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__label__wiki	0.704987	0.704987	EDITORIAL \| ELECTION SPECIAL \| Monday, 10 March 2008 After this photofinish: Rise to the occasion The Nationalist Party, after over 20 years in government (since 1987), has pulled off a narrow yet remarkable electoral victory winning by a relative majority of just 1,200 votes. It is a first for Malta, reminiscent of the Florida result in the 2000 American national election. The result is also a personal endorsement for Lawrence Gonzi, who fought and won this election single-handedly in view of the strategic decision to fight a presidential-style campaign. Politically this was a dangerous gamble, which effectively saw the leader of the Nationalist party placing his job on the line. In the end, it paid off. But this election result also leaves us with a fractured country, split directly down the middle, with an increasing number of disenfranchised citizens. The neck-and-neck scenario, fought down to the wire, was a photo finish if there ever was one. It also exposed a number of our national idiosyncrasies, and calls for political analysis of the implications of the closeness of the vote. In a little way, the election result also vindicates our much-maligned surveys, which have always showed very clear electoral trends. One thing is clear: the people have spoken. They have endorsed the policies of the ruling party; but the people also sent a message to the Nationalist Party by reducing its majority. There is much change fine tuning and soul searching to be done. The PN must take stock of this protest and respond accordingly. It is a different ball game now, and the closeness of the vote calls for a truly different way of doing politics. Political conclusions should be drawn from this narrowest of victories. First and foremost this should encourage Gonzi to act nationally and to do away once and for all with the culture of winner takes all, which has permeated our political system where traditionally the winner picked up all the spoils and totally ignored the opposition. Accordingly, appointments should be offered also to persons with different political leanings. Dr Gonzi should take note of this close result and break with tradition once and for all by emulating French President Nicolas Sarkozy (in more than just mimicry of his electoral slogan). He must appreciate that his majority has been watered down from that achieved by the Nationalist party in 2003; this result must not be allowed to degenerate into a situation whereby half the population feels disenfranchised and out of the political loop, as this can only have ripple effects on the national mood and future well being of the country. It is up to the PM to rise to the occasion and act like a statesman to unite the country after this narrowest of victories. The result also has consequences on the Labour party and its leadership. Surely it marks the close of the chapter of Dr Sant as leader. The MLP, too, needs to undertake a soul-searching process and certainly to put into motion the process to change its leader, after his third consecutive electoral defeat. It must also revisit its policies to see which needs to be fine-tuned, adjusted or indeed changed altogether. It has to ask itself why the electorate has opted to keep it in opposition for nearly quarter of a century. In the national interest, we expect that, while the winning party implements its electoral programme which has been endorsed by the people, it also considers taking a leaf out of the electoral programmes of the other parties. It may wish to consider implementing a few of the other party proposals, especially in the social field and in that of the environment; as well as the fight against corruption and in norms of accountability and transparency. These are all part and parcel of the European way of doing politics and in this – our first election since EU membership – government should consider acting boldly. This unthinkable result is conclusive proof of the need to reform our electoral law with the full implication of covering all wasted votes with the insertion of a threshold clause, which gives a fighting chance to all small parties to gain representation in parliament. This result also calls into question our method of counting votes. Surely the absurdity of waiting 10 hours to get the result should galvanise the parties to agree to have an electoral process that lends itself to a more open democracy and a faster more effective counting system. Reforming the electoral system and process should be at the top of the agenda for Dr Gonzi. Download full issue [pdf file 3.7Mb] DOWNLOAD PDF FILE: Issue 8 - 10 March 2008 Issue 4 - 29 February 2008 Copyright © MediaToday Co. Ltd, Vjal ir-Rihan, San Gwann SGN 9016, Malta, Europe Managing editor Saviour Balzan \| Tel. ++356 21382741 \| Fax: ++356 21385075 \| Email	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line8
__label__wiki	0.658374	0.658374	Check out this comprehensive list of 46 startup resources and opportunities for women “Define success on your own terms, achieve it by your own rules, and build a life you’re proud to live.” — Anne Sweeney, formerly co-chair of Disney Media According to PitchBook, female-founded startups continue to gain a greater percentage of venture investment in 2019, with VC dollars committed to US female founders rising by 8.1 times over the last decade. However, the share of VC dollars that flowed into startups founded by a woman or a group of women is only 2.7 per cent of the total investment in 2019. Will we be able to work towards increasing that percentage in 2021? With this list of resources, we hope that all women founders, innovators, and change makers can step up to start building their dreams to help create a better world for all. From competitions and initiatives to accelerators and incubators and female-focused investors, this list has resources catered for female founders at any stage of their startup idea! Competitions, initiatives and networks Amplify is a Girls in Tech startup competition for women founders. The competition has helped to provide funding, exposure on a global stage, and a community of investors and change makers committed to supporting women entrepreneurs. Cartier Women’s Initiative The Cartier Women’s Initiative is an annual international entrepreneurship programme that aims to drive change by empowering women impact entrepreneurs. Founded in 2006, the programme is open to women-run and women-owned businesses from any country and sector that aim to have a strong and sustainable social and/or environmental impact. H.E.R Entrepreneur H.E.R Entrepreneur is a platform where it inspires, educates, empowers and connects entrepreneurs, leaders, government, and investors across Asia through its online resources, meet-ups, workshops, and conferences. Intel Capital Diversity Initiative In June 2015, Intel Capital announced the venture industry’s largest-ever commitment to invest in technology companies led by women and underrepresented minorities (African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans). All Intel Capital investments cover a broad spectrum of innovative industries, including artificial intelligence, autonomous mobility, data center, and cloud, 5G communications and next-generation computing. Also Read: Levelling the playing field: How to build a home for women in tech She Loves Tech She Loves Tech is a global platform committed to building an ecosystem for technology, entrepreneurship, and innovation that creates opportunities for women. The company houses a tech startup competition focused on women-led or women-impact businesses. So Gal SoGal is the largest global platform for the education and empowerment of diverse entrepreneurs and investors. Its mission is to close the diversity gap in entrepreneurship and venture capital. SoGal Foundation is bringing the top 150 women & diverse founders to Silicon Valley to participate in the final round of the largest global pitch competition for underrepresented entrepreneurs, as well as participate in a three-day immersive startup bootcamp. WEConnect International WEConnect International is a global network that connects women-owned businesses to qualified buyers around the world. WEConnect International identifies, educates, registers, and certifies women’s business enterprises based outside of the US that are at least 51 per cent owned, as well as managed and controlled by one or more women, and then connects them with multinational corporate buyers. Women Startup Competition WSC’s signature is a yearly startup competition series across Europe with the mission to give early-stage female-founded or female-led startups brand exposure, pitching opportunity, and presenting semi-finalists from each country at a Final Event (London) to a panel of international investors, press, corporate executives and angel investors. Women Who Tech Twice a year, Women Who Tech recruits women founders who are creating innovative tech products to solve big problems to the Women Startup Challenge, an 8-week virtual programme. Grants and Funds Amber Grant Amber Grants began in 1998 in honour of Amber Wigdahl, who died before fulfilling her dreams. An Amber Grant of US$4,000 is awarded every month, and one of their 12 monthly recipients receives an additional $25,000 Amber Grant at the end of the year. Businesses operating in the US or Canada are eligible for the grants. Also Read: How women in tech can navigate the 2021 business landscape Global Fund for Women Global Fund for Women is one of the world’s leading foundations for gender equality, standing up for the human rights of women and girls. It works to advance rights by getting money and support to organisations led by women, girls, and trans people who are fighting for justice in their own communities. It supports organisations led by historically marginalised groups who are working to build strong, connected movements for gender equality, justice, and human rights Tory Burch Foundation Capital Program The Tory Burch Foundation Capital Program powered by Bank of America provides women entrepreneurs in the United States the opportunity to access affordable loans through Community Lenders. SEAF Women’s Economic Empowerment Fund (SWEEF) / SEAF Women’s Opportunity Fund (SWOF) At the core of SWEEF’s investment framework is a women-centred strategy focusing on Southeast Asian investments in primarily Vietnam, Indonesia, and the Philippines. The Fund will invest in women entrepreneurs as well as businesses operating in sectors where women comprise a large portion of the labor force, those delivering products and services meeting the unique and unmet wants and needs of women and girls, and those where the leadership demonstrates a strong commitment to gender equality and wider diversity. Women Entrepreneurs Finance Initiative We-Fi allocated US$249 million over two financing rounds in 2018 and 2019 to implementing partners for work in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean. The programs aim to benefit 115,000 women-owned SMEs. Projects are implemented in over 50 countries with over half of the funds going to low income (IDA-eligible) countries, including many facing fragile and conflict-affected situations. It has mobilised US$2.6 billion in public and private funds. Women’s Fund Asia Women’s Fund Asia is a regional women’s fund, committed to supporting women and trans people led interventions to enhance and strengthen access to women’s and trans people’s human rights. It envisions a peaceful and egalitarian region in which women’s and trans people’s participation, leadership and enjoyment of all their human rights are ensured and secure. South Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan Southeast Asia: Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Timor-Leste, and Vietnam East Asia: Mongolia Also Read: Women in tech: A global evaluation Accelerators and Incubators Astia was founded in Silicon Valley in 1999 as a non-profit organisation dedicated to identifying and promoting best-in-class, high-growth ventures that include women leaders. Astia levels the investment playing field by cultivating a trusted global ecosystem of engaged male and female investors and advisors, who offer crucial resources, including capital, networks, and expertise. Aviatra Accelerators Aviatra Accelerators aims to empower female entrepreneurs. It enables women to start and sustain businesses by giving them the resources they need to be successful. Through its expertise in business basics, guidance from mentors and coaches, and access to capital, Aviatra Accelerators continuously encourage its members to move forward, and it embraces them when they return, helping to refuel and reignite their passions. They currently serve markets in Northeast Ohio & Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky. CRIB aims to empower women by providing the support they need to achieve their entrepreneurship dreams. This will benefit women as they achieve personal fulfilment; their families, as women gain financial empowerment and work-life balance; and society as a whole, as it creates businesses with a social impact, raise diversity in the workplace, and contribute to positive economic impact. Founded in 2012 by tech pioneer, Kathryn Finney, Didtechnology, Inc (d.b.a digital undivided), is a social startup with 501 status that merges data and heart to develop innovative programs and initiatives that catalyzes economic growth in Black and Latinx communities. Get Sh!t Done Accelerator The Get Sh!t Done Accelerator is an industry-agnostic virtual accelerator for female entrepreneurs who want the power to choose their path to scaling profitable US$1million+ business. Halo Incubator Halo Incubator is a New-York-based incubator founded by two Chicago Booth alumnae. Their core and only focus is helping imaginative, passionate women solidify business plans, shape strategies, and raise capital, while amplifying their voices along the way. It guides founders through every stage from ideas to seed round. Her Corner Her Corner runs The Accelerator, the first in-person programme focusing on business growth and scalability specifically for women business owners in New York City, Washington, D.C and Philadelphia. MassChallenge Headquartered in the United States with locations in Boston, Israel, Mexico, Rhode Island, Switzerland, and Texas, MassChallenge strengthens the global innovation ecosystem by accelerating high-potential startups across all industries, from anywhere in the world for zero-equity taken. NewMe NewME is an entrepreneurship education program, serving early-stage business founders and their teams through mentorship, specialised curriculums, and for those companies chosen — capital investment. Its program enables founders to completely reevaluate product, sales, and marketing strategies, prepare for investment pitches and connect them to its network of partners. As the first underrepresented founder focused program in the United States, NewMe has led founders to more than US$47million in funding. Prosper Women Entrepreneurs Prosper Women Entrepreneurs (PWE) was created to advance women-led companies. The Prosper Women Entrepreneurs Startup Accelerator is a for-profit organization focused on increasing women entrepreneurs’ access to growth capital and the number of women investing in early stage capital markets. Ready Set Raise Ready Set Raise is an industry-agnostic national startup accelerator, consciously created by and for women and non-binary founders. Their goal is to find, support, and advance high-growth, pre-seed startups across North America. Simona Accelerator: APAC Women Founders Simona Ventures is a platform that provides access and opportunities to empower businesses and initiatives that solve gender gap challenges. In early 2019, Simona Ventures presented its first APAC Women Founders Accelerator. The goals of the programme are not only to support gender equality by showcasing inspirational women leaders but also to build a community of women entrepreneurs across Asia Pacific. Springboard Accelerator Springboard’s accelerator program serves as the pipeline into its community of world-class entrepreneurs, investors and business development professionals. Springboard hosts programmes annually in industry verticals such as Life Science, Digital Health, Fashion Tech and Digital Media/Technology. It has partnerships with affiliates in Israel and Australia where it also co-produces programs in Life Science and Technology. Each accelerator class includes between 8-12 companies that are recruited, qualified and advised by its world-class expert network. The Refinery The Refinery, an early-stage accelerator program designed to assist innovative women-led ventures in becoming scaleable and investable businesses. The Refinery engages local intellectual and financial capital to participate in the growth of new businesses while leveraging community resources. Women Accelerators Women Accelerators, formerly de la Femme, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit Massachusetts organisation. It is passionate about promoting the advancement of women and bridging the gender gap. This can be seen in the wage gap and under-representation of women in senior-level positions, and the boardroom and in the government, from Corporate 500 to startups. Women of Startup Nation Accelerator Women of Startup Nation (WOSNA) is a four weeks programme, dedicated to accelerating the success of female-founded companies in Israel. The accelerator accepts teams that have at least one female founder. Women’s Startup Lab Women’s Startup Lab is a Silicon Valley-based startup and leadership accelerator for women entrepreneurs globally who have the bold vision to lead the wave of innovation and change that is required for growth and competitiveness in today’s economy. All Raise is a nonprofit formed by 34 senior female investors and has committed to doubling the number of female partners in the next 10 years. BBG Ventures is an early-stage fund focused on consumer tech startups with a female founder. Backstage Capital has directed over US$4million in investments towards underrepresented founders, almost exclusively backing women, people of colour, and LGBT founders. Also Read: 3 leadership lessons for women in tech Chloe Capital Chloe Capital is a seed-stage venture capital firm that invests in women. It catalyses solutions to the gender and diversity gap in entrepreneurship by offering investors the opportunity to Do Well by Doing Good. The company recruits women-led technology and tech-enabled companies and uses its national network to drive business after its investments. Chloe Capital is excited to advance the next generation of inspiring leaders as it continues to build a community that supports women entrepreneurs. Female Founders Fund makes small, supporting investments in companies sourced by its Venture Scouts but operating in sectors or stages that are currently outside of its focus on institutional seed-stage opportunities. Golden Seeds An early-stage investment firm focused on vibrant opportunities for women-led businesses. Jane VC Jane VC is an early-stage venture capital fund that invests in high-growth female-led startups. It invests globally in visionary founders. MergeLane MergeLane is a VC firm that invests in high-potential startups and venture capital funds with at least one female leader. Next Wave Impact Next Wave is a movement driving impact, diversity, and inclusion in early-stage investing and the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Its global fund has 99 women investors, 25 of them women of color, which is led by an experienced investment committee of ten women. she1K Startups can pitch to she1K to get connected to a network of corporate executive women, angel investors, and partners. worldwide, from all industries, to empower innovative entrepreneurship with high growth potential. Applications are reviewed on a rolling basis so you can apply anytime you want! SoGal Ventures The first female-led millennial venture capital fund investing in diverse entrepreneurs in the U.S. and Asia. Powered by the SoGal Ecosystem across 40+ cities around the world, SoGal Ventures is galvanising a brand new demographic — millennial and GenZ women and minorities — to take centre stage in entrepreneurship and creation. XFactor Ventures XFactor Ventures is focused on making pre-seed and seed-stage investments in companies with billion-dollar market opportunities that have at least one female founder. Also Read: Women in tech: Carman Chan’s Click Ventures is one of the most consistent VC funds globally Kiva is a nonprofit organisation that crowd funds small, zero per cent interest loans for entrepreneurs, often prioritises funding women-led ventures. iFundWomen iFundWomen is a startup funding platform providing access to capital through crowdfunding and grants, expert business coaching on all the topics entrepreneurs need to know about, and a network of women business owners that sparks confidence, accelerates knowledge, and ignites action. Women You Should Fund Women You Should Fund is a rewards-based crowdfunding platform brought to you by Women You Should Know, a leading digital hub of women’s and girls’ empowerment. Do you know of any other initiatives, funds, investors and/or resources catered for women entrepreneurs? Let us know in the comments so that we can update this list to empower all females for a gender-equal world even further! This article first appeared here. Image Credit: Gemma Chua-Tran on Unsplash The post Check out this comprehensive list of 46 startup resources and opportunities for women appeared first on e27.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line9
__label__cc	0.552845	0.447155	Beauty Queens Models Actors Youtubers Singers Producers Politicians Presidents Prime Ministers Senators Baseball Player Basketball Player Golf Player Tennis Player Philosophers Nobles Poets Chess Players Zach Gilford Actor Zach Gilford is a 40 years old actor from United States of America from Evanston, Illinois. He was born on January 14, 1982 in Evanston, Illinois. Zach Gilford, American actor Birth Sign : From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Zach Gilford is an American actor best known for his role as Matt Saracen on the NBC television drama series Friday Night Lights. Gilford starred alongside Terrell Owens in the 2008 NBA Celebrity All-Star game. Gilford graduated from Northwestern University and Evanston Township High School. He serves as a Trip Leader for Adventures Cross-Country. He has led wilderness and adventure trips for teenagers to California, Hawaii, Alaska, the South Pacific, and British Columbia. Gilford worked as a staff member f... Kiele Sanchez, American actor He married with Kiele Sanchez (43), in 2012. Zach Gilford was 29 and Kiele Sanchez was 35 years old. Married for 10 years, 15 days. Zach Gilford net worth He has a net worth of 6 million dollars. Zach Gilford Movies (12) There are 12 movies of Zach Gilford. His first feature film was The Purge: Anarchy (2014, as Shane). He was 32 when he starred in this movie. Since 2014, he has appeared in 12 feature films. The last one is Greenlit (2010). In this movie, we watched him as himself . Dare (2009) As Johnny Drake, he was 27 years old Post Grad (2009) As Adam Davies, he was 27 years old In Our Nature (2012) As Seth, he was 30 years old Devil's Due (2014) As Zach McCall, he was 32 years old Greenlit (2010) As Himself, he was 28 years old View all Zach Gilford movies. Zach Gilford movie characters The names of the characters/jobs in the films he starred in are as follows: Character/Job Shane The Purge: Anarchy (2014) 32 Zach McCall Devil's Due (2014) 32 Jerry Bailey The Last Stand (2013) 30 Adam Davies Post Grad (2009) 27 Jerry Super (2010) 29 Gus The River Why (2010) 28 Maxwell McKinder The Last Winter (2006) 24 Matthew Crazy Kind of Love (2013) 31 Johnny Drake Dare (2009) 27 Seth In Our Nature (2012) 30 Gordon Boy Genius (2019) 37 Himself Greenlit (2010) 28 Zach Gilford TV Shows (13) His first TV Show was Teen Choice Awards (1999). Off the Map He was 28 years old Grey's Anatomy He was 23 years old Law & Order: Special Victims Unit He was 17 years old The Mob Doctor He was 30 years old Teen Choice Awards He was 17 years old View all Zach Gilford TV shows. He graduated from Northwestern University and Northwestern University School Of Communication What is Zach's zodiac sign? Zach Gilford zodiac sign is capricorn. When is Gilford's next birthday? Zach Gilford was born on the 14th of January 1982 , which was a Thursday. He will be turning 41 in only 363 days from today (16 January, 2022). Other facts about Zach Gilford Languages spoken, written or signed Gilford. Show people with the surname Gilford Work period (start) On focus list of Wikimedia project WikiProject PCC Wikidata Pilot/Northwestern University Libraries Zach Gilford age by year He was 39 years old Zach Gilford Is A Member Of Film Actor Television Actor Enter your name here: Enter your email here: Your message is required. Markdown cheatsheet. ©2022 HowOld.co. All rights reserved.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line13
__label__cc	0.739959	0.260041	Kandy Emailing: tooth_temple Tooth Temple Kandy, Sri Lanka Dalada Maligava (temple complex where the tooth of Buddha is housed) Kandy, city, central Sri Lanka, capital of Central Province, on the Mahaweli River, in the Kandy Plateau. It is one of the island nation's largest cities and the economic focus of the tea-producing central highlands. Temple of the Tooth Dalada Maligava (the Temple of the Tooth), repository of a sacred Buddhist relic said to be a tooth of the Buddha, is here, and the University of Peradeniya (1942) is nearby. Kandy was the capital of a Sinhalese kingdom from 1592 to 1815, when it became one of the last sections of the island to be annexed by the British as part of colonial Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). Population (1990 estimate) 104,000. Temple entrance (redecorated since the bomb damage in 1998) Buddha statue tells the story of the tooth being rescued from the Sandalwood cremation of Buddha presentation of the tooth to the temple for safekeeping the tooth was displayed to save the country from draught the altar where the tooth is held stupa with processional standards more processional standards Royal Platform next to the temple Anglican church location next to temple grounds	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line14
__label__wiki	0.776449	0.776449	Fratricide In The Lodge Let the Republican fratricide begin! Although our most recent caesar emeritus, former President George Walker Bush, whose self-delusion is surpassed only by that of the currently reigning caesar, President Barack Hussein Obama, is not a member of any Masonic lodge, he is, of course, a member in good standing of Skull and Bones, the secret society to which his father, former President George Herbert Walker Bush, and the Democratic Party presidential nominee in 2004, United States Senator John F. Kerry (D-Massachusetts), a pro-abortion Catholic belong. One does not have to be a member of the "lodge" to be infected with its anti-Incarnational spirit of naturalism, something that Pope Leo XIII noted in Humanum Genus, April 20, 1884: For, from what We have above most clearly shown, that which is their ultimate purpose forces itself into view -- namely, the utter overthrow of that whole religious and political order of the world which the Christian teaching has produced, and the substitution of a new state of things in accordance with their ideas, of which the foundations and laws shall be drawn from mere naturalism. What We have said, and are about to say, must be understood of the sect of the Freemasons taken generically, and in so far as it comprises the associations kindred to it and confederated with it, but not of the individual members of them. There may be persons amongst these, and not a few who, although not free from the guilt of having entangled themselves in such associations, yet are neither themselves partners in their criminal acts nor aware of the ultimate object which they are endeavoring to attain. In the same way, some of the affiliated societies, perhaps, by no means approve of the extreme conclusions which they would, if consistent, embrace as necessarily following from their common principles, did not their very foulness strike them with horror. Some of these, again, are led by circumstances of times and places either to aim at smaller things than the others usually attempt or than they themselves would wish to attempt. They are not, however, for this reason, to be reckoned as alien to the masonic federation; for the masonic federation is to be judged not so much by the things which it has done, or brought to completion, as by the sum of its pronounced opinions. Similarly, the former Governor of the State of Alaska, Sarah Heath Palin, is not a member of any Masonic lodge. She is, however, very much infected by the Judeo-Masonic spirit of religious indifferentism as she weaves, sometimes incoherently, in her speeches from one point to another, moving in accord with the same viscera ("gut," if you will) that guided the shallow former caesar, George Walker Bush. Neither Sarah Heath Palin or George Walker Bush are serious students history. Both jumble the language without ever realizing for a moment that clear speaking is a sign of clear thinking. It is thus fairly laughable to see the George Walker Bush pot calling the Sarah Heath Palin kettle black: WASHINGTON - Two years of retirement haven't dulled George W. Bush's political zest - and President Obama and Sarah Palin are among his under-the-radar targets. The 43rd President has told friends the ex-Alaska governor isn't qualified to be President and criticizes Arizona Sen. John McCain for putting Palin on the 2008 GOP ticket and handing her a national platform. "Naming Palin makes Bush think less of McCain as a man," a Republican official familiar with Bush's thinking told the Daily News. "He thinks McCain ran a lousy campaign with an unqualified running mate and destroyed any chance of winning by picking Palin." (http://www.nydailynews.com/index.html#ixzz14QyyfnI0.) Well, it takes one to know one, that's for sure. George Walker Bush, whose refusal to acknowledge the ongoing carnage of Catholics in Iraq was the subject of yesterday's article, As Blind Now As He As Always Been, was stumped by interviewers throughout the course of his quest for the Republican presidential nomination in 1999 and early-2000. Merely being the son of a former vice president and president and having served as Governor of the State of Texas for precisely fifty-two months prior to the announcement that he made on June 17, 1999, that he was running for the 2000 presidential nomination of the Republican Party does not qualify one to be president of the United States of America. And while Bush the Lesser is indeed correct about the utter lack of Sarah Heath Palin's qualifications to be president, his own resume was awfully thin back in 1999 when he portrayed himself as the "compassionate conservative," although not as thin as Barack Hussein Obama's was in 2007, it should be noted. For those of you unfamiliar with my very public criticism of Sarah Heath Palin, who was a Catholic until her father took her entire family out of the Faith when she was twelve years old in 1976, you may review my early and repeated criticism of her in 2008 by reviewing these articles: Gradually Accepting Naturalism's False Premises, Absolute Insanity, Facts Are Troublesome Things, and It's Still Absolute Insanity. First, Sarah Heath Palin has no business running for any office, no less the presidency of the United States of America. Her vocation is to be with her young son, who suffers from Down Syndrome. Second, Sarah Heath Palin is not, despite her protestations to the contrary, "pro-life." She is a full-throated supporter of contraception and believes that little babies in their mothers' wombs may be sliced and diced in cases where it is alleged that a mother's life is endangered. Third, Sarah Heath Palin is yet another shill for the murderous policies of the State of Israel (as is Mike Huckabee, the former Governor of Arkansas who is said to be the candidate that the Obama White House fears the most, and as is Mitt Romney, the Mormon former pro-abortion and former supporter of perversity who had his "road to Damascus" conversion on those issues only after he had left the governorship of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts on January 4, 2007, as he began his own question for the 2008 presidential nomination of the Republican Party). This means that Sarah Heath Palin would undertake any war that furthered the interests of the State of Israel, making her another George Walker Bush in a pants-suit. Fourth, Sarah Heath Palin is incapable of following, no less articulating, a logical train-of-thought (see It's Still Absolute Insanity). Obviously, this is not a disqualification in a world of naturalism, where illogic and emotionalism and sentimentality reign supreme. However, the mere fact that a person can motivate large numbers of people by means of cliche-ridden speeches does not mean that that person is qualified to hold an office of public trust, no less the presidency itself. Fifth, although I carry no brief for self-anointed Republican "gatekeepers" such as Karol Rove, who was George Walker Bush's Senior Advisor in the White House from January 20, 2001, to August 31, 2007, serving also as Deputy White House Chief of Staff from February 8, 2005, to August 31, 2007, such "gatekeepers" are entirely correct when they conclude that Barack Hussein Obama would eviscerate Sarah Heath Palin in a general election. There is no question about this at all. She would articulate nothing coherent. She would be as utterly lost in interviews with hostile interviewers then as she was so infamously with anchorette Katie Couric in 2008. Yes, the "electability" issue was used against Patrick Joseph Buchanan in 1995 and 1996 by establishment Republicans and even by the so-called "Christian Coalition," whose executive director was the smarmy Ralph Reed, and by various establishment "pro-life" leaders, including "Father" Frank Pavone of Priests for Life and various representations of the political action committee associate with the National Right to Life Committee, an organization that takes no stand in opposition to contraception and supports the direct, intentional killing of innocent human beings in their mothers' wombs in cases where it is alleged that a mother's life is endangered. Pat Buchanan's problem with the establishment figures in the Republican Party had nothing to do with being inarticulate or incoherent. Pat's "sin" was that he dared to criticize the policies of the State of Israel and the hold that the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) had on members of both major political parties in both houses of the United States Congress. Pat was right then. His assertion that Capitol Hill is Israeli-occupied territory is correct today (see AIPAC Lauds Elections of Pro-Israel Stalwarts; two of those stalwarts are United States Representative John Boehner, who will be Speaker of the United States House of Representatives when the 112th Congress convenes on January 3, 2011, and the man who will be his party's Majority Leader, Eric Cantor; another two who were hailed were the current Speaker, Nancy Patricia D'Alesandro Pelosi, and her Majority Leader, Steny Hoyer). Any discussion of the hold that Israeli and its lobbyists have on American electoral politics and national security policy is taboo. That was the real reason that Patrick Joseph Buchanan was opposed by the Republican establishment. There is only the faintest of parallels, therefore, between establishment opposition to Sarah Heath Palin by the Republican establishement now and the opposition that greeted Patrick Joseph Buchanan fifteen years ago. There is a real possibility, however, that establishment figures in the Republican Party would go the route chosen by then former President Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 when he ran on his own third party ticket, the Progressive (or "Bull Moose" Party) against the then Governor of New Jersey, Thomas Woodrow Wilson, and Roosevelt's own hand-picked successor, President William Howard Taft, if Mrs. Palin won the Republican Party's presidential nomination. The Republican fratricide of 1912 was indeed ironic as both Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft were members of Masonic lodges (Roosevelt belonged to the Matinecock Lodge on West Main Street in Oyster Bay, New York; Taft belonged to the Kilwinning Lodge in Cincinnati, Ohio). Establishment Republicans would rather see the re-election of Barack Hussein Obama in a three-way race in 2012 than cede control of the party to Sarah Heath Palin. Although it is far, far too early to even begin handicapping the contest for the 2012 Republican presidential nomination, one can be perfectly assured that its naturalist leaders will do everything possible to prevent the voice of the "people" from being heard to their detriment. When you come right down it, of course, the Republican establishment has just as much contempt for the "people" as does Barack Hussein Obama and his band of naturalist elitists of the "left." They only have use for the "people" when they can claim that their beloved masses have given them a "mandate" to do as they please with the reins of governmental power. Pope Pius XI analyzed this farce perfectly in Ubi Arcano Dei Consilio, December 23, 1922: To these evils we must add the contests between political parties, many of which struggles do not originate in a real