demonstrated that the ganoderic acid in these fungi could reduce the cholesterol production in the liver by as much as 95%. The Ganodermas are heart warming, heart opening, promote serenity, and are said to enhance spiritual powers. Reishi and artists conk are hard and woody, and are often referred to as shelf mushrooms. They grow on the side of either dead or living trees, and are often found on birch and other hardwoods, or hemlock. Sometimes you will find them growing on the fresh stump of a recently cut or fallen tree, and sometimes on an old stump. Slice pieces off the mushroom while it is fresh and dry the slices on screens or shallow baskets. Put several pieces into any soups and stews you make, remembering to remove the mushroom pieces before eating the soup. We make a delicious and deeply immune nourishing syrup using several medicinal mushrooms in combination with astragalus and codonopsis roots from our gardens and chai spices. Mushroot Chai Deep Immune Tonic Hyssop has been around a long time. It's written about in the Bible as a cleanser and protector, and it was widely used by the ancients to clear away "evil spirits". What the ancients referred to as "evil spirits", today we call infectious bacteria, virus, fungi, and bad vibes. Hyssop will come to your aid when dealing with any of these. Hyssop is a blood nourisher, an immune system strengthener, and possesses potent antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial activity. Cornell/NCI researchers think that hyssop may be useful in the treatment of patients with AIDS. Several years ago, a young woman was admitted to a hospital with severe AIDS symptoms. She was not expected to live. Her story, interwoven with that of hyssop follows: She had "disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma, was partially blind from disseminated CMV, and suffered from extensive oral and vaginal candidiasis, oral herpes infection, and chronic draining ulcers on her lower extremities." Her blood was found to have MAI (Mycobacterium avium intracellularae) and her urine tested positive for CMV. Doctors expected that she would soon die so they sent her home. However, follow-up of the patient 6 months later showed that her lesions had "improved significantly," her blood tests were negative for MAI, she could walk and move around more, and in general, she felt much better. Upon questioning, the patient's mother revealed that "for the previous month, the patient had been given an old Jamaican herbal remedy which was prepared in the form of a tea by boiling a mixture of leaves from hyssop officinalis, blessed thistle, and cassia augustifolia." Researchers tested the herbs and found that crude extracts of Cassia augustifolia had minimal or no anti-HIV activity, blessed thistle extracts had only "minimal" antiviral effects, but crude extracts of hyssop inhibited HIV replication by 77 to 100%. Further analysis revealed that one of the antiviral compounds in hyssop was caffeic acid, a compound that showed strong antiviral activity. Treatment of HIV-infected cells with caffeic acid resulted in reduced levels of p24 and p17 antigens, reduced the formation of giant clumps of infected cells, and impaired the activity of the essential retroviral enzyme RT (reverse transcriptase). Caffeic acid was previously shown to have anti-herpes activity in laboratory tests. When caffeic acid reacts with oxygen and becomes oxidized, several beneficial products may form. Researchers think that the action between oxygen and other compounds found in hyssop may also play a role in this plant's strong anti-viral activity. Hyssop contains a number of camphor-like constituents that help to loosen phlegm. Another constituent, marrubium, is a powerful expectorant. Hyssop has traditionally been used as a remedy against colds, flu, coughs, bronchial congestion, pulmonary distress, asthma, sinus congestion, and sore throats. A syrup made from the flowering tops of hyssop is especially soothing. Wise ones the world over, knowledgeable in the use of medicine plants, including American Indians, used hyssop in these ways. Hyssop is well known as a digestive tonic, stomach soother, and an aid to alleviate gas. It also has a long history of use as a nervous system nourisher, possesses mild sedative properties, and can be taken regularly as a nerve-strengthening tonic. Use hyssop to calm and steady your nerves and help balance the emotional swings so common during the mid-life transition. All above ground parts of hyssop offer an essential oil that has a clearing effect on the mind, helps rid you of confusion, and imparts a feeling of alertness and focus. Keep some fresh, or dried, in a chest pocket where you can smell it the next time you have to give a presentation or take a test. According to some texts, long-term use of hyssop is associated with reports of toxicity, while according to others there is no toxicity whatsoever. There is also no association of toxicity with hyssop in the empirical evidence passed down through the ages. This discrepancy may be a result of the way in which the herb is prepared. Some think that the compound responsible for any toxicity resides in lipid molecules in the leaves of hyssop. So using hyssop in a water, honey or spirit based medicine, such as a strong tea, or infusion, or as a syrup, honey, tincture, or vinegar, should all be fine. But to be on the safe side, don't extract it into a fat base like oil, or butter. It may be possible that the combination of herbs in the Jamaican recipe moderated any possible toxic effects of the herb. Hyssop Tincture Other herbs that contain specific HIV inhibitors include burdock, Coptis chinensis, prunella vulgaris, and viola yedoensis. Other herbs containing viricides (antiviral properties) include lemon balm, rose, cinnamon, dong gui/angelica, and licorice. Burdock, rose, dong gui/angelica and licorice tinctures copyright 2001 by Gail Faith Edwards no part of this article may be copied or reprinted without permission of the author Time Atlas Of The Body, Rand McNally and Company, N.Y., 1980 A Report on Herbs for Immunity, Longevity, and AIDS, Herb Research Foundation, Rob McCaleb On the Treatment of AIDS with Chinese Herbal Medicines, R.S. Chang Herbal Emissaries, Steven Foster and Yue Chongxi, Healing Arts Press, Rochester, Vt., 1992 Herbal Antibiotics, Stephen Harrod Buhner, Storey Publications, Vt. 1998 Opening Our Wild Hearts to the Healing Herbs, Gail Faith Edwards, Ash Tree Publishing 2000 Traversing the Wild Terrain of Menopause, Gail Faith Edwards, Bertha Canterbury Press, 2003 Traversing the Wild Terrain of Menopause; Herbal Allies for Midlife Women and Men Blessed Maine Herb Farm Study Herbal Medicines	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line76
__label__wiki	0.890477	0.890477	Lamprologini...part 1 An account of Lamprologini, including Neolamprologus sp. “Mwila”, a new shell-dwelling species from Mwila Island in the Kipili Archipelago, the facts about N. sp. “Eseki”, the whereabouts of Kinyamkolo, and much more (part 1 of 3) Part 1 – Part 2 – Part 3 Partitioned into 32 sections, this account of Lamprologini includes facts about Neolamprologus sp. “Eseki” (§ 4–7), an introduction to N. sp. “Mwila” (§ 10–11), the rise of incipient species following divergent ecological adaptation, exemplified by the Telmatochromis temporalis species complex (§ 12) and Altolamprologus genus (§ 15), high and low lake stands in Lake Tanganyika (§ 16), the age of the species and variants in the Kipili Archipelago, including N. sp. “Mwila” and Lepidiolamprologus kamambae (§ 17–18), a species without a name (§ 21), the Lake Tanganyika expedition leader J. E. S. Moore (§ 22), the perception of N. modestus as a widespread species (§ 23), Lamprologus modestus nyassae (§ 25), an introduction to the N. modestus species complex (§ 30), and more. Regarding J. E. S. Moore and the type localities of N. modestus, the last section (§ 32), which is further partitioned into 27 subsections (§ 32.1–32.27), is an in-depth study of the historical locations Kinyamkolo and Mbity Rocks, including their whereabouts and linguistic meaning. Fig. 1. Mwila Island was our team’s first dive site in the Kipili Archipelago in 1991, searching for Julidochromis marksmithi (Lundblad & Karlsson, 1993a; 1993b). At this small island, we found a new lamprologin species at a depth of 15 metres in April 2008, referred to as Neolamprologus sp. “Mwila”. See more in § 10. Fig. 2. Neolamprologus sp. “Mwila” is distinguished from N. sp. “Eseki” by, among other things, the larger eye, absence of a yellow eye ring, its smaller size (5–7 vs. 10–11), and possibly a less indented caudal fin. Furthermore, N. sp. “Mwila” exhibits a different breeding behaviour and prefers another biotope (shell bed vs. sand with scattered rocks and stones). The picture was captured in 2008 at the eastern side of Mwila Island at a depth of 15 metres and shows a fully grown male. For more differentiating features, see § 11. 1. Introduction to Lamprologini 2. Current and future taxonomical status of the lamprologin species of Lake Tanganyika 3. Possible novel lamprologin genera 4. The discovery of Neolamprologus sp. “Eseki” in 1990 5. Neolamprologus sp. “Eseki”: geographical distribution 6. Neolamprologus sp. “Eseki”: natural diet 7. Characterisation and differentiation of Neolamprologus sp. “Eseki” 8. The unusual caudal-fin shape: indented, emarginate, forked, crescentic, or lunate 9. Mwila Island in the Kipili Archipelago 10. The discovery of Neolamprologus sp. “Mwila” in 2008 11. Characterisation and differentiation of Neolamprologus sp. “Mwila” 12. Ecological forms and semi-distinct incipient species: the case of Telmatochromis temporalis 13. Telmatochromis brachygnathus and the T. temporalis species complex 14. Colouration as a cause of divergent selection in Lamprologini 15. Ecological forms and semi-distinct incipient species: the cases of Neolamprologus mondabu and species of Altolamprologus 16. Historical high and low lake stands in Lake Tanganyika 17. The age of Neolamprologus sp. “Mwila” 18. Endemic species of the Kipili area, including Lepidiolamprologus kamambae 19. Species 20. Generic assignment of Neolamprologus sp. “Eseki” and N. sp. “Mwila” 21. A species without a name 22. J. E. S. Moore and the Tanganyika expeditions 23. Neolamprologus modestus and the perception of a lake-wide distribution 24. Neolamprologus modestus and further confusion involving N. mondabu and N. petricola 25. Lamprologus modestus nyassae (Borodin, 1936: 23) 26. Neolamprologus petricola and confusion with N. modestus and N. mustax 27. Neolamprologus modestus-like species in southern Tanzania 28. Lamprologus staecki (Brichard, 1978a: 224) 29. Neolamprologus modestus-like species in central Tanzania 30. Introduction to the Neolamprologus modestus species complex 31. The Neolamprologus mondabu species group 32. Where are Moore’s Kinyamkolo and Mbity Rocks? Appendix 1 (fish species names derived from J. E. S. Moore) Appendix 2 (the grammar behind the species epithets ‘moorii’ and ‘moorei’ as in Tropheus moorii and Nudospongilla moorei) Appendix 3 (additional species associated with J. E. S. Moore) Appendix 4 (collection locations, fish species, and number of specimens collected by J. E. S. Moore in Lake Tanganyika during his expeditions in 1895–1896 and 1899–1900) Appendix 5 (Moore’s collection comprising 52 fishes from Lake Malawi obtained between 11 July and 15 August 1899 during his second expedition, including the misidentification of species) Appendix 6 (a directory of geographical locations mentioned in the study with links to Google Maps) How to cite this blog article Cited literature: 625 books, articles, and websites Being one of the most diverse cichlid tribes regarding morphology, ecology, and behaviour, the Lamprologini is mainly found in Lake Tanganyika, Malagarasi River, and the Congo River drainage. In Lake Tanganyika, lamprologin species have colonised many of the lacustrine habitats, but are primarily found in the littoral zone where most of the fish species are lamprologins. Generally, this zone may be subdivided into three ecological categories with lamprologins living in sandy, muddy, and rocky habitats. Some species are large roaming predators, some are medium-size invertebrate pickers, while others are small enough to dwell inside empty gastropod shells. Furthermore, there is variation in nesting sites involving sandy pits and rocky caves, interspecific variation in clutch size [up to 3000 eggs per spawn in Neolamprologus cunningtoni and only about 12 in N. savoryi (Sturmbauer et al., 1994: 692)], complex patterns of parental care, various strategies in mating including serial and harem polygamy, alternative male reproductive phenotypes, and sneaker fertilisation (Nagoshi, 1983). In addition, the tribe Lamprologini comprises some of the very largest and smallest cichlid species in Lake Tanganyika: Lepidiolamprologus profundicola (>300 mm) and N. multifasciatus (30–40 mm). Fig. 3. Lepidiolamprologus profundicola at Segunga. This species is the largest member of the tribe Lamprologini. Apart from its large size, it is easily recognised by its proportionally small eye. Its cautious behaviour makes it challenging to photograph in the lake. Fig. 4. A sampled specimen of Lepidiolamprologus profundicola from Kansombo, total length 33 cm, NRM 61570. This species may reach a total length of about 35 cm. Fig. 5. Neolamprologus multifasciatus at Mpando Point. Along with the similar looking N. similis, this species is the smallest cichlid in Lake Tanganyika (as well as the world’s smallest). In Tanzania, N. multifasciatus is found from Kala Bay south to Kalambo River, on the border between Tanzania and Zambia, whereas N. similis is found from the Malagarasi River south to Kekese, just north of Ikola. The geographical distribution of these species was established by the authors in 2008 (Karlsson & Karlsson, 2015b). In Tanzania, N. multifasciatus is commonly found among pebbles and rubble, while N. similis is mostly found in biotopes of empty shells. N. multifasciatus is also found in Zambia and N. similis in DR Congo. Fig. 6. Neolamprologus savoryi at Mlowa Point, mainland Kipili. This species has the lowest brood size of the cichlids in the Lamprologini tribe. Often, only a few single fry are produced by a pair. In total, 112 Lamprologus-like species and subspecies have been formally introduced, with the taxonomically oldest, Lamprologus congoensis (Schilthuis, 1891: 85, Plate 6, Fig. 1), from Malepo Poll (previously Stanley Pool) in the Congo River, and the youngest, Julidochromis marksmithi (Burgess, 2014: 40), from Kerenge Island in Lake Tanganyika. Of these 112, eight are endemic to the Congo River drainage (Schelly & Stiassny, 2004: 37), and one, N. devosi (Schelly et al., 2003: 2), is known only from Malagarasi River in Tanzania. Two species were incorrectly introduced, L. ocellatus (Poll, 1952a: 15) and L. savoryi elongatus (Trewavas & Poll, 1952: 5); their names were preoccupied by L. ocellatus (Steindachner, 1909a: 402; Boulenger, 1915: 462) and L. elongatus (Boulenger, 1898a: 494; 1898b: 9), and formally replaced with L. kungweensis (Poll, 1956: 570) and N. brichardi (Poll, 1974: 109; 1986: 64). Furthermore, L. steindachneri (Boulenger, 1915: 461, 471) is an invalid replacement name and junior synonym for J. elongatus (Steindachner, 1909a: 403), see more below (§ 25). Of the remaining 100 lamprologin species and subspecies of Lake Tanganyika, 15 are frequently considered invalid due to synonymy. However, pending thorough re-examinations of voucher and live wild specimens, clearer diagnoses may be devised rendering some of these to be released from synonymy, including L. pleurostigma (Boulenger, 1914: 443) synonymised with Lepidiolamprologus attenuatus (Steindachner, 1909b: 445) by Poll (1956: 540; 1986: 53), Lamprologus lestradei (Poll, 1943: 317) synonymised with L. ocellatus (Steindachner, 1909a: 402) by Poll (1956: 537), and Telmatochromis burgeoni (Poll, 1942: 357) synonymised with T. temporalis (Boulenger, 1898a: 495; 1898b: 11) by Konings (1998a: 98), and Hanssens and Snoeks (2001: 650; 2003: 594). Recently, some junior synonyms were suggested to be reinstated, such as J. macrolepis (Borodin, 1931: 51) synonymised with T. dhonti (Boulenger, 1919: 19) by Hanssens and Snoeks (2001: 652), but revived as T. macrolepis by Konings (2015a: 218), N. brichardi (Poll, 1974: 109) synonymised with N. pulcher (Trewavas & Poll, 1952: 6) by a series of authors, including Konings (2015a: 119), but argued to be a distinct species by Karlsson and Karlsson (2017a; 2017b: 66), and L. brevianalis (Boulenger, 1906: 555) synonymised with L. tetracanthus (Boulenger, 1899c: 118) by Poll (1946: 339), but treated as a valid species, referred to as N. brevianalis, by Karlsson and Karlsson (2018a: 106), who suggested some additional colour-related diagnostics to the species. In addition to these 85–100 lacustrine and nine riverine valid lamprologin species, many more may be introduced pending further field observations and taxonomical research. Lake Tanganyika and the Congo River, as well as their larger tributaries, presumably harbour many yet unknown lamprologin species not easily discovered due to their cryptic morphology and behaviour. Recently, a very cryptic Julidochromis species, referred to as J. sp. “Transcriptus Tanzania”, was introduced (Karlsson & Karlsson, 2018a; 2018b; 2018c). In a riverine Lamprologus review, Schelly and Stiassny (2004: 3) “found that over 50% of Congo River Lamprologus material housed in museum collections was misidentified, including some of the vouchers representing specimens used in various molecular analyses”. Furthermore, peculiar distribution data suggest “that perhaps much of the Congo River lamprologine diversity remains to be discovered” (Shelly & Stiassny, 2004: 37). Based on similar problems in systematic research regarding the cichlids of Lakes Tanganyika, Malawi, and Victoria, “about 1000 species or more are still awaiting scientific description” (Snoeks, 2000: 17). The systematic complexity of Lake Tanganyika cichlids appears to be grossly underestimated (Snoeks, 2000: 25). Although it was reported when only 70 formal Lake Tanganyika cichlids were known, 21 of which were lamprologins, the following statement appears just as relevant today: “No doubt many more species remain to be discovered” (Boulenger, 1906: 539, 541–542). Fig. 7. Neolamprologus cunningtoni is the member of Lamprologini with the largest number of fry produced in one spawn (often more than 3000). The photo was taken at Kungwe Point (about 13 km northwest of Halembe) at a depth of 15 metres. Repeated low water stands in Lake Tanganyika have resulted in geographical isolation and allopatric speciation, with many cichlids in the lake having at least a northern and southern representative, which have been given the status of distinct species, e.g. Cyphotilapia frontosa and C. gibberosa. The northern representative of N. cunningtoni may represent a separate species. Fig. 8. Neolamprologus cunningtoni is the second largest member of Lamprologini, reaching a total length of nearly 30 cm. The photo shows a sampled specimen from Udachi with a total length of 27 cm, NRM 59523. Obviously, N. cunningtoni shares several features with Boulengerochromis microlepis, including colouration, general body shape, and a large number of eggs per spawn. Furthermore, both species are piscivores and breed in sandy habitats supplemented with rocks. Based on its overall appearance, N. cunningtoni may be regarded as a small version of B. microlepis. Fig. 9. Boulengerochromis microlepis at a depth of 15 metres at Katondo Point, Cape Mpimbwe. Initially, B. microlepis was generically assigned to Tilapia (Boulenger, 1899a: 94), but soon thereafter moved to Paratilapia (Boulenger 1915: 370). Throughout much of the 1900s, Boulengerochromis was regarded as a close relative of Tilapia and included in Poll’s definition (1986: 30) of the tribe Tilapiini, until Takahashi (2003: 377) erected a new and monotypic tribe for it, referred to as Boulengerochromini, a revision later confirmed by DNA data (Meyer et al., 2015: 57). Besides molecular characters, Boulengerochromini is distinguished by several morphological features, including the infraorbital bones, oral teeth, caudal fin shape, and lateral scales (see details in Takahashi, 2003). Interestingly, based on the presence of gill-raker denticulations (with fine teeth), Takahashi (2003: 372) found similarities with Boulengerochromini and Lamprologini. Nuclear DNA data suggest that B. microlepis is part of the lacustrine assemblage and represents some of the oldest cichlid lineages in Lake Tanganyika (Koblmüller et al., 2014), seemingly with a similar age as Lamprologini. However, Boulengerochromini is currently positioned in a phylogenetic tree outside of a clade comprising Lamprologini and others (Meyer et al., 2015: 69). Fig. 10. In the 1950s, a new species found in Kungwe Bay was incorrectly introduced as Lamprologus ocellatus (Poll, 1952a: 15). The name was preoccupied by L. ocellatus (Steindachner, 1909a: 402; Boulenger, 1915: 462) and the new species formally renamed L. kungweensis (Poll, 1956: 570). The picture shows L. ocellatus at Cape Kabogo, at a depth of 15 metres (exported by us in the 1990s as “Yellow – Cape Kabogo”). Fig. 11. A newly discovered variant of Lamprologus ocellatus near its buried shell at a depth of 20 metres, found during our expedition in 2007/2008. With an intense copper coloured dorsal fin and bright yellow anal fin, the vernacular name “Red Gold” fits its characteristics perfectly well. Currently, L. ocellatus comprises variants found at Kigoma (its type locality) and throughout much of the lake, but future studies on L. ocellatus may remove the central and southern variants from the species. Lake Tanganyika not only has cryptic species that remain to be discovered, but also cryptic genera. The latest Lake Tanganyika genus that was erected is the haplochromin Interochromis (Yamaoka et al., 1998: 385), while that of Lamprologini is Altolamprologus (Poll, 1986: 66). The additional lamprologin genera are Neolamprologus, Paleolamprologus, and Variabilichromis (Colombé & Allgayer, 1985), Chalinochromis (Poll, 1974), Lepidiolamprologus (Pellegrin, 1904), Julidochromis and Telmatochromis (Boulenger, 1898a; 1898b), and Lamprologus (Schilthuis, 1891). Currently, there is “relatively high species richness of Neolamprologus”, which is thought to be “largely a consequence of taxonomists using this genus as a default repository for new species” (Day et al., 2007: 639). However, the introduction of about 20 new Neolamprologus species since the erection of the genus all perfectly conform to Poll’s (1986) definition of the genus (see more in § 20). The default repository status of Neolamprologus appears to relate mainly to tentatively recognised new species and temporarily reassignments of old lamprologin species, which have not been thoroughly investigated. In contrast to the proven monophyletic nature of Lamprologini, it is widely recognised that some lamprologin genera, including Lamprologus and Neolamprologus, are compounds of superficially similar species, rendering them in need of taxonomical review (e.g. Stiassny, 1997; Day et al., 2007). Apparently, current generic classification poorly represents current research in evolutionary history. For example, the groups of riverine and lacustrine Lamprologus species are not resolved as their closest relatives (Sturmbauer et al., 2010). Nonetheless, the lamprologin-rich ichthyofauna of Lake Tanganyika includes some seemingly very uniform groups of species, each of which may share a recent common ancestor. Possibly, they constitute complete and natural groups of closely related species, which would become perfect genera. Based on molecular traits and brood-care helping behaviour, Sturmbauer et al. (2010) suggested the group of sand-dwelling and grossly N. modestus-like species to be a future lamprologin separate genus, which would include N. modestus (Boulenger, 1898a: 494; 1898b: 8), N. tetracanthus (Boulenger, 1899c: 118), N. cunningtoni (Boulenger, 1906: 557), N. mondabu (Boulenger, 1906: 557), N. petricola (Poll, 1949: 37), and N. christyi (Trewavas & Poll, 1952: 10). As N. tetracanthus is the type species for Neolamprologus, this future genus would not need a new name, only a narrower diagnosis which excludes non desirable species, i.e., those which are not N. modestus-like. Such a future genus of sand-dwelling species with mostly greyish colouration may include additional species, as well as species complexes which are currently known only by provisional names and diagnoses, including N. sp. “Eseki”, N. sp. “Mwila”, and the N. modestus species complex, see below (§ 4, 10, 30). Fig. 12. Neolamprologus christyi at Chiloelo Point, just north of Kalepa. In Tanzania, this species is found at the southern islands in the Kipili Archipelago south to Kalambo River, on the border with Zambia. In March 1990, at the southern rocky shore of Udachi, about two kilometres (km) south of Kabwe Village, Tanzania, we found an N. mondabu-like species in a shallow habitat comprising a mixture of rocks and sand. The collected specimens had an indented (concave) caudal fin with slightly pointed upper and lower corners, and a mostly greyish brown body. Initially, the species was referred to as N. mondabu (Boulenger, 1906: 557, Pl. 36, Fig. 3; 1915: 470), and some of the first exported specimens were shipped under this name to Åleds Akvarium in Sweden (22 May 1990) and Neil Hardy, Aquatica Ltd in Carshalton, London (5 July 1990). A few months later, we altered the name to N. sp. “Eseki”, a decision which was based on the fact that we found a second N. mondabu-like species living in the same habitat, a species we mistakenly thought was the true N. mondabu. Individuals of this second species mainly had a pearly greyish body and fins, and a truncate caudal fin with rounded corners. By this time, it was widely thought that N. mondabu usually has rounded caudal-fin corners, a perception derived from Poll’s (1956: 484) erroneous synonymisation of N. mondabu with N. modestus, which was indeed corrected later (Poll, 1978: 744), therefore, we applied the name N. mondabu to the pearly greyish species with rounded caudal-fin corners, and the newly invented name, N. sp. “Eseki”, to that with pointed corners. Similar misidentifications are illustrated in, for example, Konings and Dieckhoff (1992: 35, Fig. bottom); see more about misidentifications in § 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29. Subsequently, both species were found north and south of Udachi, at Kansombo and Cape Mpimbwe, respectively. Today, the species from Cape Mpimbwe and the surrounding area having rounded caudal-fin corners is probably best viewed as distinct from N. mondabu, and perhaps indicated as N. modestus, as suggested by Konings (2015a: 237), or, alternatively, N. sp. “Modestus Mpimbwe”, as in this article, see more below (§ 29). However, N. sp. “Eseki” is still referred to by the original name, for example, see Sturmbauer et al. (2010) and Breman et al. (2016). The name N. sp. “Eseki” was officially introduced with a consignment of 11 specimens of the species to Åleds Akvarium, Sweden (9 November 1990). One of us (Magnus) wrote in the accompanying shipping documents that “N. sp. ‘Eseki’ is similar to N. mondabu [N. sp. ‘Modestus Mpimbwe’], but adult fish are brown, eyes blue-green, fins yellowish, and caudal fin slightly emarginate. The size of the fish is only 7 cm”. This is the first unofficial provisional diagnosis of N. sp. “Eseki”, see an updated list of characteristics below (§ 7). Additional similar species included in that particular shipment were ‘N. christyi from Kasanga and N. modestus from northern Kasanga Bay, Kalambo, and Kala, the former being a solid black variant and the latter with conspicuous yellow margins in the dorsal and caudal fins’ (paraphrase of the said shipping documents). For the record, specimens of the Kalambo variant had bright yellow pectoral fins, perhaps the most typical feature of the true N. modestus. Fig. 13. Udachi Point is a large rocky area, mostly submerged, stretching over 1.7 km, from Kabwe Bay to African Diving Fish Station. Here, Neolamprologus sp. “Eseki” was discovered in 1990. Another well-known fish discovered the same year in this rocky area is Tropheus ‘Kushangaza’, a mutant coloured form of T. sp. “Mpimbwe” (African Diving Ltd, 1990). Since 1989, when we first settled in the area, Udachi Point has been a stronghold for crocodiles and several accidents have occurred over the years, both to us and to nearby villagers, a dozen of which were fatal. Fig. 14. Neolamprologus sp. “Eseki” was discovered by our team at the village Udachi in the beginning of 1990 (§ 4). The name, Eseki, is made up to sound interesting and be easy to remember, and has no linguistic meaning (§ 7). The first exports of this species were to Sweden and the United Kingdom in that same year (22 May and 5 July, respectively). In the picture is an individual at Udachi at a depth of four metres. Fig. 15. Kampemba Point is located at the southern side of Korongwe Bay (Cape Mpimbwe at the northern, 4.5 km across the bay). Here, we first noticed the bright orange juveniles of Tropheus sp. “Kipili” in 1989. The Korongwe Bay area is a hybrid zone between the two adjacent Tropheus species; T. sp. “Mpimbwe” and T. sp. “Kipili”. In the beginning of the 1990s, we used to come here to collect the goby cichlid, Eretmodus cyanostictus, as Kampemba Point is the northernmost location where this goby cichlid is found in southern Tanzania. At the other side of the bay, only E. marksmithi is found. Deep inside the bay, at Kafwila, the two species hybridise. Fig. 16. Neolamprologus sp. “Modestus Mpimbwe” at Kampemba, the southernmost population. This species is characterised by its azure blue fins and was first exported by us in November 1990. It lives sympatrically with N. sp. “Eseki”. Fig. 17. Video clip of Neolamprologus sp. “Eseki”. This species is found from Isonga south to the northern islands of the Kipili Archipelago, a distribution range established by the authors in 2008 (§ 5). It was first discovered at the rocky shore of Udachi, about two kilometres south of Kabwe early in 1990 (§ 4). N. sp. “Eseki” feeds of shrimps, copepods, ostracods, snails, mussels, and/or insects (§ 6). Its closest relatives appear to be N. mondabu and N. christyi (§ 31). Fig. 18 (left). N. sp. “Modestus Mpimbwe”, Udachi. Fig. 19 (right). N. sp. “Eseki”, Udachi. Fig. 20 (left). N. sp. “Modestus Mpimbwe”, Katondo Point, Cape Mpimbwe. Fig. 21 (right). N. sp. “Eseki”, Katondo Point, Cape Mpimbwe. Following our initial discovery at Udachi in 1990, N. sp. “Eseki” was found at additional locations. The Udachi variant was described as brown with yellowish fins and an intermediate of a ‘princess’ and N. modestus (Zadenius, 1991a: 38). The first exported N. sp. “Eseki” to the USA was reported as “newly discovered from southern Tanzania” (DeMason, 1992: 27). Subsequently, N. sp. “Eseki” became known in the aquarium hobby (e.g. Johansson, 1994a: 48; Smith, 1998: 12; 2007: 48; Konings, 2005: 116–117). At Nkondwe Island (Fig. 28) in the Kipili Archipelago, we found a slightly different colour variant, which was recorded by the importers as to have more yellowish eyes and fins (Zadenius, 1991b: 44). In an inventory diving log, Lundblad and Karlsson (1993b: 314) described the natural colouration and behaviour of the species at Kerenge Island: “Neolamprologus sp. ‘Eseki’ is found at the sand. Shaped like N. mondabu [N. sp. “Modestus Mpimbwe”], but slenderer. The body is grey-brown with yellow eyes. The fish species reaches a size of 7 cm”. This is the first official diagnosis of N. sp. “Eseki”, short and incomplete with a size measurement that needs to be adjusted (see characteristics below, § 7), yet good enough for the purpose of applying a provisional name. N. sp. “Eseki” was featured in yet another diving log, its territory at Katondo, Cape Mpimbwe, described as comprising small sandy pits adjacent to rocks and cliffs (Karlsson, 1998: 33; 2002; 2004). Identifying the geographical distribution ranges of cichlid species and variants in Lake Tanganyika is no easy task. It requires time, usually weeks or months, money for renting or purchasing boats, engines, fuel, food, paying staff and transport, handling local bureaucracy, etc., and not least, mental and physical efforts. Referred to as “the kingdom of the Cichlidae” (Boulenger, 1901c: 142) and “the most mysterious lake in the world” (Moore, 1901b: 76–79), Lake Tanganyika is a vast inland freshwater sea. Its enormous size is hard to imagine when leafing through a book or magazine. Indeed, in good weather, it takes about 45 minutes for a regular motorised ship just to travel between the inside of a bay (Udachi, Utinta Bay) and its outermost point (Mpimbwe Point, Cape Mpimbwe). During most of the year, the lake usually changes abruptly in the afternoon becoming very windy and wavy. In bad weather, waves can reach five metres, with hundreds of local ships and small boats sunk annually due to sudden and unforeseen storms and rains. Crossing the lake is especially dangerous; in May 2008, a former member of our team crossed from Kabwe, Tanzania, to Moba, DR Congo and in open water, the ship sunk in a storm, drowning all 55 passengers except for three men, one of whom was the captain of the ship, a Moba resident. Our associate was not one of the other two survivors. Along the coasts of Tanzania and DR Congo, only a few natural harbours exist, while man-made harbours are more or less completely missing. Travelling safely requires thorough planning, usually only mornings and forenoons are safe. Some accounts of the hardships of travelling on the lake are found in Moore (1901b: 94–97, 135), Büscher (1983: 161; 1987; 1998c), Karlsson and Lundblad (1991; 1992; 1994), Konings (1998b: 15), as well as Karlsson and Karlsson (2013: 7–8). “It must be nearly impossible for anyone who has not visited the African lakes to realize their huge size and oceanic character” (Moore, 1898a: 26). “[I]f there is anything I detest, both in principle and in practice, it is crossing a wide African water in dug-outs. [...] I don’t know how Fergusson felt, but I went across that six or seven miles of open water in terror of my life” (Moore, 1901b: 166). Almost 20 years after the discovery of N. sp. “Eseki”, we conducted a hard-target search and identified the geographical distribution of the species to encompass the area between Isonga and the northern Kipili Archipelago, the latter which includes the islands of Kamamba, Kasisi, Kerenge, Mwila, and Nkondwe. These islands, the five northernmost of the archipelago, partly harbour a unique set of cichlid species and variants distinct from that of the three southernmost islands, i.e., Lupita, Mvuna, and Ulwile. For example, at the five northern islands, Ophthalmotilapia boops has a neon blue stripe across its body (vs. an all blackish body at the three southern islands), O. sp. “Whitecap” is all blackish (vs. bluish orange), O. nasuta has mainly a dark brown or blackish trunk (vs. yellow), Tropheus sp. “Kipili” has yellow (vs. grey) pectoral fins, Petrochromis famula has dark reddish brown (vs. blue) fins, a Lepidiolamprologus elongatus-like species is black and yellowish (vs. black and white), etc. Furthermore, Chalinochromis cyanophleps and N. furcifer exist only at the three southern islands, while Lepidiolamprologus kamambae has currently only been found at two of the northern islands (§ 18). Regarding a Cyprichromis coloratus-like species, commonly referred to as C. sp. “Jumbo Leptosoma” (cf. Takahashi, 2016), we have observed four distinct male colour morphs at the three southern islands, but only three such morphs at the five northern islands (cf. Karlsson & Karlsson, 2017k). This phenomenon of distribution has been described in more detail elsewhere (Karlsson & Karlsson, 2013; 2014a; 2015a; 2017a; 2017b; 2017c; 2017d; 2017e; 2017f). On a side note regarding the O. boops with a neon blue stripe across its body (the so-called ‘Neon Stripe’), this variant is more or less extinct, or at least critically endangered, at both Mwila (Fig. 1) and Nkondwe Islands, but still thriving at Kamamba, Kasisi, and Kerenge Islands. In 2008, during our Kigoma-Kalambo expeditions, we visited the Kipili area and made several investigative scuba dives around the islands to clarify whether N. sp. “Eseki” and the similar N. christyi are sympatric (coexist in a certain place) or allopatric (geographically separated) in that area. At the five northernmost islands, we found only N. sp. “Eseki”, while N. christyi was found only at the three southernmost islands, in other words, there was no sympatry between the two species (e.g. Karlsson & Karlsson, 2017a; 2017b; 2017c). This was unsurprising as many other species and variants show the same pattern of distribution (see the nine references above). However, our observations contradicted those of Konings (2015a: 242), who reported seeing both species at Mvuna Island and Nkondwe Island. Possibly, Konings did not actually see individuals of both species at both islands but has rather based his report on two accompanying under-water photos taken by J. M. Artigas, captioned “Neolamprologus mondabu [N. sp. ‘Eseki’] at Mvuna Island” and “Neolamprologus christyi at Nkondwe Island” (Konings, 2015a: 239, Fig. bottom; 242, Fig. top). Presumably, the photographer has mistakenly switched the locality labels, ‘Mvuna’ should be ‘Nkondwe’, and vice versa. Regarding Nkondwe Island and mislabelling, Konings (2015b) claimed that the report of Kullander et al. (2014) concerning the geographical distribution of N. furcifer is incorrect, that, contrary to the report, Nkondwe Island harbours a population of the said species. This appears to be based on yet another labelling mistake by Konings and the photographer (J. M. Artigas). While N. furcifer does not exist at Nkondwe Island, it does exist at Mvuna Island (e.g. Karlsson & Karlsson, 2017a; 2017b; 2017c), so it appears that the locality label has been switched again; ‘Nkondwe’ should be ‘Mvuna’. Indeed, N. furcifer only exists at the three southernmost islands in the Kipili Archipelago, i.e., Lupita, Mvuna, and Ulwile, not at any of the five northernmost, i.e., Kamamba, Kasisi, Kerenge, Mwila, or Nkondwe. Furthermore, Konings (2015b) also stated, as a further contradiction to Kullander et al. (2014), that N. furcifer probably exists in the area north of Kipili and farther north. Even this statement is incorrect, not to mention remarkable, as it gives priority to speculations before empirical facts. While N. furcifer exists at Kampemba Point (Fig. 15; south of Cape Mpimbwe) and the three southern islands of Kipili, it does not exist anywhere between these localities, only N. timidus does. For the record, the similar N. timidus (Kullander et al., 2014) exists at all eight islands of Kipili as well as along the adjacent mainland, from Cape Mpimbwe southward via the Kipili area to at least Kisi Island, near Ninde. However, N. timidus and N. furcifer (Ulwile) in the Kipili area are easy to distinguish due to the rounded caudal-fin lobes of the latter. Fig. 22. A juvenile, size 5 cm, of Neolamprologus sp. “Eseki” at the village Udachi. Inspired by the beautiful colours of the juvenile N. sp. “Cygnus” (another newly discovered cichlid in 1990), we bred N. sp. “Eseki” in our fish house in Dar es Salaam immediately after its discovery to determine the colouration of the juveniles. The result revealed no surprises; the fry looked similar to their parents. Fig. 23. Neolamprologus sp. “Eseki” at Udachi, depth five metres. The body colouration of this species is beige to brown. The first unofficial diagnosis of it was included in the shipping documents to Sweden on 9 November 1990: “N. sp. ‘Eseki’ is similar to N. mondabu [N. sp. ‘Modestus Mpimbwe’, § 29], but adult fish are brown, eyes blue-green, fins yellowish, and caudal fin slightly emarginate. The size of the fish is only 7 cm”. For an updated list of characteristics, see § 7. Fig. 24. The Kipili Archipelago constitutes two groups of islands, each harbouring a partly unique set of species and variants. The northern islands (yellow) are Kamamba, Kasisi, Kerenge, Mwila, and Nkondwe, and the southern islands (orange) are Lupita, Mvuna, and Ulwile. Map reference: Government of Tanzania, official maps, and African Diving, lake survey 2007/2008. Fig. 25. A female of Neolamprologus christyi over a plant-bed of Najas marina armata at Mvuna Island, depth 4 metres. In the Kipili Archipelago, N. christyi is found only at the southern islands, i.e., Lupita, Mvuna, and Ulwile Islands, where Mvuna Island constitutes the most northern distribution of the species. The geographical distribution of N. christyi follows the same pattern as several other species and variants in the Kipili Archipelago, i.e., there is a barrier between the northern and southern islands, each harbouring a partly unique fish fauna with regards to species and colour variants (§ 5). For example, within the archipelago, Chalinochromis cyanophleps, N. furcifer, and N. christyi are found only at the southern islands, while N. sp. “Eseki” is found only at the northern islands, i.e., Kamamba, Kasisi, Kerenge, Mwila and Nkondwe Islands. Furthermore, N. sp. “Mwila” has only been observed at Mwila Island (§ 10, 11) and Lepidiolamprologus kamambae only at Kamamba and Kerenge Island (§ 5, 18). The same phenomenon is observed in the geographical variants of Ophthalmotilapia boops, O. sp. “Whitecap”, Tropheus sp. “Kipili”, Petrochromis famula, among others, where each group of islands harbour different colour variants. Fig. 26. Neolamprologus timidus (Kullander et al., 2014a) from Ulwile Island, Kipili Archipelago. This species is distinguished from the similar N. furcifer by several morphological features, including cheek squamation (scaled cheek vs. naked), length of pelvic-fin soft ray (first soft ray longer than second vs. second soft ray longer than first), longer head and pectoral fin, as well as melanin pattern (absence of a dark spot at the caudal-fin base in adults and occasionally thin distinct horizontal stripes on the trunk vs. thick and vague). A molecular phylogenetic analysis (both nuclear and mtDNA) places N. timidus and N. furcifer in different clades, each containing different species of Lamprologini (Kullander et al., 2014a). Fig. 27. Neolamprologus furcifer (Ulwile form) from Ulwile Island, Kipili Archipelago. This form has short rounded lobes in the caudal fin vs. elongated pointed tips in forms from other localities and was discovered in 2008 along with N. timidus (Kullander et al. 2014a: 313, 315). N. furcifer is not found at the northern islands in the Kipili Archipelago, contradictory to Konings (2015b), see more in § 5. The feeding habits of N. sp. “Eseki” have not been fully elucidated, but it may feed on similar items as morphologically and ecologically similar species, primarily N. mondabu and N. christyi. For example, the 85-mm-long digestive tract of a 120-mm-long specimen of N. christyi from Mtosi in Tanzania contained various debris of crustaceans, molluscs, and worms (Poll, 1956: 586). Regarding the diet of another similar species, Yuma et al. (1998: 373) investigated the stomachs of 14 specimens of N. mondabu from Luhanga and Pemba (also referred to as Bemba/Mbemba), DR Congo and found shrimps (Limnocaridina latipes), Diptera larvae, and Ephemeroptera nymphs. Also, many investigated specimens of N. mondabu from DR Congo had small accumulations of snails in the gastrointestinal tract, which had been eaten unbroken (Büscher, 2002a: 11). The radiographic illustration in Büscher (2002b: 36, Fig. left, centre) shows an N. mondabu with numerous small snails and ostracods in the gastrointestinals. Regarding the ostracods (also known as seed shrimps), there are 80 described Lake Tanganyika species assigned to 25 genera, of which almost all are endemic to the lake (Park & Downing, 2000: 305). At Luhanga, Pemba, and Uvira, DR Congo, adult individuals of N. mondabu were observed to feed on benthic gastropods, ostracods, shrimps, and insects (possibly mosquito larvae), and the presence of sand and detritus in their “stomach combined with observations of feeding behaviour indicates that this fish is a sand sifter” (Gashagaza & Nagoshi, 1986: 37–38, 40). Also at Pemba, individuals of N. mondabu were observed digging in the sand and feeding on chironomid larvae and other benthic invertebrates (Yuma, 1993: 217; 1994: 179). The 75-mm-long intestinal of a 100-mm-long specimen of either N. mondabu or N. modestus (Poll erroneously treated them as conspecific) was filled with fragments of small shells of gastropods (Poll, 1956: 487). Regarding the natural diet of N. modestus from Zambia, the gastric tract of investigated specimens comprised mosquito larvae, slug parts, filamentous algae, and 5–10% inorganic matter, such as sand (Büscher, 1988: 36–37). Although N. modestus has been observed hunting for juveniles of N. sexfasciatus (Brichard, 1982), its diet mainly comprises snails and mussels (Staeck, 2014: 135). Furthermore, while N. mondabu is known to turn over stones to find food (Hori, 1983), N. modestus rather vigorously wriggles its tail in the sand, occasionally standing vertically, to stir up edibles, both for themselves and their offspring (Ota & Kohda, 2014). Also, both species feed on planktonic copepods, especially during the early juvenile stage (Nagoshi, 1983; Gashagaza & Nagoshi, 1986; Ota & Kohda, 2014). Regarding the similar N. petricola from DR Congo, the ‘dweller among rocks’, small snails have frequently been found in the gastrointestinal tract of several specimens (Büscher, 2002a: 11), and the 70-mm-long digestive tract of a 105-mm-long specimen, which was caught with rod and line with worm as bait, contained many aquatic insect larvae (Poll, 1956: 557). In conclusion, the natural diet of N. sp. “Eseki” is likely to be shrimps, copepods, ostracods, snails, mussels, and/or insects. Fig. 28. Nkondwe Island is the northernmost island in the Kipili Archipelago. The island harbours a similar set of species and geographical variants as the other islands within the northern group (Kamamba, Kasisi, Kerenge, and Mwila Islands; map, Fig. 24). For more details regarding the two groups of islands in the Kipili Archipelago, see § 5. DR Congo is visible in the background. Fig. 29. Neolamprologus sp. “Eseki” at Nkondwe Island, depth five metres. The species is not sympatric with N. christyi in this locality (§ 5), contradictory to statements in Konings (2015a). The latter species, N. christyi, is only found at the southern group of islands (Lupita, Mvuna, and Ulwile Islands) and southwards (§ 5, 31; map, Fig. 24). Based on a diagnostic species concept (e.g. Karlsson & Karlsson, 2018a: 35–57), N. christyi, N. mondabu, and N. sp. “Eseki” are clearly three distinct species. Konings (2015a: 239, 242) regards N. sp. “Eseki” to be a synonym of N. mondabu and appears to ponder on the possibility that also N. christyi may be a synonym of N. mondabu, but dismisses the latter mainly due to the distributional ranges of the two species, which he erroneously believes to overlap in the Kipili Archipelago, see above (§ 5). However, regardless of whether populations exist in the same habitat or are geographically isolated, ultimately their species status is determined by their characteristics. N. sp. “Eseki” is a greyish to dark brown species that dwells in a shallow habitat comprising a mixture of sand and rocks, including gravel and stones. Individuals appear rather aggressive against conspecifics and both sexes of adult individuals presumably defend territories against same-sex rivals and food competitors. Possibly, like the similar N. mondabu, N. sp. “Eseki” is monogamous, or males are polygynous with their territories comprising several smaller female territories (cf. Gashagaza, 1991; Yuma, 1994; Takemon & Nakanishi, 1998). Superficially, N. sp. “Eseki” is similar to N. mondabu, but appears to be shorter (10–11 vs. 11–12 cm), more deep-bodied, has a shorter, less pointed head, more indented (concave) caudal fin with more extended or pointed corners, dark brown (vs. light grey) adult body, greenish blue (vs. reddish blue) iris, and the ventral and dorsal margin of the orbit (eye) is frequently (vs. never) yellow. Furthermore, in N. sp. “Eseki”, the dorsal, caudal, and anal fins are usually dark yellowish brown (vs. reddish bluish), more precisely, in sub-adults the margin of the dorsal and upper part of caudal fin is yellowish or yellowish orange (vs. reddish orange) and in adults blackish yellow (vs. orange) with a greyish-bluish submargin (vs. lilac or dark blue). Regarding the dissimilarity with N. christyi, N. sp. “Eseki” is shorter (10–11 vs. 12–13 cm), more deep-bodied, has a less indented caudal fin (vs. deeply concave with elongated marginal rays), lacks a full yellow circle around the eye (prominent in adult N. christyi), lacks a juvenile bright blue fin colouration (Fig. 72), and becomes dark brown (vs. blackish). Although the dissimilarities between the three species are subtle, generally, the distinction between N. mondabu and N. sp. “Eseki” appears to be as clear as the distinction between N. sp. “Eseki” and N. christyi, especially when the caudal-fin shape and body length are concerned. Obviously, a future investigation of the taxonomical characters of N. sp. “Eseki” may reveal further dissimilarities with both N. mondabu and N. christyi. The three species never coexist and may constitute a group of closely related species, potentially referred to as a species complex, see more below (§ 30, 31). In a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) study by Sturmbauer et al. (2010), N. sp. “Eseki” from an unknown sampling location was grouped in a subclade also containing, among others, N. petricola “Kapembwa, Zambia” [=N. cf. petricola “Zambia”] and N. mondabu “Mpimbwe, Tanzania” [=N. sp. “Modestus Mpimbwe”], but not, however, the similar-looking N. christyi. The study did not include the real N. mondabu (from the northern part of the lake), and N. sp. “Eseki” was included only in a phylogeny based on mtDNA, not on nuclear DNA. Furthermore, in a DNA barcoding study by Breman et al. (2016), two scientifically undescribed lamprologin species were identified as distinct, N. sp. “Eseki” and Chalinochromis sp. “Bifrenatus”. In 1990, after the collection of the first specimens of N. sp. “Eseki”, we bred the species in our fish house in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, to determine the colouration of the juveniles. By that time, N. sp. “Cygnus” having bright yellow juveniles had successfully been introduced to the aquarium hobby (Konings, 1991; Karlsson & Karlsson, 2017g; 2017h; 2017i), and we wanted to see if the juveniles of N. sp. “Eseki” were similarly colourful. They looked very similar to their parents, i.e., greyish brown and each spawn resulted in more than 100 fry. In the wild, such as at Katondo, Cape Mpimbwe, a pair of N. sp. “Eseki” produced a spawn of an estimated 100 fry (Fig. 17 [video]). In comparison, the clutch size of N. mondabu and N. christyi contains between 150 and 250 eggs (Konings, 2015a: 242–243). Also, an N. modestus-like species at Miyako Point, Tanzania, produced 180 eggs in a spawn (Kuwamura, 1986: 135). The epithet Eseki is a fictional name constructed to sound intriguing and African. It is a mixture of letters without any link to an existing name or meaning. Initially, we did not recognise N. sp. “Eseki” as a new species, but referred to it as N. mondabu, see above (§ 4). Similarly, Konings (1998a: 161, Fig. bottom, left) first treated it as conspecific with N. sp. “Modestus Mpimbwe”, referred to as N. mondabu, later as a distinct species, N. sp. “Eseki” (Konings, 2005: 117), and more recently as distinct from N. sp. “Modestus Mpimbwe”, but conspecific with N. mondabu (Konings, 2015a: 239). Due to the uncertainty and confusion of the species in the past, the French interpretation of the name Eseki, meaning ‘who is this’, seems rather appropriate [E (Est=is) se (ce=this) ki (qui=who)]. Fig. 30. Neolamprologus sp. “Eseki” at Kekese. Fig. 31. Neolamprologus sp. “Eseki” at Mlowa Point, Kipili Mainland. Fig. 32. Neolamprologus sp. “Eseki” at Katondo Point, Cape Mpimbwe. Fig. 33. Neolamprologus sp. “Eseki” at Kansombo. Fig. 34. Neolamprologus sp. “Eseki” at Kabwe. Fig. 35. Normally conditioned by a genetic variation, lamprologin cichlids occasionally possess irregular colouration marked by the absence or abnormal development of black pigments. An individual of Neolamprologus sp. “Eseki” exhibiting a pigmentary anomaly characterised by a pearly white head, photographed within a month of capture at our fish facilities in Dar es Salaam in the late 1990s. In contrast to Poll’s argument (1956: 484) in the synonymisation of N. mondabu (indented or emarginate caudal fin) with N. modestus (rounded or subtruncate caudal fin), the caudal-fin shape is normally invariable in cichlid species and a reliable species character. Of the lamprologins, N. mondabu appears to have the least extreme indented caudal fin, while the most extreme is seen in N. furcifer (Kullander et al., 2014a: 325). Species with unusually indented caudal fins are sometimes named and mainly diagnosed, both formally and informally, based upon this character, including Tropheus sp. “Crescentic”, distinguished primarily from the similar T. brichardi by a “higher, longer, and crescentic tail” (Brichard, 1989: 166; Karlsson & Karlsson, 2015c); N. falcicula [=small sickle (a hand tool with a semi-circular blade)], “exaggerated crescentic caudal fin” (Brichard, 1989: 536); N. furcifer [=fork], “caudal deeply notched, crescentic” (Boulenger, 1898b: 9); Cyathopharynx furcifer, “caudal deeply emarginate, crescentic, the rays at the angles produced” (Boulenger, 1898b: 14); Lethrinops furcifer (of Lake Malawi), “caudal forked” (Trewavas, 1931: 149); L. lunaris [=of the moon], “caudal deeply emarginate” (Trewavas, 1931: 148); Otopharynx selenurus [=moon tail], “caudal scaly, deeply emarginate” (Regan: 1922: 679); Taeniolethrinops furcicauda [=fork tail], “caudal deeply emarginate” (Trewavas, 1931: 150). For etymological references, see Scharpf and Lazara (2018). Mwila Island (Figs. 1 and 36) is located approximately 500 metres east of Kerenge Island. It is a small circular island with a circumference of about 850 metres, with trees and bushes as well as beaches of mostly different sized rocks. The distribution of the rocks extends into the water, where at depths between 10 and 15 metres, the habitat becomes more sandy and sediment-rich. The water is periodically cloudy due to the murky and turbid water of Mkamba River, which pours into Mbwilo Bay (Fig. 73) and spreads sediment to the nearby Mwila Island and Kerenge Island. Fig. 36. South-eastern side of Mwila Island with Kasola Hill in the background, 10 km away (between Kalanswi Bay and Chongo Bay). In 1991, our team first visited Mwila Island in the Kipili Archipelago (see an account of the cichlids in the Kipili area in Lundblad & Karlsson, 1993a; 1993b). At that time, two species were of particular interest, N. sp. “Cygnus” and J. marksmithi (see the Mwila Island variant in Karlsson & Karlsson, 2018a: 81, Fig. 206). Many more interesting cichlids inhabit the island, such as Tropheus sp. “Kipili” with orange juveniles, N. sexfasciatus, a bright yellow variant, N. brichardi, a variant with yellowish fins (Karlsson & Karlsson, 2017a; 2017b: 88, Fig. 51), etc. However, as Mwila Island is only one of eight islands in the archipelago, the exploration of the island in the 1990s was brief and limited to the rocky habitat. Through the unknown, remembered gate When the last of earth left to discover Is that which was the beginning” (T. S. Eliot, 1943) In 2008, we returned to Mwila Island for further underwater observations and investigations. In the afternoon of 30 April, at the sandy bottom at a depth of about 15 metres, we found an unknown N. mondabu-like species, subsequently referred to as N. sp. “Mwila”. Observed individuals were either patrolling over territories encompassing clusters of empty Neothauma tanganyicense shells, many of them in bad shape, partly covered by algae, and half buried in the sand, or guarding their offspring peeking out from some of the shells. No obvious excavation of sand was observed, nor did we see any adult individuals of N. sp. “Mwila” taking refuge inside the shells. When feeling threatened by our presence, they darted away in the opposite direction, temporarily leaving shells and fry. Seemingly, the empty snail shells were only nurseries and shelter for the offspring, not actual housing for the adults. Besides sand and empty shells of various gastropods and bivalves, the observed surrounding included gravel, layers of sediment, and many yellow or green Nudospongilla moorei-like sponges (Figs. 38–40) of a maximum size of about 10 cm. Additional fish species were observed in this habitat, including Lamprologus callipterus, T. dhonti (Figs. 52–53), an N. brevis-like species with an indented caudal fin (see more in the next blog post), and a Lepidiolamprologus meeli-like species, possibly L. sp. “Meeli-Boulengeri” (Figs. 50–51). On another side note, in the 1990s, we collected two different but very similar Lepidiolamprologus meeli-like species, one at Cape Tembwe, DR Congo, referred to as L. meeli, and the other along the opposite coast at Cape Mpimbwe, Tanzania, referred to as L. hecqui. When they were observed in aquaria, small differences were readily noticeable, the specimens from Cape Tembwe were shorter, had larger eyes, thicker black margins and stripes on their fins, and more blackish overall. While the Cape Tembwe variant is probably the true L. meeli (Poll, 1948: 29; Walschaerts, 1987: 32; cf. Herrmann, 1987: 77, Fig. bottom; Brichard, 1989: 353, Fig. top; 1989: 361, Fig. bottom, right; Büscher, 1998b: 58, Fig. 16), the Cape Mpimbwe variant, as well as that at Mwila Island, appears to be another species, presumably conspecific to L. sp. “Meeli-Boulengeri”, a species first identified by Van Wijngaarden (1995, cited in Konings, 2015a: 350) in reference to the southern or southeastern populations (cf. Schelly et al., 2006; Sturmbauer et al., 2010; cf. Karlsson & Karlsson, 2013: 16–17). Furthermore, L. hecqui, which hails from the Mtoa area, opposite to Kavala Islands, DR Congo, is likely an additional distinct species. Due to its blackish pelvic fins, it may be closely related to L. boulengeri (cf. Konings, 2015a: 350), or even conspecific to L. boulengeri. Indeed, Boulenger (1899c: 115) and Steindachner (1909a: 400) did not have access to living colours and Steindachner was not aware of Boulenger’s description of L. hecqui, at least he did not take this into account when describing L. boulengeri. In addition, the specimens collected by William Alfred Cunnington in 1904–1905 in the Mpulungu area, Zambia, which were grey above and lighter below, and identified as L. hecqui by Boulenger (1906: 559), accords better with L. sp. “Meeli-Boulengeri”, or perhaps it is yet another species (cf. DeMason, 2017: Fig. top, right). As for a short and provisional key, L. hecqui has blackish fins, including the pelvic fins, L. boulengeri has blackish pelvic fins, but yellow dorsal, caudal, and anal fins, both L. meeli and L. sp. “Meeli-Boulengeri” have lighter pelvic fins, the former possibly has a shorter body, larger eyes, thicker black margins, and a darker colouration. Fig. 37. On the southern and eastern side of Mwila Island, at a depth of 15 metres, a vast open underwater landscape of sponges and battered Neothauma shells spreads out as far as the eye can see. Fig. 38. Nudospongilla moorei-like yellow and green sponges are common in the habitat at Mwila Island. Figs. 39–40. Moore (1898c: 162) spoke about deep-water crabs, prawns, and sponges as if they were particularly deep living. However, if the biotope is right, Nudospongilla moorei-like sponges may be found in less than 15 metres at Mwila Island, Kipili Archipelago (photos). Fig. 41. A male of Neolamprologus sp. “Mwila” over a bed of empty Neothauma tanganyicense shells at Mwila Island, depth 15 metres. Total length of the individual is about 5–6 cm. For comparison with a juvenile N. sp. “Eseki” at Udachi of about the same size, see Fig. 22. Fig. 42. A female Neolamprologus sp. “Mwila” at a depth of 15 metres guarding its offspring. The photo was taken at the eastern side of Mwila Island. Maximum recorded brood size is 8 fry (this photo), but a brood size of about 4–6 fry appears to be the most common. N. sp. “Mwila” appears to be extremely cryptic to N. sp. “Eseki”, which has also been observed at Mwila Island, but in a shallower (5–10 metres) and different habitat comprising a mixture of sand and rocks of different sizes (30–300 cm). Furthermore, N. sp. “Eseki” does not appear to be as common at Mwila Island as it is at any of the other northern islands. Possibly, there is no established population, only occasional individuals arriving from neighbouring habitats. Nonetheless, at this island, both N. sp. “Mwila” and N. sp. “Eseki” have a beige or brown-beige body, mainly yellowish dorsal fin with a yellow margin and blue submargin, a yellowish indented caudal fin with a blue upper submargin, and white pelvic fins. Differential characteristics in favour of N. sp. “Mwila” seemingly include a shorter body (5–7 vs. 10–11 cm), shorter and wider snout, larger eye, the latter which is mainly bluish and lacks the yellow margin of the orbit as well as the yellow patch on the upper part of the eye. Possibly, the caudal fin of N. sp. “Mwila” is less indented. While N. sp. “Mwila” has been observed at Mwila Island with 4–8 offspring, spawning pairs of N. sp. “Eseki”, both in the wild and aquaria produced an estimated 100 fry. Furthermore, females of N. sp. “Mwila” were observed at Mwila Island guarding their offspring hiding in empty gastropod shells, while males were seen patrolling nearby. Seemingly, males patrol the outer boundaries of the territories, or, alternatively, the territories of the males are relatively large, and each encompass several smaller territories of brooding females, hence, N. sp. “Mwila” may be monogamous, or practising serial or harem polygyny. Also, the observed juveniles of N. sp. “Mwila” appeared to be somewhat larger than the more numerous juveniles of N. sp. “Eseki”. We did not observe any ‘alternative reproductive tactics’, as described for T. vittatus, T. temporalis, and N. modestus, involving territorial, pirate, satellite, and/or sneaker males (Katoh et al., 2005; Ota & Kohda, 2006; Hellmann et al., 2015). Furthermore, N. sp. “Mwila” was not observed being hunted or attacked by predators, which could potentially constitute nocturnal species, such as clariid (e.g. Dinotopterus cunningtoni), claroteid (e.g. Chrysichthys sianenna), and malapterurid (e.g. Malapterurus tanganyikaensis) catfishes, or mastacembelid eels (e.g. Mastacembelus ellipsifer). When dealing with similar fishes of different sizes potentially being distinct species, one needs to take allometry into account. Allometric growth refers to the growth pattern in which different parts of the body grow at different rates (Mayr, 2004: 219). “The eye-diameter (measured as a percentage of the head-length) is a notorious allometric proportion: small fishes have relatively large eyes. Correlated with the eye-diameter, a number of other proportional measurements change during growth: e.g. cheek-depth and snout-length” (Barel et al., 1977: 251–352). During our expedition in 2008, we collected many specimens of N. sp. “Mwila”, some which were fixed and preserved in formalin and ethanol, and 30–35 were placed for a year in aquaria for observation. The fishes spawned in the aquaria, with each clutch containing less than ten eggs and fry. During that year, the adults did not grow much larger, but maintained a size of about 5–7 cm. Also, the proportions of the eye and length of snout did not change, hence, specimens of N. sp. “Mwila” with a length of about 5–7 cm and a relatively large eye and short snout presumably represent adult specimens, which are comparable with those of N. sp. “Eseki” having a smaller eye and being about twice as large. We therefore regard N. sp. “Mwila” as a distinct species separate from the very similar N. sp. “Eseki”. Fig. 43. Specimens preserved in ethanol, male and female, of Neolamprologus sp. “Mwila” from Mwila Island, deposited at the Swedish Museum of Natural History in 2008, NRM 59636. Photo: Sven O. Kullander Fig. 44. A male of Neolamprologus sp. “Eseki” at Kerenge Bay, Kerenge Island, adjacent to Mwila Island. Seemingly quite rare, N. sp. “Eseki” is also found at Mwila Island and always encountered in the shallow rocky habitat. The individual in the picture is 9–10 cm. Fig. 45. A preserved specimen of Neolamprologus sp. “Eseki” from Cape Mpimbwe, deposited at the Swedish Museum of Natural History in 2008, NRM 51532. Figs. 46–47. A sampled specimen of Neolamprologus sp. “Eseki” from Kamamba Island, before and after preservation, deposited at the Swedish Museum of Natural History in 2008, NRM 60267. Fig. 48. A male of Neolamprologus sp. “Mwila” sampled at Mwila Island in 2008. The size of the individual is about 6 cm, the average size of adult males, NRM 59636. Fig. 49. A male (top) and female of Neolamprologus sp. “Mwila”. The number of sampled specimens was about 60, of which 25 were fixed in formalin and deposited at the Swedish Museum of Natural History in 2008, NRM 59636, with the remainder sent to Sweden for studies in aquarium. Micro allopatric speciation, the divergent natural selection of broken up stenotopic and philopatric populations following the fragmentation of their required habitats (Coulter, 1994), and sympatric speciation, partly the divergent adaptation to ecological niches, are hypothesised to be important processes in the evolution of Lake Tanganyika cichlids, including the Lamprologini. Ecological adaptation may lead to the modification of trophic morphology and behaviour, eventually resulting in new distinct species. Ecological forms and semi-distinct incipient species have been studied regarding several lamprologin species. For example, the surroundings of Wonzye Point and Mbita Island, southern Zambia, and Chibwensolo, Ndole Bay, western Zambia, each contain a population of a T. temporalis-like species with two geographically interconnected ecological forms, referred to as rock and shell (or shell bed) dwelling individuals, or normal and dwarf morph (Takahashi, 2004; Takahashi et al., 2009). Shell beds are large areas of substrate completely covered in empty shells, normally of the gastropod snail Neothauma tanganyicense. While the area of Mbita Island (also known as Nkumbula/Kumbula Island, § 32.9) and Wonzye Point is about 80 km away from Chibwensolo, between which no shell beds or shell-dwelling populations are found, the distance between Mbita Island and Wonzye Point is 4.7 km (Takahashi et al., 2009: 3111, 3118). Specimens of both morphs were collected at all three locations and analysed by means of mtDNA and microsatellite (nuclear DNA segment) data as well as geometric morphometrics. Analyses of molecular variance were performed to assess the genetic differentiation within and between morphs and populations (Takahashi et al., 2009: 3112), supporting different origins of the shell-dwelling morphs from western and southern Zambia, i.e., they evolved independently, presumably from the rock-dwelling morph, which was regarded as more ancestral due to its more diverse mtDNA, closer resemblance to the similar T. brachygnathus (but see below, § 13), and a greater lake-wide distribution. Regarding the southern populations, while the genetic differentiation between morphs (i.e., the rock-dwelling and shell-dwelling morphs irrespective of location, Mbita Island or Wonzye Point) was significant, that between populations within morphs (e.g., the shell dwellers of Mbita Island and Wonzye Point) was much smaller (Takahashi et al., 2009: 3114). In other words, the gene flow between the southern populations of the same morph was greater than the gene flow between the southern morphs from the same location. This prompted Takahashi (2004: 430) to suggest that the rock-dwelling and shell-dwelling individuals constitute two separable populations (cf. ‘sympatric populations’, § 15, Jorde et al., 2018). In each of the southern localities (Mbita Island and Wonzye Point), the geographical distribution of rock-dwelling and shell-dwelling morphs overlap, so gene flow between morphs at the same location is more likely constrained by ecological factors than geographical factors, which may be interpreted as a niche adaptation and initial step of sympatric speciation (cf. Takahashi et al., 2009: 3118). While the rock-dwelling morph is referred to as T. temporalis (Takahashi, 2004; Takahashi et al., 2009), shell dwellers similar to those in the preceding studies, have been referred to as T. burgeoni (e.g. Poll, 1986; Herrmann, 1987; Konings, 1988; Tawil, 1988; 2010; Sato & Gashagaza, 1997; Büscher, 1998b: 53, ‘uncertain status’). Seemingly, T. burgeoni, which was described based on a single specimen from Nyanza-Lac, represents an artificial category of disconnected and distantly related shell-dwelling and T. temporalis-like populations dispersed throughout the lake. If T. burgeoni is a valid species, it would probably only comprise individuals and populations at Nyanza-Lac and the nearby surroundings. However, following the field observations by Konings (1998a: 98) and morphological comparative studies by Hanssens and Snoeks (2001; 2003), T. burgeoni is suggested to be a synonym of T. temporalis. Takahashi (2004: 430–431) and Takahashi et al. (2009) identified the southern Zambian rock-dwelling morph as T. temporalis based on the teeth of the upper jaw, size of mouth and length of jaws, and other characters attributed to T. temporalis by Hanssens and Snoeks (2001; 2003). Recently, Konings (2015a: 356) suggested the studied shell dwellers of Takahashi (2004) to be T. dhonti. Indeed, Takahashi (2004: 430–431) counted 18–20 dorsal-fin spines in both the dwarf morph and T. dhonti, compared to 21 or more in T. temporalis. Also, in shell beds throughout the lake, miniature forms of T. dhonti or T. dhonti-like species appear to be common (Figs. 52–53). However, Takahashi (2004: 431) demonstrated that the southern shell dwellers are “different from T. dhonti, having significantly more dorsal and anal-fin spines and significantly fewer soft rays on these fins”. Furthermore, the southern shell dwellers had importantly fewer dorsal-fin spines, scales in a longitudinal row, gill rakers, vertebrae, shorter dorsal-fin base, anal-fin base, and caudal peduncle, than the rock dwellers (T. temporalis), but more pectoral-fin rays, premaxillary outer teeth, longer snout, eye, upper and lower jaws, and greater interorbital width. Subtly, the six anterior most premaxillary teeth of the shell dwellers (southern morph) were enlarged, clearly distinct from the small lateral teeth, whereas such a transition of tooth size was gradual and indistinct in the rock dwellers (southern morph) (Takahashi, 2004: 429). Also, the shell dwellers were distinguishable from T. brachygnathus (cf. § 13) in their morphology of jaws and teeth (Takahashi, 2004: 424, Table II, 428–429, 431). Morphometrically, regarding the Zambian morphs, the maximum size of rock-dwelling males is 75.7–88.1 mm, that of shell-dwelling males is 40.3–44.8 mm, while the minimum size of mature rock-dwelling males is 55–65 mm and that of mature shell-dwelling males is 25–35mm. The maximum size of rock-dwelling females is 53.1–62.0 mm and that of shell-dwelling females is 26.8–29.4 mm (Takahashi et al., 2009: 3114). The shell-dwelling morph has greater gonad size than the rock-dwelling morph, which suggests that differences in development of gonads have a genetic basis (Winkelmann et al., 2014: 2). Regarding the ovarian eggs of the females, these are small and more numerous in the rock-dwelling morph but large and fewer in the shell-dwelling morph. Apparently, the maximum body and maturity sizes of the shell-dwelling morph are much smaller than those of the rock-dwelling morph in both sexes. This shorter body accords with the fewer vertebrae, and the diversity of sizes closely matches the available shelter sizes in the respective habitats of the two morphs (Takahashi, 2004: 428, 430; Takahashi et al., 2009: 3114–3116). Also, the rock-dwelling morph showed a significant lunar synchronisation of ovary development, but the shell-dwelling morph did not (Takahashi, 2010). Based on the above stated morphological and molecular results, Takahashi (2004: 432) concluded that the southern shell dwellers are “likely to be an undescribed species of Telmatochromis”. Fig. 50. Lepidiolamprologus sp. “Meeli-Boulengeri” at Mwila Island. The name L. sp. “Meeli-Boulengeri” was first used in a master’s thesis by Van Wijngaarden (1995, cited in Konings, 2015a: 350) in reference to the southern form or group of small sand and shell-dwelling Lepidiolamprologus. It is distinguished from the closely related L. boulengeri by the lack of bright yellow fins and L. meeli by the lack of 2–4 lateral and horizontal rows of small whitish spots and a thick black margin on the dorsal, caudal, and anal fin (see more § 10). Fig. 51. Fry of Lepidiolamprologus sp. “Meeli-Boulengeri” at Mwila Island. Fig. 52. Telmatochromis dhonti dwells and breeds in empty Neothauma tanganyicense shells at Mwila Island. The picture shows a male of about 6–7 cm at a depth of 10 metres. Fig. 53. A female Telmatochromis dhonti hiding under a single shell of a bivalve mollusc at Mwila Island. The female in the picture is about 5 cm, a common size for shell-dwelling individuals, but ultimately females may grow to about 8–9 cm. Fig. 54. This individual of Telmatochromis cf. temporalis at Ngosa Point, just south of Kipili Archipelago, shows a camouflage colour pattern possibly caused by stress. Note the larger eye in this species compared to T. vittatus of the same locality (see next photo, Fig. 55). Fig. 55. Telmatochromis vittatus at Ngosa Point, just south of Kipili Archipelago. Fig. 56. Telmatochromis vittatus in Mtosi Bay, 14 km south of Ngosa Point. Adult males in full colouration often lose their stripes (compare with Fig. 55, see also Figs. 57–58). Figs. 57–58. Telmatochromis bifrenatus at Luagala Point, the central part of the Mahale Mountains National Park. T. bifrenatus was described based on two specimens from Kigoma, both measuring only 4 cm in standard length. The specimen in the photos is about 10 cm (the photos show the same specimen). Konings (1998a; 2015), and Hanssens and Snoeks (2001; 2003) regard the miniature form that corresponds to the shell-bed dwellers and dwarf morph of Takahashi (2004) and Takahashi et al. (2009) as an ecological morph of T. temporalis, and therefore taxonomically synonymous with it. Konings (2015a: 158) also regards T. brachygnathus to be a morph and synonym of T. temporalis, claiming that certain populations consist of a mix of individuals which may be classified as either T. temporalis or T. brachygnathus, i.e., with short or long upper and lower jaws (the main distinguishing feature), and that these different individuals intermingle and form pairs. Despite the urge for only proposing synonyms with great caution (cf. N. petricola, § 26), we concur with Konings that T. brachygnathus (in the wide sense) is synonymous with T. temporalis (sensu Boulenger, 1898b), alternatively, a geographical replacement form with species status within the complex of T. temporalis-like species, hence, a synonymisation of T. brachygnathus (in the strict sense) with T. temporalis is perhaps not necessary. However, although a scientific species description is not always easy to comprehend, it “is the reader who is the important agent, the user of the information, not the paper, not the author” (Kullander, 2012: 3), therefore, one would expect a much clearer presentation of T. brachygnathus than what Hanssens and Snoeks (2003) delivered. Furthermore, some of our own observations, which partly conflict with those of Konings, may be worth pointing out. For example, throughout the Tanzanian coast, we have observed under water more than 100 populations of the T. temporalis species complex, many of which we have sampled for scientific studies, in addition to the many specimens we have collected from throughout the lake and exported to the aquarium hobby, but never have we found a population with a mix of T. temporalis-like and T. brachygnathus-like individuals, possibly with one exception, the population at Kasola Island in which one large individual was observed to have a protruding lower jaw while the others, mostly smaller individuals, had equal jaws. However, a protruding lower jaw is not explicitly stated to be a differentiating feature between these two species, but rather a set of both upper and lower protruding jaws (cf. Hanssens & Snoeks, 2003). Furthermore, the fact that a larger individual had a longer lower jaw than the rest of the observed individuals may be linked to allometry, which indeed appears to be the case (cf. Hanssens & Snoeks, 2003: 610). In addition, not even the rock-dwelling and shell-dwelling forms in southern Zambia appear to have different kinds of jaws, despite the divergent ecological adaptation (cf. Takahashi et al., 2009: 3111, Fig. 1a). Also, we do not support Konings’ claim of the existence at Nkondwe Island of a population of individuals with both long and short lower jaws combined with bodies of great and small height, as illustrated in his publication (Konings, 2015a: 158). Based on our experience, the lower photo on page 158 appears to illustrate an individual from Mvuna Island, not Nkondwe Island. However, we agree with Konings (2015a: 159) that T. temporalis, or the complex of T. temporalis-like species, “is morphologically very plastic”, regarding the diversity of populations. Obviously, removing Konings’ main argument for the invalidation of T. brachygnathus, i.e., the occurrence of both short and long jaws within T. temporalis-like populations, renders the species still valid. Nonetheless, there are other details which may invalidate T. brachygnathus s.l., including the potential misidentification of T. temporalis by Hanssens and Snoeks (2003). In part, their T. temporalis appears to be distinct from Boulenger’s T. temporalis (1898b), presumably representing an undescribed species. While they seemingly have identified two similar but distinct and occasionally sympatric T. temporalis-like species, Hanssens and Snoeks (2003) possibly chose the wrong species to represent T. temporalis and applied the new name T. brachygnathus to the real T. temporalis, hence the synonymisation. The full story, including new Telmatochromis species will be presented in another article. Geographically and morphologically distinct groups of T. temporalis-like populations were found throughout much of the lake by Hanssens and Snoeks (2003: 606, 611–612), suggesting the potential for more species to be identified. Eventually, all these geographical replacement forms may receive scientific names, being included in what Hanssens and Snoeks (2003) refer to as the T. temporalis complex, for example, T. sp. “Temporalis Elongated Yellow Top” from southern Tanzania (Fig. 65). Fig. 59. A relatively elongated variant of Telmatochromis cf. temporalis found at Namansi. This and several other variants were sampled by the authors in 2008. The picture was captured at a depth of six metres at Namansi Point. Some of the Telmatochromis species, including T. temporalis, T. dhonti, and similar species, have always been among the hardest group of lamprologin species to properly identify, which is partly because several basically unknown species still await characterisation (§ 13). Fig. 60. Telmatochromis cf. temporalis at Mwaka, Korongwe Bay. Variants of the T. temporalis complex are allopatrically distributed throughout the lake, many of which presumably constitute distinct species. The introduction of T. brachygnathus by Hanssens and Snoeks (2003) [differentiated from T. temporalis by a smaller mouth (shorter upper and lower jaws)] is confusing as there are seemingly no T. temporalis-like species with a shorter pair of jaws than T. temporalis. Possibly, the name T. brachygnathus should be restricted to the T. temporalis-like populations at Cape Chaitika, the type locality for T. brachygnathus. See more in § 13. Fig. 61. A yellowish-white Telmatochromis vittatus (left) and an orange-beige T. cf. temporalis (right) at Kisi Island. At some locations, these species are quite similar as both vary geographically in body colouration and length. Following more research on the genus, within the taxa, T. vittatus and T. temporalis, additional species will very likely be recognised. An in-depth analysis of Telmatochromis will be presented in a future article (§ 13). Fig. 62. Telmatochromis cf. temporalis at Kitawe at a depth of five metres. The species and variants of the T. temporalis species complex differ primarily in the length and height of the body. Commonly, there is also variation in the body and fin colouration, occasionally in the length of the lower jaw. Fig. 63 (left). Telmatochromis cf. temporalis, Lamvya Bay, has a short stocky body. Fig. 64 (right). T. cf. temporalis, Mtosi Bay, has a long slender body. Both specimens (Figs. 63 and 64) were found in a typical rocky habitat. Fig. 65. Telmatochromis sp. “Temporalis Elongated Yellow Top”. Discovered in southern Tanzania in 2008, this variant is extremely elongated and regarded as a distinct species. Fig. 66 (left). Telmatochromis cf. temporalis, Lamvya Bay, NRM 51555. Fig. 67 (right). T. cf. temporalis, Popo Point, NRM 60280. There is a large morphological difference between these two variants, with the Popo Point variant almost twice as long as the Lamvya Bay variant. Preserved specimens are from the collection of the Swedish Museum of Natural History. Dichromatism comprising light beige and dark greyish or blackish individuals has been observed regarding the T. temporalis species complex (Hanssens & Snoeks, 2003: 610; pers. obs.). This dichromatism is not geographically clustered, but occurs within populations, appearing to be a step in divergent ecological niche adaptation. While blackish individuals have a camouflage better adapted to shadowy spaces, such as under rocks and inside caves, light beige individuals better blend in on top of rocks in well-illuminated areas (cf. Mboko & Kohda, 1995; Maan & Sefc, 2013). For a video sequence of a pair of a light beige T. temporalis-like species confronting a blackish pair at Kitawe, south of Samazi, see Karlsson and Karlsson (2017j: 1 min 46 sec). Partly due to the limitation of obvious sexual and individual variation in colouration, speciation by sexual selection on polymorphic colouration as opposed to micro allopatric and sympatric speciation (see above, § 12) is generally thought to be rare in Lamprologini. Relatively few geographical colour variants exist, but the lamprologins may have evolved more variation in colouration had it not been for the piscivores, such as lates, spiny eels, and catfishes, who more easily detect and catch conspicuously coloured prey. Indeed, brightly coloured lamprologin individuals are occasionally observed, including a bright yellow specimen of a T. temporalis-like species at Muloba Bay, Mahale Mountains (Fig. 69). The enhanced colouration of some lamprologins, such as Julidochromis marksmithi, or the peculiar colouration of some other congeneric species (cf. Karlsson & Karlsson, 2018a), may be a result of sexual selection as opposed to natural selection and ecological adaptation. Furthermore, in Lufubu River, where the predation is presumably different from that in Lake Tanganyika, a T. dhonti-like species with a partly bright red dorsal fin was recently discovered (Indermaur, 2014; Büscher, 2016; 2017). The fact that both male and female are the same colour does not affect the above reasoning. In Lake Tanganyika, many haplochromins, which generally are a symbol of sexually distinct colouration, have a unisexual colouration, including some of the Tropheus and Petrochromis species, yet, they have evolved spectacular colouration. In conclusion, processes such as sexual selection, natural selection, and ecological niche adaptation may all contribute to the evolution of the Lamprologini. Fig. 68. Two differently coloured Telmatochromis cf. temporalis at Nkonkonti Bay. Dichromatism in the T. temporalis species complex is not geographically clustered but occurs within populations and appears to be a step in divergent ecological niche adaptation. Fig. 69. A colourful bright yellow-orange individual of Telmatochromis cf. temporalis at Muloba Bay, Mahale Mountains National Park. Regarding N. sp. “Mwila”, had it not been for the larger adult eye and maximum size of 5–7 cm, observed and collected specimens of N. sp. “Mwila” could have been sub-adults of N. sp. “Eseki”. Although field observations and visible morphological characteristics suggest it to be a distinct species, pending a proper taxonomic investigation, N. sp. “Mwila” may alternatively be regarded as an ecological miniature form of N. sp. “Eseki”. Similarly, at Rumonge, Burundi, Gashagaza et al. (1995) discovered an N. mondabu-like population of small individuals dwelling inside or near empty shells, which appeared specifically distinct. The maximum size (standard length) of investigated specimens was 48.2 mm for males and 41.2 mm for females (vs. 84.1 and 68.9 in N. mondabu), with 4–9 lower lateral line scales (vs. 9–14), and a shorter dorsal-fin base. However, based on overall appearance, the Rumonge specimens appeared very similar to N. mondabu (cf. Gashagaza et al., 1995: 299, Fig. 6). Awaiting a taxonomic study, the population was temporarily concluded to represent an ecological morph of N. mondabu, or simply mature youngsters of that species. Likewise, Büscher (1998b: 56) reported the existence of a Lamprologus speciosus population at Kasenga, DR Congo, comprising unusually small individuals, which did not live in empty shells of Neothauma, as the species usually does, but in shells of the smaller Lavigeria. When these individuals were placed in aquaria and had access to larger shells, they grew larger, eventually attaining a similar size as regular L. speciosus. We have made similar observations of species such as Lepidiolamprologus attenuatus and T. vittatus. Typically, for many lamprologins, they reach sexual maturity well before reaching the maximum body size, but this may be different for certain lamprologin species, including those of Altolamprologus. In the mid-1980s at Sumbu in Cameron Bay, Horst Walter Dieckhoff discovered a small A. compressiceps-like shell-dwelling form (Herrmann, 1987: 70), which was first exported in 1986 by Adrian Carr (Eysel, 1987: 630), referred to as A. sp. “Sumbu” (Konings, 1988: 214). Alternative names for this potentially distinct species include A. sp. “Shell”, A. sp. “Sumbu Shell”, A. sp. “Sumbu Dwarf”, A. sp. “Compressiceps Shell”, A. sp. “Compressiceps Sumbu”, A. sp. “Compressiceps Sumbu Shell”, A. compressiceps “Sumbu”, A. compressiceps “Sumbu Shell”, among others. For an online photo, see, for example, DeMason (2017: Fig. second from top, left). The maximum observed size was 5.5 cm for males and 4 cm for females, with a more purplish body and more yellowish fins than the regular A. compressiceps coexisting in the same area, i.e., western Cameron Bay. Apparently, A. sp. “Sumbu” is smaller, has different colouration, and has adapted to a different habitat type than A. compressiceps. Possibly, there may be additional differences, such as a shorter and shallower dorsal fin with fewer hard and soft rays. Yet, the two species/forms are commonly regarded as conspecifics (e.g. Konings, 2015a: 141), an opinion which is largely based on mtDNA studies, such as that of Koblmüller et al. (2016), where A. sp. “Sumbu” appears to be closely related to a rock-dwelling Altolamprologus species from the same geographical area, presumably A. compressiceps. However, there is also very low degree of genetic differentiation between A. compressiceps and A. calvus, suggesting the latter to have evolved from the former about 67–142 thousand years ago (Spreitzer et al., 2012: 143, 144; Koblmüller et al., 2016). Due to the DNA similarity, genes are regarded as being exchanged between the two species at low frequency (Spreitzer et al., 2012: 144; cf. Koblmüller et al., 2016). Presumably, A. calvus split off from A. compressiceps due to ecological adaptation and restricted gene flow; rocky habitat borders and/or ecological niche partitioning were likely involved in the process. As for A. sp. “Sumbu”, the evolutionary lineage represented by this species is seemingly on a similar evolutionary path as that of A. calvus. However, while the journey of the latter appears to have come to an end, or a temporary pause, that of the former has just begun. Distinct trophic adaptation and the strong bond to a specific type of habitat may eventually lead to speciation (Sturmbauer, 1998: 25). If the shell-dwelling A. sp. “Sumbu” is not yet a distinct species, over time it probably will be. Recently, Jorde et al. (2018) asked if science is “underestimating the occurrence of sympatric populations”, a question which appears to relate to A. sp. “Sumbu” among others. Besides A. sp. “Sumbu”, there are additional shell-dwelling Altolamprologus along the shores of the lake, which are presumably not closely related to A. sp. “Sumbu”, but rather to the larger rock-dwelling form of A. compressiceps found in the same area. In most cases, these shell-dwellers are not as much ecological forms, let alone incipient semi-distinct species, as they are simply sexually mature young A. compressiceps, or A. compressiceps-like, that cannot yet compete in the rocky habitat, and as such, they are better suited to the sandy habitat with empty shells. However, in 1990 at Cape Mpimbwe, at a depth of 25–30 metres, we found a seemingly partly isolated sand/shell dwelling population of Altolamprologus, initially exported as ‘Altolamprologus calvus spec.’ (Zadenius, 1991a: 37), subsequently referred to as A. sp. “Micro” or A. sp. “Calvus Micro” (Fig. 71). Specimens were reported to have spawned in aquaria at a size of 25–40 mm, which appeared to be their maximum size (Bengtsson, 1993). The jaws of the specimens pointed straight forward, similar to A. calvus, with a mostly whitish body with brown or greyish lateral bars, the dorsal fin had small white distinct dots, while there was a bluish field on the anal fin. Presumably, these individuals were young but sexually matured A. compressiceps, but they may have belonged to an ecological miniature form and sympatric population of A. compressiceps, representing the dawn of a new species. Recapitulating the general message, a cichlid lineage may sympatrically split by means of ecological niche separation, one sublineage adapting to a rocky habitat, the other to a sandy habitat. As soon as divergent ecological adaptation begins, divergent reproduction will follow, initially leading to sympatric conspecific populations, eventually to distinct species. Fig. 70. A defensive male of Neolamprologus sp. “Mwila” at Mwila Island. In comparison with N. sp. “Eseki”, the caudal fin is less indented (concave), almost subtruncate (straight-cut) with slightly pointed corners, the upper one being longer than the lower. Fig. 71. A miniature Altolamprologus at Katondo Point, Cape Mpimbwe, depth 30 metres. It was exported by us (African Diving) as A. sp. “Micro”. From the first and second export to Sweden in 1991, seven individuals were obtained by Ingemar Bengtsson, who, six months later, successfully bred the fish in aquarium using empty Neothauma shells (Bengtsson, 1993). The size of the male and female was 40 and 25 mm, respectively. Bengtsson (1993) reported that the spawning took place in a manner like other shell-dwelling cichlids. This photo was previously published in the Italian aquarist magazine Hydra (Karlsson, 2004). The age of Lake Tanganyika is thought to be 9–12 million years (Cohen et al., 1993), or, alternatively, 20 million years (Tiercelin & Mondeguer, 1991). Due to climate change, including extended periods of extreme dry and cold climate, the lake level has repeatedly fluctuated, occasionally dropping several hundred metres (Gasse et al., 1989). For example, seismic data revealed that for about 25 thousand years ago the water level of Lake Tanganyika was more than 600 metres below current level (Scholz & Rosendahl, 1988: 1645). Due to the basement topography, which includes long and narrow ridges running across the lake basin, Lake Tanganyika has during the most extreme water level low stands been split into three or four smaller sublakes (Lezzar et al., 1996; Cohen et al., 1997a: 116, Fig. 2L). In periods of extreme low stand, species and lineages of fish, including cichlids, were able to spread across the lake along these ridges. The most recent low stand prevailed between 18 and 14 thousand years ago when the lake level appears to have been 160–180 metres below current level (Lezzar et al., 1996: 1; Cohen et al., 1997a: 119; 1997b; Delvaux & Williamson, 2008: 586), or, alternatively, as suggested by molecular data on Tropheus, about 500 metres below the current level (Sturmbauer et al., 2005: 347). The subsequent warmer climate, beginning about 12 thousand years ago, resulted in a rapid rise of the lake level by more than one hundred metres in less than three thousand years (Scholz et al., 2003: 148; Delvaux & Williamson, 2008: 586–587). For the record, a high-stand condition predominated in Lake Tanganyika approximately between 170 and 40 thousand years ago, when the water level may have been about 55 metres higher than that of today (cf. Cohen et al., 1997a: 107, 123 and Fig. 5). During the past two hundred years, there have been some rather moderate fluctuations. For example, due to a natural debris blockage of Lake Tanganyika’s only outlet – the Lukuga River – the lake level rose by 8 metres between 1846 and 1876, which significantly altered the geography of the lake (Camus, 1965: 1244; cf. Carson, 1892; Sieger, 1893: 579; Cunnington, 1920: 515, Worthington & Ricardo, 1937: 1065). In 1857–1859, during the expedition of Richard F. Burton and John H. Speke, Ubwari Peninsula was referred to as Ubwari Island, while a small village in its northernmost part was referred to as Mzimu (Burton, 1860: map facing page 384). David Livingstone referred to the island as Mozima (Livingstone, 1874: map). On the map in ‘Across Africa’ by Cameron (1877: foldout map after page 389), Ubwari Peninsula is indicated as an island. During the lake surveys by Livingstone and Henry M. Stanley, between November 1871 and March 1872, Ubwari was referred to as Muzimu Island (Stanley, 1902: 482, 493, 510, etc., and map). Stanley (1878a: 21; 1899a: 17) acknowledged that Burton and Speke referred to the island as Ubwari, while Livingstone and himself referred to it as Mozima/Muzimu. Nevertheless, ten years later in 1882, the island had become a peninsula, referred to as Ubwari or Ubwari Peninsula (Hore, 1882; map; Chavanne, 1885), the same name which was also applied by Belgian and German colonials in 1892 (Janssens & Cateaux, 1908: 356, 358; Luscombe, 2018a: map), Hore (1892: 168, map), and Cunnington (1906a: 130) during the ‘Third Tanganyika Expedition’, 1904–1905. On the map of Hore (1882: map), there is a small island off the north eastern coast of Ubwari Peninsula, referred to as Mzimu Island. Today, a remnant of the name Muzimu exists, as one of the northernmost capes of Ubwari Peninsula is referred to as Cape Muzimu. Following the collapse of the Lukuga blockage in 1877–1878, the lake level rapidly decreased by nine metres in six years and then again by two metres from 1886 to 1894, after which it reached its current level, i.e., a surface elevation of about 773 metres above sea level (Camus, 1965: 1244). However, minor lake level fluctuations still prevail in Lake Tanganyika. For example, between November 1997 and April 1998, during the so-called El Niño rains, the lake level rose by at least two metres (pers. obs.; cf. Büscher, 1998a: 789; cf. Sturmbauer et al., 2003: 52). This information was also posted on our website in 1998 as a reference to diminishing rocky habitats, exemplified by the natural habitat of Tropheus “Red Namansi” in Mtosi Bay, which, prior to the El Niño rains, had shrunk by more than 50% compared to the situation in 1991 when that Tropheus variant was discovered (see more in Karlsson & Karlsson, 2016a; 2016b). Furthermore, currently (July 2018), the lake level appears to be exceptionally high, about one metre higher than that of April 1998, at about the same level as that of 1989 (pers. obs.). Apparently, in the past 30 years, Lake Tanganyika has fluctuated by about three metres. Fig. 72. Telmatochromis vittatus (left) and a sub-adult Neolamprologus christyi (right) at Kasola Island. Young individuals of N. christyi have beautiful blue fins, one of several features distinguishing the species from the similar N. sp. “Eseki” (§ 7). N. sp. “Mwila” was only observed at Mwila Island but is potentially also found at the eastern shore of the neighbouring Kerenge Island and along the mainland opposite to the islands, referred to as Mbwilo Bay (Fig. 73), where the habitat possibly includes empty Neothauma shells. The depth around the Kipili islands is normally 50–100 metres, except between the two groups of northern and southern islands, where it is probably a bit deeper. Furthermore, at the western edge of the archipelago, it quickly gets deeper than 100 metres [the maximum depth of the lake, 1470 metres, is located near the Congolese coast opposite to the Kipili Archipelago (Tiercelin & Mondeguer, 1991: 10, Fig. 2)]. If N. sp. “Mwila” only exists in the Mwila Island area, it is supposedly a young species not older than the latest lake fluctuation that reduced the lake level by about 100 metres or more. If the lake level was 160–180 metres below the current level about 14 thousand years ago, beginning to rapidly rise two thousand years later, Lake Tanganyika may have reached its current level approximately nine thousand years ago, see references above (§ 16). By 14 thousand years ago, the Kipili Archipelago appears to have been dry land, but about five thousand years later, its current geography rapidly took form. As it appears, all endemic species and variants in the Kipili area may be no more than about nine thousand years, which includes N. sp. “Mwila”. This short duration of only nine thousand years is probably not enough for any major trophic, morphological or behavioural adaptation to have evolved. Due to this limited age, N. sp. “Mwila” is expected to resemble and behave like N. sp. “Eseki”, from which it presumably derives. Also, the genetic divergence between these two species is expected to be limited. Low levels of mtDNA sequence divergence have recently been found for the Alcolapia species flock from Lakes Natron and Magadi, Tanzania and Kenya. These so-called Soda tilapias of the highly alkaline and hot small lakes are estimated to be no more than nine thousand years (Seegers et al., 1999, cited in Takahashi, 2004: 427). A similarly small genetic divergence was detected between the rock-dwelling and shell-dwelling morphs of T. temporalis in southern Zambia (Takahashi, 2004: 427), see above (§ 12). Furthermore, it is suggested that Lake Victoria and most of its drainage more or less dried out about 18 to 14 thousand years ago and that one or a few closely related founding haplochromin cichlid species thereafter evolved into the lake’s current species flock of at least 500 distinct species (Meyer et al., 1990; Nagl et al., 2000; Verheyen et al., 2003; 2004; Elmer et al., 2009; Pennisi, 2018; cf. Fryer, 2001). In conclusion, it appears that N. sp. “Mwila”, the rock-dwelling and shell-dwelling T. temporalis-like species in southern Zambia, the species of the Alcolapia flock, and the cichlids of the entire species flock of Lake Victoria are all young divergent distinct forms of similar age, some with species status, others referred to as morphs. Fig. 73. Dusk approaches over the shallows in Mbwilo Bay near Kirando, with Mswa Hill visible in the distance. This area is to a large extent unexplored. About 9000 years ago, the Kipili Archipelago was mostly dry land, so the endemic species to this area, e.g., Lepidiolamprologus kamambae, Neolamprologus sp. “Mwila”, and N. sp. “Cygnus Mwila” are therefore presumably young species. For a characterisation of N. sp. “Cygnus Mwila”, see an upcoming article. Apparently, the modern Kipili Archipelago is geologically and hydrologically rather young, about nine thousand years. The area constitutes a barrier of distribution for many species and variants, see references above (§ 5). Furthermore, it is home to some locally endemic variants, such as Ophthalmotilapia boops “Neon Stripe”, and species, such as N. sp. “Mwila”, Cyprichromis sp. “Kipili Zebra” (Karlsson & Karlsson, 2017k), and Lepidiolamprologus kamambae (Kullander et al., 2012; Karlsson & Karlsson, 2013). Confirmed observations of L. kamambae have been made at Kamamba Island and the adjacent Kerenge Island, both islands which are part of the northernmost Kipili islands (§ 5). However, during our expeditions in 2008, we briefly noticed and managed to take a snapshot of a black and white torpedo and L. kamambae-like fish in the shallow rocky habitat at Mswa, just north of the Kipili area. Contradictory to our observations, a photo in Konings (2015a: 153, Fig. bottom) is described as to illustrate L. kamambae at Lupita Island, which is part of the southernmost Kipili islands. Due to its relatively large eye, the specimen in the photo appears to be a juvenile or sub-adult. However, we strongly oppose the specific identification, the photo does not illustrate L. kamambae, but a very cryptic L. elongatus-like species found between the southern Kipili islands and Mtosi Bay, possibly farther south. This cryptic species appears to be a distinct species and a member of what may be referred to as the L. elongatus species complex. For example, the black blotches on the trunk have more of a vertical than horizontal orientation, and it lacks the lateral rows of pearly dots possessed by L. elongatus. Furthermore, due to the blackish blotches on the silvery white body, it is very cryptic to L. kamambae, but adults have a deeper body and yellowish submarginal stripe on the dorsal and anal fins (compare illustrations in Karlsson & Karlsson, 2014b; Mierzeńska, 2016: 25, Figs. top and centre). This L. elongatus-like species, which here is tentatively referred to as L. cf. elongatus “Lupita–Mtosi”, is not sympatric anywhere with L. kamambae. In the northern part of the Kipili Archipelago, including Kamamba Island and Kerenge Island, where L. kamambae naturally occurs, there is another L. elongatus-like species. The latter has a yellowish colouration, therefore is easily distinguishable from the sympatric L. kamambae (compare illustrations in Karlsson & Karlsson, 2013: 2–3, Figs. 1 and 2). Besides the incorrect identification of the L. elongatus-like species at Lupita Island, Konings (2015a) has chosen to rename the type locality of L. kamambae (Kamamba Island). This is a very peculiar proceeding as it implies that the authors of the taxon, L. kamambae (Kullander et al., 2012), did not seriously investigate the correct and proper name for the type locality prior to the publication. For the record, the name Kamamba is the official name of the island featured in the official maps of Tanzania (Government of Tanzania, 1984). In addition, most local Tanzanian citizens that we, the authors of L. kamambae, have spoken with during our stay in the area (from 1989 onwards), refer to the island as Kamamba. Furthermore, prior to our introduction of L. kamambae and Kamamba Island, no one in the cichlid community, neither the scientific nor the hobby, had ever reported anything about L. kamambae or Kamamba Island, at least not in any well-known and easily accessible publication (obscure communities in social media do not count), hence, there was no history of multiple and conflicting names like there is with many other Lake Tanganyika locality names (§ 32.1, 32.8, 32.9). Then why introduce an alternative name/spelling? Why not just accept this seemingly sensible, perfectly appropriate, and officially valid name? It is just bizarre. For additional maps indicating Kamamba Island, see, for example, Janssens et al. (2005a: map), Basel Mission Archives (2018a: map), Luscombe (2018d: map), UT (2018: map). Furthermore, for a correct identification of a juvenile (3 cm) L. kamambae, see Karlsson and Karlsson (2013: 7, Fig. bottom). The preceding publication features about 40 illustrations of mostly different torpedo-like species and variants, including L. kamambae, L. kendalli, and many L. elongatus-like species. In addition, due to its confined geographical distribution, L. kamambae appears to be, like N. sp. “Mwila”, a young species, with an age of about nine thousand years or less. Many of the disagreements about the validity of certain species taxa appear to derive from the confusion of what such species really are. A species taxon is nothing more than its recognisable characters, whether these are morphological, physiological, molecular, behavioural, etc. Two or more isolated populations or other aggregates of organisms are never naturally one, they are only one on grounds that make sense to an observer, therefore subjectively synthetic. Giving names to organismal objects is the ultimate foundation in taxonomy. While populations are the true evolutionary entities, the species is a tool to sort them into genealogically related taxonomical classes, also known as taxa, which importantly contribute to the understanding of the organismal world (see more in Karlsson & Karlsson, 2018a: 35–57). Fig. 74. What constitutes a species is addressed in detail in ‘Tanganika Magazyn’, no. 22 (Karlsson & Karlsson, 2018a: 35–57). Apparently somewhat ahead of his time, Darwin (1859) regarded species as mere labels applied to a divergence process. Unfortunately, the advent of the so-called ‘Modern Synthesis’ turned Darwin’s advance in the opposite direction, attributing a superior position to the species rank and introduced the species as the unit of evolution (Mishler, 2010). More information about ‘Tanganika Magazyn’, no. 22, here, here, and here (video). Neolamprologus has three different definitions, one which is widely adhered to (Poll, 1986), another which apparently conforms to a more natural classification (Stiassny, 1997), and a third, rather modest definition, which is the original (Colombé & Allgayer, 1985). The generic assignment of N. sp. “Eseki” and N. sp. “Mwila” to Neolamprologus follows all three definitions. (1) Both species have pelvic fins in which the first ray is the longest, hence following Poll (1986). (2) N. sp. “Eseki” and N. sp. “Mwila” closely resemble N. mondabu, N. christyi, N. modestus, and N. petricola. These four species all lack a fully ossified labial cartilage (a discrete bone within the dentary), which supposedly also apply to N. sp. “Eseki” and N. sp. “Mwila”, thereby conforming to the definition of Stiassny (1997). (3) Furthermore, regarding the same four species, the infraorbital section of the cephalic lateral line has a reduced series comprising a single element, the lachrymal, and never more than 60 lateral scales in a longitudinal series, which is how the genus originally was defined by Colombé and Allgayer (1985). While Poll (1986: 55) initially noted the polyphyly and mixture of various lamprologin species in his definition of Neolamprologus, the classification of Colombé and Allgayer (1985) was a rather modest contribution, gathering almost all the former lacustrine Lamprologus species in a new single genus, Neolamprologus. Nonetheless, restricting the genus Lamprologus to the Congo River drainage is undoubtedly a step in the right systematic direction (Colombé & Allgayer, 1985). The monophyly of Lamprologini is firmly established (Sturmbauer et al., 1994; Kocher et al., 1995; Stiassny, 1997; Takahashi et al., 1998; Salzburger et al., 2002a; 2002b; Clabaut et al., 2005; Day et al., 2007; Koblmüller et al., 2008; Muschick et al., 2012; Meyer et al., 2015; Irisarri et al., 2018), but the intra-tribal relationships remain problematic and require revision (Schelly et al., 2006; Sturmbauer et al., 2010; Weiss et al., 2015). Fig. 75. Neolamprologus christyi at Molwe, depth 5 metres. Over the years, we have discovered new species in the Kipili area, including Lepidiolamprologus kamambae (Kullander et al., 2012; Karlsson & Karlsson, 2013), N. timidus (Kullander et al., 2014a), Chalinochromis cyanophleps (Karlsson & Karlsson, 2012b; Kullander et al., 2014b), Cyprichromis sp. “Kipili Zebra” (Karlsson & Karlsson, 2017k), and N. sp. “Mwila”, as well as variants including the more yellowish N. sp. “Eseki” (Zadenius, 1991b). In the early 1990s, a deep-living new lamprologin species was found, which has the intermediate appearance of N. ventralis and N. caudopunctatus, including a silvery deep body with bluish lateral streaks. It was found together with Cyphotilapia gibberosa along the southern islands. The species was collected only once, a male and a female, but no photos of them exist. Currently, the species has no name and the exact location is forgotten. The occurrence of marine-like animals in Lake Tanganyika was more or less the sole reason for the realisation of the two East African expeditions in 1895–1896 and 1899–1900. Referred to as the ‘First and Second Tanganyika Expedition’, the first was financed by the Royal Society and the British Association for the Advancement of Science, the second by the Royal Geographical Society (only £600) and private donors (at least £4,400) (Moore, 1898c; 1903: 3, 7; Cunnington, 1920; Troyer, 1991: 43). Both expeditions were led by J. E. S. Moore, a cancer researcher and zoologist of the Royal College of Science (now Imperial College London) (Troyer, 1991: 41), whose rather famous initials stand for John Edmund Sharrock (Fig. 139), see more below (§ 32.24). The expeditions were organised by Professor Edwin Ray Lankester (Moore, 1903; 3, 8), a friend of Moore and supporter of his theory regarding a marine origin of the fauna of Lake Tanganyika, also a future director of the Natural History branch of the British Museum. According to Troyer (1991: 38), nearly 200 new species were added to the known fauna of the region. At Kinyamkolo (Mpulungu, Zambia, § 32) in 1895–1896, Moore collected fish, frogs, sponges, snails, crabs, among others (§ 32.19) and his collections of fish, mostly cichlids and catfish, were eventually deposited at the museum and to the zoologist George Albert Boulenger (British Museum, Natural History, 1906: 544). “Mr. Moore’s first collection, made in 1895–96, contained about 90 fishes, referred to 33 species, 25 of which were described as new” (Boulenger 1906: 539), of which, 20 were cichlids and six were lamprologins. Of these six, one was given the name Lamprologus modestus, now referred to as Neolamprologus modestus (Boulenger, 1898a: 494; 1898b: 8, Plate 1, Fig. 5; 1901a: 400). Characteristically, N. modestus in a strict sense is a black, dark brown or beige species with yellow pectoral fins and a rounded or subtruncate caudal fin with rounded corners. The natural distribution lies in the southern part of the lake, between western Zambia (Cape Chipimbi) and southern Tanzania with gaps between Cameron Bay and Mbete Bay, and Kilewani and Kala Bay, see more below (§ 27, 30). Besides the type localities of Kinyamkolo and Mbity Rocks (§ 32.22, 32.25, 32.27), where Moore collected one specimen each, additional localities where N. modestus allegedly has been found were subsequently reported, hence, the perception was that N. modestus is a lake-wide species. However, while some collections have indeed been N. modestus or N. modestus-like, others have been N. mondabu, a distinct species described by Boulenger (1906: 557) eight years later, but repeatedly confused and occasionally synonymised with N. modestus. Célestin Hecq, a captain in the ‘Force Publique’ of the Congo Free State, collected a single specimen at Albertville (Mtoa, DR Congo, see, for example, Poll, 1946: 351; Coosemans, 1948: 461; Konings, 2013a: 24–25; 2013d), which was assigned to N. modestus by Boulenger (1901a: 401). Not necessarily N. modestus, but most likely at least N. modestus-like, this presumably badly preserved specimen of 84 mm was deposited in 1899 in the collection at the ‘Museé du Congo’, the precursor of ‘Musée royal de l’Afrique centrale’, Tervuren, Belgium (Poll, 1946: 333). Eventually, the specimen was indicated as ‘skeleton’ in the ‘Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of Africa’ (Boulenger, 1915: 470). Moore’s “series of sketches executed from fresh specimens” enabled Boulenger (1898b: 2) “to represent some of the new species in their natural colours”, such as Cyathopharynx furcifer (see more below, § 32.20). However, N. modestus was apparently not one of these species, because its conspicuous yellow pectoral fins were not mentioned in the description (cf. Boulenger, 1898a: 494; 1898b: 8, Plate 1, Fig. 5; 1901a: 400). Likewise, a young