difference of opinion concerning the public good or in a laudable and disinterested search for what would best promote the common welfare, but in the desire for power and for the protection of some private interest which inevitably result in injury to the citizens as a whole. From this course there often arise robberies of what belongs rightly to the people, and even conspiracies against and attacks on the supreme authority of the state, as well as on its representatives. These political struggles also beget threats of popular action and, at times, eventuate in open rebellion and other disorders which are all the more deplorable and harmful since they come from a public to whom it has been given, in our modern democratic states, to participate in very large measure in public life and in the affairs of government. Now, these different forms of government are not of themselves contrary to the principles of the Catholic Faith, which can easily be reconciled with any reasonable and just system of government. Such governments, however, are the most exposed to the danger of being overthrown by one faction or another. Pope Leo XIII had warned in Immortale Dei, November 1, 1885, that the concept of the "sovereignty" of the "people" was bound to produce instability, especially when the "people" are not informed by the truths of the Catholic Faith: The sovereignty of the people, however, and this without any reference to God, is held to reside in the multitude; which is doubtless a doctrine exceedingly well calculated to flatter and to inflame many passions, but which lacks all reasonable proof, and all power of insuring public safety and preserving order. Indeed, from the prevalence of this teaching, things have come to such a pass that may hold as an axiom of civil jurisprudence that seditions may be rightfully fostered. For the opinion prevails that princes are nothing more than delegates chosen to carry out the will of the people; whence it necessarily follows that all things are as changeable as the will of the people, so that risk of public disturbance is ever hanging over our heads. To hold, therefore, that there is no difference in matters of religion between forms that are unlike each other, and even contrary to each other, most clearly leads in the end to the rejection of all religion in both theory and practice. And this is the same thing as atheism, however it may differ from it in name. Men who really believe in the existence of God must, in order to be consistent with themselves and to avoid absurd conclusions, understand that differing modes of divine worship involving dissimilarity and conflict even on most important points cannot all be equally probable, equally good, and equally acceptable to God. The madness of the naturalistic farce of 2010 is over. King "Money" will rule the day in the 112th Congress as it has in the 111th Congress. The madness of the naturalistic farce of 2012 is now in its early stages. There is no place for Christ the King in this farce as it mocks His Social Reign over men and their nations, tickling the itching ears of the "people" with pious platitudes designed to win votes so as to "divvy up" power between competing sets of naturalists. We must remember that we are in a diabolical trap created by the overthrow of the Social Reign of Christ the King by the Protestant Revolt and institutionalized by the ethos of Judeo-Masonry and the vast array of naturalistic ideologies and philosophies and movements allied with it. There is no secular, religiously indifferentist, nondenominational or interdenominational way by which our problems are going to be resolved. And while the naturalists in the Democratic Party will be engaging in some fratricide of their own now that Nancy Patricia D'Alesandro Pelosi has announced her intention to remain the floor leader of her substantially reduced Democratic Caucus in the United States House of Representatives, we must never mistake this fratricide as representing anything other than warfare among competing sets of naturalists who believe that men and their nations do not have to submit themselves to the Social Reign of Christ the King as It must be exercised by the Catholic Church. Our goal must be, as ever, to plant the seeds for what Pope Saint Pius X urged us in Notre Charge Apostolique, August 15, 1910, to restore: the Catholic City: This, nevertheless, is what they want to do with human society; they dream of changing its natural and traditional foundations; they dream of a Future City built on different principles, and they dare to proclaim these more fruitful and more beneficial than the principles upon which the present Christian City rests. No, Venerable Brethren, We must repeat with the utmost energy in these times of social and intellectual anarchy when everyone takes it upon himself to teach as a teacher and lawmaker - the City cannot be built otherwise than as God has built it; society cannot be setup unless the Church lays the foundations and supervises the work; no, civilization is not something yet to be found, nor is the New City to be built on hazy notions; it has been in existence and still is: it is Christian civilization, it is the Catholic City. It has only to be set up and restored continually against the unremitting attacks of insane dreamers, rebels and miscreants. omnia instaurare in Christo. We help to restore the Catholic City by remembering that this is the time that God has ordained from all eternity for us to live in, seeking therefore to cooperate with the graces He won for us by the shedding of every single drop of His Most Precious Blood on the wood of the Holy Cross and that flows into our hearts and souls through the loving hands of Our Lady, the Mediatrix of All Graces, to persevere to the point of our dying breaths in states of Sanctifying Grace as members of the Catholic Church. The final triumph belongs to the Immaculate Heart of Mary. We must never despair. We must simply ask her to be valiant, faithful and tireless champions of her Divine Son, Christ the King, at all times and in all circumstances, looking never for "results" in this life, seeking only to remain faithful to Our King through her, Our Queen, until we draw our dying breaths, pray as many Rosaries each day as our state-in-life permits. Our Lady of Guadalupe, Patroness of the Americas and of the unborn, pray for us. Viva Cristo Rey! Vivat Christus Rex! Saint Joseph, Patron of Departing Souls, pray for us. Saint Martin of Tours, pray for us. Isn't it time to pray a Rosary now?	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line16
__label__cc	0.578815	0.421185	Unclogging Courts, Expediting Justice in India Civilisation emerges from the lawless jungle riding on the back of a juridical system that resolves disputes through non-violent means. India has had an uneven history in this regard but the relatively stable structure that we had inherited from the British is crumbling because people are now, more often than not, taking the law into their own hands. Not because the judges are incapable, though in some cases that may be true, but because they are not able deliver their judicial services in time. Justice is being denied to large sections of the population simply because of abnormal delays. There are so many examples of this sorry state of affairs that it is pointless to give specific instances. The fact is too well known. Question is what can we do about it? Obviously there is no magic wand, no silver bullet but perhaps a technology driven, business process reengineering approach -- so beloved of management consultants -- can help. “Measurement is the first step that leads to control and eventually to improvement. If you can’t measure something, you can’t understand it. If you can’t understand it, you can’t control it. If you can’t control it, you can’t improve it.” So the first step is to take stock of every litigation, or court case, in the country. Yes, every one of 3+ crores cases needs to be captured in a searchable database, but strangely enough this not as intractable problem as it sounds. Every court in the country publishes a daily cause-list that has the essential details of every case that is scheduled to be heard on a particular day. Fortunately all this data is in digital PDF format and most of it can be found online, but in case any court does not publish the cause-list regularly it must be compelled to do so since it is a cornerstone of the juridical process. In fact it may be a good idea to have a common format for all cause-lists but even otherwise, once cause-lists are available, a reasonably sophisticated text analysis software can be developed to extract this data and convert it into a form that can be stored in a structured, searchable database for subsequent analysis.. The next step would be to track changes in the cause-list over successive dates and determine the “speed” at which a particular case is moving through the system. The biggest cause of delay in the system is because hearings are postponed, often on trivial grounds, and the next date of hearing is months away. So by tracking cause-lists over a couple of months, it would be possible to determine how many times each case comes up for hearing and what is the interval between these hearings. From this it would be possible to build up a life-history of each and every case. Some people may baulk at the sheer volume of the task and the fact that the difference-processing has to be done every day but thanks to open source technologies like Hadoop this problem can be addressed very comfortably. Within a short period of time, this will create a real-time picture of the topology of juridical delay across the entire country. Where are the hot-spots ? Where are the biggest bottlenecks ? What kinds of cases are held up the most ? Which courts are the biggest culprits ? Which cases have been in the doldrums for the longest time ? Are some courts better than others ? Are some judges quicker than others ? Are there any cases that have been held up for months? Can these be expedited ? Instead of crying hoarse about delay in general, we can now seek out particular troublesome areas and focus the best minds in the juridical system to come out with specific solutions to the most difficult problems. This could involve, among other things, moving one set of cases from one court to another or appointing, or transferring, an additional number of special judicial officers to specific courts to facilitate the “debottlenecking” of the system. Solutions will emerge once the contours of the problem are clearly visible. One specific approach to the “debottlenecking” problem would be to motivate judges to improve the efficiency or through-put of the system. As a key component of the juridical architecture, judges have immense authority to allow or disallow adjournments based on their personal perception of the situation on the ground and this is turn has a direct impact on juridical delay. However they have no motivation to expedite matters and, in many cases, they are indifferent to the hardship faced by litigants when cases are deferred or adjourned. So how can we induce a sense of judicial accountability ? Continuing with our belief in measurements, we may consider a mechanism to monitor their performance and offer a set of performance related rewards -- though this may be unheard of in government service. Those with a deeper understanding of the judicial process may come up with a better metric but one can begin with a simple metric that depends on just two factors. First the number of final judgments that a judge delivers every month, and second, the number or fraction of judgements of a judge that are subsequently overturned on appeal at the next level. The first would be a measure of speed and the second would be a measure of quality or reliability of the work done by a judge. By creating a composite metric that gives an appropriate weightage to both factors, namely speed and reliability, it should be possible to measure the performance of most judicial officers in the country. This simplistic measure may not be appropriate for those judges who are seized of complex matters like constitutional law or international jurisprudence but should be good enough for the vast majority of those who are involved in the more run-of-the-mill cases -- and this would constitute the vast majority of cases that are clogging the system. Such a mechanism is no different from a formal performance appraisal system that is used by most well managed corporate organisations to evaluate all but the most senior members of the management. It should not be beneath the dignity of any judge to evaluated in a similar manner especially because the evaluation would be done within the framework of the juridical system of the country and not by any external agency that may have a malafide agenda. Going along with the corporate analogy, it may be good idea if judges were to view themselves, less as some lofty dispenser of justice and more as a provider of dispute resolution services. From this perspective, a litigant is no more supplicant begging for relief but a customer who, through his court fees and taxes, is paying for the resolution of a dispute. If judges can reconcile themselves to the fact that the relationship between a litigant and a judge is no different from that between a customer and a vendor, then many of the best practices of the corporate world can be transferred to the rather archaic corridors of the judiciary. The easiest way to ensure faster disposal of cases is to dramatically increase the number of judges, particularly in the lower courts were most cases are stuck. Fortunately, India is blessed with a large, educated, middle-class population, many of whom are trained lawyers and who would love to work as judges. So it may not be too difficult for a central agency like the UPSC to evaluate and recruit another 15,000 judges over the next three years. But where will they sit ? and hold court ? Recruiting so many judges may still be feasible but building so many courtrooms would be impossible. Again, we need to think differently. Why not have all courts, except perhaps the Supreme Court, work on two shifts on every working day? So with the same physical infrastructure of courtrooms we can have twice the number of judges, hopefully delivering twice the number of judgments every month. Given the overstaffing, endemic to any government office, there would neither be any need for additional staff nor for any extra record rooms but judges may have to share an office with another one if he or she stays on premises beyond the shift hours. So net-net the capacity of the Indian juridical system can be effectively doubled quickly without incurring any significant capital expenditure and without the delay involved in constructing thousands of courtrooms. In fact if we view juridical services to be as important for the country as, say electric supply, railways and telecommunications then there is no reason why judges should not work in two shifts. But again this calls for a significant change in the perception of the work done my judges -- they are not dispensing any largesse, they are simply providing a service to a customer. Monitoring performance of judges and operating courts in two shifts would represent a radical change in the way the juridical system operates in the country and would surely be met with stiff resistance from those who are entrenched and benefit from the current way of doing things. No change is painless but if the key stakeholders can be convinced or coerced through an competent process of change management to agree to a more corporate style of delivering judicial services, then it will surely lead to a significant improvement in the speed of delivery of justice in India. Real-time monitoring of the live court cases on the other hand is something that is easy to do with existing technology and with minimal disruption. It should be started right away so that we can benefit from some low hanging fruits. This article was published in the inaugural issue of Swarajya. Posted by Prithwis at 7:07 am Labels: governance, government SuchindranathAiyerS said... The judiciary have been enabled to be unaccountable to notions of law, equity and fair play by the executive and superior courts through social engineering appointments and immunity from impeachment among other things and by the Constitution that has enshrined exceptions to both the Rule of Law and Equality under law in the Indian Constitution. Apart from eroding competence and integrity, the resultant culture has bred insouciance and arbitrariness of a very high order. The deleterious effect of this on the National character has been as extreme as the corrosion of education for political convenience. Today the Courts are defenders of the four important principles of any Banana Republic, "Just because you did it does not mean you are criminal", "Just because the statute book says so, does not make your actions a crime", "Evidence lies in the perception of the judge", and "Just because you did not do it, does not mean you are innocent". It is unlikely that anything will change until: (1) Inequality under law and exceptions to the rule of law are expurgated from the Constitution and laws of India. (2) Bribe Taking is defined as criminal extortion or treason and made a capital offense with special rules of evidence and special courts with summary powers (akin to a Military Court Martial). (3) All court proceedings are video graphed and archived for public viewing and can be used as evidence to prosecute Judges and Magistrates at all levels under special laws and special courts with summary powers akin to a military Court Martial, for insouciance, negligence, tardiness, disregard for law and propriety, behaviour unbecoming of a Judge such as lack of etiquette and manners, (4) every job on the "Public" i.e. Government Pay Roll has specific and unique Key Responsibility Areas, Key Performance Parameters and Objectives for which they are held accountable on pain of summary dismissal for non-performance or life imprisonment for treason for sabotage under special laws and special courts with summary powers akin to a military Court Martial and (5) India creates an Ombudsman Service of reemployed and retrained military officers (Colonel and Below, JCOs and NCOs) who retire before 50 to serve as presiding officers, investigating/prosecuting and enforcement officers at the afore mentioned "Special Courts", one for every taluk with powers to arrest, incarcerate, try and punish any and all from the President of India to a peon in accordance with the Special Laws framed therefor. Painted Storks at Rabindra Sarovar Satyam ? Shivam ? or Sundaram ? of Shivaratri Andamans : From Kalapani to Neelapani	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line20
__label__wiki	0.811226	0.811226	About Brian Goodison-Blanks Polar Archive:Francis Davies Falkland Island Flag Polar Archive: Francis Davies RRS William Scoresby Nathaneil Hill, 18th century Globe maker Polar archive: Francis Davies Star Wars..The saga continues An Edwardian Scottish International Football Medal Exploring the Past: A 19th century Polar Exploration Sledge Flag Donald McNarry master miniature ship builder Diving Helmets and Maritime Antiques Brian Goodison-Blanks' Blog Home Antique Guns & Firearms Ceramics & Glassware Scrimshaw & Sailors Art Brian Goodison-Blanks is the Head of the Maritime and Sporting Department at Bearnes Hampton & Littlewood. He is based at Honiton in Devon. Contact Mr Goodison-Blanks As part of the Discovery II Expeditions to the South Seas and Antarctic regions the RRS Discovery II and RSS William Scoresby travelled to the Falkland Islands to undertake a survey of penguins. Francis Davies travelled aboard the RSS William Scoresby and collected a number of photographs and mementos along the way. Induced in the Francis Davies Polar Archive is an interesting version of the Falkland Island flag. The 1865-1925 version of the Falkland Island flag collected by Francis Davies during the Discovery II Expeditions The system for British Colonial flags was established in 1865 when the practice of the defacement of the blue ensign with the ‘seal’ or ‘badge’ of the colony was introduced. The Falkland Islands seal was approved in 1865 depicting a bullock on the shore and a sailing ship in the distance. This ‘Bullock Triumphant’ version was the official seal from 1865 to 1925 but was probably in use up until the 1940s when it was altered to the sheep above ship version. A little tattered and torn from the cold winds of the South Seas, it is a nice memento within the Francis Davies Polar archive of his numerous journeys to the Antarctic regions More about Brian Goodison-Blanks Wednesday, July 24, 2019 3:11:25 PM (GMT Standard Time, UTC+00:00) Maritime \| Trackback In September 1921 Francis Davies was accepted as Fourth Officer aboard RRS Discovery II in service of the voyages of the Discovery Expeditions to the Falkland Islands and Antarctica. Initially he joined the crew of RRS William Scoresby and took part in the Second Wilkins-Hearst Expeditions to Deception Island of the coat of Antarctica. RRS William Scoresby pitching during heavy seas on route form South Africa to South Georgia 1929 A photograph by Francis Davies aboard a rolling RRS William Scoresby on route to Antarctica 1929 No doubt Francis Davies earlier experience of travelling to Antarctica aboard RYS Terra Nova served him well as the conditions on the journey from South Africa to South Georgia aboard RRS William Scoresby were not the easiest as they encountered rough weather between South Africa and South Georgia. Francis Davies own photographs taken aboard a heavily pitching RRS William Scoresby show how far the ship rolled in heavy seas, yet if you look closely you’ll be astonished to see that Francis Davies managed to try and persuade a shipmate to pose on deck, though only a single arm hanging on for dear life can be seen to one side of the photograph! A photograph by Francis Davies aboard RRS William Scoresby with unidentified but brave crew member hanging onto the deck, 1929 Tuesday, July 23, 2019 3:52:43 PM (GMT Standard Time, UTC+00:00) \| Trackback As a globe maker Nathaniel Hill (fl,1746-1748) had impeccable credentials, which is why he is perhaps one of the most sought-after makers of the 18th century. Nathaniel Hill was apprenticed to the map maker, surveyor, publisher and globe maker Richard Cushee (1696-c1734) who worked at the sign of the Globe & Sun between Chancery Lane and St Dunstan’s Church, London. Nathaniel Hill (fl.1746-1748) a 2 inch pocket globe:, signed 'A New Terrestrial Globe by Nath Hill 1754' Nathaniel Hill originally worked as a surveyor on the Fens in Yorkshire and also around London. In 1731 Richard Cushee took Nathaniel Hill on as an apprentice and from there he established himself as one of the finest globe makers of the 18th century. It is interesting to note that the globe displays California as a Peninsula and the North-West Atlantic Coast is titled ‘Unknown parts’. It would not be until over a century later that the ‘Northwest Passage’ would finally be known and not until 1906 when Roald Amundsen finally travelled the complete passage. Collectors \| Maritime \| Trackback After taking part as a crew member of the British Antarctic ‘Terra Nova’ Expedition 1910-1913, Francis Davies remained in contact with several fellow crew members and scientists throughout his lifetime. One of Francis Davies strongest friendships was that with the Terra Nova’s captain Harry Pennell (1882-1916) in fact Francis Davies even gave his son ‘Pennell’ as his middle name. The strength of this bond is seen within Francis Davies Polar Collection in a letter from Harry Pennell written aboard HMS Queen Mary during World War One. Harry Pennell was Commander of HMS Queen Mary at the time and writes to Francis Davies of his concerns regarding Sir Ernest Shackleton during his Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914-1917 of which Pennell writes ‘Undoubtedly and Expedition will have to be sent to the Weddell Sea this next season to try and relieve Sir Ernest’. A letter from Harry Pennell to Francis Davies on his concern for Sir Ernest Shackleton. Harry Pennell goes on to write about other expedition members Williams and Nelson and their wartime situations, in particular the fact that Nelson was now the only original officer of his regiment surviving the war. The letter is a glimpse into the relationship of two men who understood the perils of Polar Exploration and of war. It is even more pertinent when one considers the date on which Harry Pennell writes to Francis Davies, the 11th May 1916. Harry Pennell was to be killed on the 31st May 1916 aboard HMS Queen Mary when she was sunk during the Battle of Jutland Friday, July 12, 2019 4:37:33 PM (GMT Standard Time, UTC+00:00) As a young boy Francis Edward ‘Frank’ Davies (1885-1952) was inspired after reading ‘Farthest North‘ an account of Fridtjof Nansen’s Polar Exploration aboard the ‘Fram’, to one day travel the world on an adventure and explore unknown regions. On the 4th July Francis Davies reported to the Royal Naval barracks Devonport and signed on as a shipwright for twelve years, beginning his own lifetime of adventure and exploration. In 1910 Francis Davies was selected as the ships carpenter aboard the Terra-Nova for Captain Scott’s British Antarctic Expedition of 1910-1913, where he proved himself invaluable by keeping the aged ship afloat, even spending nights asleep beside the Terra Nova’s ever troublesome main pump. Francis Davies was instrumental in the preparations and construction of the expedition’s winter quarters of ‘Scott’s Hut’ at Cape Evans on Ross Island, Antarctica and after hearing the news of the loss of Scott and his party on the return journey from the South Pole, Francis Davies constructed the Terra Nova memorial cross erected on Observation hill. Both structures still stand today and are designated Antarctic Historic Monuments. RRS Discovery II leaving London, December 1929 The friendships established on the Terra Nova Expedition were to last throughout Francis Davies lifetime, through both World Wars and further participation in Polar Expeditions aboard RRS Discovery II and RRS William Scoresby in the late 1920s. A selection of Francis Davies Polar archive from his later expeditions along with a collection of correspondence are to be included in Bearnes Hampton & Littlewoods Maritime Auction of the 14th August 2019. RRS William Scoresby with plane aboard for the Second Wilkins-Hearst Polar Expedition Among Francis Davies Polar Archive is a photograph album of the Second Wilkins-Hearst Polar Expedition of 1929-1930 with some wonderful images of both the RRS Discovery II and RRS William Scoresby. Also included in this Polar archive are a number of images of the planes used during the Wilkins-Hearst Expedition and the conditions that he men faced in Antarctica. RRS William Scoresby with float plane in Antarctica 1929-1930 Thursday, July 11, 2019 3:18:11 PM (GMT Standard Time, UTC+00:00) A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away….well it was 1977 and it was London, but I like many young boys at the time was captivated by Stars Wars, a film that was, and still is, one of the most memorable ever. Such an influential film on a young nerd leaves it mark, so it was no surprise that during a recent valuation event in North Devon an absolute gem of a collectable was revealed. An original 1977 issue Luke Sky Walker 12 inch action figure There in his original box in pristine condition and with the more unusual grappling hook accessory was an original 1977 issue Luke Sky Walker 12 inch action figure. The inner nerd re-surfaced and I spent the rest of the day telling everyone how fantastic this item is. Since there have been later films and re-issues of various figures, the holy grail for collectors’ are the original issue figures. These are harder to come by in their packaging, especially after forty years so this figure should really get the bidding war going. Included in the Two Day Sporting & Collectors Auction at Bearnes Hampton & Littlewood, Exeter, 17th & 18th May (sadly not May 4th!). Friday, April 07, 2017 12:02:02 PM (GMT Standard Time, UTC+00:00) Collectable Toys \| Collectors \| Trackback Recently consigned for inclusion in the Sporting & Collectors Auction is this Edwardian 9ct gold and enamel Scottish International football medal for Alexander Bennett. Pre-war football memorabilia has always had a strong following for devoted collectors and this piece should prove to be no exception. Edwardian 9ct gold and enamel Scottish International football medal for Alexander Bennett Alexander 'Alex' Bennett began playing for his local club Rutherglen Glencairn in 1901 and was selected for the Scottish International Junior side in 1902, scoring three goals in junior internationals, In 1903 he signed for Celtic Rangers and was a regular first team player in the squad that won the Scottish League title for four years consecutively from 1905-1908. In 1908 he left Celtic and signed for Glasgow Rangers (ten days after scoring the winning goal against them) and became the first player ever to play for both Celtic and Rangers. The signing did not pass without an enquiry from Celtic into the transfer, but the appeal was eventually turned down by the Scottish FA in June 1908. During the First World War he played for Dumbarton and finished his foot balling career with Albion Rovers in over the 1920/21 season. He went on to manage Third Larnak and Clydebank as well a writing a regular column for the Daily Mail. Over his playing career he made eleven appearances for the Scottish International team scoring two goals and represented the Scottish League on ten occasions. Alex Bennett 9ct gold and enamel medal Scotland V England 1908 Wednesday, April 05, 2017 9:25:08 AM (GMT Standard Time, UTC+00:00) Collectors \| Medals & Militaria \| Sporting \| Trackback Amongst a number of items of Polar Exploration to be included in Bearnes Hampton & Littlewood’s next Specialist maritime auction, is a rare and well preserved Arctic exploration sledge flag for Admiral George Richards CB, Commander of HMS Assistance in Sir Edward Belcher's expedition of 1852/3/4 in search of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror of Sir John Franklins Lost Expedition of 1845. The silk flag with Admirals Richard's personal heraldry comprising a lamb and flag crest with motto 'Laus Deo' (Praise God) in white silk on a blue reserve, is mounted in a glazed frame with inscription, Arctic exploration sledge flag for Admiral George Richards CB, Commander of HMS Assistance 'This Banner was carried to the Arctic Regions by Admiral Richards CB. when Commander of HMS Assistance, in Sir E Belcher's Expedition 1852.3.4 in search of the Erebus and Terror, under Sir J Franklin. After wintering at the Head of Wellington Channel in 76°55' N. Lat it was taken, in the Spring of 1853 to Melville Island and floated on every conspicuous height discovered, and having accomplished near 1000 miles, it was returned to HMS Assistance. Passing a second Winter it was again carried on a Sledge journey down the Channel westward and through Barrow Straits, and again returned after a sojourn of 73 days on the Sledge. On reaching England in 1854 it was presented to Mr Barrow. When the late Expedition of 1875 was fitted out under Capt now Sir George Nares KCB it was carried up Smiths Sound and hoisted on Cape Joseph Henry in Lat 83° N. On its return to England it was restored to Mr Barrow who bequeaths it to the family of Adml Richards' Admiral George Richards CB, Commander of HMS Assistance in Sir Edward Belcher's expedition of 1852/3/4 in search of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror of Sir John Franklins Lost Expedition of 1845. Admiral George Henry Richards was captain of HMS Assistance under the command of Sir Edward Belcher on the Admiralty's last and largest Expedition to search for survivors of Sir John Franklin's Expedition of the Northwest Passage in 1845. In the early winter of 1850 the Assistance and the steam tender Pioneer became frozen in the ice off Northumberland Sound in the Wellington Channel forcing much of the searching to be undertaken by sledge. As sledges were man-hauled at this time by the men themselves they were treated in some degree as boats and each sledge named. The idea originated with Captain Horatio Austin who whilst leading a similar search in 1850 intended that sledge flags would "...retain esprit de corps, and a naval atmosphere,..' .The flags were usually the personal badge of the commanding officer who led the team on foot, carrying a gun ahead of the crew for protection. A similar sledge flag for Lieutenant Bedford Pim by Lady Franklin is held in the National Maritime Museum. A sledge flag used by Scott on his first Expedition of 1900-1904 made by his mother hangs in Exeter Cathedral. Donald McNarry FRSA (1921-2010) is widely acknowledged among model ship builders as the master craftsman of extreme miniature model building. A waterline model of the 20 -gun Sixth-rate frigate HMS Tartar (1734) modelled by Donald McNarry FRSA Born in Walthamstow, February 21st, 1921 he took up model building as a boy and began entering competitions at the age of nine, winning several prizes at the annual Model Engineer Exhibition. In an early letter to the judges he expressed his dismay that his models were to be categorised as 'junior' rather than be judged against the 'proper' ship models. An exceptional 16' 1" scale Admiralty Navy board style model of the 17th century eight gun Royal Yacht HMY Charles (1675) modelled by Donald McNarry FRSA: After serving with the Gordon Highlanders during the Second World War he continued to make models in his spare time, describing many of the models made between 1946 and 1953 in his first published book 'Shipbuilding in Miniature ' in 1955. It was also at this time he changed from 'amateur' model builder to freelance professional model maker, creating over 350 models of historic ships from 700BC to the late 1960s. Working in either 100ft to one inch or 16ft to one inch, the models though small, contained as much detail as others executed on larger scales. Donald's wife Iris often helped with early models producing the sails and Donald even used strands of his own hair for rigging on these models before thinner wires and filaments became available. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts. An exceptional 16' 1" scale model of the US brig 'Lexington' (1775) modelled by Donald McNarry FRSA Examples of his work can be found in the Royal Collection, but he was particularly sought after by American Collectors and modellers. Some of his models can be seen at The Peabody Essex Museum, The Smithsonian and the Mariner's Museum. The quality and detail of his work is perhaps best acknowledged by his overall attitude as described in his own words in the introduction of his first book; 'I believe one of the most important things is to try and build miniature ships instead of ship models' These three models of the US Lexington, HMY Chares and HMS Tartar are included in Bearnes Hampton & Littlewood’s next Specialist Maritime Auction of the 14th June 2017. For further information please contact Brian Goodison-Blanks bgb@bhandl.co.uk Wednesday, March 08, 2017 9:28:52 AM (GMT Standard Time, UTC+00:00) If you missed attending the auction of The Anthony & Yvonne Pardoe Collection of Diving Helmets and Equipment at Bearnes Hampton & Littlewood (SS02) some catalogues from the sale are still available for £10 each. The Antony & Yvonne Pardoe Collection of Diving Helmets & Equipment Fully illustrated with over 150 diving helmets, diving pumps, boots knives and diving accessories it is a useful reference for anyone with a passion for collecting historic diving equipment. Entries for the next Specialist Maritime Auction of the 14th June 2017 are currently invited. For further information please contact Brian Goodison-Blanks bgb@bhandl.co.uk Wednesday, January 18, 2017 4:26:22 PM (GMT Standard Time, UTC+00:00) Web Designers: Revell Research Systems	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line21
__label__cc	0.740124	0.259876	BOOK BLITZ: Shine Not Burn by Elle Casey Shine Not Burn by Elle Casey Publication Date: June 30th, 2013 IT HAPPENED IN VEGAS. I can't be held responsible. Things that happen there are supposed to stay there, right? Right? Yeeeah. Not so much. ... Andie's just days away from tying the knot, but there's just ooooone little glitch. Apparently, she's already married. Or someone with her name is married to a guy out in Oregon of all places, and the courthouse won't issue her a marriage license until it's all cleared up. Tripping her way through cow pies and country songs to meet up with a man who gets around places on horseback is her very last idea of how to have a good time, but if she's going to get married, make partner at the firm, and have two point five kids before she's thirty-five, she needs to get to the bottom of this snafu and fix it quick ... before her fiance finds out and everything she's been working toward goes up in flames. Interview with Elle 1. You started out writing in YA. What brought you over to New Adult? I've been a reader of new adult titles even before they were called 'new adult'. And I love the age group it covers. 