specimen of N. modestus from Komba Bay (Nkamba Bay, cf. Boulenger, 1906: 538, map) collected by Cunnington in 1904–1905 was not reported as to have yellow pectoral fins (cf. Boulenger, 1906: 558), which individuals from this locality indeed have, at least adults (cf. Staeck, 2014: 135, Fig. bottom). Specimens collected at Uvira, DR Congo, by Guy Babault were assigned to N. modestus by Pellegrin (1927: 500). Presumably, they were N. mondabu, whose type locality is Kaboge, about 45 km farther south. Similarly, a small collection of fishes was obtained by Harry C. Raven during the Universal Films Co. expedition to East Africa in 1920. Caught at Kigoma by means of a small seine in shallow water, one specimen of 32 mm in standard length (SL) was assigned to N. modestus and four (60–80 mm, SL) to N. mondabu (Myers, 1936: 14). The single specimen identified as N. modestus may have been a badly preserved N. mondabu. Collected by Arthur Lestrade at Rumonge, Burundi, two specimens of a maximum length of 53 mm were identified as N. modestus by David and Poll (1937: 273), but should likely have been identified as N. mondabu. Partly debatable, Poll (1952b: 120–121) reported the sighting of N. petricola at Mtoto, N. modestus at Mtoto and Kabimba, and N. mondabu at Mtoto, Kabimba, Kalemie, and Kigoma. Fig. 76. Serenity prevails in the early morning at Moyobozi (30 December 2007), a lakeshore fishing village located in the Uvinza District (Kigoma Region), just north of the Malagarasi River estuary. The short rocky coastline just south of the village is the endpoint for the distribution southwards for several species, including Tropheus brichardi. For a photo and video sequence of T. brichardi south of Moyobozi, see Karlsson and Karlsson (2015c: Fig. 7; 2017j: 6 min 11 sec). Fig. 77. Neolamprologus mondabu at “Moyobozi”, depth three metres. Fig. 78. Neolamprologus sp. “Modestus Mpimbwe” at Mwaka, Korongwe Bay. Fig. 79 (left). N. mondabu at Cape Kabogo. Fig. 80 (right). N. mondabu at Segunga. According to Boulenger (1906: 558), N. mondabu is distinguishable from N. modestus “by the slightly emarginate caudal fin [vs. subtruncate with rounded corners] and the shorter mouth”. Furthermore, Herrmann (1987: 87) stated that N. mondabu has a shallower body than N. modestus. In addition, Herrmann (1987: 87) considered classifying the variant with the yellow pectoral fins as another species, distinct from N. modestus. However, the one with the yellow pectorals is the original N. modestus, as illustrated by a photo of the species at or near its type locality, Mbity Rocks (Mbete/Kasakalawe) in Konings (2015a: 237, Fig. centre). Between 1956 and 1978, when Poll and his followers regarded N. mondabu as synonymous with N. modestus, obviously most illustrations and descriptions of N. mondabu in books and articles are referred to as N. modestus. For example, Berglund’s field observation (1976) of “N. modestus” as one of the most common fish species in the shallow, sandy, and rocky biotope of Kigoma likely relates to N. mondabu, though his statement is accompanied with a photo taken in an aquarium of an N. modestus-like species. Indeed, N. mondabu is common among rocks (cf. Jonas, 2015: 7). This synonymisation, as well as common misidentifications, continued long after the reinstatement of N. mondabu in 1978, which is evident in a long series of books, articles, and scientific papers (see below, this §). The photos in Axelrod (1973: 42, Fig. bottom; 1975: 274, 275), partly reproduced in Axelrod and Burgess (1986: 316, Fig. bottom), illustrate specimens with a somewhat rounded caudal fin, accordingly entitled N. modestus. However, due to the obviously damaged caudal fins, which supposedly will be slightly emarginate upon recovery, the dark brown and drab body, yellowish dorsal margin, and only moderately pearly scales, they should have been entitled N. mondabu. Likewise, Kahl (1971: 17, Fig. top) illustrated N. mondabu or an N. mondabu-like species, recorded as N. modestus, while Brichard (1978a: 208, Fig. top) stated that “the southern race of Lamprologus modestus has yellow pectoral fins”, illustrating a specimen of an N. mondabu-like species. Regarding another specimen, obviously of N. mondabu or an N. mondabu-like species, Brichard (1978a: 229, Fig. top) referred to it as an unidentified species. In an inventory study of the fish species at Cape Chipimbi, Brichard (1978b) stated that N. modestus is found throughout the lake, including at Cape Chipimbi, where it was frequently observed. Furthermore, at that same location, Brichard (1978b: 204) also reported the presence of a species referred to as L. staecki, a pseudo-scientific non-available species name, synonymous with the original N. modestus with yellow pectoral fins (Poll, 1978: 745), see more below (§ 28). Hence, it appears from Brichard’s report (1978b) that both N. mondabu or an N. mondabu-like species (referred to as N. modestus) and N. modestus (L. staecki) occur at Cape Chipimbi. However, at Moliro, just about 10 km farther north, there is an all-black N. modestus-like species, lacking the yellow pectoral fins, which we have exported and referred to in the 1990s as N. petricola, and at Livua, 13 km north of Moliro, the Belgian Hydrobiological Mission caught two specimens in March 1947, which were later designated as paratypes in the description of N. petricola (Poll, 1949: 37, 40); see more about N. petricola in § 26. The yellow pectoral fins of N. modestus are also found in the nearby populations of Ndole Bay (Maßmann, 1986), Nkamba Bay (Staeck & Linke, 1994: 105–106), and Chisanse (Konings, 2005: 123, Fig. top), western Zambia. Further reports regarding the misidentification of N. mondabu (referred to as L. modestus or N. modestus) include Kawabata and Mihigo (1982: 139, Table 1), who listed “N. modestus” as occurring at Uvira, DR Congo. Furthermore, Hori (1983: 129, cited in Lowe-McConnell, 1987: 95), Hori et al. (1983: 30, Table 4), and Nagoshi (1983: 39; 1985; 1987) reported the sighting of “N. modestus” at Luhanga, about 15 km south of Uvira. Yamaoka (1985: 254) and Gashagaza et al. (1986: 37–38) made observations of “N. modestus” at Uvira, Luhanga, and Pemba (26.5 km south of Uvira). Nakanishi and Nagoshi (1987) reported the mating system of “N. modestus”, Takemon (1989) described the feeding, territorial, and reproductive behaviour of “N. modestus” at Pemba, while Gashagaza (1991) reported the reproductive behaviour of “N. modestus” at Pemba. Eventually, Nakai (1993) acknowledged that “N. modestus” in most previous reports regarding the northern part of the lake have been misidentified and were in fact N. mondabu, reporting the spatial distribution of spawning sites of N. mondabu at Pemba (referred to as Mbemba). Yuma (1993: 217) reported that N. mondabu at Pemba digs in the sand and feeds on chironomid larvae. Likewise, Burns (1993: 243), in a study on ecological communities, described how both N. mondabu (the predator) and chironomid larvae (the prey) are more numerous when they coexist. Conversely, Ota and Kohda (2014) described the food habits of N. modestus at Mbita Island, Zambia (referred to as Nkumbula Island), but referred to the species as N. mondabu. Similarly, in the same locality, Ota et al. (2014) made an observation of the reproductive behaviour of N. modestus, erroneously referred to as N. mondabu. In a molecular study on Lamprologini, Sturmbauer et al. (2010) referred to the N. modestus-like populations west of Mbete Bay as N. petricola, but to those east of the bay as N. modestus. In more detail, the populations at Kapembwa and south of Katoto were designated as N. petricola, while whose at Kasakalawe (map, Fig. 138) and ‘Kalambo Lodge’ (south of Kalambo River) were designated as N. modestus. Morphologically, the populations are largely identical, but those referred to as N. petricola have black pectoral fins, while those referred to as N. modestus have yellow pectoral fins (Sturmbauer et al., 2010). However, Kohda et al. (1996: 241, Fig. 2) observed the same Zambian populations and referred to all of them, regardless of pectoral-fin colouration, as N. petricola. As a means to separate them in communication, the N. modestus-like Zambian populations with black pectorals may be referred to as N. cf. petricola “Zambia”. Furthermore, importers of Lake Tanganyika cichlids occasionally referred to N. modestus-like species as N. mondabu (e.g. Reiber, 1995: 5), while the ornamental fish collectors at Kigoma referred to N. mondabu or an N. mondabu-like species as N. sp. aff. modestus (Seehausen, 1991: 13). In pure aquaristic literature, many misidentifications occur, such as the illustration of N. cunningtoni in Mayland (1978: 239), referred to as N. modestus. Fig. 81 (left). Neolamprologus sp. “Eseki”, Cape Mpimbwe, NRM 57982. Fig. 82 (right). N. sp. “Modestus Mpimbwe”, Cape Mpimbwe”, NRM 59564. Fig. 83 (left). Neolamprologus sp. “Eseki”, Kansombo, NRM 60257. Fig. 84 (right). N. sp. “Modestus Mpimbwe”, Kansombo”, NRM 51515. Fig. 85 (left). Neolamprologus petricola, male, Tembwe, NRM 70258. Fig. 86 (right). Neolamprologus petricola, female, Tembwe, NRM 70258. Fig. 87 (left). Neolamprologus cf. modestus, Kitawe, NRM 51588. Fig. 88 (right). N. christyi, Kitawe, NRM 60279. Fig. 89. Its specific name meaning ‘dweller among rocks’, Neolamprologus petricola was described by Poll (1949) partly based on specimens he collected at Mtoto, DR Congo in December 1946. Despite a rather unclear diagnosis, the species potentially being synonymous with N. modestus, Poll (1978: 755) listed N. petricola as valid pending further systematic work, pronouncing synonyms involving cryptic species must only be proposed with great caution (Poll, 1978: 727). Distinguishing features of N. petricola include a steeply sloping head profile, obviously displayed by the young individual in the photo, which was collected by our team at Mtoto early in 2000, photographed in aquarium within a month of capture at our facilities in Dar es Salaam. Irresponsibly regarded as a subspecies of N. modestus, Borodin (1936: 23) introduced Lamprologus modestus nyassae based on specimens collected by Arthur Loveridge. The type locality was recorded as Mwaya, Lake Malawi, where Loveridge collected frogs and snakes in March 1930. The location of Mwaya is frequently verified or indicated to be in Tanzania (e.g. Loveridge, 1960: 280; Eschmeyer et al., 2018), but according Loveridge (1933a: 15; cf. 1933b: 394), “Mwaya is just north of Karonga, Nyasaland [Malawi] on the northwest shore of Lake Nyasa, actually the village is separated from the lake by about a mile of swamps”. Based on this statement, one may get the impression that Mwaya is located in Malawi, but Mwaya is indeed located in present-day Tanzania, as evident in the following three maps: Loveridge (1933a: Plate 1), REAAA (1926), and Eccles and Trewavas (1989: 15, 17). In 1936, Trewavas (1946: 243; Poll, 1946: 350) examined the types described by Borodin as L. modestus nyassae and found them to be small specimens of L. reticulatus (Boulenger, 1906: 560, Pl. 35, Fig. 4), the latter name which is now widely regarded as a synonym of L. callipterus (Boulenger, 1906: 559, Pl. 36, Fig. 4). As Lamprologus is not found in Lake Malawi, the attribution of Loveridge’s specimens to that lake is obviously an error of labelling. The scientific expedition of Loveridge (§ 32.7) made several stops along the shores of Lake Tanganyika, including Mpulungu, Kasanga, Kipili, Sumbwa (near Ikola), and Ujiji. As most or all of Loveridge’s Tanganyika fish described by Borodin were indicated as being collected at Ujiji, also L. modestus nyassae likely hails from Ujiji, which is in the northern half of the lake. However, all types of L. callipterus and L. reticulatus were collected in the southern half of the lake, i.e., Mpala and Niamkolo (Mpulungu, § 32), and Livua, respectively (Boulenger, 1906: 559–560). The repeated low lake stands, which resulted in the temporary formation of at least three smaller sublakes, one each in the northern, central, and southern part of the lake basin (§ 16), likely had a major impact on the evolution of the fish fauna of Lake Tanganyika (Poll, 1952c; Poll & Matthes, 1962). Due to geographical isolation and allopatric speciation, many cichlids, including the lamprologins, have at least a northern and southern representative of a particular lineage or species. Some of these representatives have the status or potential status of distinct species, such as Cyphotilapia frontosa (in the north) and C. gibberosa (in the south), Telmatochromis bifrenatus and T. vittatus, N. tetracanthus and N. brevianalis, and Petrochromis orthognathus and P. sp. “Orthognathus Ikola”. Possibly, also L. callipterus has a northern and southern representative. In a molecular study to describe the evolutionary history of certain species, including L. callipterus (Nevado et al., 2009), mtDNA data revealed that L. callipterus includes two divergent and geographically disjunct mtDNA lineages, one in the north and another in the south. These two mtDNA lineages diverged roughly about one million years ago, coinciding with a major water level low stand in Lake Tanganyika, which divided the lake into at least two isolated sublakes. It was concluded that the two mtDNA lineages originated as the result of ancient hybridisation, as well as the separation and isolation of L. callipterus populations in the two sublakes (Koblmüller et al., 2007; Nevado et al., 2009). If these northern and southern representatives of L. callipterus prove to be distinct in more standardised taxonomical characters as well, they may be regarded as two distinct species. Konings (1988: 202) observed a distinction between them, with those in the south having a distinct black margin in the caudal fin, while those in the north lack this feature, hence, it appears that the northern and southern groups of populations of L. callipterus can be separated by both mtDNA and melanin characteristics, and potentially regarded as two distinct species. If so, then L. callipterus represents the southern populations and L. modestus nyassae the northern. However, although L. modestus nyassae is not synonymous with L. callipterus and L. reticulatus, it may still be a synonym, because in 1909, Steindachner (1909a: 403) described Julidochromis elongatus, an L. callipterus-like species (Konings, 1988: 202) from Ujiji. Indeed, Boulenger (1915: 460, 471) reassigned J. elongatus to Lamprologus, which resulted in the new name combination, L. elongatus (Steindachner, 1909a: 403) being a secondary homonym, preoccupied by L. elongatus (Boulenger, 1898a: 494; 1898b: 9), therefore, the replacement name L. steindachneri was suggested (Boulenger, 1915: 471). However, following the introduction and establishment of Lepidiolamprologus (Pellegrin, 1904: 163, 295; Colombé & Allgayer, 1985), to which Lamprologus elongatus (Boulenger, 1898a: 494; 1898b: 9) was designated type species, L. elongatus (Steindachner, 1909a: 403) is no longer a secondary homonym, therefore available to be applied to the northern populations of “L. callipterus” should these one day be more widely regarded as a species distinct from L. callipterus (see more below). In conclusion, L. modestus nyassae (Borodin, 1936: 23) is a junior synonym of L. elongatus (Steindachner, 1909a: 403), the northern representative of “L. callipterus”. According to the nomenclatural code of ICZN (1999: Art. 59.3) regarding “Secondary homonyms replaced before 1961 but no longer considered congeneric”, it is stated that “[A] junior secondary homonym [Lamprologus elongatus (Steindachner, 1909a: 403)] replaced before 1961 is permanently invalid unless the substitute name [Lamprologus steindachneri (Boulenger, 1915: 471)] is not in use [it is not in use] and the relevant taxa are no longer considered congeneric [while Lamprologus elongatus (Boulenger, 1898a: 494) is assigned to Lepidiolamprologus, Julidochromis elongatus (Steindachner, 1909: 403) will be assigned to Lamprologus, should the species be regarded as distinct], in which case the junior homonym [Lamprologus elongatus (Steindachner, 1909a: 403)] is not to be rejected on grounds of that replacement”. Fig. 90 (left). Neolamprologus sp. “Eseki”, Kansombo, male. Fig. 91 (right). N. sp. “Eseki”, Kansombo, female. Fig. 92 (left). Neolamprologus sp. “Modestus Mpimbwe”, Kansombo, male. Fig. 93 (right). N. sp. “Modestus Mpimbwe”, Kansombo, female. Fig. 94 (left). Neolamprologus christyi, Kitawe, male. Fig. 95 (right). N. christyi, Kitawe, female. Fig. 96 (left). Neolamprologus cf. modestus “Lwasase Point – Kilewani”, Kitawe, male. Fig. 97 (right). N. cf. modestus “Lwasase Point – Kilewani”, Kitawe, female. If N. modestus is restricted to the phenotype found at the type localities (Kinyamkolo and Mbity Rocks, § 32.27), consisting of a black, dark brown, or beige body with yellow pectoral fins, additional species may be recognised. Obviously, they will all be N. modestus-like, presumably closely related, and potentially constitute a species complex (see below, § 30). One such species is N. petricola, a stenotopic species found in a rocky habitat, which grows to about 12 cm and feeds mostly on insect larvae (Hori, 1991). The type series of N. petricola was collected at Mtoto, Albertville (Kalemie), and Livua (Poll, 1949: 40; Walschaerts, 1987: 33). In the 1990s and 2000s, we (African Diving) collected and exported several N. petricola variants from DR Congo, labelled according to their collection location, including N. petricola “Cape Tembwe”, “Kiku”, “Moliro”, “Mtoto”, “Tembwe”, and “Zongwe”. We did not observe any conspicuous distinction between them; they were nearly identical with a blackish body and fins. Characteristically, these seven populations all have the same general body depth and sharply descending head profile (pers. obs.) like the holotype from Mtoto (cf. Poll, 1949: 38, Fig. 19), the latter feature which may be the most typical for N. petricola (Fig. 89). In addition, adults frequently have a frontal hump. Seemingly, N. modestus and very similar species/variants either lack an obvious frontal hump or have only an indication of one (§ 27). They also appear to lack the steep head profile normally possessed by N. petricola. Our collected specimen of N. petricola from Tembwe (Figs. 85–86) is more or less identical to that of Poll’s (1956: Pl. 9, Fig. 4) from Mtoto (station 108). Also, the Tembwe population was identified as N. petricola by Büscher (1998a), but the illustrated specimen from Moliro in Konings (2015a: 240, Fig. 4) appears to have a rather elongated head. Nonetheless, pending further research, the geographical distribution of N. petricola, which was restricted to the south western coast of DR Congo by Maréchal and Poll (1991: 288), presumably lies between Kalemie and Moliro. While the populations north of Kalemie, of which there are insufficient data, may temporarily be referred to as N. cf. petricola “Congo North”, those south of Moliro (at Cape Chipimbi) and farther south and southeast are referred to as N. modestus or N. cf. petricola “Zambia” (§ 24). According to Poll (1956: 557), N. petricola resembles N. modestus, but is easily distinguishable from it due to the occasionally indented caudal fin and more elongated body of N. modestus. However, these characteristics obviously concern N. mondabu, which Poll (1956: 484) erroneously regarded as synonymous with N. modestus. In fact, N. modestus has an indistinguishable caudal fin and, contrary to Poll’s statement, a seemingly less elongated body than N. petricola (cf. Figs. 85 and 87). Interestingly, Poll chose the shape of the caudal fin as a distinguishing character between N. modestus and N. petricola, where the shape of the caudal fin is very similar or possibly identical, but not between N. modestus and N. mondabu, where it is conspicuously different. After Poll (1978: 727) had realised his mistake regarding the synonymisation, he expressed that some species had not been diagnosed with sufficient clarity, including N. petricola. Nonetheless, based on subtle characters, N. petricola, as well as other poorly diagnosed species, was indicated as valid and included in the synopsis of lamprologin species. N. petricola, which obviously is very similar to N. modestus, may be such a cryptic species that it is better considered valid pending further systematic work. Indeed, due to the presence of cryptic species, synonyms must only be proposed with great caution (Poll, 1978: 727). Of course, synonymisation should not be based on feeling but on thorough examination of voucher specimens and field observations, ideally “[c]riticism of particular papers must be restricted to scientific publications, and should be backed up with facts” (Kullander, 2012: 2). For a detailed differential diagnosis concerning N. modestus and N. petricola, see the synopsis in Poll (1978: 755). Brichard (1978: 282–283) described N. petricola as reaching a maximum size of 130 mm, possessing molar-shaped pharyngeal teeth, comprising a yellow body, and probably being restricted to the southern part of the lake. While the description of the length and teeth refers to N. petricola, that of the body colour and geographical distribution refers to N. mustax (Poll, 1978), a species which was repeatedly confused with N. petricola prior to its description. Presumably, when Brichard collected the type series for N. mustax in 1976–1977, he must have thought they were specimens of N. petricola, although a photo of a collected specimen was described as an unidentified species (Brichard, 1978: 209, Fig. top). The molar-shaped pharyngeal teeth of N. petricola possibly indicate a diet composed of molluscs, but examination of the stomach contents revealed the presence of insect larvae (Brichard, 1978: 283). Additional misidentifications include Neergaard (1976: 95, Fig. top; 1977: 92, Fig. bottom; 1982: 92, Fig. top), Staeck (1977: 155, Fig. 99, 100), Mayland (1978: 241, Fig. top), and Stawikowski (1979), who illustrated specimens of N. mustax, but referred to them as N. petricola. Also, as a more current error (as of 1 January 2019), the species profile of N. petricola by FishBase (Froese & Pauly, 2019) is accompanied with a photo of N. mustax. Prior to its description, most N. mustax specimens in the trade were referred to as N. petricola (Forsberg, 1982: 16). Based on colours and body shape, some authors (e.g. Thurén, 1982: 14) thought that they looked rather similar. Partly due to this general confusion, Poll (1978: 730) compared the proportions of N. mustax with N. petricola, and to some extent with N. modestus. Herrmann (1987: 88) pointed out the previous confusion regarding N. petricola and N. mustax, the great similarity between N. petricola and N. modestus, and that N. petricola, as of 1987, never had been collected and exported. The first collection of N. petricola by our team (African Diving), including the variant of Mtoto, was made in late 1997 and exported the following year. In addition, at a few occasions in the early 1990s, we exported the variant from Kansombo, north of Kabwe, Tanzania, as N. petricola “Kansombo”. The populations at Kansombo and that at the opposite coast of the lake, at Mtoto, DR Congo, both have a black body and frontal hump, and appear rather similar. However, today we refer to the Kansombo variant as N. sp. “Modestus Mpimbwe”, see below (§ 29). Regarding some N. mustax-like variants, around 2000 we found and exported several interesting variants from southern DR Congo, including one with a blue chin, N. sp. “Leleupi Blue Chin” (Fig. 101), and another with a solid bright orange body, the latter which hails from Lunangwa and appears to conform to a species currently referred to as N. sp. “Leleupi Kapampa” (Fig. 99) by Konings (2015a: 132). Fig. 98. In the 1970s, Neolamprologus mustax was frequently confused with N. petricola (§ 26). The picture shows a Zambian specimen of N. mustax from the collections of the Swedish Museum of Natural History, NRM 61025. Fig. 99 (left). Neolamprologus sp. “Leleupi Kapampa” from Lunangwa. Fig. 100 (right). N. sp. “Leleupi Kapampa” from Kiku. Both individuals (Figs. 99 and 100) photographed at our fish facilities in Dar es Salaam in 2001, prior to export. The species name derives from Konings (2015a: 132). Fig. 101. Neolamprologus sp. “Leleupi Blue Chin” collected by our team near Lupota, DR Congo in the early 2000s. Besides the gap between Cameron Bay and Mbete Bay, where N. cf. petricola “Zambia” is found, the geographical distribution for N. modestus includes the area between Cape Chipimbi, Zambia, and Kilewani, Tanzania, plus the area between Lusekese, Kala North and Mikongolo, Kala South, Tanzania (§ 30). North of Kilewani and Kasanga Bay at Muzi, the N. modestus-like population lacks the yellow pectoral fins, these fins, as well as the dorsal, caudal, anal, and pelvic fins, appear solid black and non-transparent. In the early 1990s, this variant was exported by our team as N. modestus “Black – Kasanga” (Johansson, 1994a; 1994c). Today, we tentatively refer to this variant and potential species as N. cf. modestus “Lwasase Point – Kilewani”, alternatively as N. sp. “Modestus Lwasase Point – Kilewani”, which appears distinguishable based on its solid black body and fins. As the name implies, its geographical distribution lies between Lwasase Point and Kilewani. Between Mbofula Points (Fig. 103) and Kalambo River in Tanzania, a straight line of about 135 km, many groups of N. modestus-like populations occur, which mainly differ with respect to the colouration of the dorsal, caudal, anal, and pectoral fins. Owing to these differences, they are referred to as N. cf. modestus, the abbreviation ‘cf.’ (Latin ‘conferre’, English ‘compare’) which here implies a provisional classification pending further taxonomic research and signifies a somewhat divergent appearance compared to that of the typical N. modestus. In addition to a description of their colours, they are referred to by names conforming to their geographical distribution in Tanzania, listed in an order based on their occurrence from north to south: 1. N. cf. modestus “Mbofula Points – Mtosi Bay” (Figs. 102, 104–105); brown or beige body and fins, the upper half of the caudal fin usually has a thick greyish-blue margin and a thin bright blue submargin, occasionally the margin and submargin of beige individuals particularly are subtly yellowish. 2. N. cf. modestus “Kalandasi Point – Wampembe” (Fig. 106); brown or beige body and fins, the upper half of the caudal fin has a wide bright yellow margin and the rear and soft parts of the dorsal and anal fins have bright yellow dots, sometimes forming large blotches. In the 1990s, this variant was exported by our team (African Diving) as N. modestus “Fire Tip – Wampembe” (Johansson, 1994b). 3. N. modestus (Fig. 107); geographical distribution between Lusekese, Kala North, and Mikongolo Island, Kala South, and between Kilewani and Kalambo River; brown or beige body and fins, pectoral fins are bright yellow and the upper half of the caudal fin has occasionally one or two vague bluish submargins. In the 1990s and 2000s, we exported and referred to this variant, which is the original variant or phenotype of the species, as N. modestus “Yellow Fin – Kantalamba”. In addition, throughout the western and eastern Zambian coasts, populations of this species appear to have yellow pectorals, which are considered as a hallmark for N. modestus, at least in the strict sense. 4. N. cf. modestus “Nausingili Island + Singa Island” (Fig. 108); brown or beige body and fins, pectoral fins have a small, sometimes faint yellow dot, the upper half of the caudal fin has a thick bright yellow margin and thin submargin between which there may be a thin bluish stripe, and the dorsal fin has a thin bright yellow margin. 5. N. cf. modestus “Maleza Island” (Fig. 109); brown or beige body and fins, the upper half of the caudal fin has a thick bright yellow margin and thin submargin. 6. N. cf. modestus “Kasola Island” (Fig. 110); brown or beige body and fins, the pectoral fins occasionally have a small bright yellow dot. 7. N. cf. modestus “Lwasase Point – Kilewani” (Fig. 111); dark brown to beige body, usually with dark brown or black fins. No detailed data are currently available regarding the N. modestus-like species in the areas between Mtosi Bay and Kalandasi Point, as well as between Wampembe (Fig. 141) and Lusekese, Kala North. From the above list of N. modestus-like populations and colour characteristics of the different variants or potential species, it seems that certain colour patterns reappear geographically. For example, the original blackish, brown or beige N. modestus with yellow pectorals is found south of the bay at Kilewani, but also in the Kala Bay area, while those populations between Kilewani and Kala Bay exhibit other colour patterns and are referred to as separate variants and potentially distinct species. Obviously, a species may comprise several geographically isolated populations, see for example, Chalinochromis brichardi, which occurs in the north and south, but not in the central parts of the lake, where it is replaced by distinct congeners. Furthermore, the list above does not necessarily comprise seven distinct species, but rather seven distinct colour patterns, which, however, are undoubtedly the most common hallmarks for distinct species. Fig. 102. Neolamprologus cf. modestus “Mbofula Points – Mtosi Bay” at Mbofula Points, 10 km south of Kipili. This is the most northern locality where we found this variant, or any variant of N. cf. modestus. Along a large portion of the coastline, between Kampemba and Mbofula Points, including the Kipili Archipelago, there are no N. modestus-like species. Fig. 103. About 10 km south of Kipili, three strips of land project into the lake, forming the rocky habitat of Mbofula Points, an area where the northernmost representative of Neolamprologus cf. modestus is found (Fig. 102). Fig. 104. Neolamprologus cf. modestus “Mbofula Points – Mtosi Bay” at Mtosi Point. Fig. 105. Neolamprologus cf. modestus “Mbofula Points – Mtosi Bay” in Mtosi Bay. Some individuals may attain a brown colouration, while most individuals observed are light beige (see previous photo, Fig. 104). The dark individuals of this variant are distinguished from a similar variant at Muzi (N. cf. modestus “Lwasase Point – Kilewani”) by the frequent thick greyish-blue margin and thin bright blue submargin of the upper half of the caudal fin. Occasionally, the margin and submargin of beige individuals of the “Mbofula Points – Mtosi Bay” variant are subtly yellowish, while individuals of the “Lwasase Point – Kilewani” variant usually have thick black, non-transparent pectoral fins, especially the variant at Muzi. Fig. 106. Neolamprologus cf. modestus “Kalandasi Point – Wampembe” at Mongwe, near Msamba. This may be the most colourful variant of the N. modestus-like species; parts of the pectoral, dorsal, and caudal fins are thick yellow. In the 1990s, we exported this colour variant from Wampembe with the epithet “Fire Tip”. Fig. 107. In Tanzania, the true Neolamprologus modestus is found around Kala Bay and in the extreme south from Kilewani to Kalambo River. The photo was taken at Kambwimba, 7.5 km north of Kalambo River. Fig. 108. The variant of Neolamprologus cf. modestus found at Nausingili and Singa Island is similar to the Kasola Island variant, but has a bright yellow trim in the dorsal and caudal fin compared to the usual blue in the latter. The picture shows a male with fry at Singa Island at a depth of five metres. Fig. 109. Neolamprologus cf. modestus at Maleza Island lacks the yellow marks in the pectoral fin, observed in the colour variant at the adjacent islands, Nausingili and Singa. Fig. 110. At Kasola Island, the Neolamprologus modestus-like species has a few yellow marks at the central part of the pectoral fin, similar to the variants found at Nausingili Island and Singa Island, but lacks the bright yellow trim in the dorsal and caudal fin found in the latter two. Fig. 111. Neolamprologus cf. modestus “Lwasase Point – Kilewani” at Kitawe. The variant from Muzi, 8 km southeast of Kitawe, was exported by us in the 1990s as N. modestus “Black”. The thick black and non-transparent pectoral fins are typical for this variant. Brichard (1978a: 224) published an illustration of N. modestus, or at least an N. modestus-like species, referring to it as ‘Lamprologus staecki’ with the full name in italics. Obviously, the name appears scientific and one may think that his intention was to scientifically introduce it. However, his extremely short description of “slate gray body and yellow pectorals are typical” (Brichard, 1978a: 224) clearly confuses it with N. modestus, on which he commented: “the southern race of Lamprologus modestus has yellow pectoral fins” (Brichard, 1978a: 208). Presumably, ‘L. staecki’ was not seriously intended as a scientific name, the name was simply carelessly italicised, hence, it should not be regarded as a ‘nomen nudum’ [a formally published name that fails to conform to the nomenclatural code (ICZN: 1999)], but rather a pseudo-scientific trade name. Subsequently, Brichard (1989: 352) referred to the cichlid as “staecki” (with quotation marks and non-italicised, but without a generic name), a less ambitious and more subdued reference to the fish. However, he disagreed with Poll (1978: 745) that it was synonymous with N. modestus, but without giving any further details. At the end of the 1970s, ‘L. staecki’ was occasionally imported to Sweden (e.g. Menander, 1979). Two more N. modestus-like variants or species occur in central Tanzania. The southernmost of these, N. sp. “Modestus Mpimbwe”, which occurs between Karema and Kampemba Point, has erroneously been referred to as N. mondabu (Lundblad & Karlsson, 1992: 271; 1995: 46; Karlsson, 1998: 40; 2002; 2004; Konings, 1998a: 162; Sturmbauer et al., 2010), see more above (§ 4). A provisional description of N. sp. “Modestus Mpimbwe” includes a brown, beige, or slightly bluish beige body, yellowish brown or yellowish beige dorsal and caudal fin, both fins with a very thin yellow margin and blue submargin, the latter which is medium thick on the dorsal fin but usually very thick and indistinct on the caudal fin. The pelvic fins and anal fin are brown or beige and besides the pectoral fins, which are hyaline greyish, all fins are pearly in appearance. Adult specimens have a frontal hump, indented lower head profile, moderately elongated snout, and a rather truncate or straight-cut caudal fin with slightly rounded corners (vs. normally very rounded caudal fin in N. modestus). In contrast to N. modestus and all its variants (§ 27), N. sp. “Modestus Mpimbwe” has not been observed beating its caudal fin on the sandy or sediment-rich substrate to expose prey. This behaviour combined with the bluish fins, truncate caudal fin, and adult frontal hump distinguishes it from N. modestus and partly also from the most similar and geographically adjacent congeners. Differences within N. sp. “Modestus Mpimbwe” include the submarginal blue caudal-fin stripe in the variants of Kabwe, Udachi, and between Kansombo and Karema, which is occasionally concentrated to the upper half of the fin. Furthermore, the variants along the shores of Cape Mpimbwe and northern Korongwe Bay are never or only rarely dark brown, but normally slightly bluish beige. Currently, no N. modestus-like species have been observed between Kampemba Point (Fig. 15) and Mbofula Points (Fig. 103), Tanzania, a distance of 40 km. N. sp. “Modestus Mpimbwe” was included in the diving log by Lundblad and Karlsson (1992: 271; 1995: 46), referred to as N. mondabu and described as large and blue with a frontal hump, and Karlsson (1998: 40; 2002; 2004) observed specimens to be searching for eggs from spawning Lamprichthys tanganicanus. Throughout its geographical distribution, N. sp. “Modestus Mpimbwe” is sympatric with N. sp. “Eseki”. North of Karema, between Ikola and Katumba Point, a differently coloured group of populations is found. Referred to as N. sp. “Modestus Mahale”, these populations represent a potential species which primarily differ from N. sp. “Modestus Mpimbwe” by the colouration of the dorsal and caudal fin. In N. sp. “Modestus Mahale”, the dorsal fin has an orange margin, lilac submargin, and an orange horizontal stripe just below, while the caudal fin has a somewhat thick orange margin, lilac submargin, and an orange vertical stripe or indistinct field posterior to that submargin. Furthermore, the caudal fin of N. sp. “Modestus Mahale” is not divided into upper and lower parts, like most of the N. modestus variants in the south (§ 27), but the vertical caudal-fin margin stretches across the entire fin. Interestingly, a similar colouration on the fins may be observed in N. mondabu, at least regarding the populations between Moyobozi (Fig. 76) and Segunga. Within N. sp. “Modestus Mahale”, there is no distinguished colour variation, but the caudal fins of the populations at Sibwesa and northwards are slightly indented as opposed to truncate or straight-cut. In particular, the variant represented by the populations at Sibwesa and Lyamembe is very different from the real N. modestus from the south. At Halembe, north of the Mahale Mountains, an N. modestus-like population has been observed (§ 31) (Fighiera et al., 2011: 22; Jonas, 2018), which represents a variant whose colour characteristics conform relatively well to N. sp. “Modestus Mahale”. In two inventory studies at Miyako in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, Kuwamura (1986; 1987) reported the sighting of N. sp. “Modestus Mahale”, referred to as N. modestus. The species was recorded to be a polygynous harem breeder (Kuwamura, 1986: 138), and found to be very abundant in both the rocky and sandy habitat, in depths down to 35 metres (Kuwamura, 1987: 4). At a nearby location, referred to as Mahali, Rossiter (1995: 198) found N. modestus (N. sp. “Modestus Mahale”) to be common among boulders and sand. Like N. sp. “Modestus Mpimbwe”, N. sp. “Modestus Mahale” has not been observed uncovering prey with its caudal fin. Throughout the southern quarter of its geographical distribution, N. sp. “Modestus Mahale” is sympatric with N. sp. “Eseki”. The characteristics of the illustrated fish in Konings (1988: 52, Fig. bottom), captioned as N. mondabu, conforms very well to the description of N. sp. “Modestus Mahale”. Presumably, the photo, which does not have a locality label, was taken somewhere between Ikola and Katumba Point. Fig. 112. Neolamprologus sp. “Modestus Mahale” at Kekese, a small inlet between rocks about 20 km north of Ikola. Fig. 113. Bulu Point (left) and Karilani Island are popular collection locations for ornamental fish collectors. Partly due to substandard collection equipment, one may frequently come across displaced species and variants in the waters of these locations, fish which have been collected elsewhere in the lake but escaped from cages or deliberately released here. For example, commonly found are Tropheus “Red Rainbow”, T. “Double Blot” (Kirschfleck), and T. “Kaiser” (Ikola), all originating far south of these locations. The growing problem with displaced cichlids is of increasing concern among environmentalists. A few times a year, the lake witnesses the capsizing of ornamental fish collectors’ boats carrying thousands of cichlids of different, remotely collected, locally endemic species, with the result of minor ecological disasters. Admixture of alien and indigenous fish species should not be taken lightly as invasive species may lead to the extinction of species and loss of biodiversity (Harrison & Stiassny, 1999; 2004; cf. Karlsson & Karlsson, 2014c). Fig. 114. Neolamprologus sp. “Modestus Mahale” at Karilani Island. While Maréchal and Poll (1991: 284) concluded that the geographical distribution of N. modestus is confined to the “south end of Lake Tanganyika” (§ 27), we regard the rest of the N. modestus-like species found throughout much of the lake as partly distinct species, all of which are closely related, allopatrically distributed, and members of what may be referred to as the N. modestus species complex. For more details of what a species complex is, see Karlsson and Karlsson (2018a: 26–27, 90–100, caption Fig. 306, and § 55–57, 60, 61); see also Ribbink et al. (1983: 157) and Spreinat (1995: 208). Alternatively, this species complex may be referred to as a species, and all its members regarded as geographical colour and shape variants as opposed to distinct species. Consequently, N. petricola, N. sp. “Modestus Mpimbwe”, N. sp. “Modestus Mahale”, etc., would be geographical variants and synonyms of N. modestus. However, the trend in systematics appears to be splitting as opposed to lumping. Sturmbauer et al. (2010) suggested N. tetracanthus, N. cunningtoni, N. christyi, N. petricola, N. modestus, and N. mondabu to be a good candidate group for a future separate genus (§ 3), within which, the group of N. modestus-like species may be a good candidate for a species complex. Currently, the N. modestus species complex features the following taxa: N. modestus, N. cf. modestus “Mbofula Points – Mtosi Bay”, N. cf. modestus “Kalandasi Point – Wampembe”, N. cf. modestus “Nausingili Island + Singa Island”, N. cf. modestus “Maleza Island”, N. cf. modestus “Kasola Island”, N. cf. modestus “Lwasase Point – Kilewani”, N. sp. “Modestus Mpimbwe”, N. sp. “Modestus Mahale”, N. petricola, N. cf. petricola “Zambia”, and N. cf. petricola “Congo North”. One should keep in mind that similar groups of populations need not be sympatric to be identified as representatives for separate species. Most botanical and zoological species, including cichlid fish species, are allopatrically distributed and, increasingly acknowledged, the occurrence of cryptic species and speciation are highly underestimated. “Allopatric diversification is certainly a major pathway of speciation in many of Lake Tanganyika’s cichlid lineages” (Koblmüller et al., 2008: 11). “Since many species are extremely young, locally distributed and morphologically similar, inferring species status in cichlid fishes is often problematic” (Koblmüller et al., 2008: 10). Previously, the morphological “yardstick” method was suggested (Mayr, 1964: 167; 1992: 229; 1996: 274; Mayr & Ashlock, 1991: 100–105; Stauffer & Kellogg, 1998: 27), which implies giving species status to geographically separated populations if they are as morphologically distinct as sympatric species. Of course, colour characteristics may be included in such a differentiation method. However, sympatric species that are nearly identical, morphologically, behaviourally, and based on colouration, such as N. furcifer and N. timidus at Cape Mpimbwe (cf. Kullander et al., 2014a: 309, Fig. 4a, 4b) render the “yardstick” method useless (Karlsson & Karlsson, 2017i). Currently, “there’s also no agreed-upon yardstick for how much morphologic or genetic difference separates species” (Gibson, 2011: 394). Identifying species appears to be a rather subjective and pragmatic business, each observer, a hobbyist or professional taxonomist, applying a “personal yardstick” based on prior individual experiences. In general, many new animal species are discovered and described “all the time”. For example, on average, ten new shark species are discovered every year (Bernvi, 2018). Some of these are represented by newly discovered populations, while others are morphologically distinct known populations that were previously lumped together under a single species name. Recently, it was revealed that what was thought to be a single widespread cobra species, the forest cobra, comprises five separate species, two of which were described as new, with the other three previously regarded as subspecies (Wüster et al., 2018). Hence, what was recently referred to as the forest cobra species is now the forest cobra species complex. Seemingly, the trend is that subspecies and variants become species, species become complexes, and complexes become genera. Fig. 115. Lake Tanganyika map showing the geographical distribution in Tanzania of the individual species and variants of the Neolamprologus mondabu species group and N. modestus species complex based on field observations. In Tanzania, N. mondabu was observed from Segunga Bay northwards, and N. sp. “Modestus Mahale” (or another N. modestus-like species, § 29, 31) between Ikola and Magambo, possibly occurring north to Segunga Bay, a potential geographical boundary for the species. See enlargement of the Kipili area, Fig. 24. Fig. 116. Neolamprologus christyi at Mtosi Bay, the type locality of the species. What may be referred to as the N. mondabu species group constitutes a group of rather speculatively related species, including N. mondabu, N. christyi, N. sp. “Eseki”, and N. sp. “Mwila”. The former three may even constitute additional species, being cryptic and allopatric, especially N. mondabu, which appears to be distributed throughout much of the northern half of the lake, but without being taxonomically and properly investigated. For the definition of a species group and species complex, see Karlsson and Karlsson (2018a: 90, § 55). The members of the N. mondabu species group share some obvious characteristics, including the moderately elongated dark brown or greyish body with an indented or lunate caudal fin. They usually reside in a mixed rocky and sandy habitat, except N. sp. “Mwila” which has not been found among rocks, but only sand and empty shells. However, Trewavas and Poll (1952: 12–13) did not observe any particular similarities between N. christyi and N. mondabu, but rather compared N. christyi with N. furcifer, N. petricola, N. savoryi, N. pulcher, and N. brichardi. Indeed. N. christyi is distinguished from N. mondabu by some rather clear meristic data, including the number of scales in a longitudinal series (50–60 vs. 34–37) (Poll, 1978: 753, 756). Furthermore, N. christyi is at least 4 cm larger than N. mondabu. Besides N. sp. “Mwila”, the other three species do not coexist anywhere in the lake, but are allopatrically distributed, a common feature for closely related species. The latter is due to the fact that allopatric speciation is thought to be more common that sympatric speciation. While N. christyi is named after Cuthbert Christy, first collector of the species in 1926–1927, the specific epithet of N. mondabu is its local name. In Tanzania, N. mondabu occurs between the Burundi border and Segunga. From Segunga south to Halembe we have not observed N. mondabu, but an N. modestus-like species (§ 29) has been reported at Halembe (Fighiera et al., 2011: 22; Jonas, 2018). Seemingly, along the Tanzanian coast, N. mondabu does not coexist with any N. modestus-like species as it does along the opposite coast in DR Congo (cf. Konings, 2015a: 240). Since the 1970s, field observations in Lake Tanganyika have revealed that interspecific relations, including mutualism and commensalism, are important elements in the fish communities of the lake (Kawanabe et al., 1993; 1997; 1999). Researchers have shown that species with apparently similar ecological requirements are well segregated in resource utilisation, and the coexistence of closely related species composes a beneficial relationship that presumably promotes their existence within the community (Nakai et al., 1994). Speculatively, coexisting N. mondabu-like and N. modestus-like populations may represent different species than N. mondabu-like and N. modestus-like populations that do not coexist. N. sp. “Eseki” occurs between Isonga and the five northern islands of Kipili (Kamamba, Kasisi, Kerenge, Mwila, and Nkondwe Islands) (§ 5). Along its southernmost distributional range, it does not coexist with any N. modestus-like species as it does farther north. N. sp. “Mwila” has so far only been found at Mwila Island (§ 10–11), where there are no N. modestus-like species, only occasional specimens of N. sp. “Eseki”. N. christyi occurs between the three southern islands of Kipili (Lupita, Mvuna, and Ulwile Islands) and Chituta Bay, Zambia (pers. obs.; Kohda et al., 1996: 239). Seehausen (1990: 9–10; 1991: 12–14) reported the sightings of N. christyi and N. cylindricus at Kigoma, but these were undoubtedly displaced specimens, escaped or released from cages by local ornamental fish collectors. In its southernmost range, N. christyi is sympatric with N. modestus, or N. modestus-like species, but geographically isolated from such species in its northernmost range, including the southern islands of the Kipili Archipelago. Max Poll and his team of native fishermen, which were attached to the great Belgian Hydrobiological Mission of 1946–1947, obtained the holotype of N. christyi and 14 of its paratypes from the southern rocky coast of Mtosi Bay. Specimens were caught on 2 April 1947 by angling with worm at a depth of 2–4 metres (Trewavas & Poll, 1952: 12; Walschaerts, 1987: 32). For photos taken by Poll on the same date depicting the rocky environment of Mtosi Bay and the fishing gear the team used, see Leloup (1949: Pl. 13, Fig. 5) and Poll (1952a: Pl. 35, 36, 38). As for the locations of the N. christyi specimens collected by Christy, who, incidentally, was killed by a buffalo in DR Congo in 1932 (Nature, 1932; Royal African Society, 1932; Worthington, 1933: 285), his notebooks were mislaid, therefore the locations are unknown (Worthington & Ricardo, 1937: 1062). Until the beginning of the 1980s, all notes and articles about N. christyi (e.g. Neergaard, 1976; 1977; 1982; Brichard, 1978; 1989; Mayland, 1978) were more or less transcriptions of the original descriptions by Trewavas and Poll (1952) and Poll (1956) partly because the species was not exported for the ornamental fish trade until around 1980. While one of the very first exported N. mondabu was illustrated in Kahl (1971: 17, Fig. top), perhaps the very first exported N. christyi was illustrated in Bialkowski (1981: 18). Another early photo of a live N. christyi from Zambia was featured in Zadenius (1983: 28, Fig. bottom), but due to the allegedly deviant lips of the specimen in that photo, which was considered not to completely conform to the original sketch by Trewavas and Poll (1952), the author was not convinced of its identity and speculated it as being a specimen of N. mondabu with elongated caudal-fin corners. Others, like Axelrod and Burgess (1986: 317), illustrated specimens of N. cunningtoni and referred to them as N. christyi. Throughout the 1990s and beginning of the 2000s, we (African Diving) collected and exported N. christyi mainly from the southern Kipili islands, Mtosi Bay, Kala Bay, the Maleza Island area, and Kasanga area. There is hardly any noticeable colour variation between the many populations; they are all greyish or blackish with yellowish and bluish fins. Funded by the ‘Tanganyika Exploration Committee’ and referred to as the ‘Third Tanganyika Expedition’, Cunnington conducted his expedition between March 1904 and June 1905 (Cunnington, 1906c; Boulenger, 1906). Besides investigating the flora and fauna of Lake Tanganyika, he also explored Lakes Malawi and Victoria. On Lake Tanganyika, for about 8 months, he sailed with a dhow from south to north and made collections of fish, snakes, crabs, prawns, parasitic crustaceans, sponges, plants, algae, and much more. For the exact route he sailed on Lake Tanganyika, see detailed map (Fig. 119). For illustrations of a characteristic Lake Tanganyika dhow of the time, see Brown (1893: 256) and Swann (1910a: 83, Fig. top). At Kaboge, about 43 km south of Uvira, DR Congo, on 1 March 1905, the expedition obtained specimens of new copepod and ostracod species, including Cyclops cunningtoni (Sars, 1909: 37, 52, 54–55; 1910: 734). At the same time, the two types of N. mondabu appeared to have been collected. Less than three weeks later, on 18 March 1905, the expedition left Lake Tanganyika and headed for Bukoba at Lake Victoria. After Cunnington’s initial catch, additional collections of N. mondabu followed. In 1920, at the expense of the Unites States National Museum, Washington, D.C., Raven collected four specimens of N. mondabu at Kigoma (§ 23) (Myers, 1936: 1, 14). Later, in the 1930s, the entomologist Louise Burgeon collected reptiles, amphibians, and fish in East Africa, including Lake Tanganyika. At Nyanza-Lac, Burundi, nine specimens of N. mondabu were obtained (David, 1936: 157; Poll, 1946: 341). At Rumonge in 1935 and Nyanza-Lac in 1937, the anthropologist Arthur Lestrade collected more than 70 N. mondabu specimens, and at Rumonge in 1939, another two specimens of the same species were collected by Maurice Van Hemelrijck, colonial Minister for the Belgian Congo in 1958–1959 (Poll, 1946: 341). Much later, observations of N. mondabu were made near Cape Tembwe (Konings, 1996: 77), at or near Tembwe (Büscher, 1998a: 790; 2002a: 8, Fig. top), and Lunangwa (Konings, 2015a: 238, 240). Whether these three latter sightings really relate to N. mondabu or cryptic similar species remains to be seen. Speculatively, they may relate to species that are phylogenetically closer to N. sp. “Eseki”. The type locality of N. mondabu is Kaboge, DR Congo (Boulenger, 1915: 471), which is close to Mboko Island (cf. Konings, 2015a: 238), and should not be confused with Cape Kabogo, Tanzania. At Kaboge, at least two battles between Belgian colonial forces and slave traders have taken place, one in April 1898 and another on 11–12 October 1899, the latter led by Captain Hecq (Fig. 127) on the Belgian side (Janssens & Cateaux, 1908: 145, 153; 1911: 432–436). An excerpt from Moore’s narrative (1901b: 145), ‘To the Mountains of the Moon’, reads: “[M]uch to our surprise we also found Captain Haec [Hecq], the Belgian commandant at Usambura [Bujumbura]; he had encountered the rebel soldiers west of the Rusisi river, and had totally defeated them, killing several hundreds and entirely dispersing the rest. He had then pushed over the mountains to Usambura and joined Captain Bethe [the official head of the German Tanganyika district], where we found him almost dancing with delight”. Fig. 117. Located at the northern side of Utinta Bay, African Diving Fish Station was established in 1989 following the discontinuation of a small ornamental fish operation with a temporary and portable set-up at Kigoma in 1987 and 1988. The station has been the starting point for several fish expeditions on Lake Tanganyika in recent years.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line77
__label__wiki	0.594466	0.594466	Whatever happened to People's Peers Is Lansley telling porkie pies? Remember back in the first term of Tony Blair's government the idea of People's peers, people were invited to nominate themselves for appointment to the House of Lords, it would an attempt to get good people who weren't part of the Establishment into parliament, the sort of person that would never get appointed through the usual channels. 3,000 applied, 15 were selected, to resounding disappointment at least in this quarter (no I hadn't applied). Most of the 15 were people who would very likely have got in under the old system. Still there were a couple of interesting names there, and maybe after the first batch of appointments it would start to settle it and provide a real way into the House of Lords? Yesterday, the latest batch, only two this time, were announced, Dame Nuala O’Loan, former Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland and Sir Jonathan Sacks, Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth. Both are Visiting Professors (O'Loan at Ulster and Sacks at both Kings College London and Birkbeck). Both have impressive records and will no doubt be an asset to the Upper House. But, but, can it be said that neither would have been appointed back in the old days? Aren't they both completely Establishment figures. If the House of Lords Appointment Commission is only going to be appointing the same type of people that would have been appointed under the old system, what point is it playing? Can't that be one of the quangos we get rid of? In a democracy legislators should be elected. The sooner we have a fully elected House of Lords the better. Currently who knows if someone is there by patronage or ability?	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line78
__label__wiki	0.835732	0.835732	Online reception Outstanding Amount of Loans in Foreign Currency and Precious Metals Granted by 30 Largest Banks to Resident Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs, by Economic Activity and Use of Funds Data in Excel format on 01.01 million rubles Debt as of 01/05/2018 mining and quarrying of natural minerals of which: electricity, gas and water supply agriculture, hunting and forestry wholesale and retail trade; repair services for means of transport, furnishings and private used goods for settlement finality mining and quarrying of energy producing materials food products, including beverages and tobacco wood and products of wood pulp and paper products, publishing and printing coke, petroleum products and nuclear materials other non-metal mineral products transport vehicles and equipment agriculture, hunting and services in these areas construction of buildings and installations regular and irregular air transport agricultural and forestry machinery The Russian Federation 5,432,692 1,005,438 802,029 1,600,539 111,527 40,589 45,046 386,338 234,313 11,898 484,776 9,009 0 160,520 2,988 45,048 12,879 10,588 148,961 126,276 264,255 25,008 333,569 1,275,538 746,096 369 CENTRAL FEDERAL DISTRICT 2,638,505 258,953 242,321 263,142 26,872 6,453 2,092 18,980 41,554 6,349 36,362 5,346 0 85,405 0 32,191 8,153 7,283 117,196 97,114 46,300 7,764 165,546 1,083,534 663,145 346 Belgorod Region 35,002 4,078 0 29,204 10,868 0 0 0 768 5,031 12,537 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 0 1,669 0 0 0 Bryansk Region 1,089 0 0 129 0 0 129 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 943 0 0 0 Vladimir Region 3,285 0 0 2,865 12 949 0 0 0 0 1,843 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 395 0 Voronezh Region 22,760 178 178 16,292 3,041 5,504 0 0 7,747 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,354 2,809 0 0 12 0 2,612 0 312 0 Ivanovo Region 145 0 0 145 0 0 0 0 145 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kaluga Region 4,133 0 0 102 0 0 0 0 0 47 55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,692 0 0 338 Kostroma Region 6,446 0 0 3,895 0 0 0 0 0 134 3,762 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 59 2,300 192 0 Kursk Region 11,328 7,650 0 1,197 1,197 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,272 1,946 0 0 210 0 0 0 0 0 Lipetsk Region 1,482 0 0 1,339 1,339 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 128 128 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 Moscow Region 426,156 6,886 6,886 9,535 6,947 0 0 0 645 639 323 57 0 0 0 193 3 3 3,347 3,347 20,539 604 7,238 206,784 171,630 0 Orel Region 2,433 0 0 2,349 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,256 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 76 0 0 8 Ryazan Region 2,692 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,692 0 0 Smolensk Region 656 0 0 199 199 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 457 0 0 0 0 0 Tambov Region 2,893 0 0 2,613 2,539 0 0 0 73 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 281 281 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tver Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tula Region 21,937 0 0 21,463 0 0 0 0 9,053 0 12,409 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 474 0 0 Yaroslavl Region 3,186 0 0 1,147 0 0 0 1,145 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 144 1,894 0 Moscow 2,092,883 240,160 235,257 170,667 730 0 1,963 17,835 23,122 497 5,434 3,033 0 85,405 0 31,998 2,065 2,065 113,849 93,767 25,040 7,159 149,242 871,140 488,721 0 NORTH-WESTERN FEDERAL DISTRICT 497,552 29,342 17,975 189,412 51,296 21,382 40,257 0 12,532 1,883 0 3,440 0 44,490 2,988 0 2,835 2,039 10,778 10,778 51,881 0 91,572 70,280 51,429 23 Republic of Karelia 11,069 0 0 7,848 0 0 7,848 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,220 0 Republic of Komi 5,271 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 311 4,960 0 0 Arkhangelsk Region 21,926 0 0 1,505 0 1,505 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12,986 705 6,731 0 including Nenets Autonomous Area 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arkhangelsk Region excluding Nenets Autonomous Area 21,926 0 0 1,505 0 1,505 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12,986 705 6,731 0 Vologda Region 16,377 11,160 0 4,096 248 3,848 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 741 0 0 0 0 0 243 0 137 0 Kaliningrad Region 68,794 845 845 50,983 50,388 0 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,039 2,039 0 0 8,920 0 5,616 391 0 0 Leningrad Region 30,222 15,298 15,298 6,501 0 0 145 0 457 0 0 34 0 3,932 0 0 0 0 0 0 674 0 0 7,748 0 0 Murmansk Region 37,364 2,038 1,832 2,255 170 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11,490 0 90 834 20,657 0 Novgorod Region 15,308 0 0 14,416 0 295 0 0 12,076 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 0 0 0 0 0 837 0 0 0 Pskov Region 1,519 0 0 1,519 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Saint Petersburg 289,701 0 0 100,288 490 15,734 32,226 0 0 1,883 0 3,406 0 40,558 2,988 0 0 0 10,778 10,778 30,797 0 71,488 55,643 20,684 23 SOUTHERN FEDERAL DISTRICT 272,782 4,712 4,712 108,684 29,019 0 0 43,545 189 892 13,314 222 0 6,660 0 0 214 214 31 31 118,033 760 17,348 21,031 2,729 0 Republic of Adygeya (Adygeya) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Republic of Kalmykia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Republic of Crimea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Krasnodar Territory 183,172 0 0 58,166 2,303 0 0 42,152 0 0 13,292 222 0 156 0 0 213 213 0 0 99,870 18 8,954 15,970 0 0 Astrakhan Region 3,265 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 31 2 0 0 3,227 6 0 Volgograd Region 1,256 0 0 1,048 1,048 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 107 0 99 0 0 0 Rostov Region 85,089 4,712 4,712 49,470 25,668 0 0 1,393 189 892 22 0 0 6,504 0 0 0 0 0 0 18,054 743 8,294 1,834 2,723 0 Sevastopol 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NORTH-CAUCASIAN FEDERAL DISTRICT 8,470 0 0 5,000 193 0 0 0 14 2,059 0 0 0 0 0 0 291 291 0 0 0 0 22 0 3,157 0 Republic of Daghestan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Republic of Ingushetia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kabardino-Balkar Republic 106 0 0 53 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Karachai-Cherkess Republic 1,795 0 0 1,795 0 0 0 0 0 1,768 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Republic of North Ossetia - Alania 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 Chechen Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Stavropol Territory 6,544 0 0 3,153 140 0 0 0 14 291 0 0 0 0 0 0 237 237 0 0 0 0 22 0 3,132 0 VOLGA FEDERAL DISTRICT 655,591 224,025 218,195 344,669 403 3,734 2,698 150,857 144,393 708 13,414 0 0 12,893 0 9,772 372 372 1,744 0 23,792 16,484 36,323 14,042 852 0 Republic of Bashkortostan 54,303 135 0 51,713 0 0 0 41,850 0 0 358 0 0 9,506 0 33 71 71 0 0 0 0 54 1,443 852 0 Mari El Republic 4,237 0 0 4,030 0 0 0 4,030 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 197 197 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 Republic of Mordovia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan) 93,383 0 0 51,502 0 0 0 49,122 0 0 0 0 0 2,290 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34,100 7,781 0 0 Udmurt Republic 213,278 213,278 213,278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chuvash Republic - Chuvashia 3,292 0 0 367 0 0 0 0 367 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,924 0 0 Perm Territory 154,284 0 0 154,250 0 263 2,379 0 139,441 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 0 0 Kirov Region 5,277 0 0 3,418 0 3,418 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,859 0 0 Nizhny Novgorod Region 35,161 0 0 16,221 276 0 319 0 1,371 0 13,056 0 0 1,098 0 9,739 0 0 1,744 0 7,308 0 150 0 0 0 Orenburg Region 58,111 1,548 1,433 56,563 0 0 0 55,855 0 708 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Penza Region 284 0 0 180 127 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 104 104 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Samara Region 5,181 0 0 3,213 0 0 0 0 3,213 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,968 0 0 0 Saratov Region 9,104 9,063 3,484 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 Ulyanovsk Region 19,696 0 0 3,212 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16,484 16,484 0 0 0 0 URAL FEDERAL DISTRICT 898,329 259,015 236,895 511,420 0 0 0 136,337 6,097 7 328,639 0 0 10,176 0 3,086 0 0 19,212 18,354 0 0 17,188 74,941 13,467 0 Kurgan Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sverdlovsk Region 334,816 3,733 0 327,698 0 0 0 0 4,041 0 283,418 0 0 10,176 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 113 0 3,271 0 Tyumen Region 482,192 236,895 236,895 136,337 0 0 0 136,337 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 146 0 0 10,118 9,259 0 0 14,961 73,539 10,196 0 including Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area - Yugra 26,061 18,540 18,540 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7,521 0 0 0 including Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Area 227,915 148,830 148,830 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 73,539 5,546 0 Tyumen Region, excluding Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area - Yugra and Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Area 228,215 69,525 69,525 136,337 0 0 0 136,337 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 146 0 0 10,118 9,259 0 0 7,440 0 4,650 0 Chelyabinsk Region 81,322 18,387 0 47,385 0 0 0 0 2,056 7 45,220 0 0 0 0 2,940 0 0 9,094 9,094 0 0 2,114 1,402 0 0 SIBERIAN FEDERAL DISTRICT 320,358 168,392 68,713 134,361 2,473 7,981 0 0 29,535 0 92,985 0 0 895 0 0 695 256 0 0 0 0 5,016 9,705 2,189 0 Altai Republic 772 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 741 0 31 0 Republic of Buryatia 969 969 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Republic of Tuva 2,197 2,197 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Republic of Khakassia 3,928 1,891 0 2,036 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,036 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Altai Territory 2,122 0 0 2,118 0 2,118 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 Trans-Baikal Territory 54,090 54,090 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Krasnoyarsk Territory 118,050 34,197 0 83,295 0 5,075 0 0 809 0 77,412 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 491 22 45 0 Irkutsk Region 8,018 6,335 0 1,041 0 788 0 0 253 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 439 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 203 0 Kemerovo Region 99,659 53,843 53,843 41,862 0 0 0 0 28,263 0 13,537 0 0 0 0 0 256 256 0 0 0 0 3,698 0 0 0 Novosibirsk Region 29,689 14,869 14,869 3,696 2,343 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 895 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9,214 1,910 0 Omsk Region 323 0 0 313 130 0 0 0 183 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 Tomsk Region 541 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 78 464 0 0 FAR-EASTERN FEDERAL DISTRICT 141,105 60,999 13,218 43,850 1,270 1,039 0 36,619 0 0 62 0 0 0 0 0 319 133 0 0 24,248 0 555 2,005 9,128 0 Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) 27,779 27,594 921 185 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kamchatka Territory 10,823 4,619 0 1,390 615 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,814 0 Primorye Territory 28,522 0 0 1,228 0 1,039 0 0 0 0 62 0 0 0 0 0 133 133 0 0 23,463 0 439 0 3,259 0 Khabarovsk Territory 52,299 14,695 0 37,176 157 0 0 36,619 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 186 0 0 0 124 0 116 2 0 0 Amur Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Magadan Region 1,511 903 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 607 0 Sakhalin Region 15,908 12,297 12,297 499 499 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 661 0 0 2,003 448 0 Jewish Autonomous Region 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chukotka Autonomous Area 4,264 891 0 3,373 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Existing discrepancies between totals and sums of items are due to rounding Last update: 16/07/2019 11:48 Search and site map Mode for visually impairedRegular mode © Bank of Russia, 2000–2019 Address: 12 Neglinnaya Street, Moscow, 107016 Russia +7 499 300-30-00, 8 800 300-30-00 Contats	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line80
__label__wiki	0.695708	0.695708	Archaeological research in Udegram Udegram, Swat Giuseppe Tucci Co-director: Giorgio Gullini A series of excavation and study campaigns were carried out in Pakistan between 1956 and 1959 by the “Centro Ricerche Archeologiche e Scavi in Asia dell’Is.M.E.O. e di Torino”: Giuseppe Tucci was the coordinator and director of the missions, while Giorgio Gullini was the co-director. The Italian archaeological mission had been involved in Pakistan since 1956, following the decision made the previous year by Prof. Tucci in favour of the Swat region, which takes its name from the river that runs through it, flowing a few kilometres away from the northern border with Afghanistan. The area selected for the study and research activities was one of primary importance in the history of Buddhism, being extremely rich in artistic and architectural remains such as stupas, monasteries and whole ancient cities. Two principal areas were selected: the lower city with the Udegram fortress, whose name seems to evoke Arrian’s Ora, conquered by Alexander during his Indian campaign, and the Jambil Valley near Mingora with the Butkara I and Panr sites (monumental stupas and sacred areas), Butkara II, Katelai, Loebanr (necropolis) and Saidu Sharif (sacred areas). The Udegram excavations were conducted between 1956 and 1959, in three separate sectors: the first is represented by the Gogdara hill, perhaps the most ancient settlement site; the second is the so-called Udegram Bazaar (residential area) and the third is the “Castle”. Gogdara Gogdara, probably the oldest nucleus of the area, can be dated between the protohistoric time (as witnessed by the rock engravings in Gogdara I that prevalently depict animals) and when it was conquered by Alexander. According to the ceramic sherds, the settlement was inhabited with a certain continuity between the 12th century BC and the Parthian period. Udegram: the “bazaar” In a near downhill area the monumental remains of an entire vast inhabited district were brought to light (Gullini called it a “bazaar” so that, as Tucci wrote, “Alexander’s presence may gently blow all around us”), dated between the end of the 4th century BC and the 4th century AD. The purpose of the surveys in the lower city was to “…find the city that Alexander’s troops stormed, follow the wake of its early settlements up to the conquest of Mahmud in the 11th century” (G. Tucci, La via dello Swat). In the specific case of the settlement on the Udegram plain it was decided to reconstruct the grid of the ancient streets and the individual inhabited areas. The vast city district was extensively surveyed during five campaigns under the direction of Prof. G. Gullini. Entire habitation blocks were brought to light, which had been constructed according to a precise urban layout, crisscrossed with streets in beaten earth with shale facings and drainage ditches. Each inhabited block can be divided into two complementary units, constituted by a sector of habitations and by a series of workshops giving on to the street. The settlement also included more finely constructed dwellings, with colonnaded courtyards or prevalently wooden pilasters. The Udegram "castle" (1958) The so-called “castle” on the hillside closes the Udegram plain on the east, on a rocky spur subject to considerable construction works. The excavations and restoration works inside the walls of the Udegram castle in the 1958 campaign were directed by G. Gullini. Excavations of the fortress had commenced the previous year, in 1956, when the need emerged to undertake a systematic survey of the rocky spur of the Raja Ghira hillside controlling the valley. With its jutting towers and its privileged position, the fortress guaranteed total control of the city below as well as the entire valley. In the first few years the excavations brought to light an ample walled perimeter, which had been enlarged and modified many times. It enclosed a well-organized complex of rooms, devices and installations that has been interpreted as the fortified seat of the principal local authority. The preliminary exploration of the entire perimeter of the fortress led to the discovery of important structures, including the monumental access ramp that seems to belong to the principal phase between the 7th and 10th centuries: it was immediately clear therefore that the excavations had to be accompanied by necessary and urgent repair measures and restoration of the structures. These measures, which safeguarded the walls and ensured their conservation, were developed and carried out in collaboration with the Archaeological Department of Pakistan. The castle was in communication with the other sectors of the hillside by means of a narrow ridge that could easily be closed and controlled. Given its favourable position, the fortress was used over a long period of time: in fact a total of eighteen different levels or occupational phases were uncovered. The absolute dating of the fortress is known thanks to the comparative examination of the coins and pottery sherds found during the excavations: its oldest phases are perhaps contemporary with the progressive abandonment of the lower city (the “bazaar”), whilst the main phases of the stronghold can be placed later in time, between the 7th and 10th centuries, followed by the phases spanning from the conquest of Mahmud to the 13th-14th centuries. Restoration of the structures The problem of the great access ramp and the north-eastern external wall with semi-circular towers was of primary importance during the 1958 campaign. The structures are built with dry wall schist blocks, according to the technique widespread in that area, with the larger blocks in the walls held together by smaller stones. Only the facades of the most important buildings were given finishing touches. The restoration works initially concerned the static stability of the structures, in an attempt to fill the voids within the masonry, which in similar construction techniques constitute a high level of instability and precariousness for the entire structure. Where necessary iron cramps were inserted. In addition, a suitable drainage system for rainwater to flow away from the structures was either reinstated or guaranteed. Due to their precarious state of conservation, other walls were at least partially dismantled, and prior to reassembling them it was deemed advisable to investigate previous cultural phases, which had been obliterated by the subsequent building. In the case of the staircase the presence was ascertained of an older similar device, narrow and short, below the steps that later served as a true and proper foundation platform for the structures that were visible at the time of the excavation. Attività Archeologica Italiana in Asia, Mostra dei risultati delle Missioni in Pakistan ed in Afghanistan 1956-1959, Torino-Roma 1960. FACCENNA D. 1964, "A guide to the Excavations in Swat (Pakistan) 1956-1962", Dept. Of Archaeology of Pakistan e Is.M.E.O., Roma. GULLINI G. 1958, "Marginal note on the excavations at the Castle of Udegram: restoration problems", in G. Tucci, G. Gullini, Preliminary Reports and Studies on the Italian Exacavations in Swat (Pakistan), East and West (new series), vol. 9, n. 4. 1959, "Die Ausgrabungen der Italienischen Archäologischen Expeditionen in Swat-Gebiet", Indologen-Tagung, p. 252 sgg. 1960, Archeologi Italiani nel Pakistan, Il Veltro, IV, 1960, 4, p. 17 sgg. 1962, "Udegram", in Reports and Memoirs of IsMEO, Centro Studi e Scavi Archeologici in Asia, I. TUCCI G. 1963, La via dello Swat, Roma. Banbhore	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line81
__label__wiki	0.984493	0.984493	Home All posts Linford Christie Linford Christie Linford Christie : biography 2 April 1960 – All information taken from IAAF and UK Athletics profiles. IAAF; Retrieved on 2009-01-20 Personal life and family His niece Rachel Christie was crowned Miss England in 2009 though later relinquished the title following allegations of assault. He has 4 kids Christie was born in Saint Andrew, Jamaica, where he was brought up by his grandmother. At the age of seven he followed his parents, who had emigrated to Acton, London, England, five years before. He was educated at Henry Compton Secondary School in Fulham, London and excelled in physical education. He competed in the very first London Youth Games in 1977 for the borough of Hammersmith & Fulham. Retrieved on 2013-02-19 He also joined the Air Training Corps in 1978, 336 (Hammersmith) Squadron. He did not take up athletics seriously until he was 19. Christie’s early track career was not promising. He failed to make the Great Britain team for the 1984 Summer Olympics, not even being included in the sprint relay squad. It was not until he began to work in earnest under the coaching of Ron Roddan that he began to fulfil his potential. In 1986, he was the surprise winner of the 100 m at the European Championships and finished second at the Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh at 100 m, behind Ben Johnson. At the 1987 World Championships in Athletics in Rome, Christie came fourth in the 100 m, but was later awarded the bronze medal, when winner Ben Johnson was disqualified after admitting years of steroid use. At the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, Christie won 100 m silver behind Carl Lewis after Ben Johnson, who set a world record in 9.79 seconds, was disqualified following a positive drug test for anabolic steroids, but later withdrew his participation to avoid the publication of his drug test. Christie faced a disciplinary hearing himself in Seoul because of an adverse drug test for the banned stimulant pseudoephedrine after he ran in the heats of the 200 m. The hearing panel decided by a single vote to give Christie "the benefit of the doubt", so no sanction was applied. In 1992, Christie became the third British athlete to win the Olympic 100 m, after Harold Abrahams and Allan Wells, winning the title ahead of Frankie Fredericks, of Namibia at the Barcelona Olympic Games. In the absence of his great rival Lewis, Christie ran 9.96 s in the final, and at 32 years old became the oldest Olympic 100 m champion by four years. In 1993, he became the first man in history to hold the Olympic, World, European and Commonwealth titles in the 100 m as he was victorious at the Stuttgart World Championships. He was also voted BBC Sports Personality of the Year. After 1994, he was less successful. Christie was disqualified in the 1996 Olympic final after two false starts. He retired from representative international competition in 1997, BBC Sport (4 August 1999) Retrieved on 2009-01-20 although he continued to make appearances at invitation meetings. In February 1999, Christie competed in an indoor meet in Dortmund, Germany. A routine unannounced drug test found the banned substance nandrolone. After a six-month delay, a disciplinary hearing was convened by the British Athletic Federation which found Christie to be not guilty. But the IAAF overruled and confirmed a two-year suspension. Christie is also banned for life from British Olympic Association teams. When the story of the positive drug test was first leaked to the press, it resulted in Puma opting not to continue Christie’s £100,000 sponsorship contract. Three years earlier, at the Atlanta Olympics, Christie had worn contact lenses embossed with the Puma logo at the press conference preceding the 100 m final. Canoe.ca (25 July 1996) Retrieved 2009-01-20 Reebok had paid $40 million to be the official sponsor, and Christie’s actions were seen as ambush marketing and a breach of Olympic rules on the wearing of sponsor’s logos by athletes. Pages: 1 2 3 4 last Previous articleNancy Pelosi Next articleLinford Christie	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line86
__label__cc	0.655594	0.344406	Home/TRC and Community Foundation announce partnership Since being established in 1994, TRC Foundation has supported thousands of people with disabilities and their families by awarding more than $1 million in grants. A new partnership with the Chautauqua Region Community Foundation will only improve on that positive track record. After more than a year of planning, officials from The Resource Center, TRC Foundation and the Community Foundation recently announced a collaboration that will see the dissolution of TRC Foundation and the transfer of its $2.2 million in assets to the Community Foundation. That money will be spread among several new endowment funds that will be managed by the Community Foundation: The Resource Center TRC Foundation Fund – This fund provides support to The Resource Center and the Filling the Gap, Inc., network in supporting people with disabilities and other socio-economic challenges and their families including but not limited to autism services, educational services, community activities, guardianship, transportation, and otherwise unfunded programmatic and capital expenditures. The Resource Center Laurel Run Fund – This fund supports community awareness, prevention services, and employment and training opportunities for people with disabilities. The Resource Center Look Good Fund – This fund supports the needs of people with disabilities in the areas of personal care, personal appearance, clothing, protective gear, transportation, and other unfunded needs. The Resource Center Mark Pacheco WOW (Working on Wonders) Fund – This fund supports persons with disabling conditions in fulfilling their wishes and dreams to enjoy recreational and travel experiences based on financial need. The Resource Center Kathy Seastedt “Dream On” Fund – This this fund provides financial resources to assist people with disabling conditions who live in the community and who have unfunded needs. The Resource Center TRC Excellence Awards Fund – This fund provides financial resources to assist with the recognition of the achievements of people with disabilities and the staff, community members, volunteers, and businesses who support them. This includes, but is not limited to, the Disability Awareness Awards, achievement awards for people with disabilities, TRC Educator Award, TRC Employee of the Year and TRC Direct Support Professional of the Year. Click here to learn more about these funds. Despite the tremendously positive impact TRC Foundation has made, TRC and TRCF officials realized they could do even more by partnering with the Community Foundation. Established in 1978 to assist donors in making a positive impact on the local community, CRCF currently manages $94 million held in some 750 funds. “The Community Foundation has a 40-year history of serving the greater Chautauqua region,” said Randy Ordines, the Chair of TRC Foundation’s Board of Directors. “(They) bring a vast amount of experience in fund and investment management, planned giving and fund development.” “Because of CRCF’s experience, and the funds already entrusted to their management, we are able to reduce our overall administrative costs while at the same time ensuring the assets of TRC Foundation will be utilized for their intended purposes into perpetuity,” said Denise Jones, The Resource Center’s Executive Director. The Community Foundation has been a longtime supporter of people with disabilities in Chautauqua County, having donated more than $50,000 over the years to The Resource Center to support a number of programs and initiatives. The new partnership strengthens the bond between the organizations. “The Resource Center and TRC Foundation have profoundly impacted thousands of area residents with disabilities, as well as their families and fellow community members,” said Randy Sweeney, the Community Foundation executive director. “This new partnership with CRCF ensures that these relationships will continue today and into the future.” Tax-deductible donations to any of the six named funds above benefitting The Resource Center can be made directly to the Chautauqua Region Community Foundation, 418 Spring Street, Jamestown, NY, 14701, or by visiting www.crcfonline.org. The Resource Center will also accept donations mailed to 200 Dunham Avenue, Jamestown, NY, 14701, or made online at www.resourcecenter.org. From left, TRC Executive Director Denise Jones; Randy Ordines, the Chair of TRC Foundation’s Board of Directors; and Randy Sweeney, the Executive Director of the Chautauqua Region Community Foundation, go over some final details regarding the partnership among The Resource Center, TRC Foundation and CRCF. Community Funds The Resource Center Volunteering	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line88
__label__wiki	0.811506	0.811506	Event: Conflict and journalism - Making sense of Libya's south * Event cancelled * Come and join us for an event on the situation in Libya on 23 March in Brussels. This debate is part of EIP's newly launched 'conflict and journalism' event series. * Due to the situation in Brussels this event has been cancelled. A new date will be announced shortly.* Wednesday, March 23, 2016 Time: 18:30-20:00 - Speakers: Rebecca Murray (Libya correspondent), Anas El Gomati (Sadeq Institute) & Martin Griffiths (EIP) - Location: TBC The south of Libya is one of the most remote and unexplored regions with little coverage from international news outlets. Yet, it remains one of the most crucial areas for Libya’s overall security and stability. The southern porous borders have allowed for increased levels of transborder criminal activities, human trafficking and illicit smuggling. A peaceful solution to the conflict is not in sight. Despite progress at the national level, peacemaking initiatives in the south of Libya have so far only offered short term solutions. Join us for a debate on 23 March to learn more about the conflict in the South of Libya, why it matters to Europe and how journalists operate in this war-torn country. We will explore the role of tribes, how to deal with shifting military alliances, and how further escalation in the region can be prevented. If you would like to attend please send an email to info@eip.org. Please note that places are limited and will be allocated on a first come first served basis. Rebecca Murray is a freelance journalist currently based in Libya, which she has frequently covered since the 2011 revolution. She has previously lived and reported from Lebanon, Yemen, Afghanistan and Liberia, as well as filed from Syria, Iraq, Sri Lanka and Ethiopia. You can find Rebecca's work on VICE News (see for example here or the video documentary above), McClatchy, Al Jazeera English, Middle East Eye and Inter Press Service. She is a contributing author to The Libyan Revolution and its Aftermath, published by Hurst/Oxford University Press in 2015. Twitter: @Beccamurr Anas El Gomati is the Founder and General Director of the Sadeq Institute. He has worked at the sustainability department at IOC and served as an advisor and publisher on Libyan affairs for several European think tanks. Among his publications is “Freedom or Survival?” regarding non-violent solutions to the recent Libyan conflict. Martin Griffiths is a senior international mediator and the first Executive Director of the European Institute of Peace (EIP). From 1999 to 2010 he was the founding Director of the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue in Geneva (HD Centre) where he specialised in developing political dialogue between governments and insurgents in a range of countries across Asia, Africa and Europe. Between 2012 and 2014 he served as the Deputy Head of the UN Supervisory Mission in Syria (UNSMIS). Martin also worked in the British Diplomatic Service and for various international humanitarian organisations including UNICEF, Save the Children and Action Aid. In 1994 he became the Director of the Department of Humanitarian Affairs in Geneva and served as Deputy to the UN Emergency Relief Coordinator in New York. He has also served as UN Regional Humanitarian Coordinator for the Great Lakes and UN Regional Coordinator in the Balkans with the rank of UN Assistant Secretary-General.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line92
__label__wiki	0.551379	0.551379	Emergent Wisdom Thoughtful Observations from Business and LIfe Other musings You are here: Home Other musings Sociology Understanding Homosexuality (1) Understanding Homosexuality (1) Created: 05 January 2011 \| Published: 05 January 2011 \| Written by Mike Hersee \| Hits: 3029 I'd been meaning to write an article on this for some time, if I hadn't so busy with other things, but it was triggered by a BBC magazine article, so here's a summary of my perspective. There's a simple biological mechanism that ties several of these points raised together, and it's evident in other aspects of biological life as well as being a fractal pattern that is observed throughout the known universe at vastly different scales, and it's called self-organising systems. To give you an example, particles of dust that coalesce through gravity into planets, the components of a cell that make it behave as a cell, the individuals and companies that form the banking industry, and individuals that make up a population create a system of society and government. Essentially, a large number of particles in the same environment tend to organise themselves into complex dynamic patterns, the nature of which is not always obvious from the characteristics of the individual particles themselves. You probably wonder where the heck I'm going with this. Bear with me. Complex systems may have a variety of stable states where a considerable change of circumstances is required to trigger a change of state from one pattern to another. For example, if we look at systems of government, while the individuals within government may change, the system of government for many countries tends to be relatively stable, until something dramatic happens and a shift occurs to a different type of government. Rule by a succession of kings, for example, is often a relatively stable form of government because although the kings may change, the system stays the same. A key point about self-organising systems is that they may remain stable in the same state, even if all of the compenents within the system have changed, until the external conditions change or something dramatic happens within the system itself. However, sometimes the system of government itself may be unstable and fluctuate from one system of government to another rapidly within the lifetimes of the people. This is because the parameters of the system lead to instability rather than stability. But even if you take the people in a stable system of government, such as North Korea: Is that necessarily the only sort of government that could have been formed? No, but because of a set of circumstances, that's what they ended up with. And it's very stable, and would probably take quite a significant change in external or internal circumstances to change the type of government it has. The nature of the political system means that it reinforces itself. As another simplistic example, let's take your domestic tumble-drier. Let's assume for a moment that you have a simple, one-direction tumble-drier, not a reversing one. If you put a whole load of socks in there, what are the chances of them rolling up into an 'organised' (by that I mean 'stable') ball where the outside socks get dry but the inside ones don't? Not very high. In my experience, they tend to stay separate and all dry at the same rate. But as the items of washing get bigger, they have a greater tendency to get wrapped up in each other. For example, sometimes a bunch of long-sleeved work shirts will get caught up in an embrace with each other and the arms don't dry properly. If you put in a super-kingsize duvet cover, I guarantee that in any non-reversing domestic tumble drier, sooner or later it will roll up into a log and the inside won't dry. So the stable states for a tumble drier are a) constantly varying organisation (eg, socks tumbling over each other, or a towel that easily bends into all shapes while drying), and b) consistently organised (eg, a duvet cover that has rolled up into a log, or long-sleeved garments that have got into a deadly embrace). The factors that determine what happens are 1) the approximate size of the individual items, 2) the number of items, 3) the diameter of the drum. These individually affect the probability of the contents of the drum going from a disorganised state to an organised state, and of going back again. If you take a small tumble drier and a large duvet cover for instance, the chances of it rolling into a log are very high, and although you can't predict exactly when it will happen, it has a high probability of happening and a low probability of reverting back to a disorganised state. If you put a single person's duvet cover into a launderette-sized tumble drier, it might never roll up into a log, but if it does, it may also be more likely to unroll again (even if it only goes in one direction). At an inbetween state, the system may be more sensitive to the size of duvet and diameter of drum, where a slight change in the size of either may result in a big difference between whether it is biased towards organised or disorganised. So self-organising systems can sometimes fall into a variety of stable states. In complex systems there are not absolute probabilities that a system will go into one state or another, it's down to chance which state a system may end up in, but the parameters of the system can bias the likely outcome and the stability of the system being in one state or another. Another simple example of how the parameters of a complex system may simply bias the result is one of the 'executive toys' where there is a steel ball at the end of a pendulum that can swing in two horizontal axes, above a baseplate where you can stick several magnets. When you let the pendulum swing it will make all kinds of random movements influenced by the magnets and eventually come to rest hovering over one magnet or another. Where the magnets are placed in relation to each other determines the bias of the system to ending up at one or another, but it's almost impossible to predict on an individual swing where it will end up. Although theoretically deterministic, it's in effect probabilistic because it's highly sensitive to the exact position of the initial release and even factors like minor air currents could quickly have a cumulating effect. If you adjust the magnets a bit, you will alter the probability that the pendulum will end up hovering over one rather than another. Sometimes, quite small changes result in quite a significant change in the probabilities. Self-organising systems appear to be widespread in nature. For example, in individual animals the markings on the coat are not all genetically predetermined where they will be but are apparently the result of self-organising systems. When animals are cloned for example, it has been discovered that the patterns in their coats are the same type of pattern, but not exactly the same. Identical twins have very similar fingerprints, but they're not exactly the same. The body as a whole can be regarded as being the sum of multiple levels of complex self-organising systems. It has been realised for quite some time that the genes in cDNA simply don't store remotely enough information to represent the wide variety of characteristics within human beings. Although genes seem to have been determined to be critical and even determistic factors in some problems such as haemophilia, in other aspects of human characteristics it is likely that genes are merely biasing factors, along with others such as hormones or other environmental factors, to a complex system where ultimately chance determines the eventual outcome. Sexual orientation and gender identity may be two characteristics where genetic factors are simply biasing factors into the complex system that determines sexual orientation, along with some factor in the mother that relates to the number of boys she's already had. The complex system, then having made it's decision (in many cases) appears to be one that will tend to stay in that state as sexual orientation appears to be broadly stable as evidenced by it's resistance to being influenced by even extreme life-threatening social factors. The degree of absoluteness of sexual orientation probably depends on either chance or biasing factors already mentioned. This model of sexual orientation determined by bias-influenced self-organising biological complex system that falls into one of several stable states prior to birth allows for and at least partly explains why: - Environmental factors after birth seem to have no significant influence on eventual sexual orientation (as evidenced by the male birth order effect that no-one knew about until a large scale study was performed) - The male birth order effect is probablistic, not deterministic. - Identical twins have a increased probability of having the same sexual orientation, but it's a long way from being guaranteed. The non-identical sexual orientation of genetically identical twins essentially rules out there being a single 'gay gene'. or even a group of genes that very strongly determine the sexual orientation. But there may be one or more genes that statistically bias TO SOME EXTENT the outcome of an essentially random complex system that picks a stable state of its own choosing and then sticks with it through thick and thin. This would mean that it would be virtually impossible to prevent gay children being born, because if my model is correct, it would be impossible to eliminate the chance of it happening. It may be only possible to influence it very slightly. And that's before you even consider what the unintended consequence of that might be. Seeing as the few studies there have been appear to show approximately consistent proportions of different sexual orientations throughout the world despite significant separation by over time and by geography, economic conditions and culture, this suggests there is something very stable in the human biological model that reliably produces a predictable proportion of the population who are at least predominantly gay.This does nothing to undermine the overriding point that Peter Tatchell has made in the past that it SHOULDN'T matter, and I entirely agree with that. However, it's still useful to have ammunition to fire at our enemies. So it's worth looking at what some people regard as a genetic conundrum in asking why gay people exist as, superficially, attraction to the same sex does not appear to enhance the chances of reproductive success. In other words, it reduces fecundity significantly to the point that, if there was no apparent benefit, it should have died out by now. Although I love being a dad, for logistical reasons I only have one son at age 45. Had I been entirely straight it's highly likely I would have had more by offspring by now. I can look around at both the gay and straight people I know and the difference in fecundity is obvious, so why hasn't homosexuality died out? Other characteristics such as interests, abilities and style of behaviour are also probably the stable result of 'decisions' made by self-organising complex systems that may be influenced by similar factors. So that - for instance - there may well be heterosexual, 'straight-acting' haute-couteur designers, but I've certainly not met one and they're probably in a minority. But I have met a few - at least predominantly - straight guys that were rather camp. Different jobs absolutely definitely seem to attract different proportions of people across the spectrum of sexual orientation - computing seems to attract a very significant proportion of people that are bisexual, for instance, and a friend who should know told me that approximately 90% of staff with certain roles in TV production are gay. In my opinion, the proportion of gay people in the bus industry is lower than the proportion of gay people in the population. I would hazard a guess the same applies for riggers in the oil industry. I don't think it was purely chance that it wasn't BP or Shell that produced any of the "It gets better" videos, as far as I've seen. In my opinion anyone who denies there is no statistical bias towards certain types of career is being somewhat naive or in denial. So individually you can't predict exactly what type of job someone will have from their sexuality (eg, you can't say absolutely that their job will be from group X if they're straight and group Y if they're gay), but again there seems to be a significant statistical bias. From a non-scientific analysis, it appears to me that gay people are statistically biased towards occupations that involve a greater degree of subtlety and nuance where the content is less-rigidly defined. For example, caring, creativity, communication, spiritual roles, and oganisation of ideas. To make some extreme and over-simplistic examples to make the point, how often are the police called to quell fights at gay pubs or clubs compared to 'straight' venues, when the fights are solely gay people fighting against themselves and not defending an attack by homophobic straight guys? Gay people may be more inclined to diplomacy than fighting and there are times when diplomacy prevents war, which can confer a big survival benefit. Gay people were often shamans and healers in less technologically advanced societies, and it seems also, more likely to be priests, pastors and therapists in more technologically advanced ones. Having a proportion of gay people in the population seems to broaden the spread of skills available, statistically speaking, that may prolong life in a different way compared to the statistical bias of straight people. It seems we may be MORE LIKELY to be the spices in the meal, the oil in the gearbox, the ointment and plasters in the first-aid kit next to the toolbox, as it were. Or in the case of the US army, the translators and situation-calmers in a troop of soldiers in a foreign land. It seems therefore that the apparent 'Darwinian paradox' of the lower fecundity of gay people seems to be too narrowly focussed. I think it's important to remember that until relatively recently, and still in many parts of the world, within a few generations a given set of genes is likely to be widely distributed within the LOCAL community. Something that confers a survival benefit on the community as a whole, or on random members within the community, is likely to be a contribution to the survival benefit of a high proportion of the different genes from a few generations back. I acknowledge there appears to be a corresponding statistically-significant rise in fecundity of maternal relatives of gay men, that may offset the reduced fecundity of gay men themselves to some extent (as so few studies of lesbians appear to have been done). But I suggest it may well be that the overall benefit to a set of genes of creating a self-organising system with a bias for producing about 6-7% of predominantly gay people is not necessarily because of inherently increased fecundity somewhere else within one or two generations of the same set of genes; It could be for the overall survival benefit to the community as a whole - and therefore ongoing generations of those genes - because of the skills that tend to correlate with sexual orientation that contribute to the overall well-being of society. I suspect though that the argument I've made here is probably too subtle and nuanced for the simpletons who oppose our existence.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line94
__label__wiki	0.90961	0.90961	At the time the score looked like a misprint. A result so stunningly one-sided Steelers quarterback Ben Roethlisberger stood in the locker room on that gray October afternoon only half-jokingly wondered if he still had ”it.” Throwing five interceptions http://www.thedolphinsfootballauthentic.com/michael-deiter-jersey-authentic , two of which the Jaguars returned for momentum-swinging, confidence-sapping touchdowns, will do that. Yet Roethlisberger insists he’s not out for revenge in the rematch on Sunday when the Jaguars (11-6) visit Heinz Field in the divisional round with a trip to the AFC title game on the line. There’s too much at stake for him to settle some sort of personal vendetta. Or so he says. ”I’ll play anyone in the postseason,” Roethlisberger said. Only Jacksonville isn’t ”anyone.” Not anymore. Not after the NFL’s top-ranked defense proved that breakout performance three months ago was a sign of things to come. The Jaguars don’t play a particularly pretty brand of football. They also don’t particularly care. Doubt them all you want. Mock their offense at your leisure. Last they checked, there will be 24 teams watching the playoffs this weekend and Jacksonville isn’t one of them. ”We’ve just got to score one more point than they do,” Jaguars quarterback Blake Bortles said. ”It doesn’t matter who scores it, where it comes from, how we do it, what it looks like, we score one more than them and I’m happy with how we did it.” Bortles and the other 52 guys on the roster might be the only ones. The Steelers (13-3) entered the season as one of the favorites to reach the Super Bowl. Despite a fall filled with drama (much of it self-created) Pittsburgh was really only pushed around once. By the Jaguars. Take Jacksonville lightly at your peril http://www.cardinalsauthorizedshops.com/authentic-zach-allen-jersey , something the Steelers found out on Oct. 8. ”Some people come in thinking a team may be easier by their record or tougher by their record, but we know that can’t be on our mind,” Pittsburgh running back Le’Veon Bell said. ”I think that kind of got us in the first game because the Jacksonville Jaguars, they’re normally not a good team but those guys got players this year. They’ve been making plays.” If the Jaguars can do it for another 60 minutes, they’ll reach the NFL’s final four for just the third time in franchise history. Some things to look for as the Jaguars try to pull off a second stunner against a team that believes its season is destined to end with a trip to Minneapolis for the Super Bowl. AB’s BACK: Pittsburgh All-Pro wide receiver Antonio Brown is expected to play after missing the final 2+ games of the regular season with a left calf contusion. Brown practiced all week, though he was sent home on Friday because of an illness. Brown caught 10 passes for 157 yards in the first meeting with Jacksonville and his return means all of Pittsburgh’s ”Killer Bs” will be ready to go. ”If he’s out there, I expect him to be AB,” Steelers cornerback Joe Haden said. LEONARD’S LEAP: Jaguars rookie running back Leonard Fournette hammered the Steelers for a season-high 181 yards in October, including a 2-yard touchdown leap and a 90-yard sprint to the end zone in the final two minutes that sealed it. Fournette’s production has dipped in recent weeks. He’s only averaged higher than 3.9 yards per carry once over the past eight weeks Gary Jennings Jr. Jersey , though Bortles doesn’t think Fournette has smacked into the rookie wall. ”There has obviously been some hiccups and bumps in the road with different things,” Bortles said. ”It’s not on him, it’s on guys up front, it’s on me getting us in the right play, receivers blocking. It’s on everyone.” CHILL OUT DUDE: Temperatures are expected to be in the teens at kickoff, a decided departure for the Jaguars. While Jacksonville coach Doug Marrone downplayed the elements, Bell believes he has an advantage when the mercury drops. A year ago against Miami in the wild-card round, he pounded the Dolphins for 167 yards and two touchdowns as the temperature hovered around 17 degrees. ”It definitely affects guys who are tackling,” Bell said. ”That’s why when it’s cold outside I take a lot of pride because I know guys don’t want to tackle.” COACH SHAY: Injured Steelers linebacker Ryan Shazier spent some time at the team’s facility this week, getting around in a wheelchair while recovering from spinal stabilization surgery last month following a hit against Cincinnati that left his lower body motionless. Shazier’s presence has provided the Steelers with a boost Phil Haynes Jersey , and while his football career is likely over, he remains intent on finding a way to contribute. Shazier, who would get to work as early as 6 a.m. to break down film when he was playing, is now serving as equal parts advance scout and motivational speaker. ”He loves football so much,” guard David DeCastro said. ”It’s amazing to see and just to have the attitude he has after all he’s been through man, it’s pretty impressive. I don’t know if I’d be able to do the same.” The life of an NFL player is not an easy one. Sure, it seems glamorous when you see them cashing those big cheques, but it definitely comes at a high cost. Especially when you consider that many former football players find themselves struggling financially after making poor decisions. One of the biggest perks that do come with putting "NFL player" on your resume is that you have the chance to land some of the hottest women in the entire world. Former Playboy models, pageant competitors (and winners), supermodels and award-winning musicians are all within the grasp of potential athletes.Unfortunately for half these athletes Ugo Amadi Jersey , the women didn't end up sticking around. In fact, in some cases like Julian Edelman, his relationship had the fun benefit of ending with a paternity lawsuit! But that doesn't mean you won't love getting to stare at some of the hottest women in the world, like Eva Longoria and Gabrielle Union, even if they're no longer linked to an NFL player.These are the 8 NFL WAGS you can't believe athletes let get away (And 8 Still Sticking Around)	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line96
__label__wiki	0.572472	0.572472	98-Year-Old Woman Drives Kindness in her Retirement Home. Evelyn is 98 yrs. old and drives her friends who can no longer do so. Bread for myself is a material question. Bread for my neighbor is a spiritual one. Evelyn, who resides in a retirement home is 98 years old and takes "love thy neighbor" to a whole new level of kindness. When the retirement community where the nonagenarian lives discontinued its' bus service, her neighbor Joyce was unable to go to the grocery store. This affected Evelyn as much as it did Joyce. Knowing that Joyce might have to switch facilities, Evelyn took matters into her own hands. “It is one of the most beautiful compensations in life, that no man can sincerely try to help another without helping himself.” ― Ralph Waldo Emerson Upon hearing that services were being cut at the retirement home, Evelyn didn’t complain or petition the facility to restore transportation services. She did none of that. What she did shocked everyone. At age 98, Evelyn went to the Dept. of Motor Vehicles and renewed her driver's license so she could drive Joyce to the supermarket. She decided to help her neighbors, starting with Joyce. Sometimes those who give the most are the ones with the least to spare. Evelyn didn’t think twice about helping her neighbors in the assisted living facility. "I'm on the earth, I'm here. If I can contribute, I should. Shouldn't we all? And not just think of ourselves?" Evelyn said Evelyn doesn't seek recognition for helping Joyce or her other “neighbors”. "I mean, I don't do this so you think I'm great," she said. "I don't even think of that." She chooses that her last name and location remain anonymous. I think the secret to Evelyn’s longevity is her innate kindness. She doesn’t have an angry bone in her body. She emanates love. And, her neighbors love her in return. Evelyn and Joyce shopping for dinner. “No one has ever become poor by giving.” ― Anne Frank, The diary of Anne Frank Absolutely wonderful, Nancy. Thank you for sharing this brilliant story of human love, compassion, and kindness. Very inspiring, indeed. Kindness is, without doubt, a healing and energizing force in our lives!	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line97
__label__cc	0.734828	0.265172	Many expect bitcoin futures to stabilise the markets because big institutional investors will be able to trade bitcoin using all the flexibility present in sophisticated trading markets, with effective risk management and hedging strategies. Since the CME plans to set price limits on the trading range of bitcoin futures, the price of the coin is expected to become more stable. That is the optimistic outlook. It is reasonable to assume that if futures markets will indeed take off the way they are expected to, the market will eventually gravitate towards a less volatile state. If a Fund that writes an option wishes to terminate the Fund’s obligation, the Fund may effect a “closing purchase transaction.” The Fund accomplishes this by buying an option of the same series as the option previously written by the Fund. The effect of the purchase is that the writer’s position will be canceled by the OCC. However, a writer may not effect a closing purchase transaction after the writer has been notified of the exercise of an option. Likewise, a Fund which is the holder of an option may liquidate its position by effecting a “closing sale transaction.” The Fund accomplishes this by selling an option of the same series as the option previously purchased by the Fund. There is no guarantee that either a closing purchase or a closing sale transaction can be effected. If any call or put option is not exercised or sold, the option will become worthless on its expiration date. A Fund will realize a gain (or a loss) on a closing purchase transaction with respect to a call or a put option previously written by the Fund if the premium, plus commission costs, paid by the Fund to purchase the call or put option to close the transaction is less (or greater) than the premium, less commission costs, received by the Fund on the sale of the call or the put option. The Fund also will realize a gain if a call or put option which the Fund has written lapses unexercised, because the Fund would retain the premium. Each Fund seeks performance that corresponds to the performance of an index. There is no guarantee or assurance that the methodology used to create any index will result in a Fund achieving high, or even positive, returns. Any index may underperform more traditional indices. In turn, the Fund could lose value while other indices or measures of market performance increase in level or performance. In addition, each Fund may be subject to the risk that an index provider may not follow its stated methodology for determining the level of the index and/or achieve the index provider’s intended performance objective. Bitcoin is a relatively new type of currency—a digital or cryptocurrency secured through cryptography, or codes that can’t be read without a key. Traditional currencies are made up of paper bills and coins. Unlike traditional currencies, the bitcoin is not issued by any central government. Rather, a computer algorithm determines how many bitcoins are produced and added to the economy. This is much different than a traditional currency, where central banks typically determine how much money to print. Disclaimer: I am not a professional (or even a veteran) trader. I am an intermediate trader with a passion for cryptocurrency. I am disclosing my own ventures in crypto because cryptocurrency trading does make up a chunk of my online income and I want to be 100% transparent with you when it comes to making money online. Investing in cryptocurrencies carries a risk – you may lose some or all of your investment. Always do your own research and draw your own conclusions. Again – this article is aimed purely at advising; draw your own conclusions on whether cryptocurrency trading is right for you. • Bitcoin is available for trading 24-hours a day globally and, as such, the price of bitcoin may change dramatically when the market for bitcoin futures contracts is closed or when Fund shares are not available for trading on the Exchange. The price of bitcoin may change dramatically at times when investors are unable to buy or sell Fund shares. The CFTC, in conjunction with other federal regulators, also recently proposed stricter margin requirements for certain swap transactions. If adopted, the proposed requirements could increase the amount of margin necessary to conduct many swap transactions, limit the types of assets that can be used as collateral for such transactions, and impose other restrictions. The rule proposal may affect the ability of the Funds to use swap agreements (as well as futures contracts and options on futures contracts or commodities) and may substantially increase regulatory compliance costs for the Advisor and the Funds. As of the date of this SAI, the ultimate impact of the rule proposal on the Funds is uncertain. It is possible, however, that any adopted rule may adversely affect the Advisor’s ability to manage the Funds, may impair a Funds’ ability to achieve its investment objective and/or may result in reduced returns to Fund investors. On October 31, 2017, CME Group, the world's leading and most diverse derivatives marketplace, had announced its intent to launch bitcoin futures in the fourth quarter of 2017. “CME Group's Bitcoin futures will be available for trading on the CME Globex electronic trading platform, and for submission for clearing via CME ClearPort, effective on Sunday, December 17, 2017 for a trade date of December 18” as per CME’s officials statement. Wall Street Bonus Pools Look Shallow in Unexciting Trading Year. Banks to Funds: Have Some Leverage With That Deal. Companies drive borrowing binge to record $6.8tn in 2017. Broken bonds: The role Wall Street played in wiping out Puerto Ricans' savings. China keeps IPOs on tight leash to protect policy goals. John Griffin to Shut Blue Ridge Capital Hedge Fund After 21 Years. Jailed Barclays Trader Must Pay $400,000 From Libor Profits. Private equity selling assets at fastest pace since crisis. The rate of return on everything. Activist Investors’ Role Needs More Transparency, SEC Nominee Says. The Trump Administration’s Move Against SEC Judges. Best statistics of 2017 are 69 and 0.1. The Would-Be Amazon of Sex Toys Became the Radio Shack Instead. Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards. "A married hedge-funder wooed his beauty-pageant mistress with the promise of an ostrich farm in Uganda — only to gift her with an STD, a Manhattan Supreme Court lawsuit says." People are getting excited about Hempcoin (THC) because it’s slowly but surely starting to re-surface again and receive some of the media’s attention that it deserves. Even though a couple of competitors recently showed up (PotCoin and CannabisCoin) – Hempcoin is actually the oldest technologies and coins – not just in the industry – but in the crypto world altogether. Hempcoin was founded back in 2014 and its sole purpose is to act as a digital currency for the Agriculture/Farming industry and naturally – the Hemp/Marijuana field. Alexander Ilyasov, ProShare Advisors: Senior Portfolio Manager since October 2013 and Portfolio Manager from November 2009 through September 2013. ProFund Advisors LLC: Senior Portfolio Manager since October 2013 and Portfolio Manager from November 2009 through September 2013. Ryan Dofflemeyer, ProShare Advisors: Portfolio Manager since January 2011, and a registered associated person and an NFA associate member of ProShares Capital Management LLC since October 2010. Still elsewhere, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, in a footnote, quoted me saying "Just because you mumble the word 'blockchain' doesn't make otherwise illegal things legal," which I hope is now an official CFTC position. And here is Tyler Cowen on bitcoin volatility and Siegel's paradox: "Volatility is a feature of Bitcoin, not a bug, and that is in part for reasons that have nothing to do with speculation or bubbliness, but rather follow from the contours of the utility function." And: "No, a Guy Didn't Scam $1 Million by Selling Chuck E. Cheese Tokens as Bitcoins." He told me that, although he has little to do with Renaissance’s day-to-day activities, he occasionally offers ideas. He said, “I gave them one three months ago”—a suggestion for simplifying the historical data behind one of the firm’s trading algorithms. Beyond saying that it didn’t work, he wouldn’t discuss the details—Renaissance’s methods are proprietary and secret—but he did share with me the key to his investing success: he “never overrode the model.” Once he settled on what should happen, he held tight until it did. For Caspian, creating a crypto trading system that meets the needs of institutional investors is a benefit not only to those traders, but to the entire crypto ecosystem. Providing the infrastructure that institutions need to confidently enter the crypto world sets the stage for a much larger market. This brings needed volume, scale, stability and liquidity — not to mention the kind of credibility that can encourage even more players. In the end, we believe that building an effective trading solution will raise all boats to help crypto live up to its vast potential. On top of that, the cryptocurrency market travels at lightspeed compared to other markets. New coins enter the market on a daily basis (in 2016, there were about 550 different coins, today there are about 1,500), and each one has news every day. I’m not doubting your ability to consume and analyze news, but that level of information bombardment will always be more effectively consumed as a group. In these communities, you’ll see members link news and relevant articles about coins you’ve invested in and coins you’ve never heard of. The community will definitely expand your knowledge much faster than doing it all yourself. The introduction of futures didn't lead to a wave of hedge-fund money shorting bitcoin. It led to retail and institutional money going long bitcoin. We talked last week about the spread between Cboe's bitcoin futures price and the actual price of bitcoin, which was wider than $1,000 for a while. The spread has tightened considerably -- as of 8:15 a.m. today, the CME futures traded at $18,585, Cboe futures at $18,670, and spot bitcoin at about $18,245, for a spread of about 2 percent -- but it still exists. Why would you pay more for a synthetic bitcoin in a month than you would for an actual bitcoin today? The answer, presumably, is that the synthetic bitcoin is more valuable to you: You want bitcoin exposure, but you'd prefer to get it through a standardized contract on a regulated exchange that settles in dollars. • Credit Risk — The Fund could lose money if the issuer or guarantor of a fixed-income instrument or a counterparty to a derivatives transaction or other transaction is, or is perceived to be, unable or unwilling to pay interest, repay principal on time, or defaults. The value of an investment in the Fund may change quickly and without warning as a result of issuer defaults or actual or perceived changes in the credit ratings of the Fund’s portfolio investments or to an issuer’s financial strength. There are also tax risks associated with investments in MLPs. While there are benefits to MLPs that are treated as partnerships for federal income tax purposes, a change to current tax law or in the underlying business of a given MLP could result in the MLP being treated as a corporation for federal income tax purposes. If the MLP were treated as a corporation, the MLP would be required to pay federal income tax on its taxable income, which would reduce the amount of cash available for distribution by the MLP. In addition, because MLPs generally conduct business in multiple states, the Fund may be subject to income or franchise tax in each of the states in which the partnership does business. The additional cost of preparing and filing the tax returns and paying related taxes may adversely impact the Fund’s return. Localbitcoins is the portal that exchanges trades between person to person where you interact with the seller directly. On this platform, people from different countries can exchange their local currency to bitcoins. The site is suggested for casual traders seeking more privacy. The site uses an escrow system and the transfer of bitcoin is made after funds are received in the sellers account. Registering, buying and selling is completely free on localbitcoins while local bitcoin users who create advertisements charges 1% fee for every completed trade.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line98
__label__cc	0.668273	0.331727	Unrivalled expertise. A team of highly motivated specialists, continually pushing the boundaries of NDT. Our game-changing Non-linear Acoustic NDT methods enable our clients to achieve: GREATER RELIABILITY – detection of inherent weakness which may lead to traumatic failure, following in-service fatigue or impact damage INNOVATIVE DESIGNS – the confidence to introduce new materials or processes such as additive manufacturing LESS WASTAGE – rejecting inappropriate raw materials before wasting effort in adding value All leading to less risk to your costs, innovation and reputation. Our Core team Mike Dakin Mike is a materials engineer by education and he was from 2015 to 2018 Sector Vice President (Process Safety) at Halma Plc (FTSE 100) and Chairman to a portfolio of five safety companies within their group. He was previously in a variety of senior roles for many years with ITW Inc. (formerly Illinois Tool Works, a Fortune 200 corporation) managing scientific instrumentation, and engineering businesses, in the USA, Europe and Asia. robert warner Finance Director & COO Robert graduated in engineering before qualifying as an accountant with KPMG. His subsequent career has included 5 years as a Divisional Financial Controller with BAe Systems and many years as Finance & IT Director of a successful SME, followed by a period as a portfolio FD of a wide variety of owner-managed and VC-backed businesses. As well as the normal full range of an FD role, Robert will be acting as the Chief Operating Officer as the business grows. Iain Fairbairn A former commercial solicitor and keen private pilot, who gave up professional practice to pursue a career as an entrepreneur. His non-executive directorships have included light engineering, property development, small business investment and an NHS teaching hospital. Julian Wright Julian is an experienced acoustics engineer, software developer, project manager and patent holder. He has specialised in bespoke instrumentation, computer modelling, and commercial software design and development in diverse markets. Julian was awarded both a B.Sc. and M.Sc. in acoustics from the University of Salford and is also a Fellow of the Institute of Acoustics and a Member of the British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing. Daniel Rodriguez Sanmartin Daniel’s first degree is in Physics and he holds an M.Sc. and Ph.D. on piezoelectric devices from the University of Birmingham. He is a member of the Institute of Physics (IoP) and the Association for Project Management (APM). At Theta we are continually pushing the boundaries of non-destructive testing. To talk further, please get in touch. Contact Theta	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line100
__label__cc	0.536775	0.463225	“Satellite Imagery of Interest”: Eruption of Mt. Sinabung A new Satellite Imagery of Interest is now available on the Observatory's website. The satellite imagery shows the recent eruption of Mt. Sinabung in Indonesia. Mt. Sinabung, located at northern Sumatra of Indonesia, erupted again in the morning of 19 February 2018. Mt. Sinabung is currently one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia. Meteorological satellite captured the eruption of Mt. Sinabung on that day. The animation showed the ejection of volcanic ash into the atmosphere from Mt. Sinabung after the eruption. (The imagery was captured by Himawari-8 satellite of Japan Meteorological Agency) You are welcome to visit the Observatory's Weather Satellite Imagery webpage for details. 2016 © \| Important notices \| Privacy policy \| Site Map \| Contact us Last revision date: <28 Feb 2018>	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line101
__label__wiki	0.502854	0.502854	Authorities referred to Facey, Brian A., and Dany H. Assaf, Competition and Antitrust Law: Canada and the United States, 4th ed. (Toronto: LexisNexis, 2014) Mysicka, Robert, “The Regulated Conduct Doctrine” (2011), 24:1 Can. Competition L. Rev. 18 Trebilcock, Michael, “Regulated Conduct and the Competition Act” (2004), 41 Can. Bus. L.J. 492 APPEAL by the plaintiffs from the order of Perell J., [2018] O.J. No. 1394, 2018 ONSC 1723 (S.C.J.) for summary judgment dismissing the action; and from the costs order, [2018] O.J. No. 4253, 2018 ONSC 4862 (S.C.J.). Paul Bates, Linda Visser and Tyler Planeta, for appellants. Kent Thomson, Matthew Milne-Smith and Michael Lubetsky, for respondent Liquor Control Board of Ontario. Michael Eizenga, Ranjan Agarwal and Ilan Ishai, for respondent Brewers Retail Inc. Jeff Galway and Nicole Henderson, for respondent Labatt Brewing Company Limited. Adam Ship, for respondents Molson Coors Canada Inc. and Molson Canada 2005. Michael S. Dunn and Ravi Amarnath, for intervenor Attorney General of Ontario. Aaron Dantowitz and Justin Safayeni, for Law Foundation of Ontario. The judgment of the court was delivered by PARDU J.A.: — A. Overview [1] Following summary judgment motions that were heard over four days, the motion judge dismissed the appellants’ proposed class action. [2] The appellants are an individual beer consumer and the licensed restaurant he operates. In their action, the appellants took issue, first, with a “Framework Agreement” between the respondents, the Liquor Control Board of Ontario (“LCBO”, the “Board”) and Brewers Retail Inc., signed on June 1, 2000, which they allege violated s. 45(1) of the Competition Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-34; and, second, with a surcharge that Brewers Retail Inc. levied on licensees (essentially, persons such as restaurants and pubs licensed under the Liquor Licence Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. L.19 to sell beer), which they allege violated the the Liquor Control Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. L.18. [3] The appellants’ claim arising out of the Framework Agreement requires a consideration of what is known as the “regulated	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line105
__label__cc	0.521533	0.478467	Watchdog Report The Repeal of Glass-Steagall Nearly 15 Years Later: Future Prospects Business, Featured, Finance, National, Opinion, Watchdog Report By Alan Wood On September 5, 2014 No Comments It was almost 15 years ago that the government in it’s infinite wisdom chose to dismantle a key firewall between commercial and investment banks. Commercial banks used to be more conservative and focused on deposits and loans, while investment banks underwrote securities which is far riskier but also offered higher potential returns. “Today, Congress voted to update the rules that have governed financial services since the Great Depression and replace them with a system for the 21st century,” then-Treasury Secretary Lawrence H. Summers said at the time back in 1999.“This historic legislation will better enable American companies to compete in the new economy.” Boy was he ever wrong. The rationale for the repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 was seen at the time as a way to help American banks grow larger and better compete on the world stage against foreign rivals. They feared American banks would not be able to compete and would be swallowed up by much larger rivals from overseas. At least that is what certain American investment bank CEO’s told Congress and used as an excuse to repeal their last obstacle to throwing a party like the ones back in the 1920’s. Surely they were more clever than those bankers back then they thought. Glass-steagall actually had a number of provisions that had been whittled down over the decades. Wall Street had tried to repeal it 12 times unsuccessfully before it was finally repealed once and for all. Most people simply understood it to mean the separation between commercial and investment banking and the creation of the FDIC but it included many less famous provisions as well. Glass-Steagall was repealed and replaced by the Financial Services Modernization Act also known as the Gramm-Leach Act. It was passed with a bipartisan majority in the House and Senate and signed into law by Bill Clinton. This along with his signing of the DOMA act were perhaps the two most egregious errors of his presidency. Much of the bill had been whittled down beginning with the Reagan administration years earlier. This is what allowed megabanks like Citigroup, Bank of America, and J.P. Morgan Chase to form and grow into behemoths several years later. The Rise Of The Vampire Squid Banks The term vampire squid was a term coined by a financial journalist named Matt Taibbi. His July 2009 Rolling Stone article “The Great American Bubble Machine” described Goldman Sachs as “a great vampire squid wrapped around the face of humanity, relentlessly jamming its blood funnel into anything that smells like money”. The expression “Vampire Squids” has come to represent in financial and political media the perception of the financial and investment sector as entities that “sabotage production” and “sink the economy as they suck the life out of it in the form of rent.” Many believe that the repeal of Glass-Steagall released the chains on this beast and allowed it to go free and ultimately contributed to the financial disaster in 2008. Matt Taibbi did an outstanding article called The Mega Banks Most Devious Scams Yet. I found this to be a very illuminating article and would encourage you all to read it. Back in the 1990’s and even today, you hear the buzzword deregulation thrown around a lot. Humans naturally tend to be against rules and fewer rules sounds great in theory, but is not always a great idea when you are talking about Wall Street. With billions in play every day and a lot of very greedy type-A personalities around, it makes sense to have some clear rules in place to keep their greed and egos in check. Everyone told us deregulation was essential and that we had too many regulations. Descriptive and visceral terms like “strangling” our economy were bandied around. But what congress failed to consider is the ones pushing for deregulation were only doing so because of good old fashioned greed. It would be like parents listening to advice columns written by teenagers to try and come up with a plan to control their own unruly kids. The teenagers would likely recommend a free iPad and a bottle of J&B when they are especially naughty. Or to use an even more stark phrase, it was like turning the keys of the asylum over to the inmates.Sometimes parents know best and so should Congress. Wall Street convinced a very gullible Congress that their hands were tied with onerous regulations that Asian and European banks lacked. They said it was an uneven playing field and our entire economy was at risk unless we untied the chains that bound them and let them fight back against this foreign bank invasion. They were simply our heroes and wanted to come to our rescue if only their hands weren’t tied. They did a great job convincing the country as a whole that Japanese and German banks would swallow up the world. Their only hope to survive and compete was to rid ourselves of those evil “regulations” and allowed American banks grow into behemoths as well simply to fight back. This is what Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999 – also known as the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act was supposed to fix. Well it certainly made them into behemoths but instead of fighting invisible foes, the friendly giants turned around and bit the hand that fed them and ultimately brought the entire economy crashing down with them. Unintended or Intended Consequences? Unfortunately for the American people, one consequence of this new law was a new form of monopoly. Most everyone is now familiar with the term “Too Big to Fail” well, this is where that comes from. These new Mega Banks now had almost no constraints. Nothing at all in place to stop them from taking huge risk. The bill allowed commercial banks to merge with investment banks but it doesn’t stop there. They could then turn around and merge or buy heavy industries. A small but very important provision of this new bill said “complementary to a financial activity and does not pose a substantial risk to the safety or soundness of depository institutions or the financial system generally.” And since everything is pretty much considered complementary to financial activity of a bank, that essentially allowed banks to buy and control sectors that had previously been off-limits to them since the days of the original J.P. Morgan that died in 1913. I bolded that phrase since it has become the most important provisions of this Wall Street velvet revolution. No one knows who or how it got included. Rather, no one will admit to knowing though almost certainly a banker made sure it was included. This means that MegaBanks can now influence if not outright control sectors like oil, gas, coal, nuclear power, farm produce, electric power, metals like tin, copper, zinc, aluminum, airports, seaports, rail, you name it. If there is a profit to be made they will be there. The term vampire squid now is starting to make a lot more sense. A Velvet Revolution by “Banksters” That Drastically Altered Our Economy It is sad that Republicans and Democrats are too busy calling each other names and bickering about relatively minor problems while Wall Street essentially managed to effect a revolutionary change to the American economy with hardly a whisper. These radical changes were never debated openly, understood, and certainly never asked for. Both Republicans and Democrats in congress were outplayed, outwitted, and outsmarted. If this were Survivor with two tribes, the Wall Street crew eliminated the Democrat and Republican Tribes before they knew what hit them. They managed to more drastically change and shape the very fabric of our economy with this quiet revolution than anything Congress is likely to do in the next twenty years especially with gridlock ruling capitol hill. bankster Behemoth banks that caused the financial crisis, that we then bailed out, are now in control of practically every sector of the economy thanks to the loss of the Glass-Steagall firewall. What few boundaries and limitations they had before are gone. They kept repeating the mantra that deregulation was essential and needed but failed to mention it was the only thing that kept monopolies and their irrational and insatiable greed at bay. It should also come as no surprise that Wall Street was largely responsible for writing the actual bill itself and especially the provision added for “complementary activity” that ensured they could spread their tentacles to far more sectors of the economy. It is hard for non-banking corporations to compete with guys that have access to virtually free and unlimited money supply with no interest. If a corporation wants to buy a smaller competitor they have to usually go to the banks to finance the deal which take a big cut. If a bank wants to buy an electric company they only need get some free money from the Federal Reserve, turn around and loan that money back to the U.S. government and make a killing. Then use those profits to buy any company they want. Nice racket. Even the Cosa Nostra is jealous of that deal. Too big to fail also means too big for trial unfortunately. Tony Soprano showed more integrity than some of these banks. At least he feared getting whacked or incarcerated, these banksters have nothing at all to fear and certainly not fear itself. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Bill This bill was signed into law in 2010 by President Obama. The intent of the bill was to try and restore some sanity and transparency to the financial system and end the idea of “too big to fail”. It also placed restrictions on derivatives, limits on debit-card fees, and allowed the government authority to liquidate these mega banks worth over $50 billion in the future if they decide to gamble and lose again. It certainly was a baby step in the right direction but hardly sufficient to really do very much to limit the scope and power of the vampire squid banks. Of course to the gullible people that get their news from Fox and chain emails you would have thought it was an attempt at a communist coup d’état. You will often hear people demonize and vilify this bill even though few have the slightest grasp of what it contains. I agree that it should be harshly criticized, but because it didn’t go nearly far enough to put the brakes and controls back on Wall Street. Not because it went too far as some critics wrongly argued. People that lack knowledge will complain about “too many regulations” which seems to be a brainwashed mantra pseudo-intellectuals mindlessly chant to appear smart. More often than not they are quoting chain emails as fact. It amazes me how many urban legends are taken as fact when they are so obviously erroneous. People are so desperate for proof of their beliefs that they ignore facts and reputable sources and instead rely on pure propaganda. As part of the Dodd-Frank Act, Congress adopted a ban on proprietary trading and restricted investment in hedge funds and private equity by commercial banks and their affiliates, the so-called “Volcker Rule.” Paul Volcker actually stated that he would have written a far simpler four page bill. “I’d write a much simpler bill. I’d love to see a four-page bill that bans proprietary trading and makes the board and chief executive responsible for compliance. And I’d have strong regulators. If the banks didn’t comply with the spirit of the bill, they’d go after them.” As of January 14, 2014. Guess why the bill was much longer, far more complex and convoluted, and written in such a way that only bankers could understand what it contained. You guessed it, the Wall Street Bankers managed to write the bill that was meant to control them. Congress let the teenagers write the rules once again. We shouldn’t be surprised, pharmaceutical companies largely write any bills deal with prescription medication and healthcare. Defense contractors manage to convince the public and Congress we need to spend between $640 Billion to around $1 Trillion a year even though that is more than the next eight countries combined. Six of those eight are also our allies. Look at any bill that gets passed, which is arguably a rare thing these days, and you will likely see industry lobbyists who are often former politicians writing the bills or at the minimum having a major influence. What an absolutely sickening thought to know that politicians have become so reliant on these PACS, lobbyists, corporations, and other outside money to get re-elected that they no longer do much beyond trying to get re-elected. Their main job duty is getting re-elected not governing. Thanks SCOTUS for Citizens United, the gift that keeps on giving or rather taking. Bought and paid for career politicians, crony capitalism, and allowing lobbyists to largely write bills is the perfect storm. Why We Need a New and improved Glass-Steagall for the 21st Century Sandy Weill the banker and creator or the Citigroup in an interview on CNBC’s SquawkBox called for splitting up the commercial banks from the investment banks. In effect, he says: bring back the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 which led to half a century, free of financial crises. I wish he had realized this before the financial crisis of 2008 but better late than never. Weill helped engineer the 1998 merger of Travelers Group Inc. and Citigroup, a deal that led Congress to repeal the law. The New York-based company became the biggest lender in the world before taking a $45 billion taxpayer bailout in 2008 to avoid collapse. “It will take a lot of tools to get rid of too-big-to-fail, but one of them ought to be that if you want to do high-stakes gambling, good on you, but you do not get access to people’s checking accounts and savings accounts,” Senator Elizabeth Warren. “Since core provisions of the Glass-Steagall Act were repealed in 1999, shattering the wall dividing commercial banks and investment banks, a culture of dangerous greed and excessive risk-taking has taken root in the banking world,” McCain said in the statement. McCain in 1999 voted for the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which overturned Glass-Steagall. Remember Eric Cantor? The former House majority leader. You know, the guy that lost his re-election bid recently? Well he has a new job. His Republican opponent Dave Brat attacked Cantor for crony capitalism. Cantor joined an investment bank as a vice-chairman with a seat on the board of directors as well. Keep in mind Cantor was a lawyer so what could he bring on board to an investment bank given that degree of very specialized knowledge. Their rationale for hiring Cantor was “to help them navigate the difficult terrain around Washington for investment bankers”. Cantor will receive a pay package of around $3.5 million annually to help guide them around the difficult terrain. “Cantor made himself the top congressional ally of private equity firms by forming the Coalition for the Freedom of American Investors and Retirees to battle any tax legislation aimed at the industry.” He formed this group back in 2007 which successfully managed to block efforts to raise the carried interest tax rate. In 2009 he also convinced all Republicans to vote against the Dodd-Frank reform Act. In 2012 he blocked attempts by stripping out Grassley’s provision that would require so-called “political-intelligence consultants” who collect and sell information for hedge fund to disclose their activities. This was essentially congressional insider information being sold to Wall Street. He also happened to be the forth largest recipient of political donations from Wall Street to any Congress member. Jon Stewart astutely asked viewers not to begrudge Cantor his new $3.5 million salary as it’s not so much a salary as compensation for services already rendered. If Wall Street thinks they have a tough terrain in D.C. with all the millions they put into PACS, lobbyists, and hiring former House Majority leaders I wonder what term they would use to describe the terrain the middle class American faces with no influence at all. Outlook For the Future It is said that history always repeats itself. Surely this happens because we forget our own history and the lessons. It is not so much we forget history it is simply that new generations always think they are smarter and can change it. Glass-Steagall was enacted during the Great Depression to act as a firewall to prevent another Great Depression from ever happening again. Congress unfortunately bought into the hype about the evils of deregulation and allowed Wall Street to write their own rules. It is not surprising that they chose to create an atmosphere where they could become bigger and richer and did not really care about the consequences to the economy as a whole or to the middle class taxpayer. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act was an epic failure, so what next? The Dodd-Frank bill is a very watered down and somewhat toothless attempt to try and put some constraints back on banks. It was intended to correct the errors of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act. All Americans should have the security of knowing their checking, savings, and IRA accounts are in safe hands and not at risk from some derivatives gambling scheme. Dodd-Frank was not a replacement for the Glass-Steagall bill which saw us through massive expansion and strong middle class growth for decades. When debates started there were hopes that it would have some teeth but people like Eric Cantor made sure to surgically remove “onerous” (read as smart) regulations before it was passed. Even Democrats who did not understand the complexity of banking laws deferred to the “expertise” of Wall Street and relented and passed a bill that did very little to bring any sanity back to our finical markets. The inmates were still very much in charge of the asylum. If people on Wall Street want to continue to gamble let them do so with their own money and take their own risks. The 21st Century Glass-Steagall Act seems like something very much needed again. “Despite the progress we’ve made since 2008, the biggest banks continue to threaten the economy,” said Senator Elizabeth Warren. “The four biggest banks are now 30% larger than they were just five years ago, and they have continued to engage in dangerous, high-risk practices that could once again put our economy at risk. The 21st Century Glass-Steagall Act will reestablish a wall between commercial and investment banking, make our financial system more stable and secure, and protect American families.” Senator Angus King said. “While the 21st Century Glass-Steagall Act is not the silver bullet to end ‘too big to fail,’ the legislation’s re-establishment of clear separations between retail and investment banking, as well as its restrictions on banking activities, will limit government guarantees to insured depository institutions and provide strong protections against the spillover effects should a financial institution fail.” As much as I would love to think the bipartisan supported 21st Century Glass-Steagall bill has a shot to pass, I very much doubt that it does. Wall Street is simply too powerful, too entrenched, with too many politicians in their pockets to see any real progress or meaningful reform. The great depression became a footnote in history books and we are already treating the 2008 meltdown like it is ancient history. Congress seems to think too big too fail also means too complicated to split up. Perhaps if they actually wrote the bills themselves with a lot less complexity than allowing Wall Street to write it for them we wouldn’t be in this mess. Bankers wield far too much influence and power to ever let something like this ever pass. Wolf Richter wrote on the blog Zero Hedge, “It would be the biggest threat to bankers, their industry, their bonuses, their source of free money, their way of life, their egos, their religion even.” In the 15 years since Glass-Steagall was repealed, functions within the banking system have become exponentially more complicated and interdependent. This complexity acts as a firewall against ever considering a replacement bill. Bankers are masters at creating complex schemes that no one understands but fellow bankers. And that is just the way they like it. I don’t pretend to understand all the complexities involved that led to the financial meltdown nor the events that have happened in the ensuing six years. But I am not alone, no one seems to understand what has happened and what still remains to be done to prevent a repeat. But the one thing I am sure of is we need a national conversation to try and put the pieces of this puzzle together. I am also sure that we can no longer afford to let outside lobbyists, bankers, and other vested interest groups hand us the pieces to the puzzle anymore. It is time we had more discerning eyes and not believe everything Wall Street tells us when it impacts their personal fortunes. It is some we solved the puzzle without them in the room for a change. We also have to put an end to the culture of the revolving door between politicians that then become regulators or lobbyists as soon as they lose an election or retire. They are not hired because they bring expertise to the jobs but simply because they are selling their “access” to their friends and former colleagues. This simply infects everything they are doing. It creates a “too cozy” type of relationship between our regulators, wall Street, and Washington. Washington only seems to work for companies able to hire and army of lobbyists and PACS but doesn’t work for Main Street that has no such paid influence by hiring armies of lawyers and lobbyists. Wall Street Hates Elizabeth Warren Once Elizabeth Warren, the only Senator to really try and regulate Wall Street, began her crusade to try and explain what was happening the Wall Street lobbyist began their attacks on her. They tried to portray her as a socialist, a communist, anti-American, and many other choice words. They literally hate her. Her new book A Fighting Chance is simply a Must Read for anyone that wants to understand why the middle class is under assault. Elizabeth Warren is the best thing to happen to American politics in decades. She’s not only a sharp and indefatigable warrior for American middle class families, but she’s also a forceful, persistent and effective critic of excessive financial deregulation and big business welfare. Her critics started chain mails and other conspiracy theories to drum up opposition to her and managed to stop her nomination to head the new Consumer Financial Protection Bureau which she came up with ironically. She then decided to run for Senate and Wall Street invested huge money in attack ads and with donations to her opponents. Wall Street lost that bet and now Warren sits on a committee responsible for Wall Street regulations and oversight. She lost the battle but won the war. Let;s hope she become the chairperson on that committee soon. In point of fact Elizabeth Warren seems to be one of the very few people that is trying to have a conversation to save American capitalism. Without a vibrant and productive middle class, the pyramid will eventually collapse. Warren’s appointment to the committee angered top Republican Senators who hate her relentless push for more oversight and have crusaded against her consumer protection bureau as an example of oppressive liberal governance. Indeed, some Republican Senators even joined Wall Street in lobbying against her appointment to head that bureau. But she might be America’s last great hope and only remaining stalwart given many Democrats in Congress also now routinely defer to Wall Street’s “expertise” given the sheer complexity of the rules which of course Wall Street help write into bills expressly for that purpose. As a former contract law professor from Harvard, Elizabeth Warren is not intimidated by that complexity which is why Wall Street hates her. Knowledge is Power So Educate Yourselves and Get Informed “The death of democracy is not likely to be an assassinations from ambush. It will be a slow extinction from apathy, indifference, and undernourishment.” Robert Maynard Hutchins (1899–1977) From Great Books. Robert Reich, the former Secretary of Labor has also written a fantastic book called Beyond Outrage: Expanded Edition: What has gone wrong with our economy and our democracy, and how to fix it Another excellent book that helps makes sense out of this mess and offers some practical solutions is The Price of Inequality by Joseph Stiglitz which examines the dangers we face as the middle class continues to dwindle. Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Toma Piketi. is also an excellent choice. I have read all three of these books myself and highly recommend them if you want to become informed and engaged. Each offers alternative views on how we reached this crisis but have a similar prognosis. I have not read Regulating Wall Street: The Dodd-Frank Act and the New Architecture of Global Finance yet but it is next on my list and got great reviews. Bankers have done their absolute best to try and pretend they are entities unable to be prosecuted instead of human beings that can serve time behind bars. Perhaps if a few of these thieves responsible for billions in damage to the economy exchanged their tailored Armani suits for prison orange and fine them personally we wouldn’t need any new laws at all.They have had no reason to be fearful of prosecution. But if a few hundred of them directly responsible for the crash of 2008 been sent to a federal penitentiary I bet the others might have been a little more reluctant to play so footloose with our money again. There are 25 people with life sentences in prisons whose only crime was being caught with marijuana. There are also Wall Street bankers that were directly responsible for costing taxpayers billions who are still working on Wall Street when they are not on their yachts. Anyone else see something wrong with that picture? I will close this article with a quote that I think summarizes everything quite well. “As important, banks do not commit crimes; bankers do. Until those individuals, including executives, are held personally and meaningfully accountable, everyone should expect more crime from Wall Street. DOJ allowing banks to use shareholders’ money that is tax deductible while concealing illegal conduct and individual involvement is not punishing or deterring crime. In fact, it rewards past crime and incentivizes future crimes. Trying to trick the American people into thinking they are tough on crime while Wall Street laughs all the way to the bank is not justice. It creates an indefensible double standard of justice: one for Wall Street and one for everyone else,” Dennis Kelleher, the President and CEO of Better Markets The Vampire Squid Strikes Again: The Mega Banks’ Most Devious Scam Yet JPMorgan Chase: Ten defenses of the indefensible Eight things that must be done about JPMorgan Chase Warren Joins McCain to Push New Glass-Steagall Law for Banks Jim Hightower: Wall Street Rewards Ben Bernanke and Tim Geithner for Stiffing You Tags:Bank of America better markets citicorps Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Dennis Kelleher Dodd-Frank elizabeth warren Eric cantor financial collapse Glass-Steagall goldman sachs Joseph Stiglitz lehman brothers collapse Robert Reich TARP Toma Piketi Too Big to Fail wall street Musings of an unabashed and unapologetic liberal deep in the heart of a Red State. Crusader against obscurantism. Optimistic curmudgeon, snark jockey, lovably opinionated purveyor of wisdom and truth. Multi-lingual world traveller and part-time irreverent philosopher who dabbles in writing, political analysis, and social commentary. Attempting to provide some sanity and clarity to complex issues with a dash of sardonic wit and humor. Thanks for visiting!	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line106
__label__wiki	0.739085	0.739085	Constitution of India \| Link The Indian Penal Code, 1860 \| Link The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 \| Link The Criminal Law Amendment Act, 2013 \| Link The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 \| Link The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 \| Link The Immoral Traffic Prevention Act, 1956 \| Link The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 \| Link The Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994 \| Link The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 \| Link The Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987 \| Link The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986 \| Link The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 \| Link The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 \| Link The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 \| Link The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 \| Link The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 \| Link The Family Courts Act, 1984 \| Link Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 \| Link The Minimum Wages Act, 1948 \| Link Re: Exploitation of Children in Orphanages in the State of Tamil Nadu v. Union of India and Ors. Shivashakti Sugars Ltd. v. Shree Renuka Sugar Ltd. and Ors. Mahendra Singh Dhoni v. Yerraguntla Shyamsundar and Anr. Justice Sunanda Bhandare Foundation v. Union of India and Another March Transparency International India and Anr. v. State of Jammu and Kashmir Hussain & Anr. v. Union of India Sabu Mathew George v. Union of India and Ors. Ravada Sasikala v. State of Andhra Pradesh and Anr. Abhiram Singh v. C.D. Commachen (Dead) by Lrs. and Ors Satish Nirankari v. State of Rajasthan [No link available yet] Binoy Viswam v. Union of India and Ors. Rajesh Sharma and Ors. v. State of U.P. and Anr. Ms. Eera through Dr. Manjula Krippendorf v. State (Govt. of NCT of Delhi) & Anr. Shayara Bano and Ors . v. Union of India and Ors. Justice K.S. Puttuswamy (Retd.) and Anr. v. Union of India and Ors. Asfaq v. State of Rajasthan and Ors. Independent Thought v. Union of India and Anr. Indian Young Lawyers Association and Ors. v. State of Kerala and Ors. Ms. X v. Union of India & Ors. June Satish Shetty v. State of Karnataka Swaraj Abhiyan (I) v. Union of India & Ors. Jeeja Ghosh & Anr. v. Union of India & Ors. April Common Cause v. Union of India and others Central Bureau of Investigation, Bank Securities & Fraud Cell v. Ramesh Gelli and Others Bobbili Ramakrishna Raju Yadav & Ors. v. State of Andhra Pradesh. Swami Achyutananda Tirth & Ors. v. Union of India September Cardamom Marketing Corporation & Anr. v. State of Kerala & Ors. Hiral P. Harsora and Ors. v. Kusum Narottam Das and Others State of Punjab v. Jagjit Singh and Ors Voluntary Health Association of Punjab v. State of Punjab & Others Shyam Narayan Chouksey v. Union of India Union of India v. Rajasthan High Court and Others Mohammed Zubair Corporal No. 781467: G v. Union of India and Ors Bergefell v. Hodges: Same-Sex Marriage Legalized AA (Afghanistan) (Appellant) v. Secretary for State for the Home Department (Respondent) Common Cause v. Union of India Shabnam v. Union of India Dhannulal And Ors. v. Ganeshram And Ors. Laxmi v. Union of India and Ors. Shreya Singhal v. The Union of India Khursheed Ahmad Khan v. State of U.P. & Ors. Ajay Kumar Choudhary v. Union Of India Through Its Secretary Chairman & MD, Central Bank of India & Ors. v. Central Bank of India SC/ST Employees Welfare Association & Ors. Karnail Kaur & Ors. v. State of Punjab & Ors. Abdul Razak Memon v. State of Maharashtra and Anr. John Mander Pension Scheme Trustees Limited V. Commissioners for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd. & Anr.) v. UOI & Ors. Vikram Singh @ Vicky & Anr v. UOI & Ors. Annie Nagraja and Ors. v. Union of India and Ors. October Indian Hotel & Restaurant Association and Ors. v. State of Maharashtra & Ors. Supreme Court Advocates on Record Association v. Union of India Commissioner of Central Excise v. M/s. Nestle India Ltd. All Kerala Online Lottery Dealers Association Vs. State of Kerala & Ors. Shreya Vidyarthi v. Ashok Vidyarthi and Ors. Rajbala and Ors. v. State of Haryana and Ors. Beti Bachao Beti Padhao \| Link Universalisation of Women Helpline Scheme \| Link Rajiv Gandhi National Creche Scheme For The Children of Working Mothers \| Link Rajiv Gandhi Scheme For Empowerment of Adolescent Girls \| Link	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line110
__label__wiki	0.866537	0.866537	World Prison Brief World Prison Brief (WPB) is a unique database that provides free access to information about prison systems throughout the world. Country information is updated on a monthly basis, using data largely derived from governmental or other official sources. The WPB also presents ‘highest to lowest’ country lists, enabling country-by-country and regional comparisons to be made of prison population rates and totals, occupancy rates, and proportions of pre-trial/remand prisoners, female prisoners and foreign prisoners. WPB data are regularly relied on by monitoring bodies and regional standards agencies, national governments, journalists, civil society organisations, economists, academics and social researchers. The data are used as indicators of human development and for purposes of international comparison on the use of imprisonment. World Prison Brief can be accessed here Helen Fair Roy Walmsley Walmsley, Roy (2018) World Prison Population List (12th edition). Institute for Criminal Policy Research, London. Walmsley, Roy (2017) World Female Imprisonment List (4th edition). Institute for Criminal Policy Research, London	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line118
__label__wiki	0.878835	0.878835	Displaying items by tag: Hamas Search For An Item Or Service World Jewish Congress urges UN Security Council to take collective action against Hamas Published in Special reports NEW YORK – The World Jewish Congress is calling on the United Nations Security Council to take collective action against Hamas over its rocket fire against Israel, and to issue a clear and decisive statement demanding it cease its attacks and its use of civilian areas to carry out its acts of terror. In a letter addressed to the members of the UNSC on Tuesday, following the announcement of a cease-fire, WJC CEO Robert Singer wrote: “The World Jewish Congress, the international umbrella organization representing Jewish communities in more than 100 countries, calls on the United Nations Security Council, as the international body responsible for maintaining peace and security, to take collective action against Hamas over its indiscriminate attacks against Israeli civilians. “We urge the members of this Council to issue a clear and decisive statement demanding that Hamas ceases its attacks on Israel and halts its use of civilian areas in Gaza to attack civilians in Israel. We call on the Council to recognize Hamas as the terrorist organization that it is, whose charter includes the destruction of the State of Israel, and whose mission it is to terrify Israeli citizens and inflict maximum damages on both people and property. We also call on the Council to recognize the responsibility of Hamas, as controllers of the Gaza Strip, for the escalation of violence along the border. “Over the last 48 hours, Hamas terrorists have fired more than 400 rockets at southern Israel, intentionally and unscrupulously targeting civilians. Historically, even following agreements for a cease-fire, Hamas has continued to terrorize Israelis, leaving more than a million civilians hiding in shelters in fear. “It should be underscored here that the IDF was operating against key strategic Hamas targets, including military compounds, rocket-launching positions, and a vast network of tunnels used for mobilizing militants and weapons to attack Israel. “Hamas, in turn, is deliberately using civilian areas in Gaza to launch its attacks against Israel, thereby also intentionally endangering its own population. “It is incumbent upon the international community, particularly the members of the UN Security Council, to speak out against these atrocities and violations of human rights and do everything in their power to bring a justified solution to this conflict. Hamas and Israel have engaged in far too many wars over the last decade – we know the price such a conflict can incur.” Israel and Gaza: How did we get here? For months, there has been an escalation of violence along the security fence between Gaza and Israel, including violent riots and the most serious incident since Operation Protective Edge in 2014. In addition to the riots, Hamas operatives began carrying out a new kind of attack, using arson kites and incendiary balloons to set Israeli land ablaze. These incendiary devices heavily impacted Israel’s southern communities, burning more than 8,000 acres of Israeli land and setting about 11 fires each day. During violent, Hamas-lead riots, a sniper from the Gaza Strip shot and killed IDF Staff Sgt. Aviv Levi. This lead to a wide-scale response, in which IAF fighter jets struck over 60 Hamas terror targets in a strategic campaign to significantly damage Hamas’ combat capabilities. With tensions rising, it’s leading many to ask how the relationship between Israel and Gaza got to this point. Israel unilaterally withdrew from the Gaza Strip in the summer of 2005 after years of attacks on Israeli civilians. All IDF posts were removed and over 9,000 Israeli citizens living in 25 communities were evicted. Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, who was in office at the time, addressed the United Nations General Assembly, expressing hope for a better future for Gazan civilians. “The end of Israeli control over and responsibility for the Gaza Strip allows the Palestinians, if they so wish, to develop their economy and build a peace-seeking society, which is developed, free, law-abiding, and transparent, and which adheres to democratic principles,” he said. Prior to being evicted, the Jewish communities in Gaza owned thousands of greenhouses and had a flourishing agricultural economy. Upon their eviction, 3,000 of these greenhouses were left to help kick-start Gaza’s economy. Unfortunately, shortly after Israel’s withdrawal from Gaza, the greenhouses were looted and some of the equipment was turned into rockets that were subsequently fired at Israel. Immediately after Hamas was elected into power in 2007, huge amounts of munitions were illegally smuggled into Gaza. This included 31 tons of military grade explosive materials and 14,000 rifles. Additionally, in the first year of Hamas’ reign, hundreds of rockets were fired at Israel. Israel’s Security Cabinet then declared the Gaza Strip a hostile territory. In the years to follow, Hamas continued to misuse funds and supplies in Gaza. Over $120 million worth of concrete originally intended to develop civilian infrastructure was used to build terror tunnels to infiltrate Israel. These tunnels were used as early as 2006 in the kidnapping of IDF soldier, Sergeant 1st Class Gilad Shalit. Since then, Hamas has continued to waste concrete on terror tunnels, and in the construction process, has killed more than 400 Palestinians, including at least 160 children. Attempts were made to smuggle weapons into Gaza via the Mediterranean Sea, which led to the imposition of a legal naval blockade. Additionally, rocket and mortar shell fire continued, inflicting wide-spread damage and trauma on Israel’s southern residents in particular, which lead to the development of the Iron Dome aerial defense system. Today, the relationship between Israel and Gaza remains tense. Yet Gazan civilians are still allowed to enter Israel to receive medical treatment, pray, study, travel, and work on a daily basis. Israel regularly facilitates the transfer of humanitarian supplies to the Gaza Strip through the Kerem Shalom Crossing, even in times of conflict, including during Operation Protective Edge in 2014. Hamas remains accountable for controlling the Gaza Strip, and continues to put its terror-based goals above the needs of its people. They insist on inciting violence and wasting vital supplies on terror activity. The IDF will continue to operate as necessary to safeguard the security needs of the State of Israel, and is ready to defend Israeli civilians and sovereignty. Israel Under Attack Hamas began shooting projectiles at Israeli civilians. In response, IDF fighter jets struck 12 terror targets in Gaza, including a factory used to manufacture parts for terror tunnels and concrete, a maritime terror tunnel shaft along the coast, and several terror sites in military compounds, among them rocket manufacturing facilities and a central logistical military complex. The factory used to manufacture parts for terror tunnels was intended to be used as a hotel, but was overtaken by the Hamas terror organization in 2012. The factory manufactures parts for terror tunnels under the guise of civilian infrastructure. In 2012, during Operation Pillar of Defense, senior Hamas members used the building as shelter, believing the IDF would not target a civilian hotel construction site. In this building, Hamas terrorists continued to plan fighting and command rocket launching units. Months later, in 2013, Hamas took over the site entirely, blocked the entrance, and began establishing a concrete factory under the guise of a civilian construction site. The factory manufactured concrete parts designed exclusively for terror tunnels, including reinforcements, flooring, and concrete arches, which have no civilian use. Hamas operated engineering vehicles in the site, and loaded the parts clandestinely onto trucks covered with tarp, to be delivered to digging sites across the Gaza Strip. The factory stopped producing concrete during Operation Protective Edge (2014), but continued serving Hamas' war efforts – rocket launchers were placed in its vicinity and Hamas operatives resided in the site during the fighting. The launch sites were dug adjacent to the structure, again believing it would not be an IDF target due to its civilian appearance. During the operation, four rockets were launched at Israel. Immediately after this, the factory resumed its regular activity and has continued to be a source of concrete parts for Hamas' terror tunnels. The open areas around the factory were also considered a "closed military zone" and Hamas used them to practice short and medium range rocket launching and briefly operated a tunnel digging workshop there. The IDF strike was conducted in response to the shots fired at civilian engineering vehicles earlier today, and the multiple rockets launched from the Gaza Strip at Israeli territory this evening. The Hamas terror organization continues to target IDF troops, security infrastructure, and Israeli civilians. Early Thursday morning, IDF fighter jets targeted over 100 of Hamas’ strategic military sites. The strikes took place in ten of Hamas' military compounds throughout the Gaza Strip, and included manufacturing facilities, training complexes and advanced weapons and capability sites. Among the targets were: - Hamas headquarters in Jabalia, including dozens of military sites - A military compound used by the commander of northern Gaza City, which included a maritime tunnel - A Hamas outpost used by the Jabalia Battalion for urban warfare and underwater training - A military compound of the Zaytun battalion used to store weapons and for terror tunnel digging - A military compound of the East Jabalia Battalion used for training in urban warfare, and the site of a shaft leading to an terror tunnel complex - A Hamas base in the northern Gaza Strip used for urban warfare training and rocket launching - A compound of the Jabalia Battalion used for training and meetings of senior battalion commanders - A military compound used by Hamas to store weapons and explosives. The site used to be home to rocket launching dugouts. - Hamas military compound used by the Deir al-Balah Battalion, which is the site of a current tunnel digging operation These strikes were conducted in response to the rockets launched from the Gaza Strip at Israel over the course of the evening and into the early morning hours. “The important part is the decision making on the Gazan side, on Hamas’ side, and what they will try to achieve by firing rockets at Israeli civilians. I think that they are not furthering or promoting their own interest or the civilian interest in Gaza by escalating the situation, and by firing at Israeli civilians,” said Lieutenant Colonel Jonathan Conricus, Head of the International Press and Social Media Branch. Hamas is responsible for the events transpiring in the Gaza Strip and emanating from it and will bear the consequences for its actions against Israeli civilians and sovereignty. The IDF condemns terror activity and is prepared for a wide variety of scenarios while continuing to fulfill its mission to defend Israeli civilians. Sniper in Gaza Kills IDF Staff Sergeant Aviv Levi Published in Israel News Once again, violent riots broke out on Friday, July 20th in the Gaza Strip, during which explosive devices were thrown and shots were fired at IDF troops. A platoon sergeant in the Givati Brigade, Staff Sergeant Aviv Levi, was severely injured when he was shot in the chest during a violent riot near the southern Gaza Strip. He later succumbed to his wounds. He was only 21 years old. In response to the death of the soldier and the violence along the security fence, Israeli Air Force fighter jets conducted a wide-scale strike on Hamas terror targets throughout the Gaza Strip. This operation included airstrikes on 60 sites in three Hamas battalion headquarters located in Khan Yunis, al-Bureij, and Zaytun. The IDF’s targets included weapon manufacturing sites, an entrance to a tunnel network, a factory used to produce materials for underground infrastructure, a UAV warehouse, military operations rooms, training facilities, and observation posts. In addition to the violence near the security fence, three rockets were launched from the Gaza Strip, setting off sirens in the Sha'ar Hanegev and Sdot Negev Regional Councils. While a ceasefire was agreed upon early Saturday morning, Hamas violated it when terrorists infiltrated Israel on Saturday at noon. Since March 2018, Hamas has sent Gazan civilians to violently riot at the security fence, and the IDF has operated within the rules of engagement and done everything in its power to defend Israeli civilians and sovereignty. The IDF will continue to fulfil its duty to the Israeli people and will not allow Hamas to murder Israeli soldiers, fire rockets towards Israeli cities, throw explosives, or burn Israel’s forests and farmland. Tell United Nations To Condemn Hamas’ Environmental War Crimes! We call upon Mr. Erik Solheim, Executive Director of the UN Environmental Programme, to condemn Hamas and other terrorist groups in the Gaza Strip for causing severe environmental damage to southern Israel. Over the course of the past three months, Hamas operatives and other terrorists have burned thousands of tires and launched hundreds of incendiary devices into Israeli territory. The combined effect of these heinous acts has not only led to the release of toxic materials into the fragile ecosystem, but has resulted in the destruction of more than 7,400 acres of land, hundreds of acres of wheat fields, and 2,700 acres of protected nature reserves. When these devices touch down in Israel they leave a deadly path in their wake. Local wildlife are either killed or forced to flee their native habitats. Forests and farmland have been ravaged. And the livelihood of the thousands of farmers who have committed their lives to turning what was once desert into an oasis has been shattered. Thus far, 900 incendiary devices were sent across the border, leading to more than 750 fires –an average of eleven per day. Not only has the cost of damage exceeded $3 million, but it will take years to reverse the ecological damage caused by Hamas. Both the United Nations Resolutions and International Humanitarian Law expressly prohibit the destruction of the natural environment in armed conflict, and yet the international community has remained silent as Hamas wages environmental warfare that endangers civilians, wildlife, and ravages the natural beauty and resources of Israel's southern region. In May 2016, the Environment Assembly of the United Nations Environment Programme reaffirmed UN General Assembly resolution 47/37 entitled “Protection of the environment in armed conflict” which stressed “that destruction of the environment, not justified by military necessity and carried out wantonly, is clearly contrary to existing international law”. Article 35 (3) of the Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions states: “It is prohibited to employ methods or means of warfare which are intended, or may be expected, to cause widespread, long-term and severe damage to the natural environment.” The International Committee of the Red Cross regards these obligations as customary international law. Based on the texts of these statutes, it is evident that Hamas has intentionally committed environmental damage, amounting to environmental war crimes. Therefore, the World Jewish Congress calls on the UN Environmental Programme and Director Solheim to condemn these acts and use all necessary measures at their disposal to ensure that these illegal actions cease immediately. Israel under fire Families in southern Israel awoke to the sounds of red alert sirens calling them into their bomb shelters Men, women, and children, had 15 seconds to run and seek shelter in the middle of the night. These rockets were continuously launched at these communities and have remained ongoing. Hamas has launched more than 100 rockets and mortar shells at Israeli civilians. The IDF carried out the largest wave of daytime strikes since Operation Protective Edge in summer 2014. The IDF struck more than 40 terror targets in the Gaza Strip, including 2 terror tunnels, 2 large logistic centers, and a Hamas Battalion HQ in Beit Lahia in northern Gaza. “All the Iron Dome batteries and other elements were deployed in the last few weeks and prepared for this situation and we are ready for all possible scenarios,” said Chief of the Aerial Defense Array Brigadier General, Zvika Haimovich. Before the strikes began, the IDF Arabic Spokesperson, Maj. Avichay Adraee sent out warnings to the civilians in the Gaza Strip in Arabic, warning them to stay away from areas where they know that terror activity is taking place. So far, there are no known casualties on the Gazan side. “A combination of terror along the security fence, arson terror, and rockets are what eventually caused us to retaliate against Hamas,” said Lieutenant Colonel Jonathan Conricus, Head of the International and Social Media Branch. “The purpose of the strikes was to stop the terror against Israeli civilians, stop the terror on the fence, and to stop the arson terror.” Since March 2018, the State of Israel has endured Hamas terror in the form of weekly violent riots, arson kites, incendiary balloons, and most recently, rockets. For months Hamas has targeted Israeli civilians on a weekly basis. The riots on the fence are becoming more violent, as an IDF officer was injured yesterday when an explosive device was thrown at him. He was wounded in the chest and is currently recovering and stable. This officer’s injury represents the increasingly violent nature of the riots along the security fence and Hamas’ true intentions behind the “Great Return March.” The IDF holds Hamas responsible for everything occurring in and emanating from the Gaza Strip. The IDF will continue to defend Israeli civilians and sovereignty against those who seek to harm either. Two days of Terror - In Jerusalem, Jaffa and Petah Tikva Today March 9, 2016, In Jerusalem a resident of Beit Hanina was seriously wounded when two terrorists tried to run over policemen and civilians and open fire near the light rail stop opposite Damascus Gate. They were shot and killed by police. Yesterday March 8, 2016: In Jerusalem at the Old City: A Palestinian woman approached Border Police officers on Hagai Street, drew a knife from her back, and tried to stab them. The assailant was shot and killed. In Jerusalem two Border Police officers were wounded, one critically, when a terrorist on a motorcycle opened fire with an automatic weapon on Salah a-Din Street, near Damascus Gate. The assailant was shot and killed. In Petah Tikva: One Israeli was moderately wounded in a terror stabbing. The victim removed the knife from his neck and killed his assailant. In Jaffa a 29-year-old American student Taylor Force was killed and 10 others wounded in a stabbing attack which began near the Jaffa port. The assailant fled on foot along the Tel Aviv beach promenade, stabbing passersby and motorists before he was shot and killed by police. Hamas Spokesman Sami Abu Zuhri praised the attacks: "Hamas congratulates the three heroic operations this evening, in Tel Aviv, Jerusalem, and Jaffa, and considers this proof of the failure for all these theories to abort the Intifada, which will continue until the realization of its goals. Hamas celebrates the martyrs that have ascended through these operations, and confirms that their pure blood will, God willing, be the fuel for escalating the Intifada." Parents of Slain Israeli Teens Spoke in NY Published in Jewish News around the globe Parents of two of three Israeli teens whose killings by Hamas last summer sparked Gaza conflict joined Jerusalem Mayor Barkat and Rabbi Lord Sacks at UJA-Federation of New York event NEW YORK, The parents of two of the three Israeli teens who were murdered by Hamas last summer preceding Operation Protective Edge spoke at a UJA-Federation of New York event on Thursday celebrating the Jerusalem Unity Prize. Racheli Fraenkel, the mother of Naftali Fraenkel, z”l, and Ofir Shaer, the father of Gilad Shaer, z”l, joined Jerusalem Mayor Nir Barkat and Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks, Emeritus Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom, in a discussion, moderated by The Forward’s Jane Eisner, to discuss how the tragedy led to the creation of the Jerusalem Unity Prize. The prize was conceived in partnership with the families of the three boys and the Jerusalem-based organization Gesher as a way to perpetuate the spirit of unity across Israel and around the world during the days following the boys’ kidnapping. “The support the world has shown us has been incredible,” said Fraenkel. “During those tense days I felt a sense of unity that transcended my anxiety and the desperation of the search for my son. People called from all over Israel and, then, from all corners of the world.” “After our son’s tragic murder, the most important decision my family made was to open our hearts,” said Shaer. “We feel an obligation to ensure that the personal pain that we have experienced be channeled for the betterment of people all over the world and this is what we all hope this prize will accomplish.” “The unity that has developed from this tragedy is one of the most important and empowering things I’ve seen in the last decade,” added Barkat, who has been one of the driving forces behind the Unity Prize. “If Hamas had known how its act of terror would bring us together, they wouldn’t have dared kidnap our boys. Unity is a central value in our identity as a people and this prize will afford us the chance to advance these ideals across Israel and around the world.” The Jerusalem Unity Prize will be presented in three separate categories, each with a prize of up to 100,000 NIS ($25,000). A committee chaired by Barkat, the parents of the three boys, and dignitaries from Israel and the Diaspora will choose the winners. Eric. S. Goldstein, CEO, UJA-Federation of New York said: “These past months have shown us how well we bear each other up in the worst of times. The Jerusalem Unity Prize, which was developed by the families of the three boys— together with Jerusalem Mayor Nir Barkat and Gesher, and with support from UJA-Federation and others, reminds us to find common ground and raise each other up, not just in crisis — but always.” FM Liberman meets US Secretary Kerry in Washington FM Liberman: Ultimately, the aim of all Islamic terror is one and the same: the destruction of Western civilization. Hence, just as we cannot negotiate with ISIS, we cannot negotiate with Hamas. Foreign Minister Avigdor Liberman met in Washington D.C. with US Secretary of State John Kerry. Minister Liberman told Secretary Kerry that Israel deeply appreciates America's support during Operation Protective Edge and that the Israeli leadership and people know that the United States is Israel's greatest friend. FM Liberman asked Secretary Kerry to have the State Department's travel warning to Israel changed in the wake of the end of Operation Protective Edge, so that American citizens will know that there is no reason not to visit Israel, and they will not be in any danger. FM Liberman told Secretary Kerry that Israel supports the United States in its efforts to form a broad international front against ISIS, and stands ready to help in this task should it be asked, taking into consideration the sensitivities of the states taking part and the needs of the United States. Minister Liberman noted that the war against terror, in all its forms, is the most important taks of the free world today. We cannot differentiate one form of terror from another. The Hamas terrorist activities against Israel and against the people of Gaza are no different from the terror of ISIS. The difference is only semantic and in the media approach adopted by the organizations. Ultimately, the aim of all Islamic terror is one and the same: the destruction of Western civilization. Hence, just as we cannot negotiate with ISIS, we cannot negotiate with Hamas. As long as Hamas rules in Gaza, there will not be peace or security. Anyone who seeks to advance an agreement between Israel and the Palestinians must bring an end to the rule of terror within the Palestinian Authority. FM Liberman also told Secretary Kerry that the need to prevent Iran from becoming a nuclear state is part of the same struggle, because Iran is the number one exporter of terror in the world. If Iran acquires nuclear weapons, the world will be a much more dangerous place and the Middle East will enter a nuclear arms race that will convulse the region even more than today. The world powers must stand firm in their negotiations with Iran and continue the sanctions, because there can be no compromise with terrorism. President Rivlin meets with Norwegian FM Brende President Rivlin: The rehabilitation and reconstruction of Gaza should be linked to the demilitarization of Gaza, because otherwise Hamas will use the financial aid to further military aims and enhance their ability to attack Israel once again. President Reuven Rivlin, at the President's Residence in Jerusalem, met with Norwegian Foreign Minister Borge Brende and told him at the start of their meeting, "I would like to welcome you once again to our state and to the region. We appreciate very much your concern and your idea to come to us once again and the appreciation goes with the understanding that you are very much worried about the situation with the people of Gaza." President Rivlin added that, "The reconstruction of Gaza is one of our interests as much as it is of the all the free world. The rehabilitation and reconstruction of Gaza should go along with the demilitarization of Gaza because otherwise we can see the next round in no time because the Hamas people once again will spend all the money that the whole world is trying to help them with in order to reconstruct Gaza, and will put it into military aims and the ability to attack Israel once again. We can come to a dead-end once again and we could find ourselves in a very, very serious situation." The President concluded his remarks by saying, "I very much appreciate the idea that you are trying to help all those people who need humanitarian help." Norwegian Foreign Minister Brende thanked President Rivlin for his kind words and said, "I know that this has been a very difficult summer for Israel. I was here in July and I saw this. It has been tough on Israel and tough on the Palestinian people." He added, "I know now that there are important negotiations on a more permanent ceasefire and the conditions in Gaza under Egyptian leadership and I think that this is important." The Norwegian Foreign Minister also said, "We cannot discuss the Israel and Palestinian situations without looking at in a broader context," and referred to ISIS and the situation in Iraq.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line122
__label__wiki	0.856664	0.856664	← QotW: What part on your JNC just refuses to stay fixed? Kidney, Anyone?: Hardtop convertible Suzuki Sidekick → JNC THEATER: Behind the scenes with JDM Legends on the eve of their Velocity Channel premiere Posted on April 16, 2018 by Ben Hsu Until now, the world of automotive-themed television shows has been pretty lackluster when it comes to Japanese cars. That’s all about to change with the Velocity Channel’s JDM Legends, titled after the Utah shop of the same name and premiering tomorrow, April 17. We interviewed shop co-founder Eric Bizek to get his insights on classic Japanese cars, what it takes to make a TV program, and what to expect on the show. We at JNC have known Eric for a long time. We’ve featured JDM Legend’s cars on our site, hosted their cars in our booth at JCCS, and shared livery on Hot Wheels cars. The Salt Lake City-based shop was established about a decade ago, around the same time as JNC‘s founding, and we have watched each other grow over the years as appreciation for Japanese classic cars has expanded in the US. As such, we were thrilled to hear that JDM Legends was getting its own show and representing the J-tin community to a national audience. However, we were also skeptical, having seen far too many misrepresentations of Japanese cars in mainstream media and plenty of car shows that offer little of value about the actual cars. This is not an indictment of Eric or his shop, but of producers and editors who might not be enthusiasts themselves. Our conversation with Eric addressed these concerns, and much more. Like most of us, Eric’s first question was, “What is this show going to be about?” when producers pitched him the show idea. “I didn’t even have Velocity Channel. What I had seen was on TLC or Discovery, and those show were very scripted, with fake arguments and deadlines. We didn’t want to do that.” One thing you should know about Eric is that he is a humble man. He doesn’t seek fame, and is perfectly happy working on cars every day. Despite the top-notch quality of JDM Legends’ builds, the shop is mostly a two-man operation, with Eric and restoration specialist Josh Martin doing the bulk of the work. Paint is outsourced to Mauricio Rosales, and Eric’s wife Naomi Perkins helps run the day-to-day aspects of the shop. “Four different producers had called,” Eric told us. “A lot of these guys had no clue about the Japanese car scene or culture, they just wanted the show. I was absolutely not interested.” Keep in mind, not all programs on a TV channel are produced in-house. Various small production companies pitch, create, and package shows and then sell them to the networks. Velocity had put out an APB for a show about Japanese cars, prompting production companies to scour the community for material. “One of the ideas I got pitched was called Master and Apprentice, but I didn’t want to do that,” Eric said about the contrived premise. Eventually, a producer who seemed to be on the same page appeared. “Then the last guy came to me. This guy just wanted to be a fly on the wall.” Still, Eric put it off for 10 months before agreeing to do it. “At the end of the day, they were going to do a Japanese car show about somebody,” he said. “It could have been West Coast Customs.” At least with JDM Legends, the right message would get out there. “The whole idea, for me, is breaking the stigma that Japanese cars have from people outside the scene,” Eric explained. “It’s different than what the general public sees. The Fast and the Furious may have had a positive effect on the scene, but was done in a way that, I think most of can agree, is not the way the cars should be portrayed — gigantic exhausts, neon colors, big wings.” What Eric wanted to convey was something we at JNC have long believed in: “For me, it was about the other side of the Japanese car world — keeping it tasteful, keeping it classic, and showing the mainstream audience a side they might not know about.” As it turns out, the same company that Eric said yes to also produces the muscle car show Bitchin’ Rides, which is based on Kindig It Designs, located right down the street from JDM Legends. They were able to reassure Eric that they wouldn’t do anything he didn’t feel comfortable with. Filming began in June 2017. “It was absolutely terrifying when we first started,” said Eric. “I’m not a public person, and I don’t want to be a spokesperson for this scene.” On a typical morning, Eric and Josh open the shop and turn on some music and get to work. “The first day on camera,” Eric noted, “We had to get mic’ed up and as a result had to turn the music off. So now we were working in dead silence.” The number of people in the shop instantly doubled, with two to three camera and sound operators tracking Eric and Josh’s every move. “It’s really nerve-racking to be on camera for everything you do. You constantly think to yourself, ‘Are people going to think I’m doing this wrong?’ Being put under a microscope is not fun.” The first season will span six episodes. Each one will consist of a main build and a few short segments unrelated to the primary car. Episode 01 will be a restoration on a 240Z, with a subplot about an imported AE86 that needed very little work. Future episodes will feature a Datsun 510, Hakosuka Skyline, DR30 Skyline, the Datsun 620 shop truck, the black Hot Wheels RX-7, and a visit to JCCS. If you’re wondering why your favorite car was not on the list, it’s because this season consisted simply of what the shop had in its workload. “I was hoping to see more variety, but they don’t pay us to do this,” Eric clarified. “It’s about what’s coming through the doors right now. An Isuzu Bellett GT-R doesn’t get appreciated [in the US] the way it should.” Filming is still going on right now. They’re up to episode 05, and the reveal for that is scheduled for this Wednesday, the day after the premiere. Eric gave us an example of how quickly things can change in production. “The last build was supposed to be frame-up restoration, but the car was purchased from auction, and as we got into it we realized it had seven to eight layers of paint and hundreds of patches. We realized we were never going to finish this car in the time we had, so we changed to a Skyline GT-R that spun a rod bearing. It was an S20 motor, and we’re going to be filming right up to the week before the last episode.” The camera crew is in the shop four days a week, but it simply isn’t possible to get everything on film, or pause work to wait for the crew. “Sometimes the best and most intensive work happens when they’re not here,” Eric mentioned. Eric holds high standards in both the cars he builds and what he wants the show to represent. There are certain colors, motor swaps, and wheels he won’t do, no matter how much the customer offers. Similarly, there are things he won’t do on camera. For example, the promo spots you may have seen were made by a different production company, and during filming, they wanted Eric to face the camera and declare, “It takes a legend to build a legend.” He wisely refused. On other occasions, he had to compromise. “They have to make a story out of it, so we do customer reveals. Sometimes, they want to go to a different location, so it’s not in the shop where we would normally do it,” Eric explained. “But I told them, every time the grinder comes out we don’t need the rock guitar.” A post shared by Eric Bizek (@jdm_legends) on Mar 28, 2018 at 3:06pm PDT There is a limit to how much control any one person can have in the production. “We do what do in the shop, but once it goes in the edit room, it’s out of my hands,” Eric admitted, “And those guys aren’t necessarily car people.” For every 60 minutes of footage, only two minutes makes it on air. “When you condense several months of work into 45 minutes, and it has to look smooth, a lot is lost, but you just have to do your best and be okay with the fact that some things may not be what you want them to be.” Eric says one of the biggest surprises is what it cost to do the show. The producers paid him for shop usage, or time lost, but he estimates that ultimately the shop will be in the hole. “They basically treat it like, ‘Here’s $300,000 of free advertising.'” I didn’t think it would be quite as intrusive as it was, but at the end of the day, I hope it’s more exposure for the shop.” Nothing about a second season has been determined yet. Velocity is probably waiting to see how the show does, but it’s up to Eric as well. “It comes down to whether they, or we, want to do it. There’s no way having sound and camera guys in the shop four days a week isn’t going to be a hindrance,” he conceded. The show has put a big impact on the shop, and it’s been physically and mentally draining. It’s taken a lot out of me.” The show is new ground for Velocity Channel, but they need it. According to Eric, the median age of Velocity viewers is is 60 years old. JDM Legends’ median market is 25 to 35. We at JNC have enjoyed a more youthful audience as well, as most of our readers were born later than the cars we cover. Velocity needs younger eyeballs, and hopes that a show about Japanese classics will bring them in. We asked Eric what he wanted people to take away from the show. “We want to show people really cool stuff, what we’re into, and in a way that’s classic,” he replied. “I want for people to have respect for cars from Japan. You see these Alfa guys, but they have the mentality that Japanese cars are beneath them. Hopefully this is where people see what we see — the heritage, performance, and that they can be tasteful.” Eric closed our interview on a more personal note. “I never wanted to be the spokesperson, I’m probably not the best person to do it, but I only who I am. We’re not perfect, we make mistakes, but hopefully people see the build process and can have a glimpse of what goes on in our shop.” He continued, “Josh and I might not be the funniest or interesting guys on TV. But, if this show is interesting to you it’ll be because of the cars we build. We never want to lose sight of why we did this in the first place — because we just like to work on cars.” JDM Legends premieres on Velocity Channel on April 17. Check your local listings for times. For those who don’t have a cable subscription, it will also be available on Motor Trend‘s on-demand app, which has a 14-day trial subscription and costs $4.99 per month afterwards. Images courtesy of JDM Legends. This post is filed under: JNC Theater, Video Games and tagged: 240z, datsun, Eric Bizek, fairlady z, jdm legends, mazda, nissan, rx-7, S30Z, sa22, skyline, toyota. 25 Responses to JNC THEATER: Behind the scenes with JDM Legends on the eve of their Velocity Channel premiere Myron Vernis said: I have a lot of respect for Eric and Josh. I’ve done business with them and truly regard them as friends. As such, I was excited about the show when I first learned about it but was also concerned about them being forced into the repulsive formula followed by most of the build shows on the air. I shared my concern with Eric and he assured me he felt the same way. I met the production crew at JCCS last year and, even though it really wasn’t my place, seized the opportunity to express my concerns. I was pleasantly surprised when they were very much in agreement about keeping it professional and avoiding the fake drama. I’m very excited for the great people at JDM Legends and what this show could mean for them and the hobby that is our passion. j_c said: Thanks, good to know they’re aware of that. bigskypylot said: I really enjoyed the first two shows and looling forward to the rest. I’m more or less a fan of muscle cars (Ford’s, mostly) but have really taken a liking to the Japanese Classics. I drive a Nissan SUV so I’m kinda partial to the Dataun/Nissan line. I’m really liking the show format which has none of the manufactured drama and gives some great info on the cars. Here’s to many years of success going forward. Joe Rotz said: JDM Legends interviewed me about my JDM Fairlady Z at JCCS last year. They filmed my entire car for about 10 minutes. Hope to see a click of the interview on their Velocity show. That would really be cool! kitsune said: Thanks for the tip on Motor Trend’s on demand app! Didn’t know of that, will have to check it out. The show sounds interesting, good to hear he tried to avoid the scripted stupid drama that almost every automotive/garage show falls into. Leon Dixon said: Interesting. Vintage automotive English language moves increasingly more and more away from reality to TV-mumbo-speak. And TV is worse than magazines when it comes to talking about vintage automobiles. They just use buzzwords and phrases that once had meanings and quickly make them meaningless utterances. “Fully restored” used to mean fully restored. A concept that automotive fans once understood clearly. “Fully restored” didn’t mean hot-rodded or customized. And “restored” used to mean “returned to original condition, appearance and performance.” I’m sorry but no 1984 Mazda RX-7 ever looked like that– at least not in the North American market. Cute idea for the show… but like the shows on American vintage cars… obviously put together for pure wow factor…and for folks not paying serious attention or who don’t care or who just wanna see cars on TV–no matter what the hosts and announcers say. wagonista said: That RX-7 was built a few years ago, long before they were approached for the show. Mike Anderson said: I’m guessing you never watched those cars run in IMSA? They had massive flares. You are right, I think by 1984, the flares were even bigger.. That said, different strokes for different folks, and all that.. j_tso said: His issue is putting fender flares on a car and calling it restored. Again… if anyone is paying attention, and even if the whole world has gone mad…the announcer flatly states “1984 Mazda RX-7 FULLY RESTORED.” No matter when this car was done and no matter how many flairs and wings and wild wheels IMSA race cars had… this car is NOT “fully restored.” And where does it state this is an IMSA race car? See? It made it onto TV… so the announcer and the show can just make up any mumbo-jumbo and say it and that’s great, huh?All perfectly defensible. Just like the ridiculous stuff they say and show on TV in the so-called “classic car” auction shows. And people just sit there like fatted cattle and let it happen. Having worked for Mazda for 20 years (in the past) and having written the manuals for the 1984 RX-7… and having been at Riverside Raceway (Mazda had its own grandstand there) and lots of other racing venues… and having worked at the very building in Irvine on McGaw Avenue where IMSA cars were prepped every time they came to SoCal… this car is not “fully restored.” No matter how anyone wants to morph it. Unless we all choose to abdicate all logic and all history and any understanding of the meanings of the words “fully” and “restored” and the phrase “fully restored” as it applies to automobiles. The TV shows create their own reality today when it comes to vintage cars. The terminologies are blurred. The realities are blurred. The histories and blurred. And the people they feed this stuff to either don’t care or just don’t know any better. People don’t seem to realize that the TV producers are simply putting video entertainment together for the masses. The kind of stuff that will be approved by whomever is doing the commercials to pay for it all. If one realizes this is all these shows are, that’s one thing. If not… then it’s quite another. Nobody wants to deal with TV announcers who stand there with a microphone and utter absurd things like “it’s a resto-mod”….it’s “restified”… it’s a “tribute” (another way of saying it’s a fake like a base stripper model that has been turned into a top-of-line model and is being passed off as having the same value). Or “it’s all original” (when the thing has been altered in a dozen ways). Or the ultimate… “it’s fully restored.” Does anyone really know what all this silliness means? Perhaps logic has died. Perhaps reason and automotive history no longer mean anything. Perhaps it is perfectly acceptable today to say one thing and mean another. But when this is all acceptable and excusable… it is no wonder why things are where they are today. Eric said: I agree completely with your sentiments Leon, in no way did I ever personally refer to the RX-7 as being “fully restored”. It was built rather quickly for the JCCS show and the interior and drive-train still need some attention but unfortunately personal builds get put on the back burner when paying projects (that keep the doors open here) take priority. These are the types of things that I was referring to when the production company gets the footage in the booth, sometimes they say what they think is right whether it is or not and we do not always have the ability to correct them. I’m sure this will not be the only instance this happens but it’s part of the nature of doing a show like this when you want complete control over the final product but it’s not always possible, as much as we would like it to be watching the world burn said: Don’t you want to hear about how your “RIDE’S” engine has more “ACCELERATION” than stock because the speedometer says the top speed is 150 mph??? You should really watch anything featuring Peter Lyon then… That’s only after you get tired from double-clutching while boosting cars. Al Gottlieb said: JDM Legends – DirecTV Velocity Channel 281 Tuesday 4/17/18 6pm Ryan Senensky said: I was ready to write this show off as another car build show that has royalty free dad rock playing in the back ground while the producers create fake drama but this actually sounds really promising. I can only hope that this isn’t delivered in a condescending tone by the producers… Jimmy said: I got to see an early rough draft clip of an episode. The editors and producers did the typical “cliff hanger” before the commercial break. But they didn’t do any reality TV drama. Good stuff. cesariojpn said: I dunno, whenever i’m at SEMA, I can’t STAND Bitchin’ Rides, all because of their Shop Foreman. He acts like a total asshole, and I swear thats scripted as hell. Eric P said: I’m glad that Eric is pushing back on some of the ideas by the producers. Keep it as close as possible to how the shop truly operates, and you’ll have a true audience. I will love to see the work done to these beautiful cars, can’t wait. Best of luck guys! Russell Jones said: Good luck Josh, wishing you guys the best of luck and success John Moran said: I’m glad this show is happening. I had the same concerns as others about the drama/deadline, but glad to hear the TV aspect is minimized as much as possible. I have countless Japanese car pictures, ads, small posters, but the one over my desk is a JDM Legends card, maybe 6×8 with a few cars in their shop. I just like the feel of this picture and hope the show has some of the same feel. I wish them the best and am looking forward to tonight. Thank you again Ben for taking the time out to get some insight on what it means to do a show like this from the insider’s perspective. It’s not always what you might imagine from the outside looking in. That being said, I hope everyone out there can take this into perspective and enjoy the show for what it is with an open mind. At the end of the day, we have a great deal of love and respect for these cars and although it will never be perfect and we will never be able to please everyone, we hope you all enjoy watching the process of what goes on here at JDM Legends. Thanks again to everyone for the kind words and support! Ben Hsu said: Eric, thanks for all your efforts in keeping the show (and your shop) as true to the roots of Japanese classics as much as possible. I know it’s difficult when you don’t have 100 percent creative control, but from what we talked about in the interview I believe this will represent the community well. Like everyone, I’m excited to watch the show and finally see some tasteful Japanese classics represented on TV. Bahahaha, no pressure. Chris Abbott said: Wishing nothing but the best to JDM Legends. You convinced me to get my own Fujitsubo system for my 73 HLS30. Keep making great cars! Ken Kilbourn said: I just watched the first two episodes on the Motor Trend App. Great job guys!!!! The show was a great change of pace from the usual fare. I hope the show will get the full treatment as it can only help the rest of us. A rising tide raises many boats as they say. Congrats to Eric and Josh!! Charlie said: I bought a car from these guys about 4 years ago {moss green 74 Celica GTV} and they were a pleasure to deal with and its no surprise that they are being chosen to represent this scene.. reading this quote from the above article kinda cements the ethos of the guys at JDM legends. “The Fast and the Furious may have had a positive effect on the scene, but was done in a way that, I think most of can agree, is not the way the cars should be portrayed — gigantic exhausts, neon colors, big wings.” well said ! looking very forward to getting home from the shop tonight and perching on the couch for the premier… Best of luck to you guys . Leave a Reply to watching the world burn Cancel reply	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line125
__label__cc	0.587934	0.412066	← What do a Railway Engineer, a NASA scientist and Al Gore have in common? The Left and Democracy → ‘No Excuses’ for Liberals Posted on November 18, 2008 by Alex Scipio Today’s column by Bret Stephens has it exactly right. It is linked here and pasted in its entirety below for those lacking a subscription. When the liberals today over-reach, and they will, they will have to take the heat for their errors and the destruction they do to the economy and the country. About Carter, the worst president of the 20th Century, Kissinger noted, “The Carter administration has managed the extraordinary feat of having, at one and the same time, the worst relations with our allies, the worst relations with our adversaries, and the most serious upheavals in the developing world since the end of the Second World War.” Since Obama is Carter v2.0, and has an even more radical view of the world and America, and a ridiculously childish view of our place in it, Obama will certainly surpass even the peanut farmer in the appalling failures he will produce for all of us and our children – and theirs. And the poor around the world? Those who are better off now than they were 25 years ago when America began the greatest period of wealth creation in human history because of the Reagan tax cuts? Well, Liberals feel that only Americans deserve to be rich at all (I guess because Liberal Americans cannot tax those starving due to Democratic Congressional ethanol mandates), so will shut down free trade, ensuring the destitution of anyone not in a true capitalist system. This already is happening in Europe and Russia as they get poorer year-on-year due to the same policies Liberals want to enact here – that already have failed there. China? Increasingly capitalistic and forward-looking. India? Increasingly capitalistic and forward-looking. America in the hands of Baby Boomer liberals? Increasingly less capitalistic and navel-gazing. While India puts ships on the moon the Boomers in America will be implementing the same Single-payer health care that doctors from Canada to Sweden are suing their governments to get out of due to its failure to deliver reasonable care at a reasonable cost in a reasonable time. While Baby Boomers in America raise tax rates to make America the most expensive place to do business in the world, driving the remaining businesses offshore, nearly all other countries are implementing lower or flat taxes to boost business, wealth, opportunity by bringing businesses onshore – or keeping domestic businesses domestic. And America is about to be left behind. Here’s Bret: By BRET STEPHENS “I make no excuses, I only wear them.” Remember that? It was the pitch made by Donna Rice for a pair of tight-fitting stonewashed jeans some 20 years ago. Too bad the brand is long gone, since we’re at yet another No Excuses moment in American politics. Specifically: a liberal No Excuses moment. With the election of Barack Obama and huge Democratic majorities in Congress, liberals must now practice something other than the politics of nostalgia and what-if. This is a politics that has been in the making since at least 1968, though its real origins probably go back to 1944 and the first great liberal what-if: What if an ailing FDR had died nine months earlier, and been succeeded by the great progressive icon and polymath (and original moonbeam), then Vice President Henry Wallace? In that case, perhaps, desegregation would have happened sooner, universal health care would be with us today, and the “century of fear” that Wallace predicted as the outcome of the Truman Doctrine would have been avoided by means of a more conciliatory policy toward the Soviet Union. From that moment on, the liberal what-ifs multiply in dizzying profusion. What if John F. Kennedy had dodged the bullet in Dallas and lived to get the U.S. out of Vietnam before it fully got into it? What if Robert F. Kennedy had dodged the bullet in L.A. five years later? What if Jimmy Carter hadn’t been so earnest, truthful and unlucky? What if Ronald Reagan hadn’t proved such an adept political mythmaker? What if Donna Rice hadn’t been pictured on Gary Hart’s lap? What if Willie Horton hadn’t been given a furlough? What if Bill Clinton hadn’t squandered his political gifts with cheap trysts? What if Bush v. Gore had gone 5-4 the other way? What if 9/11 hadn’t intervened to give the Bush administration its mandate for another bout of the politics of fear? What if John Kerry hadn’t been sandbagged by Osama bin Laden’s last-minute video intervention? This liberal narrative of its own near-misses, bad luck and tragic interventions of fate is supplemented by a parallel liberal tale of unbridled conservative malevolence. Republicans may be the stupid party, but they’ve been fortunate in their evil political geniuses — Lee Atwater, Newt Gingrich, Karl Rove — all of whom have succeeded in bamboozling the public into voting against its own economic interests. As for conservative electoral successes, these are explained almost entirely as a function of political dirty tricks (cf. “October Surprise”) jingoism (Star Wars, Grenada et al.) and racism (“Southern strategy”). “The legacy of slavery, America’s original sin, is the reason we’re the only advanced economy that doesn’t guarantee health care to our citizens,” writes Nobel laureate Paul Krugman in “The Conscience of a Liberal.” Who knew that a straight line connects the ideas of Jefferson Davis and Milton Friedman? (Only lately has this history been turned on its head, so that liberal pundits now bemoan the passing of those great conservative ideas men who presumably are crying tears in heaven over the GOP’s capture by the likes of Sarah Palin.) The upshot of all this has been an amazing lack of introspection among the frequently wronged, but never wrong, liberal American hard core. Politically, this hasn’t yielded such great results: The number of Americans who self-identify as liberals continues to fall, to 21% in 2008 from 22% in 2004, according to CNN. (The number of self-identified conservatives held steady at 34%.) Then again, without that hard core Mr. Obama’s primary triumphs would never have been possible. Now the long wait is over, and the liberal ship has come in. In Mr. Obama, liberals have a president who seems to have stepped out of the last episodes of the West Wing. He has the Congress in his left pocket, the news media in his right pocket (or is it the other way around?), and he floats on a tide of unprecedented international enthusiasm. The Republican Party has no obvious standard-bearer, as it did in Ronald Reagan after Gerald Ford’s defeat in 1976. It could well spend the next four years, or eight, tearing itself to pieces. Instead, the only things that stand in Mr. Obama’s path are what Marxists like to call “objective factors”: the financial crisis, the mess in Detroit, the disposing of Guantanamo detainees, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, Russian hostility, Chinese assertiveness, maybe the disintegration of Pakistan. Mr. Obama will get, and deserves, a period of political grace. Let’s say a year. After that, it will become increasingly difficult to attribute whatever mistakes he makes to the legacy of his predecessor. American liberalism, such as it is, is finally being put to the test that fate has denied it these last many decades. Succeed or fail, this time there can be no excuses. So – let’s see what the Liberals can do. And when they fail it will be because of their policies, pure and simple. No Excuses. This entry was posted in Baby Boomers, Domestic, Politics. Bookmark the permalink.