18-30 years old is such a great time in life, isn't it? I mean, it's when you sow your wild oats, learn about yourself in the context of the whole world and not just your family and friends; it's where you figure out who you're going to be. The adult-formative years I guess you could call it. And the sex part is awesome too, I won't lie. You can only get so sexy with a YA book, so as a writer, I have to hold back. In NA, I don't have to do that. It can be passionate, raw, sometimes awkward and full of bad decisions, but it can be REAL. I guess that's what I love about NA most … it's raw and real. 2. You have a lot of novels in the urban fantasy genre. What interested you in writing romances? Romances were my first love. Well … aside from Disney fairy tales. But then again, those are all romances aren't they? They've got misunderstood heroines - beaten down by others - who are looking for love and understanding, finally finding it in the hands of a guy on horseback. I've read hundreds of romances in my time, from every publisher out there, including indie authors of course. It doesn't matter how many I read, I always want more. Since I love them as a reader, I really wanted to try my hand as a writer in the genre. I have so many romance stories simmering in my brain right now, at this point, it's like therapy just getting them out of there. I have 6 romances planned for the rest of the year and lots more for 2014. I'm going to be very busy. But I'm happy being busy because it's very important to me that I keep hunger readers fed. I live to write for voracious readers. 3. How do you write so many books in such a short period of time? Short and sweet: I have a system for getting the work done, and I'm a helluva fast typer. More details: I have a ton of stories always waiting in my head to be told, and when I sit down at the computer, the words just kind of spill out. My stories are very character-driven, meaning I don't make up the story. I just find the characters wandering around in my head, put them in a situation, and let them run with it. Now that I'm a full-time writer, I can dedicate more of my time to writing that I used to when I was also teaching at a university. I treat writing as a business and try to be very disciplined about it. After eighteen months of writing, I've published 20 novels, so I think my system is working. :) 4. What's your favorite part of being a writer? My readers. Hands down, it's the readers. I get emails and messages every day from devoted fans, and I can't express how much that means to me. There are readers out there who've set up book blogs just because they were so excited about my books, people who make it a point to promote my books on their Facebook pages and Twitter just because they want to share the reader-love, and whole families who are reading my series and discussing them at dinner. It just blows my mind that people would be so generous and so involved in my made-up worlds. Recently I had a fan dress as one of my characters at a comic con event. I also occasionally get a very heart-warming message about how my writing has changed someone's life - caused them to finally start reading or to go to college. To me, that's the sign of a life well-lived - that I've somehow inspired another person to reach for something they want in life that they thought they didn't have a chance at having before. 5. What books do you have in the pipeline right now? All kinds of good stuff! I'm so excited to get them out to readers. Here's the NA Romance line-up for June, July, and August: Shine Not Burn, By Design, and Don't Make Me Beautiful, and then a 3-book series that will be released on surprise dates this year: Rebel, Hellion, and Trouble. Links to all of them on Goodreads here: http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17973653-shine-not-burn http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17981510-by-degrees http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17981514-don-t-make-me-beautiful http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18111600-rebel http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18111602-hellion http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18111607-trouble 6. Why do you live in France? I came here for a vacation with my husband in 2007 and we both fell in love with it. After the economy took a downturn and my husband lost his job, we started talking about simplifying our lives and focusing on different things. That's when the idea of living in a foreign country came up. We wanted to do it for one year, to give our three kids the opportunity to experience another culture and learn another language while also refocusing our grown-up lives to get away from the rampant materialism that had kind of taken over everything. And we loved France, so it seemed like the logical place to go. Once we were here, we fell in love more deeply and decided to stay indefinitely. We still love our home country of course, but for now, we're content with a very laid back life in the south of France. What can I say … we love wine and cheese ALOT! 7. How long have you been writing? What did you do before you were a writer? I've been writing since January of 2012. Before that I was a lot of things … most recently an attorney. But you can add the following other jobs to the list: retail sales clerk, air traffic controller (in the Air Force), waitress, restaurant owner, stock broker, insurance salesperson, professor, and CEO of a medical device company. I'm one of those people who gets bored easily, so after being in a job for a few years, I need a change so I can be challenged again. The beauty of being a writer is it's never the same job twice, and it really doesn't feel like work. It's the best job I've ever had, hands down. It's the only job in the world were you walk into work (in my case, open the computer) and your boss starts the day by telling you how amazing you are. My readers are my bosses now, and I wouldn't have it any other way. They really are great motivators. :) 8. What do you hope to accomplish with your writing? My goal is to entertain as many readers as I possibly can. If I can also get more people reading or cause people to think about important things, that's great too. But my overriding goal is to make people get so involved in the experience of reading my work that they skip doing chores, stay up until dawn, and tell everyone who will listen about my books. 9. What kind of romances do you like to read? The kind where bad boys are tamed by courageous girls. It's really that simple for me. :) 10. What's the most important element in a romance in your opinion? A sexy guy. Seriously, he just needs to be sexy as hell, and that doesn't mean sexy can't come in different packages. For example, in the film My Big Fat Greek Wedding, the MC, Ian, is very understated and shy, but man, he rocked my world. He reminds me a lot of my husband, actually. On the other hand you have your angsty fighters ... guys who you'd never let into your world in real life but who are safe to fall for in books. Travis from Beautiful Disaster comes to mind. Boy, did he cause a lot of fuss in the reader world! Chemistry comes in all kinds of packages, which is awesome, but the chemistry has to be there or the book falls flat for me. BLOG TOUR & GIVEAWAY: Vigilante Nights by Erin Ric... BOOK BLITZ: Bittersweet Junction by Ivy Sinclair BLOG TOUR & GIVEAWAY: Speak Easy by Melanie Harlow BLOG TOUR: Breaking Josephine by Marie Stewart BOOK BLITZ & GIVEAWAY: Charmed by Cambria Hebert BLOG TOUR: Some Quiet Place by Kelsey Sutton BOOK BLITZ & GIVEAWAY: Ephiphany by Christina Jean... BLOG TOUR & GIVEAWAY: An Endless Summer by CJ Duggan BOOK BLITZ: Wuther by VJ Chambers COVER REVEAL: Homecoming by Cecilia Robert BOOK BLITZ & GIVEAWAY: Lost by M Lathan BOOK BLITZ: Drawn to you by Robin Shaw BOOK BLITZ: The Book by Jessica Bell BLOG TOUR & GIVEAWAY: Dirty Little Secret by Jenni... BOOK BLITZ: So Many Reasons Why by Missy Johnson BOOK BLITZ & GIVEAWAY: We are Made of Stardust by ... BLOG TOUR: Freshman Forty by Christine Duval	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line23
__label__wiki	0.888219	0.888219	Home Entertainment Review: Beyoncé Is Bigger Than Coachella! Review: Beyoncé Is Bigger Than Coachella! darudemagApr 16, 2018Entertainment0 Let’s just cut to the chase: There’s not likely to be a more meaningful, absorbing, forceful and radical performance by an American musician this year, or any year soon, than Beyoncé’s headlining set at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival on Saturday night. It was rich with history, potently political and visually grand. By turns uproarious, rowdy, and lush. A gobsmacking marvel of choreography and musical direction. And not unimportantly, it obliterated the ideology of the relaxed festival, the idea that musicians exist to perform in service of a greater vibe. That is one of the more tragic side effects of the spread of festival culture over the last two decades. Beyoncé was having none of it. The Coachella main stage, on the grounds of the Empire Polo Club here, was her platform, yes, but her show was in countless ways a rebuke. It started with the horns: trumpets, trombones, sousaphones. For most of the night, the 36-year-old star was backed by an ecstatic marching band, in the manner of historically black college football halftime shows. The choice instantly reoriented her music, sidelining its connections to pop and framing it squarely in a lineage of Southern black musical traditions from New Orleans second line marches to Houston’s chopped-and-screwed hip-hop. Her arrangements were alive with shifts between styles and oodles of small details, quick musical quotations of songs (Pastor Troy’s “No Mo’ Play in G.A.,” anyone?) that favored alertness and engagement. As always, one of the key thrills of a Beyoncé performance is her willingness to dismantle and rearrange her most familiar hits. “Drunk in Love” began as bass-thick molasses, then erupted into trumpet confetti. “Bow Down” reverberated with nervy techno. “Formation,” already a rapturous march, was a savage low-end stomp here. And during a brief trip through the Caribbean part of her catalog, she remade “Baby Boy” as startling Jamaican big band jazz. She does macro, too — she was joined onstage by approximately 100 dancers, singers and musicians, a stunning tableau that included fraternity pledges and drumlines and rows of female violinists in addition to the usual crackerjack backup dancers (which here included bone breakers and also dancers performing elaborate routines with cymbals). Some superstars prize effortlessness, but Beyoncé shows her work — the cameras captured the force and determination in her dancing, and also her sweat. She performed for almost two hours, with only a few breaks, and her voice rarely flagged. Occasionally her set was punctuated with fireworks that, compared with what was happening onstage, seemed dull. Beyoncé was originally meant to perform at Coachella last year, but rescheduled for this April after becoming pregnant; her Coachella performances this weekend and next are her only solo U.S. dates this year. “Thank you for allowing me to be the first black woman to headline Coachella,” she said midset, then added an aside that was, in fact, the main point: “Ain’t that ’bout a bitch.” Big-tent festivals, generally speaking, are blithe spaces — they don’t invite much scrutiny, because they can’t stand up to it. But Beyoncé’s simple recitation of fact was searing, especially on the same night that, in Cleveland, the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame finally inducted Nina Simone and Sister Rosetta Tharpe, 15 and 45 years after their deaths, and also Bon Jovi, a band in which everyone is very much alive. She was arguing not in defense of herself, but of her forebears. And her performance was as much ancestral tribute and cultural continuum — an uplifting of black womanhood — as contemporary concert. She sang “Lift Every Voice and Sing,” often referred to as the black national anthem, incorporated vocal snippets of Malcolm X and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, and nodded at Ms. Simone’s “Lilac Wine.” And she rendered her personal history as well. During the second half of the show, she unfurled a kind of This Is Your Life in reverse. First came her husband, Jay-Z, on “Déjà Vu” — with him, she was affectionate while easily outshining him. Then, a true surprise: a reunion with her former Destiny’s Child groupmates Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams, during which she happily ceded the main spotlight. After that came a playful dance routine with her sister, Solange, on “Get Me Bodied.” (Sadly, there was no “Ring Off” with her mother, nor a rendition of “Daddy Lessons” with her father.) As Beyoncé has gotten older, she’s been making music that’s increasingly visceral, both emotionally and historically. She is one of the only working pop stars who need not preoccupy herself with prevailing trends, or the work of her peers. She is an institution now, and that has allowed her freedom. “Lemonade” is her most accomplished album, and also a wild and risky one — thematically but also musically. That may be one reason that last year, Beyoncé lost the Grammy for album of the year to Adele, the sort of upset that triggered a storm of criticism about the Grammys’ relevance, and, effectively, an almost-apology from Adele. In time, though, that moment will feel like a glitch. That space on the mantel will be filled by a National Medal of the Arts, or a Presidential Medal of Freedom. Like no other musician of her generation apart from Kanye West, Beyoncé is performing musicology in real time. It is bigger than any tribute she might receive. History is her stage. (By Jon Caramancia NYT Critic) Previous PostHere Are 60 Black-Owned Alternatives to Starbucks Next Post‘Scarface’ Was Not The People's Favorite until Hip-Hop gave it Credibility SPORTS ATTIRE FASHION PICK RUDE MUSIC TV Fenty Eau de Perfume	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line27
__label__wiki	0.508965	0.508965	THE LUTE POETRIE THE LUTE AND ITS POETRIE The lute song permeated into so many aspects of the English life: from the songs written for the Queen at court, to the songs sung in the theatre, to the folk songs that were woven into highly complex lute solos – music and poetry was inseparable from the high societal life style. Performed in the original pronunciation of the time, “The Lute and its Poetrie” combines the drama and theatre of declamation with the refinement and poise of the song. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, knights came and went defending her honour and winning her favour. Of those knights, our programme includes poetry of the Earl of Essex and poetry dedicated to Sir Henry Lee – two knights famous for very different reasons. After a long and tumultuous relationship with the Queen turned sour, the Earl of Essex was beheaded for treason in 1601. Sir Henry Lee, on the other hand, was celebrated for his dedication to protecting his sovereign and at his retirement, Dowland dedicated “His Golden Locks” to this aging prolific knight. The poem “Soldiers are like the armour that they wear” was written by Richard Mynshall, a soldier fighting in the Earl of Essex‟s failed military campaign in Ireland. It depicts a grim scene of young boys meeting their untimely deaths in wars they do not belong in. Another hero enters the stage with our setting of the English folk song “My Robin is to the greenwood gone” or “Bonny sweet Robin”, which became famous during the Robin Hood craze in the late 16th century.The text is referenced by Ophelia as she descends into madness in Shakespeare‟s Hamlet. The programme reaches its critical climax with “In darknesse let mee dwell”. John Dowland, the true master of melancholic song, created the pinnacle of the repertoire with this darkest of songs. It has biting discords on words as „sorrow‟ and „woes‟ as can be expected, but also influences of the Italian baroque can be heard in the strange and beautiful melody rising from the words with a sense of inevitability, expressing an emotional intensity unsurpassed in any other song at that time. “The Old Couple, a Comedie” written by Thomas May is about the relationship between two lovers in the twilight years of their lives. Their love is ridiculed by onlookers and in the scene in which “Deare do not your faire beauty wrong” is sung, a servant reads a love letter written from the old man to his old woman. Composers: John Dowland (1563 – 1626), Thomas Campion (1567 – 1620), Thomas Ford (1580 – 1648), Thomas Morley (1557 – 1602), Michael Cavendish (1565 – 1628), Phillip Rosseter (1568 – 1623), Robert Parsons (1535 – 1571), Daniel Batchelar (1572 – 1619), Anthony Holborne (1545 – 1602), Robert Johnson (1583 – 1633)	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line29
__label__wiki	0.770577	0.770577	Schwarzenegger visits Terracotta Warriors (2) By Zhao Xinying (Chinadaily.com.cn) 09:11, December 06, 2013 Movie Star and former California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger visits terracotta warriors at the Emperor Qinshihuang's Mausoleum Site Museum in Xi'an, capital of northwest China's Shaanxi Province, Dec. 5, 2013. (Xinhua/Ding Haitao) "I'll be back." US movie star Arnold Schwarzenegger wrote his famous line on the museum guestbook after he visited the Terracotta Warriors in Xi'an on Dec 5. Schwarzenegger, who had arrived the evening before, was making his fifth visit to China. On Dec 5, he attended a culture forum in Xi'an, one of the most famous Chinese historical cities. The former California governor said he has always been interested in Chinese culture and had been looking forward a long time to seeing the Terracotta Warriors. Schwarzenegger said seeing the Terracotta Warriors was a moving experience because it is rare to see such a well-preserved piece of history. “Thank you for showing us the 8th Wonder of the World. I'll be back,” he wrote on the guestbook of the Emperor Qinshihuang's Mausoleum Museum, where the Terracotta Warriors are located. After the visit to the historic site, Schwarzenegger appeared on a program of Shaanxi Satellite Television, in which he talked to Zhang Jizhong, a Chinese director of kungfu movies and TV series, about culture in China and the United States. The 66-year-old native of Austria has been well-known by Chinese audiences for decades, with a string of successful films such as The Terminator, Total Recall and True Lies. He was the governor of California from 2003 to 2011. （Editor：WangXin、Huang Jin） Chinese premier makes 6-point proposal on SCO cooperation Cities issue new housing policies Shanghai air pollution hits dangerous peak Qingdao safety, environment assessed after deadly blasts Director Zhang admits he is father of 3 children Family refuses to move out after row with developers Japanese stage protest against secrecy bill China's Li River named world's 15 best rivers for travelers Morsi's supporters protest against Egyptian military in Turkey	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line32
__label__wiki	0.93038	0.93038	Find My Hero PIONEERS OF PAKISTAN Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah RECORD HOLDERS Abida Parveen Amanullah Khan Nadeem Baig Rahat Fateh Ali Khan Umer Shareef Waheed Murad Doctor Abdul Qadeer Khan Abdul Sattar Edhi Shahbaz Ahmed Jahangir Khan Anwar Maqsood Rashid Minhas Squadron Leader Hassan Mehmood Siddiqui November 8, 2021 November 8, 2021 fmh 0 Comments Muhammad Ali Jinnah: 25 December 1876 – 11 September 1948 Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a barrister, politician and the founder of Pakistan. Jinnah served as the leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until the inception of Pakistan on 14 August 1947, and then as the Dominion of Pakistan’s first Governor-General until his death. He is revered in Pakistan as the Quaid-i-Azam (“Great Leader”) and Baba-i-Qaum (“Father of the Nation”). His birthday is observed as a national holiday in Pakistan. Born at Wazir Mansion in Karachi, Jinnah was trained as a barrister at Lincoln’s Inn in London, England. Upon his return to British India, he enrolled at the Bombay High Court, and took an interest in national politics, which eventually replaced his legal practice. Jinnah rose to prominence in the Indian National Congress in the first two decades of the 20th century. In these early years of his political career, Jinnah advocated Hindu–Muslim unity, helping to shape the 1916 Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the All-India Muslim League, in which Jinnah had also become prominent. Jinnah became a key leader in the All-India Home Rule League, and proposed a fourteen-point constitutional reform plan to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent. In 1920, however, Jinnah resigned from the Congress when it agreed to follow a campaign of satyagraha, which he regarded as political anarchy. By 1940, Jinnah had come to believe that the Muslims of the subcontinent should have their own state to avoid the possible marginalised status they may gain in an independent Hindu–Muslim state. In that year, the Muslim League, led by Jinnah, passed the Lahore Resolution, demanding a separate nation for British Indian Muslims. During the Second World War, the League gained strength while leaders of the Congress were imprisoned, and in the provincial elections held shortly after the war, it won most of the seats reserved for Muslims. Ultimately, the Congress and the Muslim League could not reach a power-sharing formula that would allow the entirety of British India to be united as a single state following independence, leading all parties to agree instead to the independence of a predominantly Hindu India, and for a Muslim-majority state of Pakistan. As the first Governor-General of Pakistan, Jinnah worked to establish the new nation’s government and policies, and to aid the millions of Muslim migrants who had emigrated from neighbouring India to Pakistan after the two states’ independence, personally supervising the establishment of refugee camps. Jinnah died at age 71 in September 1948, just over a year after Pakistan gained independence from the United Kingdom. He left a deep and respected legacy in Pakistan. Innumerable streets, roads and localities in the world are named after Jinnah. Several universities and public buildings in Pakistan bear Jinnah’s name. According to his biographer, Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah remains Pakistan’s greatest leader. Early Years: Family and Childhood: Jinnah’s given name at birth was Mahomedali Jinnahbhai, and he likely was born in 1876, to Jinnahbhai Poonja and his wife Mithibai, in a rented apartment on the second floor of Wazir Mansion near Karachi, now in Sindh, Pakistan but then within the Bombay Presidency of British India. Jinnah’s family was from a Gujarati Khoja Shi’a Muslim background, though Jinnah later followed the Twelver Shi’a teachings. After his death, his relatives and other witnesses claimed that he had converted in later life to the Sunni sect of Islam. His sectarian affiliation at the time of his death was disputed in multiple court cases. Jinnah was from a wealthy merchant background, his father was a merchant and was born to a family of textile weavers in the village of Paneli in the princely state of Gondal (Kathiawar, Gujarat); his mother was also of that village. They had moved to Karachi in 1875, having married before their departure. Karachi was then enjoying an economic boom: the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 meant it was 200 nautical miles closer to Europe for shipping than Bombay. Jinnah was the second child; he had three brothers and three sisters, including his younger sister Fatima Jinnah. The parents were native Gujarati speakers, and the children also came to speak Kutchi and English. Jinnah was not fluent in Gujarati, his mother-tongue, nor in Urdu; he was more fluent in English. Except for Fatima, little is known of his siblings, where they settled or if they met with their brother as he advanced in his legal and political careers. As a boy, Jinnah lived for a time in Bombay with an aunt and may have attended the Gokal Das Tej Primary School there, later on studying at the Cathedral and John Connon School. In Karachi, he attended the Sindh-Madrasa-tul-Islam and the Christian Missionary Society High School. He gained his matriculation from Bombay University at the high school. In his later years and especially after his death, a large number of stories about the boyhood of Pakistan’s founder were circulated: that he spent all his spare time at the police court, listening to the proceedings, and that he studied his books by the glow of street lights for lack of other illumination. His official biographer, Hector Bolitho, writing in 1954, interviewed surviving boyhood associates, and obtained a tale that the young Jinnah discouraged other children from playing marbles in the dust, urging them to rise up, keep their hands and clothes clean, and play cricket instead. Education in England: In 1892, Sir Frederick Leigh Croft, a business associate of Jinnahbhai Poonja, offered young Jinnah a London apprenticeship with his firm, Graham’s Shipping and Trading Company. He accepted the position despite the opposition of his mother, who before he left, had him enter an arranged marriage with his cousin, two years his junior from the ancestral village of Paneli, Emibai Jinnah. Jinnah’s mother and first wife both died during his absence in England. Although the apprenticeship in London was considered a great opportunity for Jinnah, one reason for sending him overseas was a legal proceeding against his father, which placed the family’s property at risk of being sequestered by the court. In 1893, the Jinnahbhai family moved to Bombay. Soon after his arrival in London, Jinnah gave up the business apprenticeship in order to study law, enraging his father, who had, before his departure, given him enough money to live for three years. The aspiring barrister joined Lincoln’s Inn, later stating that the reason he chose Lincoln’s over the other Inns of Court was that over the main entrance to Lincoln’s Inn were the names of the world’s great lawgivers, including Muhammad. Jinnah’s biographer Stanley Wolpert notes that there is no such inscription, but inside (covering the wall at one end of New Hall, also called the Great Hall, which is where students, Bar and Bench lunch and dine) is a mural showing Muhammad and other lawgivers, and speculates that Jinnah may have edited the story in his own mind to avoid mentioning a pictorial depiction which would be offensive to many Muslims. Jinnah’s legal education followed the pupillage (legal apprenticeship) system, which had been in force there for centuries. To gain knowledge of the law, he followed an established barrister and learned from what he did, as well as from studying lawbooks. During this period, he shortened his name to Muhammad Ali Jinnah. During his student years in England, Jinnah was influenced by 19th-century British liberalism, like many other future Indian independence leaders. His main intellectual references were peoples like Bentham, Mill, Spencer, and Comte. This political education included exposure to the idea of the democratic nation, and progressive politics. He became an admirer of the Parsi British Indian political leaders Dadabhai Naoroji and Sir Pherozeshah Mehta. Naoroji had become the first British Member of Parliament of Indian extraction shortly before Jinnah’s arrival, triumphing with a majority of three votes in Finsbury Central. Jinnah listened to Naoroji’s maiden speech in the House of Commons from the visitor’s gallery. The Western world not only inspired Jinnah in his political life, but also greatly influenced his personal preferences, particularly when it came to dress. Jinnah abandoned local garb for Western-style clothing, and throughout his life he was always impeccably dressed in public. His suits were designed by Savile Row tailor Henry Poole & Co. He came to own over 200 suits, which he wore with heavily starched shirts with detachable collars, and as a barrister took pride in never wearing the same silk tie twice. Even when he was dying, he insisted on being formally dressed, “I will not travel in my pyjamas.” In his later years he was usually seen wearing a Karakul hat which subsequently came to be known as the “Jinnah cap”. Dissatisfied with the law, Jinnah briefly embarked on a stage career with a Shakespearean company, but resigned after receiving a stern letter from his father. In 1895, at age 19, he became the youngest British Indian to be called to the bar in England. Although he returned to Karachi, he remained there only a short time before moving to Bombay. Legal and Early Political Career: Barrister: At the age of 20, Jinnah began his practice in Bombay, the only Muslim barrister in the city. English had become his principal language and would remain so throughout his life. His first three years in the law, from 1897 to 1900, brought him few briefs. His first step towards a brighter career occurred when the acting Advocate General of Bombay, John Molesworth MacPherson, invited Jinnah to work from his chambers. In 1900, P. H. Dastoor, a Bombay presidency magistrate, left the post temporarily and Jinnah succeeded in getting the interim position. After his six-month appointment period, Jinnah was offered a permanent position on a 1,500 rupee per month salary. Jinnah politely declined the offer, stating that he planned to earn 1,500 rupees a day—a huge sum at that time—which he eventually did. Nevertheless, as Governor-General of Pakistan, he would refuse to accept a large salary, fixing it at 1 rupee per month. As a lawyer, Jinnah gained fame for his skilled handling of the 1908 “Caucus Case”. This controversy arose out of Bombay municipal elections, which Indians alleged were rigged by a “caucus” of Europeans to keep Sir Pherozeshah Mehta out of the council. Jinnah gained great esteem from leading the case for Sir Pherozeshah, himself a noted barrister. Although Jinnah did not win the Caucus Case, he posted a successful record, becoming well known for his advocacy and legal logic. In 1908, his factional foe in the Indian National Congress, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, was arrested for sedition. Before Tilak unsuccessfully represented himself at trial, he engaged Jinnah in an attempt to secure his release on bail. Jinnah did not succeed, but obtained an acquittal for Tilak when he was charged with sedition again in 1916. One of Jinnah’s fellow barristers from the Bombay High Court remembered that “Jinnah’s faith in himself was incredible”; he recalled that on being admonished by a judge with “Mr. Jinnah, remember that you are not addressing a third-class magistrate”, Jinnah shot back, “My Lord, allow me to warn you that you are not addressing a third-class pleader.” Another of his fellow barristers described him, saying: He was what God made him, a great pleader. He had a sixth sense: he could see around corners. That is where his talents lay … he was a very clear thinker … But he drove his points home—points chosen with exquisite selection—slow delivery, word by word. Trade Unionist: Jinnah was also a supporter of working class causes and an active trade unionist. He was elected President of All India Postal Staff Union in 1925 whose membership was 70,000. According to All Pakistan Labour Federation’s publication Productive Role of Trade Unions and Industrial Relations, being a member of Legislative Assembly, Jinnah pleaded forcefully for rights of workers and struggled for getting a “living wage and fair conditions” for them. He also played an important role in enactment of Trade Union act of 1926 which gave trade union movement legal cover to organise themselves. Rising Leader: In 1857, many Indians had risen in revolt against British rule. In the aftermath of the conflict, some Anglo-Indians, as well as Indians in Britain, called for greater self-government for the subcontinent, resulting in the founding of the Indian National Congress in 1885. Most founding members had been educated in Britain, and were content with the minimal reform efforts being made by the government. Muslims were not enthusiastic about calls for democratic institutions in British India, as they constituted a quarter to a third of the population, outnumbered by the Hindus. Early meetings of the Congress contained a minority of Muslims, mostly from the elite. Jinnah devoted much of his time to his law practice in the early 1900s, but remained politically involved. Jinnah began political life by attending the Congress’s twentieth annual meeting, in Bombay in December 1904. He was a member of the moderate group in the Congress, favouring Hindu–Muslim unity in achieving self-government, and following such leaders as Mehta, Naoroji, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale. They were opposed by leaders such as Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai, who sought quick action towards independence. In 1906, a delegation of Muslim leaders, known as the Simla Delegation, headed by the Aga Khan called on the new Viceroy of India, Lord Minto, to assure him of their loyalty and to ask for assurances that in any political reforms they would be protected from the “unsympathetic [Hindu] majority”. Dissatisfied with this, Jinnah wrote a letter to the editor of the newspaper Gujarati, asking what right the members of the delegation had to speak for Indian Muslims, as they were unelected and self-appointed. When many of the same leaders met in Dacca in December of that year to form the All-India Muslim League to advocate for their community’s interests, Jinnah was again opposed. The Aga Khan later wrote that it was “freakishly ironic” that Jinnah, who would lead the League to independence, “came out in bitter hostility toward all that I and my friends had done … He said that our principle of separate electorates was dividing the nation against itself.” In its earliest years, however, the League was not influential; Minto refused to consider it as the Muslim community’s representative, and it was ineffective in preventing the 1911 repeal of the partition of Bengal, an action seen as a blow to Muslim interests. Although Jinnah initially opposed separate electorates for Muslims, he used this means to gain his first elective office in 1909, as Bombay’s Muslim representative on the Imperial Legislative Council. He was a compromise candidate when two older, better-known Muslims who were seeking the post deadlocked. The council, which had been expanded to 60 members as part of reforms enacted by Minto, recommended legislation to the Viceroy. Only officials could vote in the council; non-official members, such as Jinnah, had no vote. Throughout his legal career, Jinnah practised probate law (with many clients from India’s nobility), and in 1911 introduced the Wakf Validation Act to place Muslim religious trusts on a sound legal footing under British Indian law. Two years later, the measure passed, the first act sponsored by non-officials to pass the council and be enacted by the Viceroy. Jinnah was also appointed to a committee which helped to establish the Indian Military Academy in Dehra Dun. In December 1912, Jinnah addressed the annual meeting of the Muslim League although he was not yet a member. He joined the following year, although he remained a member of the Congress as well and stressed that League membership took second priority to the “greater national cause” of an independent India. In April 1913, he again went to Britain, with Gokhale, to meet with officials on behalf of the Congress. Gokhale, a Hindu, later stated that Jinnah “has true stuff in him, and that freedom from all sectarian prejudice which will make him the best ambassador of Hindu–Muslim Unity”. Jinnah led another delegation of the Congress to London in 1914, but due to the start of the First World War found officials little interested in Indian reforms. By coincidence, he was in Britain at the same time as a man who would become a great political rival of his, Mohandas Gandhi, a Hindu lawyer who had become well known for advocating satyagraha, non-violent non-co-operation, while in South Africa. Jinnah attended a reception for Gandhi, and returned home to India in January 1915. Farewell to Congress: Jinnah’s moderate faction in the Congress was undermined by the deaths of Mehta and Gokhale in 1915; he was further isolated by the fact that Naoroji was in London, where he remained until his death in 1917. Nevertheless, Jinnah worked to bring the Congress and League together. In 1916, with Jinnah now president of the Muslim League, the two organisations signed the Lucknow Pact, setting quotas for Muslim and Hindu representation in the various provinces. Although the pact was never fully implemented, its signing ushered in a period of co-operation between the Congress and the League. During the war, Jinnah joined other Indian moderates in supporting the British war effort, hoping that Indians would be rewarded with political freedoms. Jinnah played an important role in the founding of the All India Home Rule League in 1916. Along with political leaders Annie Besant and Tilak, Jinnah demanded “home rule” for India—the status of a self-governing dominion in the Empire similar to Canada, New Zealand and Australia, although, with the war, Britain’s politicians were not interested in considering Indian constitutional reform. British Cabinet minister Edwin Montagu recalled Jinnah in his memoirs, “young, perfectly mannered, impressive-looking, armed to the teeth with dialectics, and insistent on the whole of his scheme”. In 1918, Jinnah married his second wife Rattanbai Petit (“Ruttie”), 24 years his junior. She was the fashionable young daughter of his friend Sir Dinshaw Petit, and was part of an elite Parsi family of Bombay. There was great opposition to the marriage from Rattanbai’s family and the Parsi community, as well as from some Muslim religious leaders. Rattanbai defied her family and nominally converted to Islam, adopting (though never using) the name Maryam