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line128
__label__wiki	0.60023	0.60023	Home News ASEAN Thailand’s economy shows some muscles by Arno Maierbrugger - Feb 18, 2018 Thailand’s expanding southeastern industrial zone is seen as a draw for future investors © Arno Maierbrugger Investment drawn to Thailand’s proposed Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC) could push the country’s economic growth rate above five per cent by 2021, Siam Commercial Bank (SCB)’s Economic Intelligence Center said. This assessment comes after repeated upticks in Thailand’s economy in 2017, with exports having risen for a tenth straight month in December and the government having raised its economic growth forecast for this year to 4.2 per cent from 3.8 per cent. Economic growth for 2017 has now been put at an estimated four per cent – which would be the fastest pace since 2012 – compared with the 3.8 per cent the ministry projected three months ago, mainly due to stronger exports and tourism. SCB’s research center said that if the government’s flagship economic zone proceeds as planned, a GDP growth rate of more than five per cent would be enabled by a boost in foreign direct investment (FDI) and the EEC’s attraction for private and public investment in Thailand. In recent years, FDI inflows declined in Thailand, relative to those in other ASEAN countries, mainly due to concerns about fiscal and political stability. Thailand’s annual GDP growth also was in the range of 2.9 to four per cent over the past three years “The EEC could play a part in attracting more FDI to a level that can see Thailand compete with other countries in the region. In the initial phase, no less than 10 billion baht ($312 million) of FDI will likely move into the country,” the research said. Public investment is expected to rise 8.7 per cent this year, compared with last year’s public-investment growth figure of 1.5 per cent. Private investment is forecast to increase 3 per cent from the previous year’s 1.7 per cent, due partly to the government’s EEC policy. However, the center said that the government to ensure that attention will be given to upgrading skills of the workforce, so that there will be sufficient workers able to cope with the labour requirements of the targeted industries that are at the heart of the government’s Thailand 4.0 policy, which include aviation, logistics, digital businesses, robotics and automation. Alibaba commits to $320-million investment in Thailand Laos expects 7% GDP growth next year Thailand’s economy slows, foreign investors on the sidelines Samsung to expand production facilities in Vietnam yet again Saab to build “aerospace city” and parts plant in Thailand Business bang in Indonesia: Dozens of sectors open for foreign investment Four car makers eyeing Philippines for manufacturing Thailand’s current account turns positive Philippines eyes new, cheaper cash remittance channel for OFWs Thailand’s e-commerce landscape in a map Thailand floods close factories again	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line129
__label__wiki	0.614606	0.614606	Georges Berger Belgium racing driver who competed in 2 Grand Prix. Won the Tour de France (Rally) with Willy Mairesse in a Ferrari in 1960. He was killed when he crashed his Porsche 911 during the Marathon de la Route in 1967. Georges Berger was born in Molenbeek Saint-Jean, near Brussels, Belgium. He was a Formula One driver who raced for the Simca-Gordini and Gordini teams. He initially competed during the 1950s in a Formula 2 BMW-engined Jicey with which he finished third in the Grand Prix des Frontieres at Chimay. In 1953 he raced a Simca-Gordini Type 15, finishing fifth at Chimay. He entered the same car in the Belgian Grand Prix but retired after only three laps. The following year he raced a Type 16 briefly for the Gordini works team. He finished seventh on the streets of Bordeaux and in the French GP at Reims, he retired early with engine trouble. He then came a fourth at Rouen before eventually disappearing from single-seater racing. He then turned to racing in sports and GT cars, driving a Maserati, an AC Bristol and a Ferrari 250GT. He often raced the latter car with another ex-Grand Prix driver, Andre Simon. But his greatest success was winning the Tour de France with Willy Mairesse in 1960, again in a Ferrari. He was killed racing a Porsche 911 in the 1967 Marathon de la Route, an 84-hour endurance race at the Nurburgring. The following drivers were born on the same day as Georges Berger (19th - July) Dudley Froy 1904-1986 Mack Hellings 1915-1951 Georges Berger 1918-1967 Masami Kuwashima 1950 Dominic Dobson 1957	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line133
__label__wiki	0.651446	0.651446	November 13, 1995: Al-Qaeda Bombing in Saudi Arabia, US Realizes Bin Laden Is More than Financier Destruction at the Saudi National Guard training center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. [Source: CNN]Two truck bombs kill five Americans and two Indians in the US-operated Saudi National Guard training center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Al-Qaeda is blamed for the attacks. [Associated Press, 8/19/2002] The attack changes US investigators’ views of the role of bin Laden, from al-Qaeda financier to its leader. [Miller, Stone, and Mitchell, 2002, pp. 150] The Vinnell Corporation, thought by some experts to be a CIA front, owns the facility that has been attacked. [London Times, 5/14/2003] Entity Tags: Osama bin Laden, Central Intelligence Agency, Al-Qaeda, Vinnell Corporation Category Tags: Warning Signs, Saudi Arabia November 13, 1995: Islamic Jihad Kills Egyptian Official Investigating Al Taqwa Bank Egyptian diplomat Alaa al-Din Nazmi is shot and killed as he is returning to his house in Geneva, Switzerland. While he is officially said to be negotiating with the World Trade Organization on economic matters, the Independent will later report, “Political sources suggested that Nazmi was working under diplomatic cover, and that his real job was to track down members of Egyptian Islamist armed groups in Europe who have sworn to overthrow President Hosni Mubarak’s regime. Nazmi’s murderers [say] as much two days later,” when they take credit for the killing, using an alias for Islamic Jihad. [Independent, 12/6/1995] Swiss authorities seem uninterested in vigorously pursuing political connections to the murder, which is never solved. However, it will later be reported, “According to various sources close to the investigation, the Egyptian diplomat had been handling several sensitive files relating precisely to the financial resources of the Muslim Brotherhood, of which $200 to $500 was managed by various financial organizations” in Switzerland. The diplomat had played a major part in an attempt to recover these funds. He was focusing on the Al Taqwa Bank on the Swiss-Italian border, known to be a major bank for the Muslim Brotherhood. [Labeviere, 1999, pp. 63-68] A few months earlier, Nazmi apparently had been in secret discussions with the Egyptian militant Talaat Fouad Qassem, who was then abducted by the CIA and executed in Egypt (see September 13, 1995). So Nazmi’s assassination is seen as revenge for the death of Qassem. [Labeviere, 1999, pp. 70-71] Entity Tags: Alaa al-Din Nazmi, Al Taqwa Bank, Islamic Jihad, Muslim Brotherhood, Talaat Fouad Qassem Category Tags: Terrorism Financing, Al Taqwa Bank, Alleged Al-Qaeda Linked Attacks November 19, 1995: Islamic Jihad Attacks Egyptian Embassy in Pakistan Rescue workers removing bodies from the Egyptian embassy in Islamabad. [Source: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]The Islamic Jihad blows up the Egyptian Embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan. Two cars filled with explosives crash through the embassy gates, killing the bombers and sixteen others. Ayman al-Zawahiri will later write in a book, “The bomb left the embassy’s ruined building as an eloquent and clear message.” Islamic Jihad is already closely tied to al-Qaeda by this time. [New Yorker, 9/9/2002] The Egyptian government had recently dispatched up to 100 government agents to London with the task of eliminating militants opposed to the Egyptian government. The Independent will later report, “Sources in Cairo said that several of the dead embassy officials were working under cover as diplomats to help the Pakistani authorities track down” militants. In the wake of the attack, plans to send more Egyptian government agents to Pakistan to hunt militants in that region are scuttled. [Independent, 12/6/1995] Some of the money for the bombing operation was apparently raised by al-Zawahiri on a fundraising trip to the US (see Late 1994 or 1995). One suspect, a Canadian citizen named Ahmed Said Khadr, will be arrested in Pakistan a short time after the bombings. He will soon be released at the request of the Canadian prime minister, but will later be revealed to be a founding member of al-Qaeda (see January 1996-September 10, 2001). Entity Tags: Ayman al-Zawahiri, Ahmed Said Khadr, Islamic Jihad Category Tags: Ayman Al-Zawahiri, Alleged Al-Qaeda Linked Attacks Late 1995: Bin Laden Said to Consider Asylum in Britain Michael Howard. [Source: BBC]Osama bin Laden is said to be unhappy with his exile in Sudan, where authorities are making noises about expelling him. Consequently, he requests asylum in Britain. Several of his brothers and other relatives, who are members of the bin Laden construction empire, own properties in London. He has already transferred some of his personal fortune to London, to help his followers set up terror cells in Britain and across Europe. Bin Laden employs Khalid al-Fawwaz, a Saudi businessman described as his “de facto ambassador” in Britain (see Early 1994-September 23, 1998), to assess his chances of moving there. British Home Secretary Michael Howard later says, “In truth, I knew little about him, but we picked up information that bin Laden was very interested in coming to Britain. It was apparently a serious request.” After Home Office officials investigate bin Laden, Howard issues an immediate order banning him under Britain’s immigration laws. [London Times, 9/29/2005] Bin Laden ends up going to Afghanistan instead in 1996 (see May 18, 1996). There are also later press reports that bin Laden travels frequently to London around this time (see Early 1990s-Late 1996), and even briefly lived there in 1994 (see Early 1994). Entity Tags: Osama bin Laden, Michael Howard, Khalid al-Fawwaz Category Tags: Hunt for Bin Laden, Osama Bin Laden, Londonistan - UK Counterterrorism (Late 1995): Al-Qaeda Leader Allowed to Live in Britain Despite Being Wanted for Attempting to Assassinate Egyptian President In June 1995, al-Qaeda sponsors a failed assassination attempt on Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak (see June 26, 1995 and Shortly After June 26, 1995). Some time in 1995, al-Qaeda leader Anas al-Liby moves to Britain and applies for political asylum. Not long after he arrives, Egypt asks the British government to extradite him for his alleged role in the assassination attempt. They send a detailed file on him, including information on how he had fought with Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan and then moved with him to Sudan. But the extradition request is refused. British officials question whether al-Liby could get a fair trial in Egypt and fear he could face the death penalty. The next year, British intelligence hires al-Liby, a Libyan, to assassinate Libyan ruler Colonel Mu’ammar al-Qadhafi (see 1996). Al-Liby will continue to live openly in Britain until 2000 (see Late 1995-May 2000 and May 2000). [Times (London), 1/16/2003] Entity Tags: Osama bin Laden, Anas al-Liby, Hosni Mubarak, Al-Qaeda Late 1995-September 11, 2001: Bin Laden’s Brother-in-Law Khalifa Still Active in Southeast Asia Mohammed Jamal Khalifa, bin Laden’s brother-in-law, apparently continues to visit Southeast Asia and fund militant attacks there. Khalifa had run a number of charity fronts in the Philippines (see 1987-1991) until he was arrested in the US in late 1994 (see December 16, 1994) and then let go in 1995 (see April 26-May 3, 1995). It has been widely assumed that he did not risk returning to the Philippines after that, but a 2006 book on terrorism funding will state that he “returned occasionally [to the Philippines] and was often seen elsewhere in Southeast Asia.” [Burr and Collins, 2006, pp. 191] Presumably, these travels come to an end shortly after 9/11 when the Saudi government prohibits him from leaving the country until 2007 (see January 30, 2007). [Guardian, 3/2/2007] Khalifa is also is frequent phone communication with militant groups in the Philippines and elsewhere, at least through the late 1990s (see Late 1990s). Entity Tags: Mohammed Jamal Khalifa Category Tags: Mohammed Jamal Khalifa, Philippine Militant Collusion, Al-Qaeda in Southeast Asia Late 1995 and After: Spanish Intelligence Merely Watches Madrid Cell Commit Variety of Crimes to Raise Money for Al-Qaeda Spanish intelligence is monitoring an al-Qaeda cell in Madrid led by Barakat Yarkas (see 1995 and After). By late 1995, Spanish authorities discover the cell members are taking part in a variety of criminal acts, including credit card theft, stealing bank account numbers, and selling stolen cars. Some of the money raised is being used to send recruits to al-Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan. However, the authorities are content to merely watch this criminal activity and collect information. None of the cell members will be arrested until after 9/11, six years later. [Irujo, 2005, pp. 23-40] Entity Tags: Al-Qaeda, Centro Nacional de Inteligencia, Barakat Yarkas Category Tags: Counterterrorism Action Before 9/11, Al-Qaeda in Spain, Remote Surveillance (Late 1995-Spring 1996): French Intelligence Money Used to Purchase Weapons for Militants’ Training While training at al-Qaeda’s Afghan camps (see Mid 1995-Spring 1996), French intelligence informer Omar Nasiri uses money given to him by his handler to purchase supplies for the training camps. Nasiri received $16,500 from the Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (DGSE) for the mission and gives much of this to Khaldan camp leader Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi for food, ammunition, and other supplies. [Nasiri, 2006, pp. 99, 178-9, 249] Entity Tags: Direction GÃ©nÃ©rale de la SÃ©curitÃ© ExtÃ©rieure, Omar Nasiri, Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi Category Tags: Counterterrorism Action Before 9/11, Algerian Militant Collusion, Other Possible Moles or Informants December 1995: Caspian Sea Said to Contain Two-Thirds of World’s Known Oil Reserves The American Petroleum Institute asserts that the states bordering the Caspian Sea, north of Afghanistan, contain two-thirds of the world’s known reserves, or 659 billion barrels. Such numbers spur demand for an Afghan pipeline. However, by April 1997, estimates drop to 179 billion barrels. [Middle East Journal, 9/22/2000] This is still substantial, but the estimates continue to drop in future years (see November 1, 2002). Category Tags: Pipeline Politics, US Dominance December 1995: British Domestic Intelligence Tells Police that Islamist Militant Threat Is ‘Greatly Exaggerated’ A memo from MI5, Britain’s domestic intelligence agency, to the heads of police Special Branches says: “Suggestions in the press of a world-wide Islamic extremist network poised to launch terrorist attacks against the West are greatly exaggerated.… The contact between Islamic extremists in various countries appears to be largely opportunistic at present and seems unlikely to result in the emergence of a potent trans-national force.” [Daily Telegraph, 10/5/2009] MI6 is Britain’s foreign intelligence agency, and presumably, it would be more knowledgeable and concerned about Islamist militants world-wide than MI5 is. Entity Tags: UK Security Service (MI5) December 1995: Bin Laden and KSM Travel to Brazil Together Bin Laden and Khalid Shaikh Mohammed (KSM) apparently travel to Brazil together. After KSM will be captured in 2003, documents in his possession will show he had a twenty-day visa to Brazil during December 1995. Brazilian intelligence sources will later claim that bin Laden travels with KSM, and is caught on video at a meeting in a mosque in the Brazilian town of Foz do Iguacu. This town is in the tri-border area of Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina, which has the largest Muslim population in South America and has long been known to be a haven for criminal activity. Bin Laden is said to appear in the video with a goatee instead of his usual full beard. [Agence France-Presse, 5/4/2003] In 1996, US intelligence will learn that KSM and bin Laden traveled together to a foreign country in 1995 (see 1996). It is not known if that is a reference to this trip or if they made other trips together. The Brazilian government will later claim that it told the US about this trip in late 1998. [Reuters, 3/18/2003] Entity Tags: Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, Osama bin Laden Category Tags: Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, Osama Bin Laden Late 1995-May 2000: Al-Qaeda Leader Connected to British Intelligence Lives Openly in Britain Anas al-Liby. [Source: FBI]Anas al-Liby, member of a Libyan al-Qaeda affiliate group called Al-Muqatila, lives in Britain during this time. He had stayed with bin Laden in Sudan (see May 18, 1996). In late 1995, he moves to Britain and applies for political asylum, claiming to be a political enemy of the Libyan government (see (Late 1995)). He is involved in an al-Qaeda plot (see Late 1993-Late 1994) that will result in the bombing of two US embassies in Africa in 1998 (see 10:35-10:39 a.m., August 7, 1998). The British government suspects he is a high-level al-Qaeda operative, and Egypt tells Britain that he is wanted for an assassination attempt of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak (see (Late 1995)). In 1996, he is involved in a plot with the British intelligence agency to assassinate Libyan leader Colonel Mu’ammar al-Qadhafi (see 1996), and presumably his ability to live in Britain is connected to cooperation with that plot. [Observer, 11/10/2002; Times (London), 1/16/2003] After the failed assassination attempt in 1996, the British allegedly continues to support Al-Muqatila—for instance, the group openly publishes a newsletter from a London office. [Brisard and Dasquie, 2002, pp. 97-98] Whistleblower David Shayler, a British intelligence agent, gives British authorities details of this Libya plot in 1998 and again in 1999, and later will serve a short prison sentence for revealing this information to the public (see November 5, 2002). [Observer, 8/27/2000] In late 1998, al-Liby is monitored calling an al-Qaeda operative in the US and discussing their ties to one of the African embassy bombers, but this results in no action against al-Liby (see Shortly After August 12, 1998). He lives in Manchester until May of 2000. In 2002, it will be reported that he eluded a police raid on his house and fled abroad. [Observer, 11/10/2002] However, in a 2011 book, FBI agent Ali Soufan will claim that al-Liby actually was arrested and then let go (see May 2000). His asylum application will still be under review at the time of his arrest. [Times (London), 1/16/2003] An important al-Qaeda training manual is discovered in the raid on his Manchester residence (see May 2000). The US will later post a $25 million reward for al-Liby’s capture. [Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2002; Observer, 11/10/2002] Entity Tags: United Kingdom, Mu’ammar al-Qadhafi, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Osama bin Laden, Anas al-Liby, Al-Muqatila, Al-Qaeda, David Shayler Category Tags: Counterterrorism Action Before 9/11, 1998 US Embassy Bombings, Londonistan - UK Counterterrorism Shortly After November 19, 1995: Key Al-Qaeda Charity Front Closed in Pakistan, but Operations Continue Under New Names Shortly after Islamic Jihad blows up the Egyptian Embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan in November 1995 (see November 19, 1995), Makhtab Al-Khidamat/Al-Kifah, a very crucial al-Qaeda charity front based in Pakistan, is shut down. This entity is not only helping to fund al-Qaeda, but is also involved in sending recruits to training camps in Afghanistan. But there are no arrests and activities are redirected to other charity fronts. As one book will later note, “[the] recruiting and military training circuit, perfected during the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, was never dismantled, neither at the end of the war nor after the office was officially closed.” [Jacquard, 2002, pp. 59] Entity Tags: Maktab al-Khidamat Category Tags: Terrorism Financing, Al-Kifah/MAK December 9-12, 1995: Bojinka Plotter Arrested in Malaysia, Rendered to US Bojinka plotter Wali Khan Amin Shah is arrested in Malaysia and rendered to the US. Shah had been on the run in Asia for almost a year, since escaping a Philippine jail (see January 13, 1995). He is missing three fingers on his left hand, and someone notices this and alerts the authorities. [Ressa, 2003, pp. 43] The FBI had hunted him through around half a dozen countries. After his arrest by Malaysian authorities, at the FBI’s request, he is rendered to the US. He will later be given a long prison sentence for his role in the Bojinka plot. [New York Times, 12/13/1995; Lance, 2004, pp. 326-7; Grey, 2007, pp. 245] Before his arrest, leading Southeast Asian militant Hambali had supplied Khan with a new identity and cover in Malaysia, where he lived on the resort island of Langkawi using the alias Osama Turkestani. However, a 2002 article will say that officials claim they only learn this “years later.” [Los Angeles Times, 2/7/2002] Entity Tags: Hambali, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Wali Khan Amin Shah Category Tags: Hambali, 1995 Bojinka Plot December 14, 1995: Militant Leader’s Death Reveals Links between Bosnian Government and Al-Qaeda Leaders Anwar Shaaban, an Islamist militant in charge of logistics for mujaheddin fighting in Bosnia, is killed in Croatia. Shaaban had been based at the Islamic Cultural Institute mosque in Milan, but managed to avoid arrest when it was raided (see Late 1993-December 14, 1995). On December 14, 1995, the same day a peace accord is signed ending the Bosnian war, Shaaban is killed by Croatian troops in what mujaheddin claim is an ambush. Shaaban’s diary is found, and it cites regular meetings between al-Qaeda leaders and leaders of the Bosnian Muslim government, including General Staff Chief Rasim Delic and Interior Minister Bakir Alispahic. [Schindler, 2007, pp. 216-217] Shaaban, a leader of the Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya militant group, had been in regular contact with Sheikh Omar Abdul-Rahman and al-Qaeda second-in-command Ayman al-Zawahiri. [Schindler, 2007, pp. 163-164] Entity Tags: Rasim Delic, Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya, Anwar Shaaban, Omar Abdul-Rahman, Ayman al-Zawahiri, Bakir Alispahic Category Tags: Al-Qaeda in Balkans, Al-Qaeda in Italy December 14, 1995: Dayton Accords Brings End to Bosnian War In the front row from right to left: Slobodan Milosevic, Franjo Tudjman, and Alija Izetbegovic, sign the Dayton accords. In the back row stands, from right to left, Felipe Gonzalez, Bill Clinton, Jacques Chirac, Helmut Kohl, John Major and Viktor Tchernomyrdine. [Source: Reuters] (click image to enlarge)A peace agreement between the Bosnians, Croats, and Serbs fighting in Bosnia is signed in Paris. Known as the Dayton Accords, the agreement was hammered out in Dayton, Ohio, the month before (see November 1-22, 1995). As part of the agreement, thousands of NATO troops begin arriving in Bosnia immediately to help keep the peace. UN peacekeepers turn their job over to NATO forces on December 20. The peace does hold in the Bosnia and Croatia regions, thus ending a war that began in 1992 (see April 6, 1992). It claimed more than 200,000 lives and made six million people homeless. [Time, 12/31/1995] Fifty-one percent of Bosnia goes to an alliance of Muslims and Croats and 49 percent goes to a Serbian republic. [New York Times, 10/20/2003] As part of the deal, all foreign fighters are required to leave Bosnia within 30 days. In practical terms, this means the mujaheddin who have been fighting for the Bosnian Muslims (see January 14, 1996). [Washington Post, 3/11/2000] Entity Tags: Bosnia, Serbia and Montenegro, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Croatia Late 1995: Illness of Saudi King Generates Long-Term Power Struggle Crown Prince Abdullah. [Source: Corbis]King Fahd of Saudi Arabia suffers a severe stroke. Afterwards, he is able to sit in a chair and open his eyes, but little more. He slowly recovers from this condition. The resulting lack of leadership begins a behind-the-scenes struggle for power and leads to increased corruption. Crown Prince Abdullah has been urging his fellow princes to address the problem of corruption in the kingdom—so far unsuccessfully. A former White House adviser says: “The only reason Fahd’s being kept alive is so Abdullah can’t become king.” [New Yorker, 10/16/2001] This internal power struggle will continue until King Fahd dies in 2005 and Abdullah becomes the new king (see August 1, 2005). Entity Tags: Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al-Saud, Fahd Bin Abdul Aziz 1996: British Intelligence and Al-Qaeda Allegedly Cooperate in Plot to Assassinate Libyan Leader Al-Muqatila, a cover for a Libyan al-Qaeda cell, tries to kill Libyan leader Colonel Mu’ammar al-Qadhafi. Al-Qadhafi survives, but several militants and innocent bystanders are killed. [Dawn (Karachi), 10/30/2002] According to David Shayler, a member of the British intelligence agency MI5, and Jean-Charles Brisard and Guillaume Dasquié, authors of the controversial book The Forbidden Truth, the British intelligence agency MI6 pays al-Qaeda the equivalent of $160,000 to help fund this assassination attempt. Shayler later goes to prison for revealing this information and the British press is banned from discussing the case (see November 5, 2002). [New York Times, 8/5/1998; Observer, 11/10/2002] Anas al-Liby, a member of the group, is given political asylum in Britain and lives there until May 2000 despite suspicions that he is an important al-Qaeda figure (see Late 1995-May 2000). He is later implicated in the al-Qaeda bombing of two US embassies in Africa in 1998 (see Late 1993-Late 1994; 10:35-10:39 a.m., August 7, 1998). [Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2002; Observer, 11/10/2002] Entity Tags: Al-Muqatila, UK Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), Mu’ammar al-Qadhafi, United Kingdom, Al-Qaeda, UK Security Service (MI5) 1996: Radical London Imam Bakri Establishes Organization Later Linked to Terror Attacks London imam Sheikh Omar Bakri Mohammed establishes the radical Islamist organization Al-Muhajiroun, which will go on to be linked to several terror attacks (see Early 2003-April 6, 2004 and April 30, 2003). Bakri, who works as an informer for British intelligence at some point (see Spring 2005-Early 2007), had fled Syria in 1982 after taking part in a failed Muslim Brotherhood rising against the government and had been expelled from Saudi Arabia as an Islamist dissident in 1985. He had previously headed the British branch of the international movement Hizb ut Tahrir, but had split with its international leaders. Al-Muhajiroun becomes known for touring university campuses and shopping precincts to look for recruits and also for holding marches and rallies across Britain. In addition, Bakri establishes Britain’s first Shariah court, which has no legal standing, but which enables him to settle disputes for a fee. [O'Neill and McGrory, 2006, pp. 105-107] Entity Tags: Al-Muhajiroun, Sheikh Omar Bakri Mohammed Category Tags: Omar Bakri & Al-Muhajiroun, Londonistan - UK Counterterrorism 1996: Asian Countries Unite to Counter US Influence The “Shanghai Five” is formed in Shanghai with China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan as its founding members. Its purpose is to resolve old Soviet-Chinese border disputes between the countries and ease military tension in the border regions. An agreement titled “Treaty on Deepening Military Trust in Border Regions” is signed at this time. The five members are said to be bound together by mutual distrust of US hegemony in the region. [BBC, 6/21/2001; Jane's Intelligence, 7/19/2001; GlobalSecurity (.org), 7/4/2005] In early 2001 the group will morph into the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (see June 14, 2001). Entity Tags: Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Category Tags: US Dominance 1996: 9/11 Hijacker Atta Appears to Participate in Petty Fraud 9/11 hijacker Mohamed Atta and some of his associates appear to participate in financial fraud in Germany. The Chicago Tribune in 2004 claims that in 1995 Atta gives a Muslim baker named Muharrem Acar living in Hamburg, Germany, roughly $25,000 to help him open his own bakery. The newspaper calls this “noteworthy act of generosity to someone he barely knew.” However, the Wall Street Journal in 2003 presents a completely different story. Acar was sued and ordered to pay $6,500 in 1996. Atta and Acar worked together to backdate documents and manage a bank account to make it appear that Atta had loaned Acar over $20,000. This allowed Acar to claim he had no money and a large debt to Atta, and thus couldn’t pay the money he owed as part of the lawsuit against him. The Wall Street Journal notes Atta’s behavior conflicts with his media representation as “an ideologically pure Islamic extremist” and concludes, “It is increasingly evident that Mr. Atta and the other young men in Hamburg were typical of Islamist extremists in Europe, engaging in petty crime and fraud to make ends meet…” [Wall Street Journal, 9/9/2003; Chicago Tribune, 9/11/2004] Entity Tags: Mohamed Atta, Muharrem Acar Category Tags: Mohamed Atta, Key Hijacker Events 1996: Chechen Rebels Threaten to Fly Airplane into Kremlin Movladi Udugov. [Source: Public domain]According to Nikolai Patrushev, head of Russian intelligence, “In 1996, one of the ideologists of Wahhabism, Movladi Udugov stated that an air attack on the Kremlin was possible and even then we treated that statement seriously.” Udugov is considered the chief public spokesperson for the Chechen rebels. He threatens that the rebels would hijack a civilian airplane and then have a suicide pilot fly it into the Kremlin to protest Russian actions in Chechnya. Fighting between Russia and the rebels is particularly intense in 1996, which is the end of the first Chechen war from 1994 to 1996 (see December 11, 1994 and August 1996). [United Press International, 9/15/2001] The Chechen rebels and al-Qaeda are loosely linked at the time, especially through Chechen leader Ibn Khattab (see 1986-March 19, 2002). Entity Tags: Nikolai Patrushev, Movladi Udugov Category Tags: Warning Signs, Islamist Militancy in Chechnya 1996: Germans Start Money Laundering Investigation into Al-Qaeda Hamburg Cell Figures Darkazanli and Zammar In 1996, German authorities begin investigating Mamoun Darkazanli, Mohammed Haydar Zammar, and four others for money laundering. The investigation apparently begins with Darkazanli and four unnamed others, and grows to incorporate Zammar. Darkazanli and Zammar are friends, and both are closely linked to the al-Qaeda Hamburg cell. The investigation is run by the Bundeskriminalamt (BKA), Germany’s federal crime investigation agency. In late 1998, Darkazanli will be increasingly suspected for various other terrorism ties. But in early 2000, chief federal prosecutor Kay Nehm will refuse to initiate terrorism investigation proceedings against him, saying there is not enough evidence. Prior to 9/11, German law makes it hard to convict anyone for a terrorism offense unless it can be proven they were involved in an attack on German soil. However, Der Spiegel will later note that while that was true, Darkazanli could have been charged with money laundering instead. The money laundering investigation will resume shortly after 9/11. [Der Spiegel (Hamburg), 10/29/2001] Entity Tags: Mohammed Haydar Zammar, Kay Nehm, Bundeskriminalamt Germany, Mamoun Darkazanli Category Tags: Mamoun Darkazanli, Mohammed Haydar Zammar, Al-Qaeda in Germany 1996: FBI Fumbles Flight School Investigation; Murad and Eleven Other Al-Qaeda Pilots Trained in US Finding a business card for a US flight school in the possession of Operation Bojinka plotter Abdul Hakim Murad, the FBI investigates the US flight schools Murad attended. [Washington Post, 9/23/2001] He had trained at about six flight schools off and on, starting in 1990. Apparently, the FBI closes the investigation when they fail to find any other potential suspects. [Insight, 5/27/2002] However, Murad had already confessed to Philippine authorities the names of about ten other associates learning to fly in the US, and the Philippine authorities had asserted that they provided this information to the US. Murad detailed how he and a Pakistani friend crisscrossed the US, attending flight schools in New York, Texas, California and North Carolina. The Associated Press reports, “He also identified to Filipino police approximately 10 other Middle Eastern men who met him at the flight schools or were getting similar training. One was a Middle Eastern flight instructor who came to the United States for more training; another a former soldier in the United Arab Emirates. Others came from Sudan, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. None of the pilots match the names of the 19 hijackers from Sept. 11.” An assistant manager at a Schenectady, New York, flight school where Murad trained later recalls, “There were several [Middle Eastern pilot students] here. At one point three or four were here. Supposedly they didn’t know each other before, they just happened to show up here at the same time. But they all obviously knew each other.” However, US investigators somehow fail to detect any of these suspects before 9/11, despite being given their names. [Associated Press, 3/5/2002] Entity Tags: Abdul Hakim Murad, Al-Qaeda, Federal Bureau of Investigation Category Tags: Warning Signs, 1995 Bojinka Plot 1996: Vulgar Betrayal Investigation Launched Vulgar Betrayal, the most significant US government investigation into terrorist financing before 9/11, is launched. This investigation grows out of investigations Chicago FBI agent Robert Wright had begun in 1993 (see After January 1993), and Wright appears to be the driving force behind Vulgar Betrayal. He later will say, “I named the case Vulgar Betrayal because of the many gross betrayals many Arab terrorists and their supporters” committed against the US, but the name will later prove to be bitterly ironic for him. Over a dozen FBI agents are assigned it and a grand jury is empanelled to hear evidence. Wright will be removed from the investigation in late 1999 (see August 3, 1999), and it will be completely shut down in early 2000 (see August 2000). [Federal News Service, 6/2/2003; Chicago Tribune, 8/22/2004; LA Weekly, 8/25/2004; Judicial Watch, 12/15/2004] The investigation will first identify suspected terrorism financier Yassin al-Qadi as a target in 1997, but it will run into many obstacles in investigating him and others. Assistant US attorney Mark Flessner, the lead prosecutor for Vulgar Betrayal, will later claim that supervisors at the Justice Department’s headquarters obstructed the investigation because it appeared to trace terrorism financing to important figures in Saudi Arabia, a key US ally. Wright will later state that had the leads into al-Qadi and others been fully investigated, “I believe the FBI could have identified other significant links to Osama bin Laden, links which may have been addressed to prevent future attacks against the United States by bin Laden and his terrorist trainees.” [Federal News Service, 6/2/2003; Chicago Tribune, 8/22/2004] Entity Tags: Mark Flessner, Robert G. Wright, Jr., Federal Bureau of Investigation, US Department of Justice, Vulgar Betrayal Category Tags: Robert Wright and Vulgar Betrayal, Terrorism Financing, Counterterrorism Action Before 9/11 1996: Mossad Supposedly Plans to Kill Bin Laden Israeli spy agency Mossad supposedly plots to kill Osama bin Laden. According to the Israeli newspaper Yedioth Aharonoth, it recruits a female confidante of his and assigns her the mission of killing him. Mossad has been trailing bin Laden while assisting the US and Egypt in investigating a failed assassination attempt on Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak (see Shortly After June 26, 1995). But the plan is aborted due to tensions between Israel and the woman’s country. [Associated Press, 1/27/2006] Entity Tags: Osama bin Laden, Israel Institute for Intelligence and Special Tasks (Mossad) Category Tags: Hunt for Bin Laden, Israel 1996: US Intelligence Learns that KSM and Bin Laden Have Traveled Together Prior to this year, US intelligence has been uncertain whether Khalid Shaikh Mohammed (KSM) is connected to al-Qaeda. But this changes when a foreign government shares information that bin Laden and KSM had traveled together to a foreign country the previous year. [US Congress, 7/24/2003] The country may have been Brazil, since it has been reported that KSM and bin Laden traveled to Brazil together in 1995 (see December 1995). Entity Tags: US intelligence, Osama bin Laden, Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, Al-Qaeda 1996: Attempted Supression of Bin Laden WMD Report Leads to Division between CIA’s Bin Laden Unit and CIA Leaders CIA leadership allegedly suppresses a report about Osama bin Laden’s hunt for weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), and only disseminates the report after pressure. After the CIA’s bin Laden unit, Alec Station, is created in early 1996 (see February 1996), one of its first tasks is to see if bin Laden is attempting to acquire WMDs. Bin Laden a Bigger Threat than Previously Realized - Michael Scheuer, head of the unit in its early years, will later say that the unit soon discovers bin Laden is “much more of a threat than I had thought.… It became very clear very early that he was after [WMDs], and we showed conclusively at that point that he didn’t have them. But we had never seen as professional an organization in charge of procurement.” Scheuer will later tell Congress that when the unit finds detailed intelligence in 1996 on bin Laden’s attempts to get a nuclear weapon, superiors in the CIA suppress the report. Only after three officers in the CIA knowledgeable about bin Laden complain and force an internal review does the CIA disseminate the report more widely within the US intelligence community. Incident Leads to Bunker Mentality - The incident contributes to a bunker mentality between the bin Laden unit and the rest of the CIA (see February 1996-June 1999). According to Vanity Fair, the CIA’s “top brass started to view Scheuer as a hysteric, spinning doomsday scenarios.” Some start referring to him and the bin Laden unit as “the Manson family,” in reference to mass murderer Charles Manson and his followers. [Vanity Fair, 11/2004] Entity Tags: Osama bin Laden, Alec Station, Central Intelligence Agency, Michael Scheuer, US intelligence Category Tags: Hunt for Bin Laden, Counterterrorism Policy/Politics 1996: Tip from Turkey Points German Intelligence to Hamburg Cell Member Zammar Mohammed Haydar Zammar. [Source: Knut Mueller]Turkish intelligence informs Germany’s domestic intelligence service that Mohammed Haydar Zammar is a radical militant who has been traveling to trouble spots around the world. Zammar has already made more than 40 journeys to places like Bosnia and Chechnya, and in 1996 he pledges his allegiance to al-Qaeda during a trip to Afghanistan (see 1991-1996). Turkey explains that Zammar is running a dubious travel agency in Hamburg, organizing flights for radical militants to Afghanistan. As a result, by early 1997, German intelligence will launch Operation Zartheit (Operation Tenderness), an investigation of Islamic militants in the Hamburg area. The Germans will use a full range of intelligence techniques, including wiretaps and informants. [Stern, 8/13/2003; Vanity Fair, 11/2004] Operation Zartheit will run for at least three years and connect Zammar to many of the 9/11 plotters (see March 1997-Early 2000). Entity Tags: Mohammed Haydar Zammar, Bundesamt fur Verfassungsschutz Category Tags: Mohammed Haydar Zammar, Al-Qaeda in Balkans, Al-Qaeda in Germany, Islamist Militancy in Chechnya 1996: Radical Imam Abu Hamza Obtains Foothold in Small British Mosque Abu Hamza al-Masri, who was present in both Afghanistan and Bosnia during the wars there (see 1991-Late 1993 and 1995), is given his first regular preaching slot in Luton, a town to the north of London. Authors Sean O’Niell and Daniel McGrory will comment: “Luton gave him a base, and he launched himself like a hurricane on the Islamic circuit. Young men flocked to hear him and his reputation grew, drawing students from the Islamic societies of London universities to his Friday sermons.” [O'Neill and McGrory, 2006, pp. 32-33] Category Tags: Londonistan - UK Counterterrorism, Abu Hamza Al-Masri 1996: FBI Agent Begins Building File on Ali Mohamed FBI agent Jack Cloonan is given the task of building a file on double agent Ali Mohamed. Mohamed is living openly in California and has already confessed to working for al-Qaeda (see May 1993). He has been monitored since 1993 (see Autumn 1993). [Lance, 2006, pp. 138] Cloonan is part of Squad I-49, a task force made up of prosecutors and investigators that begins focusing on bin Laden in January 1996 (see January 1996). Mohamed has been an informant for FBI agents on the West Coast of the US (see 1992 and June 16, 1993), though when he stops working with them exactly remains unknown. Cloonan and other US officials will have dinner with Mohamed in October 1997 (see October 1997), but Mohamed will not be arrested until after the 1998 African embassy bombings (see September 10, 1998). Entity Tags: Ali Mohamed, Jack Cloonan, I-49 Category Tags: Counterterrorism Action Before 9/11, Ali Mohamed 1996: Pakistan and Saudi Arabia Said to Make Secret Deals with Taliban and Al-Qaeda In June 2004, the Los Angeles Times will report that, according to some 9/11 Commission members and US counterterrorism officials, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia cut secret deals with the Taliban and bin Laden before 9/11. These deals date to this year, if not earlier, and will successfully shield both countries from al-Qaeda attacks until long after 9/11. “Saudi Arabia provid[es] funds and equipment to the Taliban and probably directly to bin Laden, and [doesn’t] interfere with al-Qaeda’s efforts to raise money, recruit and train operatives, and establish cells throughout the kingdom, commission and US officials [say]. Pakistan provide[s] even more direct assistance, its military and intelligence agencies often coordinating efforts with the Taliban and al-Qaeda, they [say].” The two countries will become targets of al-Qaeda attacks only after they launch comprehensive efforts to eliminate the organization’s domestic cells. In Saudi Arabia, such efforts won’t begin until late 2003. [Los Angeles Times, 7/16/2004] However, such allegations go completely unmentioned in the 9/11 Commission’s final report, which only includes material unanimously agreed upon by the ten commissioners. [9/11 Commission, 7/24/2004] Entity Tags: Saudi Arabia, Osama bin Laden, Al-Qaeda, Taliban, Pakistan Category Tags: Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and the ISI, Terrorism Financing 1996: Spanish Intelligence Links Al-Qaeda Leader to Hamburg Cell Mustafa Setmarian Nasar. [Source: Public domain]Spanish intelligence learns that al-Qaeda leader Mustafa Setmarian Nasar, a.k.a. Abu Musab al-Suri, has visited Mamoun Darkazanli in Hamburg this year. Darkazanli is an associate of the 9/11 hijackers living in Hamburg. The Spanish are aware of Nasar due to his links to Barakat Yarkas, as Yarkas and his Madrid cell are being monitored (see 1995 and After). It is unknown if the Spanish realize that Nasar is an important al-Qaeda leader at this time, but they do learn that he met Osama bin Laden. [National Review, 5/21/2004; Brisard and Martinez, 2005, pp. 109-110, 195] Nasar receives $3,000 from Darkazanli while living in Britain in 1995 through 1996. This is according to German police documents, and it is unknown if German and/or Spanish authorities are aware of this link at the time. [Chicago Tribune, 7/12/2005] In 1998, the Spanish will discover that Darkazanli and Yarkas are in frequent phone contact with each other. They share their information with the CIA (see August 1998-September 11, 2001). Nasar leaves Britain in 1996 after realizing the British authorities suspect his involvement in a series of 1995 bombings in France (see July-October 1995). [National Review, 5/21/2004] He will be arrested in Pakistan in 2005 after the US announces a $5 million reward for his capture (see October 31, 2005). Entity Tags: Barakat Yarkas, Centro Nacional de Inteligencia, Mustafa Setmarian Nasar, Mamoun Darkazanli Category Tags: Mamoun Darkazanli, Al-Qaeda in Germany, Al-Qaeda in Spain, Remote Surveillance 1996: Saudi Regime Goes to ‘Dark Side’ The Saudi Arabian government, which allegedly initiated payments to al-Qaeda in 1991 (see Summer 1991), increases its payments in 1996, becoming al-Qaeda’s largest financial backer. It also gives money to other extremist groups throughout Asia, vastly increasing al-Qaeda’s capabilities. [New Yorker, 10/16/2001] Presumably, two meetings in early summer bring about the change. Says one US official, “[19]96 is the key year.… Bin Laden hooked up to all the bad guys—it’s like the Grand Alliance—and had a capability for conducting large-scale operations.” The Saudi regime, he says, had “gone to the dark side.” Electronic intercepts by the NSA “depict a regime increasingly corrupt, alienated from the country’s religious rank and file, and so weakened and frightened that it has brokered its future by channeling hundreds of millions of dollars in what amounts to protection money to fundamentalist groups that wish to overthrow it.” US officials later privately complain “that the Bush administration, like the Clinton administration, is refusing to confront this reality, even in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attacks.” [New Yorker, 10/16/2001] Martin Indyk, Assistant Secretary of State for Near East Affairs, will later write, “The Saudis had protected themselves by co-opting and accommodating the Islamist extremists in their midst, a move they felt was necessary in the uncertain aftermath of the Gulf War. Since Saddam Hussein remained in power, weakened but still capable of lashing out and intent on revenge, the Saudis could not afford to send their American protector packing. Instead, they found a way to provide the United States with the access it needed to protect Saudi Arabia while keeping the American profile as low as possible.… [O]nce Crown Prince Abdullah assumed the regency in 1996 (see Late 1995), the ruling family set about the determined business of buying off its opposition.” Saudi charities are “subverted” to help transfer money to militant causes. “[T]he Clinton administration indulged Riyadh’s penchant for buying off trouble as long as the regime also paid its huge arms bills, purchased Boeing aircraft, kept the price of oil within reasonable bounds, and allowed the United States to use Saudi air bases to enforce the southern no-fly zone over Iraq and launch occasional military strikes to contain Saddam Hussein.” [Foreign Affairs, 1/1/2002] Entity Tags: Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al-Saud, National Security Agency, Osama bin Laden, Al-Qaeda, Bush administration (43), Saudi Arabia, Clinton administration Category Tags: Saudi Arabia, Terrorism Financing 1996: Mayor Giuliani Creates Office of Emergency Management Jerome Hauer [Source: Public domain]New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani establishes the city’s Office of Emergency Management (OEM). This is tasked with coordinating the city’s overall response to major incidents, including terrorist attacks. [Gotham Gazette, 9/12/2001; 9/11 Commission, 7/24/2004, pp. 83-284] It will also be involved in responding to routine emergencies on a daily basis. [9/11 Commission, 5/18/2004 ] OEM comprises personnel drawn from various City agencies, including police and fire departments, and emergency medical services. It begins with a staff of just 12, but by 9/11 this will have increased to 72. Its first director is counterterrorism expert Jerome Hauer. [New York Times, 7/27/1999] Richard Sheirer will take over from him in February 2000 and will be OEM director on 9/11. [New York Magazine, 10/15/2001; Jenkins and Edwards-Winslow, 9/2003, pp. 12 ; 9/11 Commission, 5/18/2004 ] OEM is responsible for improving New York’s response to potential major incidents by conducting regular training exercises involving various city agencies, particularly the police and fire departments (see 1996-September 11, 2001). [9/11 Commission, 7/24/2004, pp. 283] According to Steven Kuhr, its deputy director from 1996 to 2000, one of the key focuses of the office is counterterrorism work, “responding to the consequence of a chemical weapons attack, a biological weapons attack, or a high-yield explosive event.” [CNN, 1/16/2002] Furthermore, OEM’s Watch Command is able to constantly monitor all the city’s key communications channels, including all emergency services frequencies, state and national alert systems, and local, national, and international news. It also monitors live video feeds from New York Harbor and the city’s streets. [9/11 Commission, 5/18/2004 ; 9/11 Commission, 7/24/2004, pp. 283, 542] In June 1999, Giuliani will open the OEM’s Command Center on the 23rd floor of World Trade Center Building 7 (see June 8, 1999). Entity Tags: Rudolph (“Rudy”) Giuliani, Office of Emergency Management, Jerome Hauer, Richard Sheirer 1996: Al-Qaeda Supposedly Loses Trust in Ali Mohamed The New York Times will later report that Ali Mohamed “[runs] afoul of the bin Laden organization after 1995 because of a murky dispute involving money and [is] no longer trusted by bin Laden lieutenants.” This is according to 1999 court testimony from Khaled Abu el-Dahab, the other known member of Mohamed’s Santa Clara, California, al-Qaeda cell (see 1987-1998). [New York Times, 11/21/2001] Another al-Qaeda operative in another trial will claim that in 1994 al-Qaeda leader Mohammed Atef refused to give Mohamed information because he suspected Mohamed was a US intelligence agent (see 1994). However, despite these accounts, it seems that Mohamed continues to be given sensitive assignments. For instance, later in 1996 he will help bin Laden move from Sudan to Afghanistan (see May 18, 1996), and he will be in contact with many of operatives in Kenya planning the US embassy bombing there until 1998, the year the bombing takes place (see Late 1994). The Associated Press will later comment that it is “unclear is how [Mohamed] was able to maintain his terror ties in the 1990s without being banished by either side, even after the Special Forces documents he had stolen turned up in [a] 1995 New York trial.”(see February 3, 1995) [Associated Press, 12/31/2001] Entity Tags: Ali Mohamed, Al-Qaeda Category Tags: 1998 US Embassy Bombings, Ali Mohamed 1996: Saudi Government Refuses to Help CIA Capture High-Ranking Hezbollah Figure Imad Mugniyah, holding gun, in a 1985 TWA hijacking. [Source: ABC News]The CIA gains intelligence that could lead to the capture of Imad Mugniyah, one of the world’s most wanted people, but the Saudi government refuses to help. Mugniyah is a leader of the Hezbollah militant group and is wanted for a role in bombings that killed US soldiers in Lebanon (see April 18-October 23, 1983). He also allegedly met Osama bin Laden in 1994 (see Shortly After February 1994). In 2008, counterterrorism “tsar” Richard Clarke will claim that in 1996, the CIA learns that Mugniyah has boarded a commercial airplane in Khartoum, Sudan, that is due to stop in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. US officials appeal to Saudi officials to arrest him when he arrives, but the Saudis refuse. Clarke will claim: “We raised the level of appeals all the way through Bill Clinton who was on the phone at three in the morning appealing to [Saudi Crown Prince Abdullah] to grab him. Instead, the Saudis refused to let the plane land and it continued on to Damascus.” Mugniyah will remain free until 2008, when he will be assassinated. [ABC News, 2/13/2008] Entity Tags: Richard A. Clarke, Hezbollah, Imad Mugniyah, Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al-Saud 1996: Al-Qaeda Linked Financier Reportedly Gives Money to Bosnian Muslim President Izetbegovic In 2006, popular Sarajevo magazine Slobodna Bosna will report that Bosnian Muslim President Alija Izetbegovic received nearly $200,000 from Yassin al-Qadi, who will later be officially designated a terrorist financier (see October 12, 2001). Bosnian authorities reportedly discovered the money transfer from a British bank while investigating the Muwafaq Foundation, a charity headed by al-Qadi. The investigation also learned that Muwafaq channeled $15 to 20 million to various organizations, and at least $3 million of that went into bank accounts controlled by Osama bin Laden. [AKI, 9/8/2006] Muwafaq reportedly helped finance the mujaheddin during the Bosnian war, especially supporting a mujaheddin brigade fighting for Izetbegovic’s government that was also called Muwafaq (see 1991-1995). Entity Tags: Alija Izetbegovic, Muwafaq Foundation, Yassin al-Qadi Category Tags: Al-Qaeda in Balkans, Terrorism Financing 1996-2000: Bin Laden Visits Friendly Government Officials in Qatar Bin Laden reportedly visits Qatar at least twice between the years of 1996 and 2000. He visits Abdallah bin Khalid al-Thani, the country’s religious minister who later becomes the interior minister. [New York Times, 6/8/2002; ABC News, 2/7/2003] In 1999, the New York Times reports that bin Laden visited al-Thani “in Qatar twice in the mid-1990s.” [New York Times, 7/8/1999] Presumably one of these times is in May 1996, when bin Laden stops by Qatar while moving from Sudan to Afghanistan, and is reportedly warmly greeted by officials there (see May 18, 1996). Former CIA officer Robert Baer will later claim that one meeting between bin Laden and al-Thani takes place on August 10, 1996. [Baer, 2003, pp. 195] Al-Thani is known to shelter Muslim extremists. For instance, the CIA narrowly missed catching al-Qaeda leaders Khalid Shaikh Mohammed (KSM), Ayman al-Zawahiri, and Mohammed Atef at his farm in May 1996 (see January-May 1996). Al-Thani is a member of Qatar’s royal family, but ABC News will later report, “One former CIA official who preferred to remain anonymous said the connection went beyond al-Thani and there were others in the Qatari royal family who were sympathetic and provided safe havens for al-Qaeda.” [New York Times, 6/8/2002; ABC News, 2/7/2003] Al-Thani will reportedly shelter al-Qaeda leaders like KSM even after 9/11 (see March 28, 2003), but the US has not taken any action against him, such as officially declaring him a terrorism financier. Entity Tags: Osama bin Laden, Al-Qaeda, Abdallah bin Khalid al-Thani, Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, Robert Baer Category Tags: Hunt for Bin Laden, Osama Bin Laden, Other Government-Militant Collusion 1996-1997: Ptech Begins to Get US Government Contracts Ptech logo. [Source: Ptech]Ptech is a Boston computer company connected to a number of individuals suspected of ties to officially designated terrorist organizations (see 1994). These alleged ties will be of particular concern because of Ptech’s potential access to classified government secrets. Ptech specializes in what is called enterprise architecture. It is the design and layout for an organization’s computer networks. John Zachman, considered the father of enterprise architecture, later will say that Ptech could collect crucial information from the organizations and agencies with which it works. “You would know where the access points are, you’d know how to get in, you would know where the weaknesses are, you’d know how to destroy it.” Another computer expert will say, “The software they put on your system could be collecting every key stroke that you type while you are on the computer. It could be establishing a connection to the outside terrorist organization through all of your security measures.” [WBZ 4 (Boston), 12/9/2002] In late 1996, an article notes that Ptech is doing work for DARPA, a Defense Department agency responsible for developing new military technology. [Government Executive, 9/1/1996] In 1997, Ptech gains government approval to market its services to “all legislative, judicial, and executive branches of the federal government.” Beginning that year, Ptech will begin working for many government agencies, eventually including the White House, Congress, Army, Navy, Air Force, NATO, FAA, FBI, US Postal Service, Secret Service, the Naval Air Systems Command, IRS, and the nuclear-weapons program of the Department of Energy. For instance, Ptech will help build “the Military Information Architecture Framework, a software tool used by the Department of Defense to link data networks from various military computer systems and databases.” Ptech will be raided by US investigators in December 2002 (see December 5, 2002), but not shut down. [Wall Street Journal, 12/6/2002; CNN, 12/6/2002; Newsweek, 12/6/2002; Boston Globe, 12/7/2002] A former director of intelligence at the Department of Energy later will say he would not be surprised if an al-Qaeda front company managed to infiltrate the department’s nuclear programs. [Unlimited (Auckland), 12/9/2002] Ptech will continue to work with many of these agencies even after 9/11. After a Customs Department raid of Ptech’s offices in late 2002, their software will be declared safe of malicious code. But one article will note, “What no one knows at this point is how much sensitive government information Ptech gained access to while it worked in several government agencies.” [WBZ 4 (Boston), 12/9/2002] Entity Tags: White House, US Department of Defense, US Department of the Air Force, US Department of the Navy, US Secret Service, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, US Postal Service, Federal Aviation Administration, US Department of the Marines, Internal Revenue Service, US Congress, Ptech Inc., John Zachman, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, US Congress Category Tags: BMI and Ptech, Terrorism Financing 1996-1997 and After: Bin Laden’s Brother-in-Law Khalifa Said to Fund Al-Qaeda Linked Group in Yemen Osama bin Laden’s brother-in-law, Mohammed Jamal Khalifa, helps fund a militant group in Yemen that will later take credit for the 2000 USS Cole bombing. The group, the Islamic Army of Aden, is apparently formed in 1996 or 1997, but is not heard from until May 1998, when it issues the first of a series of political statements. The group will kidnap 16 mainly British tourists in December 1998 and four of the tourists will be killed during a shootout with police. The remaining hostages are rescued. [Yemen Gateway, 1/1999] Evidence ties Khalifa to the 1995 Bojinka plot and other violent acts, though he has denied all allegations that he is linked to terrorist groups. Vincent Cannistraro, former head of the CIA’s Counterterrorist Center, later claims that not only did Khalifa fund the Islamic Army of Aden, but that 9/11 hijacker Khalid Almihdhar had ties to the group as well. (A San Diego friend of Almihdhar’s will later say that Almihdhar told him he was a member of the group (see Around October 12, 2000).) [Wall Street Journal, 9/19/2001] Cannistraro further notes that Khalifa went on to form the group after being deported from the US in 1995. “He should never have been allowed to leave US custody.” [San Francisco Chronicle, 10/24/2001] The group praises bin Laden and uses a training camp reportedly established by him in southern Yemen. But the group is more clearly tied to Sheikh Abu Hamza al-Masri, a handless, one-eyed Afghan war veteran living and preaching openly in London. [Washington Post, 9/23/2001] Entity Tags: Vincent Cannistraro, Abu Hamza al-Masri, Islamic Army of Aden, Mohammed Jamal Khalifa, Khalid Almihdhar Category Tags: Abu Hamza Al-Masri, Mohammed Jamal Khalifa, 2000 USS Cole Bombing, Terrorism Financing, Yemeni Militant Collusion, Bin Laden Family 1996-2001: 1989 Speech by Milosevic Wildly Distorted by Western Media Slobodan Milosevic speaking in Kosovo on June 28, 1989, to commemorate the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo. [Source: Tomislav Peternek/ Polaris] (click image to enlarge)Professor Gil White will point out in 2002 that Slobodan Milosevic’s 1989 speech in Kosovo in front of a huge crowd is consistently misrepresented as a call to ethnic war, when in fact it was the exact opposite—a call for racial tolerance and reconciliation. [Gil-White, 2/9/2002] In the speech itself, Milosevic said, “Equal and harmonious relations among Yugoslav peoples are a necessary condition for the existence of Yugoslavia… Serbia has never had only Serbs living in it. Today, more than in the past, members of other peoples and nationalities also live in it. This is not a disadvantage for Serbia. I am truly convinced that it is its advantage. The national composition of almost all countries in the world today, particularly developed ones, has also been changing in this direction. Citizens of different nationalilties, religions and races have been living together more and more frequently and more and more successfully… Yugoslavia is a multinational community and it can survive only under the conditions of full equality for all nations that live in it.” Milosevic ended the speech, saying “Long live peace and brotherhood among peoples!” [National Technical Information Service, 6/28/1989; BBC, 6/28/1989] In 1996, the New York Times describes this speech as follows: “In a fervent speech before a million Serbs, [Milosevic] galvanized the nationalist passions that two years later fueled the Balkan conflict” [New York Times, 7/28/1996] On the anniversary of the speech in 1998 the Washington Post reports, “Nine years ago today, Milosevic’s fiery speech [in Kosovo] to a million angry Serbs was a rallying cry for nationalism and boosted his popularity enough to make him the country’s uncontested leader.” [Washington Post, 7/29/1998] In 1999, the Economist described this as “a stirringly virulent nationalist speech.” [Economist, 6/5/1999] In 2001, Time Magazine reported that with this speech, “Milosevic whipped a million Serbs into a nationalist frenzy in the speech that capped his ascent to power.” [Time (Europe), 7/9/2001] Also in 2001, the BBC, which in 1989 provided the translation of Milosevic’s speech quoted above, claims that in 1989, “on the 600-year anniversary of the battle of Kosovo Polje, [Milosevic] gathered a million Serbs at the site of the battle to tell them to prepare for a new struggle.” [BBC, 4/1/2001] Richard Holbrooke repeats these misrepresentations in his 1999 book, referring to the speech as “racist” and “inflammatory.” Holbrooke even calls Milosevic a liar for denying the false accusations. [Holbrooke, 1999, pp. 29] Entity Tags: Slobodan Milosevic, Richard Holbrooke 1996-1999: Albanian Mafia and KLA Take Control of Balkan Heroin Trafficking Route Albanian Mafia and KLA take control of Balkan route heroin trafficking from Turkish criminal groups. In 1998, Italian police are able to arrest several major traffickers. Many of the criminals involved are also activists for the Kosovo independence movement, and some are KLA leaders. Much of the money is funneled through the KLA (see 1997), which is also receiving support and protection from the US. The Islamic influence is obvious in the drug operations, which for example shut down during the month of Ramadan. Intercepted telephone messages speak of the desire “to submerge Christian infidels in drugs.” [Agence France-Presse, 6/9/1998; Corriere della Sera (Milan), 10/15/1998; Corriere della Sera (Milan), 1/19/1999] Testifying to Congress in December 2000, Interpol Assistant Director Ralph Mutschke states that “Albanian organized crime groups are hybrid organizations, often involved both in criminal activity of an organized nature and in political activities, mainly relating to Kosovo. There is evidence that the political and criminal activities are deeply intertwined.” Mutschke also says that there is also strong evidence that bin Laden is involved in funding and organizing criminal activity through links to the Albanian mafia and the KLA.(see Early 1999) [US Congress, 12/13/2000 ] Entity Tags: Kosovo Liberation Army, Ralph Mutschke, Osama bin Laden Category Tags: Al-Qaeda in Balkans, Drugs 1996-2001: Moussaoui Recuits Muslims to Fight in Kosovo and Chechnya In 1996, Zacarias Moussaoui begins recruiting other young Muslims to fight for Islamic militant causes in Chechnya and Kosovo. [Time, 9/24/2001] He recruits for Chechen warlord Ibn Khattab, the Chechen leader most closely linked to al-Qaeda (see August 24, 2001). Details on his Kosovo links are still unknown. For most of this time, he is living in London and is often seen at the Finsbury Park mosque run by Abu Hamza al-Masri. For a time, Moussaoui has two French Caucasian roommates, Jerome and David Courtailler. The family of these brothers later believes that Moussaoui recruits them to become radical militants. The brothers will later be arrested for suspected roles in plotting attacks on the US embassy in Paris and NATO’s headquarters in Brussels. [Scotsman, 10/1/2001] David Courtailler will later confess that at the Finsbury Park mosque he was given cash, a fake passport, and the number of a contact in Pakistan who would take him to an al-Qaeda camp. [London Times, 1/5/2002] French intelligence later learns that one friend he recruits, Masooud Al-Benin, dies in Chechnya in 2000 (see Late 1999-Late 2000). Shortly before 9/11, Moussaoui will try to recruit his US roommate at the time, Hussein al-Attas, to fight in Chechnya. Al-Attas will also see Moussaoui frequently looking at websites about the Chechnya conflict. [Daily Oklahoman, 3/22/2006] Moussaoui also goes to Chechnya himself in 1996-1997 (see 1996-Early 1997). Entity Tags: Abu Hamza al-Masri, Masooud Al-Benin, Hussein al-Attas, Ibn Khattab, David Courtailler, Jerome Courtailler, Zacarias Moussaoui Category Tags: Al-Qaeda in Balkans, Zacarias Moussaoui, Londonistan - UK Counterterrorism, Abu Hamza Al-Masri, Islamist Militancy in Chechnya 1996 and After: Many Yemeni Government Officials Allegedly Assist Al-Qaeda and Other Militant Groups Many high-ranking Yemeni government officials help al-Qaeda and other militants, beginning in 1996, according to Abdulsalam Ali Abdulrahman, a Yemeni official who will be captured after 9/11 and sent to the US prison in Guanatanamo, Cuba. Abdulrahman is a section chief in Yemen’s Political Security Organization (PSO), the Yemeni equivalent of the FBI, until his arrest in 2002 (see September 2002). His 2008 Guantanamo file will state: “Detainee stated that since 1996, numerous high-ranking employees in the Yemeni government and PSO were involved in aiding al-Qaeda and other extremists through the provision of false passports and by giving them safe haven out of the country under the guise of deportation. These PSO officials included detainee; Mohammed al-Surmi, deputy chief of the PSO; Ghalib al-Qamish, director of the PSO; Colonel Ahmad Dirham, commander of the Deportation Department in the PSO; and Abdallah al-Zirka, an officer in the Yemeni Passport Authority. According to detainee, the second highest ranking person in the Yemeni government, Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar, was aware of the involvement of al-Surmi and al-Qamish in these activities since at least 1999.” An analyst notes in the file that Mohsen is the (half) brother of Yemeni President Saleh. [US Department of Defense, 9/24/2008] Note that this is based on Guantanamo files leaked to the public in 2011 by the non-profit whistleblower group WikiLeaks. There are many doubts about the reliability of the information in the files (see April 24, 2011). However, it should also be noted that other information corroborates the charges, including the involvement of some names mentioned by Abdulrahman (for instance, see Spring-Summer 1998, After July 1994, December 26, 1998, and April 27, 2005). Entity Tags: Ghalib al-Qamish, Abdallah al-Zirka, Abdulsalam Ali Abdulrahman, Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar, Mohammed al-Surmi, Ahmad Dirham, Yemeni Political Security Organization Category Tags: 2000 USS Cole Bombing, Yemeni Militant Collusion 1996 and After: Al-Qaeda Revives Bosnia Connections through Saudi Government Charity; US Fails to Shut Charity Down Saber Lahmar. [Source: Public domain]Author Roland Jacquard will later claim that in 1996, al-Qaeda revives its militant network in Bosnia in the wake of the Bosnian war and uses the Saudi High Commission (SHC) as its main charity front to do so. [Jacquard, 2002, pp. 69] This charity was founded in 1993 by Saudi Prince Salman bin Abdul-Aziz and is so closely linked to and funded by the Saudi government that a US judge will later render it immune to a 9/11-related lawsuit after concluding that it is an organ of the Saudi government. [New York Law Journal, 9/28/2005] In 1994, British aid worker Paul Goodall is killed in Bosnia execution-style by multiple shots to the back of the head. A SHC employee, Abdul Hadi al-Gahtani, is arrested for the murder and admits the gun used was his, but the Bosnian government lets him go without a trial. Al-Gahtani will later be killed fighting with al-Qaeda and the Taliban in Afghanistan. [Schindler, 2007, pp. 143-144] In 1995, the Bosnian Ministry of Finance raids SHC’s offices and discovers documents that show SHC is “clearly a front for radical and terrorism-related activities.” [Burr and Collins, 2006, pp. 145] In 1995, US aid worker William Jefferson is killed in Bosnia. One of the likely suspects, Ahmed Zuhair Handala, is linked to the SHC. He also is let go, despite evidence linking him to massacres of civilians in Bosnia. [Schindler, 2007, pp. 263-264] In 1997, a Croatian apartment building is bombed, and Handala and two other SHC employees are suspected of the bombing. They escape, but Handala will be captured after 9/11 and sent to Guantanamo prison. [Schindler, 2007, pp. 266] In 1997, SHC employee Saber Lahmar is arrested for plotting to blow up the US embassy in Saravejo. He is convicted, but pardoned and released by the Bosnian government two years later. He will be arrested again in 2002 for involvement in an al-Qaeda plot in Bosnia and sent to Guantanamo prison (see January 18, 2002). By 1996, NSA wiretaps reveal that Prince Salman is funding Islamic militants using charity fronts (Between 1994 and July 1996). A 1996 CIA report mentions, “We continue to have evidence that even high ranking members of the collecting or monitoring agencies in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Pakistan - such as the Saudi High Commission - are involved in illicit activities, including support for terrorists” (see January 1996). Jacquard claims that most of the leadership of the SHC supports bin Laden. The SHC, while participating in some legitimate charitable functions, uses its cover to ship illicit goods, drugs, and weapons in and out of Bosnia. In May 1997, a French military report concludes: ”(T)he Saudi High Commission, under cover of humanitarian aid, is helping to foster the lasting Islamization of Bosnia by acting on the youth of the country. The successful conclusion of this plan would provide Islamic fundamentalism with a perfectly positioned platform in Europe and would provide cover for members of the bin Laden organization.” [Jacquard, 2002, pp. 69-71] However, the US will take no action until shortly after 9/11, when it will lead a raid on the SHC’s Bosnia offices. Incriminating documents will be found, including information on how to counterfeit US State Department ID badges, and handwritten notes about meetings with bin Laden. Evidence of a planned attack using crop duster planes is found as well. [Schindler, 2007, pp. 129, 284] Yet even after all this, the Bosnian government will still refuse to shut down SHC’s offices and they apparently remain open (see January 25, 2002). Entity Tags: Salman bin Abdul-Aziz, Al-Qaeda, Paul Goodall, Ahmed Zuhair Handala, Central Intelligence Agency, William Jefferson, Abdul Hadi al-Gahtani, Saber Lahmar, Saudi High Commission Category Tags: Al-Qaeda in Balkans, Counterterrorism Action Before 9/11, Saudi Arabia, Terrorism Financing Early 1996: KSM Said to be Building a Bomb In early 1996, while US officials are waiting from approval from officials in Qatar so they can arrest Khalid Shaikh Mohammmed (KSM) there, the Qatari government tells the US that it fears KSM is constructing an explosive device. They also say that he possesses more than 20 different passports. [Los Angeles Times, 12/22/2002] By this time, the US is aware of KSM’s involvement in the 1995 Bojinka plot involving explosives (see January 6, 1995) and his role in the 1993 WTC bombing (see March 20, 1993). Entity Tags: Qatar, Khalid Shaikh Mohammed Category Tags: Warning Signs, Khalid Shaikh Mohammed Between 1996 and September 11, 2001: FBI Directly Monitors Militants in Afganistan with Hi-Tech Phone Booth I-49, a squad of FBI agents and Justice Department prosecutors that began focusing on bin Laden in 1996 (see January 1996), is upset that the NSA is not sharing with them data it has obtained through the monitoring of al-Qaeda. To get around this, the squad builds a satellite telephone booth in Kandahar, Afghanistan, for international calls. The FBI squad not only monitors the calls, but also videotapes the callers with a camera hidden in the booth. [Wright, 2006, pp. 344] It has not been revealed when this booth was built or what information was gained from it. However, the New York Times will later paraphrase an Australian official, who says that in early September 2001, “Just about everyone in Kandahar and the al-Qaeda camps knew that something big was coming, he said. ‘There was a buzz.’” Furthermore, also in early September 2001, the CIA monitors many phone calls in Kandahar and nearby areas where al-Qaeda operatives allude to the upcoming 9/11 attack (see Early September 2001). Entity Tags: I-49, National Security Agency, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Osama bin Laden Category Tags: Remote Surveillance January 1996: Richard Perle Says Arming of Bosnians Is of ‘Vital Interest’ to US; Suggests Turkey Should Help Prominent neoconservative Richard Perle tells the Turkish Daily News that the arming and training of Bosnian Muslims is of “vital interest” to the US and suggests that “among the NATO allies Turkey is [the] number one candidate for the job.” He says that Turkey would need perhaps $50 million in financing to do the work. [Turkish Daily News, 1/22/1996] Entity Tags: Richard Perle January 1996: CIA Report Exposes Militant Charity Fronts in Bosnia; Ties to Saudi Arabia and Other Governments Discovered International Islamic Relief Organization logo. [Source: International Islamic Relief Organization]The CIA creates a report for the State Department detailing support for terrorism from prominent Islamic charities. The report, completed just as the Bosnian war is winding down, focuses on charity fronts that have helped the mujaheddin in Bosnia. It concludes that of more than 50 Islamic nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in existence, “available information indicates that approximately one-third… support terrorist groups or employ individuals who are suspected of having terrorist connections.” The report notes that most of the offices of NGOs active in Bosnia are located in Zagreb, Sarajevo, Zenica, and Tuzla. There are coordination councils there organizing the work of the charity fronts. The report notes that some charities may be “backed by powerful interest groups,” including governments. “We continue to have evidence that even high ranking members of the collecting or monitoring agencies in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Pakistan - such as the Saudi High Commission - are involved in illicit activities, including support for terrorists.” The Wall Street Journal will later comment, “Disclosure of the report may raise new questions about whether enough was done to cut off support for terrorism before the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001… and about possible involvement in terrorism by Saudi Arabian officials.” [Central Intelligence Agency, 1/1996; Wall Street Journal, 5/9/2003] The below list of organizations paraphrases or quotes the report, except for informational asides in parentheses. The International Islamic Relief Organization (IIRO). “The IIRO is affiliated with the Muslim World League, a major international organization largely financed by the government of Saudi Arabia.” The IIRO has funded Hamas, Algerian radicals, Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya (a.k.a. the Islamic Group, an Egyptian radical militant group led by Sheikh Omar Abdul-Rahman), Ramzi Yousef, and six militant training camps in Afghanistan. “The former head of the IIRO office in the Philippines, Mohammad Jamal Khalifa, has been linked to Manila-based plots to target the Pope and US airlines; his brother-in-law is Osama bin Laden.” Al Haramain Islamic Foundation. It has connections to Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya and helps support the mujaheddin battalion in Zenica. Their offices have been connected to smuggling, drug running, and prostitution. Human Concern International, headquartered in Canada. Its Swedish branch is said to be smuggling weapons to Bosnia. It is claimed “the entire Peshawar office is made up of [Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya] members.” The head of its Pakistan office (Ahmed Said Khadr) was arrested recently for a role in the bombing of the Egyptian embassy in Pakistan (see November 19, 1995). (It will later be discovered that Khadr is a founder and major leader of al-Qaeda (see Summer 2001 and January 1996-September 10, 2001).) Third World Relief Agency (TWRA). Headquartered in Sudan, it has ties to Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya. “The regional director of the organization, Elfatih Hassanein, is the most influential [charity] official in Bosnia. He is a major arms supplier to the government, according to clandestine and press reporting, and was forced to relocate his office from Zagreb in 1994 after his weapons smuggling operations were exposed. According to a foreign government service, Hassanein supports US Muslim extremists in Bosnia.” One TWRA employee alleged to also be a member of Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya carried out a suicide car bombing in Rijeka, Croatia (see October 20, 1995). The Islamic African Relief Agency (IARA). Based in Sudan, it has offices in 30 countries. It is said to be controlled by Sudan’s ruling party and gives weapons to the Bosnian military in concert with the TWRA. (The US government will give the IARA $4 million in aid in 1998 (see February 19, 2000).) Benevolence International Foundation (BIF) (the report refers to it by an alternate name, Lajnat al-Birr al-Islamiyya (LBI)). It supports mujaheddin in Bosnia. It mentions “one Zagreb employee, identified as Syrian-born US citizen Abu Mahmud,” as involved in a kidnapping in Pakistan (see July 4, 1995). [Central Intelligence Agency, 1/1996] (This is a known alias (Abu Mahmoud al Suri) for Enaam Arnaout, the head of BIF’s US office.) [USA v. Enaam M. Arnaout, 10/6/2003, pp. 37 ] This person “matches the description… of a man who was allegedly involved in the kidnapping of six Westerners in Kashmir in July 1995, and who left Pakistan in early October for Bosnia via the United States.” Maktab al-Khidamat (MAK), a.k.a. Al-Kifah. This group has ties to Ramzi Yousef, Osama bin Laden, Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya, and possibly Hezbollah. Both the former director of its Zagreb office [Kamer Eddine Kherbane] and his deputy [Hassan Hakim] were senior members of Algerian extremist groups. Its main office in Peshawar, Pakistan, funds at least nine training camps in Afghanistan. “The press has reported that some employees of MAK’s New York branch were involved in the World Trade Center bombing [in 1993].” (Indeed, the New York branch, known as the Al-Kifah Refugee Center, is closely linked to the WTC bombing and the CIA used it as a conduit to send money to Afghanistan (see January 24, 1994). Muwafaq Foundation. Registered in Britain but based in Sudan, it has many offices in Bosnia. It has ties to Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya and “helps fund the Egyptian Mujahedin Battalion in Bosnia” and “at least one training camp in Afghanistan” (see 1991-1995). Qatar Charitable Society, based in Qatar. It has possible ties to Hamas and Algerian militants. A staff member in Qatar is known to be a Hamas operative who has been monitored discussing militant operations. (An al-Qaeda defector will later reveal that in 1993 he was told this was one of al-Qaeda’s three most important charity fronts (see 1993)). Red Crescent (Iran branch). Linked to the Iranian government, it is “Often used by the Iranian [intelligence agency] as cover for intelligence officers, agents, and arms shipments.” Saudi High Commission. “The official Saudi government organization for collecting and disbursing humanitarian aid.” Some members possibly have ties to Hamas and Algerian militants (see 1996 and After). Other organizations mentioned are the Foundation for Human Rights, Liberties, and Humanitarian Relief (IHH) (a.k.a. the International Humanitarian Relief Organization), Kuwait Joint Relief Committee (KJRC), the Islamic World Committee, and Human Appeal International. [Central Intelligence Agency, 1/1996] After 9/11, former National Security Council official Daniel Benjamin will say that the NSC repeatedly questioned the CIA with inquiries about charity fronts. “We knew there was a big problem between [charities] and militants. The CIA report “suggests they were on the job, and, frankly, they were on the job.” [Wall Street Journal, 5/9/2003] However, very little action is taken on the information before 9/11. None of the groups mentioned will be shut down or have their assets seized. Entity Tags: Muwafaq Foundation, Muslim World League, National Security Council, Saudi High Commission, Red Crescent (Iran branch), Qatar Charitable Society, US Department of State, Third World Relief Agency, Mohammed Jamal Khalifa, Islamic World Committee, Islamic African Relief Agency, Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya, Al Haramain Islamic Foundation, Ahmed Said Khadr, Benevolence International Foundation, Central Intelligence Agency, Daniel Benjamin, Elfatih Hassanein, International Islamic Relief Organization, Kuwait Joint Relief Committee, Human Appeal International, Foundation for Human Rights, Hamas, Saudi Arabia Category Tags: Al-Qaeda in Balkans, Counterterrorism Action Before 9/11, Mohammed Jamal Khalifa, Robert Wright and Vulgar Betrayal, Saudi Arabia, Terrorism Financing, Al-Kifah/MAK, BIF Between 1996 and August 1998: FBI Squad Threatens to Build Antenna Because NSA Won’t Share Monitoring of Bin Laden’s Phone Calls I-49, a squad of FBI agents and Justice Department prosecutors that began focusing on bin Laden in 1996 (see January 1996), is upset that the NSA is not sharing its monitoring of bin Laden’s satellite phone with other agencies (see December 1996). The squad develops a plan to build their own antennas near Afghanistan to capture the satellite signal themselves. As a result, the NSA gives up transcripts from 114 phone calls to prevent the antennas from being built, but refuses to give up any more. Presumably, this must have happened at some point before bin Laden stopped regularly using his satellite phone around August 1998 (see December 1996). [Wright, 2006, pp. 344] Also presumably, some of these transcripts will then be used in the embassy bombings trial that takes place in early 2001 (see February-July 2001), because details from bin Laden’s satellite calls were frequently used as evidence and some prosecutors in that trial were members of I-49. [CNN, 4/16/2001] Entity Tags: Federal Bureau of Investigation, National Security Agency, I-49, Osama bin Laden January 1996: Muslim Extremists Plan Suicide Attack on White House US intelligence obtains information concerning a suicide attack on the White House planned by individuals connected with Sheikh Omar Abdul-Rahman and a key al-Qaeda operative. The plan is to fly from Afghanistan to the US and crash into the White House. [US Congress, 9/18/2002] January 1996: Squad Uniting Prosecutors and FBI Agents Begins Focusing on Bin Laden Jack Cloonan. [Source: PBS]The Justice Department directs an existing unit called Squad I-49 to begin building a legal case against bin Laden. This unit is unusual because it combines prosecutors from the Southern District of New York, who have been working on bin Laden related cases, with the FBI’s New York office, which was the FBI branch office that dealt the most with bin Laden -related intelligence. Patrick Fitzgerald effectively directs I-49 as the lead prosecutor. FBI agent Dan Coleman becomes a key member while simultaneously representing the FBI at Alec Station, the CIA’s new bin Laden unit (February 1996) where he has access to the CIA’s vast informational database. [Lance, 2006, pp. 218-219] The other initial members of I-49 are: Louis Napoli, John Anticev, Mike Anticev, Richard Karniewicz, Jack Cloonan, Carl Summerlin, Kevin Cruise, Mary Deborah Doran, and supervisor Tom Lang. All are FBI agents except for Napoli and Summerlin, a New York police detective and a New York state trooper, respectively. The unit will end up working closely with FBI agent John O’Neill, who heads the New York FBI office. Unlike the CIA’s Alec Station, which is focused solely on bin Laden, I-49 has to work on other Middle East -related issues. For much of the next year or so, most members will work on the July 1996 crash of TWA Flight 800, because it crashed near New York and is suspected to have been carried out by Middle Eastern militants (July 17, 1996-September 1996). However, in years to come, I-49 will grow considerably and focus more on bin Laden. [Wright, 2006, pp. 240-241] After 9/11, the “wall” between intelligence collection and criminal prosecution will often be cited for the failure to stop the 9/11 attacks. But as author Peter Lance will later note, “Little more than ten months after the issuance of Jamie Gorelick’s ‘wall memo,’ Fitzgerald and company were apparently disregarding her mandate that criminal investigation should be segregated from intelligence threat prevention. Squad I-49… was actively working both jobs.” Thanks to Coleman’s involvement in both I-49 and the CIA’s Alec Station, I-49 effectively avoids the so-called “wall” problem. [Lance, 2006, pp. 220] Entity Tags: Mike Anticev, Tom Lang, US Department of Justice, Patrick J. Fitzgerald, Kevin Cruise, Dan Coleman, Carl Summerlin, Alec Station, Louis Napoli, Mary Deborah Doran, John Anticev, Jack Cloonan, I-49, Federal Bureau of Investigation 1996-Early 1997: Probe of Suspicious Company with Saudi Ties Is Stalled A 1996 CIA report shows that US intelligence believes that the International Islamic Relief Organization (IIRO), a Saudi charity with strong ties to the Saudi government, is funding a variety of radical militant groups (see January 1996). However, no action is taken against it. Also in 1996, Valerie Donahue, a Chicago FBI agent who is presumably part of Robert Wright’s Vulgar Betrayal investigation, begins looking into Global Chemical Corp., a chemical company that appears to be an investment fraud scheme. The company is jointly owned by the IIRO and Abrar Investments Inc. Suspected terrorism financier Yassin al-Qadi has investments in Abrar Investments and he is also director of its Malaysian corporate parent. Donahue finds that Abrar Investments gave Global Chemical more than half a million dollars, and the IIRO gave it over $1 million. Further, the Saudi embassy has recently sent $400,000 to the IIRO. The president of Global Chemical is Mohammed Mabrook, a Libyan immigrant and suspected Hamas operative. Mabrook had previously worked for a pro-Palestinian group led by Hamas leader Mousa Abu Marzouk. (Marzouk is in US detention from 1995 to May 1997, but he is apparently merely held for deportation and not questioned about matters like Global Chemical (see July 5, 1995-May 1997).) Donahue discovers that Global Chemical is keeping a warehouse full of highly toxic chemicals, but they do not seem to be selling them. In late 1996, a chemical weapons expert examines the chemicals and opines that they appear to be meant for a laboratory performing biochemistry or manufacturing explosives. While no direct evidence of bomb making is found, investigators know that a Hamas associate of Marzouk, Mohammad Salah, had previously trained US recruits to work with “basic chemical materials for the preparation of bombs and explosives.”(see 1989-January 1993) In January 1997, the FBI raids Global Chemical and confiscates the chemicals stockpiled in the warehouse. Mabrook is questioned, then let go. He moves to Saudi Arabia. Abrar Investments vacate their offices and cease operations. In June 1999, Mabrook will return to the US and will be prosecuted. He will be tried on fraud charges for illegal dealings with the IIRO and given a four year sentence. Meanwhile, the IIRO ignores an FBI demand for accounting records to explain how it spent several million dollars that seem to have gone to the IIRO and disappeared. In January 1997, Donahue requests a search warrant to find and confiscate the records, saying that she suspect IIRO officials are engaged in “possible mail and wire fraud… and money laundering.” Apparently, the probe stalls and the financial records are never maintained. Some investigators believe the probe is dropped for diplomatic reasons. [Wall Street Journal, 11/26/2002; Wall Street Journal, 12/16/2002; Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 10/29/2003] Investigators will later be prohibited from investigating a possible link between al-Qadi and the 1998 US embassy bombings (see October 1998). After 9/11, the US will apparently have ample evidence to officially label the IIRO a funder of terrorism, but will refrain from doing so for fear of embarrassing the Saudi government (see October 12, 2001). Entity Tags: Valerie Donahue, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Mohammed Mabrook, Global Chemical Corp., International Islamic Relief Organization, Yassin al-Qadi, Vulgar Betrayal, Abrar Investments Category Tags: Robert Wright and Vulgar Betrayal, Terrorism Financing January-May 1996: US Fails to Capture KSM Living Openly in Qatar Abdallah bin Khalid al-Thani. [Source: Fethi Belaid/ Agence France-Presse]Since Operation Bojinka was uncovered in the Philippines (see January 6, 1995), many of the plot’s major planners, including Ramzi Yousef, are found and arrested. One major exception is 9/11 mastermind Khalid Shaikh Mohammed (KSM). He flees to Qatar in the Persian Gulf, where he has been living openly using his real name, enjoying the patronage of Abdallah bin Khalid al-Thani, Qatar’s Interior Minister and a member of the royal family (see 1992-1996). [ABC News, 2/7/2003] He had accepted al-Thani’s invitation to live on his farm around 1992 (see 1992-1995). The CIA learned KSM was living in Qatar in 1995 after his nephew Ramzi Yousef attempted to call him there while in US custody (see After February 7, 1995-January 1996). The Sudanese government also tipped off the FBI that KSM was traveling to Qatar. Some CIA agents strongly urged action against KSM after his exact location in Qatar was determined, but no action was taken (see October 1995). In January 1996, KSM is indicted in the US for his role in the 1993 WTC bombing, and apparently this leads to an effort to apprehend him in Qatar that same month. FBI Director Louis Freeh sends a letter to the Qatari government asking for permission to send a team after him. [Los Angeles Times, 12/22/2002] One of Freeh’s diplomatic notes states that KSM was involved in a conspiracy to “bomb US airliners” and is believed to be “in the process of manufacturing an explosive device.” [New Yorker, 5/27/2002] Qatar confirms that KSM is there and is making explosives, but they delay handing him over. After waiting several months, a high-level meeting takes place in Washington to consider a commando raid to seize him. However, the raid is deemed too risky, and another letter is sent to the Qatari government instead. One person at the meeting later states, “If we had gone in and nabbed this guy, or just cut his head off, the Qatari government would not have complained a bit. Everyone around the table for their own reasons refused to go after someone who fundamentally threatened American interests….” [Los Angeles Times, 12/22/2002] Around May 1996, Mohammed’s patron al-Thani makes sure that Mohammed and four others are given blank passports and a chance to escape. A former Qatari police chief later says the other men include Ayman al-Zawahiri and Mohammed Atef, al-Qaeda’s number two and number three leaders, respectively (see Early 1998). [Los Angeles Times, 9/1/2002; ABC News, 2/7/2003] In 1999, the New York Times will report that “Although American officials said they had no conclusive proof, current and former officials said they believed that the Foreign Minister [Sheik Hamed bin Jasim al-Thani] was involved, directly or indirectly” in tipping off KSM. [New York Times, 7/8/1999] KSM will continue to occasionally use Qatar as a safe haven, even staying there for two weeks after 9/11 (see Late 2001). Entity Tags: Ramzi Yousef, Mohammed Atef, Hamed bin Jasim al-Thani, Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, Abdallah bin Khalid al-Thani, Ayman al-Zawahiri, Louis J. Freeh, Osama bin Laden Category Tags: Ayman Al-Zawahiri, Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, Counterterrorism Action Before 9/11, Other Government-Militant Collusion 1996-Early 1997: Moussaoui Fights with Militants in Chechnya According to British intelligence, Zacarias Moussaoui fights in Chechnya with Islamist militants there. Using previously gained computer skills, he mostly works as an information specialist. He helps militants forge computer links and post combat pictures on radical Muslim websites. It is not known when British intelligence learns this. [USA Today, 6/14/2002] Moussaoui also helps recruit militants to go fight in Chechnya (see 1996-2001). He likely assists Chechen warlord Ibn Khattab, the Chechen leader most closely linked to al-Qaeda (see August 24, 2001). Entity Tags: Ibn Khattab, Zacarias Moussaoui Category Tags: Zacarias Moussaoui, Islamist Militancy in Chechnya 1996-August 2000: Ahmed Alghamdi and Other Hijackers Reportedly Connected to US Military Base After 9/11, there will be media accounts suggesting some of the 9/11 hijackers trained at US military bases (see September 15-17, 2001). According to these accounts, four of the hijackers trained at Pensacola Naval Air Station, a base that trains many foreign nationals. One neighbor will claim that Ahmed Alghamdi lived in Pensacola until about August 2000. This neighbor will claim that Alghamdi appeared to be part of a group of Arab men who often gathered at the Fountains apartment complex near the University of West Florida. She will recount, “People would come and knock on the doors. We might see three or four, and they were always men. It was always in the evening. The traffic in and out, although it was sporadic, was constant every evening. They would go and knock, and then it would be a little while and someone would look out the window to see who it was, like they were being very cautious. Not your normal coming to the door and opening it.” [New York Times, 9/15/2001] It is not known when Alghamdi is first seen in Pensacola. However, he uses the address of a housing facility for foreign military trainees located inside the base on drivers’ licenses issued in 1996 and 1998. Saeed Alghamdi and Ahmed Alnami also list the same address as Ahmed Alghamdi on their drivers license and car registrations between 1996 and 1998. Other records connect Hamza Alghamdi to that same address. However, the Pensacola News Journal reports that “The news articles caution that there are slight discrepancies between the FBI list of suspected hijackers and the military training records, either in the spellings of their names or in their birth dates. They also raise the possibility that the hijackers stole the identities of military trainees.” [Washington Post, 9/16/2001; Pensacola News Journal, 9/17/2001] It is unclear if these people were the 9/11 hijackers or just others with similar names. The US military has never definitively denied that they were the hijackers, and the media lost interest in the story a couple of weeks after 9/11. Entity Tags: Hamza Alghamdi, Saeed Alghamdi, Ahmed Alghamdi, Ahmed Alnami Category Tags: Other 9/11 Hijackers, Alleged Hijackers' Flight Training 1996-December 2000: Majority of 9/11 Hijackers Attempt to Fight in Chechnya A young Ahmed Alnami in Saudi Arabia. [Source: Boston Globe]At least 11 of the 9/11 hijackers travel or attempt to travel to Chechnya between 1996 and 2000 (see 1999-2000): Nawaf Alhazmi fights in Chechnya, Bosnia, and Afghanistan for several years, starting around 1995. [Observer, 9/23/2001; ABC News, 1/9/2002; US Congress, 6/18/2002; US Congress, 7/24/2003 ] Khalid Almihdhar fights in Chechnya, Bosnia, and Afghanistan for several years, usually with Nawaf Alhazmi. [US Congress, 6/18/2002; Los Angeles Times, 9/1/2002; US Congress, 7/24/2003 ] Salem Alhazmi spends time in Chechnya with his brother Nawaf Alhazmi. [ABC News, 1/9/2002] He also possibly fights with his brother in Afghanistan. [US Congress, 7/24/2003 ] Ahmed Alhaznawi leaves for Chechnya in 1999 [ABC News, 1/9/2002] , and his family loses contact with him in late 2000. [Arab News, 9/22/2001] Hamza Alghamdi leaves for Chechnya in early 2000 [Washington Post, 9/25/2001; Independent, 9/27/2001] or sometime around January 2001. He calls home several times until about June 2001, saying he is in Chechnya. [Arab News, 9/18/2001] Mohand Alshehri leaves to fight in Chechnya in early 2000. [Arab News, 9/22/2001] Ahmed Alnami leaves home in June 2000, and calls home once in June 2001 from an unnamed location. [Arab News, 9/19/2001; Washington Post, 9/25/2001] Fayez Ahmed Banihammad leaves home in July 2000 saying he wants to participate in a holy war or do relief work. [Washington Post, 9/25/2001; St. Petersburg Times, 9/27/2001] He calls his parents one time since. [Arab News, 9/18/2001] Ahmed Alghamdi leaves his studies to fight in Chechnya in 2000, and is last seen by his family in December 2000. He calls his parents for the last time in July 2001, but does not mention being in the US. [Arab News, 9/18/2001; Arab News, 9/20/2001] Waleed M. Alshehri disappears with Wail Alshehri in December 2000, after speaking of fighting in Chechnya. [Arab News, 9/18/2001; Washington Post, 9/25/2001] Wail Alshehri, who had psychological problems, went with his brother to Mecca to seek help. Both disappear, after speaking of fighting in Chechnya. [Washington Post, 9/25/2001] Majed Moqed is last seen by a friend in 2000 in Saudi Arabia, after communicating a “plan to visit the United States to learn English.” [Arab News, 9/22/2001] Clearly, there is a pattern: eleven hijackers appear likely to have fought in Chechnya, and two others are known to have gone missing. It is possible that others have similar histories, but this is hard to confirm because “almost nothing [is] known about some.” [New York Times, 9/21/2001] Indeed, a colleague later claims that hijackers Mohamed Atta, Marwan Alshehhi, Ziad Jarrah, and would-be hijacker Ramzi Bin al-Shibh wanted to fight in Chechnya but were told in early 2000 that they were needed elsewhere. [Washington Post, 10/23/2002; Reuters, 10/29/2002] Reuters later reports, “Western diplomats play down any Chechen involvement by al-Qaeda.” [Reuters, 10/24/2002] Entity Tags: Hamza Alghamdi, Ahmed Alghamdi, Ahmed Alhaznawi, Ahmed Alnami, Marwan Alshehhi, Fayez Ahmed Banihammad, Mohand Alshehri, Mohamed Atta, Khalid Almihdhar, Ziad Jarrah, Nawaf Alhazmi, Waleed Alshehri, Salem Alhazmi, Wail Alshehri, Majed Moqed, Ramzi bin al-Shibh Category Tags: Other 9/11 Hijackers, Islamist Militancy in Chechnya After 1995: Algerian Militant Group GIA Gains Influence in Key Al-Qaeda Mosque in Italy The Algerian Groupe Islamique Armé (GIA) gains more influence in the Islamic Cultural Institute, a militant mosque in Milan, Italy, following the death of its former head, Anwar Shaaban. Under the leadership of Shaaban, who died in the Bosnian war, the mosque had been built up into a key European logistics center for militant Islamists. [Chicago Tribune, 10/22/2001] The mosque is described as “the main al-Qaeda station house in Europe” (see 1993 and After), but the GIA is said to be infiltrated by government informers at this point and is losing strength in Algeria due to the penetration (see October 27, 1994-July 16, 1996). Entity Tags: Groupe Islamique ArmÃ©, Islamic Cultural Institute Category Tags: Al-Qaeda in Italy, Algerian Militant Collusion Mid-Late 1990s: Pakistani-Based Proliferation Network Begins to Use Turkish Fronts in US A Pakistani-based proliferation network centered around nuclear scientist A. Q. Khan and the ISI intelligence agency begins to use Turkish fronts to acquire technology in the US. This move is made because it is thought Turks are less likely to attract suspicion than Pakistanis. At one point the operation is headed by ISI Director Lt. Gen. Mahmood Ahmed. According to FBI whistleblower Sibel Edmonds, intercepted communications show Mahmood and his colleagues stationed in Washington are in constant contact with attachés at the Turkish embassy. Edmonds will also say that venues such as the American Turkish Council (ATC), a Washington-based lobby group, are used for handovers, and packages containing nuclear secrets are then delivered by Turkish operatives, using their cover as members of the diplomatic and military community, to contacts at the Pakistani embassy in Washington. Edmonds will also allege: “Certain greedy Turkish operators would make copies of the material and look around for buyers. They had agents who would find potential buyers.” [Sunday Times (London), 1/6/2008] Entity Tags: Pakistan Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence, American-Turkish Council, Mahmood Ahmed, Sibel Edmonds Timeline Tags: A. Q. Khan's Nuclear Network Category Tags: Sibel Edmonds, Pakistan and the ISI, Pakistani Nukes & Islamic Militancy, Mahmood Ahmed Mid-Late 1990s: French Ask British Authorities to Ban Militant Newsletter, British Decline At some point in the mid-to-late 1990s, French authorities ask their counterparts in Britain to ban the militant newsletter Al Ansar, which is published in Britain by supporters of the radical Algerian organization Groupe Islamique Armé (GIA). Authors Sean O’Neill and Daniel McGrory will describe the newsletter: “This was handed out at mosques, youth clubs, and restaurants popular with young Arabs. It eulogized atrocities carried out by mujaheddin in Algeria, recounting graphic details of their operations, and described in deliberately provocative language an attack on a packed passenger train and the hijacking of a French airliner in December 1994 which was intended to be flown into the Eiffel Tower.” They add that its past editors “read like a who’s who of Islamist extremists,” including Abu Hamza al-Masri, an informer for the British authorities (see Early 1997 and Before October 1997), Abu Qatada, another British informer (see June 1996-February 1997), and Rachid Ramda, the mastermind of a series of attacks in France who operated from Britain (see 1994 and July-October 1995). The newsletter is also linked to Osama bin Laden (see 1994 and January 5, 1996). However, British authorities say that the newsletter cannot be banned. [O'Neill and McGrory, 2006, pp. 112-113] Entity Tags: Groupe Islamique ArmÃ© Category Tags: Londonistan - UK Counterterrorism, Algerian Militant Collusion 1996-September 11, 2001: New York Office of Emergency Management Practices for Terrorist Attacks, but Not Using Planes as Missiles New York City’s Office of Emergency Management (OEM) holds regular interagency training exercises in the years preceding 9/11, aiming to carry out a tabletop or field exercise every eight to 12 weeks. Mayor Rudy Giuliani is personally involved in many of these. The exercises are very lifelike. Giuliani will later recall, “We used to take pictures of these trial runs and they were so realistic that people who saw them would ask when the event shown in the photograph had occurred.” Scenarios drilled include a sarin gas attack in Manhattan, anthrax attacks, and truck bombs. One exercise, which takes place in May 2001, is based on terrorists attacking New York with bubonic plague (see May 11, 2001). Another, conducted in conjunction with the New York Port Authority, includes a simulated plane crash. Just one week before 9/11, the OEM is preparing a tabletop exercise with the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, to develop plans for business continuity in New York’s Financial District—where the World Trade Center is located—after a terrorist attack (see (September 4, 2001)). OEM staffers are actually preparing for a bioterrorism exercise on the morning of 9/11 (see (Shortly After 8:46 a.m.) September 11, 2001 and September 12, 2001). Jerome Hauer, OEM director from 1996 to February 2000, will recall, “We looked at every conceivable threat that anyone on the staff could think of, be it natural or intentional, but not the use of aircraft as missiles.” He will tell the 9/11 Commission: “We had aircraft crash drills on a regular basis. The general consensus in the city was that a plane hitting a building… was that it would be a high-rise fire.… There was never a sense, as I said in my testimony, that aircraft were going to be used as missiles.” [Time, 12/22/2001; Giuliani, 2002, pp. 62-63; Jenkins and Edwards-Winslow, 9/2003, pp. 15, 30 ; 9/11 Commission, 5/19/2004; 9/11 Commission, 5/19/2004 ] The OEM was created in 1996 by Giuliani to manage New York’s response to major incidents, including terrorist attacks (see 1996). [9/11 Commission, 7/24/2004, pp. 283-284] Entity Tags: Office of Emergency Management, New York City Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Rudolph (“Rudy”) Giuliani, Jerome Hauer Category Tags: Military Exercises, Counterterrorism Action Before 9/11 1996-September 11, 2001: Enron Gives Taliban Millions in Bribes in Effort to Get Afghan Pipeline Built The Associated Press will later report that the Enron corporation bribes Taliban officials as part of a “no-holds-barred bid to strike a deal for an energy pipeline in Afghanistan.” Atul Davda, a senior director for Enron’s International Division, will later claim, “Enron had intimate contact with Taliban officials.” Presumably this effort began around 1996, when a power plant Enron was building in India ran into trouble and Enron began an attempt to supply it with natural gas via a planned pipeline through Afghanistan (see 1995-November 2001 and June 24, 1996). In 1997, Enron executives privately meet with Taliban officials in Texas (see December 4, 1997). They are “given the red-carpet treatment and promised a fortune if the deal [goes] through.” It is alleged Enron secretly employs CIA agents to carry out its dealings overseas. According to a CIA source, “Enron proposed to pay the Taliban large sums of money in a ‘tax’ on every cubic foot of gas and oil shipped through a pipeline they planned to build.” This source claims Enron paid more than $400 million for a feasibility study on the pipeline and “a large portion of that cost was pay-offs to the Taliban.” Enron continues to encourage the Taliban about the pipeline even after Unocal officially gives up on the pipeline in the wake of the African embassy bombings (see December 5, 1998). An investigation after Enron’s collapse in 2001 (see December 2, 2001) will determine that some of this pay-off money ended up funding al-Qaeda. [Associated Press, 3/7/2002] Entity Tags: Atul Davda, Enron Corporation, Taliban, Central Intelligence Agency January 2, 1996: New Republic Editors Say Bosnian Intervention Aimed at Increasing US Influence in Middle East The New York Times publishes an op-ed piece by Jacob Heilbrunn and Michael Lind titled, “The Third American Empire,” in which the authors assert that US military involvement in the Balkans should not be seen as the assertion of US influence in Europe, but as part of a strategy to exert US dominance in the Middle East and Central Asia. “[W]e should view the Balkans as the western frontier of America’s rapidly expanding sphere of influence in the Middle East,” they write. [New York Times, 1/2/1996] Entity Tags: Jacob Heilbrunn, Michael Lind Category Tags: Al-Qaeda in Balkans, US Dominance January 5, 1996: British Newspaper Links Bin Laden to 1995 Wave of Militant Attacks in France Rachid Ramda. [Source: Public domain]The London Times publishes one of the first Western newspaper articles about Osama bin Laden. The article says, “A Saudi Arabian millionaire is suspected of channeling thousands of pounds to Islamic militants in London which may have bankrolled French terrorist bombings.” Bin Laden is referred to as “Oussama ibn-Laden.” It says that he sent money to Rachid Ramda, editor in chief of Al Ansar, the London-based newsletter for the radical Algerian militant group the GIA. However, government sources say that the money ostensibly for the newsletter was really used to fund a wave of militant attacks in France in 1995 (see July-October 1995). Ramda was arrested in London on November 4, 1995 at the request of the French government. [London Times, 1/5/1996] Two other people working as editors on the Al Ansar newsletter in 1995, Abu Qatada and Mustafa Setmarian Nasar, will later be found to be important al-Qaeda leaders (see June 1996-1997 and October 31, 2005). It will take ten years for Britain to extradite Ramda to France. He will be tried in France in 2005 and sentenced to life in prison for his role in the 1995 French attacks. [BBC, 10/26/2007] Bin Laden may have met with Ramda while visiting Britain in 1994 (see 1994). It will later be revealed that the 1995 attacks in France were led by an Algerian government mole (see July-October 1995), and the GIA as a whole was run by a government mole (see October 27, 1994-July 16, 1996). Entity Tags: Mustafa Setmarian Nasar, Osama bin Laden, Groupe Islamique ArmÃ©, Rachid Ramda, Abu Qatada Category Tags: Osama Bin Laden, Londonistan - UK Counterterrorism, Algerian Militant Collusion, Abu Qatada January 1996-September 10, 2001: Canada Takes No Action Against Founding Al-Qaeda Leader, Despite Evidence Against Him Ahmed Said Khadr in a hospital bed during his hunger strike, being visited by journalists. [Source: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]In late 1995, Ahmed Said Khadr is arrested in Pakistan for a suspected role in the November 1995 bombing of the Egyptian embassy in that country (see November 19, 1995). Khadr was born an Egyptian and became a Canadian citizen, and is an employee of Human Concern International (HCI), a Canadian-based charity. [Burr and Collins, 2006, pp. 276-277] Smuggling During the Afghan War - The Canadian government was already aware of Khadr’s militant ties before the bombing. In the late 1980s, a federal Canadian official was asked by a diplomat in Pakistan about Khadr. The official did not know who that was, so the diplomat explained that Khadr was involved in smuggling Saudi money into Afghanistan while using HCI as a cover. This person further said that, “For months, the Afghan scene in Islamabad buzzed with this and other information” about Khadr. This was passed on to other parts of the Canadian government, but no action was taken. [National Post, 9/6/2002] Khadr Released Due to Hunger Strike - After his late 1995 arrest, Khadr begins a hunger strike from within a Pakistani prison. In January 1996, Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chretien visits Pakistan and, in response to popular pressure caused by the hunger strike, asks the Pakistani government to release him. Khadr is released several months later. He returns to Canada and stops working with HCI, but starts a new charity called Health and Education Project International. [Burr and Collins, 2006, pp. 276-277] HCI Linked to Al-Qaeda - A January 1996 CIA report claims that the entire Peshawar, Pakistan, HCI branch that Khadr heads is staffed by Islamist militants and that its Swedish branch is smuggling weapons to Bosnia (see January 1996). In a June 1996 interview with an Egyptian weekly, Osama bin Laden surprisingly identifies HCI as a significant supporter of al-Qaeda. [Emerson, 2006, pp. 398, 423] Monitoring Khadr's Associates - Also around 1996, the Canadian intelligence agency CSIS begins monitoring several suspected radical militants living in Canada. The CSIS will later call one of them, Mahmoud Jaballah, an “established contact” of Khadr. [Canadian Security Intelligence Service, 2/22/2008 ] Another, Mohamed Zeki Mahjoub, will also be called a contact of Khadr. [Canadian Security Intelligence Service, 2/22/2008 ] The CSIS has yet to reveal details of when such contacts are made, except in the case of Mohamed Harkat. It will be mentioned that in March 1997 Harkat is recorded saying that he is about to meet Khadr in Ottawa, Canada. [Canadian Security Intelligence Service, 2/22/2008 ] Wanted Again in Pakistan - On September 5, 1998, the Globe and Mail will report that Khadr is wanted in Pakistan again for his role in the Egyptian embassy bombing. A Pakistani official says that Khadr is living in Afghanistan, has contacts with Osama bin Laden, and is using his charity as a cover for smuggling and banking transactions. The executive director of HCI tells the newspaper that Khadr was last seen in Ottawa, Canada, about three months earlier, and, “We do learn once in a while that he was in Pakistan or Canada or moving back and forth.” [Globe and Mail, 9/5/1998] Listed by UN - In January 2001, the United Nations places Khadr on a list of those who support terrorism associated with bin Laden. [Canadian Security Intelligence Service, 2/22/2008 ] But despite all this, there is no evidence the Canadian government attempts to arrest or even indict him before 9/11. (The Egyptian government does pressure the Pakistani ISI to capture him in the summer of 2001 (Summer 2001).) Khadr will be killed in Pakistan in October 2003. It will eventually emerge that he was a founding member of al-Qaeda and an important leader of that group (see October 2, 2003). Entity Tags: Ahmed Said Khadr, Canadian Security Intelligence Service, Health and Education Project International, Jean Chretien, Al-Qaeda, Mohamed Zeki Mahjoub, Osama bin Laden, Mahmoud Jaballah, Human Concern International, Mohamed Harkat Category Tags: Counterterrorism Action Before 9/11, Remote Surveillance January 14, 1996: Mujaheddin Required to Leave Bosnia by This Date As part of the peace agreement ending the Bosnian war (see December 14, 1995), all foreign fighters are required to leave Bosnia by this time, which is thirty days after the signing of the peace agreement. Effectively this refers to the mujaheddin who have been fighting for the Bosnian Muslims. [Time, 12/31/1995] However, Bosnian President Alija Izetbegovic kicks out the Serbians living in the small village of Bocinja Donja 60 miles north of the capital of Sarajevo and gives the houses there to several hundred mujaheddin. Most of them marry local women, allowing them to stay in the country (see January 2000). [Washington Post, 3/11/2000] Entity Tags: Alija Izetbegovic Shortly Before February 1996: CIA Already Aware of Term ‘Al-Qaeda’ as It Sets Up Bin Laden Unit David Cohen. [Source: Ting-Li Wang / New York Times]David Cohen, head of the CIA’s Directorate of Operations, wants to test the idea of having a “virtual station,” which is a station based at CIA headquarters and focusing on one target. He chooses Michael Scheuer to run it. Scheuer is running the Islamic Extremist Branch of the CIA’s Counterterrorist Center at the time and had suggested creating a station to focus just on bin Laden. The new unit, commonly called Alec Station, begins operations in February 1996 (see February 1996). The 9/11 Commission will later comment that Scheuer had already “noticed a recent stream of reports about bin Laden and something called al-Qaeda.” [9/11 Commission, 7/24/2004, pp. 109] It has been widely reported that US intelligence was unaware of the term al-Qaeda until after defector Jamal al-Fadl revealed it later in 1996 (see June 1996-April 1997). But Billy Waugh, an independent contractor hired by the CIA to spy on bin Laden and others in Sudan in 1991 to 1992, will later claim that the CIA was aware of the term al-Qaeda back then (see February 1991- July 1992). And double agent Ali Mohamed revealed the term to the FBI in 1993 (see May 1993). The term will first be used by the media in August 1996 (see August 14, 1996). Entity Tags: Michael Scheuer, Counterterrorist Center, Central Intelligence Agency, Al-Qaeda, Alec Station, David Cohen Category Tags: Counterterrorism Action Before 9/11, Counterterrorism Policy/Politics February 1996: CIA Forms New Counterterrorism Bin Laden Unit The CIA’s Counter Terrorism Center creates a special unit focusing specifically on bin Laden. It is informally called Alec Station. About 10 to 15 individuals are assigned to the unit initially. This grows to about 35 to 40 by 9/11. [US Congress, 9/18/2002] The unit is set up “largely because of evidence linking [bin Laden] to the 1993 bombing of the WTC.” [Washington Post, 10/3/2001] Newsweek will comment after 9/11, “With the Cold War over, the Mafia in retreat, and the drug war unwinnable, the CIA and FBI were eager to have a new foe to fight.