Jinnah, resulting in a permanent estrangement from her family and Parsi society. The couple resided at South Court Mansion in Bombay, and frequently travelled across India and Europe. The couple’s only child, daughter Dina, was born on 15 August 1919. The couple separated prior to Ruttie’s death in 1929, and subsequently Jinnah’s sister Fatima looked after him and his child. Relations between Indians and British were strained in 1919 when the Imperial Legislative Council extended emergency wartime restrictions on civil liberties; Jinnah resigned from it when it did. There was unrest across India, which worsened after the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar, in which British troops fired upon a protest meeting, killing hundreds. In the wake of Amritsar, Gandhi, who had returned to India and become a widely respected leader and highly influential in the Congress, called for satyagraha against the British. Gandhi’s proposal gained broad Hindu support, and was also attractive to many Muslims of the Khilafat faction. These Muslims, supported by Gandhi, sought retention of the Ottoman caliphate, which supplied spiritual leadership to many Muslims. The caliph was the Ottoman Emperor, who would be deprived of both offices following his nation’s defeat in the First World War. Gandhi had achieved considerable popularity among Muslims because of his work during the war on behalf of killed or imprisoned Muslims. Unlike Jinnah and other leaders of the Congress, Gandhi did not wear western-style clothing, did his best to use an Indian language instead of English, and was deeply rooted in Indian culture. Gandhi’s local style of leadership gained great popularity with the Indian people. Jinnah criticised Gandhi’s Khilafat advocacy, which he saw as an endorsement of religious zealotry. Jinnah regarded Gandhi’s proposed satyagraha campaign as political anarchy, and believed that self-government should be secured through constitutional means. He opposed Gandhi, but the tide of Indian opinion was against him. At the 1920 session of the Congress in Nagpur, Jinnah was shouted down by the delegates, who passed Gandhi’s proposal, pledging satyagraha until India was independent. Jinnah did not attend the subsequent League meeting, held in the same city, which passed a similar resolution. Because of the action of the Congress in endorsing Gandhi’s campaign, Jinnah resigned from it, leaving all positions except in the Muslim League. Wilderness years; Interlude in England: The alliance between Gandhi and the Khilafat faction did not last long, and the campaign of resistance proved less effective than hoped, as India’s institutions continued to function. Jinnah sought alternative political ideas, and contemplated organising a new political party as a rival to the Congress. In September 1923, Jinnah was elected as Muslim member for Bombay in the new Central Legislative Assembly. He showed much skill as a parliamentarian, organising many Indian members to work with the Swaraj Party, and continued to press demands for full responsible government. In 1925, as recognition for his legislative activities, he was offered a knighthood by Lord Reading, who was retiring from the Viceroyalty. He replied: “I prefer to be plain Mr Jinnah.” In 1927, the British Government, under Conservative Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin, undertook a decennial review of Indian policy mandated by the Government of India Act 1919. The review began two years early as Baldwin feared he would lose the next election (which he did, in 1929). The Cabinet was influenced by minister Winston Churchill, who strongly opposed self-government for India, and members hoped that by having the commission appointed early, the policies for India which they favoured would survive their government. The resulting commission, led by Liberal MP John Simon, though with a majority of Conservatives, arrived in India in March 1928. They were met with a boycott by India’s leaders, Muslim and Hindu alike, angered at the British refusal to include their representatives on the commission. A minority of Muslims, though, withdrew from the League, choosing to welcome the Simon Commission and repudiating Jinnah. Most members of the League’s executive council remained loyal to Jinnah, attending the League meeting in December 1927 and January 1928 which confirmed him as the League’s permanent president. At that session, Jinnah told the delegates that “A constitutional war has been declared on Great Britain. Negotiations for a settlement are not to come from our side … By appointing an exclusively white Commission, [Secretary of State for India] Lord Birkenhead has declared our unfitness for self-government.” Birkenhead in 1928 challenged Indians to come up with their own proposal for constitutional change for India; in response, the Congress convened a committee under the leadership of Motilal Nehru. The Nehru Report favoured constituencies based on geography on the ground that being dependent on each other for election would bind the communities closer together. Jinnah, though he believed separate electorates, based on religion, necessary to ensure Muslims had a voice in the government, was willing to compromise on this point, but talks between the two parties failed. He put forth proposals that he hoped might satisfy a broad range of Muslims and reunite the League, calling for mandatory representation for Muslims in legislatures and cabinets. These became known as his Fourteen Points. He could not secure adoption of the Fourteen Points, as the League meeting in Delhi at which he hoped to gain a vote instead dissolved into chaotic argument. After Baldwin was defeated at the 1929 British parliamentary election, Ramsay MacDonald of the Labour Party became prime minister. MacDonald desired a conference of Indian and British leaders in London to discuss India’s future, a course of action supported by Jinnah. Three Round Table Conferences followed over as many years, none of which resulted in a settlement. Jinnah was a delegate to the first two conferences, but was not invited to the last. He remained in Britain for most of the period 1930 through 1934, practising as a barrister before the Privy Council, where he dealt with a number of India-related cases. His biographers disagree over why he remained so long in Britain—Wolpert asserts that had Jinnah been made a Law Lord, he would have stayed for life, and that Jinnah alternatively sought a parliamentary seat. Early biographer Hector Bolitho denied that Jinnah sought to enter the British Parliament, while Jaswant Singh deems Jinnah’s time in Britain as a break or sabbatical from the Indian struggle. Bolitho called this period “Jinnah’s years of order and contemplation, wedged in between the time of early struggle, and the final storm of conquest”. In 1931, Fatima Jinnah joined her brother in England. From then on, Muhammad Jinnah would receive personal care and support from her as he aged and began to suffer from the lung ailments which would kill him. She lived and travelled with him, and became a close advisor. Muhammad Jinnah’s daughter, Dina, was educated in England and India. Jinnah later became estranged from Dina after she decided to marry a Christian, Neville Wadia from a prominent Parsi business family. When Jinnah urged Dina to marry a Muslim, she reminded him that he had married a woman not raised in his faith. Jinnah continued to correspond cordially with his daughter, but their personal relationship was strained, and she did not come to Pakistan in his lifetime, but only for his funeral. Return to Politics: The early 1930s saw a resurgence in Indian Muslim nationalism, which came to a head with the Pakistan Declaration. In 1933, Indian Muslims, especially from the United Provinces, began to urge Jinnah to return and take up again his leadership of the Muslim League, an organisation which had fallen into inactivity. He remained titular president of the League, but declined to travel to India to preside over its 1933 session in April, writing that he could not possibly return there until the end of the year. Among those who met with Jinnah to seek his return was Liaquat Ali Khan, who would be a major political associate of Jinnah in the years to come and the first Prime Minister of Pakistan. At Jinnah’s request, Liaquat discussed the return with a large number of Muslim politicians and confirmed his recommendation to Jinnah. In early 1934, Jinnah relocated to the subcontinent, though he shuttled between London and India on business for the next few years, selling his house in Hampstead and closing his legal practice in Britain. Muslims of Bombay elected Jinnah, though then absent in London, as their representative to the Central Legislative Assembly in October 1934. The British Parliament’s Government of India Act 1935 gave considerable power to India’s provinces, with a weak central parliament in New Delhi, which had no authority over such matters as foreign policy, defence, and much of the budget. Full power remained in the hands of the Viceroy, however, who could dissolve legislatures and rule by decree. The League reluctantly accepted the scheme, though expressing reservations about the weak parliament. The Congress was much better prepared for the provincial elections in 1937, and the League failed to win a majority even of the Muslim seats in any of the provinces where members of that faith held a majority. It did win a majority of the Muslim seats in Delhi, but could not form a government anywhere, though it was part of the ruling coalition in Bengal. The Congress and its allies formed the government even in the North-West Frontier Province (N.W.F.P.), where the League won no seats despite the fact that almost all residents were Muslim. According to Jaswant Singh, “the events of 1937 had a tremendous, almost a traumatic effect upon Jinnah”. Despite his beliefs of twenty years that Muslims could protect their rights in a united India through separate electorates, provincial boundaries drawn to preserve Muslim majorities, and by other protections of minority rights, Muslim voters had failed to unite, with the issues Jinnah hoped to bring forward lost amid factional fighting. Singh notes the effect of the 1937 elections on Muslim political opinion, “when the Congress formed a government with almost all of the Muslim MLAs sitting on the Opposition benches, non-Congress Muslims were suddenly faced with this stark reality of near-total political powerlessness. It was brought home to them, like a bolt of lightning, that even if the Congress did not win a single Muslim seat … as long as it won an absolute majority in the House, on the strength of the general seats, it could and would form a government entirely on its own …” In the next two years, Jinnah worked to build support among Muslims for the League. He secured the right to speak for the Muslim-led Bengali and Punjabi provincial governments in the central government in New Delhi (“the centre”). He worked to expand the League, reducing the cost of membership to two annas (⅛ of a rupee), half of what it cost to join the Congress. He restructured the League along the lines of the Congress, putting most power in a Working Committee, which he appointed. By December 1939, Liaquat estimated that the League had three million two-anna members. Struggle for Pakistan: Background to Independence; Until the late 1930s, most Muslims of the British Raj expected, upon independence, to be part of a unitary state encompassing all of British India, as did the Hindus and others who advocated self-government. Despite this, other nationalist proposals were being made. In a speech given at Allahabad to a League session in 1930, Sir Muhammad Iqbal called for a state for Muslims in British India. Choudhary Rahmat Ali published a pamphlet in 1933 advocating a state “Pakistan” in the Indus Valley, with other names given to Muslim-majority areas elsewhere in India. Jinnah and Iqbal corresponded in 1936 and 1937; in subsequent years, Jinnah credited Iqbal as his mentor, and used Iqbal’s imagery and rhetoric in his speeches. Although many leaders of the Congress sought a strong central government for an Indian state, some Muslim politicians, including Jinnah, were unwilling to accept this without powerful protections for their community. Other Muslims supported the Congress, which officially advocated a secular state upon independence, though the traditionalist wing (including politicians such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Vallabhbhai Patel) believed that an independent India should enact laws such as banning the killing of cows and making Hindi a national language. The failure of the Congress leadership to disavow Hindu communalists worried Congress-supporting Muslims. Nevertheless, the Congress enjoyed considerable Muslim support up to about 1937. Events which separated the communities included the failed attempt to form a coalition government including the Congress and the League in the United Provinces following the 1937 election. According to historian Ian Talbot, “The provincial Congress governments made no effort to understand and respect their Muslim populations’ cultural and religious sensibilities. The Muslim League’s claims that it alone could safeguard Muslim interests thus received a major boost. Significantly it was only after this period of Congress rule that it [the League] took up the demand for a Pakistan state …” Balraj Puri in his journal article about Jinnah suggests that the Muslim League president, after the 1937 vote, turned to the idea of partition in “sheer desperation”. Historian Akbar S. Ahmed suggests that Jinnah abandoned hope of reconciliation with the Congress as he “rediscover[ed] his own Islamic roots, his own sense of identity, of culture and history, which would come increasingly to the fore in the final years of his life”. Jinnah also increasingly adopted Muslim dress in the late 1930s. In the wake of the 1937 balloting, Jinnah demanded that the question of power sharing be settled on an all-India basis, and that he, as president of the League, be accepted as the sole spokesman for the Muslim community. Iqbal’s Influence on Jinnah: The well documented influence of Iqbal on Jinnah, with regard to taking the lead in creating Pakistan, has been described as “significant”, “powerful” and even “unquestionable” by scholars. Iqbal has also been cited as an influential force in convincing Jinnah to end his self-imposed exile in London and re-enter the politics of India. Initially, however, Iqbal and Jinnah were opponents, as Iqbal believed Jinnah did not care about the crises confronting the Muslim community during the British Raj. According to Akbar S. Ahmed, this began to change during Iqbal’s final years prior to his death in 1938. Iqbal gradually succeeded in converting Jinnah over to his view, who eventually accepted Iqbal as his “mentor”. Ahmed comments that in his annotations to Iqbal’s letters, Jinnah expressed solidarity with Iqbal’s view: that Indian Muslims required a separate homeland. Iqbal’s influence also gave Jinnah a deeper appreciation for Muslim identity. The evidence of this influence began to be revealed from 1937 onwards. Jinnah not only began to echo Iqbal in his speeches, he started using Islamic symbolism and began directing his addresses to the underprivileged. Ahmed noted a change in Jinnah’s words: while he still advocated freedom of religion and protection of the minorities, the model he was now aspiring to was that of the Prophet Muhammad, rather than that of a secular politician. Ahmed further avers that those scholars who have painted the later Jinnah as secular have misread his speeches which, he argues, must be read in the context of Islamic history and culture. Accordingly, Jinnah’s imagery of the Pakistan began to become clear that it was to have an Islamic nature. This change has been seen to last for the rest of Jinnah’s life. He continued to borrow ideas “directly from Iqbal—including his thoughts on Muslim unity, on Islamic ideals of liberty, justice and equality, on economics, and even on practices such as prayers”. In a speech in 1940, two years after the death of Iqbal, Jinnah expressed his preference for implementing Iqbal’s vision for an Islamic Pakistan even if it meant he himself would never lead a nation. Jinnah stated, “If I live to see the ideal of a Muslim state being achieved in India, and I was then offered to make a choice between the works of Iqbal and the rulership of the Muslim state, I would prefer the former.” Second World War and Lahore Resolution: On 3 September 1939, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain announced the commencement of war with Nazi Germany. The following day, the Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow, without consulting Indian political leaders, announced that India had entered the war along with Britain. There were widespread protests in India. After meeting with Jinnah and with Gandhi, Linlithgow announced that negotiations on self-government were suspended for the duration of the war. The Congress on 14 September demanded immediate independence with a constituent assembly to decide a constitution; when this was refused, its eight provincial governments resigned on 10 November and governors in those provinces thereafter ruled by decree for the remainder of the war. Jinnah, on the other hand, was more willing to accommodate the British, and they in turn increasingly recognised him and the League as the representatives of India’s Muslims. Jinnah later stated, “after the war began, … I was treated on the same basis as Mr Gandhi. I was wonderstruck why I was promoted and given a place side by side with Mr Gandhi.” Although the League did not actively support the British war effort, neither did they try to obstruct it. With the British and Muslims to some extent co-operating, the Viceroy asked Jinnah for an expression of the Muslim League’s position on self-government, confident that it would differ greatly from that of the Congress. To come up with such a position, the League’s Working Committee met for four days in February 1940 to set out terms of reference to a constitutional sub-committee. The Working Committee asked that the sub-committee return with a proposal that would result in “independent dominions in direct relationship with Great Britain” where Muslims were dominant. On 6 February, Jinnah informed the Viceroy that the Muslim League would be demanding partition instead of the federation contemplated in the 1935 Act. The Lahore Resolution (sometimes called the “Pakistan Resolution”, although it does not contain that name), based on the sub-committee’s work, embraced the Two-Nation Theory and called for a union of the Muslim-majority provinces in the northwest of British India, with complete autonomy. Similar rights were to be granted to the Muslim-majority areas in the east, and unspecified protections given to Muslim minorities in other provinces. The resolution was passed by the League session in Lahore on 23 March 1940. Gandhi’s reaction to the Lahore Resolution was muted; he called it “baffling”, but told his disciples that Muslims, in common with other people of India, had the right to self-determination. Leaders of the Congress were more vocal; Jawaharlal Nehru referred to Lahore as “Jinnah’s fantastic proposals” while Chakravarti Rajagopalachari deemed Jinnah’s views on partition “a sign of a diseased mentality”. Linlithgow met with Jinnah in June 1940, soon after Winston Churchill became the British prime minister, and in August offered both the Congress and the League a deal whereby in exchange for full support for the war, Linlithgow would allow Indian representation on his major war councils. The Viceroy promised a representative body after the war to determine India’s future, and that no future settlement would be imposed over the objections of a large part of the population. This was satisfactory to neither the Congress nor the League, though Jinnah was pleased that the British had moved towards recognising Jinnah as the representative of the Muslim community’s interests. Jinnah was reluctant to make specific proposals as to the boundaries of Pakistan, or its relationships with Britain and with the rest of the subcontinent, fearing that any precise plan would divide the League. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 brought the United States into the war. In the following months, the Japanese advanced in Southeast Asia, and the British Cabinet sent a mission led by Sir Stafford Cripps to try to conciliate the Indians and cause them to fully back the war. Cripps proposed giving some provinces what was dubbed the “local option” to remain outside of an Indian central government either for a period of time or permanently, to become dominions on their own or be part of another confederation. The Muslim League was far from certain of winning the legislative votes that would be required for mixed provinces such as Bengal and Punjab to secede, and Jinnah rejected the proposals as not sufficiently recognising Pakistan’s right to exist. The Congress also rejected the Cripps plan, demanding immediate concessions which Cripps was not prepared to give. Despite the rejection, Jinnah and the League saw the Cripps proposal as recognising Pakistan in principle. The Congress followed the failed Cripps mission by demanding, in August 1942, that the British immediately “Quit India”, proclaiming a mass campaign of satyagraha until they did. The British promptly arrested most major leaders of the Congress and imprisoned them for the remainder of the war. Gandhi, however, was placed on house arrest in one of the Aga Khan’s palaces prior to his release for health reasons in 1944. With the Congress leaders absent from the political scene, Jinnah warned against the threat of Hindu domination and maintained his Pakistan demand without going into great detail about what that would entail. Jinnah also worked to increase the League’s political control at the provincial level. He helped to found the newspaper Dawn in the early 1940s in Delhi; it helped to spread the League’s message and eventually became the major English-language newspaper of Pakistan. In September 1944, Jinnah hosted Gandhi, recently released from confinement, at his home on Malabar Hill in Bombay. Two weeks of talks between them followed, which resulted in no agreement. Jinnah insisted on Pakistan being conceded prior to the British departure and to come into being immediately, while Gandhi proposed that plebiscites on partition occur sometime after a united India gained its independence. In early 1945, Liaquat and the Congress leader Bhulabhai Desai met, with Jinnah’s approval, and agreed that after the war, the Congress and the League should form an interim government with the members of the Executive Council of the Viceroy to be nominated by the Congress and the League in equal numbers. When the Congress leadership were released from prison in June 1945, they repudiated the agreement and censured Desai for acting without proper authority. Independence and Mountbatten: On 20 February 1947, Attlee announced Mountbatten’s appointment, and that Britain would transfer power in India not later than June 1948. Mountbatten took office as Viceroy on 24 March 1947, two days after his arrival in India. By then, the Congress had come around to the idea of partition. Nehru stated in 1960, “the truth is that we were tired men and we were getting on in years … The plan for partition offered a way out and we took it.” Leaders of the Congress decided that having loosely tied Muslim-majority provinces as part of a future India was not worth the loss of the powerful government at the centre which they desired. However, the Congress insisted that if Pakistan were to become independent, Bengal and Punjab would have to be divided. Mountbatten had been warned in his briefing papers that Jinnah would be his “toughest customer” who had proved a chronic nuisance because “no one in this country [India] had so far gotten into Jinnah’s mind”. The men met over six days beginning on 5 April. The sessions began lightly when Jinnah, photographed between Louis and Edwina Mountbatten, quipped “A rose between two thorns” which the Viceroy took, perhaps gratuitously, as evidence that the Muslim leader had pre-planned his joke but had expected the vicereine to stand in the middle. Mountbatten was not favourably impressed with Jinnah, repeatedly expressing frustration to his staff about Jinnah’s insistence on Pakistan in the face of all argument. Jinnah feared that at the end of the British presence in the subcontinent, they would turn control over to the Congress-dominated constituent assembly, putting Muslims at a disadvantage in attempting to win autonomy. He demanded that Mountbatten divide the army prior to independence, which would take at least a year. Mountbatten had hoped that the post-independence arrangements would include a common defence force, but Jinnah saw it as essential that a sovereign state should have its own forces. Mountbatten met with Liaquat the day of his final session with Jinnah, and concluded, as he told Attlee and the Cabinet in May, that “it had become clear that the Muslim League would resort to arms if Pakistan in some form were not conceded.” The Viceroy was also influenced by negative Muslim reaction to the constitutional report of the assembly, which envisioned broad powers for the post-independence central government. On 2 June, the final plan was given by the Viceroy to Indian leaders: on 15 August, the British would turn over power to two dominions. The provinces would vote on whether to continue in the existing constituent assembly or to have a new one, that is, to join Pakistan. Bengal and Punjab would also vote, both on the question of which assembly to join, and on the partition. A boundary commission would determine the final lines in the partitioned provinces. Plebiscites would take place in the North-West Frontier Province (which did not have a League government despite an overwhelmingly Muslim population), and in the majority-Muslim Sylhet district of Assam, adjacent to eastern Bengal. On 3 June, Mountbatten, Nehru, Jinnah and Sikh leader Baldev Singh made the formal announcement by radio. Jinnah concluded his address with “Pakistan Zindabad ” (Long live Pakistan), which was not in the script. In the weeks which followed Punjab and Bengal cast the votes which resulted in partition. Sylhet and the N.W.F.P. voted to cast their lots with Pakistan, a decision joined by the assemblies in Sind and Baluchistan. On 4 July 1947, Liaquat asked Mountbatten on Jinnah’s behalf to recommend to the British king, George VI, that Jinnah be appointed Pakistan’s first governor-general. This request angered Mountbatten, who had hoped to have that position in both dominions—he would be India’s first post-independence governor-general—but Jinnah felt that Mountbatten would be likely to favour the new Hindu-majority state because of his closeness to Nehru. In addition, the governor-general would initially be a powerful figure, and Jinnah did not trust anyone else to take that office. Although the Boundary Commission, led by British lawyer Sir Cyril Radcliffe, had not yet reported, there were already massive movements of populations between the nations-to-be, as well as sectarian violence. Jinnah arranged to sell his house in Bombay and procured a new one in Karachi. On 7 August, Jinnah, with his sister and close staff, flew from Delhi to Karachi in Mountbatten’s plane, and as the plane taxied, he was heard to murmur, “That’s the end of that.” On 11 August, he presided over the new constituent assembly for Pakistan at Karachi, and addressed them, “You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan … You may belong to any religion or caste or creed—that has nothing to do with the business of the State … I think we should keep that in front of us as our ideal and you will find that in course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State.” On 14 August, Pakistan became independent; Jinnah led the celebrations in Karachi. One observer wrote, “here indeed is Pakistan’s King Emperor, Archbishop of Canterbury, Speaker and Prime Minister concentrated into one formidable Quaid-e-Azam.” Governor General: The Radcliffe Commission, dividing Bengal and Punjab, completed its work and reported to Mountbatten on 12 August; the last Viceroy held the maps until the 17th, not wanting to spoil the independence celebrations in both nations. There had already been ethnically charged violence and movement of populations; publication of the Radcliffe Line dividing the new nations sparked mass migration, murder, and ethnic cleansing. Many on the “wrong side” of the lines fled or were murdered, or murdered others, hoping to make facts on the ground which would reverse the commission’s verdict. Radcliffe wrote in his report that he knew that neither side would be happy with his award; he declined his fee for the work. Christopher Beaumont, Radcliffe’s private secretary, later wrote that Mountbatten “must take the blame—though not the sole blame—for the massacres in the Punjab in which between 500,000 to a million men, women and children perished”. As many as 14,500,000 people relocated between India and Pakistan during and after partition. Jinnah did what he could for the eight million people who migrated to Pakistan; although by now over 70 and frail from lung ailments, he travelled across West Pakistan and personally supervised the provision of aid. According to Ahmed, “What Pakistan needed desperately in those early months was a symbol of the state, one that would unify people and give them the courage and resolve to succeed.” Among the restive regions of the new nation was the North-West Frontier Province. The referendum there in July 1947 had been tainted by low turnout as less than 10 per cent of the population were allowed to vote. On 22 August 1947, just after a week of becoming governor general, Jinnah dissolved the elected government of Dr. Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan. Later on, Abdul Qayyum Khan was put in place by Jinnah in the Pashtun-dominated province despite him being a Kashmiri. On 12 August 1948 the Babrra massacre in Charsadda occurred resulting in the death of 400 people aligned with the Khudai Khidmatgar movement. Along with Liaquat and Abdur Rab Nishtar, Jinnah represented Pakistan’s interests in the Division Council to appropriately divide public assets between India and Pakistan. Pakistan was supposed to receive one-sixth of the pre-independence government’s assets, carefully divided by agreement, even specifying how many sheets of paper each side would receive. The new Indian state, however, was slow to deliver, hoping for the collapse of the nascent Pakistani government, and reunion. Few members of the Indian Civil Service and the Indian Police Service had chosen Pakistan, resulting in staff shortages. Partition meant that for some farmers, the markets to sell their crops were on the other side of an international border. There were shortages of machinery, not all of which was made in Pakistan. In addition to the massive refugee problem, the new government sought to save abandoned crops, establish security in a chaotic situation, and provide basic services. According to economist Yasmeen Niaz Mohiuddin in her study of Pakistan, “although Pakistan was born in bloodshed and turmoil, it survived in the initial and difficult months after partition only because of the tremendous sacrifices made by its people and the selfless efforts of its great leader.” The Indian Princely States were advised by the departing British to choose whether to join Pakistan or India. Most did so prior to independence, but the holdouts contributed to what have become lasting divisions between the two nations. Indian leaders were angered at Jinnah’s attempts to convince the princes of Jodhpur, Udaipur, Bhopal and Indore to accede to Pakistan—the latter three princely states did not border Pakistan. Jodhpur bordered it and had both a Hindu majority population and a Hindu ruler. The coastal princely state of Junagadh, which had a majority-Hindu population, did accede to Pakistan in September 1947, with its ruler’s dewan, Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto, personally delivering the accession papers to Jinnah. But the two states that were subject to the suzerainty of Junagadh—Mangrol and Babariawad—declared their independence from Junagadh and acceded to India. In response, the nawab of Junagadh militarily occupied the two states. Subsequently, the Indian army occupied the principality in November, forcing its former leaders, including Bhutto, to flee to Pakistan, beginning the politically powerful Bhutto family. The most contentious of the disputes was, and continues to be, that over the princely state of Kashmir. It had a Muslim-majority population and a Hindu maharaja, Sir Hari Singh, who stalled his decision on which nation to join. With the population in revolt in October 1947, aided by Pakistani irregulars, the maharaja acceded to India; Indian troops were airlifted in. Jinnah objected to this action, and ordered that Pakistani troops move into Kashmir. The Pakistani Army was still commanded by British officers, and the commanding officer, General Sir Douglas Gracey, refused the order, stating that he would not move into what he considered the territory of another nation without approval from higher authority, which was not forthcoming. Jinnah withdrew the order. This did not stop the violence there, which broke into Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. Some historians allege that Jinnah’s courting the rulers of Hindu-majority states and his gambit with Junagadh are evidence of ill-intent towards India, as Jinnah had promoted separation by religion, yet tried to gain the accession of Hindu-majority states. In his book Patel: A Life, Rajmohan Gandhi asserts that Jinnah hoped for a plebiscite in Junagadh, knowing Pakistan would lose, in the hope the principle would be established for Kashmir. However, when Mountbatten proposed to Jinnah that, in all the princely States where the ruler did not accede to a Dominion corresponding to the majority population (which would have included Junagadh, Hyderabad and Kashmir), the accession should be decided by an ‘impartial reference to the will of the people’, Jinnah rejected the offer. Despite the United Nations Security Council Resolution 47, issued at India’s request for a plebiscite in Kashmir after the withdrawal of Pakistani forces, this has never occurred. In January 1948, the Indian government finally agreed to pay Pakistan its share of British India’s assets. They were impelled by Gandhi, who threatened a fast until death. Only days later, on 30 January, Gandhi was assassinated by Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, who believed that Gandhi was pro-Muslim. After hearing about Gandhi’s murder on the following day, Jinnah publicly made a brief statement of condolence, calling Gandhi “one of the greatest men produced by the Hindu community”. In February 1948, in a radio talk broadcast addressed to the people of the US, Jinnah expressed his views regarding Pakistan’s constitution to be in the following way: The Constitution of Pakistan is yet to be framed by the Pakistan Constituent Assembly, I do not know what the ultimate shape of the constitution is going to be, but I am sure that it will be of a democratic type, embodying the essential principles of Islam. Today these are as applicable in actual life as these were 1300 years ago. Islam and its idealism have taught us democracy. It has taught equality of man, justice and fair play to everybody. We are the inheritors of these glorious traditions and are fully alive to our responsibilities and obligations as framers of the future constitution of Pakistan. In March, Jinnah, despite his declining health, made his only post-independence visit to East Pakistan. In a speech before a crowd estimated at 300,000, Jinnah stated (in English) that Urdu alone should be the national language, believing a single language was needed for a nation to remain united. The Bengali-speaking people of East Pakistan strongly opposed this policy, and in 1971 the official language issue was a factor in the region’s secession to form the country of Bangladesh. Illness and Death: From the 1930s, Jinnah suffered from tuberculosis; only his sister and a few others close to him were aware of his condition. Jinnah believed public knowledge of his lung ailments would hurt him politically. In a 1938 letter, he wrote to a supporter that “you must have read in the papers how during my tours … I suffered, which was not because there was anything wrong with me, but the irregularities [of the schedule] and over-strain told upon my health”. Many years later, Mountbatten stated that if he had known Jinnah was so physically ill, he would have stalled, hoping Jinnah’s death would avert partition. Fatima Jinnah later wrote, “even in his hour of triumph, the Quaid-e-Azam was gravely ill … He worked in a frenzy to consolidate Pakistan. And, of course, he totally neglected his health …” Jinnah worked with a tin of Craven “A” cigarettes at his desk, of which he had smoked 50 or more a day for the previous 30 years, as well as a box of Cuban cigars. As his health got worse, he took longer and longer rest breaks in the private wing of Government House in Karachi, where only he, Fatima and the servants were allowed. In June 1948, he and Fatima flew to Quetta, in the mountains of Balochistan, where the weather was cooler than in Karachi. He could not completely rest there, addressing the officers at the Command and Staff College saying, “you, along with the other Forces of Pakistan, are the custodians of the life, property and honour of the people of Pakistan.” He returned to Karachi for 1 July opening ceremony for the State Bank of Pakistan, at which he spoke. A reception by the Canadian trade commissioner that evening in honour of Dominion Day was the last public event he attended. On 6 July 1948, Jinnah returned to Quetta, but at the advice of doctors, soon journeyed to an even higher retreat at Ziarat. Jinnah had always been reluctant to undergo medical treatment, but realising his condition was getting worse, the Pakistani government sent the best doctors it could find to treat him. Tests confirmed tuberculosis, and also showed evidence of advanced lung cancer. He was treated with the new “miracle drug” of streptomycin, but it did not help. Jinnah’s condition continued to deteriorate despite the Eid prayers of his people. He was moved to the lower altitude of Quetta on 13 August, the eve of Independence Day, for which a ghost-written statement for him was released. Despite an increase in appetite (he then weighed just over 36 kilograms or 79 pounds), it was clear to his doctors that if he was to return to Karachi in life, he would have to do so very soon. Jinnah, however, was reluctant to go, not wishing his aides to see him as an invalid on a stretcher. By 9 September, Jinnah had also developed pneumonia. Doctors urged him to return to Karachi, where he could receive better care, and with his agreement, he was flown there on the morning of 11 September. Dr. Ilahi Bux, his personal physician, believed that Jinnah’s change of mind was caused by foreknowledge of death. The plane landed at Karachi that afternoon, to be met by Jinnah’s limousine, and an ambulance into which Jinnah’s stretcher was placed. The ambulance broke down on the road into town, and the Governor-General and those with him waited for another to arrive; he could not be placed in the car as he could not sit up. They waited by the roadside in oppressive heat as trucks and buses passed by, unsuitable for transporting the dying man and with their occupants not knowing of Jinnah’s presence. After an hour, the replacement ambulance came, and transported Jinnah to Government House, arriving there over two hours after the landing. Jinnah died later that night at 10:20 pm at his home in Karachi on 11 September 1948 at the age of 71, just over a year after Pakistan’s creation. Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru stated upon Jinnah’s death, “How shall we judge him? I have been very angry with him often during the past years. But now there is no bitterness in my thought of him, only a great sadness for all that has been … he succeeded in his quest and gained his objective, but at what a cost and with what a difference from what he had imagined.” Jinnah was buried on 12 September 1948 amid official mourning in both India and Pakistan; a million people gathered for his funeral led by Shabbir Ahmad Usmani. Indian Governor-General Rajagopalachari cancelled an official reception that day in honour of the late leader. Today, Jinnah rests in a large marble mausoleum, Mazar-e-Quaid, in Karachi. Legacy : Jinnah’s legacy is Pakistan. According to Mohiuddin, “He was and continues to be as highly honored in Pakistan as [first US president] George Washington is in the United States … Pakistan owes its very existence to his drive, tenacity, and judgment … Jinnah’s importance in the creation of Pakistan was monumental and immeasurable.” Stanley Wolpert, giving a speech in honour of Jinnah in 1998, deemed him Pakistan’s greatest leader. According to Jaswant Singh, “With Jinnah’s death Pakistan lost its moorings. In India there will not easily arrive another Gandhi, nor in Pakistan another Jinnah.” Malik writes, “As long as Jinnah was alive, he could persuade and even pressure regional leaders toward greater mutual accommodation, but after his death, the lack of consensus on the distribution of political power and economic resources often turned controversial.” According to Mohiuddin, “Jinnah’s death deprived Pakistan of a leader who could have enhanced stability and democratic governance … The rocky road to democracy in Pakistan and the relatively smooth one in India can in some measure be ascribed to Pakistan’s tragedy of losing an incorruptible and highly revered leader so soon after independence.” His birthday is observed as a national holiday, Quaid-e-Azam Day, in Pakistan. Jinnah earned the title Quaid-e-Azam (meaning “Great Leader”). His other title is Baba-i-Qaum (Father of the Nation). The former title was reportedly given to Jinnah at first by Mian Ferozuddin Ahmed. It became an official title by effect of a resolution passed on 11 August 1947 by Liaquat Ali Khan in the Pakistan Constituent Assembly. There are some sources which endorse that Gandhi gave him that title. Within a few days of Pakistan’s creation Jinnah’s name was read in the khutba at mosques as Amir-ul-Millat, a traditional title of Muslim rulers. The civil awards of Pakistan includes a ‘Order of Quaid-i-Azam’. The Jinnah Society also confers the ‘Jinnah Award’ annually to a person that renders outstanding and meritorious services to Pakistan and its people. Jinnah is depicted on all Pakistani rupee currency, and is the namesake of many Pakistani public institutions. The former Quaid-i-Azam International Airport in Karachi, now called the Jinnah International Airport, is Pakistan’s busiest. One of the largest streets in the Turkish capital Ankara, Cinnah Caddesi, is named after him, as is the Mohammad Ali Jenah Expressway in Tehran, Iran. The royalist government of Iran also released a stamp commemorating the centennial of Jinnah’s birth in 1976. In Chicago, a portion of Devon Avenue was named “Mohammed Ali Jinnah Way”. A section of Coney Island Avenue in Brooklyn, New York was also named ‘Muhammad Ali Jinnah Way’ in honour of the founder of Pakistan. The Mazar-e-Quaid, Jinnah’s mausoleum, is among Karachi’s landmarks. The “Jinnah Tower” in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India, was built to commemorate Jinnah. There is a considerable amount of scholarship on Jinnah which stems from Pakistan; according to Akbar S. Ahmed, it is not widely read outside the country and usually avoids even the slightest criticism of Jinnah. According to Ahmed, some books published about Jinnah outside Pakistan mention that he consumed alcohol, but this is omitted from books published inside Pakistan. Ahmed suggests that depicting the Quaid drinking would weaken Jinnah’s Islamic identity, and by extension, Pakistan’s. Some sources allege he gave up alcohol near the end of his life. Yahya Bakhtiar, who observed Jinnah at close quarters, concluded that Jinnah was a “very sincere, deeply committed and dedicated Mussalman.” According to historian Ayesha Jalal, while there is a tendency towards hagiography in the Pakistani view of Jinnah, in India he is viewed negatively. Ahmed deems Jinnah “the most maligned person in recent Indian history … In India, many see him as the demon who divided the land.” Even many Indian Muslims see Jinnah negatively, blaming him for their woes as a minority in that state. Some historians such as Jalal and H. M. Seervai assert that Jinnah never wanted the partition of India—it was the outcome of the Congress leaders being unwilling to share power with the Muslim League. They contend that Jinnah only used the Pakistan demand in an attempt to mobilise support to obtain significant political rights for Muslims. Francis Mudie, the last British Governor of Sindh, in Jinnah’s honour once said: In judging Jinnah, we must remember what he was up against. He had against him not only the wealth and brains of the Hindus, but also nearly the whole of British officialdom, and most of the Home politicians, who made the great mistake of refusing to take Pakistan seriously. Never was his position really examined. Jinnah has gained the admiration of Indian nationalist politicians such as Lal Krishna Advani, whose comments praising Jinnah caused an uproar in his Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Indian politician Jaswant Singh’s book Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence (2009) caused controversy in India. The book was based on Jinnah’s ideology and alleged that Nehru’s desire for a powerful centre led to Partition. Upon the book release, Singh was expelled from his membership of Bharatiya Janata Party, to which he responded that BJP is “narrow-minded” and has “limited thoughts”. Jinnah was the central figure of the 1998 film Jinnah, which was based on Jinnah’s life and his struggle for the creation of Pakistan. Christopher Lee, who portrayed Jinnah, called his performance the best of his career. The 1954 Hector Bolitho’s book Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan prompted Fatima Jinnah to release a book, titled My Brother (1987), as she thought that Bolitho’s book had failed to express the political aspects of Jinnah. The book received positive reception in Pakistan. Jinnah of Pakistan (1984) by Stanley Wolpert is regarded as one of the best biographical books on Jinnah. The view of Jinnah in the West has been shaped to some extent by his portrayal in Sir Richard Attenborough’s 1982 film, Gandhi. The film was dedicated to Nehru and Mountbatten and was given considerable support by Nehru’s daughter, the Indian prime minister, Indira Gandhi. It portrays Jinnah (played by Alyque Padamsee) in an unflattering light, who seems to act out of jealousy of Gandhi. Padamsee later stated that his portrayal was not historically accurate. In a journal article on Pakistan’s first governor-general, historian R. J. Moore wrote that Jinnah is universally recognised as central to the creation of Pakistan. Stanley Wolpert summarises the profound effect that Jinnah had on the world: Few individuals significantly alter the course of history. Fewer still modify the map of the world. Hardly anyone can be credited with creating a nation-state. Mohammad Ali Jinnah did all three. ← Abdul Sattar Edhi Amanullah Khan → Copyright @ 2021 - www.findmyhero.com - All Rights Reserved Site designed and maintained by - Coding Bee Pakistan	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line34
__label__cc	0.600238	0.399762	Transatlantic Take Looking at issues that affect Europe and the United States A Chinese Marshall Plan for Europe — don’t bank on it WASHINGTON—The past three years have been very good for China. No country has emerged from the ashes of the 2008 U.S.-led financial crisis stronger and more influential than China. Beijing’s international reserves are now more than seven times larger than the deployable funds held by the International Monetary Fund. With such a huge cash stockpile, it is little wonder that Europeans turned to Beijing in recent days for financial help. Containing Europe’s current financial crisis will require a massive amount of money. And Europe hopes that Beijing will ante up the necessary billions to save Europe and, by extension, the world. China has every reason to throw Europe a financial lifeline. The EU, after all, is China’s largest export market. China is also a significant foreign investor in Europe. And, from a strategic point of view, Beijing certainly views Europe’s dire plight as leverage when it comes to other issues that have long bedeviled Sino-European relations. In short, Europe’s financial crisis has handed China a golden opportunity to increase its global heft. Yet it is highly doubtful China will become Europe’s “savior.” Despite Western fears over the rise of China, Beijing is not entirely comfortable as a global power. The mainland, to be sure, has not been shy about criticizing the United States for its part in triggering the global recession of 2008/09. Beijing has even gone so far as to broach the sensitive topic of having the Chinese renminbi replace the U.S. dollar as the world’s reserve currency. But China, in general, has been careful and coy about stepping out on to the global stage. It is almost as if China’s moment arrived too early — for Beijing and for the world at large. Beijing would like to lead from behind, when it leads at all. Beijing is reluctant to grasp the mantle of global leadership since that would go against Deng Xiaoping’s famous directive: “Observe developments soberly, hide our capabilities and bide our time, remain free of ambition, and never claim leadership” Observe, hide, and bide your time — all of that was possible for China a decade ago, when the global economy beat to the U.S. tune. Then, the global economy was driven by the profligacy of the U.S. consumer. The Chinese pleaded poverty, and for good reason. China’s per capita income — roughly $5,100 in 2010 — is still a fraction of that in the United States or Europe. Sixteen percent of China’s population (some 215 million people) still lives on less than $1.25 a day. The mainland’s energy and food supplies are woefully insufficient for a population that is rapidly urbanizing. With only 8 percent of the world’s cultivated land, China must sustain nearly one-fifth of the world’s population. Decades of pell mell growth has decimated China’s environment. More problematic: roughly two-thirds of China’s approximately 660 cities have less water than they need, and 110 of them already suffer severe shortages. The lack of clean water and the deteriorating environment has become a social and political lightning rod, with the number of pollution-related protests rising steadily over the past decade. Demographics represent another herculean challenge — China will grow old before it grows rich, placing tremendous pressure on the government to help care for China’s elderly. And income inequality is rising in the People’s Republic, raising the specter of further social and political unrest. These challenges threaten China’s avowed goal of creating a harmonious society, one economically and politically in unison. This is paramount to Beijing’s chief goal: internal stability. As Kishore Mahbubani, author of “The New Asian Hemisphere,” notes: “The Chinese mind has always focused on developing Chinese civilization, not developing global civilization. China today is willing to be a responsible stakeholder in the global order, but given these overwhelming domestic concerns, the Chinese leaders have little appetite to lead the world.” In other words, throwing a financial lifeline to a bankrupt nation like Greece matters less to China than maintaining internal cohesion. The two objectives, of course, are intertwined. China surely understands that it is in its own self-interest not to see Europe implode. At the same time, Beijing risks a domestic backlash if China’s leadership appears to be more concerned about the plight of wealthy Europeans rather than the interests of poor Chinese. In a sense, the global financial crisis has spawned an identity crisis in China. The country wants to be a global power but on its own terms and timetable. Against this backdrop, China is most assuredly tempted to ride to Europe’s rescue, knowing that a Chinese Marshall Plan for Europe in 2011 would undermine the economic authority of the United States and subject Europe to the economic humiliation of being under the economic umbrella of the Middle Kingdom. The West, quite frankly, would never be the same. Such a move would confirm the rise of China and usher in a new world economic order. However, the odds of any of this happening are slim. No matter how tempting, China is not about to become Europe’s “savior.” Joe Quinlan is a Transatlantic Fellow with The German Marshall Fund of the United States. Comments or opinions expressed on this blog are those of the individual contributors only, and do not necessarily represent the views of FRANCE 24. The content on this blog is provided on an "as-is" basis. FRANCE 24 is not liable for any damages whatsoever arising out of the content or use of this blog. allseo - Tue, 03/27/2012 - 04:01 Microsoft Windows 8 Plus License provides secure password manager Windows 8 access to every piece of information with Office 2007 seek out capabilities which Microsoft Office 2007 helps discovering information with reliev.And open browser, quickly search any flash video through the online video website you may need, and play Download Office 2007 License interne. Check out distinct comparisons made Microsoft Office 2007 Professional concernin programs or model, like the Avast as opposed to AVG comparison manufactured in this Buzzle post. Go for antivirus engines which provid a Office 2007 Download solid track record regarding virus detection. Opt for an application that uses the Office 2007 Professional devic resources without slowing it down excessive. 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The German Marshall Fund of the United States is a non-partisan American public policy and grantmaking institution dedicated to promoting better understanding and cooperation between North America and Europe on transatlantic and global issues. This blog is written by GMF experts and examines current world issues and their effects on Europe and North America. All posts in this blog are copyrighted to the German Marshall Fund of the United States. Follow GMF on : European Energy Security Should Remain a U.S. Priority Why Are Germans So Sympathetic to Russia? Why Is Turkey Increasing Tensions in the Eastern Mediterranean? 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__label__wiki	0.870148	0.870148	James Purefoy James Purefoy (born 3 June 1964) is an English actor. He played Marc Antony in the HBO series Rome, college professor turned serial killer Joe Carroll in the series The Following, and Solomon Kane in the film of the same name. In February 2018 he starred as Laurens Bancroft in Altered Carbon, a Netflix original series. He played James McCarthy, a young man accused of murdering his father, in "The Boscombe Valley Mystery," in Granada's The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes. One of his notable roles was as Nicholas Jenkins in the eight-part miniseries A Dance to the Music of Time for Channel 4 in 1997. He played Edward, the Black Prince in the film A Knight's Tale, Rawdon Crawley in Vanity Fair with Reese Witherspoon and Tom Bertram in the 1999 production of Mansfield Park. He has played major roles in several television costume dramas, including Sharpe's Sword, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, The Prince and the Pauper, The Mayor of Casterbridge, Blackbeard: Terror at Sea, Beau Brummell: This Charming Man, The Tide of Life, Camelot and Rome. He played Mark Antony in the HBO/BBC original television series, Rome. He starred as Teddy Rist in the summer television series, The Philanthropist, which aired on NBC beginning on June 2009. His character is a billionaire playboy who decides to use his wealth and power to help others in need. In 2013, The Following debuted, starring Purefoy as the lead antagonist of the series. He portrays Joe Carroll, a former professor who becomes a serial killer and leads a cult of followers, all whom help create Carroll's "story". It was announced in June 2014 that Purefoy would join the cast of the film High-Rise with Tom Hiddleston and Jeremy Irons. Later in 2014, Purefoy co-starred in the Formula 1-themed music video for David Guetta's song "Dangerous". In February 2019, Hybrid (who provided the score to Interlude in Prague) released a short film to accompany their single "Hold Your Breath" from the album Light of the Fearless. The film starred Purefoy as the brooding 'Mr Black'. Place of Birth: Taunton, England, UK Also Known As: Τζέιμς Πιούρφοϊ, James Brian Mark Purefoy, Джеймс Пьюрфой, Jame Purefoy, 제임스 퓨어포이 Movies List of James Purefoy Beau Brummell: This Charming Man Humphrey Jennings: The Man Who Listened to Britain Fisherman's Friends: One and All The Wedding Tackle Wicked Blood Interlude In Prague Fisherman’s Friends Goose on the Loose Bright Hair It's Me, Sugar Feast of July All Hail the Popcorn King! Women Talking Dirty Bedrooms and Hallways Maybe Baby The Cloning of Joanna May A Knight's Tale Resident Evil: The Final Chapter	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line37
__label__wiki	0.6279	0.6279	The Last Dragoman Sultana Banulescu Visiting Professor Florin C. Merisoreanu feels the pain in the left side of his chest more keenly on Tuesdays than on Thursdays. On Tuesdays he shares an office on the Upper West Side, at Columbia, with what he calls amicably A Tale of Two Richards: Professor Richard I, an inquisitive thirty-eight year-old essayist who shares a last name with a famous Enlightenment philosopher, and Professor Emeritus Richard II, a gentle eighty-three-year-old poet who translated an obscure Romanian nihilist philosopher from French into English. Behind Merisoreanu's back they call him, not so amicably, Richard III. They can smell the aura of betrayal that accompanies his person. He treads where few Eastern Europeans have trodden, and they often wonder what his secret must be. On Thursdays, Professor Florin C. Merisoreanu has the office to himself so he can daydream. Today is Thursday. First order of business: respond to student e-mails and save them, so he'll remember he taught here and assigned the likes of "Mine eyes were dragomans for my tongue betied/And told full clear the love I fain would hide" (The Arabian Nights, The Second Qalandar's Tale) paired up with "Were the world mine, Demetrius being bated,/The rest I'd give to be to you translated" (William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Act I, Scene I). I'm confused, writes Ahmed, whose father owns an oil well in Kuwait. What's a dragoman? Dear Ahmed, Please re-read The Arabian Nights. It would also help if you could picture yourself as female, veiled, and silent—or, if that fails, as a helpless male slave. Can I still get an A in your class? I would do anything for an A. Please review the syllabus policy regarding extra credit. Will you give me a letter of recommendation for an MFA? I would give anything for an MFA. Dear Britney, You're better off with a recommender who teaches in the U.S. full-time. Will you write me a letter for the Iowa Writers' Workshop? I could write anything at the IWW. Dear Destiny, It's not meant to be. Sadly, I'm confused. I read the assignment three times. What's a dragoman? Dear Freddy, "There were some people there who knew both Arabian and French, whom they call 'dragomans,' and they translated the Arabic into the Romance tongue for Count Peter of Brittany." The Memoirs of the Lord Jean de Joinville, 1309 I read the assignment six times. I had to look up lots of words. Are you teaching next spring? May I list you as a reference for the Emerging Writers' Retreat in Crete? Orhan Pamuk lectures there this summer. Dear Willy, "It is by no means improbable that I shall leave in the spring, but if you fix any place of rendezvous about August, I will write or join you.—If you mention my name to Suleyman of Thebes, I think it will not hurt you; if I had my dragoman, or wrote Turkish, I could have given you letters of real service; but to the English they are hardly requisite, and the Greeks themselves can be of little advantage... If you find one Demetrius, at Athens or elsewhere, I can recommend him as a good dragoman. I hope to join you, however; but you will find swarms of English now in the Levant." George Gordon Lord Byron, Letter to Mr. William Bankes, Dec. 26, 1812 Truly, madly, deeply, I'm sorry I missed the midterm. My partner's aunt has Alzheimer's and I had to take her to the doctor's. Dear Zoey, I sympathize. My pharmacist's cousin had Alzheimer's and I had to take her to the movies. Professor Florin C. Merisoreanu's left wrist drops on the keyboard, except now it feels limp. He struggles idiotically to glance at his watch, then notices the hour and the minute in the computer's lower right corner. Screens. He's never been a fan of them. As a matter of fact, she—Lola—asked him to the movies first. Lola, who was so much older than him. Lola, who was cousins with Lily the pharmacist. He met Lola as he was deployed, a still young French teacher, to the only school in her hometown in Transylvania back in the Fifties when his connections no longer helped him keep the job he had been assigned to upon graduation. He knew her only too well—her and her entire family. Sometimes he wishes he had never known those people. He tries to figure out her age—to remember what state he found Lola in, as he was sent to that obscure Transylvanian town in the fall of 1952. Not two weeks after he had arrived in town and school had started he had been summoned, by a handwritten note, to the pharmacist's, where he went without pleasure, expecting some sort of brazen interference with his authority, for he had been warned by townsfolk what kind of family they were. He vaguely remembered the pharmacist's children from class—a pensive boy and a scared rabbit of a girl. It was a house without men—only those children and three women. Th town called it the glass house, because it had those big glass windows, almost entire glass walls, so that one could see inside the pharmacy, which was connected with the family dwellings by those enormous glass doors, and consequently their living room appeared transparent to any passersby. They had built it like that, claiming they had nothing to hide, as opposed to all other Transylvanian houses, which were and are to this day stone and brick fortresses in their own right. Since 1948 the pharmacy, as most small businesses, had become state property; as for the home, the Communist authorities had decided that one room was enough for five people, so the rest was turned into headquarters. Even a newcomer like himself knew the glass house to swarm with officers whose behavior towards the family was anything but kind. But that day the French teacher did not meet any officers, just a tiny woman in a lab coat who shook his hand energetically and spoke so fast he could barely understand her flow of words. She is Lily, short for Elena, she won't take much of his time, she is herself in a hurry, she works a second job at the sanatorium on top of the hill and it's a long walk through the forest—does he know her mother-in-law Sylvia? Yes, he does, he replies, and he remembers in a quick flash, trying to keep up with her speed, what he was told by the principal—that it had been Sylvia and her husband, old George, who started the school as they came here to teach at the turn of the century. Their son, young George, is married to this woman, Lily, and they started the pharmacy after they returned from the University of Bucharest, where they had met. It had been their youthful dream—the principal had conceded—to start a hospital, as well, and to find a doctor willing to come to this remote location and work with two pharmacists, but the Iron Guard—the Fascist Party—gave them a hard time and sent its men to smash the glass house a few times, so they had to start over and over. Young George was the only man in town to enlist and fight on the side of the Allied Forces. After the war, old George was murdered in a Communist prison. As for young George, whom Lily does well not to mention so far, it's no secret he was again the only man in town to be arrested, a fortnight before the French teacher's arrival, along with hundreds of thousands of people all over Romania, on the night of the Assumption—August 15th, 1952—and sent, as it seems, to dig a huge canal connecting the Danube and Black Sea, and which serves no purpose other than extermination, so that it was surnamed The Canal of Death no later than last week, when word arrived that the first university professors had collapsed under the weight of the stone blocks they hadn't been able to carry. This is why the town—the French teacher included—is afraid to associate with the glass house family. Yes, he repeats, he knows Sylvia, telling himself he probably mishandled those messed?up kids, and now their retired grandma will pester him with chamomile tea and teaching tips. Then, Lily goes on, he might also know that Sylvia had an older sister, Flavia, who emigrated to America with her husband. The couple—she informs him decorously—first lived in Philadelphia, where their daughter Lola was born, then moved to Los Angeles. After the man died, the two women returned to Transylvania. Lola, who is now old and lives with them in the glass house, gradually lost her memory—probably a case of Alzheimer's disease. Anyway, Lily continues to explain, Lola thinks she is now back in California, in the era of silent films. She has completely forgotten Romanian and speaks only English. And this is a small, domestic tragedy. Nobody speaks English in this town of Romanians, Germans and Hungarians. Nobody. And the languages taught in school are, of course, Russian and French. Lily herself doesn't know English— she smiles apologetically. Isn't that silly. A grown woman like her. A graduate of the University of Bucharest. Her husband, yes—she goes on obliviously—he is fluent in English, he picked it up from his British and American friends during the war. But her husband—she smiles as in a dream—is not here right now. And Lola is slipping away. No one is able to help her—at least, not until he came to town. As soon as she heard of his arrival, a modern young man from Bucharest with a major in French and a minor in English, which is so rare and wonderful nowadays, she took that second job so that she would be able to pay him for coming over on Sundays and three nights a week to talk to Lola in English. God knows this family has lost enough members already, she adds fiercely, they are not going to lose another one. And, since he'll be here most of the time, he might as well teach the children English—they'll need it some day soon. Not that she'd have anything against Russian, she hastens to add, it is, after all, the language of so many brilliant authors who make us laugh and cry. We should all try our best to always make the distinction between Russian and Soviet. One is a culture, the other, an invasion. But English—she looks at a distance—English is a language for the years to come. And she wants her children to be prepared. She looks at her watch—it is already late, thank you for your time, how extraordinary to have you in town, such an educated young man, we need more people like you around here, see you on Sunday. And next thing he knows, he's out on the street, without having had the chance to utter as much as one word except for the fact that he, indeed, knows Sylvia, and thinking, bewildered and enraged: is Lily mad with grief, or has she always been like that? How dare she talk about her husband with such quiet candor, instead of lowering her eyes in silence? And how dare she speak about British and American friends? That's how they brought misfortune on themselves. And those bright kids, ages seven and eight, what do they need English for? If they're lucky, they'll end up working at the plant, like everybody else, if they're not, they'll end up in jail, like their father, and that's the end of it. This is Transylvania, 1952. Nobody ever leaves here. This is the end. He is twenty-nine. He was sent to this secluded town to teach French. He'll teach here, retire here, die here. Like everyone else. Communism is equality. Who does this woman think she is? So he goes and asks around town, and gets answers from people on the run. Yes, Lily has always been like that. No, she's not mad with grief, she's just stubborn and proud, like the lot of them, they always come up with some idea in that house, they're just looking for trouble, fighting wars and everything. She's got an attitude—and gets away with it. And do you know why? There's no hospital here. There's no doctor here. They all get sick, whether Communist or not. And they all need Lily. She covers three villages and this town, which shouldn't be called a town to start with, it's just that it has this big plant. They all depend on Lily. And she uses it shamelessly. (The French teacher didn't even need to ask how, now that the floodgates of memory had opened.) Back when the pharmacy was confiscated so that Lily and young George became mere employees overnight, the cashier told Lily to stop acting so arrogantly, the times of the intellectuals were long gone, these were the times of the working class, of the simple, honest people who hadn't been fortunate enough to attend the University of Bucharest. And do you know what Lily did? Lily, who'd spent two years rinsing glassware in Moldavia, saving money so that she would be able to support herself for the next five years at the University of Bucharest, silently rose from her desk in the office, went to sit behind the counter, sent the cashier to her desk and started referring townspeople to her, so that the cashier would read prescriptions in Latin, prepare their medication in the laboratory, decide whom to send to the county hospital and how to treat those she would not send further. And Lily would not relent until, three weeks later, the Communists made the cashier apologize in public, the whole town gathered in front of the glasshouse to see the miracle with their own eyes. That's Lily. Now go teach English although your heart belongs to France, and God be with you. We all are. So English he taught to those two children—Luna and little George—, and English he spoke to Lola, with all those officers staring at them and shaking their heads, thinking the French teacher had lost his mind as well. Lola, who had been thrilled that a fellow American had finally showed up among all those weird people speaking that weird language; Lola, who had so much to tell that he ended up knowing by heart each and every move of Charlie Chaplin's in City Lights, and was introduced to the glamorous Hollywood society of the Twenties, which wined and dined him to the extent that he even started to enjoy the attention. What he couldn't come to terms with, however, was seeing those kids wasting their time instead of learning something practical. Once, he dared point out to Lily the uselessness of the English language for two fatherless children in an obscure town lost in the middle of nowhere, in a Communist bloc encompassing eight European countries and fifteen Soviet republics, from East Berlin to the Pacific Ocean, two children who, since their father and grandfather had a criminal record and the University of Bucharest had offi quotas, were not likely to ever study beyond high school and should consider themselves lucky if they got that far. To which she replied, as passionately as usual: "Transylvania. Trans—through. Silva, silvae. Forest, forests. Through the forests. It was through these forests that your ancestors and mine, the Romans, in honor of whom we are now called the Socialist Republic of Romania, broke a trail with their swords, only to find these amazing natives who did not know how to read and write. And the Romans felt insulted, and taught them to read and write, under the threat of the sword. And they built cities and bridges, and proceeded to a hasty retreat before being able to teach the very last lesson—that of the honorable exit by slashing one's wrists in a hot bath—a lesson they kept for themselves. And next thing we knew, we were part of the Ottoman Empire, and they taught us not to worry about tomorrow, for it may never come; and then we were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and they taught us order, law and civilization, for they saw none here; and then we were part of Hitler's vital space, and the Nazis taught us violence; and now we are part of Stalin's universal dream, and the Communists teach us obedience; and you want me not to teach my children the language of Shakespeare?" So it seemed useless to reason with that woman, and whenever he appealed to her common sense she'd answer with some Latin quotation, and it wasn't like he was doing her any favors, he got paid, and he could use the money; so he went on and on, at that mad pace, babbling in English, sipping cocktails with Lola and Rudolph Valentino, and now reading aloud David Copperfield, Oliver Twist and Jane Eyre, for, as Lily pointed out, "you want fatherless? I'll give you fatherless," so now she was determined to pick all orphans in literature and shelter them in the glass house in Transylvania, so her own children, avoided by all families in town, would finally have kids their own age to play with. Once, he told Lily that her beloved British had themselves founded an empire, and she answered coldly: "Yes, how unfortunate that they would have none of us for a change." It occurred to the French teacher—for all thought unwise to call him the English tutor—as Sylvia cooked, cleaned, and catered to Lola's brain pain, as Lily breezily went by uphill, downhill, and appeared as summoned in the county capital for refusing to divorce young George whom she still had no news of, even as she was sensibly offered every chance to move on—that the six of them were now spending their afternoons in a delirious England. In a lunacy worthy of Alice and Gulliver, they cunningly entered through rabbit holes and exited triumphantly by ship, and when not circulating under the green earth of England, they traveled in a sort of Dickensian stagecoach which never seemed to need to change horses at the following station so the French teacher would have a chance to desert the party—carrying with them the posthumous documents of the Pickwick Club; it also seemed to him the coach transported Mr. Darcy's class prejudice, Heathcliff 's aloofness, Dorian Gray's narcissism, Jane Eyre's stubborness, and Major Barbara's drum; such were the infuriating qualities by which young George apparently had endeared himself to the British and they to him. Lily and he only crossed paths briefly whenever she paid him his fees; sometimes weekly, sometimes a month in advance; always at dusk, between her shifts, with