… Historical rivals, the spies and G-men were finally learning to work together. But they didn’t necessarily share secrets with the alphabet soup of other enforcement and intelligence agencies, like Customs and the Immigration and Naturalization Service, and they remained aloof from the Pentagon. And no amount of good will or money could bridge a fundamental divide between intelligence and law enforcement. Spies prefer to watch and wait; cops want to get their man.” [Newsweek, 10/1/2001] Michael Scheuer will lead the unit until 1999. He will later become a vocal critic of the US government’s efforts to combat terrorism. He later recalls that while bin Laden is mostly thought of merely as a terrorist financier at this time, “we had run across bin Laden in a lot of different places, not personally but in terms of his influence, either through rhetoric, through audiotapes, through passports, through money-he seemed to turn up everywhere. So when we [created the unit], the first responsibility was to find out if he was a threat.” [Vanity Fair, 11/2004] By the start of 1997, the unit will conclude bin Laden is a serious threat (see Early 1997). Entity Tags: Osama bin Laden, Michael Scheuer, Alec Station, Al-Qaeda, Counterterrorist Center February 1996-June 1999: CIA’s Bin Laden Unit Has Conflicts with CIA Superiors and Other Intelligence Agencies During Michael Scheuer’s time as head of the CIA’s bin Laden unit Alec Station from 1996 to 1999 (see February 1996 and June 1999), the unit has conflicts with other parts of the US intelligence community. Scheuer has an angry and dogmatic style that sometimes alienates people. Conflict with Counterterrorism 'Tsar' Clarke - Scheuer and Richard Clarke, the US counterterrorism “tsar,” do not get along, even though both are among the first people in government to take the Osama bin Laden threat seriously. Clarke can also be abrasive. One former CIA insider will later say, “I can say that, among individuals that I tend to trust, Clarke was regarded as more serious about terrorism in the 1990s than just about anybody else in the US government, but he was a truly painful individual to work with.” Clarke will later similarly criticize Scheuer, saying: “Throwing tantrums and everything doesn’t help.… [You shouldn’t be] so dysfunctional within your agency that you’re making it harder to get something done.” And Scheuer will later criticize Clarke, saying: “[He] was an interferer of the first level, in terms of talking about things that he knew nothing about and killing them.… He was always playing the FBI off against us or us against the NSA.” Conflict with the FBI - The bin Laden unit does not get along with some FBI agents assigned to it as well. From the very start, some FBI officials, including bin Laden expert John O’Neill, resist cooperating with the unit. CIA official John MacGaffin will later claim, “O’Neill just fought it and fought it [cooperating with Alec Station].” O’Neill and Scheuer “were at each other’s throats.” On one occasion an FBI agent at the bin Laden unit is caught hiding CIA files inside his shirt to take them back to O’Neill. Scheuer will also claim that the FBI rarely follows up leads the bin Laden unit sends it. Furthermore, the FBI never shares information. “I bet we sent 700 or 800 requests for information to the FBI, and we never got an answer to any of them,” Scheuer says. Conflicts with CIA Higher-Ups - The bin Laden unit also has conflicts with others within the CIA, including powerful superiors. An incident in 1996 leads to a breakdown of trust between Scheuer and his superiors (see 1996). John MacGaffin, who is a top CIA official for clandestine operations at the time, will later say of Scheuer, “He’s a good guy, [but] he’s an angry guy.” Situation Improves after Scheuer - In June 1999, Richard Blee replaces Scheuer as head of the bin Laden unit, and he will stay involved in the bin Laden issue until after 9/11 (see December 9, 2001). Vanity Fair will later comment that Blee “was just as heated up over bin Laden as Scheuer had been, but obviously less likely to cause the kind of friction that would discomfit the [CIA director].” [Vanity Fair, 11/2004] Entity Tags: John MacGaffin, Alec Station, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Richard Blee, Richard A. Clarke, John O’Neill, Michael Scheuer, Central Intelligence Agency, National Security Agency February-September 11, 1996: Investigation of Bin Laden Family Members Is Opened; Then Closed On the left: 5613 Leesburg Pike, address for WAMY’s US office. On the right: 5913 Leesburg Pike, the 2001 address for hijackers Hani Hanjour and Nawaf Alhazmi. [Source: Paul Sperry]The FBI begin an investigation into two relatives of bin Laden in February 1996, then close it on September 11, 1996. The FBI wanted to learn more about Abdullah Awad bin Laden, “because of his relationship with the World Assembly of Muslim Youth [WAMY]—a suspected terrorist organization.” [Guardian, 11/7/2001] Abdullah Awad was the US director of WAMY and lived with his brother Omar in Falls Church, Virginia, a suburb of Washington. They are believed to be nephews of Osama bin Laden. The coding on a leaked FBI document about the case, marked secret, indicates the case related to national security. WAMY’s office address is 5613 Leesburg Pike. It will later be determined that at least two of the 9/11 hijackers lived at 5913 Leesburg Pike for much of 2001 at the same time the two bin Laden brothers were working only three blocks away (see March 2001 and After). WAMY has been banned in Pakistan by this time. [BBC, 11/6/2001; Guardian, 11/7/2001] The Indian and Philippine governments also will cite WAMY for funding Islamic militancy. The 9/11 Commission later will hear testimony that WAMY “has openly supported Islamic terrorism. There are ties between WAMY and 9/11 hijackers. It is a group that has openly endorsed the notion that Jews must be killed.… [It] has consistently portrayed the United States, Jews, Christians, and other infidels as enemies who have to be defeated or killed. And there is no doubt, according to US intelligence, that WAMY has been tied directly to terrorist attacks.” [9/11 Commission, 7/9/2003, pp. 66] A security official who will later serve under President Bush will say, “WAMY was involved in terrorist-support activity. There’s no doubt about it.” [Vanity Fair, 10/2003] Before 9/11, FBI investigators had determined that Abdullah Awad had invested about $500,000 in BMI Inc., a company suspected of financing groups officially designated as terrorist organizations (see 1986-October 1999). [Wall Street Journal, 9/15/2003] The Bosnian government will say in September 2002 that a charity with Abdullah Awad bin Laden on its board had channeled money to Chechen guerrillas, something that reporter Greg Palast will claim “is only possible because the Clinton CIA gave the wink and nod to WAMY and other groups who were aiding Bosnian guerrillas when they were fighting Serbia, a US-approved enemy.” The investigation into WAMY will be restarted a few days after 9/11, around the same time these two bin Ladens will leave the US (see September 14-19, 2001). [Palast, 2002, pp. 96-99] (Note that Abdullah Awad bin Laden is Osama bin Laden’s nephew, and is not the same person as the Abdullah bin Laden who is Osama’s brother and serves as the bin Laden family spokesperson.) [Palast, 2002, pp. 98-99; Wall Street Journal, 9/15/2003] WAMY’s Virginia offices will be raided by US agents in 2004 (see June 1, 2004). Entity Tags: Abdullah Awad bin Laden, Omar bin Laden, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Central Intelligence Agency, World Assembly of Muslim Youth, Clinton administration Category Tags: Saudi Arabia, Bin Laden Family, Terrorism Financing February 1996-May 1998: CIA’s Bin Laden Unit Asks NSA for Full Transcripts of Al-Qaeda Communications, NSA Refuses Barbara McNamara. [Source: National Security Agency]Alec Station, the CIA’s bin Laden unit, and other senior agency officers repeatedly ask the NSA to provide verbatim transcripts of intercepted calls between al-Qaeda members. Alec Station chief Michael Scheuer will explain, “[V]erbatim transcripts are operationally useful, summaries are much less so.” [Atlantic Monthly, 12/2004] According to PBS, Alec Station believes that “only by carefully studying each word will it be possible to understand [Osama] bin Laden’s intentions.” This is because al-Qaeda operatives sometimes talk in a simplistic code (see (October 1993-November 2001)). Scheuer will say: “Over time, if you read enough of these conversations, you first get clued in to the fact that maybe ‘bottle of milk’ doesn’t mean ‘bottle of milk.’ And if you follow it long enough, you develop a sense of what they’re really talking about. But it’s not possible to do unless you have the verbatim transcript.” [PBS, 2/3/2009] Scheuer will also complain that the summaries “are usually not timely.” [Atlantic Monthly, 12/2004] Author James Bamford will say that the summaries are “brief” and come “once a week or something like that.” [Antiwar, 10/22/2008] Alec Station’s desire for verbatim transcripts will intensify when it discovers the NSA is intercepting calls between bin Laden and his operations center in Yemen (see December 1996). However, the NSA constantly rejects its requests. Scheuer will later say: “We went to Fort Meade to ask then the NSA’s deputy director for operations [Barbara McNamara] for the transcripts, and she said, ‘We are not going to share that with you.’ And that was the end.” He will add that McNamara “said that the National Security Act of 1947 gave her agency control of ‘raw’ signals intelligence, and that she would not pass such material to CIA.” [Atlantic Monthly, 12/2004; Antiwar, 10/22/2008; PBS, 2/3/2009] McNamara will tell the 9/11 Commission that “She does not recall being personally [asked] to provide… transcripts or raw data” for counterterrorism, but if people wanted raw data, “then NSA would have provided it.” [9/11 Commission, 12/15/2003, pp. 5] Entity Tags: National Security Agency, Michael Scheuer, Central Intelligence Agency, Alec Station, Barbara McNamara Category Tags: Remote Surveillance, Yemen Hub, Counterterrorism Action Before 9/11 Shortly After February 1996: Saudis Fail to Give CIA Bin Laden Documents before 9/11 Bin Laden’s Saudi passport photograph. [Source: Public domain]Shortly after the CIA’s Alec Station is created to go after bin Laden (see February 1996), the CIA asks the Saudi government to provide copies of bin Laden’s records such as his birth certificate, passports, bank accounts, and so forth. But the Saudis fail to turn over any of the documents. By 9/11, the CIA will still not even be given a copy of bin Laden’s birth certificate. [Risen, 2006, pp. 185] Entity Tags: Saudi Arabia, Central Intelligence Agency, Alec Station Early 1996: Future 9/11 Hijackers Begin Attending Radical Mosque Possibly Monitored by German Authorities The Al-Quds mosque in Hamburg. [Source: Knut Muller]Future 9/11 hijacker Mohamed Atta and other members of the Hamburg cell begin regularly attending the Al-Quds mosque. Atta becomes a well-known figure both there and at other mosques in the city. He grows a beard at this time, which some commentators interpret as a sign of greater religious devotion. The mosque is home to numerous radicals. For example, the imam, Mohammed Fazazi, advocates killing non-believers and encourages his followers to embrace martyrdom (see 1993-Late 2001 and Early 2001). Atta Teaches Classes at Al-Quds - After a time, Atta begins to teach classes at the mosque. He is stern with his students and criticizes them for wearing their hair in ponytails and gold chains around their necks, as well as for listening to music, which he says is a product of the devil. If a woman shows up, her father is informed she is not welcome. This is one of the reasons that, of the 80 students that start the classes, only a handful are left at the end. Other Hijackers and Cell Members Attend Al-Quds - One of Atta’s associates, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, also teaches classes at the mosque. 9/11 hijackers Marwan Alshehhi and Ziad Jarrah start attending the mosque at different times and possibly first meet Atta there. Other mosque attendees who interact with the future hijackers at the mosque include Said Bahaji, and al-Qaeda operatives Mamoun Darkazanli and Mohammed Haydar Zammar. Is the Mosque Monitored? - According to author Terry McDermott, German investigators notice Bahaji meeting frequently with Darkazanli and Zammar at the mosque, so they presumably have a source inside it. [PBS Frontline, 1/2002; Burke, 2004, pp. 242; McDermott, 2005, pp. 1-5, 34-37, 72] The German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung will later report that there probably is an informer working for the LfV, the Hamburg state intelligence agency, inside the mosque by 1999. Somehow, the LfV is very knowledgeable about Atta and some his associates, and their behavior inside the mosque (see (April 1, 1999)). [Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (Frankfurt), 2/2/2003] Radical imam Fazazi will continue to preach at the mosque until late 2001 (see Mid-September-Late 2001). Entity Tags: Said Bahaji, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, Mohammed Haydar Zammar, Mohammed Fazazi, Ziad Jarrah, Marwan Alshehhi, German State Office of Constitutional Security, Mohamed Atta, Mamoun Darkazanli Category Tags: Key Hijacker Events, Marwan Alshehhi, Mohamed Atta, Ziad Jarrah, Mamoun Darkazanli, Other Possible Moles or Informants, Mohammed Haydar Zammar, Ramzi Bin Al-Shibh, Al-Qaeda in Germany Spring 1996: 9/11 Hijacker Hanjour Stays in Florida 9/11 hijacker Hani Hanjour, who returned to his native Saudi Arabia after a previous stay in the US (see October 3, 1991-February 1992), now arrives in the US for the second time, and will spend much of the next three years in the country. Hanjour first stays in Miramar, Florida with a couple that are longtime friends with Abulrahman Hanjour, his eldest brother: Adnan Khalil, a Saudi professor at a local college, and his wife Susan. Susan Khalil later remembers Hani Hanjour as socially inept, with “really bad hygiene.” She says, “Of all my husband’s colorful friends, he was probably the most nondescript. He would blend into the wall.” The Washington Post later reports: “Hanjour’s meek, introverted manner fits a recurrent pattern in the al-Qaeda network of unsophisticated young men being recruited as helpers in terrorist attacks. FBI agents have told people they have interviewed about Hanjour that he ‘fit the personality to be manipulated and brainwashed.’” Yet, Susan Khalil says, “I didn’t get the feeling that he hated me or hated Americans.” Hanjour, she says, “was very kind and gentle to my son, who was 3 years old.” He prays frequently, at their home and at a nearby mosque. After staying for about a month he leaves the Khalil’s, having been accepted at a flight school in California (see April 30-Early September 1996). [Associated Press, 9/21/2001; St. Petersburg Times, 10/2/2001; Washington Post, 10/15/2001; 9/11 Commission, 7/24/2004, pp. 226] Many of the hijackers will later live in this part of Florida. A nearby mosque is run by radical imam Gulshair Shukrijumah, who possibly associates with Mohamed Atta and Marwan Alshehhi in 2000 and 2001 (see 2000-2001 and May 2, 2001). [New York Times, 3/22/2003] Entity Tags: Gulshair Shukrijumah, Hani Hanjour, Adnan Khalil, Susan Khalil Category Tags: Hani Hanjour, Hijacker Visas and Immigration Early 1996: FBI and Philippine Agents Bungle Capture of KSM Bandido’s bar in Manila. This may be the restaurant frequented by KSM. [Source: Public domain]In January 1995 the Bojinka plot is foiled in the Philippines and on February 7, 1995, Ramzi Yousef is arrested in Pakistan (see February 7, 1995), but Yousef’s uncle Khalid Shaikh Mohammed (KSM) continues to live in the Philippines much of the time. KSM remains confident that he will not be arrested, and eats at a particular restaurant in Manila at roughly the same time almost every night. In early 1996, the FBI and Philippine authorities attempt to arrest KSM at Bandido’s restaurant. But counterterrorism expert Rohan Gunaratna will later claim the “operation failed apparently due to the visibility of the FBI and other agents working on the case.” KSM flees to Qatar, where he was been living off and on since 1992 (see 1992-1996). But Gunaratna claims KSM continues to live part of the time in the Philippines as well until about September 1996. [Gunaratna, 2003] Entity Tags: Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, Ramzi Yousef, Federal Bureau of Investigation Category Tags: Counterterrorism Action Before 9/11, 1995 Bojinka Plot, Khalid Shaikh Mohammed March 1996: Movie Features Planned Suicide Attack with Commercial Jet Executive Decision. [Source: Warner Bros.]Executive Decision, a military action film, has a plot about a group of Arab terrorists who hijack a transatlantic jet to gain the release of their leader, who is imprisoned in the United States. But what looks initially like a traditional hijacking is in fact a suicide mission. The plane carries a huge load of nerve gas that has been smuggled out of Russia, which the terrorists intend to explode over Washington, killing millions. The release demand is a ruse to convince US authorities to let the plane approach Washington unharmed. But thanks to an intelligence analyst who has been following the group’s efforts to obtain chemical weapons, the ruse is unraveled and the Pentagon considers asking the president for permission to shoot down the plane over the Atlantic. However, a Special Ops commander proposes a daring plan to avert a shoot down. Using a new Stealth fighter plane, he offers to board the jet in mid-air and disable the bomb. [New York Times, 3/15/1996] This movie is one of many works of fiction that will be remembered after 9/11 for their eerie similarity to the attacks. [New York Times, 9/13/2001] March-May 1996: US, Sudan Squabble over Bin Laden’s Fate US demands for Sudan to hand over its extensive files about bin Laden (see March 8, 1996-April 1996) escalate into demands to hand over bin Laden himself. Bin Laden has been living in Sudan since 1991, at a time when the Sudanese government’s ideology was similar to his. But after the US put Sudan on its list of terrorism sponsors and began economic sanctions in 1993, Sudan began to change. In 1994, it handed the notorious terrorist “Carlos the Jackal” to France. In March 1996, Sudan’s defense minister goes to Washington and engages in secret negotiations over bin Laden. Sudan offers to extradite bin Laden to anywhere he might stand trial. Some accounts claim that Sudan offers to hand bin Laden directly to the US, but the US decides not to take him because they do not have enough evidence at the time to charge him with a crime. [Washington Post, 10/3/2001; Village Voice, 10/31/2001; Vanity Fair, 1/2002] Counterterrorism “tsar” Richard Clarke later will call this story a “fable” invented by the Sudanese and Americans friendly to Sudan. He will point out that bin Laden “was an ideological blood brother, family friend, and benefactor” to Sudanese leader Hassan al-Turabi, so any offers to hand him over may have been disingenuous. [Clarke, 2004, pp. 142-43] CIA Director George Tenet later will deny that Sudan made any offers to hand over bin Laden directly to the US. [US Congress, 10/17/2002] The US reportedly asks Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Jordan to accept bin Laden into custody, but is refused by all three governments. [Coll, 2004, pp. 323] The 9/11 Commission later will claim it finds no evidence that Sudan offers bin Laden directly to the US, but it does find evidence that Saudi Arabia was discussed as an option. [9/11 Commission, 3/23/2004] US officials insist that bin Laden leave Sudan for anywhere but Somalia. One US intelligence source in the region later will state: “We kidnap minor drug czars and bring them back in burlap bags. Somebody didn’t want this to happen.” [Washington Post, 10/3/2001; Village Voice, 10/31/2001] On May 18, 1996, bin Laden flies to Afghanistan, and the US does not try to stop him (see May 18, 1996). Entity Tags: Egypt, Sudan, United States, Jordan, George J. Tenet, Osama bin Laden, Richard A. Clarke, Saudi Arabia, Central Intelligence Agency, Hassan al-Turabi March 8, 1996-April 1996: US Asks Sudan for Its Files on Al-Qaeda, Then Declines to Accept Them Omar al-Bashir. [Source: PBS]In 1993, the US put Sudan on its list of nations sponsoring terrorism, which automatically leads to economic sanctions. Sudanese leader Hassan al-Turabi espoused radical militant views, and allowed bin Laden to live in Sudan. But, as the 9/11 Commission later will note, “The Sudanese regime began to change. Though al-Turabi had been its inspirational leader, General Omar al-Bashir, president since 1989, had never been entirely under his thumb. Thus as outside pressures mounted, al-Bashir’s supporters began to displace those of al-Turabi.” In 1995, the US begins putting serious pressure on Sudan to deal with bin Laden, who is still living there. [Observer, 9/30/2001; 9/11 Commission, 7/24/2004, pp. 61] On March 8, 1996, the US sends Sudan a memorandum listing the measures Sudan can take to get the sanctions revoked. The second of six points listed is, “Provide us with names, dates of arrival, departure and destination and passport data on mujaheddin that Osama Bin Laden has brought into Sudan.” [New York Times, 9/21/1998; Washington Post, 10/3/2001] Sudanese intelligence had been monitoring bin Laden since he’d moved there in 1991, collecting a “vast intelligence database on Osama bin Laden and more than 200 leading members of his al-Qaeda terrorist network.” The files include information on their backgrounds, families, and contacts, plus photographs. There also is extensive information on bin Laden’s world-wide financial network. “One US source who has seen the files on bin Laden’s men in Khartoum said some were ‘an inch and a half thick.’” [Observer, 9/30/2001] An Egyptian intelligence officer with extensive Sudanese intelligence contacts says, “They knew all about them: who they were, where they came from. They had copies of their passports, their tickets; they knew where they went. Of course that information could have helped enormously. It is the history of those people.” To the surprise of US officials making the demands, the Sudanese seem receptive to sharing the file. This leads to a battle within the US government between top FBI officials, who want to engage the Sudanese and get their files, and Secretary of State Madeleine Albright and Susan Rice, her assistant secretary for Africa, who want to isolate them politically and economically. The National Security Council is also opposed. The US decides to increase its demands, and tells Sudan to turn over not just files on bin Laden, but bin Laden himself (see March-May 1996). Ultimately, the US will get Sudan to evict bin Laden in May 1996 (see May 18, 1996), but they will not press for the files and will not get them. [Washington Post, 10/3/2001; Vanity Fair, 1/2002] An American involved in the secret negotiations later will says, “I’ve never seen a brick wall like that before. Somebody let this slip up.… We could have dismantled his operations and put a cage on top. It was not a matter of arresting bin Laden but of access to information. That’s the story, and that’s what could have prevented September 11. I knew it would come back to haunt us.” [Village Voice, 10/31/2001] Vanity Fair magazine later will opine, “How could this have happened? The simple answer is that the Clinton administration had accused Sudan of sponsoring terrorism, and refused to believe that anything it did to prove its bona fides could be genuine.” [Vanity Fair, 1/2002] The US will continue to refuse Sudan’s offers to take the files (see April 5, 1997; February 5, 1998; May 2000). Entity Tags: Susan Rice, National Security Council, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Hassan al-Turabi, Omar Al-Bashir, Madeleine Albright March 13, 1996: Clinton Administration Criticized for Meetings with Radical Muslim Activist President Clinton meeting with Abdulrahman Alamoudi in the 1990s. [Source: PBS]Counterterrorism expert Steven Emerson, head of the Investigative Project on Terrorism, criticizes the Clinton administration for its ties to Abdulrahman Alamoudi in a Wall Street Journal editorial. Alamoudi is a prominent Muslim activist and heads an organization called the American Muslim Council (AMC). Emerson notes that on November 9, 1995, President Clinton and Vice President Al Gore met with Alamoudi as part of a meeting with 23 Muslim and Arab leaders. And on December 8, 1995, National Security Adviser Anthony Lake, met with Alamoudi at the White House along with several other American Islamic leaders. Emerson notes that Alamoudi openly supports Hamas, even though the US government officially designated it a terrorist financier in early 1995 (see January 1995), and he has been the primary public defender of high ranking Hamas leader Mousa Abu Marzouk, who the US declared a terrorism financier and then imprisoned in 1995 (see July 5, 1995-May 1997). He notes that Alamoudi’s AMC also has close ties to other Islamist groups such as the Muslim Brotherhood, and in 1994 the AMC co-sponsored a trip to the US for Sudanese leader Hasan al-Turabi, a well-known radical militant who is hosting Osama bin Laden in Sudan at the time. Emerson concludes, “The president is right to invite Muslim groups to the White House. But by inviting the extremist element of the American Muslim community—represented by the AMC—the administration undercuts moderate Muslims and strengthens the groups committing terrorist attacks.” [Wall Street Journal, 3/13/1996] It will later be reported that in 1994, US intelligence discovered that the AMC helped pass money from bin Laden to Sheikh Omar Abdul-Rahman, but it is not known if Clinton was aware of this (see Shortly After March 1994). But Alamoudi’s political influence in the US will not diminish and he will later be courted by future President Bush (see July 2000). He will eventually be sentenced to a long prison term for illegal dealings with Libya (see October 15, 2004). Entity Tags: William Jefferson (“Bill”) Clinton, Steven Emerson, Mousa Abu Marzouk, Muslim Brotherhood, Hamas, Abdurahman Alamoudi, Albert Arnold (“Al”) Gore, Jr., Hassan al-Turabi, Anthony Lake, American Muslim Council, Clinton administration Spring 1996-December 23, 2000: United Arab Emirates Army Pays for Hijacker Alshehhi’s Studies A poor photocopy of Marwan Alshehhi’s United Arab Emirates passport. [Source: FBI]Marwan Alshehhi, a United Arab Emirates (UAE) national, volunteered for the UAE army shortly after leaving high school (presumably in late 1995, based on his age). After going through basic training, in the spring of 1996 he is granted a college scholarship to Germany, paid for by the UAE army. Alshehhi is to learn German, then study marine engineering. The scholarship is accompanied by a monthly stipend of around $2,200. The UAE army declares him a deserter in April 2000, shortly before he quits school and moves to the US (see April 1, 2000). It is not clear why. Curiously, Alshehhi will continue to receive this stipend despite being a deserter, and even after he drops out of school in Germany and begins attending flight school in the US. The stipend comes to an end in December 2000. [9/11 Commission, 8/21/2004, pp. 132 ; McDermott, 2005, pp. 53-56, 196] Entity Tags: Marwan Alshehhi, United Arab Emirates Category Tags: Marwan Alshehhi March 26-May 21, 1996: French Monks in Algeria Kidnapped and Killed by Algerian Intelligence Working with Compromised Islamic Militants A photo montage of the seven murdered monks from Tibhirine. [Source: Cistercian Order of the Strict Observance] (click image to enlarge)On March 26, 1996, a group of armed men break into a Trappist monastery in the remote mountain region of Tibhirine, Algeria, and kidnap seven of the nine monks living there. They are held hostage for two months and then Djamel Zitouni, head of the Groupe Islamique Armé (GIA), announces that they were all killed on May 21, 1996. The French government and the Roman Catholic church state the GIA is to blame. But years later, Abdelkhader Tigha, former head of Algeria’s military security, will claim the kidnapping was planned by Algerian officials to get the monks out of a highly contested area. He says government agents kidnapped the monks and then handed them to a double agent in the GIA. But the plan went awry and the militants assigned to carry it out killed the monks. Furthermore, it will later be alleged that Zitouni was a mole for Algerian intelligence (see October 27, 1994-July 16, 1996). [Independent, 12/24/2002; United Press International, 8/20/2004] In 2004, Algerian President Abdelaziz Bouteflika will reopen the controversy when he says of the monks’ deaths, “Not all truth is good to say when [the issue is still] hot.” [United Press International, 8/20/2004] He will also say, “Don’t forget that the army saved Algeria. Whatever the deviations there may have been, and there were some, just because you have some rotten tomatoes you do not throw all of them away.” [Daily Telegraph, 4/7/2004] Entity Tags: Abdelkhader Tigha, Abdelaziz Bouteflika, DÃ©partement du Renseignement et de la SÃ©curitÃ©, Ali Touchent, Groupe Islamique ArmÃ©, Djamel Zitouni Category Tags: Algerian Militant Collusion, Alleged Al-Qaeda Linked Attacks, Other Possible Moles or Informants April 1996: US Aware of Al-Qaeda Cell in Kenya, Begins Monitoring It It will later be revealed in a US trial that, by this time, US intelligence agents are aware that an al-Qaeda cell exists in Kenya. (In fact, it may have been aware of this since late 1994 (see Late 1994)). [East African, 1/1/2001] Further evidence confirming and detailing the cell is discovered in May and June of 1996 (see May 21, 1996). By August 1996, US intelligence is continually monitoring five telephone lines in Nairobi used by the cell members, such as Wadih El-Hage. The tapping reveals that the cell is providing false passports and other documents to operatives. They are sending coded telephone numbers to and from al-Qaeda headquarters in Afghanistan. The surveillance is apparently being conducted without the required approval of either President Clinton or Attorney General Janet Reno. [Associated Press, 12/19/2000; East African, 1/1/2001] Prudence Bushnell, the US ambassador to Kenya, will be briefed about the cell in early 1997, but will be told there is no evidence of a specific threat against the embassy or American interests in Kenya. [New York Times, 1/9/1999] Ali Mohamed, an al-Qaeda double agent living in California, will later admit in US court that he had been in long distance contact with Wadih El-Hage, one of the leaders of the cell, since at least 1996. It will also be revealed that US intelligence had been wiretapping Mohamed’s California phone calls since at least 1994 (see Late 1994), so presumably US intelligence is recording calls between Mohamed and the Kenya cell from both ends. The Nairobi phone taps continue until at least August 1997, when Kenyan and US agents conduct a joint search of El-Hage’s Nairobi house (see August 21, 1997). [United States of America v. Ali Mohamed, 10/20/2000; Associated Press, 12/19/2000; East African, 1/1/2001] Entity Tags: Al-Qaeda, Ali Mohamed, Prudence Bushnell, Wadih El-Hage Category Tags: 1998 US Embassy Bombings, Remote Surveillance, Ali Mohamed, Wadih El-Hage April 1996-March 1997: Yousef Communicates with Islamic Militants from within Maximum Security Prison Using Telephone Provided by FBI Gregory Scarpa Jr. [Source: Publicity photo (mafiason.com]Ramzi Yousef, mastermind along with Khalid Shaikh Mohammed of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and the Operation Bojinka plots, is in a maximum-security prison, sentenced to hundreds of years of prison time for his plots. However, he can communicate with Gregory Scarpa Jr., a mob figure in the cell next to him. The FBI sets up a sting operation with Scarpa’s cooperation to learn more of what and whom Yousef knows. Scarpa is given a telephone, and he allows Yousef to use it. However, Yousef uses the sting operation for his own ends, communicating with operatives on the outside in code language without giving away their identities. He attempts to find passports to get co-conspirators into the US, and there is some discussion about imminent attacks on US passenger jets. Realizing the scheme has backfired, the FBI terminates the telephone sting in late 1996, but Yousef manages to keep communicating with the outside world for several more months. [New York Daily News, 9/24/2000; New York Daily News, 1/21/2002; Lance, 2003, pp. 280-82; Harmon, 2009, pp. 187-188,199-201] Entity Tags: Gregory Scarpa Jr., Ramzi Yousef, Federal Bureau of Investigation Category Tags: Warning Signs, Ramzi Yousef, 1995 Bojinka Plot April 11, 1996: 9/11 Hijacker Atta Makes Will The al-Quds mosque in Hamburg, where Mohamed Atta made his will. [Source: Der Speigel]Future 9/11 hijacker Mohamed Atta makes his will in Germany. It is not clear that the text of the will is actually written by Atta. For example, author Lawrence Wright will say that Atta merely signs a “standardized will” he gets from the Al-Quds mosque in Hamburg, and journalists Yosri Fouda and Nick Fielding will say that the will is a “printed-out form devised by the mosque.” Atta apparently makes it as he is angered by new reports of an Israeli operation against Lebanon, which begins on this day. [Fouda and Fielding, 2003, pp. 81-2; Wright, 2006, pp. 307] Although the act of making a will is not that unusual for a 27-year old Muslim, the content of the will is unusual, perhaps reflecting the radical environment of the mosque (see Early 1996). For example, it says: “… [6] I don’t want a pregnant woman or a person who is not clean to come and say good bye to me because I don’t approve it… [9] The person who will wash my body near my genitals must wear gloves on his hands so he won’t touch my genitals… [11] I don’t want any women to go to my grave at all during my funeral or on any occasion thereafter.” The will is witnessed by Abdelghani Mouzdi and Mounir El Motassadeq, who also make wills around the same time. [Atta, 4/11/1996; Burke, 2004, pp. 242; McDermott, 2005, pp. 49, 245-7, 274] Entity Tags: Abdelghani Mzoudi, Mounir El Motassadeq, Mohamed Atta Category Tags: Mohamed Atta, Al-Qaeda in Germany April 25, 1996: New Anti-Terrorism Law Passed President Clinton signs the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, which the New York Times calls “broad legislation that provides new tools and penalties for federal law-enforcement officials to use in fighting terrorism.” The Clinton administration proposed the bill in the aftermath of the Oklahoma City terrorist bombing (see 8:35 a.m. - 9:02 a.m. April 19, 1995). In many ways, the original bill will be mirrored by the USA Patriot Act six years later (see October 26, 2001). Civil libertarians on both the left and right opposed the legislation. Political analyst Michael Freeman called the proposal one of the “worst assaults on civil liberties in decades,” and the Houston Chronicle called it a “frightening” and “grievous” assault on domestic freedoms. Many Republicans opposed the bill, and forced a compromise that removed increased wiretap authority and lower standards for lawsuits against sellers of guns used in crimes. CNN called the version that finally passed the Republican-controlled Congress a “watered-down version of the White House’s proposal. The Clinton administration has been critical of the bill, calling it too weak. The original House bill, passed last month, had deleted many of the Senate’s anti-terrorism provisions because of lawmakers’ concerns about increasing federal law enforcement powers. Some of those provisions were restored in the compromise bill.” [CNN, 4/18/1996; New York Times, 4/25/1996; Roberts, 2008, pp. 35] An unusual coalition of gun rights groups such as the National Rifle Association (NRA) and civil liberties groups such as the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) led the opposition to the law. [New York Times, 4/17/1996] By the time Congress passed the bill, it had been, in the words of FBI Director Louis Freeh, “stripped… of just about every meaningful provision.” [Roberts, 2008, pp. 35] The law makes it illegal in the US to provide “material support” to any organization banned by the State Department. [Guardian, 9/10/2001] Entity Tags: William Jefferson (“Bill”) Clinton, Louis J. Freeh, National Rifle Association, American Civil Liberties Union, Clinton administration, Michael Freeman, USA Patriot Act, US Congress Timeline Tags: Civil Liberties, US Domestic Terrorism Category Tags: Counterterrorism Policy/Politics, Terrorism Financing Late April 1996: US Monitors Al-Qaeda Canceling Singapore Plot According to counterterrorism expert Rohan Gunaratna, US intelligence monitoring al-Qaeda communications learn that al-Qaeda is canceling an attack on Western targets in Singapore. On April 18, 1996, 108 Lebanese civilians seeking refuge at a UN camp in Qana, Lebanon, are killed by mortars fired by Israeli forces. Bin Laden “was keen not to dissipate what he envisaged as widespread revulsion against Israel’s action and hence called off the strike in Southeast Asia. Al-Qaeda’s team in question was very determined to go ahead, having spent years preparing the attack, and according to the intercepts it proved difficult for Osama to convince it otherwise.” Gunaratna claims the US learned this through the NSA’s Echelon satellite network (see Before September 11, 2001) “and other technical monitoring of their communications traffic.” [Gunaratna, 2003, pp. 133-134] If true, this case supports other evidence that the US was successfully monitoring bin Laden’s communications from an early date (see Early 1990s) and that al-Qaeda’s Southeast Asia operations were penetrated years before an important al-Qaeda summit in Malaysia discussing the 9/11 plot (see January 5-8, 2000). Entity Tags: Echelon, Al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden, National Security Agency Category Tags: Remote Surveillance, Al-Qaeda in Southeast Asia April 30-Early September 1996: Hani Hanjour Studies English in Northern California; Enrolls at Aeronautics Academy Hijacker Hani Hanjour moves from Florida to the San Francisco Bay area in California, staying with an unidentified family. He lives with them from late April to early September. For most of this time he takes English lessons in an intensive program requiring 30 hours of class time per week, at the ELS Language Center at Holy Names College in Oakland. He reportedly reaches a level of proficiency sufficient to “survive very well in the English language.” Yet in 2001, managers at an Arizona flight school will report him to the FAA at least five times, partly because they think his level of English is inadequate for him to keep his pilot’s license. Due to his poor English, it will take Hanjour five hours to complete an oral exam meant to last just two hours (see January-February 2001). At the end of this period, Hanjour enrolls on a rigorous one-year flight training program at the renowned Sierra Academy of Aeronautics, in Oakland. However, he only attends the 30-minute orientation class, on September 8, and then never returns. [CBS 5 (San Francisco), 10/10/2001; San Francisco Chronicle, 10/10/2001; Associated Press, 10/11/2001; Cape Cod Times, 10/21/2001; Star-Tribune (Minneapolis), 12/21/2001; Associated Press, 5/10/2002] Entity Tags: Hani Hanjour, Sierra Academy of Aeronautics May 1996: Al-Qaeda Begins Using Vital Communications Hub in Yemen A close-up of Al-Qaeda’s communications hub in Sana’a, Yemen. [Source: PBS / Nova]Al-Qaeda begins using an important communications hub and operations center in Yemen. [Gunaratna, 2003, pp. 2-3, 16, 188] The hub is set up because al-Qaeda is headquartered in Afghanistan, but requires another location that has access to regular telephone services and major air links. It is located in the Yemeni capital of Sana’a, in the neighbourhood of Madbah. Ahmed al-Hada, an associate of Osama bin Laden’s who fought in Afghanistan, runs the hub and lives there with his family. [Bamford, 2008, pp. 7-8] Terrorism analyst Rohan Gunaratna will say that the hub is used as a switchboard to “divert and receive calls and messages from the [Middle East] region and beyond.” [Gunaratna, 2003, pp. 2-3, 16, 188] FBI agent Mark Rossini will say, “That house was a focal point for operatives in the field to call in, that number would then contact bin Laden to pass along information and receive instruction back.” [PBS, 2/3/2009] Author James Bamford will add: “[T]he house in Yemen became the epicenter of bin Laden’s war against America, a logistics base to coordinate attacks, a switchboard to pass on orders, and a safe house where his field commanders could meet to discuss and carry out operations.” Bin Laden himself places many calls to the house, and it is used to coordinate the attacks on US embassies in East Africa in 1998 and the bombing of the USS Cole in 2000. Future 9/11 hijacker Khalid Almihdhar also lives at the house at some point in the late 1990s with his wife Hoda, al-Hada’s daughter. [Bamford, 2008, pp. 8] Entity Tags: Mark Rossini, Al-Qaeda, Ahmed al-Hada, James Bamford, Rohan Gunaratna Category Tags: Alhazmi and Almihdhar, Remote Surveillance, Yemen Hub, Yemeni Militant Collusion May 1996: US Seeks Stability in Afghanistan for Unocal Pipeline Robin Raphel. [Source: Mark Wilson / Agence France-Presse]Robin Raphel, Deputy Secretary of State for South Asia, speaks to the Russian Deputy Foreign Minister about Afghanistan. She says that the US government “now hopes that peace in the region will facilitate US business interests,” such as the proposed Unocal gas pipeline from Turkmenistan through Afghanistan to Pakistan. [Coll, 2004, pp. 330] Entity Tags: Unocal, Robin Raphel, Russia May 1996: Saudis and Al-Qaeda Allegedly Strike a Secret Deal French intelligence secretly monitors a meeting of Saudi billionaires at the Hotel Royale Monceau in Paris this month with the financial representative of al-Qaeda. “The Saudis, including a key Saudi prince joined by Muslim and non-Muslim gun traffickers, [meet] to determine who would pay how much to Osama. This [is] not so much an act of support but of protection—a payoff to keep the mad bomber away from Saudi Arabia.” [Palast, 2002, pp. 100] Participants also agree that Osama bin Laden should be rewarded for promoting Wahhabism (an austere form of Islam that requires literal interpretation of the Koran) in Chechnya, Kashmir, Bosnia, and other places. [Fifth Estate, 10/29/2003 ] This extends an alleged secret deal first made between the Saudi government and bin Laden in 1991. Later, 9/11 victims’ relatives will rely on the “nonpublished French intelligence report” of this meeting in their lawsuit against important Saudis. [Star-Tribune (Minneapolis), 8/16/2002] According to French counterterrorism expert Jean-Charles Brisard and/or reporter Greg Palast, there are about 20 people at the meeting, including Saudi intelligence head Prince Turki al-Faisal, an unnamed brother of bin Laden, and an unnamed representative from the Saudi Defense Ministry. [Fifth Estate, 10/29/2003 ; Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 10/29/2003] Palast will claim that Saudi businessman Abdullah Taha Bakhsh attends the meeting. Bakhsh saved George W. Bush’s Harken Oil from bankruptcy around 1990. Palast will claim the notorious Saudi billionaire Adnan Khashoggi also attends the meeting. [Democracy Now!, 3/4/2003; Santa Fe New Mexican, 3/20/2003] In a somewhat tongue-in-cheek manner, Slate will claim that Khashoggi is a “shadowy international arms merchant” who is “connected to every scandal of the past 40 years.” Amongst other things, he was a major investor in BCCI and a key player in the Iran-Contra affair. [Slate, 12/4/2000; Slate, 11/14/2001; Slate, 3/12/2003] Palast, noting that the French monitored the meeting, will ask, “Since US intelligence was thus likely informed, the question becomes why didn’t the government immediately move against the Saudis?” [Palast, 2002, pp. 100] Entity Tags: Al-Qaeda, Greg Palast, Turki al-Faisal, Abdullah Bakhsh, Adnan Khashoggi, France Category Tags: Saudi Arabia, Terrorism Financing, BCCI, Bin Laden Family May-June 1996: FEMA Considers Use of Airborne Operations Center at Atlanta Olympics The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) reportedly considers using an E-4B National Airborne Operations Center during the Atlanta Olympics. The reason for this is not known, but it could be related to terrorism fears, including a possible air attack (see January 20, 1997). [Federal Computer Week, 6/2/1996] An aviation website will later show a picture of an E-4B taking off from Dobbins Air Reserve Base in Marietta, Georgia on May 14, “after crew attended meeting with FEMA prior to ‘96 Atlanta Olympics.” [Airliners.net, 2000] However, there are no reports on whether an E-4B is actually used during the Olympics. Entity Tags: Federal Emergency Management Agency, E-4B National Airborne Operations Center Between May and December 1996: NSA Discovers Al-Qaeda Communications Hub The NSA discovers a communications hub al-Qaeda uses to coordinate its global operations. The hub was set up in May 1996 by Ahmed al-Hada, a close associate of Osama bin Laden (see May 1996), and is discovered at some time in the next six months. [Bamford, 2008, pp. 16] According to a PBS documentary, the NSA discovers the hub by monitoring bin Laden’s calls from his satellite phone in Afghanistan (see November 1996-Late August 1998): “Once he starts dialing from Afghanistan, NSA’s listening posts quickly tap into his conversations.… By tracking all calls in and out of Afghanistan, the NSA quickly determines bin Laden’s number: 873-682505331.” According to CIA manager Michael Scheuer, bin Laden’s satellite phone is a “godsend,” because “[i]t gave us an idea, not only of where he was in Afghanistan, but where al-Qaeda, as an organization, was established, because there were calls to various places in the world.” As bin Laden’s phone calls are not encrypted, there is no code for the NSA to break. Instead, NSA voice interceptors and linguists translate, transcribe, and write summaries of the calls. In addition, human analysts plot out which numbers are being called from bin Laden’s phone and how frequently. [PBS, 2/3/2009] Entity Tags: National Security Agency, Michael Scheuer May 11, 1996-August 2001: Canadian Intelligence Monitors Islamic Jihad Operative Communicating with High-Ranking Militants Mahmoud Jaballah. [Source: Public domain via Toronto Star]Islamic Jihad operative Mahmoud Jaballah enters Canada on May 11, 1996 and applies for refugee status. There is evidence Canadian intelligence, the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), begins monitoring him shortly after his arrival. A 2008 CSIS report mentions details of phone calls Jaballah makes to high-ranking Islamic Jihad leaders as early as June 1996. The CSIS will later conclude that his “primary objective incoming to Canada was to acquire permanent status in a country where he would feel secure in maintaining communications with other [Islamic Jihad] members.” Jaballah is wary his calls may be monitored, and uses code words to discuss sensitive topics. But the CSIS is able to figure out many of the code words, for instance the mention of clothes to refer to travel documents. Jaballah frequently calls Thirwat Salah Shehata, one of nine members of Islamic Jihad’s ruling council; the Egyptian government will later also call Shehata “a key figure in bin Laden’s organization.” They are in regular contact until August 1998, when Shehata moves to a new location in Lebanon but does not give Jaballah his new phone number. Jaballah also stays in frequent contact with Ahmad Salama Mabruk, another member of Islamic Jihad’s ruling council. Mabruk is arrested in 1998. Jaballah is also in frequent contact with Ibrahim Eidarous and Adel Abdel Bary, two Islamic Jihad operatives living in London and working closely with Khalid al-Fawwaz, Osama bin Laden’s de facto press secretary. He calls them over 60 times between 1996 and 1998. Bin Laden is monitored by Western intelligence agencies as he frequently calls Bary, Eidarous, and al-Fawwaz until all three are arrested one month after the 1998 African embassy bombings (see Early 1994-September 23, 1998). Jaballah presumably becomes more suspicious that he is being monitored in September 1998, when Canadian officials interview him and tell him they are aware of his contacts with the three men arrested in London. The CSIS will later call Jaballah an “established contact” for Ahmed Said Khadr, a founding al-Qaeda member living in Canada. Khadr had been arrested in Pakistan in 1995 for suspected involvement in an Islamic Jihad bombing there, but he was released several months later after pressure from the Canadian government. After returning to Canada, Khadr ran his own non-profit organization, Health and Education Projects International (HEPI), and allegedly used the money he raised to help fund the Khaldan training camp in Afghanistan. If the CSIS was aware of Khadr’s activities through Jaballah, it is not clear why no action was taken against him or his charity before 9/11. Essam Marzouk is an al-Qaeda operative living in Vancouver, Canada. During one call, Jaballah is asked for Marzouk’s phone number. He says he does not have it, but gives the name of another operative, Mohamed Zeki Mahjoub, who is known to be in contact with Marzouk. Marzouk will later leave Canada to train the African embassy bombers, stopping by Toronto to visit Mahjoub on the way out of the country. Jaballah is monitored communicating with other Islamic Jihad operatives, including ones in Germany, Yemen, and elsewhere in Canada. He is arrested in March 1999, but after his arrest his wife warns him to reduce his communications and offers to help obtain information from his associates. He acquires a post office box in August 1999 and uses it to continue communicating with militants overseas. He is released in November 1999 and the CSIS will later claim he continues to communicate with other militants until he is arrested again in August 2001. [Canadian Security Intelligence Service, 2/22/2008 ] Entity Tags: Khaldan training camp, Thirwat Salah Shehata, Mohamed Zeki Mahjoub, Osama bin Laden, Khalid al-Fawwaz, Ahmad Salama Mabruk, Ahmed Said Khadr, Canadian Security Intelligence Service, Mahmoud Jaballah, Adel Abdel Bary, Ibrahim Eidarous, Islamic Jihad, Essam Marzouk May 18, 1996: Sudan Expels Bin Laden; US Fails to Stop His Flight to Afghanistan After pressure from the US (see March-May 1996), the Sudanese government asks bin Laden to leave the country. He decides to go to Afghanistan. He departs along with many other al-Qaeda members, plus much money and resources. Bin Laden flies to Afghanistan in a C-130 transport plane with an entourage of about 150 men, women, and children, stopping in Doha, Qatar, to refuel, where governmental officials greet him warmly. [Los Angeles Times, 9/1/2002; Coll, 2004, pp. 325] The US knows in advance that bin Laden is going to Afghanistan, but does nothing to stop him. Sudan’s defense minister Elfatih Erwa later says in an interview, “We warned [the US]. In Sudan, bin Laden and his money were under our control. But we knew that if he went to Afghanistan no one could control him. The US didn’t care; they just didn’t want him in Somalia. It’s crazy.” [Washington Post, 10/3/2001; Village Voice, 10/31/2001] US-al-Qaeda double agent Ali Mohamed handles security during the move. [Raleigh News and Observer, 10/21/2001] Entity Tags: Somalia, Osama bin Laden, Sudan, Elfatih Erwa, Al-Qaeda, Ali Mohamed Category Tags: Hunt for Bin Laden, Ali Mohamed, Osama Bin Laden After May 18, 1996-September 1996: Bin Laden Quickly Alligns With the Taliban After Arrival in Afghanistan Bin Laden arrives in Afghanistan on May 18, 1996 after being expelled from Sudan (see May 18, 1996). Initially, bin Laden stays in an area not controlled by the Taliban, who are fighting for control of the country. But by the end of September 1996, the Taliban conquer the capital of Kabul and gain control over most of the the country (see September 27, 1996). Bin Laden then becomes the guest of the Taliban. The Taliban, bin Laden, and their mutual ally Gulbuddin Hekmatyar then call for a jihad against Ahmed Shah Massoud, who retains control over a small area along Afghanistan’s northern border. As bin Laden establishes a new safe base and political ties, he issues a public fatwa, or religious decree, authorizing attacks on Western military targets in the Arabian Peninsula (see August 1996). [Coll, 2004, pp. 326-328] Entity Tags: Osama bin Laden, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Ahmed Shah Massoud May 21, 1996: Boat Accident Helps Alert CIA to Al-Qaeda Cell in Kenya A passenger ferry capsizes on Lake Victoria in East Africa and one of the more than 800 who drown is Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri, al-Qaeda’s military commander (his job will be taken over by Mohammed Atef). Al-Qaeda operatives Wadih El-Hage and Fazul Abdullah Mohammed (a.k.a. Haroun Fazul) show up at the disaster scene to find out if al-Banshiri is still alive. There are many journalists covering the disaster and a Western investigator recognizes Fazul and El-Hage when they happen to appear in some of the widely broadcast footage. [Washington Post, 11/23/1998] El-Hage sends a computer file about the drowning to double agent Ali Mohamed in California. Mohamed’s computer hard drive will be copied by US intelligence in 1997 (see October 1997-September 10, 1998). The CIA already has much of El-Hage’s biography on file by this time. It appears this event, along with the defection of Jamal al-Fadl (see June 1996-April 1997), only strengthen knowledge of the Kenya cell gained earlier in the year (see April 1996). By August 1996, if not earlier, the phones of El-Hage and Fazul in Nairobi are bugged and closely monitored by the CIA and NSA. Apparently, not much is learned from these phone calls because the callers speak in code, but the CIA does learn about other al-Qaeda operatives from the numbers and locations that are being called. This information is shared with the FBI’s Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF), and the JTTF becomes “convinced that flipping El-Hage [is] the best way to get to bin Laden.” [Miller, Stone, and Mitchell, 2002, pp. 200] Entity Tags: Fazul Abdullah Mohammed, Central Intelligence Agency, Ali Mohamed, Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri, Joint Terrorism Task Force, Wadih El-Hage, National Security Agency Category Tags: Wadih El-Hage, 1998 US Embassy Bombings, Remote Surveillance, Key Captures and Deaths Summer 1996-August 1998: British Mole Penetrates Militant Islamic Circles in London Finsbury Park mosque. [Source: Salim Fadhley / Public Domain]Omar Nasiri, an agent of the British intelligence services MI5 and MI6, and the French service Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (DGSE), penetrates radical Islamic circles in London, getting close to leading imams Abu Qatada and Abu Hamza (see Mid 1996-October 1997), learning about the Algerian Groupe Isamique Armé (GIA) (see November 1996), and dealing with al-Qaeda manager Abu Zubaida in Pakistan (see (Mid-1996) and (Mid-1996 and After)). Nasiri’s main task is to attend the main locations where radicals gather, Abu Qatada’s Four Feathers center and Abu Hamza’s Finsbury Park mosque, get close to senior operatives there to obtain information, and identify militants, even though the mosques, as Nasiri will later put it, are already “crawling with spies.” The British services are mostly interested in whether the radicals intend to attack in Britain, but, although they come close to inciting such attacks, they never cross the line. Nasiri will later comment: “[Abu Hamza] was inciting his followers to attack just about everywhere else, but never within England. He came very close to this line many times. He incited his followers to attack anyone who tried to claim Muslim land. He said many times that British soldiers and colonizers were fair game.” Nasiri, who previously received explosives training at al-Qaeda camps in Afghanistan (see Mid 1995-Spring 1996), also gets his associates in Afghanistan to send him his notebook from an explosives course and passes this on to his handlers, who are impressed at how sophisticated the formulae are. However, after a couple of years the radicals realize he is an informer. In addition, on the day of the African embassy bombings (see 10:35-10:39 a.m., August 7, 1998) he is so upset that he switches his mobile phone off for the first time since he received it, so MI5 stops trusting him. He will later write: “They must have worried that I was, in fact, a sleeper and that I had disappeared to pursue some mission. I couldn’t blame them of course. I was a trained killer. From the very beginning they hadn’t trusted me; I knew that.” He has to leave Britain and his career as an informer is practically over. [Nasiri, 2006, pp. 259-303] Entity Tags: UK Security Service (MI5), UK Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), Abu Hamza al-Masri, Finsbury Park Mosque, Omar Nasiri, Direction GÃ©nÃ©rale de la SÃ©curitÃ© ExtÃ©rieure, Abu Qatada Category Tags: Abu Hamza Al-Masri, Abu Qatada, Other Possible Moles or Informants, Londonistan - UK Counterterrorism, Algerian Militant Collusion June 1996: Informant’s Clues Point to KSM Wali Khan Amin Shah. [Source: Peter Lance]While al-Qaeda operative Jamal al-Fadl gives a treasure trove of useful information on al-Qaeda to US intelligence (see June 1996-April 1997), one person he describes in detail is Wali Khan Amin Shah. Shah was one of the plotters of the Operation Bojinka plot (see February 7, 1995). Al-Fadl reveals that Shah has al-Qaeda ties. Author Peter Lance notes that US intelligence should have concluded that Shah’s fellow Operation Bojinka plotter, Khalid Shaikh Mohammed (KSM), also has al-Qaeda ties. However, there is no new effort to find KSM, and he later goes on to mastermind the 9/11 attacks. [Lance, 2003, pp. 330-31] Entity Tags: Peter Lance, Wali Khan Amin Shah, Al-Qaeda, Jamal al-Fadl, Khalid Shaikh Mohammed Category Tags: 1995 Bojinka Plot, Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, Other Possible Moles or Informants June 1996: Bin Laden Meets with Pakistani Military Leaders Mushaf Ali Mir. [Source: Paknews.com]According to controversial author Gerald Posner, Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda leader Abu Zubaida meet with senior members of Pakistan’s military, including Mushaf Ali Mir, who becomes chief of Pakistan’s air force in 2000. Bin Laden moved to Afghanistan the month before, and the Pakistanis offer him protection if he allies with the Taliban. The alliance will prove successful, and bin Laden will call it “blessed by the Saudis,” who are already giving money to both the Taliban and al-Qaeda. [Posner, 2003, pp. 105-06; Time, 8/31/2003] Perhaps not coincidentally, this meeting comes only one month after a deal was reportedly made that reaffirmed Saudi support for al-Qaeda. Bin Laden is initially based in Jalalabad, which is free of Taliban control, but after the deal, he moves his base to Kandahar, which is the center of Taliban power. [Asia Times, 9/17/2003] Entity Tags: Osama bin Laden, Taliban, Mushaf Ali Mir, Abu Zubaida Category Tags: Abu Zubaida, Pakistan and the ISI, Saudi Arabia	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line134
__label__wiki	0.69764	0.69764	Costco and Target Stocks are sharply higher on the last day of the third quarter, which has been dismal for Wall Street. The S&P 500 and Nasdaq are set to register their biggest percentage losses for a three-month period since the third quarter of 2011. (CNBC) US consumer confidence rose slightly in September and was just below the post-recession high. The consumer confidence index increased to 103.0 from a revised 101.1 in August. That's the highest level since January, when consumer confidence touched an eight-year high. (Market Watch) Costco, the second-largest U.S. retailer, posted quarterly results with profits climbing 10% to $767 million. Costco’s sales rose 1% to $35 billion, helped by a 2.2% gain in membership fees. Excluding the effect of falling gas prices and foreign-exchange fluctuations, Costco’s same-store sales grew 6 percent last quarter. (Bloomberg) With the big jobs report on Friday all eyes are on jobs and we have been seeing corporate downsizing especially in the oil patch. Chesapeake Energy will reduce its workforce by about 15% or 740 jobs, as depressed energy prices forced deeper cost cutting at the nation's No. 2 natural gas producer. (Reuters) Just 86 days till Christmas, starting tomorrow, Target will match the online prices of more than two dozen of its Internet competitors, including Amazon and Wal-Mart. (CNBC) Eggs and Cigarettes With two trading days left in September, stocks are testing this year's lows as investors fret over perceived slower economic growth in the U.S. and China, and falling oil prices. (CNBC) Cal-Maine Foods, the nation’s largest egg producer reported quarterly profits increased 454% on sales of $610 million. The outbreak of avian flu that hit the U.S. chicken and egg suppliers earlier this year has led to record high egg prices. During the quarter, Cal-Maine sold nearly 259 million dozen eggs at a net average selling price of $2.24 per dozen. In the year ago quarter, the company sold about 252 million dozen eggs at a net average selling price of $1.35 per dozen. (Wall St. 24/7) Reynolds American, who just closed their acquisition of Lorillard, announced a $5 billion deal to sell assets to Japan Tobacco. The assets include trademarks for the Natural American Spirit cigarette brand outside the U.S. (Market Watch) Merger Monday Stocks are lower this morning. With three trading days left in September the S&P 500 has seen a 2% drop for the month. Avoiding a government shutdown and Friday's monthly employment report are major market drivers this week. (CNBC) Asian stocks were mixed last night, after Chinese industrial profits declined 8.8% year-over-year in August, their sharpest drop since 2011, adding to concerns about the world's second-largest economy. (CNBC) Energy Transfer Equity will acquire The Williams Companies in a business combination valued at approximately $37.7 billion, including the assumption of debt and other liabilities. (CNBC) Royal Dutch Shell is ending exploration in the Arctic waters off Alaska after failing to discover a sufficient amount of crude. The oil giant may take a charge of up to $4.1 billion as a result. (FT) Alcoa says it will split into two publicly-traded companies, citing its legacy aluminum operations and higher-value auto businesses were diverging and no longer compatible. (Reuters) Mr. Market has a new friend â€" â€" Janet Yellen Fed Chair Janet Yellen made Mr. Market very happy by telling us we will have an interest rate hike later this year. The good news is this means the health of global economy might not be that big a concern after all for policy makers. (CNBC) The third and final estimate of 2nd quarter GDP shows the US economy grew at a 3.9% rate. That is better than expectations and a good rate of economic growth. (AP) Nike reported a 23% jump in quarterly profits of just under $1.18 billion. Sales leapt 5% to $8.41 billion. A stronger dollar hampered the results and revenue would have climbed 14%, excluding that impact. Sales in North America were up 9%, rose 14% in Western Europe and climbed 26% in Central and Eastern Europe. The most significant growth came from China and Japan. Sales rose 30% in China and 35% in Japan. (AP) Bed Bath & Beyond posted a quarterly profit of $1.21 per share, but sales were below estimates, and same-store sales increased by a lower than expected 0.7% compared to the prior year. The company's margins have been pressured in recent months by increased promotions, and higher spending on online advertising and technology upgrades. (CNBC) Markets Remain Shaky Stocks are under pressure this morning, as the S&P 500 looks to avoid a three-session losing streak. With five trading days left in September, the S&P 500 is lower for the month. In potential market moving news Fed Chair Janet Yellen speaks this evening on inflation and the economy. (CNBC) This is an example of deflationary pressures in the economy. Wal-Mart wants price cuts from suppliers that make goods in China. The retailer wants to share in the benefits generated from China's devaluation of the yuan. ( Reuters) Deal-making timed with Chinese President Xi Jinping's U.S. visit, Boeing has struck a deal to sell 300 jets to China, valued at about $38 billion. Boeing will also open a plant there that would work on part of the production process for its 737 jet. (AP) A union-backed group will move forward with a ballot measure that would raise taxes on corporations by more than $2.5 billion a year. Under the measure, some corporations would pay a minimum tax of $30,000 a year, plus 2.5% of sales above $25 million. About 1,000 corporations doing business in Oregon would be affected. The group may also decide to proceed with yet another initiative that would raise personal income taxes for individuals with a taxable income of more than $125,000 and for joint filers above $250,000. (Oregon Live) You can observe a lot by just watching “You can observe a lot by just watching.” -- Yogi Berra Mr. Market continues to worry about China. Asian stocks slid deeper this morning, after a preliminary reading of China's manufacturing sector fell to a six-and-a-half-year low in September. Expect some volatility today as investors look ahead to Fed Chair Janet Yellen's comments tomorrow afternoon, after the central bank decided not to hike interest rates last week because of its concerns about China's slowdown. (CNBC) Bank of America shareholders have voted to allow CEO Brian Moynihan to retain his position as chairman. A group of investors, mainly public pension plans, had pressed to split the roles. (CNBC) A leading indicator of commercial construction activity took a steep drop in August, possibly due to increased volatility in financial markets. The American Institute of Architects reported its Architecture Billings Index dropped from 54.7 to 49.1. Anything below 50 indicates a decrease in design services. (CNBC) The construction industry has been plagued by a labor shortage. Eighty-six percent of construction firms surveyed in July and August by Associated General Contractors of America said they were having difficulty filling hourly craft or salaried professional positions. (CNBC) Markets Tumble on No News With 94 days till Christmas Macy's plans to hire 85,000 temporary workers for the holiday shopping season, down from 86,000 last year. About 12,000 positions would be based in direct-to-consumer fulfillment facilities, customer service centers will get 1,600 workers and more than 1,000 will be hired as support staff across the country for other events such as the Thanksgiving Day Parade. (Fox Business News) Need something to go with that new iPhone? Apple is progressing on efforts to create a car. The decision on whether it will be a self-driving car, an electric vehicle or a combination of the two has not been made. (NY Times) New research says the number of households spending more than 50% of their income on rent is set to rise at least 11% to 13.1 million by 2025. The study noted we are now seeing more renters than at any other time in U.S. history. Homeownership rates have fallen from a peak of 69.2% in 2004 to 63.4% this year, the lowest since 1967. (CNBC) Darden's the owner of Olive Garden, earned $86.4 million last quarter. Revenue totaled $1.69 billion essentially flat to last year. Sales at restaurants open at least a year rose 3.4%. Darden shares are up 4.6% in early trading. (AP) Holiday Hiring Begins Haggen is trying to sell part of its prescription business back to Albertsons before it's forced to take a loss on the pharmaceuticals. Now in Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, Haggen has asked the court for approval to sell pharmacy records and inventory to Albertsons for nearly $13 million. Haggen bought the pharmacy assets from Albertsons earlier this year. Only three Oregon stores are involved two in Klamath Falls and one in Portland. (Oregon Live) Wal-Mart will hire 60,000 employees this holiday season. The company also hired 60,000 people for holiday season jobs last year, but says it has more employees working more hours in its stores than it did in 2014. The company says most of its holiday-season employees stayed with the company after the holidays ended. The company has about 1.4 million workers in the U.S.. (AP) The biggest competitor to Oregon’s largest company Nike is Under Armour. Under Armour expects to reach $7.5 billion in revenue by 2018, lifted by an expansion into new markets. Under Armour, got its start producing polyester workout shirts aimed at football players in the 1990s, has fueled growth by continually pushing into new categories. Sales in the most recent quarter rose 29%. (Bloomberg) Mr. Market Has a Hangover Stocks are sharply lower, after the Fed opted not to raise interest rates. The decision sent stocks on a wild ride, with the S&P 500 closing lower and the Nasdaq finishing higher. A dovish after meeting statement cited global economic and market volatility concerns. There could be some extra volatility at the close today, with quadruple witching and the expiration of option and future contracts. (CNBC) Student debt in the U.S. is not holding back most young professionals from buying a home. This contradicts warnings that soaring education loan levels are hurting the housing market. The report, which draws on 2013 data tracking thousands of households since the late 1960s, found that having more student debt had only a slight negative impact on homeownership for people who get their degrees. (WSJ) Just when you thought was safe to go back in the Mediterranean we are having a Greek election. Eight months after being elected to office on an anti-austerity pledge and then going back on the promise, Greece's populist Prime Minister seeks a new mandate from voters Sunday. (USA Today) Join us Saturday at 7 a.m. for Financial Focus Radio when we will talk about low interest rates and your savings. Phil Knight Says Goodbye A decision on whether to hike borrowing costs for the first time in nine years comes as the Fed ends its two-day meeting, with release of a press release at 11am. This will be followed 30 minutes later by a news conference by Fed Chair Janet Yellen. (CNBC) Drugstore chain operator Rite Aid cut its full-year forecast for drugstore sales and total earnings, citing rising generic drug prices as insurers have been slow in raising reimbursement rates for those drugs. Profits fell to $21.5 million in the quarter. Sales rose 17.5% to $7.66 billion. (Reuters) If you want to take a trip to the valley you can attend the Nike annual shareholders meeting today in Beaverton, Oregon. The meeting begins at 10 am. This will be the last meeting Phil Knight will run as he is stepping down as chairman next year. Travis Knight, Phil Knight's son, was named to the company's board as part of Phil Knight's succession plan. Thursday will be his first annual meeting. (AP) Netherlands-based telecom Altice has agreed to buy U.S. cable TV provider Cablevision in a deal valued at $17.7 billion. Altice failed earlier this year to buy Time Warner Cable. (CNBC) A group of pharmacy workers at Target's Brooklyn, New York store, have won a vote to form a microunion, making it the first unionized store at the retailer since its inception in 1902. (Reuters) Oil is down 40 cents at $46.78 a barrel. Oil surged 6% yesterday on increasing optimism that the lowest level of the recent cycle was hit in August. (CNBC) Open Market Committee Meeting Eve Happy Wednesday everyone. It's September Federal Open Market Committee meeting eve today! The picture’s been complicated by the recent market turbulence that may see the central bank hold off on raising rates. Many investors are hesitant to make big trades ahead of the decision, and U.S. economic data published yesterday did little to show which way the Fed will swing. While raising rates will almost certainly send waves through the markets, not moving will likely keep the guessing game - and accompanying stock gyrations - alive for weeks to come. U.S. futures are cautious on the upcoming decision. (Seeking Alpha) On the brink of a historic break-up, Hewlett-Packard disclosed yesterday that it is planning to slash up to 30,000 more jobs to put its new enterprise business on stronger footing as a standalone company. The cuts come on top of 54,000 jobs that have already gone over the past three years since chief executive Meg Whitman took the helm. (FT) Forget 10 Barrel, Anheuser-Busch has its sights on bigger prey these days. In developing news this morning, Anheuser-Busch InBev said it had approached SABMiller about a takeover, paving the way for a deal that would likely value SABMiller well in excess of its $75 billion market capitalization, and create a brewing giant that would dominate much of the global beer market. AB InBev and SABMiller are the world’s two largest brewing companies, and a combination would trigger an intense antitrust review around the world. There’s been no formal offer yet, as the companies hope to continue a “friendly dialogue”. Retail Sales Grow in August After consumer sentiment fell, investors were waiting to see whether Americans reined in spending in August. Retail sales rose by 0.2% in August, slower than the 0.6% gain in July. (Bloomberg) No strikes in Detroit yet. Negotiators for Fiat Chrysler and the United Auto Workers union worked through the night on a new contract. Meanwhile, contracts with General Motors and Ford were extended while the union focuses talks with Fiat Chrysler. (CNBC) The head marketing executive for Virgin America is the newest director of Umpqua Bank. Luanne Calvert will join its board on Sept. 25th. She previously worked as creative director at Google. She will become Umpqua's 13th board member. Directors earned between $68,000 and $140,000 last year. Umpqua is Oregon's biggest bank. (Portland Business Journal) Umatilla County fruit growers are still hurting where not a single cherry was harvested commercially in after the November 2014 freeze. Growers around Milton-Freewater, northeast of Pendleton, won't have a cherry crop until 2017 after a November freeze , killed buds and trees. Even some apple trees were killed all the way down to the roots. The area grows about 650 acres of cherries and fetch a premium price. (AP) All Eyes on Federal Reserve Wall Street is looking for another winning week, after the S&P 500 gained 2% for its best week since July 17. On Thursday we hear from the Federal Reserve about interest rates, a meeting that will preoccupy traders all week. There are a few U.S. economic data points to watch this week, they include August retail sales tomorrow and CPI, consumer inflation data, Wednesday. The age of the self-driving car is on our door step. Google is a leader in that space and has named John Krafcik, TrueCar president and former CEO of Hyundai Motors America, as chief executive of its self-driving car project, which started in 2009. (CNBC) The United Auto Workers union has picked Fiat Chrysler as its target in ongoing contract negotiations. The current agreement expires just before midnight, but will likely be extended. (AP) Demand for Apple's iPhone 6s and 6s Plus was stronger in China than most regions, including the U.S., according to early reports. The tech giant may release numbers from first-day pre-orders today. (Re/code) The S&P 500 is down 2 and the NASDAQ is down 4. The MSCI International Index is up 0.25%. Oil is down 25 cents at $44.44 a barrel. Oil prices have fallen almost 60% since June 2014 on the back of the largest global surplus in modern times. The U.S. oil rig count fell by 10 to 652 last week, the second straight weekly drop. Stock Market Lemmings Like lemmings to the sea; investors pulled another $19 billion from stock funds over the past week, seeking safety in government bond funds, which have enjoyed the longest run of inflows in four years. (Reuters) It is the Fed's desire to see inflation move higher. The government's August producer price index saw a change of zero, with the core rate, excluding food and energy components, increased 0.3%. (Fox Business News) It is sneaking up on us again and could led to more market volatility; the Federal debt ceiling. Treasury Secretary Jack Lew says the government can stay funded by extraordinary measures through late October. (CNBC) General Electric agreed to sell GE Capital's transportation finance unit to BMO Financial for an undisclosed price. GE said the latest deal brings its total for 2015 sales to $85 billion as it sheds its financial businesses. (CNBC) Join us Saturday for Financial Focus Radio when we will tell you at least 5 things that should really concern you about your wealth efforts. The S&P 500 is down 4 and the NASDAQ is down 9. The MSCI International Index is down 0.79%. Oil is down $1.15 at $44.75 a barrel. Saudi Arabia has rejected a summit on prices which could lead to more supply as non-OPEC supply is likely to see its biggest drop in more than two decades in 2016. (Reuters) Mr. Market is off his Medication Stocks are volatile this morning, after they traded in about a 2% range yesterday starting way up and ending with a 1% loss as investors looked ahead to next week's Fed meeting. (CNBC) The Wests newest grocer, Haggen is filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The company has more than a dozen creditors, the largest of which is United Grocer, which is owed nearly $15 million. Haggen says it has been forced to dump hundreds of employees and shutter nearly a fifth of the stores it had purchased from Albertsons and Safeway in deal that expanded the company by 146 stores last December. (AP) Someone is not worried about China. Dell will invest $125 billion in China over the next five years, says chief executive Michael Dell, as the computer-maker continues to expand in the world's second-largest economy. (Reuters) All we can say is it is about time. The Justice Department has issued new policies to prioritize the prosecution of individual employees, not just their companies when it comes to financial crimes like insider trading and fixing of markets. (NY Times) Mondelez is boosting spending from 8% to 10% of total revenue on their tasty brands like Oreos, Cadbury, and Honey Maid. In response to the “healthy eating craze” the food giant is aiming for 50% percent of its snacks to be in the "well-being" category by 2020. (Yahoo Finance) Serena Beats Sister Venus At U.S. Open (Flushing, NY) -- Serena Williams is through to the semifinals at the U.S. Open after defeating sister Venus in three sets. Serena captured a 6-2, 1-6, 6-3 win over Venus at Arthur Ashe Stadium. Serena is two wins away from becoming the first calendar-year Grand Slam champion since Steffi Graf in 1988. Apple rocks the house today United Airlines has replaced its CEO, Jeff Smisek. The company is facing a federal investigation for allegedly providing the former NY/NJ Port Authority Chairman with special flights in exchange for favors. Smisek allegedly wanted millions of dollar in funding for several projects that were beneficial to United. In return, United allegedly created a special flight between Newark and an airport near the former Chairman’s home in South Carolina. (CNBC) Investor sentiment showed signs of improvement throughout the globe Wednesday, following an announcement from China’s finance ministry on Tuesday evening that the country would roll out a “more forceful” fiscal policy to boost its economy. Japanese stocks posted their biggest one-day gain since 2008, rising 7.7%! (WSJ) Global market volatility shows no sign of dampening companies' appetite for deal making, as 40bn in new transactions worldwide were announced yesterday in what’s on track to be a record year for mergers and acquisitions. The announcements put the total amount of transactions since January at over $3tn!!! (FT) Apple is due to unveil the latest versions of the iPhone today at an event in San Francisco, where it is also expected to introduce a bigger iPad and the opening of Apple TV to third party app developers. Upgrades to the iPhone are likely to include much-improved cameras, as well as Force Touch, which allows users to open features by pressing down harder on the screen and has been used in the Apple Watch. (Seeking Alpha) More Down News for China Summer is over in the Hamptons and traders are back at their desks. But, if you did not have enough to worry about Chinese economy dollar-denominated exports declined by 5.5% year-over-year, while imports slid 13.8%. (CNBC) Small business confidence rose in August, as the economy continues to grow at a steady clip in the third quarter. The National Federation of Independent Business Small Business Optimism Index gained half a point to 95.9 last month. The labor market gauge improved , small business owners were slightly more optimistic about sales, but did not believe it was a good time to expand. The survey pointed to benign inflation pressures in the near term. (Reuters) Fannie Mae released its home purchase sentiment index to the public for the first time ever today. The measure of home-buying confidence continued to decline in August from an all-time high in June. (CNBC) Technology continues to push the world economy forward. MasterCard starts testing a program today to allow cardholders to verify their online purchases with a selfie. The credit card giant is also testing fingerprint and voice recognition for verification. (USA Today) In the ying and yang of technology cost; Apple introduces the new iPhone tomorrow, with carriers phasing out subsidies, which may lead to sticker shock. (Re/code) Amazon plans to release a $50 tablet in time for the holiday season, with a 6-inch screen tablet and a mono speaker. (WSJ) Jobs Report of the Century It’s the payroll report of the century (just kidding, but you’d think so from all the hype in today’s financial media). Payrolls Friday is always among the biggest day of the month for traders, as job figures are scrutinized for their message about the state of the economy. This week, the figures do matter a bit more than usual as investors try to decipher whether the Fed will raise rates later this month. And the numbers are out this morning: U.S. employment growth slowed in August, but the unemployment rate fell more than expected. Nonfarm payrolls rose a seasonally adjusted 173,000, and the unemployment rate fell to 5.1%. Disney is launching Star Wars merchandise today to accompany the upcoming film, Star Wars, The Force Awakens, its new film in the saga. Analysts say the new line could generate $5bn in global sales, eclipsing the $3bn in sales generated by Disney's Cars series. Novartis is launching the first cut-price copy of an expensive biological drug in the U.S. today, opening the way for a new category of medicines (called biosimilars) that could shave billions off American healthcare costs. Copycat versions of these complex drugs have been on sale in Europe for over a decade, but they've been slow to arrive in the U.S. in part due to pharmaceutical lobbying. Wozniacki Latest Big Name To Fall At U.S. Open (Flushing, NY) -- Fourth-seeded Caroline Wozniacki is the latest big name to fall at the U.S. Open. The 2014 finalist was upended by Petra Cetkovska in three sets in second round play. Seven of the top 10 women's seeds have already been eliminated. Chinese Markets Closed US Stocks staged a rally yesterday after the Federal Reserve's Beige Book painted a more optimistic picture of the US economy soothing worries about the possible impact of the slowdown in China on the US economy. The Chinese stock market will be closed for the next 2 days for their annual military parade and commemoration of World War II's end, so for 2 trading sessions American stocks won't be exposed to the Chinese market which so many consider toxic. This could tell us whether this sell off has been a brief market gut check, or a longer-lasting correction. The Fed's Beige Book said several district banks reported increasing wage pressure caused by labor market tightening. There are also indications that the strong dollar and the drop in oil prices were depressing some economic activity which could argue for the Fed holding off raising interest rates at their September 16th-17th policy meeting. As Apple prepares to launch its newest iPhones next week the company's biggest challenge is how they top their own success. The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus reignited sales at the company and brought them record profits. Most analysts don't believe there will be any growth in iPhone sales next year and since the iPhone is 2/3 of Apples sales the company is going to have to find other ways to keep growing. The number of Americans seeking unemployment claims last week rose by 12,000 to 282,000 which is the highest level since June. Still new claims have had the longest run under 300k since 2000. Jobs and Productivity Climb The manufacturing sector slowed its growth in August to its weakest in over two years, while construction spending in July climbed to its highest level in more than seven years according to the Institute of Supply Management. (Reuters) Second quarter productivity grew at an annual rate of 3.3%, almost triple last month. The report showed a 1.4% annual drop in labor costs, compared to last month. (CNBC) The US private sector continues to grow. The ADP jobs report says the private sector added 190,000 jobs in August. Construction employment led the way. (Fox Business News) ConocoPhillips says it is cutting 1,810 jobs, or 10% of its workforce. The biggest job cuts will be in North America and they plan to eliminate more than 500 jobs in Houston, where it is based. ConocoPhillips has already cut 1,000 jobs this year and had 18,100 employees at the end of Q2. (AP) Home mortgage applications increased dramatically last week, as interest rates sank. Total volume jumped 11.3%, with refis up 17%. (CNBC) Intel has released a new line-up of chips focused on hybrid tablets, as the company looks to catch up in the mobile space with competitor Qualcomm. (CNBC) September Starts with a Sell-Off Markets look to start September the same way we ended August… on a down note as we look to retest the lows of last week. The S&P 500 and Nasdaq each lost more than 6% in August. The S&P and Nasdaq had their worst months in more than three years. (CNBC) Activity in China's factory sector shrank at its fastest rate in at least three years in August as domestic and export orders tumbled, increasing investor concern that the world's second-largest economy could be lurching towards a hard landing. (Reuters) Dollar Tree reported a second-quarter loss of $98 million, after reporting a profit in the same period a year earlier. The discount retailer posted revenue of $3.01 billion in the period. Dollar Tree shares had risen almost 9% since the beginning of the year. (AP) Chipotle Mexican Grill is being sued over claims that its food does not contain genetically modified organisms, or GMOs. Plaintiff Colleen Gallagher claims that Chipotle's offerings are not, in fact, GMO-free. The restaurant chain said it would contest the lawsuit. (Reuters)	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line136
__label__wiki	0.521712	0.521712	Category: Terrorism Some thoughts on Megrahi and Lockerbie There is currently a huge amount of over-heated rhetoric on the airwaves and in the blogosphere, in reaction to the Scottish court’s decision to release convicted Libyan mass-bomber Abdel-Basset al-Megrahi before the end of his sentence, on compassionate/health grounds. I think the court has done the right thing. This very sober analysis from the BBC makes quite clear that huge question-marks still hang over the issue of Megrahi’s actual criminal responsibility for the 1988 Lockerbie bombing. It concludes thus: Megrahi was charged as a member of the Libyan Intelligence Services – acting with others. If he was involved, the Libyan government, once a sponsor of worldwide terrorism, including support for the IRA, must have been involved too. But with Britain and America doing big business with Libya now, perhaps it is in no-one’s political interests to have the truth emerge. Megrahi is now dying, but he may have been a convenient scapegoat for a much bigger conspiracy. The warm welcome he got on his return to Tripoli indicates the high probability that he was indeed a Qadhafi-provided scapegoat. In which case, all the angst and venom that has been directed against him personally, including by some but not all of those bereaved by the bombing, has been largely misplaced. Of course, as always, it would be excellent to see even one-tenth as much US media attention paid to the sadness of such people as those Americans bereaved by the 1967 Liberty incident, or those Palestinians, Lebanese, and others bereaved by US-supplied Israeli weapons in more recent years. Or even more so, the families of those scores of thousands of Iraqis killed by the US and as a result of the US outrageous and illegal invasion of their country in 2003. The WaPo had a fascinating article Friday that described two Washington-area residents, both bereaved by the Lockerbie bombing, who had come to very different conclusions. One was Anastasios Vrenios, 68, a singing teacher in Northwest Washington: Vrenios, whose son Nicholas was a passenger on Flight 103, is unbothered by the release of Megrahi, who was convicted in 2001. Vrenios said the terrorist merits a special mercy because of his grave prognosis. And continued imprisonment does nothing to eradicate terrorism, he argues. “I am thinking as a decent human being,” Vrenios said. “Let the man go and die in his own country — he’s dying anyhow. I am not going to say: ‘How dare you? Let’s go blow his head off.’ It’s the ill that has to be cured, and that’s a far more serious matter. I am just so disillusioned by man and the kind of thing he can resort to in this world.” The other was Stephanie Bernstein, 58, a Bethesda rabbi, whose husband, Michael, a lawyer with the Justice Department’s Office of Special Investigations, was killed in the attack. (The OSI is a special unit of the Justice Department that for 30 years or so has been dedicated to hunting down Nazis around the world and bringing them before the courts.) According to the WaPo reporter, Rabbi Bernstein worries that flying Megrahi home to Libya so he can live out his final days with family violates both a biblical sense of justice and a promise made by the court system that convicted him. Bernstein has been tracking Megrahi’s case for weeks, trying to persuade the Obama administration to strong-arm the Scottish government to keep Megrahi imprisoned. “Releasing him sends the wrong message,” she said. “It will be seen by [Libyan president] Col. Moammar Gaddafi as a sign of weakness. If we don’t try to work towards a just world, what good is this release?” The very different reactions of these two people indicates very vividly that not “all” Americans– and not even “all” the families of those bereaved– are “incensed” by Megrahi’s release. Indeed, families who are bereaved through acts of terrorism go through very different processes as they struggle with finding the best way to think about their bereavement. One of the best books on this subject is this one by Susan Kerr Van De Ven, daughter of Malcolm Kerr, the president of AUB who was killed by a terrorist, suspected to be a Shiite– on his campus, in 1983. Van De Ven’s mother, Ann Kerr, is a dear friend of mine. The family has wrestled hard, for many years, with how to respond to Malcolm’s killing, and her daughter’s book is an excellent, intimate record of that. In the work I’ve done on (anti-)death penalty issues here in Virginia, one thing that has surfaced again and again has been a feeling by some of those who have been bereaved through acts of violence that in order to honor the memory of their departed loved one it is somehow “necessary” to seek the harshest possible vengeance against the killer– and that if you don’t do that, then somehow that dishonors the lost loved one or diminishes his/her memory. Of course, plenty of people in the legal system, the media– and even among pastors, rabbis, and other religious leaders– are eager to validate and amplify those kinds of arguments. Such arguments do, however, depart very radically from traditional Christian (and Buddhist) ideas of forgiveness. Also, how about the Old testament’s strong witness regarding “Vengeance is mine, said the Lord”–meaning, presumably, that vengeance should not be for mere mortals to dole out but should be left to the hereafter… And there are plenty of social activists and community leaders here in the US who urge a much less vengeful, calmer, and more constructive response to violently induced bereavement. Including, the people who work with the fine organization Murder Victims’ Families for Reconciliation. In sum: No, it doesn’t diminish the memory of someone killed in violence by one iota if their surviving family members deal with the tasks of grieving in a non-vengeful manner. Indeed, quite frequently, just the opposite. Author HelenaPosted on August 22, 2009 Categories Punishment theory, Terrorism27 Comments on Some thoughts on Megrahi and Lockerbie Another Scary Terror Report The new annual State Department Report on Terrorism is out. It’s primarily the same as last year’s report. You were expecting changes maybe? Here are the lead paragraphs from last year. . . AL-QA’IDA AND ASSOCIATED TRENDS: Al-Qa’ida (AQ) and associated networks remained the greatest terrorist threat to the United States and its partners in 2007. It has reconstituted some of its pre-9/11 operational capabilities through the exploitation of Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), replacement of captured or killed operational lieutenants, and the restoration of some central control by its top leadership, in particular Ayman al-Zawahiri. Although Usama bin Ladin remained the group’s ideological figurehead, Zawahiri has emerged as AQ’s strategic and operational planner. . . .and this year. AL-QA’IDA AND ASSOCIATED TRENDS: Al-Qa’ida (AQ) and associated networks continued to lose ground, both structurally and in the court of world public opinion, but remained the greatest terrorist threat to the United States and its partners in 2008. AQ has reconstituted some of its pre-9/11 operational capabilities through the exploitation of Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), the replacement of captured or killed operational lieutenants, and the restoration of some central control by its top leadership, in particular Ayman al-Zawahiri. Worldwide efforts to counter terrorist financing have resulted in AQ appealing for money in its last few messages. Same old stuff. Continue reading “Another Scary Terror Report” Author adminPosted on May 1, 2009 Categories Obama presidency, Terrorism11 Comments on Another Scary Terror Report The Devil Made Us Do It The Devil, like the Lord, works in mysterious ways. ARLINGTON, Wash. (AP) – A woman accused of taking more than $73,000 from the Arlington church where she was an administrative assistant blames the devil. Papers filed with a theft charge Wednesday in Snohomish County Superior Court say Collen R. Okeson told detectives she guessed “Satan had a big part in the theft.” When it comes to stealing money from the peoples’ till, the United States government has its own Satan. Currently for the US it’s al-Qaeda and the guy in the cave, Osama bin Laden. President Obama is waving the trusty 9/11 flag just as President Bush did. He mentioned al-Qaeda fifteen times in his recent Afghanistan speech, including: “So let me be clear: al-Qaeda and its allies – the terrorists who planned and supported the 9/11 attacks – are in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Multiple intelligence estimates have warned that al-Qaeda is actively planning attacks on the U.S. homeland from its safe-haven in Pakistan. And if the Afghan government falls to the Taliban – or allows al-Qaeda to go unchallenged – that country will again be a base for terrorists who want to kill as many of our people as they possibly can.” Continue reading “The Devil Made Us Do It” Author adminPosted on March 31, 2009 Categories Afghanistan (vintage), Terrorism, US foreign policy6 Comments on The Devil Made Us Do It “National Security Mom” – Gina Bennett For too long, Americans have been intimidated by TV “experts” who tell them why being “tough” is the only way to defeat terrorism. Gina M. Bennett begs to differ in a splendid little book, entitled National Security Mom: Why “Going Soft” Will Make America Strong. With Professor Richard Kohn’s forward, I agree that “this is a book every citizen should read, and every government official ponder….” If only. The deceptively simple premise of the book is that “everything I ever needed to know about securing our nation I learned as a child and practiced in parenting my own children.” The companion educational poster for the book is quite accessible even to elementary children. Yet this is not mere lipstick from a pit-bull “hockey mom.” To the contrary, Gina Bennett doubles as a multi-tasking mother of five children and a distinguished government analyst of terrorism. As far back as 1993, Bennett was presciently warning of a growing threat from Osama Bin Laden. More recently, she was the principal author of the 2006 National Intelligence Estimate “Trends in Global Terrorism: Implications for the U.S.” The boldness of that report is matched by the delightful wisdom found in this slender volume. I also am happy to note that Gina Bennett is a University of Virginia graduate, and we share the same mentor, in R.K. Ramazani, who helped instill in both of us a devotion to the principles of the University’s founder, Thomas Jefferson. Mr. Jefferson and the Professor will both be impressed. So too is Oprah. Gina was recently featured as a model “superwoman” on the Oprah Winfrey show, a much deserved accolade. Bennett writes first to fellow parents, offering hope, encouragement, and courage to believe that the key to national security is within them. She finds much national security wisdom in the guidance good parents give to their children, such as: “clean up your own mess,” (e.g. Iraq) “tell the truth,” (no, really!) “actions speak louder than words,” (think Abu Ghuyraib, Guantanmo, torture, renditions, etc.) “don’t give in to a bully,” (To defeat him, ignore him) “choose your friends wisely,” (you’ll be judged by their actions… “Think for yourself.”) “learn from your mistakes,” (e.g., surrendering our own values) “think before you speak.” (or don’t speak at all…. ) Bennett encourages us “to think about our nation’s security in very different terms from the way it is typically depicted,” by de-mystifying the issues in a jargon-free manner. Continue reading ““National Security Mom” – Gina Bennett” Author Scott HPosted on January 8, 2009 Categories Middle East, Terrorism, US foreign policy9 Comments on “National Security Mom” – Gina Bennett Goal of the Mumbai attacks: Sparking India-Pakistan war? The perpetrators of the recent wave of anti-civilian (i.e. terror) attacks in Mumbai were evidently well organized and well prepared for their mission. It was almost certainly planned as a series of suicide attacks. These indicators point to (but do not prove) the responsibility of Lashkar-i-Taiba, “Army of the pure”, a group that originated in Indian-occupied Kashmir but has also operated elsewhere throughout the subcontinent and in Afghanistan. The nature of their attacks evidently had a strong anti-western and anti-Jewish/Israeli cast to it, along with an even stronger readiness/willingness to kill Indian civilians. Those in the west who have centered on the deaths of westerners– who included two devoutly spiritual followers of a Hindu swami who live near my home-town Charlottesville, one of them a 13-year-old girl– should remember that westerners have made up fewer than ten percent of the deaths confirmed so far, with the rest being Indian citizens. Given the amount of planning, coordination, dedication to martyrdom, and resources that went into this mission, it must have had a political purpose broader than “simply” killing people (for revenge, or for “expressive” purposes, or whatever.) One possible purpose may have been precisely to try to spur a strong Indian military “counter-attack” against Pakistan that would also– because of the western casualties involved– receive the backing of the US and other western nations. India may oblige. In fact, its military, security, and political chiefs are meeting right now to decide how to respond to the attacks. On Friday, Indian Foreign Minister already accused unidentified “elements in Pakistan” of being behind the attacks. Islamabad seems to be bracing for the possibility of some harsh Indian response. Earlier, the Pakistani government had said it would send the head of the powerful (but Hydra-like) ISI intelligence, Lieut-Gen, Ahmed Shuja Pasha to New Delhi to help in the investigation. But now, as the cabinet holds an emergency session in Islamabad, it has also announced it will downgrade the level of that cooperation mission. I’m sure the Indian government feels itself under a lot of pressure to “do something” forceful and rapid to re-assert an appearance of control over the national situation, to reassure its citizens and its foreign partners, and to “avenge” those who died. Launching a military attack against Pakistan at this time would be the height of counter-productive folly. It would not solve, but rather would seriously exacerbate, the many problems India already has with its neighbor to the north. The governance system in Pakistan is already extremely shaky and stretched to near collapse. Does the Indian government want to push Pakistan– and with it much of the rest of the subcontinent– over the brink? Where is the Security Council? It was precisely to deal with and defuse these kinds of crisis that the UN was established. But apart from issuing a pablum-y type of statement yesterday, the SC has taken no action on the crisis. Nor has Sec-Gen Ban Ki-moon. Author HelenaPosted on November 29, 2008 Categories Pakistan, Terrorism, United Nations17 Comments on Goal of the Mumbai attacks: Sparking India-Pakistan war? Mr. Obama, tear down this war! Mr. Obama, tear down this war! You have promised change and the “Global War on Terror” (GWOT) is the worst legacy of the Bush administration. You should denounce it. Unfortunately, unlike other undeclared pseudo-wars like the Cold War, the war on poverty and the war on drugs, this “war” includes real violence on real people. Using the “GWOT” as justification, the worst crimes in US history have been committed. These include war against nations which never threatened the US, imprisonment and torture of not only foreigners in large numbers but also US citizens (e.g. Jose Padilla) and unconstitutional domestic surveillance. If these crimes are to stop then their justification must be removed. There ought to be no problem terminating the “GWOT.” A strategy based on military force has been thoroughly discredited, and it wasn’t even liked by the people who initiated it, but they continued to use it because it was useful against US citizens, to keep them frightened and unified in favor of the government which was busy committing aforesaid crimes. Continue reading “Mr. Obama, tear down this war!” Author adminPosted on November 19, 2008 Categories Obama presidency, Terrorism US Diplomats and Boumediene Case I too am encouraged by the US Supreme Court’s Boumediene v. Bush ruling that detainees held at Gunatanamo Bay are entitled to Habeas Corpus protection — the right to challenge their detention in a US Court. I also appreciate this LA Times analysis on the “internationalist” considerations that likely influenced the Boumediene majority. Yet I’ve also been perplexed by the fury of the dissents and the hyperbolic claim by presidential candidate John McCain that the ruling was “one of the worst decisions in the history of this country.” Three complaints stand out: First, dissenting Justice Scalia darkly warns that the ruling will “almost certainly” result in more American being killed. Second, because the US is deemed to be at”war” with those who don’t respect our values, we should not extend such rights to them. Cast as an inhuman “enemy,” they only understand the “language of force.” Third, the critics condemn the Court for subjecting our laws to the dictates of international opinions — to the norms recognized by the rest of the world. That’s “judicial cosmopolitanism;” it’s “too French.” Or worse, it’d be like Thomas Jefferson in the first sentence of the US Declaration of Independence waxing about “a decent respect to the opinions of mankind.” In researching case background (and hat tip to Helena for this resource) I came across a timeless and eloquent response to such concerns, in the form of a Friend of the Court filing, prepared last year by some of America’s best career diplomats. Endorsers include former US Ambassadors to Israel (and elsewhere) Sam Lewis, Thomas Pickering, and William (C) Harrop, as well as Bruce Laingen and the late William D. Rogers and our recently departed Charlottesville friend and mentor, David D. Newsom. (bless his memory) Among their sage observations: (emphasis added): If the mounting cost to American diplomatic interests is finally to be curbed, it is imperative, at minimum, to restore meaningful judicial review for prisoners at Guantanamo. Our nation cannot credibly champion the rule of law in the world, while being seen to disregard it in our own affairs…. [O]ur professional experience convinces us that American diplomatic credibility and effectiveness in many areas of international relations suffer greatly from the widely shared perception that, by denying prisoners at Guantanamo access to habeas corpus, our country has lost sight of its historic commitment to independent and effective judicial review of the lawfulness of detention….. We have come to believe, in our representation of this country to other nations, that those nations are more willing to accept American leadership and counsel to the extent that they see us as true to the principle of freedom under the law. Indeed, the matter has rarely been better put than by President Bush in signing the Torture Victims Protection Act on March 12, 1992: In this new era, in which countries throughout the world are turning to democratic institutions and the rule of law, we must maintain and strengthen our commitment to ensuring that they are respected everywhere…. (Perhaps this entire subject ought to be re-framed as, “Bush vs. Bush.”) The admiration and respect for this nation abroad is a function of our own commitment to liberty under law. In this, we have led the world. The success of our interests in the wider arena turns importantly on the extent to which this nation is perceived as continuing to abide by these principles. Any hint that America is not all that it claims, or that it is prepared to ignore a “nonnegotiable demand of human dignity,” that it can accept that the Executive Branch may imprison whom it will and do so beyond the reach of the due process of law, demeans and weakens this nation’s voice abroad. We have taken it as our duty to so state to this Court. There is no doubting America’s power at this juncture. But values count too. And, for this nation, there is no benefit in the exercise of our undoubted power unless it is deployed in the service of fundamental values: democracy, the rule of law, human rights, and due process. To the extent that we are perceived as compromising those values, to that extent will our efforts to promote our interests in the wider world be prejudiced. Such at least is our collective experience. George Kennan’s Long Telegram from the American Embassy in Moscow to the State Department in 1946 defined the authoritarian bestiality of the Soviet system and its aim to break “the international authority of our state.” It was perhaps the most important American diplomatic communication of the last century. In closing, Kennan spoke for us all and for all time: [T]he greatest danger that can befall us in coping with this problem of Soviet communism, is that we shall allow ourselves to become like those with whom we are coping. I recommend this document as an enduring resource for policymakers, educators, and citizens alike, challenging us to consider that we don’t have to toss aside our values to defend them, that our values are a component of our potential influence abroad, that defending our principles need not detract from our “power.” Author Scott HPosted on June 15, 2008 Categories Guantanamo, Human rights, Terrorism, US foreign policy5 Comments on US Diplomats and Boumediene Case Yet more evidence of GWOT failure In Chapter 2 of the Re-engage! book I present a chart (Fig.2.1) that displays the numbers of fatalities inflicted worldwide by terrorists, 1998-2006. Now, the State Department’s National Counter-Terrorism Center has just published its report on how the "Global War on Terror" went in 2007, and once again the picture is sobering. Their main page of statistics is here. Scroll down to see just how badly the GWOT has been going over the past three years. However, the figures for just those years don’t show the size of the contrast between the situation before the US invaded Iraq, and the situation after. Before 2003, the annual global fatalities from terror never exceeded 5,300. In 2003 they climbed just above 6,000; and every year since 2004 they have exceeded 12,000, showing a continuing increase each year. In 2007, the number reached 22,685. I have now updated the chart on global fatalities. You can download it as a Word document from here. This record provides additional, very tragic evidence to my argument that the way the Bush administration has responded to the challenge posed by the terrorists has not worked. I still strongly maintain that a more effective policy would be based on (1) solid, but always rights-respecting police work and cooperation among police agencies across borders; (2) a recognition that terrorist violence is a challenge faced by many of the world’s peoples, and not just Americans; and (3) pursuit of a holistic, ‘human security’ approach to building the security of all the world’s nations, interdependent as we all are. The use of massive military force to invade distant countries has not worked. We are surely smart enough to recognize that we need to try something different? (Cross-posted onto Re-engage blog. Please go comment over there. But if anyone can tell me how to export an Excel chart into a web-page that can then be posted directly into a blog, please enlighten me. Thanks!) Author HelenaPosted on May 2, 2008 Categories Terrorism Patrick Lang: “The Best Defense…” On 9/11, the Miller Center at the University of Virginia featured a talk by Colonel Patrick Lang – who returned here by reputation as a voice of reason, experience, “independence,” and wit regarding the Middle East. He did not disappoint. Miller Center lectures are a rather unique phenomena here. First, they are popular. For this one, I arrived five minutes “early” (e.g. very late) – to be escorted to the fourth and last overflow room. Not bad for forums that ordinarily are simulcast on the net. Yet Miller audiences are hardly filled with bright-eyed students; the Miller Center is off the main “grounds” (campus) and students rarely comprise more than a handful amid the throngs. Instead, these sessions draw from the extraordinary community of retired policy professionals who seem to be flocking here to Hoo’ville. Colonel Lang himself is “retired” from full-time government service, having served with distinction in the U.S. Army Special Forces (Green Beret) and then at the highest levels of U.S. Military Intelligence. His training includes a Masters Degree in Middle East studies from Utah, and he served in the mid-1970’s as the first Professor of Arabic at West Point. Today, he combines ongoing consulting and training projects with frequent media appearances, ranging from PBS to CBS to BBC. For more, see his bio and publications highlights, via this link on his blog. Colonel Lang “sticks out” in Washington for his informed willingness to take on what passes for “received wisdom” regarding the Middle East. His publications include the memorable “Drinking the Koolaid” in Middle East Policy. It’s still an important, sobering read. Quite far afield from Graham Allison’s realist “rational choice” decision-making model, Lang attributes the disastrous decision to invade Iraq to a loss of nerve among policy makers and analysts. Instead of honorably sticking to their convictions, even if it meant “falling on their swords,” career-preserving senior policy makers were more inclined to drink from a Jonestown-like vat of poisonous illusions. “Succumbing to the prevailing group-think” drawn up by the small core of neoconservative “vulcans,” Lang’s former intelligence colleagues “drank the koolaid” and said nothing, leaving them henceforth among the “walking dead” in Washington. Speaking here on 9/11, Lang’s comments were wide-ranging and stimulating; he didn’t stick narrowly to his talk title on Iran, Syria, and Hizbullah, but he had much to suggest related to all three. I offer a few highlights here: On Military Options against Iran: Here Lang summarized his now widely cited National Interest article from earlier this spring. (Issue #83 – no link available). Even though Lang and co-author Larry Johnson seem to accept standard worst-case assessments of Iran’s nuclear aspirations, their article makes a compelling case that there are no “realistic” military options to attack Iran, by land or air, conventional, or exotic. Air assaults, whether by Israel or the US, are a “mirage” – unlikely to succeed for long, while incurring the risks of severe retaliations by Iranian assets. To Lang, these dangers are obvious. Yet spelling them out serves the purpose of going on record so that neoconservatives in the future cannot claim – as they did with Iraq – that the disaster could not have been foreseen. This time, we’ve been warned. On the greatest source of conflict within Islam: If I understood him correctly, Lang was not as concerned about a battle between extremists and political pietists, deeming the “pietists” overwhelmingly still in the ascendant. Instead, Lang’s “bigest concern” for the Muslim world was over the “revolution” in the Shia-Sunni equation. The old order of “Sunnis rule and Shias survive” is now in question. Lang depicted Iran’s pursuit of a nuclear option as the latest extension of a long-forming Shia effort to resist domination from the Sunni realm. Yet Lang did emphasize that Muslims of all stripes come together in resentment towards Israel — as a direct affront to the well being of the faith. To accept the existence of Israel means having to admit that the Islamic world has been truncated, that part of the “realm of God” had been given back. Hizbullah thus has become widely popular among all Muslims, not just among Shia, for its demonstrated capacity to resist both Zionists and the modern day crusaders. Iran’s support for Hizbullah: Lang deems Iran’s support for Lebanon’s Hizbullah as “first and foremost” useful for Iran’s pursuit of respect and leadership within the Islamic world. Yet Iranian financial assistance for Lebanon has shrewdly earned friends among Arab Christians and Sunnis too. In this light, Iran’s low-key strategy has been quite successful; hardly a rat-hole, such “success” draws more support. On Why Hizbullah beat Israel: Continue reading “Patrick Lang: “The Best Defense…”” Author Scott HPosted on September 13, 2006 Categories Iran, Islam, Israel 2003-08, Lebanon, Strategic studies, Syria, Terrorism, US foreign policy13 Comments on Patrick Lang: “The Best Defense…” Good questions about Blair’s claimed terror plot Craig Murray is the former British ambassador to Uzbekistan who lost his job over his refusal to go along with Blair/Bush plan to hide Uzbekistan’s ghastly torture record. He writes in this post on his blog that, Unlike the great herd of so-called security experts doing the media analysis, I have the advantage of having had the very highest security clearances myself, having done a huge amount of professional intelligence analysis, and having been inside the spin machine. So this what Murray says there about the “terror plot” that was announced with such fanfare by Tony Blair (and indeed, also by George W. Bush) last week: None of the alleged terrorists had made a bomb. None had bought a plane ticket. Many did not even have passports, which given the efficiency of the UK Passport Agency would mean they couldn’t be a plane bomber for quite some time. In the absence of bombs and airline tickets, and in many cases passports, it could be pretty difficult to convince a jury beyond reasonable doubt that individuals intended to go through with suicide bombings, whatever rash stuff they may have bragged in internet chat rooms. What is more, many of those arrested had been under surveillance for over a year – like thousands of other British Muslims. And not just Muslims. Like me. Nothing from that surveillance had indicated the need for early arrests. Then an interrogation in Pakistan revealed the details of this amazing plot to blow up multiple planes – which, rather extraordinarily, had not turned up in a year of surveillance. Of course, the interrogators of the Pakistani dictator have their ways of making people sing like canaries. As I witnessed in Uzbekistan, you can get the most extraordinary information this way… We then have the extraordinary question of Bush and Blair discussing the possible arrests over the weekend. Why? I think the answer to that is plain. Both in desperate domestic political trouble, they longed for “Another 9/11”. The intelligence from Pakistan, however dodgy, gave them a new 9/11 they could sell to the media. The media has bought, wholesale, all the rubbish they have been shovelled. We then have the appalling political propaganda of John Reid, Home Secretary, making a speech warning us all of the dreadful evil threatening us and complaining that “Some people don’t get” the need to abandon all our traditional liberties. He then went on, according to his own propaganda machine, to stay up all night and minutely direct the arrests. There could be no clearer evidence that our Police are now just a political tool. Like all the best nasty regimes, the knock on the door came in the middle of the night, at 2.30am. Those arrested included a mother with a six week old baby. For those who don’t know, it is worth introducing Reid. A hardened Stalinist with a long term reputation for personal violence, at Stirling Univeristy he was the Communist Party’s “Enforcer”, (in days when the Communist Party ran Stirling University Students’ Union, which it should not be forgotten was a business with a very substantial cash turnover). Reid was sent to beat up those who deviated from the Party line. We will now never know if any of those arrested would have gone on to make a bomb or buy a plane ticket. Most of them do not fit the “Loner” profile you would expect – a tiny percentage of suicide bombers have happy marriages and young children. As they were all under surveillance, and certainly would have been on airport watch lists, there could have been little danger in letting them proceed closer to maturity – that is certainly what we would have done with the IRA. In all of this, the one thing of which I am certain is that the timing is deeply political. This is more propaganda than plot. Of the over one thousand British Muslims arrested under anti-terrorist legislation, only twelve per cent are ever charged with anything. That is simply harrassment of Muslims on an appalling scale. Of those charged, 80% are acquitted. Most of the very few – just over two per cent of arrests – who are convicted, are not convicted of anything to do terrorism, but of some minor offence the Police happened upon while trawling through the wreck of the lives they had shattered. Be sceptical. Be very, very sceptical. (Hat-tip to Jonathan Schwarz of A Tiny Revolution for the Murray link.) So yes, Murray has persuaded me to be very skeptical. When I was writing this JWN post last Saturday about the Blair government’s “revelations”, I did consider for a while whether to refer to the plot as an “alleged plot”, or not, and finally decided not to. I guess sometimes I’m just too naive. I would have found it hard to believe that the British police and other government agencies could be so politicized and so craven as to undertake this big, much-publicized “reveal and takedown” operation on the basis of such very, very shaky “information.” And as Murray notes, the timing of it all certainly did look extremely political. Actually, the idea that the British government agencies might have participated in an intensely politicized exercise in this way makes me even more scared than I was last week about the (alleged, and definitely still not proven) plot itself. Here’s what Murray wrote, very sensibly, on Aug. 10 itself: We wait for the court system to show whether this was a real attempted attack and, if so, it was genuinely operational rather than political to move against it today. But the police’ and security services’ record of lies does not inspire confidence. Right. Testing and openly establishing the facts of the matter is one of the key functions of a well-run court system. Wouldn’t it be great if the 500 men who’ve now languished in Gitmo for more than four years, and the other hundreds languishing in other US-run “black hole” prisons around the world, could also rely on a court hearing that would show us all– the public in whose name they have been captured and detained this long– whether there was any evidence against them, and if so, what? Author HelenaPosted on August 16, 2006 Categories Blair's Britain (vintage), Terrorism7 Comments on Good questions about Blair’s claimed terror plot	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line137
__label__wiki	0.515026	0.515026	For Japan’s Miyama, Hope Is the Choice for USSF President By HopeSolo.com Staff\| 2018-01-12T08:28:45+00:00 08 January 2018\|News, President\|0 Comments The captain of Japan’s women’s national team, Aya Miyama, has cast her vote for the president of U.S. Soccer, and she’s supporting one of her fiercest rivals. Miyama and Hope Solo faced off as adversaries during the Olympics and the World Cup, but over time, they developed incredible respect for one another. Eventually, they became club teammates, and a friendship was born. To Miyama, there’s not a shred of doubt concerning the type of leader Hope would be. Hope and I played as teammates on the same club team and also against each other as national team players. I witnessed firsthand her dedication and commitment to soccer. I’m confident that Hope’s love and passion for the sport will make her an invaluable asset to the association. SHOP SOLO. KNOW EVERYTHING HOPE. /HOPESOLO	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line139
__label__wiki	0.502112	0.502112	Pass FTA and amend Plan Colombia, from the Washington Times December 2nd, 2008 by Sebastian Chaskel The Washington Times published an op-ed yesterday that I co-authored with Shannon O’Neil. It originally appeared here and I am including the entire text below. O’NEIL/CHASKEL: Pass FTA and amend Plan Colombia Shannon O’Neil and Sebastian Chaskel Two years ago President Bush and Colombian President Alvaro Uribe negotiated a free trade agreement (FTA). Yet when Barack Obama steps into the White House in January, it will still await congressional ratification. Experts agree that both countries will benefit from the pact – Colombia by attracting investment and the United States by reducing tariffs on its Colombia-bound exports. As a senator and presidential candidate, Mr. Obama opposed the FTA for non-economic reasons, arguing along with House Speaker Nancy Pelosi that as long as Colombia maintains a dismal human-rights record Congress should not review the agreement. During the last campaign debate, Mr. Obama stated that Colombian “labor leaders have been targeted for assassination on a fairly consistent basis, and there have not been prosecutions.” While true, withholding the FTA will not solve this situation. Instead, the United States can improve Colombia’s human-rights situation by bolstering economic opportunities through the FTA and more importantly by strengthening Colombia’s courts through Plan Colombia, the multi-billion dollar aid program to fight drug production and insecurity in Colombia. Colombia has made great strides in the last decade, reducing the violence tied to the drug trade from a threat to the state itself to a serious law enforcement problem. Yet even though Colombians are now safer, political killings continue. In 2007 at least 39 trade unionists were murdered. This year 41 have died, comprising about half of the assassinated union leaders worldwide. Perhaps more important is that impunity remains rampant. Of the nearly 500 union murders during Mr. Uribe’s presidency, only 14 perpetrators have been brought to justice. The latest news, that members of the armed forces kidnapped poor civilians and presented them as combat deaths, is one more gruesome reminder of the lack of accountability and widespread impunity enjoyed by human rights violators. President Uribe reacted to this most recent scandal by purging the military. But he tellingly said that human-rights scandals “make us look bad,” as if the problem were simply one of perception. He also called a representative of Human Rights Watch, an organization that helped uncover the violations, an “accomplice of the FARC,” Colombia’s largest guerrilla group. These actions suggest that the Colombian government is more concerned with wooing American congressional representatives than with stopping human-rights violations. Yet the lack of presidential will is not the only problem. Just as detrimental is the weak capacity of Colombia’s judiciary, the branch responsible for investigating human-rights violations and prosecuting its perpetrators. Since 2006 the Colombian attorney general has valiantly tried to prioritize the top 200 union-leader cases, out of the backlog of some 2,600 assaults. But his two-plus years of work garnered only five convictions. This lack of progress shows that without strengthening Colombia’s court system, human rights will continue to suffer. Withholding the FTA will not improve the courts’ capacity, but redirecting U.S. aid to Colombia could. As it stands, the United States gives Colombia $600 million a year to fight the drug trade. Starting in 1999, when the government was nearly toppled by drug dealers, this aid provided armament and military training, and was a key element in Colombia’s success against the drug lords. Recognizing the new, safer situation, in 2007 the Democratic Congress decreased Plan Colombia’s military component somewhat. But the aid package remains lopsided, funding predominantly military programs while largely excluding support for the country’s democratic institutions. Nine years into Plan Colombia the country’s new Achilles heel is its civil governance, particularly its judicial branch. Using Plan Colombia to support the work of the country’s attorney general, inspector general, and ombudsman, and tying that aid to benchmark reductions in impunity, could, unlike withholding the FTA, improve human rights. Combined with a revamped Plan Colombia, the FTA can then promote both human rights and the overall quality of life in Colombia. One of the loudest proponents for the FTA is Asocolflores, Colombia’s flower exporters association. Dependent on the U.S. market, its companies employ 200,000 Colombians. This and other export industries create jobs and opportunities that provide poor Colombians alternatives to growing coca, the plant used to make cocaine. Real change will not come from bulletproof armor, helicopters, and tanks, but will depend on Colombia’s institutional capabilities and the economic opportunities it can offer its citizens. The United States should focus Plan Colombia on improving justice and human rights, and pass the FTA to improve economic opportunities for both countries’ citizens. President-elect Obama’s campaign promised change; our regional partners could use some, too. In Colombia Alvaro Uribe Barack Obama Free Trade Human Rights United States − 1 = eight	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line144
__label__wiki	0.835531	0.835531	The Invergordon mutiny, 1931 - Sam Lowry A short account of a strike by a thousand sailors of the Royal Navy that occurred in northern Scotland in 1931 against proposed wage cuts, which won significant concessions and provoked vicious government reprisals. Britain of 1931 was in the first throws of the Great Depression. Economic stagnation had led to mass unemployment with the number of people out of work having more than doubled to 2.5 million during the previous year alone, homelessness was rife, and those who still had work were faced with enormous pay cuts. The heavy burden of retaining the prestige of British capitalism was placed upon the back of the working class, and millions of people were facing head-on the blunt misery the Depression was to throw upon them for years to come. The government, wishing to create savings in public spending, put forward of series of pay cuts to be enforced in the public sector, including cuts to the Armed Forces. On the advice of a government committee appointed to identify areas in which public spending could be cut, new pay rates were put forward for the Royal Navy. Officers, NCOs and those who had joined after 1925 were to receive a cut of 10% and ratings below the rank of petty officer who had joined before 1925 would have their pay reduced to a new rate, in most cases this amounted to a 25% cut in pay. Recruitment to the navy was particularly high in large industrial centres which were experiencing massive unemployment, and, faced with the hardships of the time, these cuts essentially condemned many sailors and their families to poverty. Rumours of the pay cuts had been circulating around sailors of the Atlantic Fleet by early September, while the fleet was on maneuvers in the North Sea. These rumours were soon confirmed when the group of ten warships docked on the 11th on the Cromarty Firth in northern Scotland. Taking leave in the nearby town of Invergordon, the sailors became fully aware of the extent of the cuts from newspaper reports, and later from confirmation from the Admiralty. Recognising the disastrous effects that these cuts would have upon themselves and their families, especially for those facing a 25% loss of pay, the sailors became convinced that positive action was needed. Agitation amongst the crews began almost immediately and on the evening of the 12th a group of sailors held a meeting on a football field in Invergordon and voted in favour of a strike. Singing the Red Flag, the men left to spread the news among the others and to make preparations for the action. Several meetings were held in a canteen in Invergordon on the 13th with hundreds of sailors in attendence, many climbing on tables to make impromptu speeches in favour of the strike. Upon hearing of the meetings, fleet commanders dispatched patrols of marines to break up the meetings and shut the canteen down early, which they did, although more speeches were made on the pier and on the decks of ships as sailors returned, many ignoring orders to disperse. Four more warships docked on the 14th and meetings were conducted throughout the day, with crews from the newly arrived ships taking part. Marines were dispatched again in the evening after reports of "disorderliness" on shore reached Rear Admiral Wilfrid Tomkinson, temporary commander of the fleet at the time. The strike was to take place on the 15th, a day designated for practice maneuvers. When ordered to put to sea that morning the commanding officers of four of the ships were met with flat refusal from their crews. The crews of HMS Hood, the fleet's flagship, and HMS Nelson carried out harbour duties but refused to put to sea, and the crews of HMS Valiant and HMS Rodney carried out essential duties only and simply ignored other orders. Sailors gathered on their ship's decks, cheering and using semaphore signals to indicate to each other that the strike was in effect. Only four ships had put to sea, and three had to return to dock after several hours for lack of crew members who were willing to obey orders. Sailors conducted further meetings on decks with regular intervals of singing, a piano being dragged on deck from an officer's quarters on one ship as an accompaniment. The strikers were joined by many Royal Marines, essentially the police force of the Navy who were usually expected to break up disturbances such as this, and some Petty Officers. Over a thousand men had taken part in the strike, and it was successful in forcing the fleet commanders to abandon plans for the maneuvers. Tomkinson telegraphed the Admiralty in the afternoon explaining the situation and insisted that any restoration of order would be impossible without immediate concessions to the strikers. An Admiral Colvin was dispatched by Tomkinson on the morning of the 15th, with the job of taking the sailor's grievances to the Admiralty. Not expecting a reply for several days and wishing to halt the spread of the mutiny, Tomkinson ordered concessions to the strikers. These included extending marriage allowances to sailors under the age of 25, and that those on lower rates of pay could remain on the old rate, effectively cancelling the 25% pay cut in favour of a universal 10% cut. These allowances were accepted by the government and the Admiralty, and although not completely cancelling out the pay cuts, were largely accepted by the strikers. They had won a small victory. Ships were ordered to put to sea and return to their home ports on the evening of the 15th, which they did more or less without incident. A highly embarrassing incident for the Admiralty and the government, and fearing repeats of the mutiny from other sections of the armed forces, attempts were made to suppress any record or public knowledge of the strike at Invergordon. The government refused to hold an inquiry, public court martials for strikers were forbidden and the Atlantic Fleet was renamed the Home Fleet. Strikers were punished out of the public eye however, many were jailed, and many more punished in barracks and then dispersed throughout the Navy. The backlash of the strike was not just confined to the forces. The offices of the Daily Worker, the Communist Party newspaper which had lent its full support to the strikers, and indeed one of the few newspapers to report on the strike, were raided. Its printer, business manager and a member of its editorial board were arrested under the Incitement to Mutiny Act. News of the strike did, however, reach some sections of the population, and it preceeded and most probably acted as an inspiration to a massive demonstration in London against public sector cuts, as well as marches and riots of 50,000 and 30,000 members of the Unemployed Workers Movement in Glasgow and Manchester respectively. While not completely halting the tide of pay cuts that was to affect the Navy, the daring and well organised actions of the strikers, not to mention the massive show of solidarity and comradeship shown between them, certainly lessened the impact of the cuts and should be remembered as a proud chapter in the long history of mutiny and rebellion in the Royal Navy. 1931 The Invergordon mutiny.pdf 154.56 KB Mar 9 2007 00:34 military and law enforcement Sam Lowry mutinies 1931 The Invergordon mutiny.pdf (154.56 KB) Dare to be a Daniel! - Wilf McCartney Wilf McCartney (1877-1949) was a catering worker from the age of ten. Here he gives a vivid description of the conditions in the kitchens of London's West End restaurants (some of which... Class Rules Everything Around Me / WOT, NO DEMANDS? DSG briefly outline the break from the 'We Are All in This Together" rhetoric in regards to the economic crisis and how new forms of class struggle may start to emerge. The journalist from mars - Noam Chomsky The Voice of the People newspaper Anarchism, anthropology and Andalucia: An analysis of the CNT and the ‘new capitalism’ Garcia, Miguel's story The Skylab 4 mutiny, 1973 Working for the class: The praxis of the Wollongong Out of Workers’ Union	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line152
__label__wiki	0.835466	0.835466	LOUIS BELL & another, executors, vs. MARY NESMITH & others. SAME vs. TREASURER AND RECEIVER GENERAL & others. January 23, 1914 - March 2, 1914 Present: RUGG, C. J., LORING, SHELDON, DE COURCY, & CROSBY, JJ. Devise and Legacy. A testator by his will directed that upon the death of the survivor of his wife and children, the trustee under his will should convey and deliver certain real estate and a fund of $60,000 to the State of New Hampshire, to hold the property and apply the income of the fund for the support, maintenance and education of the indigent blind of that State. By a codicil he directed that the trustees should not convey the property or deliver the fund "until said State shall have by proper legislation accepted the said real estate and said reserved sum, for the use mentioned in my said will and upon the conditions following." The conditions named were that the State never should sell or dispose of the real estate and should not lease any part of it for a longer term than five years, that the State should keep the buildings on the real estate in good repair and in case of their destruction should rebuild them, and that on receiving the fund of $60,000 the State should pay and make good as the income thereof the amount of six per cent per annum thereon, and, after defraying necessary expenses, should apply the net income of the fund and the rents from the real estate to the aid, support and education of the indigent blind of the State of New Hampshire. In the year following the death of the testator, the Legislature of the State of New Hampshire by a joint resolution accepted the gift "for the uses and upon the conditions named in said will." Forty-three years later, while some of the children of the testator still were living, the Legislature of the State of New Hampshire by another joint resolution reaffirmed its acceptance of the gift "for the uses and upon the conditions named in said will." Held, that it was a condition precedent to the vesting of the gift that the State of New Hampshire by proper legislation should accept the devise and bequest for the uses stated in the will and upon the conditions prescribed in the codicil, that the State of New Hampshire had complied with this condition precedent and accordingly had acquired a vested remainder in the property; and that it was not necessary to consider whether the provisions of the codicil also constituted conditions subsequent, a breach of which in the future might make defeasible the title of that State. BILL IN EQUITY , filed in the Probate Court for the county of Middlesex on April 25, 1913, by the executors of the will of Eliza J. Bouton, late of Cambridge, who died on May 20, 1911, and who was one of the children of John Nesmith, late of Lowell, who died on October 15, 1869, joining as defendants the Treasurer and Receiver General of the Commonwealth, the State of New Hampshire and the trustees under the will of John Nesmith, and praying for instructions as to the meaning and effect of the will and codicil of John Nesmith by which certain property was given or attempted to be given to the State of New Hampshire, and as to whether it was the duty of the plaintiffs to pay an inheritance tax on the transfer by the will of Eliza J. Bouton of her alleged vested interest in such property. In the Probate Court the case was heard by McIntire, J., who found that the gift to the State of New Hampshire was good and valid, that the State of New Hampshire had complied with the terms of the will and codicil of John Nesmith, and that Eliza J. Bouton had in the property in question only an equitable life interest which terminated with her death, so that no inheritance tax was due to the Commonwealth. The residuary devisees and legatees under the will of Eliza J. Bouton and the Treasurer and Receiver General appealed. The second case was also a bill for instructions brought in the Probate Court by the same plaintiffs against the Treasurer and Receiver General and others. In this case a similar decree was made; and the Treasurer and Receiver General appealed. The two cases were consolidated by an interlocutory decree and came on to be heard before Braley, J., who at the request of the parties reserved them for determination by the full court. G. W. Mathews, for the executors of the will of Eliza J. Bouton, stated the case. H. R. Bailey, for the residuary devisees and legatees under the will of Eliza J. Bouton. L. R. Eyges, Assistant Attorney General, for the Treasurer and Receiver General. J. S. Matthews (of New Hampshire), for the State of New Hampshire. SHELDON, J. John Nesmith, hereinafter called the testator, bequeathed and devised the sum of $60,000 and certain real estate in Lowell to trustees, in trust, after the decease of his wife and children, "to pay over, deliver and assure the said estate and property . . to the State of New Hampshire in fee, to hold the same and apply the income thereof for the aid, support, maintenance and education of the indigent blind of said State, forever." By a codicil to his will he directed that his trustees should not "deliver, make over or convey to the State of New Hampshire" either the real estate or the fund of $60,000, "until said State shall have by proper legislation accepted the said real estate and said reserved sum, for the use mentioned in my said will and upon the conditions following, viz., "First. That said State shall forever hold said real estate . . . and shall neither sell nor dispose of the same nor any part thereof, nor shall lease the same nor any part thereof for a longer term than five years at one time, nor shall in any way directly or indirectly make or permit any agreement or arrangement whereby said State shall part with the full control thereof without any restriction, except so far as the same may be abridged by such a tenancy for a term no greater than five years. "Second. That the buildings on said lot . . . shall be by said State kept at all times in good repair, and rebuilt in case of their destruction, or requiring rebuilding. "Third. That said State shall become bound, on receiving said reserved sum of sixty thousand dollars, . . . to pay and make good as the income thereof the amount of six per centum per annum thereon, which said income, together with the rents of said real estate, after defraying all necessary expenses thereon including insurance if made, shall be set aside and constitute a fund to be known as the 'Nesmith Fund,' which fund shall be annually applied, forever, to the aid, support and education of the indigent blind, of the State of New Hampshire." He then made this provision: "And upon the due enactment by said State of a law or laws of the foregoing tenor and effect, and after the decease of my last surviving child, my trustees are authorized and directed to deliver, make over and assure to said State, said real estate and said reserved sum, as, and for the purpose provided in my said will." The State of New Hampshire has undertaken to accept this bequest and devise. In 1870 a joint resolution was passed by both branches of its Legislature and approved by its Governor, which read as follows: "Whereas, the Hon. John Nesmith, late of Lowell, in the County of Middlesex, and Commonwealth of Massachusetts, by his will approved on the ninth day of November, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, directed the trustees therein named to retain in their hands sixty thousand dollars of his estate, and also certain real estate therein described, and by his will aforesaid directed the said trustees, upon the decease of the survivor of his children, to pay over, deliver and assure the said estate and property to the State of New Hampshire, to hold the same in fee, and apply the income thereof for the aid, support, maintenance and education of the indigent blind of said State; now therefore, "Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Court convened: "That the State gratefully accepts the noble gift of the said Hon. John Nesmith to his native State, for the uses and upon the conditions named in said will, and that the said Hon. John Nesmith is entitled to be ranked among the most munificent benefactors of the unfortunate class of persons for whose benefit the donation is made. "Resolved, that a copy of the said will of the said Hon. John Nesmith be filed in the office of the Secretary of State, and that his excellency the Governor be authorized and requested to furnish John A. Buttrick, James K. Fellows and Charles P. Talbot, the trustees and executors named in said will, and each of them, with a copy of these resolutions, and also to take such further measures as he may think expedient to secure to the State the benefits of this donation." In 1913, another joint resolution was so passed and approved, which read as follows: "Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Court convened: "That whereas, the Hon. John Nesmith, late of Lowell, in the County of Middlesex and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, by his will approved on the ninth day of November, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, directed the trustees therein named to retain in their hands sixty thousand dollars of his estate, and also certain real estate therein described, and by his will aforesaid directed the said trustees, upon the decease of the survivor of his children, to pay over, deliver and assure the said estate and property to the State of New Hampshire, to hold the same in fee, and apply the income thereof for the aid, support, maintenance and education of the indigent blind of said State; "Whereas, certain litigation has been instituted in the courts of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the object of which is to invalidate said bequest to this State and to divert the fund to the heirs of said Nesmith; "Whereas, the Legislature of this State by chapter 52 of the Session Laws of 1870 accepted this noble gift upon the conditions named in said will, and authorized and requested the then Governor to take such further measures as he might think expedient to secure to the State the benefits of this donation; now, therefore, "That the State of New Hampshire reaffirm its grateful acceptance of this noble gift for the uses and upon the conditions named in said will; "That we pledge the faith and credit of the State to fulfilling the conditions named; "That His Excellency the Governor be authorized and directed to take all necessary measures to protect, conserve and enforce the rights of the State in said gift." It is plain that the testator did not intend that the property should vest in the State of New Hampshire until that State by proper legislation should have accepted the same. This was a condition precedent to the right of the devisee coming into existence. Unless it has been complied with, no title has passed to the State of New Hampshire. Bullard v. Shirley, 153 Mass. 559. Pope v. Hinckley, 209 Mass. 323, 328. Chamberlayne v. Brockett, L. R. 8 Ch. 206, 211. The condition precedent was that the State of New Hampshire should by proper legislation accept the devise and bequest for the use mentioned in the will; but that was not all. The acceptance must be made also upon the conditions further stated in the codicil, as to the perpetual holding of the real estate and the keeping of the buildings thereon in good repair and the rebuilding of them by the State if necessary, and as to the obligation of the State to guarantee a fixed rate of interest upon the money bequeathed, and to use it for the purpose specified. It is true that but for the express language of the codicil these latter provisions could have been nothing more than conditions subsequent, the violation of which might have caused a forfeiture of the title of the State, but which would not have prevented the title from passing to the State in the first instance, and so would not justify a refusal to pay over and transfer the fund and the real estate to the State. Quincy v. Attorney General, 160 Mass. 431. Finlay v. King, 3 Pet. 346, 374. Sherman v. American Congregational Association, 113 Fed. Rep. 609. It is true also that the question whether any particular provision is to be taken to create a condition precedent or merely a condition subsequent is to be determined upon a consideration of the whole instrument, and that the intention to create a condition precedent which would prevent the vesting of title is not lightly to be inferred, but must clearly appear to have been in the mind of the testator. Quincy v. Attorney General, 160 Mass. 431. Jones v. Habersham, 107 U. S. 374. Warner v. Bronson, 81 Vt. 121. Pearcy v. Greenwell, 80 Ky. 616. But there is no room here for the application of that doctrine. After stating the kind of acceptance which he chose to make the condition of his bounty's taking effect, and providing that it must be not only for the use mentioned in his will, but also upon the conditions further specified he expressly provided that it was after the enactment of such legislation that the transfer and payment were to be made by his trustees to the State. This fixed it beyond a peradventure that the right of the State was not to accrue until it should by appropriate legislation have made the acceptance which was required. So far we are in accord with the contention made by the Attorney General and by the other parties interested in the estate of Mr. Nesmith. The next question is whether the State of New Hampshire has complied with this condition precedent. It first passed the joint resolution of 1870 which has been set forth. This was appropriate legislation. By it the State in terms accepted the gift "for the uses and upon the conditions named in said will" (which of course included the codicil). By the joint resolution of 1913, it reaffirmed that acceptance for the same uses and upon the same conditions, and pledged the faith and credit of the State for their fulfilment. On its face that was enough. The fact that the limitation to the State cannot take effect until the making of the particular acceptance required does not make the limitation itself too remote. Doubtless an estate limited infuturo to a charity, like any other estate which is to arise only upon the happening of some future event, must become vested, at least in interest, within the time prescribed by the rule against perpetuities. Merrill v. American Baptist Missionary Union, 73 N. H. 414. Smith v. Townsend, 32 Penn. St. 434. But here the acceptance by " proper legislation" must be made within a reasonable time, and of course must be made, if at all, within the period fixed by that rule. Properly construed, the language of the testator requires an acceptance within that time, and so the limitation is a valid one. Whether for other reasons the acceptance must be made before the expiration of the precedent life estates need not now be determined, for even the legislation of 1913 was within that limit, since some of the children of Mr. Nesmith are now living. But it is contended that this acceptance was not sufficient, because it did not legally bind the State to the future observance of the conditions. It is argued that the condition in perpetual restraint of alienation is unlawful and impossible of enforcement; that the condition for the perpetual payment of interest on the money bequeathed at the rate of six per cent per year cannot be performed, unless any deficiency in the amount realized from time to time shall be made up by taxation, and that the State cannot bind itself by an agreement that it always will levy such taxation. And it is contended that since the trustees are not to make the transfer and payment to the State until it shall have "become bound" to pay and make good the annual income at that rate, and since, as it is contended, the State cannot become so bound that the obligation always shall be enforceable against it, therefore the right of the State not only has not become, but never can become, an existing and vested right. Universalist Society in Sweden v. Kimball, 34 Maine, 424. Den v. Hance, 6 Halst. 244, 257. Reuff v. Coleman, 30 W. Va. 171. McDonogh v. Murdoch, 15 How. 367, 410, et seq. Chamberlayne v. Brockett, L. R. 8 Ch. 206, 211. But the answer to this is that the testator did not require that the State should become bound to the strict fulfilment of these conditions by an obligation enforceable in any court. He required only the binding force of proper legislation. And he stated exactly what he meant by that term, to wit, "the due enactment by said State of a law or laws of the foregoing tenor and effect." This was the manner in which he required that the State should become bound, and this was all that he required. He did not concern himself, as to this, with the question whether such laws could be repealed or whether the enforcement could be compelled by the courts. This was the kind of legislation that he desired. It follows that the State of New Hampshire has complied with the condition precedent created by the will of Mr. Nesmith, and has a vested right to his bounty. We are not now concerned with the question whether these provisions constitute conditions subsequent, so that any failure to observe them in the future might destroy the title of the State. It is not to be presumed that there will be any such failure. Drury v. Natick, 10 Allen 169, 183. Nor need we consider what complications hereafter may arise if, with or without the consent of a court of competent jurisdiction, the State should undertake to sell the real estate devised to it, or should fail to keep in good repair the buildings standing thereon, or to replace them in the event of their destruction. It was a condition precedent that the State should accept the gift upon these conditions; and it has done so, and has pledged its faith and credit for their observance. It was not made and could not have been made a condition precedent to the vesting of its right that after such vesting it still should observe them. Although we are not aware that this precise question has arisen before, our conclusion is in accord with the language and the manifest intent of the testator. It harmonizes with the reasoning upon similar questions of such decisions as have been called to our attention. Fellows v. Miner, 119 Mass. 541. Drury v. Natick, 10 Allen 169. Quincy v. Attorney General, 160 Mass. 431. Sheldon v. Stockbridge, 67 Vt. 299. Levy v. Levy, 40 Barb. 585. Santa Clara Female Academy v. Sullivan, 116 Ill. 375. White v. Keller, 68 Fed. Rep. 796. Roche v. M'Dermott, [1901] l Ir. R. 394. The result is that the remainder in the subject matter of this gift is vested in the State of New Hampshire, and that Mrs. Bouton had only an equitable life estate therein, which terminated at her decease, and the plaintiffs are not liable in respect thereof to pay any legacy or succession tax to the Commonwealth. Decree accordingly.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line153
__label__wiki	0.912126	0.912126	SALIM SIMON, administrator, vs. BERKSHIRE STREET RAILWAY COMPANY. Court Below: Superior Court, Berkshire County Present: FIELD, DONAHUE, LUMMUS, & QUA, JJ. Evidence, Relevancy and materiality. Practice, Civil, Exceptions: whether error harmful. In an action for negligence of a bus driver in running down a child, the record before this court disclosed no error in excluding evidence that to the driver's knowledge many children commonly played at or near the place of the accident; that the district just beyond the place of accident was thickly settled; of the customary speed of the defendant's buses; and that the driver was operating under a license as to which there existed ground for revocation. No prejudicial error appeared in excluding evidence that a witness before the trial had admitted doing a certain act, offered to contradict his testimony that he could not say whether he had done it or not. TORT. Writ in the Superior Court dated December 9, 1932. The action was tried before T. J. Hammond, J. There was a verdict for the defendant. The plaintiff alleged exceptions. J. N. Alberti, for the plaintiff. W. J. Donovan, for the defendant. LUMMUS, J. The plaintiff brought this action to recover for the alleged conscious suffering and death of his intestate, a small girl whose age is not shown, who was struck by a motor bus operated by the defendant's servant. The injury happened on Saturday evening, January 2, 1932, at about half past eight o'clock, on State Street in North Adams. Witnesses for the plaintiff testified that the child looked both ways before starting to cross the street from east to west; that the street was then clear of vehicles, but covered with snow; that when the child was well out towards the middle of the street the defendant's bus came into view, travelling northerly at a high rate of speed, and ran the child down. For the defendant, witnesses testified that as the bus was approaching, the child ran into the street, but when the horn was sounded and the brakes were applied the child returned in safety to the easterly sidewalk. Then, as the bus proceeded at a speed of less than twenty miles an hour, the child ran into the street again, and was followed by another child, a short distance in front of the bus. The operator turned sharply to the left in an attempt to escape collision, but the right side of the bus struck the child, near the middle of the street. Upon this conflicting evidence, the jury, in answer to questions submitted to them, found that the operator was neither guilty of wanton and wilful misconduct nor negligent. A verdict was rendered for the defendant on each count. The exceptions of the plaintiff relate to questions of evidence. (a) The plaintiff excepted to the exclusion of evidence that many children were accustomed, to the knowledge of the operator, to play at or near the place of the collision. The evidence was properly excluded. On the evening in question there were but two children on the street, and those were in plain sight. The condition that prevailed at other times was immaterial. (b) The plaintiff excepted to the exclusion of evidence tending to show that a short distance northerly of the place of the collision there was a thickly settled district. G.L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 90, §§ 1, 17. The bus had not reached that district. The operator was bound to consider, in regulating his speed, the character of the district which he was traversing, but not that of a district which lay ahead. (c) The plaintiff excepted to the exclusion of evidence of the speed at which the buses of the defendant were accustomed to travel. [Note p455] Evidence of the speed at the time in question was admitted. The speed at other times was immaterial. Robinson v. Fitchburg & Worcester Railroad, 7 Gray 92, 95, 96. Polmatier v. Newbury, 231 Mass. 307. Gibson v. McGuiness, 288 Mass. 153. Moreover, the plaintiff did not offer to prove any particular speed as customary, and so was not harmed by the exclusion. Spilios v. Papps, 288 Mass. 23, 28. Coral Gables, Inc. v. Beerman, 296 Mass. 267, 269. (d) The operator of the bus testified on cross-examination that when he turned to the left to avoid the child he could not say whether he "stepped on the gas," thus accelerating the speed, or not. The plaintiff excepted to the exclusion of evidence of an inspector of motor vehicles that the operator had told him that he, the operator, had "stepped on the gas." Even if the difference between not knowing whether he "stepped on the gas" or not, and acknowledging that he did so, is sufficient to make evidence of the latter admissible as a contradiction, the difference is hardly enough to be substantial in a jury trial or to affect the verdict or to require us to sustain an exception to the exclusion. G.L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 231, § 132. Stowe v. Mason, 289 Mass. 577, 582. Kelley v. Boston, 296 Mass. 463, 466-467. The last exception relied on is to the exclusion of evidence that the operator, when he obtained a license in 1931 from the department of public utilities allowing him to operate a bus (G.L. [Ter. Ed.] c. 159A, § 9), stated that his license or right to operate had never been suspended or revoked, whereas in fact his license or right to operate was suspended or revoked in 1921. It is true that operating without a license has been held evidence of negligence. Kenyon v. Hathaway, 274 Mass. 47. But here the operator had a license, which had never been revoked. Under it he was operating lawfully, even though ground for revocation existed. The evidence was properly excluded. Exceptions overruled. [Note p455] The question which was excluded was the following: "Have you observed, during the time you have lived at 343 State Street, the speed at which the buses of the Berkshire Street Railway customarily travel?" -- REPORTER.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line154
__label__wiki	0.773872	0.773872	Watertown Country Club PGA Tour Fantasy Golf, Week 10, 2019. Audrey Pagel has provided this picture from 1936 which shows the caddies at Watertown Country Club. The identities of the caddies are as follows, from Left to Right: Fredrick Wesley "Fred" Pagel (1922 - 1997); Richard "Dick" Hefty (1924 - 1945, in a car accident west of Ixonia); William F. "Bill" Kraemer (1919 - 2011); Ralph Oscar "Butch" Ertl (1921 - 2006); Wilbert Frank Grover "Whip" Seefeldt (1923 - 1997); George W. Prahl (1923 - 2016). The 1969 Watertown Country Club Membership List as a PDF document. Come golf at Watertown Country Club. Sometimes our golf holes are very scoring friendly! These two pictures show one of the six holes that were temporarily modified for a special member golf appreciation event held on Saturday, September 13th, 2014, at the Watertown Country Club. The approximate diameter of these temporary cups appears to be 10 to 12 inches. These pictures were taken on hole No. 14. Typical example of the new hole yardage signs for 2015, which include the updated yardages for four different tee locations. The new design score card which debuted in 2015. The hole shown is No. 14. Please note there are now four teeing locations for each hole, with the new hole distances shown. The previous design score card which debuted in 2013. The hole shown is No. 13. Ronald L. "Ron/Ox/Dr. O" Vaught won the 1983 Watertown Country Club Golf Championship. Shown L to R, are Gene "Geno" Frank (WCC Golf Professional), Jim Wade (runner-up in 1983), Ron Vaught (The Champ), and Wayne "Gutzie/Don Carlo Gutzini" Schultz (attendee). Ronald L. "Ron" Vaught died Saturday, July 10, 2010, in Watertown, WI, at age 64. Ronald L. Vaught Ronald L. Vaught, 64, of Watertown, passed away on Saturday, July 10, 2010, at Watertown Regional Medical Center. Ronald was born on June 21, 1946, in Watertown, son of Keith and Viola (Krueger) Vaught. He was a 1964 graduate of Watertown High School. He worked at Watertown Table Slide and Reiss Industries in Watertown. He was a member of First Baptist Church in Watertown, where he had been the head usher. Ronald was a former member of the Watertown Country Club and was the club champion in 1983. He loved to bowl and was an avid hunter. Memorials to First Baptist Church would be appreciated. He was the last surviving member of his immediate family. Survivors include one cousin, Emily Krueger of Watertown, and his many friends. He was preceded in death by his parents and an aunt. Funeral services will be held at 7 p.m. Thursday at Pederson Funeral Home in Watertown with the Rev. Allan Kranz officiating. Visitation will be on Thursday from 5:30 p.m. until the time of service at the funeral home. Burial will take place on Friday at 9 a.m. in Immanuel Lutheran Cemetery, Watertown. The Pederson Funeral Home in Watertown is in charge of the arrangements. Watertown Country Club, Sunday, September 27, 2009. L to R: Phil Groehler, Rocky Bohlman, Pat Groehler, Bruce Frey, Phil Buss and Leigh Larson. 10W x 8H x 180DPI 16W x 9H x 300 DPI 6W x 4H x 300 DPI Watertown Country Club, Saturday, September 20, 2008. L to R: Pat Groehler, Rocky Bohlman, Bruce Frey, Lyle Kuckkan and Mike Groehler. 6W x 4H x 300 DPI, from #4 Fairway 6W x 4H x 300 DPI, from # 7 Fairway The historic floods of June 2008 at the Watertown Country Club, Watertown, WI. Watertown Daily Times, Watertown, WI, Saturday, June 26, 1954, Centennial Edition Watertown Country Club Was Organized in 1922 The Watertown Country Club, now one of the finest small city golf and social clubs in the state, was officially organized as a golf club on June 5, 1922, by five men interested in advancing the sport in this area. The five who got the organization started were G. H. Lehrkind, G. C. Lewis, B. E. Kelley, H. C. Whitmore and W. H. Woodard. The first meeting of the new organization was held on June 23 and 82 charter members appeared for the initial session. The first officers of the club were W. H. Woodard, president, B. E. Kelley, vice president, A. N. Thauer, secretary, and Fred SiegeIr, treasurer. The first board of directors included W. H. Woodard, B. E. Kelley, E. H. Hoerman, G. H. Lehrkind, C. C. Wertheimer, H. P. Bowen and A. N. Thauer. Several charter members are still active in the club. They are John Salick, Wallace Thauer, 0. E. Hoffman, F. W. Pfeifer, L. M. Bickett and George Richards. Interest Grows Interest in the golf club grew rapidly and about 55 acres of land was purchased from Gustavus Austin for the site of the golf course. Later seven acres of land near the old quarry were added to the holdings of the club. A clubhouse was constructed on the property and the old buildings served as headquarters for city golfers for 30 years. Finally, the growth of the club forced it to build more extensive quarters and in 1949 the beautiful new clubhouse was authorized. The structure was completed in 1950 in time for the start of golfing. A new machine shed to house the mechanical equipment and other materials was also constructed and an old barn and silo on the property razed. Over the years the face of the course had been modified with the shifting of greens and tees but the general layout has remained pretty much the same down through the club's history. The winding creek and the many trees have given the course the reputation of being one of the sportiest nine-hole layouts in the state. The well-manicured fairways and greens have added to the reputation of the course. Though the club has had a lot of good golfers, three players stand out as tops. They are Dr. N. T. Sunby, Harvey Riedeman and Budd Riffle. Riedeman posted a 64 for 18 holes in 1939 to beat Walter Hagen's mark of 66 by two strokes. Riffle shot a 30 in 1940. Par for the course is 34. Fendts on Job The Fendt family has had a “corner” on the custodian's job for 20 years. Gene Fendt served the club for 14 years and now Gary Fendt has been with the club for six seasons. Construction of the new clubhouse has provided more space for members and new activities and the total membership now is 209. There are 100 regular members, 35 associates, 42 social, 14 ladies special, 14 student and four nonresident. A broad activities space in the clubhouse has been the scene of many dinner dances and other social functions recently. A well-planned program of special events, both golfing and social, is creating a continuing interest in the club. Short History of the Course The Watertown Country club was organized when eighty-two people signed its articles at the first meeting June 3, 1922. The president was William H. Woodard, a local attorney. Over fifty acres of farmland north of the city were purchased from Gustavus Austin. The property included a house, barn, and shed. Electricity, a telephone and furnishings were installed in the farmhouse, which became the clubhouse. The barn housed the course maintenance equipment. The entire farmland was plowed and earth moved to create the course. Emmet Twp., Dodge Co., WI in 1859, 1873, 1890 and 1910 Emmet Twp., Dodge Co., WI in 1929, 1971 and 1978 Buel A. Austin was born December 31, 1818, in Torrington, Litchfield Co., CT, and died July 22, 1855, in Emmett Twp., Dodge Co., WI, at age 36 years, 7 months, 23 days. Buried in Emmet Cemetery, Emmet Twp., Dodge Co., WI. Austin Buel was admitted as a Freeman in Torrington, CT, in 1839, and was living in Waldo Lyon, Dodge Co., Wisconsin Territory, in 1844. Lusenda S. "Lucena" Mead was born September, 1827, in New York, and died January 20, 1903, in Emmet Twp., Dodge Co., WI, at age 75. Buried in Emmet Cemetery, Emmet Twp., Dodge Co., WI. She is the daughter of Israel T. Meade (about 1794 - January 11, 1868) of Vermont, and Salome Goodrich(about 1790 - May 3, 1865) of Connecticut. Buel A. Austin and Lusenda S. "Lucena" Mead were married December 8, 1845, in Dodge Co., Wisconsin Territory. Buel A. Austin and Lusenda S. "Lucena" (Mead) Austin had two children: Charles Austin: Born October 21, 1846, in Emmet Twp., Dodge Co., WI; Died 1936 in Price Co., WI (about age 90). Buried in Hillside Cemetery, Omega, Price Co., WI. Married August 25, 1876, in Wisconsin, to Selma J. Revo: Born July 4, 1852, in Prussia, Germany; Died January 22, 1935, in Omega, Price Co., WI (age 82). Buried in Hillside Cemetery, Omega, Price Co., WI. She immigrated in 1860. Gustavus D. "Gust" Austin: Born August 8, 1852, in Emmett Twp., Dodge Co., WI; Died March 8, 1925, in Emmett Twp., Dodge Co., WI (age 72). Buried in Emmet Cemetery, Emmet Twp., Dodge Co., WI. Never married. History of Mower County Minnesota 1884 - Clayton Township Charles Austin was born in Watertown, Wisconsin, October 21st, 1846. His parents were Buel and Lucena (Mead) Austin, both natives of the East. His father was at one time a manufacturer of buttons in Connecticut. Charles received a common school education, and remained at home until he was twenty-eight years old. He owned with his brother 108 acres of land in Wisconsin. He sold out his interest and moved to Taylor county, Wisconsin where he took a homestead of eighty acres and bought eighty acres, and worked it for six years, when he sold and moved to Trempealeau county, Wisconsin, and remained a few years, and then moved to Clayton township, Mower Co., MN, and purchased the northeast quarter of section 1. He was married August 25th, 1876, to Selma Revo, a native of Germany. They had one child, Arthur Austin, aged six years. Mr. Austin is a Republican, and is a prominent man in Clayton Township. Buel A. Austin was the original owner of the lands upon which the original nine-hole course was built. Shown below is more information about this original owner. On December 8, 1845, Buel Austin married Lucinda S. Mead in Dodge Co., Wisconsin Territory. The 1846 Wisconsin Territorial Census shows Buel Austin is living in Emmett Twp., Dodge Co., Wisconsin Territory. Listed below are the lands purchased by Buel Austin from the U.S. Government. BUEL AUSTIN GREEN BAY Dodge Co. MILWAUKEE Dodge Co. BUEL A AUSTIN Link to Buel Austin Land Patent 1. Evening Courier, Milwaukee, WI, May 8, 1847; also in Watertown Chronicle, Watertown, WI November 10, 1847; also in Wisconsin Democrat, Green Bay, WI November 6, 1847 Military Appointments by the Governor, April 13, 1847 Dodge County, Comp. No. 8: Matthew Norton, Capt.; Buel Austin, 1st lieut.; Derastus K. Cady, 2d lieut. The 1850 U. S. Census taken on October 7, 1850, shows Buel Austin (age 32) born in Connecticut with real estate of $2,000 is a Farmer and is living in Emmet Twp., Dodge Co., WI. Living with him is Lucinda Austin (age 23) born in New York. Also living there is Charles Austin (age 2) born in Wisconsin. The Watertown Chronicle, Watertown, Jefferson Co., WI, Wednesday, February 22, 1854 Ho for California. The road to California is not likely to become overgrown by grass and weeds very soon, if we may judge by the continued arrival from, and the number leaving town almost daily for that "land of gold" and human depravity. The following gentlemen have left this place for California during the past week or ten days: James Killian, Stephen Pentony, John Helm, Martin Fehally, Lawrence Wallace and a Son, of this place, and a son of Charles Murray of Emmet. The following left to-day: Edward Ryan, Buel Austin, Michael Morrissey, Patrick Smith, Thomas Lynch, P. White and John Corbett, all from this city for California direct. We wish they may all realize a handsome pile, and return in health to enjoy the fruits of their labor. The 1855 Wisconsin State Census shows Buel Austin is living in Emmett Twp., Dodge Co., WI. Buel A. Austin died July 22, 1855. Buried in Emmet Cemetery, N1563 State Highways 16/26, Emmet Twp., Dodge Co., WI. Emmet Cemetery, N1563 State Highways 16/26, Emmet Twp., Dodge Co., WI. Cemetery was established in 1874. The cemetery site was officially plotted in 1853. Land was donated by the Roswell Crandall family in 1855. It is currently cared for by the Emmet Townliners 4H Club. Austin, Buel: born December 31, 1818; died July 22, 1855 (age 36 years, 7 months, 23 days) Austin, Lusenda: born 1827; died 1903 Austin, Gust: born 1852; died 1925 The 1860 U. S. Census taken on June 14, 1860, shows Lucina Austin (age 32) born in New York with real estate worth $2,060 and personal estate worth $42 is a Farmer living in Emmet Twp., Dodge Co., WI. Living with her: Chas. Austin (age 12) born in Wisconsin; and Gustavus Austin (age 6) born in Wisconsin. The 1870 U. S. Census taken on June 10, 1870, shows Lucinde Austin (age 43) born in New York with real estate worth $5,000 and personal estate worth $1,000 is a Farmer living in Emmet Twp., Dodge Co., WI. Living with her is her: Charles Austin (age 23) born in Wisconsin, a Farmer; and Gustavus Austin (age 17) born in Wisconsin, a Farmer. The 1875 Wisconsin State Census taken on June 1, 1875, shows Lusinda Austin is the Head of Household and is living in Emmet Twp., Dodge Co., WI. Living in the household: 2 Males, 1 Female. The 1880 U. S. Census taken on June 30, 1880, shows Lucinda Austin (age 38) born in New York to New York-born parents is a widowed Farmer living in Emmet Twp., Dodge Co., WI. Living with her is her unmarried son Gustavus Austin (age 26) born in Wisconsin to New York-born parents who is At Home. The 1895 Wisconsin State Census taken on June 20, 1895, shows Mrs. L. Austin is the Head of Household and is living in Emmet Twp., Dodge Co., WI. There are 1 Male and 1 Female living in the household, both born in the U. S. A. The 1900 U. S. Census taken on June 2, 1900, shows Gustaviss Austin (age 46) born August 1853 in Wisconsin to Connecticut and New York-born parents is an unmarried Farmer owning his own farm in Emmet Twp., Dodge Co., WI. Also living there is his widowed mother, Lucena Austin (age 72) born September 1827 in New York to New York and Connecticut-born parents, with the only child born to her still living. Lucinda S. "Lucena" (Mead) Austin died January 20, 1903, in Jefferson Co., WI, at age 75. She is buried in Emmet Cemetery, N1563 State Highways 16/26, Emmet Twp., Dodge Co., WI. The 1910 U. S. Census taken on April 15, 1910, shows Arthur H. Austin (age 30) born in Wisconsin to Wisconsin and German-born parents is a Farmer owning his own farm with a mortgage and is living in North Crandon Twp., Forest Co, WI. Living with him is his wife of 5 years, Myrtle F. Austin (age 29) born in Wisconsin to Indiana and Wisconsin-born parents, with both of the children born to her still alive. Also living with him are his daughters, both born in Minnesota to Wisconsin-born parents: Claire M. Austin (age 4); and Lucile M. Austin (age 4). Also living there is Arthur's unmarried uncle, Gust. D. Austin (age 56) born in Wisconsin to Connecticut and New York-born parents, who is a Farm Laborer. The Charles Austin family lives on the next farm. The 1920 U. S. Census taken on January 19, 1920, shows Gustoph Austin (age 68) born in Wisconsin to Vermont-born parents is unmarried and not employed, and living alone on the farm he owns in Emmet Twp., Dodge Co., WI. A watering system for the greens was installed in 1923 when the course opened for play. Gustavus D. "Gust" Austin died 1925 in Wisconsin. A full-time greens keeper, John Stiemke, was employed in the 1930s. The Wisconsin State Journal, Madison WI, Tuesday, June 6, 1939 Watertown Pro Sets Court Record WATERTOWN, WIS. - Freddie Adams, Oconomowoc, new professional at the Watertown Country Club, Monday posted a course record. He toured the nine-hole Watertown course in 30-32 for 62, six under par. Until recently he had been one of Oconomowoc's best amateur golfers. By 1941 the 100 member roster was full. Watertown Daily Times, Watertown WI, February 23, 1948 New Club House At Golf Course One Step Nearer New Locker Room For Present House Is Also Approved Action was taken at Sunday afternoon's adjourned meeting of the Watertown Country club to bring a new club house one step closer to realization. The membership voted to increase the annual dues $10, with the stipulation that the increase be segregated and used for the building of a new club house. Membership dues, including taxes, are $42.00. The dues for the current year will be $52.00. The increase applies to both regular and associate memberships. Other memberships will be increased 25 percent, which is the approximate increase for the regular and associate memberships. The increase in dues is one of a number of suggestions which a special committee, appointed a month ago, made to the meeting. The meeting also acted favorably upon other suggestions of the committee. It was agreed that the erection of a new club house, at the present time, is out of the question, due to high building costs. In view of this, the membership agreed to the suggestion of the special committee that some structure should be purchased, either metal or wood, which could be used temporarily as a men's locker and dressing room, with the understanding that such structure could be used later as a tool shed or garage. It was also suggested by the committee that a minimum amount be expended to make repairs to the present clubhouse, and it was also suggested that the phone be moved to another location. Both suggestions were adopted. Members of the special committee are Fred Kaercher, A. E. Bentzin, E. W. Terwedow, Dr. E. W. Bowen, W. A. Schumann and Gilbert Kressin. At a recent meeting of the board of directors, Wiliam Borchardt was re-elected club president; Attorney Richard Thauer was retained as vice president; and G. W. Ponath was re-elected secretary-treasurer. All are members of the board. Other members of the board, and their committees they will head, are: Ray Kern, sports and pastime; Louis Silagy, house chairman; Don Mitchell, greens and E. T. Hornickle, grievance. Watertown Daily Times, Watertown WI, Wednesday, October 26, 1949 Work Begins on New Club House at Golf Course The Watertown Country Club's new club house project is underway. Sod from the area required for the club house has been removed, and this week a power shovel aided in the removal of the cement silo which stood west of the barn. The building will be located west of the parking area and west of the barn (at left in top picture.) The present club house is shown at the right. The club house will be 120 feet long and 30 feet wide, with a 24 by 30 utility room and kitchen to the east, or rear of the building. The location of the club house is indicated in the above picture. Members of the building committee and board of directors outline the building. The two men at the right (looking at the picture) indicate the south end of the building, and the two standing at the extreme left mark the north boundary. In the other picture, members of the committee and the board of directors pose near the power shovel. The president of the board, Mike Bentzin, on a dare, climbed into the cab, and incidentally almost raised havoc when he touched one of the levers, causing the shovel to groan into action. The others scattered momentarily. After faithful promises from Mike that he'd leave the power shovel operations to the operator, they returned for the picture. Those in the group are, reading from left to right: Ray Kern, John Salick, Harold Schumann, Charles Johannsen, Attorney Richard Thauer, Attorney George Niemann and Paul Fischer. Louis Silagy, Ed. Raue, Harold Dragoo, Lee Hefty and C. Taggatz were not present when the picture was taken. At a meeting of the membership, held at the club house on September 21, the club house was approved. The cost is not to exceed $25,000, with the mortgage not to be greater than $10,000. The building will provide five showers for the men and two for the women, toilet facilities, a bar and grill room, and a lounge room. It will be constructed of Waylite colored block. Construction will continue through the fall and winter, with the club house expected to be ready by the opening of the golf season next spring. A new clubhouse was approved in 1949 and opened the following spring. The Wisconsin State Journal, Madison WI, Thursday, July 23, 1953 ROUNDY SAYS . . . The Watertown Country Club, is the nicest nine-hole course I ever played on in my life. I think the Rock river flows right through there they got some of the most beautiful water holes I have ever saw. They got nice fairways and beautiful greens. You should play that folks and if you ever seen a better nine hole course notify me. Clubhouse expansions took place in 1955, 1966, 1980-81, and 1994. The second nine holes, designed by golf course architect Edward Lawrence (Larry) Packard, were opened in 1961 on a 70 acre farm site that had been owned by Edwin Hinze. Architect's Gallery, Featuring ASGCA Members and their work E. Lawrence Packard Edward A. Lawrence Packard has sixty years of practical experience in landscape architecture, site planning and golf course architecture which has resulted in broad working knowledge of the economical planning of land areas for human use. Following graduation in 1935 from the School of Landscape Architecture at the University of Massachusetts, Mr. Packard was employed by the U.S. Department of the Interior, Resettlement Administration on Recreation Development Projects. He moved into the National Park Service in 1936 on land selection for new park developments on Mt. Desert Island, Bar Harbor, Maine. For two years Mr. Packard gained valuable experience as designer, engineer and supervisor for a landscape contractor in the Boston metropolitan area. Following this he worked for a year in the same capacity for the E. A. McIlhennny Landscape Co., makers of Tobasco sauce, with office in Baton Rouge, Louisiana and Houston, Texas. In 1939 Mr. Packard went with the U.S. War Department, Corps of Engineers and was stationed at Westover Field in western Massachusetts. For four years he had complete charge of all phases of the landscape work for this $15,000,000 project. During this time Mr. Packard developed a complete Master Plan and camouflage plan for the entire air base installation. A major part of work was seeding 1,500 acres of grass. In 1943, after the war, Mr. Packard came to the Chicago Park District as designer and engineer for a multi-million dollar park expansion program. Here, Mr. Packard worked on site selection and development for new parks and also on the design aspects of Northerly Island Airstrip and O'Hare International Airport. After 1944, Mr. Packard worked for eight years as chief supervisor and designer for Chicago golf course architect Robert Bruce Harris. Here Mr. Packard handled several jobs in various capacities running over the quarter million dollar mark, including the site planning for Maine Township High School in Des Plaines and Park Ridge, Illinois, the Maryknoll College site development in Glen Ellyn, Illinois, the Janesville, Wisconsin High School site planning and the University of Iowa golf course, plus numerous golf courses. During the fifty years from the 1950s through the 1990s, Mr. Packard became: President of the American Society of Golf Course Architects President of the American Society of Golf Course Architects Foundation Chapter President of the American Society of Landscape Architects President of the Rotary Club of LaGrange, Illinois President of Plymouth Place, a LaGrange, Illinois retirement home Landscape Architect for Plus, Inc., a LaGrange beautification project for Burlington Railroad In fifty years, Packard has handled more than 250 golf projects ranging from the redesign of a few holes to the design of four courses for Innisbrook Golf Resort in Palm Harbor, Florida. Two of Innisbrook's courses have been in Golf Digest's 100 best in the country, as well as the best in Florida, since 1975. The firm adheres to long-established design principles and safety considerations in developing a course, either with or without housing. Only a few water hazards are used. Good plans and specifications are a must. Feature articles on Packard courses have appeared in Golf Digest, Golf Magazine, PGA Magazine, Golfweek, Desert Golf, Wisconsin PGA, Chicago Tribune and the St. Petersburg Times. The firm's Chicago office has been managed by Packard's son, Roger, since 1986. Packard courses are designed so that both men and women will have very pleasant golfing. Easy pars but difficult birdies! Since his retirement in 1990, Mr. Packard has been the designated golf course architect for the International Executive Service Corps of Stamford, Connecticut. For them he designed four courses in Guatemala and five courses in Egypt. He had previously designed two courses in South Korea and two courses in Venezuela. Mr. Packard has just had his biography published by Airlie Hall Press entitled "Double Doglegs and Other Hazards", which gives his history and list of works. Spring Meadows Country Club in Linden, Michigan invited Mr. Packard for a book signing in June of 2003. He designed this course forty-five years ago. In November 2002, the Innisbrook Golf Resort in Palm Harbor, Florida hosted a book signing in celebration of his ninetieth birthday! Mr. Packard takes great pride and pleasure in the courses he designed and hopes those who play his and other courses everywhere ............... "ENJOY THE GAME". Double Doglegs and Other Hazards The Life and Work of Larry Packard By Mickey Rathbun Airlie Hall Press, 2002 This homespun hardcover biography struggles to do justice to its subject, an earthy, imaginative and prolific course architect, a past ASGCA president who gave us the par 5 double dogleg and the early semblance of real estate-driven golf. A pleasant-enough resort complex, perhaps his best work, the four courses at Innisbrook, north of Tampa, once hosted the PGA and LPGA Tours mixer, likely the most entertaining and beloved silly season event. The two better courses are terrific. "He designed courses that are fun to play and challenging," recalled Mike Souchak, Innisbrook's first resident pro. "So many of the courses built today are really not fun to play. Even though Larry was not a serious golfer, he was a good course architect. He had engineering know-how, the ability to see factors like drainage, wind, and sun come into play. But the most important thing Packard had was imagination. All successful professional golfers have imagination. They imagine the flight of the ball before they hit it, its trajectory, where they want it to go. Packard could visualize all that." They certainly don't make course architects this way anymore. Packard had no upbringing in golf at all as a player when he began designing courses in the 50's; his first set of clubs came from Sears. But he had a practical and academic grounding in landscape architecture, followed by a fruitful apprenticeship with Robert Bruce Harris, and 20 years working a variety of jobs, from cataloging trees to landscaping airfields at O'Hare. The experiences provided him with a liberal grounding, along with an appreciation for informality in nature and an eye on containing costs. "I learned the hard way," he said. "I talked to all the old golf course superintendents and found out what the players wanted. I always asked them what they would have done differently if they had designed the course. All of this just sneaks into your subconscious and into your planning process." Yes, listening, seeking and taking input would certainly qualify him as not only imaginative but innovative, then or now. During the next several years a full sprinkler system was installed over the entire course. The watering system was updated to a double sprinkler configuration in 1998. Several major changes have been made to the course over the years. The #1 tee is in its third location. Three towering trees in the middle of #5 fairway were removed, as was a huge tree in the middle of #6 fairway. Long-time members can recall the "chain saw party" which resulted in the demise of a major obstacle on #7. The original #9 was very short and was lengthened later. The shape of the replacement green and its traps are now in the third configuration. The course of the creek along #10 fairway was changed to widen the fairway and make it more level. The Watertown Country Club has had full time greenskeepers for about 70 years: John Stiemke, Walter Kaddatz, George Wuestenberg, Joe Bahr, Ron Grunewald, Oscar Peterson and Michael Upthegrove. Shown below is the front of the 1923 Watertown Country Club layout as it appeared in the Watertown Daily Times. Watertown Daily Times, Watertown, WI, September 12, 1923 EXPERT GOLFERS ENTHUSIASTIC IN PRAISING COURSE Permanent Course of Local Country Club Attracts Golfers for Sunday Recreation - New Score Cards Out. Tom McLaughlin, former Milwaukee champion and representative of Milwaukee in a recent national tournament, and other leading golfers of the state are enthusiastic in their praise of the Watertown Country club's golf course. Silver Creek winding its way through the grounds furnishes a natural hazard that is hard to surpass, they assert, and makes the local course one of the sportiest in the state. Many golfers from other cities, realizing the excellent playing qualities of the Watertown links, journey to this city on Sundays and holidays and participate in the grand old game on the Silver Creek course. New score cards have made their appearance and are now being used. Each hole is named on the new card as follows: Number 1, "Let's Go," 601 yards, par 6, bogie 6; number 2, "Westward Ho," 387 yards, par 4, bogie 5; number 3, "N. Western," 416 yards, par 5, bogie 5; number 4, "Hell Hole," 335 yards, par 4, bogie 4; number 5, "The Jinks," 197 yards, par 3, bogie 4; number 6, "Cinch 3," 166 yards, par 3, bogie 3; number 7, "The Creek," 362 yards, par 4, bogie 5; number 8, "Straight Work," 414 yards, par 4, bogie 5; number 9, "The Alley," 144 yards, par 3, bogie 3. The course is 3,052 yards in length and has a par of 36 and a bogie of 40. A 1923 ad for golf clubs in the Watertown Daily Times. Click on the ad for a PDF image. A typical score card from the late 9-hole era, courtesy of Richard "R" Miller, who found it in the bottom of an old golf bag owned by Harriet Blakely Kiefer, wife of L. J. (Barney) Kiefer. Barney died in an auto accident in September 1961. The golf bag was in the home that was sold to the Millers. Please note Janskey Printing Company had 35 years of service, Keck's was in their 103rd year, and D & F Kusel Co. had over 100 years of service. Since Keck Furniture has the slogan "Complete Home Furnishings Since 1853", the year of this scorecard is 1956. Welcome to the I. H. R. M. Club. It gets larger every year! A Brief History of the WCC "Winter Tour" Roger Simdon, Doug Hills, Earl Maas and Dave "Whitey" Molzner started the Watertown Country Club Winter Tour in 1962-1963 season. Bruce Frey and Arthur "Doc" Grosnick joined for the 1963-1964 season. During these formative years, Roger Simdon would arrive at the course early Saturday morning and shovel away any accumulated snow, for a fully clear putting surface. He would return later in the morning and play golf with the others. Back in those days, a ball must end up in the hole in order to be considered "in." Eventually, the golf rules were modified so any ball coming to rest within a nine-iron distance from the inside of the cup was considered to be in the hole on the next shot. Thus, shoveling was not required. In addition, a ball that had first landed and then hit the flagstick was considered to have ended in the cup on that shot. Following golf, the original players would go to the Buffalo Inn bar and play cards. A few years later, one of the Winter Tour players was on the club's Board of Directors, and had access to the Clubhouse. This then became the after-golf destination, with refreshments on the honor system. Eventually, access to the Clubhouse was not available, and the group decided to "go to the bar." The Firehouse Lanes evolved into the unofficial sponsor of the after-round festivities. Among those who have participated actively throughout the years include: Roger Simdon, Doug Hills, Earl Maas and Dave "Whitey" Molzner, Bruce Frey, Arthur "Doc" Grosnick, Dave Bowen, Dick Conley, Dick Miller, Leigh Larson, Jay Brennan, Roger "Rocky" Bohlman, Glenn Egnarski, Mark Sellnow, Tom Bainbridge, Dan Egnarski, Brian Lee, Roger Prickette, Harry McMahon, Russ Twesme, Walt Joseph, Mike Kressin, Jim Klein, Paul Flack, Don Steele, Jim Mauel, Steve Raue, Nancy Schultz, Nelson Fisher, Mike Walsh and John Aufderhaar. Those who have tried the Tour once, or at most several times, include: Bob Brennan, Jeff Kluever, Darryl Kaufmann, Scott Johnson (picture only), Kevin Conley, Tom Reynolds, Justin Raue and Phil Buss. Some WCC Winter Tour player scoring statistics, from the late 1990s, compiled by Glenn Egnarski. Extreme conditions were never a deterrent for the WCC Winter Tour players. 1989-1990 Winter Tour Left to right: Jay Brennan, Glenn Egnarski, Leigh Larson, Bruce Frey and Dick Conley. Leigh Larson holding the Hole-In-One trophy presented to him by Jay Brennan at the Firehouse in January, 1993. Winter Tour Players, left to right, Bruce Frey, "R" Miller, Leigh Larson, Jay Brennan, Mark Sellnow and Glenn Egnarski. Leigh got his hole-in-one on Saturday, December 5, 1992, on Hole No. 9 at the Watertown Country Club, using an eight iron club. Those who were playing along that day and were witnesses were: Bruce Frey, R. Miller, Jay Brennan, Glenn Egnarski and Mark Sellnow. The ball landed in the cup on the fly and remained at the bottom of the cup, with about eight inches of snow covering the ground. Left to right: Dick Conley, Bruce Frey, Glenn Egnarski, Jay Brennan, Dick Miller, Mark Sellnow, Bob Brennan, Leigh Larson, and Harry McMahon. 1993-1994 Winter Tour WDT Photo Left to right: Tom Reynolds, Glenn Egnarski, Bruce Frey, Dick Conley, Leigh Larson, Mark Sellnow, Jay Brennan, Paul Flack, Jim Klein and Dan Egnarski. Left to right: Leigh Larson, Dick Miller, Mark Sellnow, Jay Brennan, Glenn Egnarski, Jim Klein, Jeff Kluever, Dick Conley and Bruce Frey. Left to right: Leigh Larson, Bruce Frey, Glenn Egnarski, Dan Egnarski, Mark Sellnow, Dick Conley, Dick Miller and Harry McMahon. Left to right: Nancy Schultz, Leigh Larson, Doug Hills, Bruce Frey, Mark Sellnow, Glenn Egnarski, Dick Conley and Jay Brennan. Left to right: Dick Miller, Bruce Frey, Dick Conley, Leigh Larson, Jay Brennan, Steve Raue, Mark Sellnow, Jim Klein, Glenn Egnarski, Doug Hills, Roger Prickette and Jim Mauel. Left to right: Brian Lee, Dick Conley, Scott Johnson, Jay Brennan, Jim Klein, Dick Miller, Glenn Egnarski, Bruce Frey, Jeff Stangler, Leigh Larson, Nancy Schultz, Roger Prickette and Steve Raue. Left to right: Jim Klein, Bruce Frey, Dick Miller, Glenn Egnarski, Jay Brennan, Brian Lee, Mike Walsh, Leigh Larson, Roger Prickette, Nancy Schultz and Steve Raue. Left to right: Dick Miller, Jim Klein, Jay Brennan, Leigh Larson, Bruce Frey, Nancy Schultz, Jim Mauel and Glenn Egnarski. 2000-2001 Winter Tour, December 2000, Janet Walsh Picture Left to right: Bruce Frey, Mike Walsh, Jeff Stangler, Brian Lee, Jay Brennan, Jim Klein and Leigh Larson. Left to right: Bruce Frey, Jim Mauel, Dick Miller, Glenn Egnarski, Brian Lee, Jay Brennan, Leigh Larson, Dick Conley and Steve Raue. Nancy, Laura and Julie at the Firehouse Left to right: Bruce Frey, Dick Conley, Glenn Egnarski, Dick Miller, Steve Raue and Brian Lee. 2003-2004 Winter Tour, December 2003 Left to right: Dick Conley, XXX, Dick Miller, Leigh Larson, Bruce Frey, Brian Lee and Steve Raue. 2003-2004 Winter Tour, Walsh Left to right: Mike Walsh, Dick Miller, Leigh Larson, Bruce Frey, Jay Brennan, Brian Lee, Steve Raue and Glenn Egnarski. Left to right: Roger Prickette, Bruce Frey, Glenn Egnarski, Brian Lee, Dick Miller, Steve Raue and Jay Brennan. 2006-2007 Winter Tour, February 2007 Left to right: Dick Miller, Glenn Egnarski, Bruce Frey, Leigh Larson, Brian Lee and Dick Conley. Left to right: Dick Conley, Brian Lee, Bruce Frey, Leigh Larson, Glenn Egnarski and Steve Raue. Leigh, December 22, 2007 Left to right: Glenn Egnarski, Dick Conley, Leigh Larson, Bruce Frey, Brian Lee and Roger Prickette. Watertown Daily Times, Watertown, WI, Saturday, September 15, 2007 By Adam Burdsall, Daily Times Staff From a 13-year-old kid caddying for members, to a 78-year-old retiree still hitting the course three or four times a week, Jim Wade has seen a lot in his days around Watertown Country Club. The club, however, has seen few like Jim Wade. In fact, the city of Watertown has seen few athletes with the resume Wade can boast, if he chose to do so. “My claim to fame is not that I was such a great player, but that I had longevity,” Wade said modestly. “Of course, I understand you have to be pretty good to win 18 times.” As for dominance in his sport, 18 Watertown Country Club championships speaks for itself and that does not include Wade's three Senior Club championships. Perhaps as impressive as Wade's 18 championships is a nugget found hidden within his eight runner-up finishes. Specifically, the first came in 1948 and the last in 1991, a span of 43 years and six decades, a startling run of dominance. After taking second place in 1948, Wade was out of the top three for four years before winning his first club championship in 1953 over Jim Bloor. Once he broke through, Wade did not let anyone else take his crown, winning the next five titles with victories over Bob Miller, Paul Hibbard (twice) and (the late) John Weaver (twice). Roger Simdon finally ended Wade's winning streak at six in 1959. “(Simdon) was one of the great golfers we ever had,” Wade said. “He was one of the great natural players you will ever see. He was a little left-hander who probably didn't weigh over 140 pounds, a carpenter by trade, strong in the wrists and hands. He just ripped the ball.” After missing a couple years after his National Guard unit was called up, Wade resurfaced in the title match against Simdon in 1964 but was defeated again and relegated to second. Wade won his seventh title in 1968, again beating Weaver, took third in 1969 and then went on another run. With Weaver again the victim, Wade won the 1970 and 1971 titles to open a decade of dominance. Wade defeated Augie Hafenstein in 1972 and 1974, Earl Maas in 1973, Tom Theder in 1975, Don Cheeseman in 1977 and Don Sellnow in 1978 for eight of the 10 titles in the 1970s. Wade then beat Ron DeMuth in 1980 and Tim Mallow in 1981 to make it 10-of-12. After finishing second in 1983, 1984 and 1985, Wade won his final title in 1986, beating Randy DeMuth. After three years out of the top three, Wade took second in 1990 and 1991 to wrap up an unbelievably successful career. Over 43 years, Wade was first, second or third 27 times. Asked about his memories of the 18 titles, Wade did not once mention himself or his own game. Rather he used the 18 titles as a chance to reminisce on the real reason he played the game, the people he competed with, came to know as friends and, more often than not, beat. “There were a lot of great shots made by me and against me,” Wade said, “Each one is important to me because of the guys that I played against. All good players, all great memories.” Wade did single out his 1980 championship as the most special. “I beat Ron Demuth and he was one of the best players in the state,” Wade said. “He came to us from Milwaukee and was a great player. He beat me a number of times after 1980 when I was runner-up. We had good battles, really good matches. He and Roger Simdon were the two best players I ever played against." Wade, who now carries a 13 handicap, has five career holes-in-one, four at Watertown Country Club. The first came in 1968 and the latest in 1996. Wade's best round at WCC was a 5 under 65, but he does have a round of 9-under 61 to his credit at Lake Wisconsin Golf Club. Wade, now retired, still tries to play the course he loves three or four times a week. While much has changed over time, Watertown Country Club holds a place in Wade's heart, almost, like a member of his family. “I was hired as a caddie when I was 13,” Wade said. “It was illegal at the time, but I was within a week or so of being legal age. It was a wonderful place to grow up. The people, the members were just terrific. They let us use their clubs, had picnics for us and were just wonderful to us. It was a great place to be.” “A guy named Paul Fischer got me into the game. I used to do his lawn for him and one day he said I should come out and be a caddy. I had never played before then and have never had a lesson in my life. During the day at the club, there generally wasn't a lot of activity. The course gave us the privilege to play nine holes every day we were out there caddying, so that is how I got my start.” A 1947 graduate of Watertown High School, Wade never had the opportunity to play high school golf as it was added to the array of sports in 1948. “The first club that I owned, a member gave to me. It was an old hickory-shafted 9-iron and it was bowed,” Wade said. “I could make that thing talk. I could use it like a wedge or close it up and hit it 150 yards … which for a 9-iron is pretty good. The first set of clubs I bought were Louisville Sluggers. I think they cost me about $30 back in 1948.” Wade has left his mark on Watertown Country Club in more ways than on the course. Wade helped to build the back nine which was completed in 1961. He along with Al Maas helped run crews of club members that would come to the course each night and help build and plant the greens. “It rained just about every day and it was soggy and wet,” Wade said. “Those people, they came out just as faithfully, and it was hard work. We had to shovel all the dirt and handle this big screen and rake by hand. My crew did five of the greens and Al's did four, but he had bigger greens. Every time now when I miss a putt or there is a roll that I didn't read, I blame myself.” In addition, Wade served as club president in 1971 and was the first inductee into the Watertown Country Club Hall of Fame in 1990. Wade did not pick an individual success as his career highlight, rather a team event with Ron DeMuth and Roger Simdon as his favorite moment. “We won a big pro-am down in Jefferson at Meadow Springs in the late '60s,” Wade said. “We were playing all the best pros and amateurs in the state … these guys were state champions and PGA champions and we won it without a pro. Roger Simdon, Ron DeMuth and I won it when Ron chipped in for an eagle on the first extra hole. I had six birdies and an eagle, which was pretty good scoring for me.” Wade has seen his share of change at the club, but is worried that rising expenses will chase people away from the sport he loves. “Of late, the club is struggling financially,” Wade said. “In the early years, the members were all businessmen and the board of directors was made up of people who were in business in Watertown. Almost every one of them was conservative in their approach to doing things. They got things done, but they didn't go overboard as far as going in debt. When they decided they needed a piece of equipment, when they had the money to do it, they would buy the piece of equipment. Nowadays, that is not the case. “In Watertown what (rising costs) are doing is hurting the blue collar guy I was starting out,” Wade said. “You first have to pay an initiation fee of 4,000-5,000 bucks and then after that if you are going to have all the amenities like a cart and so on, it will cost $3,500 a year. The average guy with a family, a young fella who could be playing and should be playing, can't afford that. So they go to Windwood and other places to play and they are good courses, but Watertown Country Club to me is still the ultimate course around.” That is why as long as he can, Wade will be slapping it around the WCC layout. “Golf is a wonderful game,” Wade said. “It is a game you can play your whole lifetime. Some people are really good, some people are not, but it is a game you can enjoy no matter how you play. The only drawback today is that it is expensive and it takes big blocks of time. “My first love is still to be a member of the club and will be as long as we can afford to do it and as long as we are able to compete and play. I am not interested anymore in winning anything. I just enjoy playing the game.” The e-mail shown below was sent to Leigh Larson by Bruce Simdon of Texas, son of Roger Simdon. It provides some further insight to the pro-am that Jim Wade referred to in the above article. Leigh, Thanks for posting that interview with Jim Wade. He said some nice things about my dad that I would not have seen if you hadn't taken the time to post it. I caddied for my dad in the Jefferson Calcutta that he talked about. Dad didn't play very well that day, and I cost him a two stroke penalty on the first and only playoff hole when I disturbed the sand in a green-side trap before he played his shot. The subsequent sand shot after the penalty lipped the cup for eagle. Fortunately, Ron DeMuth canned his chip for eagle to win the playoff. There was dead silence after the last member of the opposing team from Madison missed their eagle putt and we won. Then, there was a very subdued "Hurray for Watertown" from the one and only Clark Derleth, and the crowd erupted. I remember it like it happened yesterday. Hope to play golf with you guys next May. Watertown Daily Times, Watertown, WI, Saturday, March 6, 1993 Puttering around in ice and snow By Margaret Krueger of the Daily Times staff Golf fanatics at Watertown Country Club play every Saturday at the course where they encounter a variety of weather conditions on the "winter tour" which is a 30-year-old tradition. Trudging down number two fairway last week were, from left, Glenn Egnarski, Jay Brennan and Paul Flack. Hazards today will include snow, ice, frozen grass and puddles. - (Daily Times photo by Margaret Krueger) The smack of a well-hit ball is a welcome sound for any golfer, but most wait until temperatures climb and new grass begins to peek through fairways before launching a new season. A group, of dedicated golfers at Watertown Country Club, who can't wait for that spring day, never pack away their clubs. They trade in their sunscreen, short-sleeve shirts and cushy motorized golf carts for winter coats, heavy gloves and woolen hats and join the "winter tour." They gladly give up watered fairways, manicured greens and warm sunshine for snow, ice and frozen ground to play on the tour which has been a tradition at the club for the past 30 years. Regulars on the Saturday golf outings include, back row from left, Tom Reynolds, Bruce Frey, Leigh Larson, Mark Sellnow, Paul Flack, Jim Klien and Dan Egnarski. In front are Glenn Egnarski, Dick Conley and Jay Brennan. - (Daily Times photo by Margaret Krueger) Neither freezing conditions, drifting snow or vicious winds have called off the outings which take place every Saturday in the "off-season" when the men tee off at 11:30 a.m. and play 18 holes or less depending on time and weather conditions. Play ceases about 2:30 p.m. when the men gather for another tradition - watching golf on television at Firehouse Lanes and spending money donated by the losers. Frozen ground signals the beginning of the tour when the club's groundskeeper moves flags to a temporary green. The tour ends when disappearing frost makes the course too soft and muddy. Any members are welcome to play. Current participants, ranging in age from 25 to 74, have numbered from seven to 13 this year. "It's really nice out here," said Dick Conley last Saturday when 10 men played in up to a foot of fresh snow. "It's peaceful and we never have to wait for a tee time," he noted, forgetting to add that most golfers prefer to play under balmier conditions. Although women are welcome to join the fun, few have tried it. "And none come back," Conley said with a laugh. "Perhaps it's the rigorous conditions." He is nicknamed "Cheerleader" because of his rah-rah attitude. "Each week it's a new game because conditions never stay the same," said Jay Brennan. "When it's icy, we never know where or how far the ball will go. On a day like today with lots of snow, we don't get any roll. The worst thing is when the ball goes under the snow or trying to figure out where it will bounce on ice. It makes the game very interesting." "We had to wear spikes one week this year so we wouldn't slip on the ice," added Paul Flack, tramping along in boots. He pointed out that the orange golf balls are easy to find in the fluffy, unmarked snow. "With 10 guys walking up the fairway, all we have to do is look for a small hole in the snow and dig down." Today the men will play through snow, ice, grass or puddles depending on where the ball lands. Under the winter rules of the tour, no penalty is incurred for a lost ball, and no mulligans are given for a dubious effort. No handicaps are used. The ball can be "fluffed up" on the fairway with natural resources such as snow, ice or wood. All of the players carry their own clubs which makes the outing good exercise. "We used to spray paint our own golf balls before we could buy orange ones, but the paint would come off after a few hits and then we couldn't see the balls," said "Commissioner" Bruce Frey, official scorekeeper and 28-year tour member. He recalls a time when the continuous string of Saturday outings was upheld, but play was quite short. "Several years ago, the snow was two feet deep and it was blowing like a sun-of-a-gun, but we didn't want to break our record. We hit off the first tee and lost our golf balls because the snow was drifting so fast. We went into the clubhouse and played cribbage and picked up our balls the following week." All of the golfers stay together for the day, with Frey selecting teams after the first hole. Special equipment such as sponges and even a baby bottle nipple are used to tee off in lieu of wooden tees which don't penetrate the frozen ground. Mark Sellnow invented a comeback tee that would not be lost in snow. He tied a small rubber stopper to his ankle with a string. - (Daily Times photo by Margaret Krueger) If an odd number of golfers participate, the team with the added player throws out the lowest score. The low scorer is called "Dishwater" because his score is thrown out like the dishwater of olden days. Needless to say, no one wants to be called "Dishwater" because of the remarks that accompany this accomplishment. Brennan packed a shovel in his bag last Saturday to combat the deep snow and was promptly labeled a wimp by his comrades. However, the commissioner ruled the shovel was a legal winter weapon - if Brennan insisted on being a wimp. Brennan was also chastised a few years ago for using hand warmers which are now banned. Scores range from "bad to par," according to Conley, who fell in the not-quite-frozen Silver Creek last year when he tried to hit a ball off it rather than incur a penalty stroke. Long-time tour player Leigh Larson hit a hole-in-one this year and there have been lots of birdies, some eagles and other holes-in-one over the years. One odd winter rule is a bonus for poor putters. If the ball hits the flag after a bounce, it counts as in the cup. Golfers don't have to putt out anything closer than the length of a nine iron. "There is no green. The whole course can be green and you can putt from 100 yards out if you want to," Brennan said with a laugh. Conley, who only carries two clubs, often putts with his driver. "We do lots of kidding and everyone tries to win, but no one gets upset if they don't. We like to get together and it's lots of laughs," said Brennan. Family & Friends, Winter 2011, Times Publishing Company, Watertown, WI, By Adam Burdsall, Family & Friends staff Swinging in the snow Local residents golf during winter months Brian Lee waits for a playing partner to hit on the first fairway during a recent round of winter golf at Watertown Country Club. Fore! And Sometimes that's the temperature Against a picturesque winter backdrop, Watertown Country Club Winter Tour member Roger Prickette hits his approach shot to the third green at a recent winter round. The winter tour enters its 48th year at the club. The sun was shining and the breeze was light ... a perfect day for golf. Perfect, that is, aside from a forecast calling for highs In the mid-teens and 4 inches of snow blanketing the fairways. That was of no concern to the members of the Watertown Country Club Winter Golf Tour on this day. The group convened at 9 a.m., kicking off another season of summer fun cast over a winter landscape. "I think all of us look forward to it; 17-year winter tour golfer Roger Prickette said. You get so many different conditions. Sometimes you get a freezing rain, you hit it low and it can go 250, 300 yards scooting across the top of the snow and you can putt from 50 yards out. Then other times the snow is really soft and you have to hit it right to the hole and can hardly putt at all. We have a good time. We wouldn't do it if it wasn't a good time." The winter tour began in 1962 and has been a staple in the winter months ever since. "There were four people originally," Bruce Frey, who enters his 47th year on tour, said. "I was the fifth person in, started playing the second year. Roger Simdon, Doug Hills, Earl Maas and Dave "Whitey" Molzner started it in 1962. Doc Grosnick and I joined the second year." The obvious question is why? "We had twice as much fun playing in the winter as we ever did in the summer," Frey said. "You get all kinds of things. Dick Conley fell in the creek ... to me, that is fun." "Why do people go ice fishing?" 22-year veteran and winter tour "commissioner Glenn Egnarski said. "We are out there moving around. It is not as horrendous as people may think. Playing keeps us swinging all winter long and it is a blast. I fell in love with it right away. As soon as I heard there were people that did this, I said, 'I'm in, I'm doing this.'" Prickette was not as easily convinced. "I thought it was kind of crazy," Prickette said. "How are you going to find your ball? I have tramped through snow in the past and that is not too fun to do either. But, when I got out there and gave it a shot, it was pretty fun." Over the years many have played, few as dedicated as Brian Lee. Lee enters his 18th year playing the winter tour and made it out for the season opener this year just 25 days after prostate surgery. "I told my wife I was just going to walk and not play," Lee confessed while looking for his tee shot down the middle of the first fairway. 