her bourgeois custom of handing him the money enclosed in scented pastel-colored envelopes, never pushing it in his hand. He still remembers the colors: tea?pink, light brown, and that difficult one to pin down called sepia. Her perfume smelled like some sort of mixture of lilac, hyacinth and wisteria; nothing like a real lily. The French teacher's other mission, however, namely, his impersonation of a young and dashing American who now came calling on Lola every other night, became a more and more elaborate affair. Lola would emerge from behind a screen with a giggle, dressed as a flapper, wearing whatever happened to be Clara Bow's latest hairstyle, and soon the phonograph would fill the glass house with the unmistakable rhythm of a foxtrot. Lola envisioned the living room as populated by figments of her imagination, and, by no means ignoring her date, she would often give a smile to the left, a little wave to the right, and then would stop to reassure him; a stroll from the table to the window took considerable time, for they were constantly bumping into her old acquaintances; and the French teacher, playing along, was truly grateful when they ran breathlessly to the rose garden, hand in hand, to avoid some boring studio executive, a nosy columnist, an aspiring star's agent, or a loser who had wandered past security—Lola thought the sullen officers were Universal Studios staff—pitching his twenty-year old idea for a script. Once in the garden, Lola would laugh happily, passing her fingers through her hair, pressing her hand on her throat as if to show that words were meaningless, and they sat on the bench together, as she pointed out the silhouettes of actors against the curtains of the brightly illuminated glass walls, engaged in animated conversation that could be divined only by gestures—everyone free at least to be themselves, away from the brutal interference of the press, from the tyranny and iron fist of the studios that owned actors, or borrowed and lent them as they pleased, away from idiotic casting stereotypes, sheltered from the brazen and threatening advance of sound in cinema. One night at the pub he learned from the history teacher that Lola's real name was Aurelia, after Emperor Aurelian, the one who pulled Roman troops out of present?day Transylvania in 271 A.D., except she was born in Pennsylvania where they just called her Lola. In California she eloped with a leading man. They lived a fabulous life on Sunset Boulevard in the silent era. Francis Scott Fitzgerald would drop by Lola's dinner parties every now and then; rumor had it that back in those days Lola had her heart set on bringing grim playwright Eugene O'Neill, the king of tragedy, together with his future son?in?law Charlie Chaplin, the king of comedy, although it was unclear whether she managed to seat them at her table. Times changed, though, and the sun set on her husband Harry's luck; his voice just didn't sound right, and there was no room for him in the talking pictures. He struggled to make a comeback, but nothing came of it, and one day they found him floating face down in their swimming pool in Bel Air. At the time, Lola still had some money left, although she lost the house, and accompanied her mother, also recently widowed, on vacation to Transylvania, thinking the change would do them some good. Lola arrived with two dozen trunks filled with dresses, photographs and records and, on the eve of World War II, fell for a solemn, tragic priest a dozen years younger than she, who set out as a chaplain on the Eastern front the day after the wedding; when the war ended, instead of heading to America while they still had the chance, the apostle headed for the underground resistance in the Carpathians, where he led a partisan group, cross in hand; he was promptly executed by the Communists, and that was when Lola, good?natured though she was, began falling apart. She started complaining that sound was hurting her—the history teacher explained to the French teacher—she claimed, ever so gently, that nowadays you couldn't see a good film, not anymore, they were all so loud and empty, and she retreated more and more into her own world. Sometimes she'd confuse the priest with her dead husband Harry, and both of them with George. At first, Lola's mental state was blamed on her difficult pregnancy—she gave birth to twin girls, rather late in life, a few months after the borders had closed and the priest had been shot in the mountains—and lost so much blood during labor she remained unconscious for a while; enough time—the history teacher snarled contemptuously—for the priest's relatives to claim the two newborns. It was the only time Lily ever let go of someone or something, but it couldn't be helped; the only room they have left for themselves in the glass house may be good enough to hold five people, but it could never hold seven; and truth is, the girls are better off with their father's side of the family; they are in need of nothing, even have a room of their own with a large bed they share at night, whispering their tiny secrets into each other's ear. Every Friday night—the history teacher told the French teacher—the twins pass by the glass house to catch a glimpse of their mother, who doesn't know them, and they stand outside like the rest of us, watching Lola dance with you, and laugh, and make merry, and go arm in arm with you to the pictures; and then they return home and feel better for having paid their respects to their mother. As for Lola, the history teacher continued, increasingly tongue-tied by alcohol—he no longer called her Lola, or Aurelia of the hasty, impenetrable Aurelian retreat, for that matter, but Angerona, the Roman goddess of silence, a commanding finger pressed to her bandaged mouth, forbidding all sound. And at this point the history teacher fell asleep on the bar counter, a deep sleep punctuated only by deafening, regular snoring. The French teacher went to Lily and inquired whether any of this was true, but she wasn't all that helpful. Angerona, she said, was indeed the goddess of silence, but she also was a goddess who delivered men from pain and sorrow, whose feast of secrecy was celebrated at the winter solstice. There were many legends in Transylvania, this ruin of departed empires, it all depended on how you looked at them. What about the company Lola kept in California? he insisted. Does it really matter? Lily had asked him in turn. Does it matter whether Lola danced with Errol Flynn, whether Clark Gable whispered sweet nothings in her ear, whether Eugene O'Neill dedicated a tragedy to her? Does this make her life less of a day's journey into night? It matters to him, the French teacher replied. It matters to him and to his boyhood Saturdays at the matinee watching reruns from the Thirties, back when Errol Flynn was Captain Blood and Clark Gable was Captain Butler. It matters to him whether she escapes with him in the same rose gardens she used to escape with Francis Scott Fitzgerald. Those are the gardens of flappers and philosophers, of the beautiful and the damned— "Say it," Lily encouraged him. "Say it. You think we're damned." He had never said that, he replied nervously. Lily closed her eyes briefly and then studied him for the longest time. "We're not damned," she said at length, gentler than he had expected. "We're not damned. We're charmed." Looking back on that day, he wishes he'd started charging double for that privilege. The French teacher's life settled over the years into a celluloid routine— Sunday matinees, Monday, Wednesday and Friday night shows—and once he had been summoned before the local Communist Party Committee to report what was going on in the glass house. The town had informed the authorities it was a decadent scandal; there was talk that Lola would wait for him all dressed up, no matter how late, and after the movie ended they would eat with silverware and smoke after dinner, just in time for the French teacher to do one more quick step dance routine up the wall and all the way to the ceiling and then part with a nightcap and a kiss. Rumor had it that Lola had taken him well beyond the Jazz Age and into the Talkies, when black?and?white scenes of Charlie Chaplin's masterpiece The Great Dictator—considered subversive in totalitarian Romania because of Chaplin's sheepish grin and forbidden language—had been reflected by the endless row of windows and doors for all to see. The glass house, with all lights on, shone brilliantly from afar, so that any worker returning from the night shift could hear the clinking of bourgeois crystal and china, the uttering of foreign lines and Greta Garbo's cascades of laughter in Ninotchka, the Soviet envoy extraordinaire corrupted with champagne and the Grand Duchess' jewels in the Paris of love. And the sound of Sylvia playing the piano, during the most dramatic scenes in the movie theater, could be heard across the wooden bridge on the other shore of the river, echoing around the silent dark hills all the way up to the sanatorium so Lily could sometimes stop and listen. When confronted by the Party Secretary with this rumor, the French teacher had answered the truth—that he hadn't seen or touched one inch of film, subversive or not, it all came from the giant projector in Lola's brain, and now that 1957 had come and gone Lola had forgotten English as well, she had stopped speaking altogether, and just watched him with the teenagers—the three of them now translating Proust and Joyce as the drunk captain again and again brought his horse to the dinner table, the lieutenant struggled with the animal, Sylvia absent?mindedly went on with her Viennese finishing school embroidery, Lily kept ranting, and Lola collapsed with laughter. She had lost all sound—the French teacher explained to the Party Committee—she had no use for the spoken word, not any more, and she would greet him with loquacious gestures, twisting her body like Lillian Gish's haunted prairie settler Letty Mason in The Wind, and pointing to the door whenever she was longing for George—who, the French teacher had learned by now, meant, in her mind, both departed men, father and son as well—she would take him by the hand and gravely raise her eyes to the sky as she explained to him the silent colossal movement in The Birth of a Nation, her head and hands jerking faster and faster as she maddeningly narrated the train robberies, the Gold Rush, the chase scenes, and, in the end, drew the limousines and the palm trees in the background—or at least thought she did. She never let him leave without an imaginary flower—the French teacher told the Party Secretary—which she would extend to him like the blind girl in the silent fi and he pretended to smell it with delight, as by now he knew City Lights well enough to realize he was tramp by day and milllionaire by night, or was it the other way around, and as she laughed and cried over reel after reel flickering on the glass walls he could only raise his glass in silence and toast in honor of lost senses, with nothing but touch and taste to unite the two of them forever. By 1961, thanks to the French teacher's constant comings and goings—still an unrepentant bachelor, his domestic needs and carnal urges now taken care of by one or another of the pretty nurses who arrived in town after a hospital had been built—everyone in the glass house had picked up enough English to be able to stage one night, in the orchard, the play of their choice, namely, The Tempest. "Why The Tempest?" he asked, confused. "Want to do Richard III?" Lily inquired, wiping her hands on her apron, standing in the kitchen door in the belated sunset. No, he replied, irritated, he had merely thought of something more appropriate, for the children's sake: As You Like It or A Midsummer Night's Dream, a comedy set in a forest, since Lily was nicknamed after a flower and her mother?in?law Sylvia after the silva—silvae, a play radiating generous confusion of identity and the forgiveness of the quid pro quo, a play expressing his bewilderment at being dragged into such foolishness, day in and day out, by a woman by no means more educated than him. Rubbish, Lily dismissed his arguments, they should perform The Tempest. And The Tempest they acted out, in the orchard, one Saturday—his one day off—at midnight. Sylvia was Prospero, Lily was Miranda, the French teacher was Ferdinand, little George was Ariel, and Lola was Caliban. This meant that the girl—Luna—must have been the Duke of Milan or the King of Naples, although the French teacher does not remember any duke ot king dressed in period costume, draped in Lily's curtains or otherwise. Duke, king or sailor, she could have played them all—and undoubtedly must have played them all, since they were short of actors—and the French teacher would still not have remembered. She had always been such a quiet girl. He, on the other hand, had dressed very carefully in front of his mirror at home starting at ten in the evening, believing he'd be Prospero, only to discover upon arrival they had already done the casting, as always, which had embarrassed and embittered him even more. It seemed to him totally inapproppriate that either Lily or her daughter, now seventeen and still his student, should play Miranda to his Ferdinand; had these people no decency left, he thought, if not when others were concerned, then at least for their own sake? The two children should have been Miranda and Ferdinand, and he should have been Prospero. He had even brought a mantle, along with wisdom and patience. He would have made a good Prospero, he would have. He would have rather recited forty?five years ago: "Sit still, and hear the least of our sea-sorrow / Here in this island we arrived, and here / Have I, thy schoolmaster, made thee more profit / Than other princesses that can have more time / For vainer hours and tutors not so careful." For nine years now, ever since 1952, he had thought he was Prospero, the architect of their happiness, only to have them brag, entering the tenth year, how they had captured and enslaved him on their wretched island, then chided him as a spy and usurper and threatened, as the verse said, to manacle his neck and feet together. He thought that was figurative speech, but no, they weren't joking, those people, they tied him to a tree in the orchard, in the middle of the night, they brought him some rainwater to drink, supposedly very bitter, and then made him move the logs in the play, that is, carry some of the previous winter's firewood, which was still lying around, into the house. That night, more than any other time, he thought they were insane, insane with grief, as he had suspected Lily was when he had first met her, insane with grief and longing and desire and revenge, and he had shuddered under the late August stars as he heard the boy who had never seen the Black Sea declaim imperturbably, nine years after being slammed his hands up and face forward into a glass door still able to witness the night of the Assumption, "Full fathom five thy father lies,"—and here the retired French teacher takes his glasses off and quietly sets them on the table—"There are pearls that were his eyes, / Of his bones are coral made, / Nothing in him that doth fade, / But doth suffer a sea-change / Into something rich and strange," and, in the orchard, the French teacher, for the first time in years and years of various times and tenses and the aerial substance of Keats and Shelley read on a corner of the kitchen table, sees reassuring constancy as he watches the recitations of an Ariel of sixteen in a lace collar and long silver sleeves, courtesy of Lola's wedding dress designed at Paramount Pictures: "Sea-nymphs hourly ring his knell, / Hark! Now I hear them—/ Ding-dong, bell." As he also watched Lola moaning, groaning, and stopping her ears, he realized that, had she been unable to play the savagely deformed slave, they would have had her play a trunk in the orchard, and had she been unable to stand up, they would have had her play a log, for the only ties they recognized were those of blood, and most of their trees were sublimely upturned. He still hears Lily speak gently for Caliban: "Be not afeard, the isle is full of noises, / Sounds and sweet airs, which give delight and hurt not, / Sometimes a thousand twangling instruments / Will hum about mine ears, and sometime voices." The night they played The Tempest in the orchard—the French teacher remembers not just now, at Columbia University, but every now and then, as he makes his way through the crowd in Bucharest and feels Lola's grip on his arm, he remembers often what Lily's Miranda whispered that night, her face close to Lola's Caliban "I pitied thee, / Took pains to make thee speak, taught thee each hour." Only when Lily threw herself in his arms, sobbing with relief, with Sylvia's blessing, did he understand the meaning of the years he had lost and yet had to lose under their spell—a dozen years, as it turned out, that passed faster than a month; he understood how those people had failed bravely both in the Old World and the New World, and now were searching for each other on a desert island in the dead of the night, playing fragile and indestructible theater. He sees himself playing chess with Miranda, her queen in his sleeve, a foreshadowing of his betrayal of that family, and theirs of him: "Sweet lord, you play me false." "My love, I would not, for the world." Soviets and Americans. And the French teacher remembers the Cold War in Gonzalo's words: "You are gentlemen of brave mettle; you would lift the moon out of her sphere, if she would continue in it five weeks without changing." In the mid?Sixties three miracles happened. First, young George returned from the Canal of Death. His children went to meet him at the train station, but they did not recognize each other, for they had grown so much, and young George had aged so much. He had aged. He had not died. That man who could have died a thousand deaths had not died; he could have died of tuberculosis, of starvation, of drowning, of frostbite; a stone block could have crushed him; but no, he did not die, he turned up at the general amnesty. The Canal had closed for so long that the entire town had exchanged passion for pity—the entire town minus Lily. The day his odyssey in bizarre forgotten cells ended—his eyes were listless and his nose had to be reset at both town and county hospitals, but his jawline had managed to retain all its infuriating arrogance in the portrait—Lily clung madly to distant and reserved George, laughing and crying so senselessly she even upset Lola. The French teacher remembered she still read lips sometimes, and he took her face in his hands. "Lola," he said, "listen to me, Lola. I'll be out of town tomorrow, and the day after. I have to catch a train to Boston. I'll be back soon. Wait for me, Lola, wait for me!" He kissed her on the forehead, she smelled the way old people do in Transylvania before they melt away, like vanilla and marzipan and incense, he closed his eyes lost in that kiss, trying to find solace in her arms, a way back home in her frail body. When he looked up, all he could see was the pain in her brown, doglike eyes, the sadness under the crown of shining white hair, her wrinkled face now even more crumpled by childish sobs: he was leaving her forever, he was deserting her, she knew how men were, she knew a parting Saturday from a loving Sunday. "You're a wise woman, Lola, don't let anyone tell you otherwise. I'm not angry with you, Lola. I just can't dance with you for a while." Crying, shattered, she didn't believe this either, and she motioned him to go. Enraged at himself, at a loss, he suddenly remembered—titles by John Colton, screenplay by Frances Marion, novel by Dorothy Scarborough—and uttered the words, the way he had heard them, over and over, on rainy Sunday afternoons: "Can't you guess, Letty, the reason I stopped by this awful forsaken place?" then leaned forward to the vanity table and handed her an oval mirror, the way Montague Love did to Lillian Gish in the film. She uttered a cry of delight as she saw the pretty young girl, and this time she believed him. He spoke slowly, now that the words had taken a life of their own: "Don't you see, Letty, we can't live in this terrible country anymore!" He had to say it all, if she was ever to trust him—anyone—again. "Come away with me, Letty, where the wind can't harm you!" He kissed her a second time, this time on the lips, and stormed out; she flew after him, ecstatic, waving her handkerchief in his trail, her hero, her leading man, who would indeed resurface, cross?country, in a happy?ending western. Now, with the boy and girl away at the University of Bucharest—a second miracle—and young George home, there was no further need for an English tutor and American suitor. The French teacher grew estranged from the people in the glass house, married the head nurse who bore him two sons, and joined the Communist Party, which had dazzled him with that two?week trip to Paris, and another two?day trip later on. Finally, for sixteen days, he had truly lived. He was forty?six. He remembers every bridge in Paris, every street, every single café and bookstore he saw: that was his, and it was worth it. The third miracle had been the arrival of a real TV set in the glass house— and it was on that TV set that Lola saw in 1969 the first step on the moon. Her family explained in English. They took her by the window and pointed to the moon. They took her back to the TV and pointed to the man. They told her, in their thick accents: "Armstrong. Neil Armstrong." Her eyes lit up and she smiled in recognition. This was her world, not theirs, a world which now, oddly enough, proved to be true. And all this—how strange and ironic—thanks to him. He realizes now what it must have meant for Lola, lonely and facing a hostile town, to meet this kind young man who hadn't been afraid to come to their house and live their life. He, the man with the gift of the English language, had one day arrived, suitcase in hand, in this obscure town where nothing ever happened, where time was frozen, he himself thinking that was the very end, that he was burying himself into silence and oblivion by leaving the capital of the country, with what little it had in 1952, and descending upon this remote location—a place with no library or bookstores. In a sense, he had been the first man on the moon. And the only ones who saluted his providential arrival had been the people in the glass house—who knew a first step when they saw one. Lily is alive, of course. Lily would survive anyone and anything. Let's see—if the French teacher is seventy?eight, she must be now—yes. Eighty?seven. Should he perhaps look Lily up, now that young George is long gone? Look Lily up—and for what? So they could talk about old times—se he could tell her how it feels to settle all one's life for second best, how it feels to marry the town's head nurse instead of the town pharmacist, how it feels to play half one's life English tutor and American gigolo, and the other half distinguished professor of Shakespearian studies at the University of Bucharest (and now of course visiting professor in the United States, at Columbia University, for the year), while one's heart has always belonged to France? To this day he still hasn't figured out why he never left the glass house while he still could. The truth was, he had not fallen in love with Lily at first sight, and neither of them had ever claimed that. He had been drawn to her first because of the money, then because of the envelopes she handed him the money in, then because of the scent on the envelopes, and then because of her. Sylvia, Lola, Lily, Luna—the forest, the inner retreat, the hill, the moon—such had been the rise of generations. The French teacher finally awakens from his reverie. He hadn't fallen in love with Lily at first sight, although by now he realizes she might have caught more than the occasional glimpse of him at that parent?teacher meeting the school held in late August 1952, two weeks after her husband had been arrested, back when she was thirty?eight and he was twenty?nine. He had been drawn to Lily first because of the money prospects, then because of the envelopes she handed him the money in, then because of the scent on the envelopes; he had been drawn to Lily because she was close and yet so far, because she was so available and so untouchable, because Lily was not single, not married, not divorced, and not officially widowed, and living in a glass house where an affair between the two of them was unthinkable; so she had asked him to have an English-language affair with senile Aunt Lola to keep him charmed and close just in case her husband George was declared, and not just presumed, dead. He'd hate to think of himself as a faded American gigolo on top of a retired French teacher. Nowadays he's also a full Professor in the English Department at the University of Bucharest, but whether he deserves that position, even there, at the gates of the Orient which, ever since the Ottoman Empire, have faced a chronic shortage of interpreters and translators—is another story. Either way, he finds solace in introducing himself to his students, year after year, as Shakespeare's Last Dragoman. This story appears in issue 28.1 - Winter/Spring 2016 Purchase This Back Issue	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line38
__label__wiki	0.72781	0.72781	Analysis of Civilization and Formation of "Order" in the Islamic World Document Type : Original Article Rasūl Nowrūzī Fīrūz Assistant Professor in Research Center of Islamic Sciences and Culture, Qom, Iran In the science of international politics, subjects such as "the nature of international system", "anarchy", "order" and "change" are considered as the content concepts. Each of the theories of international relations explains the concepts and, accordingly, presents its formation of the milieu of international system and its subdivisions. The present study is placed under the great question of what explanation the level of civilizational analysis in international politics presents for "order" in international system. It specifically deals with the following question: "If we evaluate the 'order' in the realm of a region – such as west Asia or a wider area such as the Islamic world – using the level of civilizational analysis, what formation of 'order' will it offer?" It seems that the hypothesis of 'level of civilizational analysis' in the international politics in dividing the regions of the world presents a new plan and transmits it beyond the dualism of global analysis/ regional analysis. Thus, it explains the campaigns inside the international system on the basis of presenting a new formation of 'order', the rules for its formation and the sources effective in its formation. The level of civilizational analysis analyzes the order in the Islamic world by considering different forms of Islamic civilizations (or civilization trends) inside the Islamic world, and explains the behavioral campaigns (convergent/ divergent) on the basis of hierarchal division of civilization inside the Islamic world. level of analysis Naqīb-zāda, A. (1384 SH). Tārīkh Dīplumāsī wa Rawābiṭ Beyn al-Milal. Tehran: Qūmis. Al-Aidrus, M. A. (Ed.) (2009). Islam Hadhari: Bridging Tradition and Modernity. Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization (ISTAC). Best, J. (2007). Discussion: The Politics of Civilizational Talk. In: M. Hall, P. Jackson (Eds.), Civilizational Identity: The Production and Reproduction of 'Civilizations' In International Relations, Culture and Religion. Palgrave Macmillan. Clark, I. (2005). "The Globalization and the Post-Cold War Order" in Baylis, J. and Smith S. Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations (vol. 2, Trans.). Tehran: Abrār Muʿāṣir. Collins, Randall. (2007), “Civilizations as Zones of Prestige and Social Contact”, in Saïd Amir Arjomand and Edward A. Tiryakian, Rethinking Civilizational Analysis, Sage Publications. Cox, R. W. (1987). Production, Power, and World Order. New York: Columbia University Press. Davutoğlu, A. (2014). "Civilizational Revival in the Global Age" in F. Dallmayr, M. Akif Kayapınar & İ. Yaylacı, Civilizations and World Order Geopolitics and Cultural Difference. Lexington Books. Davutoğlu, A. (2014). Civilizational Revival in the Global Age. In: F. Dallmayr, M. Akif Kayapınar & İ. Yaylacı, Civilizations and World Order (ʿ, Seyfī. Trans.). Tehran: Abrār Muʿāṣir. Hall, M. & Jackson, P. T. (Eds.) (2007). "Civilizational Identity: The Production and Reproduction of Civilizations" In International Relations. Palgrave Macmillan. Hobson, J. M. (2007). "Deconstructing the Eurocentric Clash of Civilizations: De-Westernizing the West by Acknowledging the Dialogue of Civilizations" in M. Hall, P. Jackson (Eds.), Civilizational Identity: The Production and Reproduction of 'Civilizations' In: International Relations, Culture and Religion. Palgrave Macmillan. Jackson, P. (2010). "How to Think about Civilizations?" in Civilizations in World Politics: Plural and Pluralist Perspectives. Routledge. Katzenstein, Peter. J. (2010), Civilizations in World Politics: Plural and Pluralist Perspectives, Routledge. Kennedy, P. (1989). The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. (Trans.). Tehran: ʿIlmī wa Farhangī Publication. Kissinger, H. (2016). World Chaos and World Order, the Atlantic. Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/11/kissinger-order-and-chaos/506876/ McGaughey, W. (2007). "Using World History to Predict the Future of the First Civilization" in Comparative Civilizations Review, 56. Murden, S. (2005). "Culture in Global Affairs" in The Globalization of the World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations (vol. 2, Trans.). Tehran: Abrār Muʿāṣir Nexon, D. H. (2007). "Discussion: American, Empire and Civilizational, Practice" in M. Hall, P. Jackson (Eds.), "Civilizational Identity: The Production and Reproduction of 'Civilizations" in International Relations, Culture and Religion. Palgrave Macmillan. Nowrūzī, R. and Khātamī-niyā, F. (1399 SH). "Zabān wa Ḥowzayi Iʿtibār Tamaddunī dar Jahān-i Islām" in Pazhūhishhāyi Siyāsat Islāmī, p. 17. Nowrzī Fīrūz, R. (1398 SH). "Dowlat Tamaddunī wa Kunishgarī dar Rawābiṭ Beynal-Milal" in ʿUlūm Siyāsī, 21 (84), pp. 34-37. Reus, S. (2013). "Constructivism" in Theories of International Relations. (Moshīrzāda Ḥ. Trans.). Tehran: Mīzān Legal Foundation. Shakman Hurd, E. (2004). "The Political Authority of Secularism in International Relations" in European Journal of international relations, 10 (2). Spragens, T. (1976). Understanding Political Theory (5th ed.) (Rajā'ī F. Trans.). Tehran: Āgah. Tawakkulī, A. (1377 SH). Muqaddamiyī bar Tajumayi Kitāb-i Kinross Lord: Ottoman Centuries. (Sattārī, P. Trans.). Tehran: Kahkishān. Thomas, S. (2005). The Global Resurgence of Religion and the Transformation of International Relations: The Struggle for the Soul of the Twenty-first Century. Reviewed by G. John Ikenberry. Palgrave Macmillan. Waltz, K. N. (2012). "Why Iran Should Get the Bomb Nuclear Balancing Would Mean Stability" in Foreign Affairs, 91 (4), pp.2-5. Xia, Guang. (2013). "China as a “Civilization-State”: A Historical and Comparative Interpretation" in Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 140, pp.43–47. Summer and Autumn 2020 Article View: 37 PDF Download: 7 Nowrūzī Fīrūz, R. (2020). Analysis of Civilization and Formation of "Order" in the Islamic World. Journal of Islamic Political Studies, 2(4), 65-84. doi: 10.22081/jips.2021.71485 Rasūl Nowrūzī Fīrūz. "Analysis of Civilization and Formation of "Order" in the Islamic World". Journal of Islamic Political Studies, 2, 4, 2020, 65-84. doi: 10.22081/jips.2021.71485 Nowrūzī Fīrūz, R. (2020). 'Analysis of Civilization and Formation of "Order" in the Islamic World', Journal of Islamic Political Studies, 2(4), pp. 65-84. doi: 10.22081/jips.2021.71485 Nowrūzī Fīrūz, R. Analysis of Civilization and Formation of "Order" in the Islamic World. Journal of Islamic Political Studies, 2020; 2(4): 65-84. doi: 10.22081/jips.2021.71485	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line42
__label__wiki	0.725586	0.725586	Meeting Makeups Four Avenues of Service For members... Administration Login The Rotary Club of Huntsville is meeting LIVE - Wednesdays at Noon at the Walker Education Center behind the Sam Houston Memorial Museum. Holger Knaack – President, Rotary International Jerry Springfield - District Governor, District 5910 John Hendricks- President, Rotary Club of Huntsville 4th Annual WINE QUEST - April 1, 2022 3rd Annual Wine Quest RAISED $25,000 for Huntsville Charities! Held Feb. 21, 2020 at Magnolia Lake. Rotarians and Friends enjoyed an elegant evening of fine wines from around the world, hors d'oeuvres, jazz, live auction and more! Visit www.winequestrotary.org THANK YOU SPONSORS: Bayes Achievement Center, Wiesner, First National Bank Huntsville, Davis Construction, Family Hearing Center, HBI Office Soloutions, Bill Fick Ford, Texpress Urgent Care, Tim & Kay Deahl, Debra Sims, DDS, Walker County Federal Credit Union, Samaritans Women's Care, Buddy Aber and Maureen McIntyre, Long Veterinary Clinic, Webb & Wells PC, First Financial Bank, & anonymous donors. The Rotary Club of Huntsville is an organization of business, professional, and community leaders committed to the ideal of service above self. We work together, through the shared values of integrity, goodwill, and fellowship to engage in humanitarian efforts to help those in need and create opportunities for a better future for generations who follow us. The primary mission of the Huntsville Rotary Club (HRC), as with that of Rotary International, is to engage in service to promote improvement in the happiness and well-being of people and to build bridges of understanding among the peoples of the world. The service takes many forms, such as projects that help meet the needs of members of the community, as well as international projects to assist people throughout the world. Local projects include helping students in the Huntsville school system embrace ethical values, the "I Like Me" book project to promote literacy, and the RYLA Youth leadership program for high school students. We provide food and supplies for housing insecure kids in Huntsville and food for the Good Shepherd Mission. We also plant trees and maintain Safety Town, which serves to help kids learn basic safety practices. The international projects include Rotary’s efforts to eradicate polio and to provide freshwater and medical supplies to people in Nicaragua who lack such resources, as well as swaddling blankets made by local Rotarians and which are given to a hospital in Nicaragua. Our international efforts also includes the Rotary Youth Exchange program, which enables teenagers to live abroad for a year so that they can learn about other cultures and build friendships with the people in those cultures. In order to accomplish these goals, the HRC seeks to build a membership of dedicated, professional individuals in the community who are dedicated to the mission of Rotary. These individuals work together to identify needs, both local and international, develop a plan of action to meet those needs through service projects, and bring together the people and resources necessary to accomplish these projects. The club seeks diversity in its membership in order to better represent and understand the needs of the community, and to provide a variety of perspectives necessary to address those needs. By meeting weekly and working together to help our community and the world, the club members develop a sense of camaraderie which helps to build bonds of friendship that strengthen our community and our relationship with fellow Rotarians and peoples throughout the world. In order to accomplish its service projects, the HRC engages in fundraising activities that are necessary to finance its projects. Accordingly, fundraising activities, which include dues and donations from club members, procurement of Rotary grants, and community fundraising projects, are a critically important component of the club efforts because they enable the mission of Rotary to be accomplished.? AS A PART OF ROTARY INTERNATIONAL which is an organization of 1.2 million business, professional, and community leaders who unite worldwide to provide humanitarian service to others, we strive to improve the health of people, support education, and eliminate poverty by helping build goodwill and peace in the World and by providing assistance in these efforts. As we move ever so close to the eradication of polio, Rotary Clubs all over the world are preparing to celebrate this huge milestone. Please join us at our weekly meetings on Wednesdays at noon at the Gibbs Conference Center, 1402 19th Street, here in Huntsville. Yours in Rotary, John Hendricks President - Rotary Club of Huntsville, Texas Content Copyright © 2006-2021 Rotary Club of Huntsville, Texas USA. Additional Copyright, Trademark and Website Information Powered by ClubWizardTM Service Club Website and Management Software. Click here to find out more about this web site and how it works.