'I feel pretty good, so I am sure it is fine." Even if it wasn't fine, it would have been hard to keep Lee away. "I look forward to it every year," Lee said. "This year especially after some of the things I have gone through. It is nice to get back out there and carry on with life. I just love playing." "I love the combination of camaraderie with the guys. I also believe the winter golf helps my summer game. Swinging in the snow forces you to maintain balance and rhythm. You can get some benefit out of playing in the winter, but for me it is more about the camaraderie." A foursome of golfers await their turn to play at Watertown Country Club. Fluffy snow made for a tough day locating balls in the first fairway. The rules are similar to summer golf, but with several modifications specific to winter play. Instead of a wooden tee, golfers use a piece of sponge to tee the ball up to start a hole. Once a ball is located in the snow, it can be brought to the surface and teed up with any natural substance, most often a pile of snow, before taking the next shot. There is no penalty for a lost ball, just a free drop in the area the ball was believed to land. "It is a lot tougher hitting the ball," Prickette said. "When you do hit it decently, you feel pretty good about it. You do not get a level lie very often. You need to hit the ball cleanly and make contact with the ball first. In that sense, it is a lot like hitting out of a bunker." Once on the green, a hole is cut around the flagstick about the size of a coffee can. A putt must go in the hole to count as in. If at any time (tee shot, approach shot, chip, etc.) the ball hits the ground and then the flag, the ball is considered in the hole. In addition, any shot finishing within a 9-iron from the hole is an automatic one-putt. Out of bounds rules are the same for summer and winter golf, with the exception of water hazards. A player is welcome to venture out on the creek if they would like, occasionally with chilly consequences. "If you are willing to walk on the ice, just as if you are willing to go in the water in the summer, you can play it," Prickette said. "We have had people try it. Early in the season, you start stepping on the ice and it cracks under feet, you kind of decide to take a drop and a penalty stroke. It isn't like you are going to get real wet, but even just getting wet up to your knees in that kind of weather isn't much fun." The biggest challenge is finding a ball on a day with soft snow. The effort is about 75 percent skill and 25 percent luck. Despite using orange balls, in most instances the ball finishes beneath the snow. Players do not look for a ball, rather a hole in the snow to indicate where the ball entered. With scattered tracks from deer, rabbits, turkeys and other wildlife, this can be a tricky proposition. "We play 18 holes quite often," Prickette said. "We have been pretty much nine holes lately. You notice all the tracks out there and that makes it tough to figure out where the balls are and it's hard to putt. We try to switch up and play the front nine one week and the back the next. That lets the other nine build up snow cover again. Every once in a while you get a 40-degree day and it is easy walking and we play 18." Roger Prickette (left) celebrates a made putt as Brian Lee prepares to roll his ball on the first hole at Watertown Country Club. More so than temperature, it is wind that has the biggest effect on a round of winter golf. "Wind and fresh snow make for a bad day," Egnarski said. "The holes blow shut before you can get to the ball. Those days we have to play short holes, par-3s. You are not going to find a ball in the snow unless you can find the hole it went into. When you have blowing, drifting snow, those are the worst conditions." "It is bad when it is a gale force wind," Prickette said. "The cold weather is no big deal. Just put your gloves back on and dress adequately for cold weather. The wind is the problem." As often as fluffy snow can hinder a round, winter conditions can also aid in a round. If the snow melts down, the frozen ground can rival the driest fairway of the summer for roll. If you get a layer of ice on top the snow, finding a way to hit the ball short enough can be the biggest challenge. "Changing conditions every week are probably the most interesting thing," Egnarski said. "I remember times where we were putting from 100 yards because it was glare ice. You couldn't hit a high shot because it would keep bouncing. The next week you couldn't putt from 2 feet because it is so soft. It actually takes years to learn how to play all the conditions." As much as it pains his fellow competitors, Lee is recognized as the top winter player on the tour right now. "He really has developed a sense of being able to hit the ball the right distance," Prickette said. "It is always tough for us to hit the ball the proper distance with partial swings. You can't really let it hit the green and roll up to the hole like we do in the summer. Brian is great at controlling his distance." "In my mind, I am the best player," Egnarski said. "But if you look at the scores, my buddy Brian Lee is the most consistent, without a doubt. But, he is one of the better summer players too." Instead of a traditional wooden tee, members of the Watertown Country Club Winter Tour tee up their balls on a piece of sponge before beginning a hole. A round consists of anywhere from three to 18 holes, dependent on weather. "One year we wanted to keep the string going," Frey said. "We teed off and it was drifting snow and blowing like (crazy). We never found a single ball. By the time we got down there they were all drifted over. But, we kept the string going and were off to the clubhouse to play cribbage the rest of the day." "If the weather is 20 below wind chill, we play two holes and get out of there," Lee said. "You can't fault people for thinking (we are crazy), but it is a tradition. There are times we get some of those days where it is 30 degrees with no wind and it is kind of fun to walk out there. It is the blizzard days where sometimes even I wonder, 'What are we doing?' Those are the days you play fewer holes and shorter holes ... we are not totally stupid." From the outside looking in, a group of guys playing golf in the middle of the winter smells fishy. The mere thought of such an activity reeks of an excuse to escape the house with the boys and partake in some liquid warmth. Half of that is true, but the tour is more about golf and camaraderie and less about debauchery. "We all enjoy golf and all enjoy each other's company," Egnarski said. "We keep scores from week to week. I used to keep season stats but kind of gave up on that. You never know who will play on a certain week, so we just play that week and move on." "We do have competition," Lee said. "We set up teams each week and there are winners and losers. That is the allure of it to me. That and crazy things seem to happen. I know two for sure have gone into the creek. Dick Conley once got stuck in a snow bank, but we got him out. We have had a hole-in-one by Leigh Larson that actually went into the hole on No. 9." At the end of a wandering trail of footprints, Al Schumacher hits an approach shot to the first green during a round of winter golf at Watertown Country Club. After the first hole, the players are split into teams and scores are kept through the round. At the end of the day, the group retires to the winter tour's unofficial headquarters at Firehouse Lanes. The losing team ponies up the bulk of a modest bar bill as the players reflect on the day's round and life's adventures in a warmer setting. "Don't make us sound like drunks," Prickette said. "We don't spend a lot of time at the bar. It is fun to go down and have some hot food and a cold drink, but we do not spend all day there." The Firehouse has embraced the tradition. The bar stores personalized mugs and special pitchers for the winter tour members. In addition, pictures hang on the walls to commemorate past seasons and a current calendar hangs with this year's edition of the tour pros. "We are kind of like minor celebrities," Lee said. Despite the fame and fortune, Lee does not expect to see the tour's attendance swell above the current level ranging from four to 12 on a given week. "I have chatted up a bunch of the other members and they think we are crazy," Lee said. "Once in a while someone will show up at the Firehouse. They won't play, but they can show up down there. That is more their style." Members of the Watertown Country Club Winter Tour gathered recently to open the 2010 - 2011 season. Golfers included (from left) Al Schumacher, Vern Lindquist, Ken Knaak, Brian Lee, Mike Upthegrove, Bruce Frey, Roger Prickette and Adam Benik. Donald Carl Sellnow died April 9, 1999, in Watertown, Jefferson Co., WI, at age 71. Buried in Evangelical Lutheran Cemetery, Watertown, Dodge Co., WI. John James "Jay" Brennan Jr. was born July 11, 1935, in Binghamton, Broome Co., NY, and died Tuesday, July 4, 2006, at St. Mary's Hospital Medical Center, Madison, Dane Co., WI, at age 70. He is the son of John James Brennan of Binghamton, Broome Co., NY, and Dorothy Garvey of Binghamton, Broome Co., NY. Married (1) to Karleen R. Unknown: Born April 20, 1937, in Unknown. Divorced. Married (2) August 2, 1982, in Dodge Co., WI, to Mary Jo "Jody" "(Sielaff) Ruskin: Born April 25, 1947, at Wisconsin General Hospital, Madison, Dane Co., WI. Mary was first married August 2, 1969, at Our Lady Queen of Peace Catholic Church, Madison, Dane Co., WI, to Dennis Alan Ruskin: Born June 28, 1947, in Madison, Dane Co., WI; Died October 26, 2018, in Wisconsin (age 71). Divorced by 1979. Dennis then married (2) July 7, 1979, in Madison, Dane Co., WI, to Sandra "Sandy" Johnson: Born June 15, 1950, in Unknown. Divorced about 2004 in Dane Co., WI. Karleen then married (2) October 24, 1981, in Las Vegas, Clark Co., NV, to Robert K. Nelson. She then married (3) to William Arthur "Bill" Staib: Born August 18, 1937, in Unknown. Watertown Daily Times, Watertown, WI, Thursday, July 6, 2006 John J. Brennan John J. "Jay" Brennan, 70, of Watertown, died Tuesday, July 4, 2006, at St. Mary's Hospital Medical Center in Madison following a brief illness. Jay was born on July 11, 1935, in Binghamton, N.Y., son of John and Dorothy (Garvey) Brennan. He married Mary Jo "Jody" Ruskin on Aug. 2, 1982, in Watertown. He was vice president of Kohl's Food Service Division, then vice president of sales and marketing for Beckman Produce Inc. and finished his food sales career as sales manager institutional food services with Aunt Nellie's of Clyman. Upon retirement he formed his company Foregolf and became an independent sales representative for numerous golf equipment and clothing suppliers. Jay served on the board of directors for the Greater Milwaukee Convention and Visitor's Bureau and the Wauwatosa Credit Union. He served six years on the board of directors for the Watertown Country Club, including four years as president. He was a member of Pitterle-Beaudoin American Legion Post 189. He served in the United States Army in Korea. Jay was an avid golfer. He and his first wife, Karleen, of Onarga, III., raised 23 foster children. Jay is survived by his wife, Jody Brennan of Watertown; three daughters, Kelly Brennan of Braidwood, Ill., Deborah (Mark) Peterson of Pawleys Island, N.C., and Sheanne (Rich) Balsitis of New Lenox, III.; eight grandchildren, Karli McArthur, John Leitner, Becka and Michael Peterson, Nathan Brennan and Kendall, Jillian and Madison Balsitis; a great-granddaughter, Ally Garcia; two brothers, Robert Brennan of Oshkosh and James (Bev) Brennan of Fairbanks, Alaska; a number of nieces, nephews, other relatives and many friends. He was preceded in death by his parents. Friends may gather for a traditional Irish wake at the Watertown Country Club on Sunday after 4 p.m. A private family memorial service will be held. Memorials may be given in his memory to the American Lung Association or the charity of one's choice. The Pederson Funeral Home of Watertown is serving the family. Watertown Daily Times, Watertown, Jefferson Co., WI, April 15, 2010 Charles A. Hertel Charles “Chuck” A. Hertel, 86, of Watertown, passed away Wednesday morning, April 14, 2010, at Golden LivingCenter in Watertown. A Mass of Christian burial will be held on Monday at 1 p.m. at St. Henry Catholic Church in Watertown with Father Brian Wilk officiating. Burial will be in St. Bernard's Catholic Cemetery in Watertown. Relatives and friends may call to pay their respects at the church on Monday from 11 a.m. until the time of the Mass. Memorials may be directed to St. Henry Catholic Church, St. Bernard's Catholic Church or the charity of one's choice. Charles A. Hertel was born in Batesville, Ind., on July 7, 1923, son of Lester and Stella (Meister) Hertel. He was a graduate of Wabash College and Annapolis Naval Academy and was trained as a pilot through the United States Navy. Chuck married Eleanor Taranto on May 4, 1974, at their home in Watertown. He was a member of St. Henry Catholic Church. In his later years, Chuck enjoyed volunteering at UW Health Partners Watertown Regional Medical Center. Survivors include his wife, Eleanor “Ellie” of Watertown; a daughter, Dawn Zillmer of Watertown; his natural children, Stella (Peter) Kovicich of Milwaukee and Patricia (Richard) Atwood of Madison; three grandsons, David (Dana) Neitzel, Tony Zillmer and Timmy Zillmer; his sisters, Pauline Bower, Helen Franzese and Barbara (Ron) May; a brother, Bill (Joy) Hertel; a sister-in-law, Alice Hertel; nieces, nephews, other relatives and friends. Chuck was preceded in death by his parents; a daughter, Victoria Neitzel; a son, David Higgins; a sister, Margie Oswald; and a brother, Dick Hertel. Hafemeister Funeral Home 611 E. Main St. Watertown The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Milwaukee, Milwaukee Co., WI, December 10, 2005 John T. Weaver Of Menomonee Falls, Dec. 8, 2005, age 73 years. Beloved husband of Alice for 44 years. Loving father of Wendy (Andy) Mohrfeld and Allison Weaver. Special Gramps to Alyssa, Hailey and Claire. Brother of the late Ralph, Jim and Robert Weaver and Jane Stephenson. Survived by his sister-in-law, Mary Weaver and brother-in-law, Don Stephenson. Further survived by nieces, nephews, other relatives and friends. A Memorial Service will be held Sun., Dec. 11 at 3PM at Emmanuel Community United Methodist Church, N84 W16707 Menomonee Ave., Menomonee Falls. Visitation Sunday 1PM until time of Service at the church. Friends will be encouraged to share memories or thoughts during the Service. In lieu of flowers, memorials to Ruth Hospice or Emmanuel Community United Methodist Church would be appreciated. John taught social studies in Menomonee Falls for 32 years, and was a highly regarded varsity golf coach. He was a member of the Watertown Country Club for over 50 years and inducted into the Club's hall of fame. John was a proud veteran of the Korean War, having served in the USAF. He was a member of the member of the Menomonee Falls Optimist Club, VFW, and American Legion. John also enjoyed playing cards, bowling, senior golf, tutoring and the R.O.M.E.O.'s and his grandchildren's activities. John touched many lives in his quiet way and will be greatly missed. SCHMIDT & BARTELT A.A. Schmidt & Sons Funeral and Cremation Services, Menomonee Falls 262-251-3630 Watertown Daily Times, Watertown, Jefferson Co., WI, Tuesday, October 21, 2008 Edward Dobbratz Edward J. Dobbratz, 84, of Watertown, passed away Sunday evening, Oct. 19, 2008, at Clearview Nursing Home in Juneau. He was born on Aug. 9, 1924, in Watertown, son of Gerhard and Lily (Loeffler) Dobbratz. Ed was a 1942 graduate of Watertown Senior High School. He attended the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Valparaiso University in Valparaiso, Ind., and the University of Illinois in Champaign, Ill. Ed was a veteran of World War II, serving with the United States Air Force. He earned the rank of captain. On June 4, 1947, he married the former Janet Forbes Ellington in Milwaukee. Ed was an avid sports fan and had been quarterback for the Watertown High School football team. He was a National Junior Speed Skating Champion. Ed and his brothers, Herman and Fred, won numerous speed skating awards. Ed loved golf, tennis and boating. He owned and operated the Watertown Table Slide until 1985. He was a member of First Congregational United Church of Christ in Watertown. Ed was a member of the Phi Delta Theta Fraternity and a former director of the M&I Bank in Watertown. He was also a member of the Watertown Elks Lodge No. 666 and Watertown American Legion Post No. 189. Ed is survived by his wife, Janet of Watertown; one daughter, Lisa Dobbratz; a sister, Marie Kleinsteiber of Chelsea, Mich.; two brothers, Fred (Ruth) Dobbratz of Madison and Ray (Marie) Dobbratz of Watertown; and a sister-in-law, Ginny Dobbratz of Watertown. He is further survived by nieces, nephews other relatives and friends. Ed was preceded in death by his parents and also a brother, Herman on March 6, 1986. Funeral services will be held on Friday at 11 a.m. at the Hafemeister Funeral Home in Watertown with the Rev. Deborah Howland of First Congregational United Church of Christ officiating. Burial with military rites conducted by the American Legion Post No. 189 will be held in Oak Hill Cemetery, Watertown. Relatives and friends may call at the Hafemeister Funeral Home on Friday from 10 a.m. until the time of the service. Memorials, if desired, may be directed to First Congregational United Church of Christ, the Alzheimer's Foundation, Salvation Army or the charity of one's choice. Hafemeister Funeral Home 611 E. Main St. Watertown Watertown Daily Times, Watertown, Jefferson Co., WI, Friday, November 18, 2016 Dr. David Thomas Quanbeck, a beloved child of God, passed away on Tuesday, Nov. 15, 2016, at Rainbow Hospice in Johnson Creek, with the supermoon of 2016 shining overhead. He was 80 years old. David was the youngest son of Thor and Hilda (Ostlie) Quanbeck. He is survived by his wife, Anita Quanbeck of Watertown; his brother, Alton Quanbeck of Middleburg, Virginia, and sister Dorothy Johnson of North Branch, Minnesota; four sons, Cameron (San Mateo, California), Eric (Watertown), Chris (Santa Clara, California) and Andrew (Madison); daughters-in-law Laura (Holl) Quanbeck (San Mateo) and Jamie (Graham) Quanbeck (Madison); five grandchildren, Emma, Luke and Hanna Quanbeck (San Mateo) and Graham and Alexandra Quanbeck (Madison); and his golden retriever, Barney of Watertown. David was born on Oct. 26, 1936, in Fargo, North Dakota. As a child, he showed an early interest in biology and anatomy. David pursued these interests through his undergraduate studies at Waldorf and Augustana, where his father, the Rev. Thor Quanbeck, was a professor of psychology. David went on to earn an MD from the University of Chicago, an experience that he reported to be particularly grueling (he was not a man prone to exaggeration or self-pity). He served his nation as a doctor at Glasgow Air Force Base in Glasgow, Montana, between 1963 and 1965. He completed his medical residency at the University of Wisconsin in 1971 with a specialty in urology. During his residency, David was introduced to his future wife by a mutual friend who knew that they both loved opera. Anita was teaching nursing at the University of Wisconsin at that time. Opera brought them together and bound them together for the rest of their lives. They were married in 1969 and went on to raise their four boys in Watertown. David served the community of Watertown as a physician until his retirement in 1998, passing the torch to Dr. Ron Sokovich. As a physician, he alleviated suffering for thousands of his patients and saved many lives. He led a life of tireless devotion to his work. He was nearly always on call and responded to medical emergencies day and night. In 1974, he traveled to Madagascar to teach a desperately needed medical procedure to his cousin Stan Quanbeck and his wife Kathie, who ran a missionary hospital serving the native Malagasay people. In his retirement, he spent his time raising shiitake mushrooms, volunteering his medical expertise as a physician at the Watertown Area Cares Clinic and helping feed members of the community through Immanuel Lutheran Church’s food pantry. David was beloved by his family and many close friends. All who were close to him respected him for his undying commitment to his fellow human beings. This commitment started with those closest to him — his family — before radiating outward to the community he lived in, and extending across the entire world. David loved God, his family and friends, his dog Barney, his country and the ideas it stands for, golf (Watertown Country Club champion, 1976), football (he earned the nickname “No-neck Quanbeck” for his buff physique as a player, was a Badger season ticket holder since 1970 and a die-hard Packers fan), classical music, fine food and drink, and literature. His immense intellect was fueled by an insatiable love of reading that persisted until his final days on Earth. David’s gentle, generous and loving spirit will live on in the memories of the countless people whose lives he touched. A memorial service will be held at Immanuel Lutheran Church on Sunday, Dec. 4, with the Rev. Todd Iverson presiding. In lieu of flowers, the family requests donations to Watertown Area Cares Clinic (watertownareacaresclinic.org) or the Immanuel Lutheran Church food pantry (www.watertownimmanuel.org). Visitation will begin at 4 p.m. (so as not to interfere with the Packers’ game, which David will be busy watching with God until about 3:15 p.m.), with the memorial service beginning at 5 p.m. Pederson-Nowatka Funeral Homes is caring for the family. Online condolences may be made at www.pn-fh.com. Pederson-Nowatka Funeral Home, 213 S. Fifth St. Watertown Watertown Daily Times, Watertown, WI, Friday, June 30, 2017 Richard B. Conley, 86, of Watertown, passed away peacefully on Thursday morning, June 29, 2017, at his home, surrounded by his family. A Mass of Christian burial will be held on Wednesday at noon at St. Henry Catholic Church in Watertown with Fathers Bob Sears, S.J. and Patrick Wendler officiating. Private family burial will be at St. Bernard’s Catholic Cemetery in Watertown on Thursday. Visitation will be at the church on Wednesday from 10 a.m. until the time of the service. Richard (aka “Dick” and “RBC”) was born in Galena, Illinois, on March 6, 1931, the third of four children. Shortly after his birth, his family relocated to De Pere. He attended Abbott Pennings High School, where he excelled in the literary arts, tennis and golf. His success in golf earned him a place on the golf team at the University of Notre Dame, which he attended for a year prior to enrolling as a seminarian at St. Norbert College. Seminary studies included a year in Rome, which sparked an interest in travel. Richard left the seminary to take a trip around the world with his good friend Pat Ariens, setting sail for the Olympics in Australia in 1957. Upon returning home two years later, he met the love of his life, Olive Rose Holzer, who had just returned from a trip to Europe and Turkey. Richard courted Olive in Green Bay while teaching at Premontre High School and beginning work on his master’s degree in English from the University of Wisconsin, where he studied under Helen C. White. He also continued his interest in golf and became the northeastern Wisconsin golf champion and the club champion of Oneida Country Club. Richard and Olive married on June 12, 1961, and the two found teaching roles in Watertown. On Palm Sunday, 1964, their country home was completely demolished by a tornado. The young couple was overwhelmed by the outpouring of love and support from the Watertown community and decided to make Watertown their permanent home. Richard taught in the Watertown High School English department from 1961-1993, and was named educator of the year in 1963. His interest in media and persuasion contributed to his role on the committee that introduced cable television communications to Watertown. He also served as a coach of the WHS golf team and enjoyed golfing at the Watertown Country Club, where he participated in the Winter Golf Tour well into his 70s. Richard was part of St. Bernard’s Cecilian Choir, which he led for a number of years. His musical interests were also expressed in a barbershop quartet, in which he was accompanied by Royce Rowedder, John Block and Dave Nielsen. In retirement, Richard and Olive focused time on family, friends and Green Bay Packer games. His annual NCAA college football bowl pick competition drew participants from across the country, and he relished any opportunity to win or lose a game of cribbage. Richard went home to his heavenly Father on Thursday, joining his father and mother, Harry and Julia Conley; brother, Fr. Kieran Conley, O.S.B.; sister, Terry Byrne; five in-laws, Urban Schumacher, Bud Byrne, Jack and Judy Holzer and Mary Pat (Holzer) Wach; and four nephews, Mike, Dick, Tom and John Byrne. Richard is survived by his wife, Olive Rose of Watertown; four children, Kevin (Kay) Conley of Watertown, Mary (Dale) Eggert of Libertyville, Illinois, Kiara (Jay) Mack of Delafield and Bridget (John) Zakowski of Green Bay; sister, Judy Schumacher of Green Bay; nieces, nephews, other relatives and friends; and 10 grandchildren, Elizabeth Mack, Colleen Conley, Meghan Conley, Catherine Zakowski, John Mack, Mary Zakowski, Kara Conley, Kieran Conley, John Zakowski and Tommy Zakowski. Online condolences may be made at www.hafemeisterfh.com. Hafemeister Funeral Home of Watertown is serving the family. Memorials may be made to EWTN, Judicial Watch, Wisconsin Right to Life or St. Norbert College. Hafemeister Funeral Home and Cremation Service, 611 E. Main St., Watertown The Maple Lake Messenger, Maple Lake, Wright Co., MN, April 26, 2017 New golf coach brings experience, knowledge to Maple Lake's game Patrick Groehler comes to the Maple Lake High School golf program with years of experience teaching golf. He was the golf instructor for the Buffalo Heights Junior Program; head golf professional at Tumblebrook C.C. in Pewaukee, WI; golf instructor at Pierre Marque Golf Course in Acapulco, MX; director of golf at Silver Spring in Monticello; golf instructor and owner of the Monticello Driving Range. He has a home on Maple Lake and jumped at the opportunity to coach at his local high school. Watertown Daily Times, Watertown, Jefferson Co., WI, Tuesday May 7, 2019 Patrick Clarence Groehler MAPLE LAKE, Minn. — Patrick Clarence Groehler, 71, passed away on Sunday, Feb. 17, 2019. Patrick was born April 21, 1947, in Watertown, Wisconsin, the second of four children of the late Benjamin and Albina Groehler. He was an accomplished golfer who started at a young age by making his first club out of a bamboo pole and his passion for the sport continued until his final days. He attended Watertown High School, graduating in 1967 and lettering in four sports. Patrick attended the University of Wisconsin- Whitewater where he earned a bachelor’s degree in journalism and Russian history, and played on the university golf team. He served six years in the Army Reserve, advancing to an E6. After college Patrick continued on with his love for golf and became the head golf pro at Tumblebrook Country Club in Pewaukee, Wisconsin. Patrick had a lengthy career in publishing and held positions at Optima Publishing Group in NYC and then spending 25 years in various roles at Portal Publications. In 2000, Patrick and his wife Sharon moved from Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin, to Maple Lake and became the owners of the Monticello Driving Range & Par 3 Golf Course. There, he started his business Precision Golf, consisting of golf lessons, demonstrations, events and repairs. Patrick later became the head golf coach at Maple Lake High School where he inspired his students to become not only good golfers but good people. Patrick was an incredible and loving husband and father, a wonderful and generous friend, a caring uncle. He is survived by his wife Sharon; his five children: Leslie, Phillip, Wes, Carrie (Karl) and Craig; four grandchildren: Miles, Evelyn, Kinsley and Justin; his siblings: Judy, Michael and Peter (Sue); and many nephews and nieces. His funeral service will be at 11 a.m. Saturday, May 18, at St. Henry Catholic Church, 412 N. Fourth St., Watertown, WI 53094, with visitation from 10-11 a.m. at the church. A celebration of Pat’s life will be held immediately following the service at the Watertown Country Club, 1340 N. Water St., Watertown, WI 53098, to share memories and remember Patrick. Lunch will be served. All are welcome to attend.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line155
__label__wiki	0.596473	0.596473	Site Home Forum Index What are Leeds’ chance of promotion next season? Comment on MarchingOnTogether.co.uk news stories. YorkshireSquare Twitter: @motforum Contact YorkshireSquare Post by YorkshireSquare » Wed Jun 28, 2017 7:06 pm Leeds came mighty close to making the play-offs last season and it was thought that Garry Monk would be the man to spearhead another tilt at promotion, but it is 44-year-old Dane Thomas Christiansen who has been charged with that task. Having replaced the departed Monk, Christiansen is expected to bring in many new faces during the summer transfer window and already has Poland international midfielder Mateusz Klich on board. The Whites needed a new midfield general and the hope is that the 27-year-old former FC Twente star will be able to dominate in the middle of the park and also chip in with the odd goal after scoring six times in the Dutch top-flight last season. Defensive reinforcements are likely to arrive, with doubts over the future of Charlie Taylor, and reports claim that Roda JC Kerkrade’s Ard van Peppen is on United’s radar as a possible replacement should one of Burnley, Celtic or West Brom snare Taylor. Pontus Jansson looks a solid and towering presence at the heart of defence but the Swede will need a new partner after loan signing Kyle Bartley returned to parent club Swansea City. It has been suggested that the Elland Road outfit are targeting Granada’s Iceland international Sverrir Ingi Ingason and are plotting a £2m bid for his services. He penned a deal with the Spanish side until 2020 in the January transfer window but the club’s relegation from La Liga means that he will almost certainly be looking to move on. The prospect of higher wages, a promotion run and the carrot of the Premier League might be all that Leeds require to lure the 23-year-old to West Yorkshire. He is strong in the air, technically sound, snaps into his tackles and has an uncanny knack of being in the right place at the right time to sniff out danger - attributes that will serve him well in the cut and thrust of the Championship. Chris Wood performed heroics up front, with 30 goals from 48 appearances in all competitions, but he could do with some help to ease the pressure on his sizeable shoulders. Pablo Hernandez is on board for another season but is not getting any younger and may well spend time on the bench to be used as an impact player later in games. United seemed keen on Porto striker Adrian Lopez but ended their pursuit due to the wage demands of the Spaniard, who was reportedly asking for more than £25,000 per week. Crystal Palace’s Fraiser Campbell could be someone who Christiansen looks at as he is on his way out of Selhurst Park. The 29-year-old’s contract is up and, with new boss Frank de Boer set to bring in many new faces, it seems unlikely he will be offered new terms. Leeds have shown an interest in the striker before, trying to sign him back in January 2016, and, although he has had a lean time of it in recent seasons, knows his way to goal. United will be hoping to gain automatic promotion to the top-flight and avoid the complete lottery of the play-offs. If you’re going to bet on Leeds going up through the play-offs, you’d be better of looking up online roulette sites instead given our recent history since relegation in 2004. Christiansen will be hoping that the balls fall nicely for his side next season and he seems to be making the right noises so far as he looks to assemble a squad fit to make another run for England’s top division. Formerly Shields53 Help the site by making your Amazon purchases through our afiliate link. Bennyfishel Re: What are Leeds’ chance of promotion next season? Post by Bennyfishel » Sat Oct 21, 2017 10:13 am An icicle in hell.s chance Post by 1964white » Sun Oct 22, 2017 1:11 pm If we maintain & build on the form we showed at Ashton Gate yesterday we have every chance There is no Newcastle or Brighton in the championship this season Post by gessa » Mon Oct 23, 2017 10:42 am I think it will be a mixed season for most, Wolves, Sheff Utd and Cardiff have the momentum but they will go through a bad patch, it all then depends on how long it takes to come out of it. The top 6 is any from 12. I think we're still on for 3rd- 6th, don't think we'll make top 2 unless we make 3 quality signings in January, which is rarely a good month for such signings. Return to “News Articles”	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line159
__label__wiki	0.663329	0.663329	Alpha Links General Organization Alpha East Mid Atlantic Association of Alpha Phi Alpha Chapters (MAAC) AlphaNet Washington, DC Area Alpha Chapters (Area 6) Mu Lambda Omicron Lambda Alpha Beta (Howard Univ.) Nu Beta (George Washington Univ., Georgetown Univ., American Univ. and Catholic Univ.) Omicron Omicron (Univ. of DC) The DCPS community is comprised of thousands that have a shared goal to make DCPS the highest performing urban school district in the nation, and to once and for all close the achievement gap that separates low-income students and students of color from their higher-income and white peers. March for Babies The March of Dimes uses 77 cents of every dollar you raise in March for Babies to support research and programs that help moms have full-term pregnancies and babies begin healthy lives. From the ballot box to the classroom, the dedicated workers, organizers, and leaders who forged this great organization and maintain its status as a champion of social justice, fought long and hard to ensure that the voices of African Americans would be heard. National Pan-Hellenic Council, Inc. The stated purpose and mission of the organization in 1930 was “Unanimity of thought and action as far as possible in the conduct of Greek letter collegiate fraternities and sororities, and to consider problems of mutual interest to its member organizations.” SOME (So Others Might Eat) SOME (So Others Might Eat) is an interfaith, community-based organization that exists to help the poor and homeless of our nation's capital. We [SOME]meet the immediate daily needs of the people we serve with food, clothing, and health care. DC Coalition Against Domestic Violence The DC Coalition Against Domestic Violence is a resource for the thousands of adults and children experiencing domestic violence in the District each year, as well as the local organizations that serve them. The Coalition offers support and services for today, and education, advocacy and leadership to shape a violence-free future for families in the District of Columbia. Strive DC STRIVE DC assists unemployed individuals in the Washington, DC area in obtaining the skills to get and keep a job through its intense three week attitudinal training course where people who lack these basic skills are transformed into work ready individuals. https://www.facebook.com/groups/129599633718926/?ref=bookmarks https://twitter.com/?lang=en	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line176
__label__cc	0.626134	0.373866	The theatre of violence: narratives of protagonists in the South African conflict This profound and deeply compassionate study aims to reach into the complexities of political violence in South Africa between 1960 and 1994, and to expand our understanding of the patterns of conflict that almost drew South Africans into a vortex of total disintegration during the apartheid era. This book is used in the teaching of critical and social psychology at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. While many accounts have focused on the victims of state repression, this unique volume documents the often contradictory and confusing stories of those who acknowledge having committed some dreadful deeds. Individuals on various sides of the apartheid divide, from state security structures to the ANC, PAC and grassroots, activists, tell their own stories. The central focus is to give an account of the actions of the perpetrators, here depicted as competing protagonists in an arena of violence. It examines the violence forensically, through its public and popular representations, academically and, finally, through the narrative approach, drawing on a rich analysis of stories from different sides. The authors also offer the first critical examination of the TRC's amnesty process, show how media representations of perpetrators inform public perceptions, and scrutinise international scholarly writings on the issue of political violence. Suggestive and intriguing, The Theatre of Violence opens a fresh examination of the erstwhile taken-for-granted understandings and attempts to address a range of questions that are often not considered, and perhaps cannot be considered, in a dispassionate way. It is in many ways an optimistic study, holding out the possibility of a society that can understand and take steps to minimise the perpetration of gross violations of human rights. Foster, D., Haupt, P., De Beer, M. 2005. The theatre of violence: narratives of protagonists in the South African conflict. Book. Cape Town: University of Cape Town. Foster, Don Haupt, Paul De Beer, Marésa state repression The_Theatre_of_Violence-_Narratives_of_protagonists_in_the_South_African_conflict_-_The_Theatre_of_Violence_-_Entire_eBook.pdf Click here to access this resource Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line179
__label__wiki	0.975813	0.975813	‘Anthem,’ ‘Apex Legends’ Top PlayStation Store Downloads for February March 8, 2019 1:00PM PT BioWare’s shared world shooter “Anthem” was the top-downloaded PS4 title on the PlayStation Store in February, Sony revealed on Friday. Its No. 1 spot is a little surprising. The game officially launched at the end of the month, on Feb. 22 (certain pre-orders, EA Access, and Origin Premier Members got an early start, though). It’s also been plagued by middling reviews and numerous bugs since then. The biggest issue is reportedly making some PS4 consoles crash while people are playing. BioWare is currently working on a fix. Then, there’s the bug that’s causing a Level 1 rifle to out-damage everything else in the game. “Anthem’s” demos were plagued with problems, but all of that apparently hasn’t stopped a lot of people from downloading and playing it anyway. “Jump Force,” “Grand Theft Auto V,” “Tom Clancy’s Rainbow Six Siege,” and “Kingdom Hearts III” round out the top five downloaded PS4 games last month. Meanwhile, Respawn Entertainment’s popular new battle royale title “Apex Legends” was the top free-to-play downloaded title on the PlayStation Store in February. Set in the “Titanfall” universe, it combines the usual last-man-standing gameplay of battle royale titles like “Fortnite” and “PUBG” and combines them with a roster of unique heroes, similar to Blizzard Entertainment’s team-based shooter “Overwatch.” Respawn surprised everyone by releasing the game with no pre-hype on Feb. 4. It’s become a bit of a phenomenon since then, reaching 50 million players in less than 30 days. For comparison, it took “Fortnite” about 100 days to reach 45 million players. Here is Sony’s full lists of the top downloaded PS4 games and free-to-play games on the PlayStation Store in February: “H1Z1: Battle Royale” “DC Universe Online Free-to-Play” PlayStation Top Downloads of February 2019 Put Anthem, Jump Force, and Apex Legends at the Top of the Lists Grand Theft Auto V Tops EU PlayStation Store’s August 2018 Downloads; Fortnite Dominates DLC Downloads PlayStation Store Details The Top Downloads of 2018; Black Ops 4, Red Dead Redemption 2 , and Spider-Man All in Top Three February’s PS Store Charts Revealed; Monster Hunter: World Takes First and Second Place in USA and UK Respectively Fortnite Is The Most Played Game On The Microsoft Store	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line182
__label__cc	0.55064	0.44936	Diplomatic Circuit US House passes defense bill with amendment on NK sanctions The US House of Representatives on Friday passed a defense bill amended to include provisions for the strengthening of sanctions against North Korea. The National Defense Authorization Act for fiscal year 2020, which approves $733 billion in spending and outlines defense policy, passed the House 220-197. It will need to be reconciled with a Senate version before being signed into law by President Donald Trump. The bill also includes an amendment earmarking $10 million for the verification of North Korea’s denuclearization, and restricts any drawdown of US troops in South Korea from the current level of 28,500. This EPA file photo shows the U.S. Congress building in Washington. (Yonhap) Marking the first such action by Congress, the bill also includes an amendment calling for a formal end to the 1950-53 Korean War. The text calls for secondary sanctions on financial institutions that conduct business with North Korea in violation of existing sanctions on Pyongyang. The measures would especially affect Chinese banks. The amendment is named the Otto Warmbier Banking Restrictions Involving North Korea Act after the American college student who died in 2017 following more than a year of detention in the North. The Senate’s version of the NDAA, which passed in June, contains a similar amendment. To restrict the drawdown of troops in South Korea, the bill prohibits the use of funds for such purposes until 90 days after the US defense secretary certifies to Congress that the move is in the interest of US national security and commensurate with the reduction in threat posed by North Korea’s conventional military forces. The defense secretary is also required to certify that US allies, including South Korea and Japan, have been “appropriately” consulted regarding such a reduction. The amendment calling for an end to the Korean War was led by Reps. Ro Khanna (D-CA) and Brad Sherman (D-CA). It recognizes that diplomacy is essential to achieve denuclearization on the Korean Peninsula and that a formal end to the war is critical toward that goal. The three-year conflict ended in a truce, not a peace treaty, with the US fighting alongside South Korea against the North. “It’s a clear sign that the American people want an end to the oldest US conflict, and that ending decades of hostilities with a peace agreement is the only way to resolve the nuclear crisis,” said Christine Ahn, executive director of Women Cross DMZ, which advocated for the amendment’s passage. The US and North Korea are expected to resume negotiations in the coming days on the dismantlement of the regime’s nuclear weapons program in exchange for various concessions, including sanctions relief. A political declaration ending the Korean War has been reported to be a possible element of any deal.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line183
__label__wiki	0.604873	0.604873	Preview: Nor'easters host Lehigh Valley tonight with eyes on 2019 US Open Cup qualification With PDL playoffs out of reach, Ocean City needs a win on Wednesday to stay on pace to qualify for next year's US Open Cup The Ocean City Nor'easters had their Premier Development League (PDL) playoff hopes dashed on Sunday when the New York Red Bulls Under-23s mathematically eliminated them from contention with a win over Evergreen FC. However, there there is still a lot to play for in the final two home games for the Nor'easters. Winning both games will put them in prime position to qualify for the 2019 Lamar Hunt US Open Cup. The first of those two remaining home games will take place at the Beach House on Wednesday night when the Nor'easters host Lehigh Valley United. Kickoff is scheduled for 7 p.m. where 13-year-old Olivia Currier will sing the national anthem (READ MORE ABOUT OLIVIA HERE) Entering Wednesday's game, the Nor'easters are sitting at No. 19 in the overall PDL table. While the format for the 2019 US Open Cup has not been announced yet, the last five years, a minimum of 19 teams have qualified. In 2017, the top 21 got in, and for 2018, the top 20 PDL teams were entered into the 105-year-old tournament. Tickets are available at the Carey Stadium box office for $10. Click here for more information about group ticket packages, birthday parties and how soccer coaches can get in free. There will be no live stream available for the game. Fans unable to make it out to the Beach House can follow the action as it happens on the Nor'easters' official twitter account @OCNoreasters. This will be the third and final meeting between the Nor'easters and Lehigh Valley with Ocean City winning the first two games on the road. They will go for the season sweep against United at the Beach House, a place that they have never lost (3-0-0) to Lehigh Valley before. In fact, the all-time series against United has been heavily in favor of the Nor'easters as they lead 7-1-0. On June 14 in Allentown, Pa., Abdul Mansaray (Wilmington / London, England) earned a spot on the All-Eastern Conference Team of the Week by scoring two goals and assisting on another in a 4-1 win by the Nor'easters. Simone Raiola (Grand View / Triuggo, Italy) added a goal and an assist and Deri Corfe (Wright State / Chester, England) added another. Todd Morton (Delaware / West Chester, PA) made five saves to earn his second win in as many starts. A little less than two weeks later (June 27), the Nor'easters returned to Allentown and it was a much tighter game but still a win for Ocean City. Corfe was the star in the 2-1 win as he created both goals. The former Manchester City academy player assisted on an Alex Rose (North Carolina / Cary, NC) goal in the first half and then scored what would prove to be the game-winner four minutes later to lead the Storm. Last Saturday, Ocean City had their three-game win streak snapped and their playoff hopes dashed at the hands of their long-time rival Reading United by the score of 4-2. In the 48th meeting between the two teams, Corfe, Ocean City's leading scorer in all competitions (5 goals, 5 assists) and Fredlin "Fredinho" Mompremier (Fairleigh Dickinson / Limbe, Haiti) each scored and Ocean City rattled two shots off the Reading goalpost in the losing effort. Wednesday's game in Ocean City marks the second of three straight tough road games to close out what has been a difficult season for Lehigh Valley. Last Saturday, the club's winless streak reached nine games with a 2-0 loss to FA Euro New York. Following Wednesday's game, the Nor'easters wrap up a busy week with two games this weekend to close out the 2018 season. On Friday, July 13, they host the D.C. United Under-23s in an exhibition game at the Beach House, with a new kickoff time of 6 p.m. Then, on Sunday, they welcome the New York Red Bulls Under-23s for the PDL regular season finale in Ocean City. Kickoff is scheduled for 7 p.m.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line184
__label__wiki	0.578507	0.578507	Serialism a killer: Ideas tend to get in the way by David James To visit the Tate Modern gallery in London is to be assaulted with a myriad of different ideas and theories about art, ranging from the garish pop art of Roy Lichtenstein, to the surrealism of Salvador Dali, to installations from Brazil commenting on culture and consumerism, to performance art from Central America that is savage political comment, to street art, to neon-light shows, to a painting that is pure white, to Mark Rothko’s abysms of colour, to a sculpted city made out of couscous. Arnold Schoenberg: self-portrait in blue Each of these “schools” of art creates an interplay between a set of ideas about the world and the sensory, visual experience for the observer (even when there is no explicit idea, the absence is itself a kind of idea). The aim, to the extent that it can be determined, is to help that observer “see things afresh”. In music, any such interplay between an idea and the sensory experience is, for the most part, unavailable. This is just another way of saying that music does not refer to the world like other art forms, but it has implications, especially for how classical music and academia have developed over the last century. The most influential theory of the 20th century was serialism, pioneered by Arnold Schoenberg. The idea there is that when one of the 12 notes in the chromatic scale is played, all the other notes have to be played before that note is repeated again. This produces a highly chromatic, non-diatonic, style with no tone centre, and quite lacking harmonic tension and release. And how does it sound? Non-diatonic: that is, not recognisable. The pioneers of serialism hoped it would lead listeners to “hear things afresh” by coming to an understanding of an entirely new way of arranging Western scales. But most listeners just hear something different from that to which they are accustomed; and that, for the most part, sounds like discordant bilge. This writer listened to serialism and its offshoots for hours in his university music studies and heard only, well, discordant bilge. Another example of an influential theory in music is rap. This springs essentially from political and sociological roots. In a way, it is a bit like performance art, art that uses the rhythm and pulse of urban sounds rather than images. Sociologically, rap is interesting and its proponents are sometimes insightful commentators. Their assertion of African-American culture is entirely understandable given that America is a country beset by structural racism with a grim history of slavery and segregation. (Jazz trumpeter Miles Davis, who became a very rich man from record sales, in the 1960s had to advise the Los Angeles police in advance that he had made his wealth from music, otherwise they would have arrested him while driving his Ferraris or Lamborghinis because it would be assumed that any black man driving an expensive car must be a drug dealer.) Interesting commentary it may be, but the trouble is that rap music is egregious, unforgivable rubbish suitable only for people who listen to music rather than hear it. The ideas are interesting; the music is not. In the visual arts, interesting ideas sustain the art to a much greater extent. In music, not so much. In rap, there is no invitation to greater reflection, except perhaps a slight sense of shock at the profusion of obscenities. There are very few new ideas about music. At the Tate, there were dozens of new ideas about the visual arts in just a few rooms. True, there have been “new ideas” and “trends” in pop music, but they are mostly derived from the theatre of the form: the lyrics, the costumes, the dance moves, the gestures. The music itself remains firmly rooted in the blues and its variants. Even the Sex Pistols’ anti-music is pared back pentatonic scales and blues rhythms. One consequence of the impotence of ideas in music is that beauty – not prettiness: beauty can come from harshness, such as in Beethoven’s late string quartets, or much of Shostakovich’s oeuvre – plays a far greater role than it does in the visual arts. Ugliness in the visual arts can work well, because the artist can use it to comment on the ideas being explored. But ugly music is just not worth listening to. Music can also sound “wrong”, whereas modern visual art cannot really be “wrong” as long as what is done is deliberate. Beauty remains an unanalysable mystery. We know when it exists, but we do not know why, or how we might come up with a way of doing it again. Beauty is beyond theory – and academic verbiage. David James is a Melbourne writer and musician.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line185
__label__wiki	0.773309	0.773309	DEWA Adds 700MW to M-Station, Largest Power and Desalination Plant in UAE Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 30 April 2019, (AETOSWire): HH Sheikh Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Deputy Ruler of Dubai, Minister of Finance, and President of Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA), inaugurated the extension project of M-Station in Jebel Ali, the largest power and desalination plant in the UAE. HE Saeed Mohammed Al Tayer, MD & CEO of DEWA, noted that the total cost of M-Station with its extension reached AED 11,669 billion with a current production capacity of 2,885 megawatts (MW) and 140 million gallons of desalinated water per day. The expansion cost AED 1,527 billion and added new generating units with a capacity of 700MW. The extension design has a 90% fuel efficiency rate. This project has been completed with over 20 million Safe Man Hours without Lost Time Injury. Al Tayer thanked DEWA’s partners, especially Siemens, which implemented the project and Mott MacDonald, the project consultant. “The completion of the Jebel Ali M-Station expansion marks another milestone in the long history of Siemens and DEWA as strategic partners. It’s a testament to what we can achieve with innovation and technology to support society and economic growth in the UAE,” said Dietmar Siersdorfer, CEO, Siemens Middle East and UAE. Before the extension, M-Station generated 2,185MW of electricity from 6 Siemens F-model gas turbines, each with a capacity of 255MW, 6 Doosan Waste-Heat Recovery Boilers for steam generation, 3 Alstom steam turbines with a capacity of 218MW each. The Project included construction of 16 fuel-oil storage tanks, each with a capacity of 20,000 cubic metres and totalling 320,000 cubic metres of fuel-oil storage. The station generated 140 MIGD from 8 Fisia desalination units, deploying Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) distillation technology, each with a capacity of 17.5 MIGD and two dual-fuel-fired auxiliary boilers. The expansion project comprises of two dual-fuel gas turbine generators each with a capacity of 263.5 MW, two Waste Heat-Recovery Boilers for steam generation and a back pressure steam turbine from Siemens with capacity of 173 MW. The expansion’s design increased the plant’s fuel efficiency to 85.8%, which is one of the highest rates worldwide. DEWA’s total production capacity is currently 11,100 MW of electricity and 470 MIGD of water production.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line187
__label__wiki	0.52892	0.52892	Economist's Notebook: The World Cup and its Discontents Here in Brazil, folks are taking a host of grievances to the street. The popular unrest is growing quickly and, save for some young hooligans who seem to delight in taking advantage of a good protest to smash and burn things, it is largely a peaceful and thoughtful protest. In São Paulo it started with a ten cent increase in the cost of a bus or metro ride. Small change to be sure but the contrast between the working class being asked for a little more in an incredibly expensive city while at the same time the government seems to have almost endless capacity to build stadiums for the world cup is stark. At first the protests were small and filled with vandalism. Subsequent protests were violently cracked down upon by police who were told to prevent vandalism. Now the protests have grown from just a complaint about the bus fare and people are joining in with a litany of complaints: health care and education being the top two as far as I can tell. The protest last night swelled and became massive but mostly peaceful. Protests in other cities, most notably Rio, were less peaceful. The timing of the protests are a combination of the timing of the transit fare increase in SP and the start of the FIFA Confederations Cup, a World Cup warm up. The anger at the amount of money spent building and rebuilding stadia and other related projects for a one-month event while poverty, inequality and serious deficiencies in social services has come to a head with this event. Smart protesters know also that their protests will get world attention while the Confed. Cup is going on which will put more pressure on the government to respond. My wife, Kristina, a teacher, was able to go to a São Paulo public school in a good neighborhood. One of the first things that struck here was that the neighborhood is wealthy so those kids all go to private school and the kids who attend the local public school are the kids of the domestic employees of the neighborhood. Weird and totally Brazilian. But the other thing that she learned was the predictably bad infrastructure, overworked teachers, and lack of support. Teachers in SP have to work two jobs to make ends meet. Education is delivered twice a day here: there is a morning and afternoon session so that they can get more out of the already inadequate infrastructure. Most teachers Kristina met were talented, enthusiastic and dedicated, but totally worn out by having two jobs (usually in different schools so that they have to dash from one to the other). So it is natural then that people are asking about government priorities when there seems to be an endless supply of funds. Another big theme of the protestors is contra-corruption which goes hand-in-hand with football, the CBF, big construction projects, government...all of the key World Cup talking points. People here don't trust the government and are skeptical that a ten cent increase is necessary when there is so much corruption and graft. So it will be interesting to see, over the next week or two, how these protests evolve and whether they return for the World Cup. It is also a bit of a cautionary tale to any country that accepts ever greater inequality in its midst - Brazil in this regard has come a long way but there is clearly a lot of work still to be done. More Thoughts on The Oregonian On Inequality, Mobility and the United States Picture of the Day: Jobs -- Recovery, What Recover... Picture of the Day: Rich People Requiem for a Daily Notes from the South: Protests Updates and Notes from the Social Uprising in Bras... Of Ten Cents and 14 Billion Dollars Economist's Notebook: The World Cup and its Discon... Picture of the Day: The Output Gap Soccernomics: News and Notes from Brazil Picture of the Day: Food Stamps	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line190
__label__wiki	0.862383	0.862383	3View: Great Falls Americans Great Falls Americans 2017-18 Record: 34-11-2, 70 pts. (2nd in the Frontier Division) 2018 Playoffs: Lost to the Helena Bighorns in the Frontier Division Semi-Finals: 2 games to 0 Head Coach: Greg Sears The Great Falls Americans played their first season in the NA3HL back in 2014-2015. Coached by Greg Sears, the Americans are located in Great Falls, Montana. Coming over from the American West Hockey League, the Americans have found a nice home here in NA3HL. After a number of very successful seasons for the Great Falls Americans, previous head coach Jeff Heimel accepted a job at the University of Providence. The Americans will now turn to Greg Sears to take over the reins. Sears brings in over 11 years of coaching experience to the program and says the move couldn’t have been any easier. “The transition from Jeff Heimels time here has been very smooth, and he has been very helpful,” Sears said. With Sears taking over Head Coach, the mindset shifted quickly over to building a team for the 2018-2019 season. Coach Sears wasted no time getting to work. “The main point of emphasis has been trying to retain as many veteran players as possible,” Sears said. “We also wanted to add some new talent to continue to be successful here in Great Falls. “ Coach Sears understands he is coming into a program that expects to excellence, and nothing less. Great Falls has been a powerhouse for many years, and Sears knows that can’t stop now. “This is a club that has won 30 or more games five years in a row,” Sears said. “That includes two division championships and a trip to the Fraser Cup semi-finals.” The Americans were upset in the first round of playoffs by the Helena Bighorns a season ago. While the goal for every coach going into a new season is to win as many games as possible, Coach Sears says advancing and developing his players to the next level is just as important, and he will do everything he can to make that happen. “The goal is to get these young men to college, and we do everything we can to get these guys noticed,” Sears said. “Establishing relationships with colleges across the country is the first step, and then helping our athletes meet the requirements to play hockey at the NCAA or ACHA level.” One of the best ways for NA3HL players to showcase themselves and potentially get to the next level is through a number of events the league puts on from year to year. The Showcase, Top Prospects, and Fraser Cup are some of the best events in junior hockey according to Sears. “I think all three are the best that Tier 3 Junior hockey has to offer,” Sears said. “The atmosphere at these events is incredible and a ton of scouts are at these events. They really give the kids a good number of options for their future.” The Americans have been very consistent over the past couple years, making the playoffs in each of the past four seasons. As the 2018-2019 season approaches, they will look to claim their spot as the top dog in the very competitive Frontier Division. Next up in the 3View series: Helena Bighorns	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line193
__label__wiki	0.908966	0.908966	Retired Cop Pleads Not Guilty to Texting-in-Theater Shooting Curtis Reeves Jr. could face 25 years in prison The retired police captain accused of shooting and killing a man who was texting in a Florida movie theater this month pleaded not guilty on Wednesday. Curtis Reeves Jr., 71, was charged with second-degree murder in the shooting. Reeves claimed to be “in fear of being attacked” when he shot 43-year-old Chad Oulson, who had been texting his three-year-old daughter during previews, the Tampa Bay Times reports. Reeves pleaded not guilty, NBC News reports, and a judge was set to rule later on Wednesday whether or not to allow bail. A judge denied bail in January, but Reeves’ attorney says he’s no longer a threat to the community and that he acted in self-defense when he shot 43-year-old Chad Oulson. A judge also ruled Wednesday that infrared surveillance video from the theater could be showed in court. A 2011 state law makes releasing videos and photos that depict a person’s death a third-degree felony. “Withholding this video from public view would only fuel speculation of what’s on it,” Circuit Court Judge Pat Siracusa said during the bail hearing, according to NBC News. If found guilty of second degree murder, Reeves could face 25 years in prison. [NBC News]	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line195
__label__wiki	0.80318	0.80318	Tag: rune stones North American Rune Stones By Todd Wayne Knipple in Ancient Mysteries Todd Wayne Knipple I was awakened to the reality of the paranormal at the age of 12 while at a friend’s home. What happened that one night back in 1983 kept me awake for three days. After that incident I was left with many questions. My determination to find answers to what had happened that night became an obsession that would lead me down a path into investigating the paranormal. I found myself consumed by these strange anomalies that were captured on video, audio and photographs, and the strange feelings and sensations I would have from walking into old buildings or a person’s home. For nearly 30 years, I have dedicated myself to finding these answers by using a scientific approach to fully understand and bring explanations to those who seek help and who are experiencing themselves the same things I experienced some 30 years ago. I can say that out of all of the cases I have investigated over the years as a paranormal investigator, 99% can be explained as a product of environment. There is, however, that 1% that can only be considered Beyond The Grave. Latest posts by Todd Wayne Knipple (see all) Edinburgh Vaults (South Bridge), Edinburgh, Scotland - March 25, 2015 Holy Cross Orphanage - March 12, 2015 The Mel Meter - March 6, 2015 Several rune stones have been found in the United States, most notably the Kensington Runestone in Minnesota and the Heavener Stone in Oklahoma. There is considerable debate over their age and validity. The “Kensington Runestone” is a slab of gray stone, measuring 36 inches long, 16 inches wide, and 6 inches thick. It contains runic writing along the face of the stone and along one edge. The stone was found by a Minnesota farmer named Olaf Ohman in November of 1898 while a digging up a poplar tree stump on the southern slope of a 50-foot high knoll. The stone was buried face down about six inches below the surface, with the tree roots wrapped around it. Mr. Ohman and his sons saw the runic letters but did not know what they were. Unfortunately, the stone was not left in place, so they were unable to demonstrate its obvious age from the growth pattern of the tree. The stone was sent to the University of Minnesota and then to Chicago. It was was studied by runic scholars, who interpreted the inscription to be an account of Norse explorers in the 14th Century. Many authorities who have since examined the stone have claimed it a forgery, but others are equally certain of its authenticity. It is known King Magnus of Sweden sent that a party to Greenland in 1355. They never returned. It is very possible that these men were from that party. The stone bears the date of 1362. The transliteration of the text is generally accepted as: “Eight Goths and 22 Norwegians on a journey of exploration from Vinland very far west. We had camp by 2 rocky islands one day’s journey north from this stone. We were out fishing one day. After we came home we found 10 men red with blood and dead. AVM [Ave Maria] save us from evil.” The inscription along the edge of the stone says: “Have 10 men by the sea to look after our ships 14 days’ journey from this island. Year 1362.” The stone is now in the Runestone Museum in Alexandria, Minnesota, near where the stone was found. Update: At a 2000 conference in St. Paul, attended by archaeologists from about 20 states and three Canadian provinces, a Minnesota geologist and a Wisconsin chemist presented what they say is indisputable evidence that the runestone inscription is “real” and old, probably from the 1300s. Scott Wolter, president of American Petrographic services, is a licensed Minnesota geologist. He was instrumental in analyzing the stone’s surfaces with Barry Hanson, a chemist and project manager for nonprofit archeology group, Archeology ITM, and Paul Weiblen, professor emeritus in geophysics at the University of Minnesota. Weiblen published a 45-page report on the mineralogy of the stone, and concludes that the carvings are significantly older than 1898, when it was discovered. Possible Viking Routes to Minnesota from Greenland via the Hudson Bay and the Nelson and Red Rivers or via the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes. Dr. Richard Nielsen, president of Houston Texas-based Nielsen Engineering, studies linguistics as a hobby. His research involving 14th century legal documents known as “Swedish Diplomas”, reveals linguistic evidence linking the writing style and expressions on the stone to the vernacular found in historical legal documents of the period between 1355 and 1375. During the 14th century many of the educated scribes died of the bubonic plague. Less educated writers introduced vernacular into the legal documents during that period. Thomas Reiersgord, author of The Kensington Rune Stone: Its Place in History, believes that the “10 men red with blood”, were not killed by Indians, but were victims of the bubonic plague, carried in its incubation period from Europe, by one or more carriers in the group. In its pneumatic form the plague spreads and kills rapidly, the victims vomiting blood as well as covered with bloody pustules. The “Heavener Runestone” of Oklahoma is a slab about 12 feet high, 10 feet wide, and 16 inches thick with runic letters spelling out the word “Gaomedat”. By reversing two runes which appear to be different from the others, the inscription becomes “Glomedal”, or “Glome’s Valley”. It could also be rendered “G. Nomedal”. Nomedal is a Norwegian family name. Thanks to the efforts of Gloria Farley, the area surrounding the stone is now the Heaven Rune Stone State Park. The stone is now protected inside a building erected around it. The official theory is that the stone was erected as a boundary marker between 600 A.D. and 900 A.D. Old-timers related that there were many more stones in the area, but most were destroyed by treasure hunters in the 1930s and 1940s. Neither of the Heavener Runestones Numbers Two or Three have enough runes to render a translatable message. In 1967, another stone was found near Ponteau, Oklahoma. The second stone, which measured 30 by 14 inches and 20 inches thick, shows 12-inch, three-pronged symbol on a stem, the runic “R”. Below it on the side surface was a small mark which later proved to be a “bindrune,” or combination of two runes. This stone is called “Heavener Runestone Number Two. On Heavener Three an “X,” a “turkey track,” and an arrow shape: the runes for “G,” “R,” and “T,” respectively. The letters, 6 to 9 inches tall, appear in a triangular pattern on a stone 5 1/2 feet long. Neither of the Heavener Runestones Numbers Two or Three have enough runes to render a translatable message. The Poteau stone, found by schoolboys in 1967, is 15 inches long. There are seven characters in a straight line, l 1/2 to 2 inches high. The runes showed very plainly because the bottom of the grooves were in a lighter colored layer of the stone, while the surface was dark. Tool marks in the grooves showed that the letters had been made with a punch, like the Heavener Runestone. Four of the runes are duplicates of those on the Heavener Runestone, and three seemed to be variants of others on it. From the site of the Poteau stone, the Heavener Runestone on the side of Poteau Mountain lies about 10 miles to the southeast. The original sties of Heavener Runestones Numbers Two and Three fall in a line between them. There are several more theories regarding the Heavener stones. In 1967, Alf Monge, a former US Army cryptographer asserted that the symbols are a runic puzzle, indicating a date, equivalent to November 11, 1012, St. Martin’s Day, on our calendar. According to Monge, all of the cryptic runic messages in North American and those found in Stave Churches in Norway, are deciphered as dates of church holidays. He feels there is evidence that the creator of this puzzle and others found in North America was Eirik Gnupsson, known as Henricus, who was made Bishop of Greenland in 1112. Henricus was believed to have made several trips to Vinland and farther inland. Monge says Henricus left seven runic puzzles including the Kensington Rune Stone, the Heavener Rune Stone and the Spirit Pond Rune Stone. This is discussed in two books by O.G. Landsverk: Runic Records of the Norsemen in America, Erik J Friis Publisher, 1974, and Ancient Norse Messages on American Stones, Norseman Press, 1969., and in Earl Syversen’s Norse Runic Inscriptions: with their long-forgotten cryptography, Vine Hill Press. Monge’s solution to the Poteau inscription is another date, November 11, 1017 A.D., exactly five years later than the date he said was on the Heavener Runestone. The seventh symbol on the Poteau Runestone is not in the standard runic alphabets but was a runic symbol for the numeral 17. The early Norse calendar is based upon a cycle of 19 days, or Golden Numbers. The Younger Futhark was used to number those days. There are, of course, only 16 staves in the Younger Futhark, so three new symbols were devised to represent 17, 18, and 19. Yet another stone was found in Shawnee, Oklahoma. Its five runes, all from the 24-rune Elder Futhark, spells out “MEDOK.” Medok is similar to Madoc, the name of a Welsh prince. Ancient records state that he came to America in the year 1170 A.D., then returned to Wales for ten shiploads of colonists which he led up the Mississippi River. However, the Welsh did not use third century A.D. Norse runes and the name Medok is not Madoc. Alf Monge studied the inscription on the Shawnee Runestone and said it was another Norse cryptopuzzle, giving the date November 24, 1024 A.D. While agreeing that the Heavener stone bears a cryptic message, Dr. Lee Woodward, a Sallisaw, Oklahoma minister, believes it is a monument to Rene Robert Cavelier de la Salle, a French explorer, who was murdered in 1687. Woodward asserts that la Salle was killed in the area of Heavener, not in East Texas as is commonly believed. He concludes that the stone was carved by Gemme Hiens, whom he refers to as a “German-English linguistic and artistic genius who had been a companion of La Salle from 1684-1687… Hiens did his monument in form of a runic riddle, not wanting all to readily recognize what he was doing. His riddle called for identification of a ‘Grandly Famous French Man and his dates’ (G. NOM E (t) DAT(es). He then cleverly answered the riddle in a way which be very clearly seen at the monument (D’ La Salle, 21 Novembre 1643-19 Mars 1687). Those are birth and death dates of La Salle.” Dr Lee Woodward’s theory is explained in his book, Secret La Salle Monument and Historical Marker. Richard Nielsen, an American engineer and Norse scholar, feels that the runes should be read literally, not as puzzles. He says that the second and last runes on the Heavener Runestone, which had been considered an “A” and a “T,” were actually versions of “L,” and that the seventh rune on the Poteau inscription was a double “L” in the form of a bindrune, a combination of two runes using one vertical stroke for a stem line. Nielsen believes that all the runes on the Heavener, Poteau, and Shawnee inscriptions are from the Elder Futhark The Heavener runes transliterated into “G L O M E D A L.” , “Glome’s Valley”. The Poteau runes read “G L O I A L L W (ALU).” He says that he found that “Gloi,” is a nickname for “Glome,” thus the two stones are related to the same man. The word “ALU” is a magical formula. This language was used around 600 A.D. and is the key to the new dating of the Oklahoma Runestones. The stones were made, according to Nielsen, between 600 and 900. Nielsen’s essay “Early Scandinavian Incursions Into The Western States”, discusses the Kensington runestone as well as the Heavener stone. The Spirit Pond runestones were found in Maine in 1971. One bears a rough map of the area, the second has runic writing on one side. On the third, there are ten lines of runes on one side and six on the other. The inscription tells of a sudden storm and fearful men trying to save their ship from “the foamy arms of Aegir, angry god of the sea”. This stone, too, has been called a hoax. I think that it is reasonable that Vikings, who were known to have built a settlement in Newfoundland, might very well have traveled south to Maine. As mentioned above, cryptologist Alf Monge believes that the stone is genuine, but its tale is not to be taken literally. He asserts that is a runic puzzle by Henricus, 12th century Bishop of Greenland. http://sunnyway.com/runes/americanstones.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_runestones http://www.runewebvitki.com/North%20American%20Runestones.htm ancient mysteries, featured ancient mysteries, minnesota, North American Rune Stones, oklahoma, rune stones	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line196
__label__cc	0.693523	0.306477	Samuel Johnson (18 September 1709 [OS 7 September] – 13 December 1784), often referred to as Dr. Johnson, was an English writer who made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, playwright, essayist, moralist, literary critic, biographer, editor, and lexicographer. He was a devout Anglican. Politically, he was a committed Tory. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography describes Johnson as "arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history". He is the subject of James Boswell's The Life of Samuel Johnson, described by Walter Jackson Bate as "the most famous single work of biographical art in the whole of literature".Born in Lichfield, Staffordshire, Johnson attended Pembroke College, Oxford, for just over a year, but a lack of funds forced him to leave. After working as a teacher, he moved to London, where he began to write for The Gentleman's Magazine. His early works include the biography Life of Mr Richard Savage, the poems London and The Vanity of Human Wishes, and the play Irene. Quotes from Samuel Johnson Curiosity is one of the permanent and certain characteristics of a vigorous intellect. learning intelligence curiosity certainty He that voluntarily continues ignorant is guilty of all the crimes which ignorance produces. ignorance error choice Kindness is in our power, but fondness is not. Silence propagates itself, and the longer talk has been suspended, the more difficult it is to find anything to say. silence talk Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, and knowledge without integrity is dangerous and dreadful. truth power integrity knowledge A fishing rod is a stick with a hook at one end and a fool at the other. humor fishing Mankind have a great aversion to intellectual labor; but even supposing knowledge to be easily attainable, more people would be content to be ignorant than would take even a little trouble to acquire it. humanity ignorance intelligence knowledge work Wine makes a man more pleased with himself; I do not say that it makes him more pleasing to others. relationships alcohol wine intoxication socialization Love is only one of many passions. love passion relationships silence people conversation Of all noises, I think music is the least disagreeable. music taste preference noise We are inclined to believe those whom we do not know because they have never deceived us. knowledge belief lies lying intimacy A cucumber should be well-sliced, dressed with pepper and vinegar, and then thrown out. food cucumbers vinegar pepper Sir, [the American colonists] are a race of convicts, and ought to be thankful for anything we allow them short of hanging. crime colonialism convicts Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves, or we know where we can find information on it. knowledge research information Samuel Johnson has the following books quoted on Quodid: The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line206
__label__wiki	0.821394	0.821394	Canada in Afghanistan: The Big Lie machine Our tragic and pathetic Afghanistan adventure is a dramatic commentary on the state of Canadian politics and democracy. Despite all the evidence that continuing to stay in this benighted country is worse than pointless, despite the fact that the majority of Canadians want to get out sooner rather than later and despite the fact that even Stephen Harper recognizes that the Karzai regimen is one of the most repugnant and corrupt Canadians have ever been asked to support we are unable as a nation to extricate ourselves from this deadly mess. If it were just a matter of embarrassment it would be bad enough. But every day we stay there we actually make things worse. As Jack Layton pointed out recently even the "good" we think we are doing is bad. Some Canadians cling to the illusion that training Afghan soldiers will somehow help Afghanistan and its people. Yet as Layton reminded us, over 20 per cent of those we train abandon the army. No one knows what happens to them -- until they show up as dead Taliban fighters. What would you do if you were trained as a soldier to support a drug-infested cleptocracy utterly incapable of governing or providing services to the people? Add to that the incredibly low pay, defective or non-existent equipment, and an inept officer class disinterested in proving leadership and it is amazing anyone stays in the army. The Taliban pays more. Given that both employers are utterly repugnant, why not get higher pay? It is the deep and intractable corruption of the Karzai government which makes a farce out the training program that Canada will now effectively lead. The tragedy is that virtually everyone knows it is bound to fail and everyone is equally committed to lying about it: the soldiers on the ground, their officers and the politicians -- Ignatieff and Harper -- who support it. The Afghan war/occupation not only further corrupts and destroys Afghanistan; it corrupts Canadian politics by obliging everyone to be involved in a Big Lie. We have to lie about everything: the likelihood of improvement, the objectives of our partner, the U.S.; the building of democracy, the role of oil and gas pipelines, the liberation of women, Afghanis' attitude towards Canadian soldiers, our commitment to the Geneva Convention, and the story we tell Canadian soldiers about why they are there. Nothing but lies and everyone one of them corrosive of our political culture and international image. And the one thing that many Canadians cling to in support of the war is being also in doubt. Canadians are understandably supportive of individual Canadian soldiers because they are Canadians -- our neighbours or the sons and daughters of people we know -- and the residual respect they retain from their peacekeeping past. "Our" government is asking them to do an ugly job. But the image of the honourable and ethical soldier which forms the core of Canadian view of the Canadian military is under repeated scrutiny and increasing doubt. The whole issue of Canadian soldiers handing over Afghan prisoners -- many of them innocent of anything other than being Afghans -- to the brutal and torture-prone Afghan intelligence service raised serious questions about the behaviour and ethics of the rank and file soldier. Even the lowest ranking soldier has a duty not only to obey the Geneva Convention -- and first knowing what it says -- but also to immediately expose the breaking of the convention by anyone in the military. Given the widespread practice of turning over prisoners to the National Directorate of Security (the Afghan intelligence service) -- and at a much higher rate than other NATO soldiers -- it is clear than dozens if not hundreds of rank and file soldiers completely failed in their duty. They were, in fact, complicit in war crimes. Then two years ago a soldier from the military's special-forces unit, JTF2, approached the army's ombudsman with serious allegations of military "war crimes." In his complaint he suggested that the only solution to the problem was to withdraw the unit entirely from the conflict. The Ombudsman's office described the soldier's allegations: "He adds that he feels more and more of his peers are being encouraged to commit war crimes by the chain of command. ...He says this intervention was not aimed at having ‘the guys who pulled the trigger' investigated. They are being incited to do these things by the chain of command." The chain of command now has about as much credibility s the chain of Command of the RCMP -- the other band of morally-challenged Canadians who have the legal authority to shoot and kill people. Both sets of officers seem to have lost their ethical core. The most recent example of moral failure is the military's blatant whitewash of its actions as exposed by a former Afghan translator for the military. The translator, Ahmadshah Malgarai, testified before a Commons committee in 2010 that in June, 2007 Canadian soldiers shot an unarmed Afghan teen in the back of the head. They then tried to cover it up. He also told the committee: "I saw Canadian military intelligence sending detainees to the NDS [National Directorate of Security] when the detainees did not tell them what they expected to hear. If the interrogator thought a detainee was lying, the military sent him to NDS for more questions, Afghan style. Translation: abuse and torture." He also made allegations against named individuals, including a foreign affairs civilian, about their presence during an incident in which an Afghan Colonel refused to take custody of a wounded detainee -- but offered to shoot him instead. The military investigators claim they found no evidence to back any of the allegations. Yet more lies? Of course it is Malgarai's word against the military's but in observing nine years of involvement in Afghanistan it's a lot easier to believe Malgarai than it is the army brass. Why would he put himself at such risk if he were not telling the truth? Malgarai claims his identity was revealed to the Taliban as punishment for his allegations and that subsequent death threats forced him to flee the country. I believe him. Dishonourable wars -- and most are -- dishonour everyone involved and make liars out of the most senior people justifying the conflict. This war is incredibly destructive not only of the country being attacked and occupied but it corrodes every Canadian institution involved: the military, the civil service, Parliament, political leaders, the media and those in academia recruited to supply justification for an unjustifiable war. This will be the legacy Canada's participation in Afghanistan. When it is finally over in 2014 -- almost three times as long as any other Canadian conflict -- the sober analysis will leave a bad taste in Canadian mouths for a very long time. That is why Layton's message is the only one that withstands the moral test: a complete NATO and Western military withdrawal places the future of Afghanistan back in the hands of Afghans where it belongs. Would it be pretty? Hardly. There is no good solution. But the alternative is 10 more years of failure, lack of government services, corruption, civilian death, election fraud, heroin exports and the corrosion of our own values and institutions.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line208
__label__cc	0.559367	0.440633	Bugatti unveils world’s most expensive car! by Frank Sanchez This one is for all the car lovers out there – the world’s most expensive car has officially been revealed with a million-dollar price tag attached to it at the Geneva International Motor Show. The cars that are the most expensive in the world are about a lot more than just getting you from point A to point B. They are literal rolling works of art that showcase all the flamboyance you could ever want. Click ‘Next’ to read about these million-dollar news! Going Down The List Before we reveal which car was announced as the world’s most expensive and how much its worth… Let’s go through some of the others on the list. Even though they are less expensive – it doesn’t mean they’re less impressive! The second most expensive car in the world is currently the Rolls Royce Sweptail. The brand Rolls Royce has become synonymous with custom made cars to the high-end needs of the clients. See more custom made cars, Click next! The Beautiful Sweptail Rolls-Royce The Sweptail is an example of this. It is a one-off coupe that was commissioned by a customer and was built all the way from the ground up into the majestic car it has become. Where does the inspiration for this car come from? It is from the classic models that the brand is well known for and also borrows from styling found in the elaborate world of super-yachts. Find out more to where the inspiration was made from these cars, Click next! Good Things Come To Those Who Wait This car is pretty much 100% unique and is a true representation of the saying, “good things come to those who wait.” This is because the project took a total of four years to complete! This time-consuming project explains why it cost what it cost. Can you guess the price tag on this baby? It’s in the millions… The Rolls-Royce comes in a number two on the list at $13 million! Too expensive? Find out more about it, Click next! The Maybach Exelero Next up with a price tag a little less than the Rolls-Royce Sweptail… It belongs to the Maybach Exelero. Did you know that this car was actually built all the way back in 2004? That is what makes the price sticker even more impressive. It is a two-door vehicle with a 700 hp, twin-turbo V12 and plenty of the luxurious amenities that you have to have with this cost! Click next to continue reading! The Cost Of The Car Has Risen With Inflation This vehicle from Mercedes-Benz comes in at a total of $8 million dollars but the price has been adjusted to $10 million according to inflation which makes it a pretty costly investment! We’re not done just yet! Meet the Koenigsegg CCXR Trevita. This is the most expensive street-legal production car in the world. It costs a grand total of $4.8 million! Wait for this – the reason this car costs what it does is because it is literally covered in diamonds – and as we all know, diamonds certainly do not come cheap! Why did they do this? The Swedish manufacturer has created this new exterior finish which is known as the Koenigsegg Proprietary Diamond Weave. This sounds super fancy but what does it entail? Don’t Get This Car Scratched This exterior finish involves coating the carbon fibers with a diamond dust-impregnated resin. Let’s just say that you really don’t want to get a scratch on this car – can you imagine the cost of a repaint? There is a lot more to this car than just the incredible exterior. It has a 4.8-liter, dual-supercharged V8 with 1,004 horsepower and 797 pound-feet of torque. What else is special about it? This Car Is Very Rare This car is extremely exclusive – not just because of the price tag that most people could never even dream of owning one. It is because that there were only three of these cars made! And of course, what would this list be without having an appearance from Lamborghini? It is the Lamborghini Veneno. This means poison and we love the modified Aventador roadster. Built To Honor A Special Occasion The Lamborghini Veneno comes in at $4.5 million – a slightly more affordable price tag than the cars previously mentioned. It was built to honor a very special occasion. What was it? It was to celebrate the automaker’s 50th birthday. From appearances, we think that the name is very fitting for this car because it looks deadly and the only way to describe it is undeniably venomous! Looking Good From All Angles We have to admit that this car has no bad angles. It looks good from whichever side or angle you look at it. It is also a very fast car and because of the brand, this comes as no surprise. It boasts at 6.5-liter V12 which can spin all the way up to 8,4000 rpm which gives the driver 740 hp and 507 lb-ft. This allows to car to get up to 60 mph in just 2.9 seconds. This shows that even with a lower price tag – it is still incredibly impressive! This next car is Hollywood worthy and even got a starring role in a movie! This movie was of course the Hollywood blockbuster – Furious 7. Do you know which car we are talking about? If you don’t, it is the W Motors Lykan Hypersport. It crashes through three skyscrapers in Dubai in the movie. This is a high-end and one-of-a-kind custom creation and we are impressed! Performance Mixed With Design Is A Winning Combination Let’s delve into the nitty gritty of this incredible car. The styling of the vehicle is out of this world with jewel-encrusted headlights, its scissor doors and an interior that is just breathtaking. Its performance is definitely on par with its beautiful design. The Hypersport has a 3.7-liter, twin-turbo flat-six that gives you 770hp and 708 lb-fit. This car serves a very special purpose in Abu Dhabi… The Abu Dhabi Police Force Love Supercars Did you know that the Abu Dhabi police force have decided to use the Hypersport in their patrol duty? It is mostly used for marketing and PR purpose but it also allows the authorities to keep up with the bad guys if they need to! This car goes from 0 to 62 mph in just 2.8 and it has a top speed of 240 mph – the bad guys don’t stand a chance in a car chase with this car! It has a price tag of $3.4 million and it’s worth every penny! The Speed Comes With The Price Tag Now of course this list needs the Bugatti Veyron. This is specifically the Mansory Vivere edition. Not only is this majestic car one of the most expensive, but it’s one of the fastest too! It was augmented by Mansory. It has 1,200-hp and has been given a magnificent carbon-fiber body. It also comes with a new spoiler packaged and they have also upgraded the LED lights. What else is new? A True Piece Of Art It has a revamped cabin and underwent an amazing redesign of the car’s front grille. Now, taking this driving work of art one step further is some incredible laser etching… The laser etching is on the exterior and interior. What is the laser etching of? Well, it is maps of historic race events including the Targa Florio. We’ve kept you in anticipation about its speed… The Incredible Ferrari Pininfarina It can go up to 254 mph! We’d love to be zooming around the city in this limited edition Bugatti Veyron… But it comes with a hefty but worthwhile price tag of $3.4 million. Next up, with a very slight price difference is the Ferrari Pininfarina Sergio at $3 million. It might not have the biggest price tag on our list but it is still extremely in demand and everyone wants one – why is this? A Very Exclusive Car To Drive This is because there were only six of these Ferraris made! It was created by the Italian design house Pininfarina which makes it incredible. This is also a remodel of the Ferrari 458 Spider. It does however have a brand new body and interior. This allows the 4.5-liter V8 to enjoy 562 hp to the real wheels. The Sergio has been made lighter than the 458 Spider which means it is faster and handles better. Every Detail Considered To Make It An Amazing Car It comes with incredible detailing and consideration to enable this car to perform at the best of its ability. It includes aerodynamic headrests which are built directly into the roll cage. How did the lucky six people get their hands on a Sergio? This purchase process was a little different to what car buyers are used to. You wouldn’t be able to arrive at the dealership and ask for it. The Sergio Joins Automotive History Did you know that for this special model, each new owner of the Sergio was chosen by the automaker? It joined the ranks of one of the few invite-only cars made in history. The next car is the last on our list before we reveal the most expensive car in the world so you will want to keep reading – this is not a piece of information you want to ever miss out on! The Bugatti Chiron The Bugatti Chiron costs $2.0 million and has an amazing exterior. It is certainly outshining its predecessor! This supercar has amazing specs which are made possible by the reworked quad-turbocharged 8.0-liter W16. It produces 1,5000 hp. The speed racer also get to 60 mph in just 2.5 seconds. If that wasn’t impress enough, the maximum speed is 261 mph but still isn’t the fastest car in the world – this title belongs to the Hennessey Venom F5. The Statement Is In The Appearance Even though this car is fast, the speed isn’t the true statement of the car – that comes in the appearance and it has definitely made an impressive impact on everyone who has seen it! Now, the moment you have been waiting for… The most expensive car in the world belongs to an Italian luxury car manufacturer – can you guess which one stole the show at this year’s Geneva International Motor Show? Drum Roll Please… It was the only and only Bugatti La Voiture Noire. It costs a whopping £14m! It has even been given a special and very fitting nickname from the motoring press… What is it? The Batmobile of course! Bugatti enjoyed teasing it on their social media for weeks before the announcement. So, what makes this car so special and worthy of the insane cost? The Features That Make It So Expensive It has six exhaust pipes, an eight-liter, W16 engine with an incredible top speed of 261 mph. Has anyone decided to take the plunge and purchase the Bugatti La Voiture Noire? Yes, there has already been one purchase with probably more to follow but the identity of the new owner has not been revealed yet. There are however still some speculations. Do you have any guesses? Who Owns The First Bugatti La Voiture Noire? The rumors going around have said that it could potentially be Ferdinand Piëch. He is the motoring industry tycoon and his family was actually founding shareholders of Volkswagen and Porsche. He is 81 years old and we hope he wears his seatbelt if he is indeed the new owner of this amazing car. He was also the former chairman of the Volkswagen enterprise. Did he get a discount? Perhaps He Got A Discount On The Bugatti With such a history with the brand and Bugatti being one of the VW luxury brands, he just may have gotten a slight discount on it but with his history and wealth – we doubt he needs it! The design of the La Voiture Noire takes inspiration from a classic model from Bugatti. This is the Type 57SC Atlantic. There were only four made of the Type 57SC Atlantic, these were made between 1936 and 1938. With Six Exhaust Tips – It Is Quite A Sight! Back to the La Voiture Noire… It probably is the only car from a brand that can still look great with six exhaust tips! It also has full-width LED brake light strips given it a unique look! It makes the hypercar appear wider than what it is! There is also an illuminated “Bugatti” sign in case anyone is wondering what car it is. The LED headlights extend across the top of the wheel arches in the front. What Does The Interior Of The Car Look Like? Stephan Winkelmann assured everyone saying that the one La Voiture Noire that has been sold is definitely in the home of a “Bugatti enthusiast”. What do we know about the interior? Not too much actually because strangely, the Bugatti team did not showcase the interior of the vehicle at its premiere in Geneva and they also didn’t showcase it in the official image gallery. The Cost Of The Car Will Continue To Rise So, we are left to make our own assumptions about what is happening in the cabin of the car. We are sure that it has gone through some intense changes compared to the Chiron and Divo. It must be quite something with the price tag. The price of this car is estimated to go up and up so if you want one, you better get your hands on in ASAP or it might become even further out of your price range! Everything From Bugatti To Ferrari So whether you prefer fast or a great look – there is everything on this list. From Bugatti to Ferrari, these cars are incredible and would be a dream to take for a test drive one day! Do you wonder what the most expensive car for 2020 will be like? We can’t wait to see new developments in the motor industry and what these designers think of next! That Was The Last One! Check These Cool Stories Below!	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line209
__label__cc	0.560987	0.439013	Three New England Sketches Get Three New England Sketches essential facts below. View Videos or join the Three New England Sketches discussion. Add Three New England Sketches to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media. Three New England Sketches by Walter Piston is a symphonic suite dating from 1959. The Sketches were commissioned by the Worcester County Musical Association for its 100th Annual Music Festival, and the cycle is dedicated to the conductor Paul Paray.[1] They were composed in the summer of 1959 when Piston, as had become his habit, retreated to the Green Mountains in Vermont to work from a hilltop with a magnificent view spread out before him.[2] While the composer did not consider it a symphony he stated that each of the three movements did conform to symphonic development and indicated that each movement represented his impressions of that aspect of the New England region. It was first performed on October 23, 1959, by the Detroit Symphony Orchestra under Paul Paray.[3] The work is in three movements: Seaside (Adagio) Summer Evening (Delicato) Mountains (Maestoso; Risoluto) A typical performance will last around 17 minutes. While Piston disowned any specific programmatic intentions, he did not object if others made their own associations. The movement titles, he said, were the subjects that prompted me to compose. I did not intend to openly suggest the subject matter, but a man came up to me, following the premiere, and said, "I hope you don't mind my saying that I smelled clams during the first movement." I said, "No, that is quite all right. They are your clams." Each individual is free to interpret as he wishes.[4] The first two movements (both of which are loose binary forms) are especially evocative with, for example, "amazingly life-like" bird and insect chirps and buzzes in "Summer Evening". The last movement, "Mountains", is--appropriate to its title--in an arched ABCBA form in which the sections are differentiated by tempo and expressive character: A is "Maestoso" and monumental, B is "Risoluto" and lively, and C is "Meno mosso" and atmospheric.[5] ^ Howard Pollack, Walter Piston, Studies in Musicology (Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1982): 131. ^ Steven Lowe, Liner notes to Walter Piston: Symphony No. 4, Capriccio for Harp and String Orchestra, Three New England Sketches. Seattle Symphony Orchestra; Gerard Schwarz, conductor. Naxos CD 8.559162. [Hong Kong]: Naxos, 2002. ^ Walter Piston, "Can Music Be Nationalistic?", Music Journal 19, no. 7 (October 1961): 25 & 86. Quotation on 86. ^ Howard Pollack, Walter Piston, Studies in Musicology (Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1982): 131-32. This article about a classical composition is a stub. You can help popflock.com resource by expanding it. Three_New_England_Sketches	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line213
__label__wiki	0.570438	0.570438	Home News Online First PC MLA claims bullying and harassment over committee’s compliance order PC MLA claims bullying and harassment over committee’s compliance order Drake Lowthers Cape Breton-Richmond MLA Alana Paon had been ordered to at least partially pave the parking lot at her constituency office, making it complaint with house accessibility rules before tomorrow or else start paying the rent out-of-pocket. ST. PETER’S: The MLA for Cape Breton-Richmond says she shouldn’t have to choose between paying the mortgage on her home or having to pay the provincial government’s portion of the rent for her constituency office. Progressive Conservative MLA Alana Paon has been ordered by the House of Assembly Management Commission (HAMC) that the gravel driveway at her constituency office needs to be at least partially paved or have a concrete pad installed to make it compliant with the House’s accessibility rules. She has until tomorrow to comply or else start paying the rent herself, out-of-pocket. “The timeline is not fair. In the truth of the matter, there was early $20,000 in improvements done around accessibility in this building during the first year of my tenancy,” Paon told The Reporter Monday morning. “Including accessible ramp, making entry doorway larger, brand new accessible washroom installed, extraordinary amount of work, to bring this historical building up to accessible standards, as agreed upon by the speaker’s office.” She’s not sure what more they could have done than having her landlord agree to a barrier-free compliance plan that she put together and received approval from the speaker’s office. “After discussions with the speaker, who himself is a paraplegic, he recommended I have [transportation department] staff do an assessment of the property,” Paon indicated. “They made a recommendation to the speaker’s office, to grant a waiver, so I wouldn’t have to ask the landlord to incur costs again to pave the parking lot.” As of May 27, 2018, all the upgrades agreed upon in her barrier free compliance plan were complete. The office was deemed barrier free by the speaker’s office as of May 27, 2018 with a waiver granted that it was not necessary for the parking lot to be paved, by Speaker Kevin Murphy. This waiver was requested after an onsite review by and as per recommendation from the Department of Transportation and Infrastructure Renewal, since it is the lead for buildings, infrastructure and public spaces. “Looking to the NS Accessibility Plan, it does say they will be conducting reviews of already occupied spaces to determine an action plan by 2030,” Paon said. “When I see other government departments being asked to achieve compliance by 2030, and I’m a brand new MLA being asked to achieve this within the first year of office, that’s a lot.” Two weeks after she completed accessibility upgrades, HAMC had a meeting on June 12, 2018 and decided to pass a motion asking Paon to pave the driveway leading to her constituency office – in an e-mail the following day from the speaker’s office, it detailed the proviso on having the parking lot changed. “Which is it? Do they want me to pave the parking lot or pave the driveway? Because the official motion is different from their request,” she said. “I’m being asked to pay out of my own constituency budget, which is taxpayer money, to pay for getting the parking lot paved on a private business. I personally think that is completely inappropriate.” Paon explained she’s cognizant of accessibility issues, as her constituency has a high number of seniors, and her own brother is a paraplegic. She said she made it a priority that anyone who comes into her office feels comfortable. “I know my landlord is wanting to do whatever he can to assist in this matter, but I believe this is a heavy-handed approach,” she said about the commission’s decision. “It is quite a slap in the face to both myself and my landlord whom has done an extraordinary job in making the space, not only accessible, but an asset to the community.” Paon said she is very disappointed that the members who sit on the HAMC put her in harm’s way financially. She can’t believe she’s being told she has to pay the rent for a provincial constituency office out-of-pocket, simply because she can’t adhere to an arbitrary June 20 deadline date. “I’m not an ‘or else’ kind of person, I have been speaking with my landlord to see about the possibility of having contractors come out for Thursday, but the possibility of having something done is slim,” she said. “I don’t know what will happen on Thursday but I will not be bullied and harassed in this manner which I really, truly feel that’s happening here.” Previous articleMP considers airport despite opposition Next articleMaking history during Pride Month Nova Scotia RCMP investigating on-line extortion of Inverness County teen Richmond enters MOU with town for fire services Residents circulate petition to deal with transportation issues Remaining supply needed for first phase of Goldboro LNG purchased for $190 million Antigonish town staff get pension and benefits boost Physicians and community coming together to build strong and healthy workforce	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line214
__label__cc	0.590903	0.409097	What happened in the few hours between the last posting and this one? Well, I guess a whole nation got sad. I liked the match a lot and it was really exiting for me. Now Germany is out. Two goals in the last 2 minutes - horrible - but congratulations to Italy, your team played great. The german team was really stunning in the World Cup. Nobody gave a shit about the bunch of very young players at the beginning of the tournament and they proved them all wrong. It might sound pathetic but the guys believed in themselves and made it to the Semi Finals. I’m really curious how the next days will be in Germany. I hope that the good mood will stay present because it was far to good to have it only on a sports event. Watching the end of the game at the Fan Fest was so different compared to the last matches - well, that’s obvious, isn’t it? It was really silent after the second goal of Italy, there was only the voice from the TV speaker. All the people seemed to leave the square immediately. A lot of fans were sitting on the ground and looked as if a whole world has broken down. I’m sad, too but I’m glad that that I had the chance to be a part of the whole euphoric wave in Germany in the last weeks. The whole country had such a great time and I think the world got an idea that Germany is more than Kraut, Nazis and a sense for organizing things.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line216
__label__cc	0.622787	0.377213	Blessings in Disguise This post spoils the ending to the film Signs . If you've seen it already or don't mind having the story revealed, read on. I like big, noisy popcorn flicks as much as the next guy, but I really enjoy the kind of film, book or game that causes me to reflect on my own life. Recently, I was thinking about the 2002 film Signs , and I pulled it out and watched it again. I enjoy it not only because it's a well-done thriller and an interesting story, but also because it's one of the few movies that deals intelligently and respectfully with a Christian character. Hollywood's disdain for Christianity is unsubtle: people of Christian faith in film are usually either wicked antagonists (the classic “wolf in the fold” formula), oddball cultists, or bigoted simpletons provided for comic relief. (You know the ones I mean: they politely assert through plastered-on smiles that everyone who does not believe as they do is going to burn for eternity... but have a nice day!) Anyway, that isn't why I am bringing up the movie; I'm not writing a review nor a criticism of Hollywood in general. If you're not familiar with the plot, here are the relevant bits: Graham Hess is a former Episcopal priest. With the help of his brother Merrill, he cares for his children, Morgan and Bo. Morgan suffers from asthma, and Bo has an unusual quirk: she is always leaving half-finished glasses of water around the house, claiming that she can't drink them because they taste funny or are contaminated. Merrill is a former minor league baseball player who always swung at every pitch. (He held minor league home run and strikeout records.) Graham himself had lost his faith in God ever since his wife was killed in a traffic accident caused by a neighbor who fell asleep at the wheel. (The man mentions that he had never fallen asleep while driving before and never has since.) He has recently been having repeated flashbacks of the incident. Her last words to him were to tell him to “see” and to “tell Merrill to swing away.” Graham's feelings about God are brought into even sharper focus when his family is forced to barricade themselves inside their house to defend themselves against an extraterrestrial attack on Earth. Graham struggles with the problem of evil; he feels abandoned and is angry with God for permitting his family's suffering, particularly his wife's death and Morgan's asthma, and now the alien invasion. At the end of the film, Morgan is taken hostage by one of the aliens, which threatens to kill him with poison gas. The fright causes Morgan to have an attack and fall unconscious, and Graham must act quickly to prevent his death from asphyxiation. He suddenly recalls his wife's last words, notes Merrill's baseball bat mounted on the wall, and tells Merrill to “swing away.” Merrill moves in with the bat, and the alien gasses Morgan and drops him. In the ensuing fight, the alien is knocked backwards, causing one of Bo's glasses to fall over and dump water on it. The alien reacts with pain, and Merrill looks around and sees half-full glasses of water all over the room. He proceeds to knock them at the alien to defeat it, while Graham takes Morgan outside and administers an epinephrine injection. He realizes that the asthma attack was a blessing in disguise: it closed off Morgan's lungs and prevented him from inhaling the poison. Morgan revives, and the last shot shows Graham dressing in his priestly clothing once more. While it was marketed as a movie about aliens, crop circles and such, Signs isn't really about any of that. It's not even so much about faith, as Graham doesn't really demonstrate it: he has to “see” to believe. He doesn't receive signs because of belief, but rather by grace, in spite of his unbelief. What it's really about is how we react to adversity. It's about how sometimes suffering has a purpose. I've thought a lot about dealing with adversity recently, especially when I was preparing a Sunday school lesson about Joseph Smith's captivity in the ironically-named Liberty Jail. His situation was decidedly unpleasant: he was unjustly incarcerated in a cold, dark, unsanitary basement cell, the ceiling of which was not high enough to permit him to stand erect. He was given only a little food, and that which he was given was so unfit for consumption that he and his fellow prisoners ate only when driven to desperation by hunger. Sometimes the food was poisoned, making the prisoners violently ill. He also knew that while he sat in that dungeon, the people he lead were being persecuted and killed. In that kind of situation, it is understandable that one might feel some amount of self-pity. Yet Liberty Jail is often referred to as a “temple-prison,” a place and circumstance which permitted Joseph to receive important revelations. I've mentioned before that I have to deal with adult attention-deficit disorder (inattentive type). It has always been a significant problem in my life, partly because it is an obstacle standing in the way of what I want to accomplish, but mostly because of how it affects others with whom I interact: Individuals with ADHD essentially have problems with self-regulation and self-motivation, predominantly due to problems with distractibility, procrastination, organization, and prioritization. The learning potential and overall intelligence of an adult with ADHD, however, are no different from the potential and intelligence of adults who do not have the disorder. ADHD is a chronic condition, beginning in early childhood and persisting throughout a person's lifetime. It is estimated that up to 70% of children with ADHD will continue to have significant ADHD-related symptoms persisting into adulthood, resulting in a significant impact on education, employment, and interpersonal relationships.... Adults with ADHD are often perceived by others as chaotic and disorganized, with a tendency to require high stimulation in order to diminish distractibility and function effectively.... Often, the ADHD person will miss things that an adult of similar age and experience should catch onto or know. These lapses can lead others to label the individuals with ADHD as “lazy” or “stupid” or “inconsiderate.” “Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.” Wikipedia I have to give Gorgeous Wife a lot of credit for dealing with my scatterbrained self. ADD is one of those things that, if you haven't experienced it yourself, you can't really know what it's like. It would be like someone talking about the view from the top of a mountain without ever having climbed one, or a man speculating on how much it hurts to give birth. From her perspective, it must be difficult to comprehend that a person could have so much trouble with tasks that seem so simple to her, which makes me all the more grateful for her understanding attitude towards the situation. What upsets me most is that she has to be so understanding in the first place. I try to make things easier on her. Medication helps, though there isn't a “silver bullet” that makes all my symptoms go away. With the medication's recent decrease in effectiveness, I've been taking a closer look at my “coping strategies:” the artificial mechanisms that I employ to compensate for my natural deficiencies. I have to set alarms to remind me to do many things. (Have you ever set an alarm to remind yourself to do something in five minutes? I have.) I have to devise mnemonics or write notes to remember things that most people could confidently keep in their heads. I have to take steps to counter my mind's natural tendency to get distracted by other things or just go off into space. Part of me is annoyed that I have to take these artificial measures in order to function, while others seem to accomplish them so easily. For quite some time, I thought only negatively about my condition. Not to be melodramatic about it, but it was my curse. Eventually, I discovered that there were some positive aspects to it. I learned that if I worked hard enough at corralling my wandering attention onto one activity, I could sometimes coax it to shift into a sort of hyper-focus, where I would lose awareness of everything but the task at hand and nothing short of a fire alarm could distract me from it. This does have its own set of problems. In this mode, I might have a conversation with someone, but my mind is still entirely on my task, and upon their leaving the room, I would not only have forgotten what they said, but that they were even in the room in the first place. But it is good for “buckling down” and getting something accomplished, even though it is tricky to get into that mode. But probably the biggest revelation came a while back when I was speaking to my mother. We were talking about my daughter's progress in dealing with autism, and I mentioned how I felt that I could very much relate to her circumstances, to the frustration she must feel that she finds it so difficult to accomplish things that others are able to do with ease. My mother replied that perhaps that was why I have ADD, so she would have someone who understood her in a way that most people couldn't. I had thought of my better understanding of my daughter's condition as a result of my ADD; it had never occurred to me to that it might actually be a reason for it. In Signs , nearly all of the characters have something happen in their life that ultimately contributes to their survival during the invasion. The neighbor fell asleep at the wheel that one time and accidentally killed Graham's wife, but the flashbacks of that incident showed Graham the way to help his family survive. Merrill got the home run record so that he would have his bat hanging on that one spot on the wall, right where he could get at it when he needed it. Bo left water around the house so that they would have an extremely potent weapon against the alien easily at hand. Morgan had asthma so that he would survive the poison gas. Could it be that my struggle with ADD was to prepare me to have a daughter with autism? People break down into two groups. When they experience something lucky, group number one sees it as more than luck, more than coincidence. They see it as a sign, evidence, that there is someone up there, watching out for them. Group number two sees it as just pure luck. Just a happy turn of chance. I'm sure the people in group number two are looking at those fourteen lights [on the alien spacecraft] in a very suspicious way. For them, the situation is a fifty-fifty. Could be bad, could be good. But deep down, they feel that whatever happens, they're on their own. And that fills them with fear. Yeah, there are those people. But there's a whole lot of people in group number one. When they see those fourteen lights, they're looking at a miracle. And deep down, they feel that whatever's going to happen, there will be someone there to help them. And that fills them with hope. So what you have to ask yourself is: what kind of person are you? Are you the kind that sees signs, that sees miracles? Or do you believe that people just get lucky? Or, look at the question this way: Is it possible that there are no coincidences? Graham Hess, Signs - autism, reflections Review: Psychonauts Reeling Them In We Can Rebuild Him — We Have the Technology	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line221
__label__wiki	0.978943	0.978943	Tram 83 By Fiston Mwanza Mujila King Leopold's Ghost By Adam Hochschild In the 1880s, as the European powers were carving up Africa, King Leopold II of Belgium seized for himself the vast and mostly unexplored territory surrounding the Congo River Carrying out a genocidal plundering of the Congo, he looted its rubber, brutalized its people, and ultimately slashed its p The Poisonwood Bible By Barbara Kingsolver The Poisonwood Bible is a story told by the wife and four daughters of Nathan Price, a fierce, evangelical Baptist who takes his family and mission to the Belgian Congo in 1959 They carry with them everything they believe they will need from home, but soon find that all of it from garden seeds t By Joseph Conrad Heart of Darkness, a novel by Joseph Conrad, was originally a three part series in Blackwood s Magazine in 1899 It is a story within a story, following a character named Charlie Marlow, who recounts his adventure to a group of men onboard an anchored ship The story told is of his early life as a f In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo By Michela Wrong He was known as the Leopard, and for the thirty two years of his reign Mobutu Sese Seko, president of Zaire, showed all the cunning of his namesake, seducing Western powers, buying up the opposition, and dominating his people with a devastating combination of brutality and charm While the populat Blood River: A Journey to Africa's Broken Heart By Tim Butcher A compulsively readable account of a journey to the Congo a country virtually inaccessible to the outside world vividly told by a daring and adventurous journalist.Ever since Stanley first charted its mighty river in the 1870s, the Congo has epitomized the dark and turbulent history of a failed The Last Rhinos: My Battle to Save One of the World's Greatest Creatures By Lawrence Anthony When Lawrence Anthony learned that the northern white rhino, living in the war ravaged Congo, was on the very brink of extinction, he knew he had to act If the world lost the sub species, it would be the largest land mammal since the woolly mammoth to go extinct In The Last Rhinos, Anthony recou How Dare the Sun Rise: Memoirs of a War Child By Sandra Uwiringiyimana This profoundly moving memoir is the remarkable and inspiring true story of Sandra Uwiringyimana, a girl from the Democratic Republic of the Congo who tells the tale of how she survived a massacre, immigrated to America, and overcame her trauma through art and activism Sandra was just ten years old Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa By Jason Stearns At the heart of Africa is Congo, a country the size of Western Europe, bordering nine other nations, that since 1996 has been wracked by a brutal and unstaunchable war in which millions have died And yet, despite its epic proportions, it has received little sustained media attention In this deeply	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line223
__label__cc	0.616523	0.383477	Carl Tuttle Carl Tuttle is one of the seminal figures in the development of contemporary worship. His music has been played in tens of thousands of churches all over the world, and can be directly linked to one of the largest music movements in Christendom. In 1976 Carl began leading a small group in song which grew to become one of the largest church organizations in the world known as “The Vineyard Church, pastored originally by the great church leaders John Wimber. Carl’s song credits are numerous with hits such as “The Lord God Reigns”, “I Worship You”, “Oh Lord”, “Alleluia” and the great worship hit “Hosanna”. Carl has had incredible impact in shaping worship music in countries all over the world and the footprint of God’s work in him will always be with us. Carl is a STMA board member and personal liaison to the Christian music community for the organization. Carl has great interest in the morality issues that have grown systemic through Piracy, and believes that the organization’s approach of messages that change hearts,, rather than laws that convict our youth, is incredibly needed in today's world. http://www.carltuttle.com/	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line224
__label__cc	0.662424	0.337576	Union with Reality Union with Reality is the phrase used by Evelyn Underhill (2010) to describe the state of Awakening/Connection that is the goal and practical outcome of what she calls Practical Mysticism but what is referred to on the Lightning Path as Authentic Spirituality. Underhill describes it in terms of its practical outcomes. Syncretic Terms Connection Outcome > Channeling, Classic Mysticism, Descent of the Holy Spirit, Divine Marriage, Divine Union, It, Liberation, Lightning Strike, Mystical Experience, Mysticism, Perfect Contemplation, Spiritual Marriage, The Unity, Union, Union with Reality We now begin to attach at least a fragmentary meaning to the statement that "mysticism is the art of union with Reality." We see that the claim of such a poet as Whitman to be a mystic lies in the fact that he has achieved a passionate communion with deeper levels of life than those with which we usually deal--has thrust past the current notion to the Fact: that the claim of such a saint as Teresa is bound up with her declaration that she has achieved union with the Divine Essence itself. The visionary is a mystic when his vision mediates to him an actuality beyond the reach of the senses. The philosopher is a mystic when he passes beyond thought to the pure apprehension of truth. The active man is a mystic when he knows his actions to be a part of a greater activity. Blake, Plotinus, Joan of Arc, and John of the Cross--there is a link which binds all these together: but if he is to make use of it, the inquirer must find that link for himself. All four exhibit different forms of the working of the contemplative consciousness; a faculty which is proper to all men, though few take the trouble to develop it. Their attention to life has changed its character, sharpened its focus: and as a result they see, some a wider landscape, some a more brilliant, more significant, more detailed world than that which is apparent to the less educated, less observant vision of common sense.