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line45
__label__wiki	0.922982	0.922982	NJ 0 2 0 2 MIN 2 2 1 5 Kaprizov scores twice, Wild roll to 5-2 win against Devils 'What a move!' Kaprizov scores a dandy Kirill Kaprizov scores a pretty goal to put the Wild on top of the Devils. ST. PAUL, Minn. -- — Kirill Kaprizov had two goals and an assist as the Minnesota Wild kept rolling with a 5-2 win against the New Jersey Devils on Thursday night. Ryan Hartman had a goal and two assists, and Rem Pitlick and Dmitry Kulikov also scored for Minnesota, which has won five games in a row and is the NHL’s highest-scoring team since Nov. 2 with 64 goals in 15 games. Hartman scored on his 10th shot of the game and his line with Kaprizov and Mats Zuccarello combined for 16 shots. “The looks they had were incredible,” Wild coach Dean Evason said. “Yeah, (Hartman’s) obviously feeling it and the line was real good. They didn’t cheat the game. They weren’t staying in the offensive zone. They weren’t staying on too long. They weren’t cheating in the offensive zone. They didn’t blow zones. They played the right way and they had a tremendous amount of looks, obviously.” Kaapo Kahkonen made his second straight start in net for the Wild and finished with 29 saves. Ryan Graves and Tomas Tatar scored for New Jersey. Mackenzie Blackwood stopped 33 shots. “We got smoked on the compete, there’s no doubt,” Devils coach Lindy Ruff said. “First goal, went around us. Net front, we got beat. They won the compete game, there’s no doubt.” With Hartman’s surprising breakout and Kaprizov on a scoring tear in his second NHL season after winning the Calder Memorial Trophy, Minnesota is no longer the defensive-minded team of the past. The Wild entered the day fourth in the league in goals per game and have scored at least four in 12 of the past 15. Minnesota’s 33 points are the best start in franchise history after 23 games. “We’re having a great time,” Hartman said. “But we’re playing the right way and that’s why it’s happening. We’re playing underneath the puck. We’re playing smart defensively. … Overall, the way we’ve been playing is how we want to play and we’re getting off to leads which is a nice change.” All four lines have contributed to the inflated goal totals, none more so than Kaprizov and Hartman’s pairing. Zuccarello returned to the right side Thursday after missing two games with a hand injury. Kaprizov started the scoring against the Devils midway through the first period as he got the corner on Graves and drove the net. Controlling the puck on his backhand, he quickly switched to his forehand and beat Blackwood. The 24-year-old Russian added his eighth goal of the season 2:28 into the second to give Minnesota a 3-0 lead. Kaprizov has six goals and 11 assists in his past eight games. “Yeah, we just went out there, played our game, tried to play hockey, try to create opportunities for each other and have fun,” Kaprizov said through a translator when asked about his line. “It wasn’t anything in particular that we did, just went out there and played.” Pitlick, a rookie claimed off waivers from Nashville in October, scored his fifth goal in the first. He entered play tied for eighth among rookies in scoring. The Devils, who have lost three of four, got back within reach with two goals in the second to make it 3-2. Graves scored his second of the season on a big slap shot from the point just 24 seconds after Kaprizov’s second goal. Tatar scored for the fourth time in six games on a breakaway as Dougie Hamilton passed ahead to spring him. Hamilton had two assists in the game. “A little bit of life and then we give up the next one,” Graves said. “I think we just have to do a better job of managing the game. ... Everyone can look within and there’s things that we can all do to make the game a bit easier. We’re making the game kind of tough on ourselves right now.” Kulikov, the former Devil, restored Minnesota’s two-goal advantage with his second of the season in the second. Hartman added his 13th goal in the third. He’s tied for eighth in the league in goals. “Our defense is better than that,” Ruff said. “Our defense probably had as tough a night as I’ve seen them.” New Jersey announced that goaltending coach Dave Rogalski was placed in the NHL’s COVID-19 protocol. Minnesota forward Frederick Gaudreau missed his second game while in COVID-19 protocol. Devils: Play their second game of a back-to-back Friday in Winnipeg. Wild: Finish their five-game homestand Saturday against Toronto. MIN Wins 2-0 2021-22 Metropolitan Division Standings 2021-22 Central Division Standings Colorado 24 8 3 51 Nashville 24 12 3 51 St. Louis 22 11 5 49 Minnesota 22 10 2 46 Winnipeg 17 12 5 39 Dallas 18 15 2 38 Chicago 15 18 5 35 Arizona 8 24 4 20	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line46
__label__wiki	0.865144	0.865144	Pete Davidson Being Scouted To Host 2022 Academy Awards: Report There hasn’t been a host at the Academy Awards since 2019, and like other events and festivals that were adjusted, delayed, or canceled during the pandemic, the Oscars are looking to make a grand return. Multiple facets of the industry are still making do with what they have as this COVID-19 pandemic rages forward. Things are a bit better as millions have been vaccinated and or boosted, but the Omicron variant has swept the globe with a vengeance. Many celebrities have been vocal about testing positive for COVID, but it has been reported that the Oscars are pressing forward this year and this time around, they will have a host. Dimitrios Kambouris / Staff / Getty Images Spider-Man star Tom Holland recently told The Hollywood Reporter that Academy Award producers have reached out to him about being a potential host, but Page Six reported that another potential name on the list is Pete Davidson. For as much as the Saturday Night Live comedian has poked fun at his celebrity peers and the industry as a whole, Davidson has always kept himself in the spotlight, especially with his high-profile romances that include current girlfriend Kim Kardashian and ex-fiancé Ariana Grande. A “source” reportedly told Page Six that Davidson’s team is “talking to producers,” adding that the formal event wants to “reset” in order to be more attractive to a young generation. Carlo Allegri / Staff / Getty Images “He gets a demographic that is hard to get,” the source said of Davidson. “He is in a good space, his career is doing well and he is on the rise. He is a sex symbol, unlikely, but he is big with a certain generation.” Others reportedly on the “wish list” of hosts are Dwayne Johnson and Chris Rock. Davidson hasn’t spoken about the award show and his representative reportedly declined to comment on the rumors, but the Oscars are set to air in two months on March 27. Young Dolph's Partner Mia Jaye Speaks Of "Extremely Difficult" Time In First Interview	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line48
__label__wiki	0.790893	0.790893	Russian threat – In the face of Putin, NATO reveals its biggest problem After a grueling week of crisis diplomacy, questions remain unanswered. Is the Russian president deliberately making unachievable demands to justify a war? Or is it about something completely different? Around eight hours in Geneva, four hours in Brussels and finally another five hours in Vienna – in three rounds of talks, top Russian and Western diplomats have come no closer to security in Europe. The sides of the conflict were already divergent when it came to their goals. While the envoys of Kremlin chief Vladimir Putin wanted to negotiate an end to NATO’s eastward expansion and other security guarantees, NATO and the USA were primarily concerned with persuading Russia to break off the troop deployment on the border with Ukraine. But even after the marathon of negotiations, the question of whether Putin is planning an attack on Ukraine, which is of fundamental importance for Europe’s security, still remains. And it’s about how things will continue after these most extensive talks since Russia’s annexation of the Ukrainian Black Sea peninsula of Crimea in 2014. The giant empire, which the West has long avoided on these security issues, has managed to get everyone around the table. However, it was also foreseeable from a Russian point of view that Putin would rebuff his demands that NATO not accept Ukraine and other states. Russia is now demonstratively disappointed. But the nuclear power, which sees itself threatened by the US military and by NATO in general, is now waiting for proposals from the West – in “written form” by next week, as Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov emphasized on Friday. The West, on the other hand, is keeping the Russian deployment near the Ukrainian border in suspense. According to US information, more than 100,000 soldiers are now there. An invasion of the neighboring country would be a huge mistake and would entail unprecedented economic and financial sanctions, was one of the messages from the West. At the same time, Moscow was offered new negotiations on disarmament and arms control. Russian soldiers in Kazakhstan: Many troops have recently been assembled in the Ukrainian border area. (Source: imago images) This is a response to the fact that Russia says its security is threatened by the West. The country is being surrounded by US “bridgeheads,” Lavrov said. Moscow has been criticizing for weeks that the West is always demanding a withdrawal of Russian troops – but does not say where, because the soldiers are already on Russian territory. From a Western perspective, it is clear that the main reason why Putin had the military pull together in Ukraine, which is also concerned about its security, was to exert pressure and force the West to hold talks. He succeeded. And one of the most frequently asked questions at Lavrov’s meeting with journalists in Moscow was how concrete Russia’s threats of military countermeasures are. Lavrov referred to Putin, who recently said that the answers from the USA and NATO would first be awaited, and then it would be the turn of the Russian military – with proposals. Most recently, Lavrov’s deputy Sergei Ryabkov, one of the negotiators who did not want to rule out missiles in Cuba or Venezuela, drew attention. The idea is that Russia will also become more active in the US forecourt – just as the United States is present in Europe – in Putin’s opinion, in an area where Moscow has interests of its own. How it all turns out is completely open. And the problem for NATO is that it can only speculate about Putin’s intentions. Western secret services recently assumed that Putin wanted to extort concessions from NATO and the USA with the deployment of troops. It is therefore also considered conceivable that Putin has concrete plans for an invasion of Ukraine in order to rule out the country’s admission to NATO. The excuse could then be that the West is to blame for not taking Russia’s concerns seriously. Moscow rejects such mind games. However, US President Joe Biden’s National Security Advisor, Jake Sullivan, made it clear on Thursday that the US still considers the risk of a Russian invasion of Ukraine to be high. Finally, there remains the possibility that Putin could simply be concerned with demonstrating that Russia, like the US and China, is a world power that can set the international agenda. Perhaps also to divert attention from domestic political problems or to put NATO, already weakened by the Afghanistan debacle, to a new test. And the members are not as united as NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg would like. For example, there is disagreement about what sanctions should be considered in the event of Russian intervention in Ukraine. In Germany, for example, there are doubts as to whether it would make sense to also resort to punitive measures that would have a significant impact on the citizens of Russia. These include, for example, those that would restrict payment transactions or the export of western consumer electronics to Russia. There are also fears in some countries that an operating ban on the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline could lead to a further increase in energy prices in Europe – with the result that European citizens will not support the sanctions. At least there is potential for conflict in Russia’s demands, also in German domestic politics. Putin, like politicians from the SPD and the Greens, is demanding a withdrawal of US nuclear weapons stationed in Germany. Federal Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock, who plans to travel to Moscow for talks next week, was tight-lipped on the question. “Questions of disarmament must and should be discussed. But now that you’ve just sat down at the table, I’m not openly commenting on any individual considerations,” said the Green politician. Eagles make 5 roster moves: Josh Sweat spotted in Tampa Bay CFL champion makes NFL dreams come true, signs with Falcons The Australian court is hearing tennis star Novak Djokovic’s final appeal Virologist sees an opportunity in Omikron – Drosten: "Virus must spread – but under vaccination protection"	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line49
__label__wiki	0.74499	0.74499	marcelo cabuli Again, another comment that can be taken one way or the other. Isosaari, however, stands behind the 380-page book, which chronicles NIGHTWISH's rise to the status of one of the most successful symphonic metal acts in the world, including the circumstances that led to the departure of Turunen. Not even Tarja Turunen gets to comment on her husband's doings. Check it out at this location. The first time or two of seeing this, it was touching, but after a while, it became annoying. I am the manager for my amazing wife Tarja Turunen, and I also work as a producer and am the head of Nems Enterprises in Argentina. Marcelo Cabuli, husband/manager of former NIGHTWISH frontwoman Tarja Turunen, has posted answers to 157 questions posed by NIGHTWISH fans regarding Tarja 's … However, these are minor annoyances and can be easily overlooked in the entire view of the DVD as a whole. Masahiko Takaki, Kazuyuki Ohnui, Shizuo Aizawa, Takami Asano, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. "NIGHTWISH would seem on the basis of this work to have been so divided into two distinct camps that both sides of the story cannot be fitted between the covers of one book.". An instrumental version of "Kuolema Tekee Taiteilijan" plays during the credits, which are unique in their own right. One of them is when he is talking to the bandmembers about a spam e-mail he received about how South America is a great vacation destination, and he responds with a "yeah, right!" With every turning page, the charges against the Argentine Cabuli get heavier and heavier. BLABBERMOUTH.NET The quick zoom camera work really punctuates the crazed mood of the song. Cabuli and his Brazilian business partners argued that the book includes false accusations and insinuations that have caused them suffering and financial problems. The group are currently seeking a replacement vocalist before entering the studio in September 2006 to begin recording the follow-up to 2004's "Once", tentatively due in mid-2007. Marcelo Cabuli’s estimated Net Worth, fast cars, relaxing vacations, pompous lifestyle, income, & other features are listed below. The Upward Spiral", excerpted from the North American edition of "Once Upon a Nightwish: The Official Biography 1996-2006", by Mape Ollila. Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. Along the way, the band struggles with religious protesters, fortune-tellers, naked crew members, health problems, shady promoters, out-of-control fans, and the growing pains of an ever-steeper rock star learning curve. Turunen became a mither when she gae birth tae her dochter Alexia Naomi Eerika Cabuli Turunen, in August 2012. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. To comment on a NIGHTWISH fired Turunen via an "open letter," which was given to the singer immediately following the Helsinki show. So if you can resist the urge to want to brush it back each time you see it, it’s really a small annoyance and rather humorous. All the while this panorama is being shown to us while the opening notes of "Ghost Love Score" plays in the background. "It is probable that the decision is the couple's own, but this does not disguise the fact that it is the book's greatest drawback. Mr. Cabuli insists on not signing because he is not in the band, but the girls are persistent. Once you're logged in, you will be able to comment. This time it is the band that leaves the stage, and Tarja is left alone onstage to sing the beautiful "Kuolema Tekee Taiteilijan". BLABBERMOUTH.NET The audience is almost transfixed as Two-Hawks delivers his moving Lakota-language poem at the end of the song. He is also the current manager of top Symphonic Death Pop Metalcore group, Pisstania. She is not part of the camaraderie or any other type of group activity. For months beforehand, rumors of the band’s ever-increasing distance between each other were abound, but even the most cynical fans who claimed to see it coming were still surprised that Holopainen actually "had the guts" to go through with giving the boot to a vocalist that without a doubt was unique, and to many fans, practically irreplaceable. Tarja is smiling widely, Marco stands still, agape for a moment, Tuomas’ eyes are closed, almost as if he is exhausted. Tarja makes a sideways comment, wondering how her interview has suddenly turned into a meet-and-greet. The Argentine businessman sought more than 50,000 euros in damages over claims made in the book, while three of his Brazilian business partners were seeking 15,000 euros each. Read the questions and Marcelo's responses at this location. In 2003, Tarja lost her mother to cancer, and battled with her grief. Pyrotechnics fittingly end this song with a bang, and the energetic feel continues into "Planet Hell". Besides that, you will also gain information on Current Net worth as well as Marcelo’s earnings, latest vehicles, luxury vacations. Featured as a part of – Most popular Business. To report spam or any abusive, obscene, defamatory, racist, homophobic or threatening comments, or anything that may violate any applicable laws, use the "Report to Facebook" and "Mark as spam" links that appear next to the comments themselves. BLABBERMOUTH.NET From here on out is all footage of rehearsals of the final show. Tarja goes back to making the most of her strut dance, pacing back and forth across the stage. Tarja makes her final costume change of the night, in another lovely white dress, and she and Two-Hawks, dressed in his native apparel, take the stage together while Marco and Emppu stand on either side of the raised part of the stage. The book, which was published in Finnish in 2006 and in English three years later, blames Cabuli for the events leading up to Turunen's dramatic expulsion from the band in late 2005. The court ruled that the book — which criticizes Cabuli on only a few of its 380 pages — did not detrimentally affect his work or reputation in South America. Marcelo Cabuli, Producer: Beauty & the Beat: Tarja Turunen & Mike Terrana Marcelo Cabuli rose to prime prominence as a Business. She comes back amidst an explosion of fireworks, wearing a black dress with yellow ruffles. As previously reported, NIGHTWISH have launched an official videoblog that will allow fans to watch the band during their rehearsals this summer. Once the menu shows your choices and you make your selection, a fade-out occurs, then fades back in to the Nightwish logo, the "end of an era" cross, and the music to "Planet Hell". If a new comment is published from a "banned" user or contains a blacklisted word, this comment will automatically have limited visibility (the "banned" user's comments will only be visible to the user and the user's Facebook friends). At this point of the show, during "Bless the Child", "Wishmaster", and "Slaying the Dreamer", Tarja seems a little more uninhibited on stage, doing little dances during these songs. That same year, she married her manager, Marcelo Cabuli, who Nightwish would later blame for their singer’s change in “attitude and behaviour” – an accusation that both have vigorously denied. The English translation of this title is "death makes an artist", and as you see Tarja standing there alone with nothing but somber black-and-white photos of each bandmember in the background, it only makes the message that much more impactful. Quick zooming camera work matches the frenetic pace of the song, the crowd pumping their fists in the air. To do so, click the downward arrow on the top-right corner of the Facebook comment (the arrow is invisible until you roll over it) and select the appropriate action. To report spam or any abusive, obscene, defamatory, racist, homophobic or threatening comments, or anything that may violate any applicable laws, use the "Report to Facebook" and "Mark as spam" links that appear next to the comments themselves. Fall In Love With Me Netflix, Samsung A51 New Update, Parcel Express Courier Service Company, Best Shooting Guards, Silver Lake Pinckney, Pisa Fc, marcelo cabuli 2020	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line51
__label__wiki	0.84019	0.84019	Nancy Robin Jaicks Abstract: My research attempts to answer two problems in the history of Long Island slavery and its aftermath. First, was slavery legally and culturally different from slavery in the South and second, what happened to emancipated slaves after New York abolished the institution in 1827? A third question became central to my work: did those blacks who stayed behind leave a legacy? Since Shelter Island is often pointed to as a very small and rural place where most blacks left after emancipation and those who stayed left almost no trace, I decided to use the Island as a place to research these questions. Recent work has studied eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This paper examines trends over the long period stretching to the beginning of the twenty-first century. Keywords: Shelter Island, race and class, New York emancipation, transformation from farming/fishing to resort community, technological change, the new immigration Articles VOL 25-2 By Nancy Robin Jaicks Less than 110 miles from Manhattan and roughly the same size, eight thousand acres, sits the place called Shelter Island. The island is nestled between the North and South Forks of Long Island. Bounded by tranquil bays rather than by oceans – Gardiner’s Bay to the north and the Peconic Bay to the south – it boasts numerous beaches and coves which have, in the past, afforded landing places for the illicit smuggling of slaves, and later, of rum. It can only be reached by boat, or today, small aircraft. Perhaps due to these fortuitous characteristics, its year-round population of approximately 2,414 men, women and children (swelling to 16,000 in the summer) have dubbed their home “the Unhamptons.” On this island, an enslaved African American work force that represented almost a quarter of its population in Revolutionary times, dwindled to a free black population that was a much smaller percentage of the community in the centuries that followed. In New York, gradual emancipation had begun in 1785; state law required complete emancipation in 1827. After the Civil War, the island underwent a transformation from a farming and fishing community to a resort and second home one. Such developments occurred within larger economic and military events. In this article, I try to analyze the mechanism of this change by focusing on the lives of African American families who stayed, produced, joined the churches, and educated their children at the Shelter Island Union School. An Unusual Story: A Freed Slave in the Twentieth Century When Albert Scott walked, his feet flopped, almost as if he were wearing flippers. It was a distinctive and very visible wound reported years later in memories written by Albertus “Toots” Clark. Albert Scott was born enslaved in the 1850s on the Chappell Plantation near Petersburg, Virginia. It appears that the Chappell Plantation was one of those owned by the Tyler-Gardiner family or their relatives, whose largest and most famous plantation, Sherwood Forest, was also near Petersburg, Virginia. As a child during the Civil War, Scott’s tendons were cut to prevent him from joining the crowds of slaves running away. Much later, he went to work for David Gardiner on Gardiner’s Island. In the last decade of the nineteenth century, Scott and his wife, Elizabeth Joseph Scott, moved permanently to Shelter Island where other members of the wealthy Gardiner family lived. There, Scott and his family were active contributors to the economic and social life of the island. They worked hard as farmers, domestic servants, and parishioners of St. Mary’s Church. Elizabeth Scott worked first for Sachem’s Neck proprietor, Miss Annie Nicoll, and then for Miss Cornelia Horsford, owner of Sylvester Manor. Both Scotts spent time in the employ of the Nicoll, Gardiner, and Horsford families. Albert Scott died in 1941; Elizabeth in 1957. Both are buried in the back southeast corner of St. Mary’s Churchyard. Albert Scott’s long life links slavery, which ended in New York State in 1827, to mid-twentieth century life on New York’s Shelter Island. Elizabeth Scott’s life weaves the enslavement of the Montauk Indians to the island. Astonishingly their lives and the lives of their owners knit Northern slavery, both African American and Indian, to the plantation system, the peculiar institution of the South. Further, the long life of another African American, Benjamin Chase, who married Scott’s daughter Laura, means that the link endured to the very end of the twentieth century. Ben Chase died in 1997, a month shy of 98, and is buried with his Shelter Island family.[1] Shelter Island was once a sleepy outpost for historians but that has changed. Currently, several researchers and writers are laboring on the history of slavery, ethnicity, and class on the Island. With the discovery of the Fiske vault at Sylvester Manor, Shelter Island, and the 2010 relocation of much of its collection of documents and letters to NYU’s Fales Special Collection at Bobst Library, work on these documents has accelerated. The archeological digs at the Manor from 1999 to 2006 have added another dimension to the archives. In her recently published book, The Manor: Three Centuries at a Slave Plantation on Long Island, the prize-winning author Mac Griswold narrates a story of considerably more importance to the overall understanding of slavery than its local origins might suggest. Complementing and deepening the renewed interest in the story is the one Kate Howlett Hayes tells. In her book, Slavery Before Race, Hayes, an historical archaeologist, has transformed our view of how and where the enslaved and European populations lived on the island, particularly on the estate of the Sylvester family.[2] In addition, the extremely knowledgeable local historians, Patricia and Edward Shillingburg, have been mining these rich records for more than a decade. They have recently written a history of another powerful landowning family, the Nicolls, of Shelter Island. All of these historians have benefitted from the deep vein of written and oral memories collected in the archives of the Shelter Island Historical Society.[3] The Historiography of the Enslaved These histories are restoring to memory the institutional and cultural world of early contact and the critical importance of the enslaved to the economic and social development of Long Island. We are just beginning to understand how highly different slavery in the North, and particularly on Shelter Island, was from its institutional cousin in the South. In this article, I intend to touch upon some of those distinctions in discussing the early contact period through the Revolution. But the body of the article will be devoted to the long nineteenth and twentieth centuries on Shelter Island. What is striking here is that the most recent publications and attention have focused like a laser on the Manor. However, by the nineteenth century, most of the island lay beyond the borders of the Manor. The Nicoll family, for example, owned over 2,000 acres of the Island by 1800, while the Manor consisted of less than 300. A trove of documents lies in the climate controlled vault of the Shelter Island Historical Society as well as in the memories of many islanders. I am examining trends in ethnicity (that is the enslaved – both African and Indian and their descendants), gender, and class from the end of slavery in New York State, to the variety of immigrants who served on Shelter Island in various capacities. In early 1900, for example, a surge of immigrants from as far away as California, England, Italy, and China, arrived to fill positions on the island in the hotel and restaurant business, landscaping, housework and building trades. My paper explores the history and offers some directions, I hope, for future analysis. I have found, for example, that historians have overlooked the importance of classification, mobility, visibility, and gender in finding ethnic groups. The United States Census reports always identified the race of each individual. Yet in each census, one single powerful person, the enumerator, decided how to classify races. Only in the Census of 2010 were respondents asked to identify their race themselves. Americans, including the enslaved and subsequently the freedmen, were highly mobile throughout the last two centuries. People left the island, were not counted, only to return again years later. Many historians established a truism that the Native Americans left after Youghco, Grand Sachem of the Algonquin, sold Shelter Island to Nathaniel Sylvester.[4] More recently, the work of Katherine Hayes showed that they lived and labored on the Manor for many years after. Lastly, intermarriage of Native American women with blacks became a survival strategy at a time when whaling traditionally drew male Native Americans away. The mixing of ethnic groups combined with the disappearance of maiden names in census documents meant the apparent “evaporation” of the Native American genetic strand until the discovery of DNA. Pre-Revolutionary Contact What history books used to call the Triangular Trade was really the first burst of the global economy and modernity. Moreover, the global economy of both Barbados and Shelter Island was based on the cheap labor of enslaved Africans and Native Americans. Soon after the Sylvester brothers, Nathaniel and Constant and their partners, Thomas Middleton and Thomas Rous, located and bought Shelter Island from Stephen Goodyear in 1652, they brought Africans and enslaved Native Americans to work the land. The Africans came from Barbados and various parts of Africa. The Native Americans were the Manhanset, related to the Algonquin peoples, who farmed and hunted on the island. This group suffered catastrophic depopulation. Born in Amsterdam of English parentage, Nathaniel Sylvester found Shelter Island tailor-made for his experience in dealing with multiple state rules, laws, and imposts. European demand for sugar was increasing exponentially. As his partners stayed in Barbados to oversee the arduous sugar production by African labor, Nathaniel Sylvester’s role was to provision those plantations with timber, hog’s meat, wheat, and tamed or broken horses and to meet the rules, regulations, and payment of duties to the authorities of the day. And authority shifted from the Dutch to the British to the Dutch and back to the English once again. Eastern Long Island was splintered into different spheres; the New England authorities had established their own rule in East Hampton and elsewhere on Long Island, the Dutch West Indies Company (the WIC) governed the lives of many Africans in other regions. Perhaps for this reason and because they were needed in the militia fighting Native Americans, treatment of the enslaved was milder than in New England.[5] Although Sylvester was the first to bring slaves to Shelter Island, they already populated much of eastern Long Island and lived under the following rules: they could (and some did) own their own land, serve and carry arms in the militia, testify in court against other blacks, and rarely, but occasionally, against whites. The WIC did not issue slave codes. Slave owners under the WIC did not break up husbands and wives. Lastly, there was the emergence of the “Half-Freedom” status. Those fortunate enough to achieve that status, “could enjoy all the rights and liberties of whites provided they pay an annual fee to the Dutch West Indies Company” and provided they work some days a year for that company.[6] Yet “Half-Freedom” status was far from freedom as the indentured servant – having served his or her indenture – experienced it. The signature inhumanity of slavery, the difference that separated the races, black and white, was the condition of the children of the enslaved. All children born of slavery were to be enslaved. The conditions on Shelter Island and the rest of Long Island meant, however, that there was always a relatively large population of half-free and free blacks on Long Island. Members of this population were, to some extent, agents of their own lives. Newly arrived African Americans could measure their status against this populace. They could and did escape into free communities.[7] Dutch rules lasted for forty years, almost a half a century. The Dutch Company was surely not made up of compassionate souls. In fact, Higginbotham tells us that Africans and Native Americans were tortured, but “it was consistent with torture of whites in the Netherlands and within Europe.”[8] The Dutch, as merchants and businessmen, were highly pragmatic. The environmental conditions did not yield large plantations of sugar or tobacco. Farms were much smaller and Europeans owned fewer of the enslaved. The needs of the Company for timber cutting and Indian fighting molded the rules governing their much needed labor. When the Dutch ceded Long Island to the British in 1664, the harsher Duke of York laws governing the slave trade and slave labor began to be enforced. Yet distinctive differences between New York Colony, and especially Long Island and other British colonies remained. On Shelter Island, more local conditions dramatically influenced the lives of the enslaved and the Sylvesters. K. H. Hayes and Stephen A. Mrozowski, together with the University of Massachusetts team who excavated on the Manor grounds from 1999-2006, discovered that enslaved Indians, Africans, and Europeans all labored and lived in the same compound. The enslaved lived in the Manor house and in its immediate outbuildings. Their living patterns differed strikingly from those that emerged in the antebellum south where slave quarters were placed separate and apart from the big house. Such close geographic proximity influenced economic, social, and sexual relations between the different groups.[9] Montaukett and Manhasset Indians lived, farmed, hunted, traveled, and traded on these same lands. Although the Dutch taxed and had influence over Nathaniel Sylvester, the dominant authorities the Shelter Island and the Montaukett tribes came into contact with were English. After the devastating Pequot War (1637) in which English militia murdered all the women and children they found in Pequot communities, various sachems tried to ally themselves with the English. Youghco, also called Poggaticut, Grand Sachem of the Montaukett and the Manhasset, walked a fine line between offering peaceful relations to the English and protecting the several tribes that gave their allegiance to him. In 1644, he elicited and received a document of recognition of sorts from the English Commission. Youghco’s brother, Wyandanch, a Manhanset sachem who owed allegiance to Youghco, is also cited in the certificate. And in 1653, after Captain Thomas Middleton tried to dispossess the Manhanset from their lands, and following the United Colonies failure to protect them, Youghco, presented himself to Captain Sylvester on Shelter Island. They met on what at the time were equal terms. In a ceremony “Youghco …delivered…one turfe and twige into their hands according to the usual custome of England.”[10] Then they did “willingly depart.” But although historians until very recent times have argued for the disappearance of the Manhanset from Shelter Island, they did not depart. Within a year of what became the transfer of land, Youghco had died and within six years Wyandanch also perished. Instead of simply fading away, having lost their leaders and customary use of the land for their sustenance, as well as the ability to move according to the seasons from coastal to inland homes, the Native Americans began to accept or seek labor with the Sylvester’s.[11] The terms of this labor are murky. It may have been enslaved labor. At any rate, conditions between the African enslaved and Native American labor could not have differed that much. Both groups survived. As discussed above, intermarriage meant that when it came to census reports as well as historians’ narratives, Native Americans appeared to have vanished. But what were the conditions of the laborers on the provisioning plantation of Shelter Island? Nathaniel Sylvester, as the documents show, clearly had the experience, the language facility, and the knowledge of both WIC and Colonial Commission regulations and ordinances to treat the island as a fluid frontier for establishing his own authority over the enslaved. Did religion influence him? While Nathaniel Sylvester and his young bride Grizzel did not arrive as Quakers, Nathaniel had grown up as an English ex-patriot in an Amsterdam Separatist Church.[12] The couple sympathized and received fugitives from Puritan New England. In addition, they entertained the great Quaker preachers, William Edmundson and George Fox. By 1660, they were “convinced.”[13] They had become Quakers themselves. Most Quakers at the time did not believe slave holding to be an evil. Rather they believed that Christian education was the duty of the slave owner. Not until 1773 did the Society of Friends denounce slavery altogether.