[1] Notably for Underhill, and in contradistinction to elite systems like Freemasonry, mystical union with reality is open to all. As Underhill notes: ...it is to a practical mysticism that the practical man is here invited: to a training of his latent faculties, a bracing and brightening of his languid consciousness, an emancipation from the fetters of appearance, a turning of his attention to new levels of the world. Thus he may become aware of the universe which the spiritual artist is always trying to disclose to the race....[This] is a natural human activity, no more involving the great powers and sublime experiences of the mystical saints and philosophers than the ordinary enjoyment of music involves the special creative powers of the great musician. As the beautiful does not exist for the artist and poet alone--so the world of Reality exists for all; and all may participate in it, unite with it, according to their measure and to the strength and purity of their desire [2] ↑ Underhill, Evelyn. Mysticism: A Study in the Nature and Development of Spiritual Consciousness. New York: Dover Publications, 2002. https://amzn.to/2C91xNY. ↑ Underhill, Evelyn. Mysticism: A Study in the Nature and Development of Spiritual Consciousness. New York: Dover Publications, 2002. p. 13. https://amzn.to/2C91xNY. Retrieved from "http://spiritwiki.lightningpath.org/index.php?title=Union_with_Reality&oldid=14245"	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line233
__label__wiki	0.794956	0.794956	'The Great British Bake Off' Finishes BBC Run with Record Audience Including surviving a mini-meltdown over caramel shards in the semi-final , Jane has battled her way through to the end and will be seen trying to out-bake Andrew Smyth and Candice Brown when the final is shown at 8pm. I would like to see Andrew win, but I suspect Candice will triumph in the end". She congratulated the Bake Off team and thanked the "loyal fans over the last seven series" before adding that there will be two Bake Off specials at Christmas ahead of its move to Channel ... (more...) Melbourne Cup results: Almandin shows guts and spirit to deny Heartbreak City Sheikh Mohammed has been trying to win the race for nearly 30 years and Hartnell's third was the owner's sixth placing in the race which includes three seconds. "It's a dream come true. Second cup. I love the Melbourne Cup ". "But he's gone through all the various pain barriers and I'm very proud of him". Curren Mirotic, Exospheric, and, Jameka, never managed to get revved-up enough. (more...) Wait, what? Is Calvin Harris's feud with ex Taylor Swift officially over? Now that the news is out, the Internet is beginning to react. Despite rumors to the contrary, it appears that Grammy victor Taylor Swift is not, after all, expecting. Kanye's wife, Kim Kardashian, would go on to leak a videotape of Taylor having known bits and pieces of the song all along, strongly contradicting Swift's initial comments, saying she was never informed beforehand. (more...) Dalian Wanda continues Hollywood investment with Dick Clark Productions purchase Wanda said it will retain the full management of the USA company and has signed a long-term operation contract with the management team. It already owns Legendary Entertainment, co-producer of film hits such as " Jurassic World ", and AMC Entertainment Holdings, the second largest movie-theater in the USA, which it bought in 2012 for about $2.6 billion. (more...) 'Marvel Puzzle Quest' (ALL) Adds Doctor Strange In-Game Event Next Week Nightmare together with Doctor Strange was first introduced in Marvel's Comic Strange Tales 110, were Nightmare served as an entity of Shuma - Gorath. Doctor Strange is now out in the United Kingdom, and will be coming to U.S. theatres on November 4th. Nightmare and his dark but infinitely exciting realm is sure to attract a number of fans to Doctor Strange's world. (more...) Dexter Fowler not ruling out return to Chicago Cubs Later in the show, they reappeared during Weekend Update to belt out " Go Cubs Go " with " SNL " alum and Cubs megafan Bill Murray, who declared the song "an original composition". However, his numbers do not tell the tale of his play, leadership, and how great of a teammate he was during his time with the Cubs. And Fowler: "This is the best thing we've ever done". (more...) 'Westworld' Recap: Maeve Turns Herself Up to 11 Tonight's sixth episode featured nearly none of Dolores and her journey to discover "The Maze " with William (Jimmi Simpson), a noble first-time visitor to Westworld who might be succumbing to the park's corrupting charms (and who might, eventually, become Ed Harris' Man in Black, at least according to some theories). (more...) Justin Bieber wins 3 MTV EMA Europe music awards An array of awards will be handed out with Beyonce and Justin Bieber leading the way with the most nominations. The songster also did a song with British act, Tinie Tempah in the song 'Mamacita' . The same goes for Green Day - Armstrong wanted to make a strong statement about the way he and his band feel about all of it, and they did it in a perfectly punk-rock way. (more...) No criminality in Clinton emails With it, the agency sees absolutely NO reason to change its previous conclusions about not pressing charges against Clinton. "From the beginning, Ms. Comey sent the letter just two days before Election Day. The letter did not disclose the nature of the emails. Comey has already described Clinton and her aides as "extremely careless" and has said agents found scores of classified emails on Clinton's server. (more...) NFL Week 9 Predictions: New York Jets vs. Miami Dolphins 11/6/16 The Dolphins beat the Jets 27-23 on Sunday at Hard Rock Stadium. Of the 75 yards the Dolphins gained on the drive, 35 came on penalties, including a roughing call on Buster Skrine and taunting on Calvin Pryor . Ajayi has his work cut out for him against the Jets (3-5). He had 82 yards and two touchdowns on 25 carries last week at Cleveland, a week after rushing for 100 yards and a touchdown on 30 carries against Baltimore. (more...) Why a Trump defeat may be a boon to Texas Republicans Gwin dismissed the Ohio Republican Party from the case in his order. Chad A. Readler, a lawyer for the Trump campaign, filed an emergency motion with the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals lambasting the lower court's order charging that if left to stand it would "irreparably" harm the campaign "as well as any unsuspecting citizen who falls in the district court's cross-hairs". (more...) Quarterback Chad Kelly out for season with torn ACL, meniscus A&M junior Jake Hubenak filled in and was 11-of-17 passing for 222 yards, two touchdowns and one interception. Redshirt freshman Ryan Pellerin finished Saturday's game as the Ole Miss signal caller, completing 1 of 5 passes for 19 yards and an interception. (more...) Suspect in Kala Brown abduction case confesses to 4 murders: Sheriff Also on Friday, officials identified a body found in a shallow grave on that property as Kala Brown's boyfriend, Charles Carver, 32, who had been shot multiple times, the Herald-Journal reported, citing the county coroner. Authorities say Kohlhepp is a suspect in at least three other deaths. According to ABC News , a judge in that case wrote that Kohlhepp was "very bright" but "behaviorally and emotionally unsafe". (more...) Beyonce supports sister Solange as she makes her Saturday Night Live debut The singer, who released the album on September 30, was introduced by host Benedict Cumberbatch and delivered powerful performances for her songs " Cranes In The Sky " and " Don't Touch My Hair ", which included a feature from singer Sampha. (more...) Joe Jonas cosies up to Sophie Turner Here they are just watchin' the show.... Jonas's last serious relationship was with model Gigi Hadid, 21, past year before she split with him for singer Zayn Malik. They even spent Halloween together, with the DNCE frontman dressed as a dalmatian and the English actress rocking some pink sequined bunny ears in a photo with friends. (more...) What to look for - and where - on Michigan Election Night The 1981 election for governor remains New Jersey's closest in history, and Republican Thomas H. Kean's victory by less than 1,800 votes came after off-duty police and sheriff's officers wearing "Ballot Security Task Force" arm bands positioned themselves outside polling places in some predominantly minority areas. (more...) Mudiay's fast start helps Nuggets cruise by Celtics 123-107 Mudiay's 24 points was the most in a quarter for a Nuggets player since Ty Lawson had that many against Minnesota in April of 2011. The C's dropped 107 points, but outside of IT they lacked a viable second scoring option with the second highest scorer only at 14 in Avery Bradley . (more...) The Hillary Clinton Email Probe Is over, No Charges Will Be Made Republican National Committee Chairman Reince Priebus, appearing on the ABC program "This Week", said Trump would concede if there is a "clearly obvious" outcome. Dianne Feinstein, D-Calif., said in a statement . Weiner is the target of an FBI investigation into illicit text messages he allegedly sent to a 15-year-old girl in North Carolina. (more...) Federal Bureau of Investigation review of Clinton emails hasn't led to new findings, Chaffetz says Clinton's campaign, furious at Comey's handling of the review, welcomed Sunday's announcement. The new review involves material found on a computer belonging to Anthony Weiner, the disgraced former congressman and estranged husband of Clinton aide Huma Abedin. (more...) Ayotte doesn't want her kid in room with Bill Clinton, Trump You know, and this isn't about my daughter. "And if she is not going break with Hillary Clinton on this, when is she ever going to break with Hillary Clinton?" Kelly Ayotte attend a forum with business leaders in Manchester, N.H. "I love my daughter, and obviously being a mom is very important to me". She said she would write in Trump's running mate, Indiana Gov. Mike Pence, for president. 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2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050 2051 2052 2053 2054 2055 2056 2057 2058 2059 2060 2061 2062 2063 2064 2065 2066 2067 2068 2069 2070 2071 2072 2073 2074 2075 2076 2077 2078 2079 2080 2081 2082 2083 2084 2085 2086 2087 2088 2089 next » First Trailer for Netflix's 'The Red Sea Diving Resort' with Chris Evans FaceApp goes viral with old-age filter Snow Patrol's 'Chasing Cars' is the most played song of 21st Century Prosecutors drop Nantucket groping case against Kevin Spacey Lil Nas X Has Got the Aliens in the Back Star Trek could be the final film by Quentin Tarantino WarnerMedia Developing Gossip Girl Spinoff for HBO Max When Does Amazon Prime Day End? Time Is Running Out 'Stranger Things' star Caleb McLaughlin says season four isn't a sure thing Netizens, Celebrities Join FaceApp Craze Making Them Instantly ‘Age’ It Isn't Only Shatta Wale; There Are Two Ghanaians On Beyonce's Album Did Meghan Markle Just Publicly Comment on the Haters? Love Island's Amber gets a date with newcomer Greg ‘Bachelorette’ Promo Finally Reveals Who Returns to Win Hannah Brown Back Super 30 has a strong Monday at the box office	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line236
__label__cc	0.521396	0.478604	The Irish Brigade – Valor in Defending our Constitution by Stephen Finlay Archer \| Sep 3, 2017 \| Myths, Mysteries and Mayhem, Stephen Finlay Archer - Author From Antietam to Charlottesville Painting by Kurz & Allison ~ Burnside’s Bridge Antietam was a pivotal battle during our Civil War, waged one hundred and fifty five years ago on September 17, 1862 near Sharpsburg, Maryland. This was the bloodiest day in American history and the Union forces stopped General Lee’s march in union territory toward Washington DC. It occurred just after the Federalist defeat at Second Bull Run battle. It was the last act of the confederate invasion of the north. Who led the charge that won the day for the Federalist forces? Painting by Mort Kunstler – Raise the Colors and Follow Me That day the Irish Brigade of Union soldiers, commanded by Brig. General Thomas Francis Meagher, led the charge that stopped General Lee’s forces at great terrible loss of life to their ranks. This was an example of trench warfare fifty two years before the onset of the terrible war to end all wars in Europe. Only, in this case, the confederate soldiers were protected in a ditch and the Irish brigade was in the open, having to dismantle a fence to get to their adversary. I mention this because most of these Irish patriots had recently emigrated from Ireland as a result of the Great Hunger, or potato famine, wherein the oppressive British overlords had withheld food such that a million Irish citizens had starved or died from resultant plague, while another million had escaped in coffin ships to America and elsewhere. They knew the devastating impact of man’s injustice and desperately wanted to help save the union according to the principles of the constitution in their new-found homeland. This act of valor illuminates three facts, one that all of us except native Americans, are descended from immigrants, and most of our forefathers and mothers came here, unless they were captive slaves, because of our constitution that all men are created equal, with liberty and justice for all. And they were willing to fight for those principles to the death. This was the supreme sacrifice of new citizens from Ireland, with high moral courage in their new country. Of the 200,000 of them who fought in the Civil War, out of the 1.5 million Irish Americans, all but ten percent were on the side of the Federalists. It is painful to note that this watershed battle was fought less than a hundred and fifty miles away from Charlottesville Virginia, where we just witnessed that the battle for equality and justice is still ongoing. Racism and bigotry are far from dead. It is my view that our divisive government is not governing for the people despite what it professes, but only for the affluent and powerful, and some of our leaders are not adhering to the principles of our constitution. This is how the Romans governed before their fall. There is similarity between the treatment of the Irish people by the absentee British landlords in the hungers of the eighteen forties and fifties and the treatment of some elements of our own population, for example during the sub-prime housing crisis of 2008 to 2012 where so many lost their homes and livelihoods. Fortunately our financial outcome, although devastating for many, has not been as severe as a million dead and another million deported from our homeland. At least not yet. Technology has changed but man’s nature hasn’t. After Antietam, it would be fifty four years before descendants of the Irish Brigade, members of the Irish Clan na Gael in the United States, could muster the resources and will to organize a pivotal rebellion against oppression in their beloved Ireland at the 1916 Easter Rising, the martyrs’ insurrection starting their revolution for freedom from tyranny. In my second novel, Entente, I explore the attempts of the Clan na Gael to solicit the help of the Germans to overthrow the British tyrant in their Ireland, including the development of another Irish Brigade with an entirely different character. Stephen Finlay Archer: Irish Historical Novelist Join My Irish Adventurers Click to get updates delivered right to your inbox. © 2015 Stephen Archer	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line237
__label__cc	0.511108	0.488892	An important source of livelihoods for tribal people are non-wood forest products, generally termed 'Minor Forest Produce (MFP)' means all non-timber forest produce of plant origin and will include bamboo, canes, fodder, leaves, gums, waxes, dyes, resins and many forms of food including nuts, wild fruits, Honey, Lac, Tusser etc. The Minor Forest Produces provide both subsistence and cash income for people who live in or near forests. They form a major portion of their food, fruits, medicines and other consumption items and also provide cash income through sale. Minor Forest Produce (MFP) starts with the word “Minor” but is a major source of livelihood for tribals who belong to the poorest of the poor section of society. The Minor Forest Produce has significant economic and social value for the forest dwellers as an estimated 100 Million people derive their source of livelihood from the collection and marketing of Minor Forest Produce (Report of the National Committee on Forest Rights Act, 2011). The importance of Minor Forest Produces for this section of the society can be gauged from the facts that around 100 million forest dwellers depend on Minor Forest Produces for food, shelter, medicines and cash income. It is important for them for food, shelter medicines and case income beside providing critical subsistence during the lean seasons, particularly for primitive tribal groups such as hunter gatherers, and the landless. Tribals derive 20-40% of their annual income from Minor Forest Produce on which they spend major portion of their time. This activity has strong linkage to women’s financial empowerment as most of the Minor Forest Produces are collected and used/sold by women. Minor Forest Produce sector has the potential to create about 10 million workdays annually in the country.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line243
__label__wiki	0.722266	0.722266	Rashida Jones and Will McCormack, writers and stars of Celeste and Jesse Forever once dated for about two weeks in the 90's, and then realized it wouldn't work out. Instead of saying goodbye, they redefined their relationship into an everlasting friendship that ultimately lead them into writing a screenplay about just that - friendship after breaking up. With noisy Summer blockbusters busting up screens in Cineplex's everywhere, it's refreshing to note that Celeste and Jesse Forever was filmed in 23 days with a budget under $1,000,000,000, and has a bittersweet story to tell. It's a look into the lives of two soul mates who grew up together, married young, and at the age of 30, decide to split up when their professional lives flew in different directions. Their divorce is their own personal test to see how they can grow as adults. For all it's adorableness and fun, sexy moments, the film reveals heartbreak at its worst. Brace yourself if you're in the midst of a painful breakup and still picking up the pieces of your broken pumper and the empty vodka bottles strew across your floor. Former SNL cast member Andy Samberg stars alongside Park's and Recreation's Rashida Jones as the Jesse to her Celeste. Also starring Chris Messina, Elijah Wood and Ari Graynor, Celeste and Jesse opens in limited release in Los Angeles and New York tomorrow, Friday August 3rd. Check out Rashida Jones' interview with NYTimes.com. It's a fascinating chat about how her film touches upon relationships in the post-feminist era. I won't go into a analysis of how women today are being ignored by the men whose idea of love is to seek out, date and bang a girl who looks like Olivia Munn, so I'll end it with a beautifully perfect quote from Jones: "We’re going through a major evolution, and men haven’t had the same evolution. At some point we’re going to have to do something to bring them along. What are they doing? Get it together! We’re going to have an entire generation of smart, stable successful women go without men, because they’re just playing video games and dating younger girls" Visit the film site: http://sonyclassics.com/celesteandjesseforever/cast.html Watch the Trailer: Labels: Andy Samberg, Celeste and Jesse, Rashida Jones	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line245
__label__wiki	0.911613	0.911613	From the Examiner's No. 1 Entertainment Czar Got Gossip? Celeb Chatter Celebs die over Alan’s book! Tag Archives: Leon Russell DVDs, Music The four-disc “Rock & Roll Hall of Fame” Blu-ray/DVD is a must-have for every music lover April 5, 2018 alanwp Leave a comment “Watch out for the music. It should come with a health warning: It can and should make you think the world can be a better place.” — Peter Gabriel Each year, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame honors rock music’s pioneering figures during a prestigious, black-tie ceremony. As the Hall of Fame enters its third decade, it’s these singular induction ceremonies- featuring the biggest names in classic rock from the ’60s, ’70s and ’80s–that have become nearly as iconic as the artists they celebrate. On April 24, Time Life and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame give home audiences front row seats to the four most recent incredible induction ceremonies with Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: In Concert. Never before available at retail on any format, these four memorable live concert events are filled with the kind of collaborations and jam sessions that have made Rock Hall concerts legendary. With egos set aside–in many cases original band lineups perform together for the first time in years–inductees and friends take the stage to deliver once-in-a-lifetime performances, often with a truly mind-blowing combination of talent. “From the first induction ceremony in 1986, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has sought to honor the top names in all genres of rock ‘n’ roll,” says Joel Peresman, President of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation. “These ceremonies have provided unique once-in-a-lifetime moments as the inductees and presenters come together to celebrate the legacy of these artists and it’s a privilege to produce this important part of music history and to share it with you!” This four-disc set –a must-have for every music lover–features poignant reunions, moving and often hilarious induction speeches, and 53 iconic performances. Cat Stevens (Yusuf) at Barclays Center of Brooklyn on April 10, 2014 in New York City.( Among the unforgettable highlights on the DVD and Blu-ray sets: Bruce Springsteen joining inductees E Street Band for the deep cut classic “E Street Shuffle” from the Boss’s second album, from 1973. Legendary grunge-rock group Pearl Jam delivering thundering performances of “Alive,” “Given to Fly” and “Better Man.” The two surviving members of Nirvana joined on stage by Lorde, Annie Clark, Kim Gordon and Joan Jett for emotional renderings of the group’s biggest hits. Cat Stevens performing a spine-tingling version of “Father & Son” that turned the massive Barclay Center quiet as a church. Journey performs three classics: “Separate Ways (Worlds Apart),” “Lights” and “Don’t Stop Believin’.” Ringo Starr being welcomed into the Rock Hall with a little help from Paul McCartney. Original Cheap Trick drummer Bun E. Carlos joining the band for the first time in 6 years tearing through their early hits including “Surrender” and “Dream Police.” Five of the original members of Chicago performing on stage for the first time in 25 years. Features complete Hall of Fame Induction speeches including Coldplay’s Chris Martin inducting Peter Gabriel and Metallica’s Lars Ulrich inducting Deep Purple. Proof that music remains the soundtrack to all lives. Alice CooperAnnie ClarkBarclay CenterBruce SpringsteenBun E. CarlosCat StevensCheap TrickColdplay's Chris MartinDarlene LoveDeep PurpleDonovanDr. JohnE Street BandElectric light OrchestraGreen DayHeartJoan JettJoan Jett & the BlackheartsJoel PeresmanJourneyKim GordonLeon RussellLordeNirvanaPaul McCartneyPearl JamPeter gabrielPeter Gabriel and Metallica's Lars UlrichRed Hot Chili PeppersRingo StarrRock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation.RushSmall Faces/FacesThe HolliesThe StoogesTime-LifeTom WaitsYes CDs, Music Three albums that made Glen Campbell a star reissued by Capitol Nashville/UMe on vinyl March 12, 2017 alanwp Leave a comment The Rhinestone Cowboy is still with us, and by the time I get to Phoenix or Galveston he still will be. News that’s gentle on my mind. New gentle news: Capitol Nashville/UMe will reissue on vinyl Campbell’s albums Gentle on My Mind, Wichita Lineman and Galveston, the star-making albums that helped make Glen Campbell a global superstar and household name. Save the date: They will be reissued on March 24. The titles, which haven’t been available on vinyl for decades, will be released on standard black vinyl and housed in replicas of the original sleeve art. Each album will also receive a limited edition color run that will be available exclusively at GlenCampbell.com at a later date. Gentle on My Mind, released in 1967 on Capitol Records, was Campbell’s breakthrough album. It was the first to go to No. 1 on the country music charts and reach the platinum sales mark of one million albums sold. At its heart was the single, “Gentle on My Mind,” a cover of John Hartford’s original that so enchanted Campbell, he called in some of his buddies from his legendary studio band, The Wrecking Crew (which included Leon Russell), and recorded it himself to submit to his producer Al De Lory. His first major hit, the song earned him his first two Grammys and made the Arkansas native a rising star.Gentle on My Mind can be pre-ordered @ UMe.lnk.to/GlenCampbellGentleAmzPR and streamed @: ume.lnk.to/GlenCampbellGentlePR. Released as Campbell was becoming a television star, film actor and crossover sensation, Wichita Lineman remains Campbell’s best-selling album. The double-platinum release reached No. 1 on the Billboard 200 and stayed there for a month (bracketed by Jimi Hendrix’s Electric Ladyland and only unseated by The Beatles’ The White Album. Wichita Lineman stayed atop the country music charts for 20 weeks and was the year’s top release in the genre. Centerpiece single, “Wichita Lineman,” written by Campbell’s songwriting soulmate Jimmy Webb, was nominated for Record of the Year at the Grammy Awards and Single of the Year at the Academy of Country Music Awards. In 2000, the title track–one of Rolling Stone’s “500 Greatest Songs of All Time”–was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. Wichita Lineman can be pre-ordered @ ume.lnk.to/GlenCampbellWichitaAmzPR and streamed @ume.lnk.to/GlenCampbellWichitaPR. Campbell teamed up with Webb again for two hits on his next album, Galveston, released in 1969. The title track returned to No. 1 and was a crossover hit. The duo logged another minor hit with the follow up single, “Where’s the Playground Susie.” Campbell’s last platinum-selling album of his late-’60s run arrived as he began to host his own television variety show, “The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour,” and became a household name in the U.S. Galveston can be pre-ordered @ ume.lnk.to/GlenCampbellGalvestonAmzPR and streamed @ ume.lnk.to/GlenCampbellGalvestonPR. Taken together, Gentle on My Mind, Wichita Lineman and Galveston capture the Country Music and Musicians Halls of Fame member at the height of his powers. A country superstar, a member of The Beach Boys with his fingerprints on music history, one of pop’s greatest guitar players–all his personas can be found on this amazing run of albums. Al De LoryBillboardCapitol Nashville/UMeGalvestonGentle on My MindGlen CampbellJimi Hendrix’s Electric LadylandJimmy WebbJohn HartfordLeon RussellThe Beach BoysThe Wrecking CrewWichita Lineman Archives Select Month May 2019 April 2019 March 2019 February 2019 January 2019 December 2018 November 2018 October 2018 September 2018 August 2018 July 2018 June 2018 May 2018 April 2018 March 2018 February 2018 January 2018 December 2017 November 2017 October 2017 August 2017 July 2017 June 2017 May 2017 April 2017 March 2017 February 2017 January 2017 December 2016 November 2016 October 2016 September 2016 August 2016 July 2016 Petrucelli Picks the best in books, music and film . . . and then some alanwpetrucelli@gmail.com 322 Mall Blvd.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line246
__label__wiki	0.929484	0.929484	Matisyahu Releases New Song to Benefit Hurricane Victims Matisyahu, the Jewish American reggae and alternative rock musician, recently released a new song for Hanukkah. All proceeds of the song, appropriately titled “Happy Hanukkah,” are being donated to Hurricane Sandy relief efforts through the end of the holiday. “I am from New York and wanted to give back to my incredible community in the wake of Hurricane Sandy,” said Matisyahu. Donations from the song will continue to benefit The Jewish Federations of North America and The Robin Hood Foundation until the end of Hanukkah on Dec. 16. Matisyahu, 33, was born Matthew Paul Miller in West Chester, Penn. In 1995, Matisyahu took part in a two month-long program at the Alexander Muss High School in Hod Hasharon, Israel, a program which offers students first-hand exploration of Jewish heritage as a way of solidifying Jewish identity. His experiences there led to his decision to adopt Orthodox Judaism. At the age of 19, he formally joined the Lubavitch movement and took a Hebrew form of his name, Matisyahu, which means “Gift of G-d.” The singer subsequently forged a public image of himself as a devout Chasid who performed in concert in full Chassidic garb. In June 2012, Matisyahu appeared in an online video to promote his new single “Sunshine” with his hair dyed blonde and appeared to be without a yarmulka, causing a big stir within the Jewish blogosphere. He similarly made waves late last year when he shaved his beard On Dec. 8, Matisyahu will kick off his sixth annual “Festival of Light” tour.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line249
__label__cc	0.582945	0.417055	Quantum Leap -- Episode 15: Thou Shalt Not... Sam Leaps Into: David Basch, a rabbi. Save his brother's marriage by preventing his brother's wife from having an affair. Help the family come together and heal from the wounds of a lost son. Oy vey, I'm the rabbi. ~Sam The memorable quote above, one of the most memorable quotes in the series (and a Sweedo family favorite). I didn't care for the "husband suspects brother of fooling around with his wife" subplot -- it didn't seem necessary, and the husband moved on from it pretty quick after punching Sam a few times. I just learned what gefilte fish was last year and so it was cool to hear Al mention it. I'm fairly unadventurous when it comes to food and thus you won't see me trying gefilte fish anytime soon. Fun moment when Sam promises God that he won't have an affair with Irene and then stands around with a silly smile hoping to leap. I like the encounter with "Dr. Heimlich," but what kind of guy just runs off and doesn't even say thank you after being saved like that? Maybe they could have gotten Holly Fields to play the daughter having the Bat Mitzvah -- after all, she is the right age... Good plot twist where we learn that Bert is posing as a widower in order to hook up. But I am surprised that when confronted by the rabbi, Bert immediately cops to it and doesn't try even a little bit to keep up the lie. Interesting that the first 7 episodes of QL had MacGyver guest stars but the next 8 did not. The odds of it breaking down like are in the googols. Not a huge fan of this one. It's a slow open, and despite some of my semi-positive comments, I didn't really enjoy it much at all. I'm slotting it as 2nd from the bottom in the rankings. Highlander_II June 19, 2016 at 12:14 AM I... don't remember a lot about this one. I remember the 'I'm the rabbi' line, but little else. And I just watched it last week. So, clearly not all that memorable. :/ Mark June 20, 2016 at 11:20 PM It was a pretty slow episode. I wasn't as bored with it as was "How the Tess was Won" but it's closer to the bottom for me than the top, and I had more or less the same takeaways as you. Irene's husband was convinced "David" was having an affair with his wife and catches them in mid-embrace, but requires next to no explanation that David and Irene weren't involved beyond that. I thought the episode decently captured the raw grief of having recently lost a child and the impact it has on the sibling of the deceased, a storyline similar to the movie "Stand by Me". And thus, I also liked that Sam didn't leap until he talked David's brother into making things right with the daughter that he was ignoring. Pretty somber stuff though and given how you don't seem to like anything remotely "depressing" I can see how it wasn't a favorite of yours. As for Dr. Heimlich, it was a clever touch that this show nicely weaves in to the main story, and ultimately I think someone who was choking would be unable to speak for a while after getting something dislodged from his or her throat. Of course, that doesn't explain why the gal with Dr. Heimlich was interrogating him with questions as they walked away from Sam. Again, just minor rewards for this episode. It's a well done show but the mellow and frequently somber tone of the episodes makes it easier to see why it never took off in the ratings. Nicholas Sweedo June 20, 2016 at 11:43 PM While it's true that I prefer the non-somber fare, I can get behind somber and emotional but it has to be done really, really well -- Passages and The Madonna are two examples that come to mind. Interesting point you make about the ratings -- that's probably true, and if they ever wanted to reboot QL in today's day and age it would be even harder to keep the same tone and have any hope of ratings. Liz Sweedo September 25, 2016 at 3:05 PM Not too much to comment on this one that has not already been said. Your are correct the "Oy Vey, I'm the Rabbi," is a classic. Locomotion was a remake in 1974 by the Grand Funk Railroad. Always a good song. I like the reference to year 5734, the Jewish year for 1974. When Sam says, "Why aren't a leaping?" Al replies, "Click your heels three times and say, there's no place like home." A little Wizard of Oz humor.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line250
__label__wiki	0.858745	0.858745	Editors' Picks World Post-Pageantry: What has come of the Trump-Kim Summit? Kate Kushner June 30, 2018 If you were to have driven down one of the main streets of Jeonju, South Korea during the second week of June, you’d have seen Korean unification flags on nearly every lamppost. The flags, white with a blue outline of the Korean Peninsula, were installed by local citizens’ groups to commemorate the seminal meeting between South Korean president Kim Dae-jung and North Korean leader Kim Jong-il that took place 18 years ago from June 13 to 15. But on Tuesday, June 12, South Koreans waited for news of a different meeting. In the first ever summit between a U.S. president and a leader of North Korea, U.S. President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong-un sat down at a hotel in Singapore to discuss the denuclearization of North Korea in a spectacle of unorthodox diplomacy. Amid handshakes, flattery, and a bizarre movie trailer-style video, Trump and Kim agreed “to establish new U.S.-D.P.R.K. [North Korea] relations in accordance with the desire of the peoples of the two countries for peace and prosperity” and “to work towards complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula.” Critics have argued that the joint statement that Trump and Kim signed contains neither specifics nor promises that North Korea hasn’t made before. But the joint statement’s lack of substance does not mean that the summit is without significance—in fact, as South Koreans know, it may be a bellwether of how East Asia’s tides are turning. “[It’s] very hard to argue that the United States extracted any new commitments from North Korea, whereas there is actually pretty decent evidence that North Korea extracted quite a few from the United States,” said Mira Rapp-Hooper, a senior research scholar at Yale Law School and at Yale’s Paul Tsai China Center, in an interview with The Politic. For one thing, the language that the summit’s joint statement actually uses to describe North Korean denuclearization is ill-defined in a way that may hold consequences for East Asian security. Prior to the summit, U.S. officials, including Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, insisted that North Korea agree to “complete, verifiable, and irreversible dismantlement” of its nuclear weapons. Yet these words are notably absent from the statement. Instead, it refers to the “complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula.” To North Korea, the “complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula” means that the country will dismantle its nuclear weapons only when it sees the military threat from the U.S. as having been removed. Many experts interpret this to mean the withdrawal of U.S. troops and a significant weakening, if not end, to the U.S.-South Korea alliance. The summit in Singapore also conferred on Kim Jong-un a level of status that he has hitherto been denied by the international community. Trump’s decision to meet with Kim Jong-un at all was a concession to Kim in and of itself, according to Rapp-Hooper. “Having a presidential-level summit with Kim Jong-un has radically, over a very short period of time, transformed him from his pariah status to a leader who is considered to be worth meeting with for the United States president,” Rapp-Hooper said. In securing a meeting with Trump, she said, Kim “achieved recognition as [the leader of] a de facto nuclear weapons power, despite the fact that North Korea developed its nuclear weapons program illegally and is still under very harsh sanctions.” Trump also gave a significant gift to the North with his unexpected announcement that the U.S. and South Korea would end certain joint military exercises. “We will be stopping the war games, which will save us a tremendous amount of money, unless and until we see the future negotiation is not going along like it should,” Trump said in a press conference immediately following his meetings with Kim. “But we’ll be saving a tremendous amount of money, plus I think it’s very provocative.” Trump’s language regarding the joint military exercises presents a sharp break from previous U.S. policy, including under the Trump administration. U.S. forces in South Korea regularly participate in training exercises with the South Korean military, but the two allies also participate in larger, annual drills. The drills are meant to ensure readiness in the case of a possible attack from the North, and the U.S. and South Korean governments have long contended that they are defensive in nature. In the past, it has been North Korea that has labeled the drills “provocative” and claimed that they are rehearsals for an invasion. The U.S. government has consistently argued that such characterizations are North Korean propaganda, meant to discredit exercises that they and South Korea conduct legitimately and legally. Furthermore, Trump’s pledge to end the exercises took both U.S. and South Korean officials by surprise. A U.S. military spokeswoman said hours after the summit that forces in South Korea had “received no updated guidance on execution or cessation of training exercises….We will continue with our current military posture until we receive updated guidance from the Department of Defense.” Some clarification came on Tuesday, June 19, when the U.S. and South Korea announced that they would cancel the Ulchi Freedom Guardian exercise scheduled for August. One of the two largest exercises that American and South Korean troops conduct each year, Ulchi Freedom Guardian involved approximately 80,000 troops in 2017. The South Korean Ministry of National Defense said that there had been no decisions regarding other planned joint exercises. According to Rapp-Hooper, the fact that South Korea was not given advance warning about Trump’s announcement indicates the improvisational nature of the decision. Furthermore, by failing to notify either South Korea or the U.S. Department of Defense, she said, “the president sent the unmistakable message that the United States is willing to trade away South Korean security in exchange for precisely nothing.” The South Korean public is divided over whether or not the cessation of joint exercises is a cause for worry. In an interview for The Politic, a Seoul resident, who would prefer to remain unnamed, said that she isn’t worried by the announcement, though she acknowledged that many South Koreans are. She believes that agreeing to end the exercises is a good faith measure which could bring about responses in kind from the North. Kim Kyung-ae, another resident of Seoul, finds the decision more discomforting. “It’s a little too fast,” she said in an interview with The Politic. Since North Korea has told many lies before, she said, it would be better if the U.S. and South Korea put their agreement to halt the exercises into practice more slowly. “There are many people in South Korea who have escaped North Korea,” Kim said. “These people do not trust North Korea.” In this case, many South Koreans ask, why should South Korea trust that its neighbor will keep its international commitments? “Many South Koreans would like to think North Korea might change its ways in the right circumstances but aren’t sure yet if they can trust Kim Jong-un,” wrote Hans Schattle, a professor of political science and international relations at Yonsei University in Seoul, in an email to The Politic. “Then there is another segment of the South Korea[n] public that fears that any kind of rapprochement will only be exploited by North Korea down the road to gain leverage over the future direction of the peninsula—especially if the United States starts to pull back its military commitments within South Korea.” Trump’s decision to cancel at least some of the exercises may be indicative of a broader shift in U.S. involvement in the region. The U.S. has maintained a military presence in East Asia since World War II, but the first year and a half of Trump’s term have cast doubts over the extent to which the U.S. will continue to be a key actor in the region. Though Trump has yet to remove any forces, he has made no secret of his aim to withdraw significant numbers of the 28,500 American troops currently stationed in South Korea. Many people in South Korea, and in Japan as well, worry that any move to reduce the U.S.’s military presence in East Asia would signal the start of an American withdrawal that would open up the region to Chinese hegemony. And in fact, many experts have pointed out that the Singapore summit has delivered key wins for China already. For one, the cessation of joint military exercises between the U.S. and South Korea is something that China has advocated for more than a year. “The Chinese have for a very long time been pushing for a so called ‘freeze for freeze,’ a cessation of North Korean nuclear missile testing in exchange for a cessation of U.S.-R.O.K. [South Korea] exercises,” said Rapp-Hooper. “That’s exactly what happened at this summit,” she continued. “It shouldn’t surprise us that Chinese official media has basically been holding the Singapore summit up as a huge win for Beijing. And indeed, they may have come out almost as well as North Korea itself.” Rapprochement between the U.S. and North Korea is also desirable for China, Rapp-Hooper said, because it decreases U.S. pressure on China to impose sanctions against the North and it removes a contentious issue from the U.S.-China relationship at a time when the U.S. is also imposing tariffs on Chinese goods. Though the Trump administration has been highly focused on North Korea and trade, its lack of a broader strategy in East Asia has worked to China’s advantage and allowed it to consolidate its position in the region, Rapp-Hooper said. “So with North Korea increasingly neutralized as a major issue, the Chinese will increasingly have Asia as they would like it to be, which is to say, a region in which U.S. presence and influence are waning and Chinese influence is increasingly felt.” Wary of being left out of potential trilateral agreements involving the U.S. and the two Koreas or of any discussions about formally ending the Korean War, China is also moving to increase its contact with North Korea. Just a week after the Singapore summit, Kim Jong-un visited Chinese President Xi Jinping in Beijing in their third meeting in less than three months. Some observers have even suggested that it was Xi who convinced Kim to take a tougher stance against joint U.S.-South Korea exercises. North Korea abruptly cancelled scheduled talks with the South last month, citing “provocative” military exercises, even though Kim had met with South Korea’s national security advisor two months earlier and confirmed that he understood the exercises would continue. Kim’s change of mind came just a week after he met with Xi in Dalian, China. Relations between China and South Korea are starting to recover from the rocky conditions that persisted last year as the two nations sparred over South Korea’s deployment of the American anti-missile system Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD). THAAD has been a contentious issue between the South and China since its initial deployment. The Chinese government insisted that THAAD was an unacceptable threat to Chinese national security and argued that its radar could be used by the U.S. to spy on Chinese military sites, and as South Korea pushed ahead with its deployment, China used its position as the South’s largest trading partner to make its opposition felt through boycotts of South Korean products. But China suddenly reversed in late October. Xi and South Korean President Moon Jae-in then met in December in Beijing, where the two leaders expressed a desire to improve their countries’ relations. Officials cast the meeting as a sign that China wished to move beyond THAAD and cooperate with South Korea regarding the North’s recent aggressions. It is also possible, however, that China saw South Korea’s determination to deploy the missile defense system, in spite of Chinese opposition, as an affirmation of the U.S.-South Korea alliance—which runs counter to China’s aspirations for stronger influence over East Asia. A woman walks in front of an advertisement on the Seoul Metropolitan Library, which is housed in the old City Hall building in downtown Seoul. The text reads: “As South and North make peace, so does Seoul.” The blue outline of the Korean Peninsula mirrors that found on the Korean unification flag. Yet in spite of the fears that some have for the U.S.-South Korean alliance, many South Koreans have reacted positively to the June 12 summit in Singapore. The summit came after a months-long flurry of diplomacy that has seen relations between North and South transformed from the frosty situation that existed on the peninsula last year. Since his election last May, Moon Jae-in has made rapprochement with the North one of the defining aspects of his presidency, and his policies of engagement have become widely popular with South Koreans. “We like Moon Jae-in,” responded Lee Gang-gun when he and his wife, Yang So-hee, were asked what they thought of the summit. The couple, who live in Jeonju with their two children, sounded upbeat and hopeful as they gave their opinion of Moon’s approach to the North. Lee and Yang are certainly not alone in their support for Moon and his policies. After Moon met Kim Jong-un in the border town of Panmunjom in April, his approval rating rose to 75 percent, and the percentage of South Koreans who viewed the meeting as a success was high as 89 percent. What’s more, Moon’s liberal Minjoo Party achieved a landslide victory in the local elections that were held across the country on Wednesday, June 13 (the day after the summit in Singapore, incidentally). Advertisements for candidates in Seoul’s local elections line a walkway on June 13, election day. President Moon Jae-in and his policies of engagement with North Korea are widely supported, and his party won 14 out of 17 mayoral and gubernatorial races across the country and 11 out of the 12 open seats in the National Assembly. Moon and his policies have not always been this popular, however. Moon was elected with just 41 percent of the vote and has faced criticism and fluctuating approval ratings following each political risk that he has taken in order to keep talks with the North on track. “It’s precisely because he distanced himself from Trump and presented himself as [having] the far more rational approach to the security issues on the peninsula that he’s won such favor for his diplomatic engagement strategy,” said Rapp-Hooper, noting the sharp difference between Moon’s efforts to ease tensions with the North and the bellicose rhetoric that Trump was employing just a few months ago. “But along with being the engine of diplomacy, he’s also very wisely engaged in … personal flattery with President Trump.” A poll in May found that 67 percent of South Koreans have an unfavorable view of Trump, with only 24 percent viewing him favorably. But according to Rapp-Hooper, Moon has used flattery of Trump strategically, recognizing that Trump puts more stock in personal rapport with other leaders than he does in particular policies. “[This] should just indicate to us that he knows who he’s dealing with in the U.S. president,” she said. An advertisement hangs along the downtown building of Seoul Shinmun, a daily newspaper. The text reads: “Spring has come to the Korean Peninsula! Peace flourishes and the door is open!!” Moon Jae-in and Kim Jong-un are pictured shaking hands beneath the text. Outside of the peninsula, many people assume that South Koreans believe in reunification with the North, but the reality is more complicated. An annual report conducted by Seoul National University (SNU) found in 2017 that approximately half of South Koreans believed that reunification with the North was necessary. Those who supported reunification saw shared ethnicity, the prospect of reducing military tensions, reunions between separated loved ones, and even economic opportunities as compelling reasons. According to another survey released on June 18 of this year, 45.6 percent of South Koreans believe North Korea will make efforts to denuclearize but that it will take a long time to do so. Over the decade since it was first published, however, the report from SNU has observed the percentage of South Koreans who strongly believe reunification is necessary decreasing from year to year. In January of this year, a poll found that percentage to be roughly 40 percent. There is often a generational divide, too; older South Koreans are significantly more likely to support reunification than younger people. The poll found that the percentage of people who said they were in favor of reunification increased for every age group, with a near 26-point difference between people in their 20s and people over 60. When South Koreans refer to their country in conversational Korean, they always say “한국 (Hanguk)”, the word for “Korea.” People never say “남한 (Namhan),” which means “South Korea” unless they’re specifically discussing the North and a distinction needs to be made. This may make it seem as if most South Koreans would find the argument that North and South Koreans are one people, and that it is thus natural for them to be reunited, to be a compelling one. However, many younger people point to the vast economic and development disparities between the two nations and argue that reunification could come with steep costs for the South. Nevertheless, the recent summits have had a powerful effect on some South Koreans. Kim Kyung-ae, one of the Seoul residents who spoke with The Politic, is among those who have been won over by Moon’s efforts. “I learned anti-communism and did not think North Koreans were the same people [as South Koreans], I thought of them as the enemy. I was biased to think that talking with North Korea was impossible,” she said. However, when she saw the summit between Moon and Kim Jong-un in April, she began to feel differently. She saw the two leaders speak in the same language about the same hurts, and now she feels that North and South Koreans are indeed of the same people. Though she was at first skeptical of Moon, Kim now thinks that South Koreans are lucky to have him as their president. The Seoul resident untroubled by the cancellation of military exercises emphasized that South Koreans hope for peace. It won’t be simple for the North and the South to reunite, she said, but she still hopes for it. She’s even saved newspaper articles from the Singapore summit and from the inter-Korean summit in April, and she said that she couldn’t sleep the night in May when Trump said he would cancel his June 12 summit with Kim. The process of pacifying North Korea has barely begun, and the June 12 summit in Singapore did more to demonstrate the United States’s changing role in East Asia than any prospect of concrete commitments coming from North Korea in the near future. Furthermore, it appears that Trump did nothing in Singapore to raise the issue of human rights abuses in North Korea, and it is unclear if he realizes how little the U.S. gained from the summit. Yet the images of a united peninsula fluttering along Jeonju’s streets and the domestic popularity of Moon Jae-in’s efforts at détente convey a feeling of hope in South Korea as tensions with its northern neighbor ease. What comes next, and the ripples that it will send across the Asia-Pacific, remains to be seen. The quotes given by Seoul and Jeonju residents and the captions on the advertisements in Seoul were translated from Korean to English by the author. Framing Gender The Youth in Mexico’s Historic Election	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line251
__label__wiki	0.985188	0.985188	January 05, 2017 at 12:59 pm \| Daily Inter Lake Montana Rep. Ryan Zinke voted with other Republicans in the U.S. House on Tuesday to approve a measure widely viewed as a precursor to transferring federal public lands to the states. The Washington Post reported on Tuesday that the party-line vote was part of a larger rules package and changed the way Congress calculates the cost of such a transfer, which would result in a loss of federal revenue generated by those lands. The previous rules would have required that Congress offset the lost revenue, but the change on Tuesday negated that requirement for land transfers, the newspaper reported. Zinke, who was selected last month as President-elect Donald Trump’s pick for Secretary of the Interior, has previously bucked his Republican colleagues on the issue, which has broad implications for natural resource and outdoor recreation issues in Montana and other western states. Last May, his office issued a press release touting his vote in the House Committee on Natural Resources against a bill that would have allowed up to 2 million acres of National Forest lands to be transferred to state ownership. He also stepped down as a delegate to the Republican National Convention last year, in protest of the party platform’s endorsement of such transfers. Zinke has not commented on the vote, but his spokeswoman said in an email Thursday that his position against selling federal lands has not changed. In a statement, a House Natural Resources Committee spokeswoman commended the rule change. “Allowing communities to actually manage and use these lands will generate not only state and local income tax, but also federal income tax revenues,” Molly Block said in the statement. “Unfortunately, current budget practices do not fully recognize these benefits, making it very difficult for non-controversial land transfers between governmental entities for public use and other reasons to happen.” Conservation groups and Democrats in Montana, however, condemned the congressman’s apparent policy reversal in a flurry of press releases Wednesday. “You’d think that the Congressman would be on his best behavior going into a job interview, but instead he’s taking steps to once again jeopardize the future of Montana’s outdoor economy,” Montana Democratic Party executive director Nancy Keenan said in a press release. “Montana hunters and anglers won’t forget this vote and we will continue to hold Congressman Zinke accountable as he asks for the nation’s trust in serving as Secretary of the Interior.” The Montana Wilderness also issued a statement noting Zinke’s self-characterization as a “Roosevelt Republican” and calling the vote a “major attack on Roosevelt’s legacy.” “This is an absolute affront to Montana’s way of life and to the millions of Americans who hike, hunt, fish and camp on public lands,” Brian Sybert, the organization’s executive director, said in an emailed statement. “These lands belong to all Americans. They’re what make America so great. It’s unimaginable that some in Congress would want to simply give these lands away.” The other two members of Montana’s congressional delegation also issued statements in response to the vote. “I continue to strongly oppose the transfer of federal lands to the states while fighting to improve the management of those lands,” stated Sen. Steve Daines, R-Mont., in a Wednesday press release. “This vote by the House is an underhanded assault on Montana’s outdoor economy, our hunting heritage, and our way of life,” Sen. Jon Tester, D-Mont., said in an emailed statement. “Public lands belong to all Americans and Congress should be safeguarding them, not clearing the way to auction them off to the highest bidder.”	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line253
__label__cc	0.562544	0.437456	My God this movie is absolutely terrifying. Paranormal Activity is, without a doubt, the most frightening movie in years, probably even the decade. If you get scared easily do not see this movie. It is a movie for people who love to be scared but are disappointed by today’s lack of genuinely terrifying films. Paranormal Activity is a small movie created in the similar tradition of The Blair Witch Project. It tells the story of a young couple that is continually haunted by a demonic spirit. The entire movie takes place in their own home. It is basically a mock-home video, just like Blair Witch. Paranormal Activity begins with the boyfriend, Micah, setting up cameras around his home in the hopes of capturing the spirit on film. What he ends up capturing is more than he intended, I’m sure. The whole movie is created from the footage these cameras picks up. Paranormal Activity was created by a man with no filmmaking experience and two actors with no previous acting jobs. The director, Oren Peli, filmed it in his own house with only a budget of a mere $11,000. Until a few weeks ago, not many people had even heard of Paranormal Activity. Leading up to its release, it had one of the most unique marketing campaigns ever heard of. The film was shown on 13 colleges campuses. The filmmakers then told the audiences to “demand” the film be shown in their hometowns or other places in the U.S. The buzz surrounding the movie grew from there. Paranormal Activity is effectively scary because of how real it seems. Throughout the whole movie, you forget that it is just a movie. It truly seems like this really happened. For one thing, the whole “home video” feel adds the most realism. Second, the two main actors, Katie Featherston and Micah Sloat, are nobodies so this gives the film that extra boost of authenticity. This movie easily makes it into my own list of the top 10 scariest movies of all time. By the end of the film, I had my hands on my face, my toes were crunched up, and I didn’t even realize I had been holding my breath until the credits started rolling. I walked out of the theater shaking for a good ten minutes. This movie will scary the hell out of you! See it! I give Paranormal Activity an A+. Paul Blart: Mall Cop Bravo, Kevin James. I had no idea you had it in you to be the star of your very own blockbuster. YOU probably didn’t even know you had that kind of power. Anyway, I have been a fan of Kevin James ever since he became the star of his own sitcom, “King of Queens.” Since then he has own played minor roles in movies or been a co-star of a movie (I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry). Paul Blart is really his first real starring role and he does a pretty decent job. In Paul Blart: Mall Cop, Kevin James plays the title character: an obese mall cop who does not necessarily hate his job but aspires to do more. To add insult to injury, he certainly does not get any respect from the mall’s store employees. That is, except for Amy, Paul Blart’s crush who runs a kiosk in the middle of the mall. When the mall is taken over by a band of robbers, Paul Blart decides to take the initiative and sees the robbery as an opportunity to stop the robbers himself and earn respect for himself and to win Amy’s heart. Paul Blart: Mall Cop is not what you would expect and the trailer certainly does not do the film any justice. The movie is funny at times but is destined to be forever known as a flash in the pan. It lacks the in-your-face quality of such recent comedy hits as Superbad. Unfortunately, the funniest parts of the movie are the ones that poke fun at Kevin James ever-growing weight. Honestly, I feel bad for the guy because he rinds me of Chris Farley in the sense that he is a comedian who gets most of his laughs from jokes directed toward his extra large stature. Paul Blart: Mall Cop is much funnier and more entertaining than I ever expected. However, as I said earlier, it will be nothing but a flash in the pan. I give Paul Blart: Mall Cop a B-. Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest was scrutinized mercilessly by the media. Its only redemption was becoming the 6th high grossing film of all time. I’d say the critics didn’t really have much of an influence on the public, wouldn’t you? As much as I loved POTC2, I admit that the film had its weak points, namely the multiple confusing plotlines. The buzz surrounding this third, and possibly final, installment in the Pirates franchise has been relatively better than its predecessor. At World’s End has been criticized for being just as confusing at the second Pirates film. Some have joked that the film should have been called “At Wit’s End.” At the end of Pirates 2, Jack Sparrow is dragged down to the depths of Davey Jones’ Locker by the Kraken. Now, in Pirates 3, Elizabeth Swann, Will Turner, and the rest of the gang decide that they must join up with the mystic Tia Dalma along with the once villainous Captain Barbossa in bringing back Captain Jack. AWE picks up almost right where the second one left off. The gang is in Singapore trying to release Will Turner from the clutches of pirate lord, Sao Feng (Chow Yun-Fat). Hold on, let me gather my thoughts. Okay, I am going to try to explain the movie as simply as possible. After releasing Will, the gang travels under the direction of Barbossa to the edge of the world to bring back Jack from the Locker. A good portion of the almost three hour long epic is spent in Davey Jones’ Locker trying to locate Jack. Skipping right through the details (if I told you everything then you wouldn’t want to see the movie, now would you?), jack is brought back to the real world. Upon returning from Jones’ Locker the crew finds out the Davey Jones has recently joined forces with the evil Lord Beckett and his band of misfits (aka the Royal Navy) to find and wipe out all remaining pirates on Earth. Jack and company figure that the only way to prevent them from doing so is to gather up at the pirates from around the world and fight for their right to continue to pillage and plunder. This is where is must stop summarizing the film or else I will give away too much. I can tell you, however, that the film does leave room for the possibility of a fourth Pirates film. Unlike Dead Man’s Chest, At World’s End has several strong redeeming qualities that somewhat overshadow the extremely confusing storylines. Yes, plural- storylines. It would seem as though there were 10 different stories taking place within the one film. Anyway, I left the theater mesmerized by the grand scale of the whole film. The makeup, costumes, number of extras, and especially the special effects and locations seemed so overwhelming and real that many times I lost myself in the movie and having to bring myself back to reality by reminding myself I was, much to my disappointment, not one of Captain Jack’s shipmates. The overall scope of this film completely surpassed the scale of the first two films. Another redeeming quality of the film was the amount of real human emotion the actors were able to portray so perfectly. The love story between Will and Elizabeth, to me, was the strongest and most interesting aspect of the whole film. By the time the cast had come back from their brief hiatus to film the rest of AWE, Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley must have taken acting lessons. Every other movie I have ever seen either of them in, including Pirates 1 & 2, I wondered how they ever got a job in the movie industry. Pirates 3 is the first time both of them were able to break out of the typecasting ways and become true performers. The third and final aspect of Pirates 3 that stood out was Han Zimmer’s score. He had previously created the music for the second film (not the first). Of course the now famous Pirates of the Caribbean Theme is thrown into the mix but for the first time the music finally seemed to live up to the scope of the film itself. It has a certain epic, grand quality to it. If I had to rank the three Pirates of the Caribbean films in order from best to least best (notice I don’t say best to worst) I would easily put the first film, Curse of the Black Pearl, at the top of the list. Second would be this summer’s At World’s End. Finally, I would place last year’s Dead Man’s Chest at the bottom franchise. I have to call these films part of a franchise and not a trilogy because I can only hope that the world’s favorite pirates will return to make Pirates of the Caribbean 4! I give Pirates of the Caribbean: At World’s End a B+. All the hype you’ve been hearing about this movie, believe it. As far as tear-jerking inspirational films go, they truly do not get much better than this. It is hard to believe it took Hollywood this long to turn the novel, on which this movie is based, into an Oscar-contending film. This is especially true since most of the films coming out of Hollywood these days are pointless tripe. Precious tells the remarkable story of a 300-pound 16-year-old girl growing up in 1980’s Harlem. The girl, Claireece “Precious” Jones, lives with her physically and verbally abusive mother, played by comedian Mo’Nique in a disturbing performance guaranteed to earn her an Oscar Nod. Precious goes to a school where the only time her peers pay her any attention is when they are barking at her. As if all her school and home abuse isn’t enough torture, Precious is also illiterate and pregnant with her second child, the result of being raped by her own father. She is reluctant when her principal informs her of a special school where she can get the special attention she needs. As the film progresses the audience follows Precious as she learns to read and write. Through her writing we learn her innermost thoughts and feelings about her mother, her children, and dreams. This is a movie that I recommend for almost everyone. At times, it is extremely difficult to watch. Each time Precious’ mother yells at her, every other word out of her mother is a vulgarity or an insult that stabs not only at the heart of Precious, but even the toughest audience member. Equally vicious is the physical abuse Precious endures. One of the most terrifying moments is when Precious is running away from her mother with her newborn child in her arms and her mother hurls a television at her. However, the point of the film is not to glorify the hardships Precious is forced to face but rather the way she is able to rise up and become determined to make something of herself and be a better mother than her own. Every time something bad happens to Precious, she transports herself to a dreamworld. Each time, her vision is of herself as someone famous living a luxurious life. These dreams are her way of taking herself out of the moment when being beaten, raped, or yelled at. There is no doubt that Precious is going to be nominated for, and win, many honors this awards season. This particular story is fictional but it is important to remember that so many people in the world are essentially living the abusive life that Precious does in the film. Hopefully, those who are actually going through this kind of stuff can watch the film or read the book and be given even the slightest bit of hope for themselves and their own future. Also, if anyone is interested in seeing Mariah Carey redeem herself for Glitter, the classically horrendous movie she made in 2001, see Precious. She actually gives a pretty decent performance. I give Precious an A all the way. Give it a chance. Predators starts off very slowly and even seems cheesy at moments but trust me, by the end you will leave the theater satisfied. The ending is so hardcore I don’t want to give anything away. Another surprise was Adrian Brody in a tough guy, action role. While he is no Arnold Schwarzenegger from the original Predator he is certainly a better matchup against the predators than Danny Glover in Predator 2. Predators was thought, by many, to be a reimagining of the original Predator movie (1987) however it is actually a sequel, or Predator 3. In fact, it even references the first film as the “incident” that occurred in Guatemala in 1987. In this outing, there is much more mystery trickled throughout. You never really know how or why the humans were placed on the foreign planet that the predators inhabit. The humans don’t have a clue either. All they know is that there are huge, disgusting beasts trying to kill them and they need to stay alive any way possible. As mentioned earlier, Adrian Brody has never been thought of as a macho tough guy. I am sure I was not the only one who scoffed at the idea when it was announced he would be playing the hero in Predators. At first, he comes across as trying to play Batman as Christian Bale. The unnecessarily deep, scraggly voice isn’t fooling anybody. Once you get into it, and especially once the finale arrives, Adrian Brody is a very believable hero with the ability to take down a bunch of crazy predators. The characters are rather empty. The writer tried to add some sort of a backstory to each character but to no avail. Personally, besides Brody’s character I did not care if any of the humans died. The predators themselves are totally awesome. There are a couple new predators whose look shows a variation of the old predators. They look more primal and prehistoric. You can tell these predators have been on this planet for a long time. I would recommend this film for anyone who is a fan of the first two films, especially the first. It is a throwback to the original but it is also clearly a Predator film for a new generation to enjoy. I give Predators a B. Honestly, is there anything the incomparable Johnny Depp can’t do? He has been a mute with knives for fingers, a loopy pirate obsessed with rum, and next year he can be seen as the Mad Hatter in Tim Burton’s reimagining of Alice in Wonderland. Right now you can see Depp as the infamous gangster, John Dillinger. For those of you who don’t know, John Dillinger was a real life gangster who robbed banks in the 1930s. Public Enemies is basically a movie about the last few years leading up to Dillinger’s untimely death. Public Enemies follows Dillinger as he robs banks, outruns the FBI, and falls in love with a beautiful French woman (Marion Cotillard). Christian Bale stars as Melvin Purvis, the man tasked with catching Dillinger. Public Enemies director, Michael Mann, filmed this movie beautifully. The whole 2½ hour long movie is done with handheld cameras. There is even a sequence where a violent shootout takes place at a cabin in the woods. During this scene, a number of the shots seem to be shot with an everyday home camcorder. While many people would hate this inventiveness, I found that it helped draw me in more. The shots with the camcorders blew my mind because it made me feel as though I was actually involved in the firefight. For anyone who knows Michael Mann movies knows that this kind of shooting style is not out of the ordinary. Speaking of Michael Mann, it would be outrageous not to acknowledge the striking similarities between Public Enemies and Mann’s classic action flick, Heat. For instance, both movies have a protagonist (Al Pacino in Heat and Bale in Enemies) who has decided to make it their personal mission to track down and catch an elusive bank robber (Robert De Niro in Heat and Depp in Enemies). Another huge similarity is the fact that both movies include a large-scale shootout outside of a bank in broad daylight in the middle of a busy street. Johnny Depp gives an amazing performance, as always. One thing he does in this movie that I cannot ever remember seeing him do before is actually cry. It was very refreshing because many times Depp plays a tough guy and that’s it. In Public Enemies he portrays a tough guy who also happens to have feelings. I just want to make one quick observation about Christian Bale. It seems that ever since he became the new Batman he acts as though he doesn’t care about any other movie he makes. He has acted the same way in all his movies over the past several years. His time on screen has just become monotonous. Overall, I loved Public Enemies. At times it was slow but the superb acting by Depp and Cotillard made up for most of the boring scenes. It was a combination of the acting, the cinematography, the period costumes, music, and dialogue that made Public Enemies the wonderful period piece it is. I give it a solid A.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line255
__label__cc	0.647572	0.352428	Athens Regional Library System Logo ← Jackson EMC Careers Video Olympic Dawgs → We worked with the Athens Regional Library System to develop an identity that communicates that the library is more than just books. The library is a place for diverse communities come together, sharing all types of media, and gain access to knowledge. The new logo system accomplishes this task and unifies all of their locations, affiliated groups and programming with this fresh, contemporary approach. branding and identity 680 S. Milledge Ave. Advertising, Graphic Design, & Web Creative. Will Bramlett Will couldn’t resist coming home to Athens after working his way up the East Coast. A graduate of the University of Georgia with a BFA in Graphic Design, he formerly worked as an in-house designer with the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD. An early bird, you can probably find Will before dawn running his neighborhood streets or lifting weights at the Y. Will lives close to downtown Athens and is married to Brittany, a lectuer at UGA. They have three kids and one cat, Moses. Scott Hodges Raised in coastal Georgia, Scott began drawing pictures at a young age and hasn’t stopped. As a teenager he created designs and color separations for silk screening, buried his head in comic books and learned about lettering in a local sign shop. Scott earned his BFA from the University of Georgia and later taught graphic design there for 10 years. For the last 20+ years at The Adsmith he’s enjoyed creating solutions that help clients achieve their goals. Scott serves on the Oconee Cultural Arts Foundation (OCAF) board of directors and enjoys volunteering with the organization to promote the arts in his community. Scott lives in Watkinsville with his wife, Allison, his daughter, and Daffodil the cat. In his free time he enjoys drawing, painting, and attending his daughter’s dance and musical theatre performances. Amanda Wehunt Amanda, a graduate of the University of Georgia Graphic Design program, brings almost 10 years of experience to the table, crafting delightful design experiences working at the fulcrum of aesthetics and elegance. Among other things, Amanda is a soccer fan, dog lover, superhero buff, multidisciplinary designer, and a new mom. In her free time, she’s been keeping busy enjoying life with her husband and newborn son, Kaden. Kirk Smith, president of The Adsmith, has over 35 years of working experience in advertising, graphic design and marketing. His interest grew from a youth surrounded by the business of “creating” — where as a child he would try to draw cartoons or help with ad “paste-up” alongside his father, an accomplished artist, cartoonist and the entrepreneur who created The Adsmith. Kirk graduated from the University of Georgia where he majored in Graphic Design while working part-time at the company’s original downtown Athens office. Upon graduation, he began working at the agency full-time as an art director, eventually becoming a partner and now president of the firm. During his tenure, the agency’s work has been honored by Communication Arts, Print’s Regional Design Annual, Adweek, the Telly Awards, Addy Awards, Outdoor Advertising Association, Cooperative Communications Council, NRECA, the National Bank Marketing Association and many more. A native of Athens, Kirk has always believed in doing what he could to help the community and area non-profit organizations. His primary focus in recent years has been as an advocate for people living with cancer, serving on the board of The Cancer Foundation and serving on the Committee for the Free to Breathe 5K. He was recently honored with both the PPD Hero award and the Hero of Hope award from the National Lung Cancer Research Foundation for his work raising money for lung cancer research as well as advocating for the importance of clinical trials. He has also volunteered on patient advocacy committees for Pfizer Pharmaceutical and was a guest panelist for Novartis Pharmaceutical as an advocate for lung cancer patients. During his career, he has also served as a Mentor to the same young man for almost three decades, and has loaned his leadership skills to the board of the Clarke County Mentor Program, including two terms as president of the steering committee and several terms on the executive committee. Kirk is a graduate of both Leadership Athens and Leadership Georgia and has served a term on the Board of Directors of the Athens Area Chamber of Commerce. He was Co-Director (along with his wife, Jayne) of the Winter Games of the Georgia Special Olympics when they were held in Athens, and served as publicity director for the same event the two years prior. In recognition of his community involvement, he was chosen as a “Community Hero” to carry the Olympic Torch during it’s route to the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta (an honor he shared with both his wife and father). He was also awarded the Advertising Federation’s Silver Medal for creative achievement and community involvement, was a finalist for the Athens Area Chamber of Commerce’s Small Business Person of the Year and recognized by the Athens Banner-Herald as a “Super Citizen.” Kirk lives in Athens with his wife, Jayne and dog, Maximus. He is an avid runner, hiker, cyclist, mountain biker, Dawg fan, and advocate for those most vulnerable. Relevant Business quote: “People can’t pay you to care. People can’t teach you to care. But when you find something that you care about, you give it everything you’ve got. You never settle. And you are always pushing to learn and be better and support those around you. All I’ve tried to do in my career is care.” — David Droga “People do not decide their futures, they decide their habits and their habits decide their futures” —F. M. Alexander. Noelle Shuck Noelle, a native of Hawaii and Art Director at the Adsmith, began working as an intern in the summer of 2010 and just never left. She loves helping the community through design and has been honored with a few community awards for her contributions to the Boybutante AIDS Foundation here in Athens. Noelle is a lover of music and currently plays in two local projects. She is the guitarist and one of the vocalists in Shehehe, a fun, fast, punk 3-piece with 2 Flagpole Music Awards under their belts, just having reached their 9-year mark. Tempest is her new project and has a much more mellow vibe, channeling modern lounge and jazz/blues; she provides vocals. To add to her many ambitions, Noelle loves cross-stitching, bowling, and her 2 cats, George and Hades. Harold Dean If anyone knows design, it’s Harold Dean. He’s been cranking out print materials and winning awards for our friends at the UGA Athletic Association, among others, for as long as we can remember. As a seasoned Adsmith Designer, he makes up 1/3 of the tried-and-true trio, complete with Scott and Kirk. When Harold’s not at work, he enjoys a good old-fashioned game of football or basketball. Matt, one of our most dedicated Jittery Joe’s Coffee addicts, brings over fifteen years of web development experience. He’s got quite the range of talent, with expertise in HTML, PHP, MySQL, and various CMS systems. He also plays the lottery – though he never wins. Ever. Grace Strang Front-End Web Developer Our uber-talented Front-End Web Developer Grace grew up in a town called Fairyland (not joking) where she attended Fairyland Elementary and lived on Aladdin road (still not joking). Needless to say, she wanted to find an equally magical place for college — so moving to Athens was an obvious choice. As part of our talented Creative Team, she helps build and implement beautiful, modern and design-savvy websites with a focus on responsive design, cross-browser compatibility and accessibility for clients and end-users. When not coding the interwebs, Grace can be found dangling from a trapeze bar, in a yoga class, or hanging with her loved ones and super cute pup.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line258
__label__wiki	0.892401	0.892401	Elderly woman killed in Lancaster; man taken into custody [updated] by The AV Times Staff • November 8, 2018 Detectives investigate the scene Wednesday night [11/7/18] on the 44200 block of 23rd Street West in Lancaster, where a woman was beaten to death earlier that day. [Image via April Jenkins] LANCASTER – An elderly woman was beaten to death in Lancaster on Wednesday and a man was taken into custody, authorities said. The victim, whose name was not released, was killed about 2:10 p.m. Wednesday, Nov. 7, in the 44200 block of 23rd Street West, according to a news release from the Sheriff’s Information Bureau. Deputies who responded to a report of an assault with a deadly weapon call at the location were directed to the woman, who had sustained blunt force trauma to her upper body, the news release states. She was pronounced dead at the scene. “The alleged suspect, a male white adult, was detained at the location without incident,” the news release states. “He was later transported to Lancaster sheriff’s station for questioning.” A weapon was recovered at the scene, according to the news release. Anyone with information about this incident is encouraged to contact the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department’s Homicide Bureau at 323-890-5500. To remain anonymous, call Crime Stoppers at 800-222-TIPS (8477). UPDATE: Around 3:45 p.m. Wednesday, Nov. 7, Marc Ellison, 36, of Lancaster was booked on suspicion of murder at the Lancaster Sheriff’s Station in lieu of $2 million bail, according to LASD inmate records. UPDATE: Authorities have identified the victim as 93-year-old Mildred Jansen of Lancaster. She was the great-aunt of murder suspect Marc Ellison, sheriff’s officials said. An autopsy is pending and a motive for the murder is still unknown. [April Jenkins] Filed Under: Crime/ Safety, Lancaster 2 comments for "Elderly woman killed in Lancaster; man taken into custody [updated]" Another one who gets to live rent free, free food, free medical and all the other wonderful things prison gets you on our tax dollars for the rest of his life. One bullet….. Murder Investigator says “A weapon was recovered at the scene…” It is not looking too good for Marc Ellison.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line260
__label__wiki	0.954735	0.954735	A New Harry Potter Audiobook is Coming BY Madeline Raynor Alex Wong/Newsmakers Harry Potter fans are getting a new book to devour. Audible and Pottermore Publishing are releasing an original audiobook titled Harry Potter: A History of Magic, based on the exhibition of the same name that opened at the British Library in 2017 (the exhibition also got a companion book). Entertainment Weekly exclusively announced that it will be narrated by Game of Thrones actor (and Harry Potter fan) Natalie Dormer, making her debut into J.K. Rowling's multimedia franchise. The non-fiction book will look at the history of magic and how it inspired Rowling while she was writing the series. It will delve into the similarities and differences between Rowling's inventions and their cultural and folkloric precedents, from Chinese oracle bones to the story of Nicolas Flamel, the real-life 14th-century scribe and alchemist who was believed to have found the philosopher's stone. Fans will also learn tidbits about the development of the series thanks to material from Rowling's archive. The book boasts exclusive interviews with past Harry Potter narrators Jim Dale and Stephen Fry, illustrators Jim Kay and Olivia Lomenech Gill, and more. The experience is structured by Hogwarts subjects, featuring Potions, Defense Against the Dark Arts, and more. Harry Potter: A History of Magic will be released on October 4, one day before the exhibit makes its way to the States and moves into the New-York Historical Society. Dormer will also lend her voice to the free audio guide that will accompany the exhibit. [h/t Entertainment Weekly] books Harry Potter magic museums News 8 Gonzo Facts About Hunter S. Thompson BY Jennifer M Wood Hunter S. Thompson in Gonzo: The Life and Work of Hunter S. Thompson (2008) Like any real-life legend, there are many myths surrounding the life and work of Hunter S. Thompson. But in Thompson’s case, most of those stories—particularly the more outlandish ones—are absolutely true. The founder of the “Gonzo journalism” movement is one of the most fascinating figures of the 20th century. Here are some things you might not have known about the eccentric writer, who was born on July 18, 1937. 1. Hunter S. Thompson was named after a famous Scottish surgeon. Hunter S. Thompson was reportedly named after one of his mother’s ancestors, a Scottish surgeon named Nigel John Hunter. But Hunter wasn't just your run-of-the-mill surgeon. In a 2004 interview with the Independent, Thompson brought along a copy of The Reluctant Surgeon, a Biography of Nigel John Hunter, a biography of his namesake, which read: "A gruff Scotsman, Hunter has been described as the most important naturalist between Aristotle and Darwin, the Shakespeare of medicine and the greatest man the British ever produced. He was the first to trace the lymphatic system. He performed the first human artificial insemination. He was the greatest collector of anatomical specimens in history. He prescribed the orthopaedic shoe that allowed Lord Byron to walk." When pressed about what that description had to do with him, Thompson responded: "Well, I guess that might be the secret of my survival. Good genes." 2. Hunter S. Thompson missed his high school graduation ... because he was in jail. Just a few weeks before he was set to graduate from high school, at the age of 17, Thompson was charged as an accessory to robbery and sentenced to 60 days in jail. “One night Ralston Steenrod, who was in the Athenaeum with Hunter, was driving, and Hunter and another guy he knew were in the car,” Thompson’s childhood friend Neville Blakemore recalled of the incident. “As they were driving through Cherokee Park, the other guy said, ‘Stop. I want to bum a cigarette from that car.’ People used to go park and neck at this spot. And the guy got out and apparently went back and mugged them. The guy who was mugged got their license number and traced the car, and within a very short time they were all three arrested. “Just before this Hunter had been blamed for a nighttime gas-station robbery,” Blakemore added, “and before that he and some friends got arrested for buying booze underage at Abe's Liquor Store on Frankfort Avenue by the tracks. So Hunter had a record, and he was already on probation. He was given an ultimatum: jail or the military. And Hunter took the Air Force. He didn't graduate with his class.” 3. Hunter S. Thompson's fellow journalist coined the term gonzo. While covering the 1968 New Hampshire primary, Thompson met fellow writer and editor Bill Carodoso, editor of The Boston Globe Sunday Magazine, which is where Thompson first heard him use the word “Gonzo.” “It meant sort of ‘crazy’ or ‘off-the-wall,’” Thompson said in Anita Thompson’s Ancient Gonzo Wisdom: Interviews with Hunter S. Thompson. Two years later, in June 1970, Thompson wrote an article for Scanlan’s Monthly entitled “The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved,” which became a game-changing moment in journalism because of its offbeat, slightly manic style that was written with first-person subjectivity. Among the many fellow journalists who praised Thompson for the piece was Cardoso, who sent a letter to Thompson that “said something like, ‘Forget all the sh*t you’ve been writing, this is it; this is pure Gonzo.’ Gonzo. Yeah, of course. That’s what I was doing all the time. Of course, I might be crazy.” Thompson ran with the word, and would use it himself for the first time a year later, in Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas. 4. Hunter S. Thompson typed out famous novels to learn the art of writing. In order to get the “feel” of being a writer, Thompson used to retype his favorite novels in full. “[H]is true model and hero was F. Scott Fitzgerald,” Louis Menand wrote in The New Yorker. “He used to type out pages from The Great Gatsby, just to get the feeling, he said, of what it was like to write that way, and Fitzgerald’s novel was continually on his mind while he was working on Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, which was published, after a prolonged and agonizing compositional nightmare, in 1972.” "If you type out somebody's work, you learn a lot about it,” Thompson said in 1997. “Amazingly it's like music. And from typing out parts of Faulkner, Hemingway, Fitzgerald—these were writers that were very big in my life and the lives of the people around me—so yeah, I wanted to learn from the best I guess." 5. Hunter S. Thompson ran for sheriff in Colorado. In 1970, Thompson ran for sheriff of Pitkin County, Colorado on what he called the Freak Power ticket. Among his political tactics: shaving his head so that he could refer to his opponent as his “long-haired opponent,” promising to eat mescaline while on duty, and campaigning to rename Aspen “Fat City” to deter "greed heads, land-rapers, and other human jackals from capitalizing on the name 'Aspen.'" Unfortunately, he lost. 6. Hunter S. Thompson stole a memento from Ernest Hemingway. In 1964, three years after Ernest Hemingway committed suicide at his cabin in Ketchum, Idaho, Thompson traveled to the late author’s home in order to write “What Lured Hemingway to Ketchum?” While there, according to his widow, Hunter “got caught up in the moment” and took “a big pair of elk horns over the front door.” In 2016, more than a decade after Thompson’s death, Anita returned the antlers to the Hemingway family—which is something she and Hunter had always planned to do. “They were warm and kind of tickled … they were so open and grateful, there was no weirdness,” Anita said. 7. Hunter S. Thompson once used the inside of musician John Oates's colorado cabin as his personal parking space. Earlier this month, musician John Oates—the latter half of Hall & Oates—shared a story about his ranch in Woody Creek, Colorado, just outside of Aspen, which is currently on the market for $6 million. In an interview with Colorado Public Radio, Oates recalled how when he first purchased the cabin, there was a red convertible parked inside. “I happened to ask the real estate agent who owned the convertible, and he said ‘your neighbor Hunter Thompson,’” Oates said. “Why is he keeping his car in a piece of property he doesn’t own? The real estate agent looked at me and said ‘It’s Woody Creek, you’ll figure this out. It’s a different kind of place.’” After sending several letters to his neighbor to retrieve his vehicle, Oates took matters into his own hands and deposited the car on Thompson’s lawn. Oates said that the two became friends, but never mentioned the incident. 8. Hunter S. Thompson's ashes were shot out of a cannon at his funeral. On February 20, 2005—at the age of 67—Thompson committed suicide. But Thompson wasn’t about to leave this world quietly. In August of that year, in accordance with his wishes, Thompson's ashes were shot into the air from a cannon while fireworks filled the sky. “He loved explosions," his widow, Anita, told ESPN, which wrote that, “The private celebration included actors Bill Murray and Johnny Depp, rock bands, blowup dolls and plenty of liquor to honor Thompson, who killed himself six months ago at the age of 67.” books celebrities Lists literature News Pop Culture writing bookcorner J.K. Rowling Reveals How San Francisco Inspired Major Harry Potter Location BY Bernadette Roe Jamie McCarthy, Getty Images The award-winning play Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is about to open at the Curran Theater in San Francisco. The two-part drama takes place 19 years after the events in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and depicts Harry’s life as his son, Albus, is about to begin school at Hogwarts. J.K. Rowling has pointed out that San Francisco had a deep influence on the original Harry Potter novels, SFGate reports. In the video below, Rowling talks about how Alcatraz, the infamous former prison, inspired her creation of Azkaban. "[San Francisco] is a very distinctive, special place—I love the feel of it, I love the architecture,” Rowling said. “I've actually said this before, but Azkaban is a combination of Alcatraz and Abbadon, which is an old word for hell. I squeezed those words together. The idea of the rock in the middle of the ocean was directly inspired by a visit to Alcatraz." With its mist and Gothic mood, it’s no wonder this slice of San Francisco inspired a big part of the Harry Potter world. [h/t SFGate] books celebrities cities entertainment Harry Potter News Pop Culture theater bookcorner	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line261
__label__cc	0.73522	0.26478	Tracing Adam John MORRIS ‏(I14161)‏ Given Names: John Surname: MORRIS Birth: about 1826 63 34 Penrith, New South Wales, Australia Death: 26 May 1896 ‏(Age 70)‏ Walgett, New South Wales, Australia Birth about 1826 63 34 Penrith, New South Wales, Australia Death 26 May 1896 ‏(Age 70)‏ Walgett, New South Wales, Australia View Details for ... Parents Family (F4501) Sarah MITCHELL Brother (Birth) George MORRIS Grant MORRIS Sister (Birth) Clara MORRIS William Joseph MORRIS (Birth) John MORRIS Jane MORRIS Anne MORRIS Thomas MORRIS Sophia MORRIS Phoebe MORRIS Elizabeth MORRIS Edward MORRIS There are no Notes for this individual. View Notes for ... View Media for ... Birth about 1763 23 21 Warwickshire, England Death 10 May 1854 ‏(Age 91)‏ Lithgow, New South Wales, Australia Birth 19 May 1791 Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia Death 8 August 1876 ‏(Age 85)‏ Lithgow, New South Wales, Australia Religious Marriage: 24 June 1807 -- Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia Birth 1834 71 42 Castlereagh, New South Wales, Australia Death 17 December 1879 ‏(Age 45)‏ Coonamble, New South Wales, Australia -6 years Birth 13 April 1828 65 36 Penrith, New South Wales, Australia Death 22 January 1894 ‏(Age 65)‏ Coonamble, New South Wales, Australia -2 months Birth 19 February 1828 65 36 Penrith, New South Wales, Australia Death 11 October 1923 ‏(Age 95)‏ Coonamble, New South Wales, Australia Birth 9 June 1827 64 36 -17 months (Birth) Birth 4 March 1824 61 32 Penrith, New South Wales, Australia Death 18 November 1900 ‏(Age 76)‏ Forbes, New South Wales, Australia Birth 29 December 1821 58 30 Penrith, New South Wales, Australia Death 15 May 1853 ‏(Age 31)‏ Hartly Vale, New South Wales, Australia Birth 19 October 1820 57 29 Penrith, New South Wales, Australia Death 11 June 1901 ‏(Age 80)‏ Birth 18 June 1817 54 26 Nepean River, New South Wales, Australia Death 11 August 1878 ‏(Age 61)‏ Bogabagil Station, Forbes, New South Wales, Australia Birth about 1814 51 22 Nepean River, New South Wales, Australia Death 28 July 1848 ‏(Age 34)‏ Mount York, New South Wales, Australia Birth 24 May 1812 49 21 Penrith, New South Wales, Australia Death 7 August 1889 ‏(Age 77)‏ Coonamble, New South Wales, Australia Birth 9 May 1810 47 18 Nepean River, New South Wales, Australia Death 20 November 1850 ‏(Age 40)‏ Castlereigh, New South Wales, Australia Birth 11 April 1808 45 16 Nepean River, New South Wales, Australia Birth 29 November 1835 72 44 Penrith, New South Wales, Australia Death 25 September 1906 ‏(Age 70)‏ Hartly Vale, New South Wales, Australia For technical support or genealogy questions, please contact Twiggy Tree	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line264
__label__wiki	0.588686	0.588686	“The gambit played by Good Fortune is a bold one…but it more than pays off in this gripping and infuriating film.” – Chris Barsanti, FilmCritic.com “Deeply affecting…exposes the collisions of ambitions and traditions, promises and disappointments. 9 Stars out of 10.” – Cynthia Fuchs, PopMatters “As this fascinating and infuriating film illustrates . . . the road to hell is indeed paved with good intentions.” – Brandon Harris, In These Times Good Fortune is an Emmy Award-winning feature documentary that explores how massive international efforts to alleviate poverty in Africa may be undermining the very communities they aim to benefit. Through intimate portraits of two Kenyans battling to save their homes from large-scale development organizations, the film presents a unique opportunity to experience foreign aid through the eyes of the people it is intended to benefit. On the outskirts of Nairobi, Silva’s home and business in Africa’s largest squatter community are being demolished as part of a United Nations slum-upgrading project. In the rural countryside, Jackson’s farm is being flooded by an American investor who hopes to alleviate poverty by creating a multi-million dollar rice farm. Interweaving meditative portraits of its characters, Good Fortune examines the real-world impact of international aid. With a broad scope and intimate style, the film portrays gripping stories of human perseverance and suggests that the answers for Africa lie in the resilience of its people. POV SITE TAKE ACTION VIDEOS Good Fortune explores two major development projects at odds with the communities they are designed to benefit, begging the question “what can we do better?” There are thousands of humanitarian organizations with different ideas, philosophies, and approaches towards alleviating poverty. To identify effective aid organizations, we sat down with two of the most respected experts in the field. Wangari Maathai and The Green Belt Movement Wangari Maathai is a Kenyan environmentalist and political activist. In the 1970s, Maathai founded the Green Belt Movement, an environmental NGO focused on environmental conservation and women’s rights. In 2004, she became the first African woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for her contributions to sustainable development, democracy, and peace. The Green Belt Movement organizes rural women in Kenya to plant trees, an effort that combats deforestation while generating income for the community and promoting empowerment for women. Since Maathai founded the Movement, over 40 million trees have been planted and over 30,000 women have been trained in forestry, food processing, beekeeping, and other sustainable, income-generating activities. Wangari Maathai also recommended the following organizations to us: Amartya Sen and FXB International Amartya Sen is an Indian economist and is currently a Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University. Sen won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 1998 for his contributions to the study of welfare economics. Known as “the Mother Teresa of Economics,” Sen focuses his work on human development theory, welfare economics, and the underlying mechanisms of poverty, gender inequality, and political liberalism. In this video, Sen outlines his philosophy of “Development as Freedom.” Sen identifies FXB International as one organization that operates in concordance with his theories of economic development. Founded in 1989, FXB International is an organization aimed at providing support for children affected by HIV/AIDS and poverty, operating under the belief that the best solution for helping these children is to strengthen the social and economic capacities of their communities. One component of the organization’s work is the establishment of FXB Villages. The selected communities take part in a three-year program marked by the gradual transfer of responsibility from FXB counselors and nurses to the villagers themselves. During this time, FXB works to develop important life skills among community members in the hope that they will ultimately become physically, financially, and socially independent. This video highlights an FXB Village in Uganda. Amartya Sen also suggests:	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line265
__label__wiki	0.698155	0.698155	World / Rolling Stones to play free concert in Cuba ... Rolling Stones to play free concert in Cuba on Mar. 25 Cuban Flag HAVANA, March 1 (Xinhua) -- Legendary British band The Rolling Stones will play a free concert in Havana, Cuba on Mar. 25, the group announced Tuesday. "We have performed in many special places during our long career but this show in Havana is going to be a landmark event for us, and, we hope, for all our friends in Cuba too," the group posted on its website. The concert will complete the band's Ole Latin America tour, which has already taken them to Chile, Argentina and Uruguay, with upcoming dates in Brazil, Peru, Colombia and Mexico. It will also follow U.S. President Barack Obama's Mar. 21-22 trip to Cuba, designed to cement the two countries' newly-restored diplomatic ties. As part of the band's visit to Cuba, the group is "leading a musician to musician initiative" that will take much-needed musical equipment and instruments donated by suppliers to Cuba's musical community. Lead singer Mick Jagger was in Cuba in October 2015, laying the groundwork for the concert at the capital's Sports City, state daily Granma said. In recent years, legendary bands such as Earth, Wind and Fire and Air Supply have played Cuba, but none have generated the excitement of The Rolling Stones. Latest World Weed wise Tribute to Sir Alister McIntyre Vice-Chancellor Emeritus 1932 - 2019 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Thanking Sir Alister University of London celebrates The UWI	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line267
__label__wiki	0.692807	0.692807	G-3.04 The Synod G-3.0401 Composition and Responsibilities The synod is the intermediate council serving as a corporate expression of the church throughout its region. It shall consist of not fewer than three presbyteries within a specific geographic region. When a synod meets, it shall be composed of commissioners elected by the presbyteries. Each presbytery shall elect at least one ruling elder and one teaching elder to serve as commissioners to synod. A synod shall determine a plan for the election of commissioners to the synod, as well as the method to fulfill the principles of participation and representation found in F-1.0403 and G-3.0103; both plans shall be subject to approval by a majority of the presbyteries in the synod. The commissioners from each presbytery shall be divided equally between ruling elders and teaching elders. Each person elected moderator or other officer shall be enrolled as a member of the synod until a successor is elected and installed. Synod is responsible for the life and mission of the church throughout its region and for supporting the ministry and mission of its presbyteries as they seek to support the witness of congregations, to the end that the church throughout its region becomes a community of faith, hope, love, and witness. As it leads and guides the witness of the church throughout its region, it shall keep before it the marks of the Church (F-1.0302), the notes by which Presbyterian and Reformed communities have identified themselves through history (F-1.0303) and the six Great Ends of the Church (F-1.0304). In light of this charge, the synod has responsibility and power to: provide that the Word of God may be truly preached and heard. This responsibility may include developing, in conjunction with its presbyteries, a broad strategy for the mission of the church within its bounds and in accord with the larger strategy of the General Assembly; assisting its member presbyteries when requested in matters related to the calling, ordaining, and placement of teaching elders; establishing and maintaining, in conjunction with its presbyteries, those ecumenical relationships that will enlarge the life and mission of the church in its region; facilitating joint action in mission with other denominations and agencies in its region; facilitating communication among its presbyteries and between its presbyteries and the General Assembly; providing services for presbyteries within its area that can be performed more effectively from a broad regional base. provide that the Sacraments may be rightly administered and received. This responsibility may include authorizing the celebration of the Lord’s Supper at its meetings and at other events and gatherings under its jurisdiction; and exercising pastoral care among its presbyteries; in order that the Sacraments may be received as a means of grace, and the synod may live in the unity represented in the Sacraments. nurture the covenant community of disciples of Christ. This responsibility shall include providing such services of education and nurture as its presbyteries may require; providing encouragement, guidance, and resources to presbyteries in the areas of mission, prophetic witness, leadership development, worship, evangelism, and responsible administration; reviewing the work of its presbyteries; warning or bearing witness against error in doctrine or immorality in practice within its bounds; and serving in judicial matters in accordance with the Rules of Discipline. G-3.0402 Relations with General Assembly The synod has responsibility to maintain regular and continuing relationship with the General Assembly by seeing that the guidance and communication of the General Assembly are considered and that any binding actions are observed and carried out, and by proposing to the General Assembly such measures as may be of common concern to the mission of the whole church. G-3.0403 Relations with Presbyteries Each presbytery shall participate in the synod’s responsibility and service through its elected commissioners to the synod. The synod has responsibility for supporting the work of the presbyteries within its bounds and as such is charged with: developing, in conjunction with its presbyteries, joint plans and objectives for the fulfillment of mission, providing encouragement and guidance to its presbyteries and overseeing their work; developing and providing, when requested, resources as needed to facilitate the mission of its presbyteries; organizing new presbyteries, dividing, uniting, or otherwise combining presbyteries or portions of presbyteries previously existing, and, with the concurrence of existing presbyteries, creating non-geographic presbyteries, subject to the approval of the General Assembly, or taking other such actions as may be deemed necessary in order to meet the mission needs of racial ethnic or immigrant congregations. Such presbyteries shall be formed in compliance with the requirements of G-3.0301 and be accountable to the synod within which they were created.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line270
__label__wiki	0.947171	0.947171	Genoa announces $229M project to replace collapsed bridge FILE - In this Tuesday, Aug. 14, 2018 file photo cars are blocked on the Morandi highway bridge after a section of it collapsed, in Genoa, northern Italy. A large section of the bridge collapsed over an industrial area in the Italian city of Genova during a sudden and violent storm, leaving vehicles crushed in rubble below. (AP Photo/Antonio Calanni, File) MILAN — Genoa's mayor on Tuesday announced that a 202-million-euro ($229 million) project by hometown architect Renzo Piano inspired by a naval ship has been chosen to replace the Morandi Bridge that collapsed last summer, killing 43 people. The project will be carried out by three Italian firms, construction firm Salini Impregilo, state-run shipbuilder Fincantieri's infrastructure subsidiary and the Italferr state railway subsidiary, which will be charged with engineering aspects. Mayor Marco Bucci said construction will take 12 months and the bridge should be completed, although not yet accessible, by the end of 2019. The bridge will no longer carry the name of Morandi, the architect who constructed the reinforced concrete structure that collapsed, but Bucci didn't indicate a new name. Piano's project incorporates weight-bearing columns that resemble the bow of a ship, and will be illuminated by 43 lamps casting a light shaped like ships' sails and representing each of the victims. Piano will also be the project's technical supervisor. The bridge crosses a densely populated area and is a key artery for much of northern Italy, including the port city of Genoa, the Ligurian coast and southern France. The decree awarding the three companies the project specified that necessity of having a project using weight-bearing columns and not stay cables "in respect for the psychological aversion that matured in the city after the collapse of the Morandi Bridge," which included metal support cables that snapped during the collapse. The cause of the Aug. 14 tragedy still hasn't been determined, but prosecutors are investigating poor maintenance or design flaws in the 51-year-old structure as possible hypotheses. Salini Impregilio has extensive experience constructing bridges, including a replacement of the Gerald Desmond Bridge in Long Beach, California, the Unionport Bridge being built in New York and the second bridge over the Bosphorus Strait. Salini Impregilo and Fincantieri have formed a new company called Peregnova to oversee the project, which they said would take 12 months to complete following demolition of the old structure, which hasn't yet started. Salini Impregilo said that the new Genoa bridge over the Polcevera River will have a 1.1-kilometer-long (1,200-yard) continuous steel deck with 20 spans and 19 elliptical piers. Fincantieri will build the steel structures at its Genoa-Sestieri shipyard and a facility near Verona, and transport elements to the worksite for assembly and welding, which the shipbuilder said would reduce operations to a minimum. Salini Impregilo CEO Pietro Salini said the company would work "to relaunch the city as quickly as possible and send a strong message to the entire country. Public works can kickstart the economy and start to create jobs again." US women's gymnastics team flips over Broadway's 'Hamilton' The U.S. women's gymnastics team has flipped over Broadway's "Hamilton," in a night that had athletic gold meeting theatrical gold AP EXPLAINS: Why burkini swimsuits are causing controversy French mayors are drawing international anger for banning the burkini, an all-encompassing swimsuit worn by a small minority of Muslim women 1 killed, dozens injured in new Kashmir anti-India protests Police in Kashmir say a young man was killed and dozens of other civilians were wounded in new protests against Indian rule in the disputed Himalayan region	cc/2019-30/en_head_0051.json.gz/line271

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