[14] In his will, Nathaniel Sylvester showed the influence of both Dutch and Quaker attitudes. His will, probated two decades after he and Grizzel became “convinced,” left 24 enslaved. He designated the husbands and wives among his bondsmen as a unit. Enslaved children, although left separately to individual Sylvester family heirs, were also expected, it might seem, to stay within the confines of the Sylvester estate. This seems even more likely since the Will divided the Manor into five portions, one for each child. Sylvester had stated that the legacies would only remain in effect if his children lived on the plantation. His vision, then, appears to have been that not only his children but the young slaves willed to them would remain a familial unit in close geographic proximity. Soon, however, Nathaniel Sylvester’s son, Giles, and the other Sylvester children departed for New England. Brinley Sylvester, Nathaniel Sylvester’s grandson, then challenged both his grandfather’s will and that of his uncle Giles. In 1734, after winning his legal challenge, he razed the manor house built by his grandfather. In its place he built the Georgian manor house that now stands. His records tell us that he held important county and town positions and that he engaged more in trade than in farming. That he continued to use slave labor, both African and Native American, on Shelter Island is not surprising. The island which had once been the sole property of his grandfather was now split into landholdings. The Nicolls had many thousands of acres on Sachem’s Neck, the Havens held over one thousand acres, as did the Sylvesters. These properties included the enslaved. Names, numbers, and prices that remain in the surviving letters of Thomas Dering, and also wills , yield a picture of the changing nature of slavery in the eighteenth century.[15] This period, the Age of Enlightenment, ironically was a time when an already cruel institution came under increasingly brutal legislation. The hunger for African enslaved – sometimes brought in legally, sometimes smuggled, but always changing the demography of New York– clashed with the struggle on the part of the enslaved against their bonds. Many African Americans, both slave and free, resided in New York City where they labored on the docks, as porters, coopers, and servants. There, the riots of 1712 and 1741 brought about additional laws to repress and control the population of color.[16] The immediate punishments for the riot, fire, and assassinations perpetrated by 23 Africans in 1712 included burning alive and hanging. Under the new laws blacks were stripped of their ability to own property; their travel circumscribed; their general movements restricted. They could no longer testify in court. During this period, a tension evolved between the few religious and humanitarian voices that decried slavery and the many who feared a swelling black population imported to enrich the merchants and farmers of New York colony. Revolutionary Ideas and the Freeing of Slaves on the Island Little is known about the sensibilities of Shelter Islanders during these years. By the Census of 1771 there were 27 slaves out of a population of 167. Slave owners included names that have passed down on Shelter Island: Nicoll, Sylvester, Haven, and Dering, among others. But the American Revolution found the island squarely on the side of the patriots and of “liberty.” And after the British offered the enslaved their freedom if they joined the King’s forces, the colonials changed their own policy. In 1781, New York Colony offered the same exchange of freedom for fighting. Many blacks had already taken up arms and, for example, fought bravely in the Battle of Long Island, in 1776.[17] Responding to Revolutionary principals, New York legislators gingerly began the process of emancipation. First in 1788 and then in 1799, they passed laws that gradually freed the enslaved. Beginning with those born after 1799, men and women were to have their freedom upon reaching the age of 28 for males and 25 for females. Full emancipation was to be reached by July 4, 1827. Since owners having possession of a child born after the law of 1799 could register the infant and still retain the bondsman or woman in enslavement until ages 28 and 25 respectively, some blacks remained enslaved even after age 28. On the Island, the new laws resulted in a cascade of manumissions well before the 1827 date. In 1795, Sylvester Dering, Henry Dering, and Nathaniel Gardiner applied to free Mathilda, a slave they had inherited. In 1799, Benjamin Havens and Renseler Havens applied to free their slave, Dick. Samuel B. Nicoll “set at liberty” the family, Cade, Elizabeth, and their child Armenia. According to the law, application had to be made to each town’s “Overseers of the Poor.” Owners were required to testify that the slave was under fifty years of age and able to support him or herself. In 1790, there were 23 free blacks and 24 enslaved. In the 1820 Census, the numbers were 40 free and 2 enslaved. Blacks began to seek lives off Shelter Island.[19] Of those who remained, few documents have survived to tell their lives. A handful of sources in Shelter Island Historical Society’s Vault, in the U.S. Census, in the island cemeteries, and in the memories of their descendants provide some guidance to the lives of the remaining minority families on the Island by 2000. In this article, I have decided to focus on two families who were deeply representative of the history of Shelter Island. Each embodies the struggle to endure and prosper in place. Each resided for a century here: the Hempsteads in the nineteenth century, and them Scott/Joseph/Chases in the twentieth. Both families allowed me to recapture a “world we have lost.” Nineteenth Century and the Hempstead Family David Hempstead, who was born in 1808, appears in the U.S. Census reports of 1820 and 1830. He left to work on the crew of whalers leaving, out of Sag Harbor. A large poster in the Eastville Historical Society refers to his significance as a whaling sailor. The David Hempstead cited as a free black householder on Shelter Island may have been his father.[20] We know that several blacks born on the island left to join the Sag Harbor whaling crews in the heyday of whaling. Back on the island, they were cited in the Census reports as “mariner.”[21] One such seaman (surely a nephew or grandson) who sought high adventure on the sea and then volunteered to fight in the Civil War was James Madison Hempstead. Madison Hempstead was born in 1836. He was probably at sea when he was not enumerated in the U.S. Census, Shelter Island, of 1850, but he appears again residing with his father James, mother Rachel, and siblings in the Census of 1860. In that census he is unmarried, age 24, and designated as “mariner.” He joined the Union troops shortly after the opening shots at Fort Sumter and is inscribed alongside sixteen of his white compatriots in the Shelter Island Eagle monument sitting on Wilson Circle. Do any of the students who pass by that monument every day know of this black Civil War patriot? Do they know that the star next to his name means that he died for the Union Cause?[22] It is difficult to know whether Madison Hempstead was one of the eight volunteers who earned the town bounty of $125 voted on August 22, 1862, to answer the call for 300,000 men. But whether he earned the bounty or not, it took the sense of independence and willingness to face the unknown that he had already demonstrated as a whaler to seek and face battle.[23] The full draft was only instituted in 1863. This is a war in which we now know that upwards of 620,000 men, Union and Confederate, perished. 178,000 volunteers for the Union joined the United States Colored Troops. Madison Hempstead’s brother, Henry Hempstead, also volunteered. Madison was one of those who did not return home. Fig. 1: Shelter Island Civil War Monument. On the monument, and just out of sight in this image, an eagle perches over those who fought in the Civil War. James Madison Hempstead, farmer and whaler, and one of the 178,000 men who fought with the US Colored Troops, is identified with a star as one of those who died. (photograph by Sara Shepherd) The historian Ralph Duvall mistakenly wrote that James Madison Hempstead “died in a Southern camp.” Examination of his death certificate shows that he died in a Union Hospital in Beaufort, South Carolina. He served in the 29th U.S. Colored Regiment, Company D. Union troops had taken Beaufort in the battle of Port Royal early in the war. We have no way of knowing which battles Madison served in, but after almost two years of service he died of pneumonia in Beaufort Hospital #5 on May 30, 1864.[24] Civil War medicine, practiced before germ theory and the modern microscope, killed more than twice those who died from combat deaths. But while twice as many soldiers died of disease than from bullets, ten times as many African Americans did.[25] The disparity between white and black soldiers went further. As Drew Gilpin Faust has shown, Confederate combatants, from ordinary soldiers to officers – with very few exceptions – followed a policy of murdering black combatants even when they surrendered. Well-documented is the story of the Fort Pillow Massacre of April 1864, when the three hundred black soldiers were killed, “most after they had surrendered.” It was so rare for blacks to be spared that we only know of about one hundred who were found in the infamous Andersonville Camp.[26] But while Madison’s heroism is etched onto a monument, Henry Hempstead, his younger brother, is strangely invisible. He may have returned home from the war with both wounds and post-traumatic stress. He and his wife Sarah were married with three small children in the Census of 1870 but – unusual for this time period – were divorced by 1880. Henry was reported as a single head of household with his son, Mathias, age 15, living at home. Mathias had gone to sea like his uncle and father and at this young age was a ship’s cook. Henry’s father, James Hempstead, had been a model of family stability and had been cited as head of household from 1850 to 1870. Although born into slavery in 1805, by 1860 he owned property valued at $500. Ten years later his property was worth $1,200. Mary, Henry’s sister, at age 30, was still living with James in 1870. From the 1870s, she attended the new St. Mary’s Episcopal Church. Mary Hempstead, who had been schooled on Shelter Island, could read and write. But unlike the males in her family, she owned no property.[27] She entered service with the Nicoll family of Sachem’s Neck. A visitor to St. Mary’s churchyard can find her gravestone in Ben Nicoll’s family plot. When she died in 1902 at age 60 years and 8 months, she was the first black person to be buried in the churchyard.[28] Fig. 2: Frank Myers Boggs (1855-1926), Clamming at Shelter Island, 1878, oil on canvas. The Long Island Museum. The 1870 Census counts 13 blacks – with the two Hempstead families as the only ones counted with young children – out of a total population of 649 on Shelter Island. The Census, Classification and Ethnicity Between the 1880 Census and the 1900 Census, there was a dramatic shift. It suggests that students of history should beware of too much reliance on one source and of declaring a trend prematurely. The Census of 1820, the last to enumerate slaves, counted 42 blacks and the 1880 Census counts only 4 blacks on Shelter Island, causing those who stopped their count at 1880 to refer to the “end” of the black population. The United States Census of 1890 was destroyed by fire. But in 1900, the census counts a sudden appearance of 32 blacks on the island. What would account for this steep decline and resurgence? Demographic shifts and economic booms and busts may be part of the change. But classification, reluctance to be counted, mobility, and mistakes are surely factors. From the first United States Census when no Native Americans appear on the island to 1900 when “M” for mulatto is used more than in prior cases, it was the census taker or enumerator who identified, using his own sense of skin color, which person to place in which category. As discussed above, we know that early in the post-contact period a strategy for survival was the intermarriage or intermixing of Native Americans with the black population. This accounts for the rapid “disappearance” of Indians among the population of black inhabitants. In addition, many islanders of color, Native American and black, fled to the mixed community in Sag Harbor called Eastville. Eastville was a mere ferry or small boat ride across the Peconic Bay. With the introduction of steamboats, ferries, and in the 1840s, the railroad, Long Islanders, both black and white, traveled on the East End more frequently. The Nicolls, for example, were peripatetic between New York City, Sachem’s Neck, and Albany. Their black servant, Jane Havens, traveled with them until the Fugitive Slave Act in 1850 became the legal fiction for kidnapping and trafficking to the South. We also know that other Shelter Island African Americans lived highly mobile lives throughout the nineteenth century. As we saw above, David Hempstead left the island to join a whaling crew sometime in the 1840s. From that period on, he can be traced in the East Hampton Census as living in Sag Harbor. Madison Hempstead was not in the Shelter Island Census of 1850. He had left the island to be a mariner. But he returned and was counted in the 1860 Shelter Island Census. His next appearance in a document was, of course, in the records of enlisted men next to his brother in 1863. His last was his military death certificate, 29th Colored Regiment, Company D, categorizing him as a “farmer.” So we do not know what happened to Mary Greene, servant, and Perry Albert, laborer, who appear in the 1880 Census or to others who may simply not have been on Shelter Island at the time of the census. We do know that after the war many blacks migrated to New York City where work was plentiful. But by 1900, a surprising 32 persons classified as either black or Indian were enumerated. Six were heads of families and only a few are identified as domestics living with a white family. Aron Lafferty, 65, his son Nathan Lafferty, 46, were each listed as head of household and are each classified as “Indian.” Our veteran Henry Hempstead, 61, was by then a “widower.” Mary Hempstead, 58, his sister, was also identified as head of household. By 1910, the Hempstead family whose story we followed from enslavement to veteran status are no longer on Shelter Island. The family offers a window onto gender differences as well as race and class. Some of the men in the family had accumulated property. According to the census, they could read but are not tallied as writing. Educationally, Mary was a cut above. She could both read and write. But at her death in 1902, she was still a servant in the Nicoll family and she still owned no property. Migration and the Scott Family At the turn of the twentieth century, a second African American family story began on Shelter Island. Just as the narrative of the Hempstead family threads nineteenth century island history, from slavery and emancipation to death in the Civil War and its aftermath, the family of Albert Scott, born enslaved in the state of Virginia, is interwoven with Shelter Island’s entire twentieth century. All of the African Americans and Native Americans listed in the 1900 Census were born in New York State with two exceptions. One, Albert Scott, 41, was born in the state of Virginia. The arc of Alfred Scott’s family and descendants traced the century-long history of African Americans on the island. The family worked, married, were schooled, and socialized on Shelter Island for just shy of one hundred years until Ben Chase’s death in 1997. Ben Chase had married Scott’s daughter, Laura, in 1922.The Scotts were critical economic producers, civic contributors, members of the community and of their parish of St. Mary’s Episcopal Church throughout those years. They were also the social and familial focus of blacks coming to and leaving the island. For example, Charles “Jimmy” Hayward lived with the Chases for two years. He was a boarder but also a friend.[29] Elizabeth Joseph was born in in 1872 in East Hampton to direct descendants of the Montauk Sachem, Wyandanch. She married Albert Scott, freed from one of the Tyler-Gardiner Plantations in Virginia. Their marriage united Shelter Island’s Native American heritage to a harsh Southern Plantation culture. Scott was born enslaved in the 1850s. Their marriage also linked the history of the wealthy Gardiner/Horsford families with the story of other ethnicities on the island. Elizabeth Scott worked for both Anna Nicoll (“Miss Annie”) and for Cornelia Fenton Horsford. She was the latter’s cook and trusted employee.[30] I discovered the overlooked but significant connection between the Scotts, the Gardiners and the Horsfords. At its root is the institution of slavery. In the antebellum period, Julia Gardiner, cousin and friend of Mary and Phoebe Gardiner, of Sylvester Manor, married John Tyler, President of the United States. On leaving the presidency, they retired to the fifteen-hundred acre Tyler Plantation in Virginia where they owned between sixty and ninety enslaved persons. In 1852, Eben Horsford, who had married Mary Gardiner, thus becoming the patriarch of Sylvester Manor, visited the plantation and wrote of the contented nature of the enslaved in “Sherwood Forest” as it was ironically named.[31] But later, Scott identified his chronic limp as a result of the deliberate cutting of his tendons. Since slaves were sometimes hired out and often traded in Virginia, it is impossible to know who owned Scott then or who was responsible for this horrific abuse of the child Scott, born into enslavement on Chappell Plantation. But we know that violent abuses were practiced on runaways or perceived runaways. As James Stirling, an English traveler in 1857 noted, there were other emotions besides the passion for gain that sometimes ruled the hand of an owner.[32] Julia Gardiner Tyler and the Horsfords were close. They not only corresponded but they visited each other.[33] Even in her advanced years, the former First Lady visited Cornelia Horsford, appearing in her Guest Registry.[34] At the same time that the famous Grimke sisters were leaving South Carolina to proselytize for abolition, Julia traveled to the South as a convert to Southern ways and pro-slavery ideology when she married President Tyler of Virginia. But she was born in Suffolk County, daughter of David Gardiner, the sole proprietor of Gardiner’s Island, and sister of David Gardiner, the subsequent owner. Pretty and intelligent, she captured the fancy of a sitting President, thirty years her senior. She was instantly elevated to First Lady. When the Duchess of Sutherland published her anti-slavery tract in an English journal, Gardiner-Tyler wrote a rebuttal entitled “To the Duchess of Sutherland and Ladies of England.” It appeared in English publications and also in the Southern Literary Messenger in 1853.[35] The Duchess had written her essay after reading Uncle Tom’s Cabin. In the same way, Julia’s article was one of many volleys shot in the ideological warfare that followed Stowe’s powerful work. Julia, like the more intellectual Senator John Calhoun, argued that the slave’s lot was vastly better than that of the workers in the factories of Manchester, England and Lowell, Massachusetts. She and her brother David, who was anti-slavery, broke over their differences. After the Civil War, Albert Scott migrated from St. Petersburg, Virginia, to New York State and went to work on Gardiner’s Island for Julia’s anti-slavery brother, David Gardiner. David Gardiner had decided to dismantle the fort on the island and use the stones in a wall. Albert Scott did this work. On the island, the former slave met Vincent Joseph, a Montauk Indian, listed as one of Gardiner’s workers. Later, he and Joseph’s sister, Elizabeth Right Joseph, married in East Hampton.[36] By 1900, the census lists Scott as living on Shelter Island, head of household with Elizabeth, his wife, and four children: Walter Vincent, Alfred, Willis Franklin, and Laura Priscilla. The latter was just two months old. Albert Scott, Elizabeth, and the Josephs all worked on Miss Annie Nicoll’s property in Sachem’s Neck. Scott’s strength and work ethic were legendary and this despite his disabled feet. He logged trees, built roads, and farmed the land. In 1907, Elizabeth moved the family from Sachem’s Neck to the Center to be closer to the island school. Was it then that she went to work for Cornelia Horsford of Sylvester Manor? A beautiful passport from the U.S. Department of State stamped with a red seal provides a tantalizing mystery. The document, citing a dark-skinned maidservant to accompany Cornelia out of the country may have been for Elizabeth. But what could have drawn the Scotts to Shelter Island? Further, what could account for the census numbers that showed a paltry 4 blacks in 1880 and 32 minorities in 1900? The economic upheavals of the prior decade were a factor. 1893 saw a depression when many lost their jobs. Then, abruptly following the downturn, an upswing in the economy led to the increasing wealth of a plutocracy. This was the Gilded Age. The Gilded Age and the Transformation of an Island The ground for making Shelter Island a pleasure camp for the rich had been tilled by Samuel Benjamin Nicoll and Eben Horsford, the former a doctor, lawyer, and town supervisor, the latter an industrialist and Harvard professor. The two men used their political and economic prowess to close the multiple fish factories on the island. They transformed Shelter Island from fishing and farming to a predominantly resort and vacation community. It is true that the fish factories, frying vast quantities of oil from menhaden fish, wafted a powerful fish smell that pervaded homes and even, according to the Suffolk Times, stuck to the islanders’ laundry as it swung in the breeze. Some reported that they could smell it in Greenport. But Bunker City, as one of the factories was called, employed substantive numbers of Shelter Island fisherman. Further, the boats anchored in Greenport to catch and process the bunkers employed both black and white. The Town Council regulated the end of bunker processing on the island. With the smell gone, sparkling white mansions began to cluster along the island coast. Besides mansions, two storied hotels sprang up: Manhanset Hotel in Dering Harbor, built in 1874, and Prospect House, erected in the Heights barely two years before. A perusal of the Suffolk Times for the turn of the century depicts the changing island. It narrates a tale of the very wealthy and their retinue of servants. The transformed island now needed cooks, waiters, gardeners, chauffeurs, estate managers, and stable hands. Not only were the Heights and Dering Harbor busy with summer people of more moderate wealth, but multi-millionaires like Artemis Ward, advertising genius, and Francis Marion Smith, who cornered the market on Borax, had bought up hundreds of acres and built grand mansions. Presdeleau, Smith’s home, boasted thirty-five rooms.[38] Smith moved his family between coasts by private rail car and yacht. Among Smith’s servants were a team of Chinese men brought from California. Some of them stayed on the island and were counted in the Census Reports of 1910. Samuel Benjamin Nicoll, scion of the Nicoll family, had died in 1899. Almost a decade prior Eben Horsford expired. The newly rich on the island turned to the next generation of the Horsford family for the lavish charitable events popular at the turn of the century and now. Cornelia Fenton (Gardiner) Horsford was a direct descendant of Nathaniel Sylvester. She had never married and instead led an active social and intellectual life as owner of the oldest estate, Sylvester Manor, on the island. Fig. 3: This photograph of 1888 shows the elegant Manhanset Hotel on Dering Harbor. The resort hired African Americans as waiters and porters for the summer months. Built in 1874, to serve the new vacation visitors, it burnt down in 1896 was rebuilt and continued to serve well-heeled vacationers until another fire in 1906. Equally imposing was Prospect House in the Heights. The latter burned in the twenties but, rebuilt, survived until, as the New Prospect Hotel, it burned a final time in 1942. (photo courtesy of the SIHS Archives) One important event, a huge party at the Manor, was given jointly by Mrs. Francis Marion Smith of Oakland, California, and Presdeleau, Shelter Island, and Cornelia Horsford of Sylvester Manor to raise money for the organ of the Presbyterian Church. Gypsy fortune-telling booths were just one of the entertaining activities at this party. The Harvest Festival, an annual event to fund the library, was led by Cornelia who was president of the library.[39] Behind the scenes and unnoticed by the newspaper accounts were the many servants needed to set up, bake, and beautify the Manor and the Chapel where events often took place. Elizabeth Scott was called on for these festivities. Elizabeth and Albert, like Mary Hempstead, sought spiritual life at St. Mary’s Episcopal Church. Perhaps the Nicolls had first taken them there. Each of their children were baptized at the church. The three boys, Walter, Alfred Jefferson, and Willis, were baptized in July of 1897. After Laura Scott’s birth in 1900, both she and her mother were baptized on the same day, November 19, 1901.[40] Fig. 4: This is a photograph of a page in the Baptismal Record of St. Mary’s Church. The three sons of Albert and Elizabeth Scott, Willis, Alfred and Walter, were baptized together on July 18, 1897. Alfred and Walter are also buried in St. Mary’s Churchyard. (photo courtesy of St. Mary’s). The next memories we have come from Albertus “Toots” Clark’s story of work on Sachem’s Neck/Mashomack as it passed from the Nicoll family to the financier Otto Kahn and then to Gerard and Associates. “Toots” Clark remembers being a kid in Sachem’s Neck: “Mr. Scott was some great character! He was a black man but all us kids called him Mr. Scott. He was the first man my father hired (about 1923). He allus said he was 75. He was 17 when he ran away + from a pine camp in South Carolina, where he cut railroad ties. Mr. Scott had long arms that swung to his knees, and he was some wood cutter! But he couldn’t run. The cords in his legs had been cut when he ran away. His feet just flopped…He helped build the roads here, 27 miles of ‘em. In winter at noontime he’d come in, and set by the fire. He liked it real hot. He didn’t talk much, but he liked us kids.”[41] An interview with Albert Scott provided the deep background of his youth in Virginia. In 1940, The Shelter Island News, the paper of record at the time, quotes the Scotts. Albert Scott relates his living and “being in the employ of” the Tyler-Gardiner family. They, of course, had several plantations, among them Sherwood Forest, and in the antebellum years Mr. Scott was a slave. The following is how he told his story or how it was reported: Mr. and Mrs. Albert Scott…live just east of Route 114 on the former F.M. Smith property. Mr. Scott was born a slave just before the Civil War on the Chappell Plantation near Petersburg, Va. After the war gave young Albert his freedom, he was in the employ of the Tyler-Gardiner family (U.S. President Tyler married Julia Gardiner of Gardiner’s Island). Next, Albert as a young man came to Gardiner’s Island to work for David Gardiner, Ninth Lord of the Isle of Wight in the New World (Gardiner’s Island), predecessor of the late Lion Gardiner the Tenth. In East Hampton Mr. Scott met and married Miss Elizabeth Joseph, whose mother – by maiden name Hannah Right- was a full-blooded Montauk Indian. (Authority, Mr. and Mrs. Albert Scott themselves).[42] I pursued the story of Albert Scott’s terrible wound. Two well-known historians responded in emails that the cutting of tendons would appear to be counterproductive for slave owners who wanted the most profit from the enslaved’s labor. But a phone conversation with Dr. Maury K. Harwood, an orthopedic surgeon in Gilbert, California, brought a counter narrative to the issue: “The cutting of tendons could easily have been done with the tools available in the antebellum period, and, although painful, would heal fairly quickly. The abuse would not have hindered the victim’s ability to work or to gain great upper body strength. But it would have achieved the objective of keeping him from running.”[43] The Scotts and Chases in the Twentieth Century At the time of the Shelter Island News interview, much had happened to the Scotts. Tragedy struck twice, first when Willie Franklin fell through the ice and died at age eight. It struck a second time when Alfred Jefferson succumbed to pneumonia at age sixteen. Both are buried with one large white stone cross in St. Mary’s Churchyard. More happily, second daughter Pearl was born in 1914. Laura Scott completed her studies. In 1922, she married Ben Chase, also of Native American and African American heritage. Ben arrived on the island in 1918. He was born in Brooklyn in 1899 and had run away from an orphanage where he had been placed when his mother died. We do not know what brought him originally to the island. Records do show that he went to work at Winthrop House, settled on island, married Laura Priscilla Scott, had a family, and ultimately built the Chase House, next to the Harbor Inn, on Burns Road. By the time of the Chase marriage, Walter Scott, Albert and Elizabeth’s remaining son, had left, joining an exodus of blacks from Shelter Island. To reiterate, the 1900 Census report shows 32 people of Black or Native American origin. There were 23 people of color, including 5 Chinese, in 1910. But in the 1920 Census only 10 remain. Although the economic reasons are clear – war, economic opportunity in the burgeoning cities, youthful wanderlust – a surge of racism suggests a more menacing reason. In the aftermath of World War I, nativism was on the rise in the nation and on Long Island. Nationally in the mid-1920s, Klan membership approached two million.[44] It was at least in part a response to the hundreds of thousands of Italians, Irish, Jews and other ethnicities fleeing floods, droughts, hunger, and pogroms in Europe. But black migration from the South exacerbated bigotry. From the 1890s to the 1920s, and especially in the latter decade, the Ku Klux Klan gained hundreds of thousands of adherents. The Junior Order of United American Mechanics and the Klan both had a presence on Shelter Island and on Long Island as a whole. “Greetings From Shelter Island Klanswomen” Under a blistering July sun in 1926, the Klan held a huge three-day assembly on the Mineola Fair grounds. Not only was it well attended by throngs of the Klan, but Klanswomen from all over Long Island placed paid advertisements in the glossy magazine that accompanied the organized meeting. One of those salutations was “Greetings from Shelter Island Klanswomen.” Another advertisement recruiting for the Klan ran thus: (Klorero, SIHS). Pioneer Klan, no. 26 Southampton, Long Island Do You Realize that the Klan Has Become a Factor in Our Community Life? CAN YOU QUALIFY? As a White, Gentile, Protestant American If so, apply for further information P.O. Box 537, Mineola, Long Island A Knight in shining Klan robe atop a rearing stallion graced the cover of the “Klorero,” the Klan’s magazine. It sold briskly at thirty-five cents a copy. The Klorero was part of an exhibit called “Hidden and Forbidden” shown at the Suffolk County Historical Society in the summer of 2013. It included an actual Klan robe, heavy ropes, and pictures of lynching. Whether lynching ever occurred on Long Island in the 1920s or not, there is testimony that crosses were burned on Shelter Island lawns. According to Paul D. Colford, Bay Shore in Suffolk County was center of KKK activity. Some say the animosity was directed at Italians and Catholics, but whatever the case, it must have struck fear in the hearts of anyone not “white, gentile, Protestant.”[45] The Newsday story in 1987 started with the serendipitous discovery of KKK records in a garbage pail. An antiques collector plucked out the discarded cache of records and subsequently sold them to the Queens Borough Public Library. The collection is catalogued as the Wagner Collection. Charles Wagner, the recording secretary of a group called “The Neophytes of Comus,” kept detailed records of activities, posted wrongdoing by public school teachers, and maintained lists of the organization’s members. To join the Neophytes, one needed membership in the KKK. Although no such list has come down to us for either the Neophytes or the KKK of Shelter Island, the celebration of the KKK by the Klanswomen of the Island leaves no doubt about its existence at the time.[46] The 1930s blew in the dual catastrophes of extreme hurricanes and the Great Depression. A metaphor for both seems to be the Borax King’s mansion, Presdeleau. After Francis Smith’s first business failure in 1913, his summer “cottage” received far less upkeep. Although he regained his fortune, the banks continued to hold his debts and everything was not restored. The Hurricane of 1938 caused grievous damage to Presdeleau. Finally Smith’s widow, Evelyn, had its remains pulled down. The grand hotel, The Manhanset, had already burned down. New Prospect Hotel, rebuilt after an earlier fire, still stood – at least until 1942. Thirty-two blacks, Native Americans, and Chinese immigrants had dwindled to fourteen in 1930 and six in 1940. [47] The Scotts, the Josephs, and the Chases had put down deep roots and remained the core group on the Island. Laura Scott Chase and Ben Chase had married in 1922. Laura Scott, born on Shelter Island, had been schooled at the Shelter Island Union School. Their children, Hope and Naomi, attended and graduated from the island school in 1939 and 1940 respectively. Thus they were the second generation to do so. Although there was still much work to be had at the various lodges – Peconic Lodge, for example, sent out brochures promising “smiling colored waiters” – the Chases believed in working independently.[48] Ben Chase, for example, had his own sanding and flooring business and was also a machinist. Laura Scott Chase was called on to cook for various parties and events. But following the death of Albert Scott in 1941 and the winds of war, the Chases left the Island for over a decade. Many blacks were leaving the North and South Forks with the magnet of war work closer to the great harbors of New York City. Ben Chase found work in Long Island as a machinist and clearly thrived. Fig. 5: Vincent Joseph and his sister, Elizabeth Joseph Scott, were identified as “full-blooded Montauk Indians”. Elizabeth married Albert Scott, former slave from Virginia. This photo shows Vincent, age 83, and unidentified male members of the Scott Chase family, with Laura Scott Chase. Laura had married Ben Chase in 1918. The photo is dated 1949 after the death of Albert Scott. (from the SIHS Archives) The Island at Mid-Century In 1950, Shelter Island still had farms totaling over 1,500 acres. Migrant labor was often used to plant, till, and harvest. This was the same year that the Beanery, an island industry with almost mythical dimensions in its history, began. The Beanery, a cooperative of farm and factory, harvested lima beans and cauliflower and flash froze them right here on the island for Libby, Big Valley, Snow Crop, Sea Brook, and Birds Eye among others. Ten founders of the cooperative employed 35 to 40 women, wives and mothers of the Island, and 15 viners. The viner crew was made up of black migrant laborers brought up from Alabama by a crew leader named Williams. Fig. 6: Lima bean workers, c. 1955. In the 1950s, local farm owners founded a cooperative to harvest and freeze beans for General Foods and other food conglomerates. African American migrants were hired from the Carolinas to do the dangerous and dirty work demanded by the lima bean machines. They were housed in shacks behind the combines. (photo courtesy of the SIHS archives) Men and women worked between 10 and 12 hours each day and the viner crew lived in a labor camp at the back of the plant where the Fire Department now sits. According to Evans Griffing there was a vibrant social atmosphere and a lot of yelling (over the machines) and hilarity: “Now that crowd – you can imagine the fun that was going on in that room – they were always yelling and talking at each other…” The pay was good. “We even had a New State Labor Department representative come down here and force us to pay more than 25 cents per hour for every person we employed. But our bean price didn’t go up. That was in 1953.”[49] And besides the long hours and good pay, there was clearly hardship. The bookkeeper, Edith Shepherd, spent her hours of working with her feet in the water since there was no place for the water to drain. Finally this was rectified. The viner crew in the camp had nowhere to go in what was then a segregated Island. Saturday night was devoted to drinking, card playing, and dancing. When a fight would break out, Pete Hannabury, the only policeman on the Island, would escort one or more laborers to the Ferry with a one-way ticket.[50] A monstrous hurricane, Carol, immediately followed by two more in August of 1954 and another in 1955, devastated the crops and the Beanery. Then a pestilence of bugs attacked the beans. Many of the viner crew returned to Alabama; the Shelter Island women workers were also let go. Evan Griffing, Richard Moser and the 8 other founding members of the Beanery lost their initial capital and the $275,000 dollar loan they had received from the Federal Farm Loan Association in Springfield, Massachusetts. But it is interesting that this experiment which brought blacks and whites together, however tenuously, was happening just a year or two before Rosa Parks refused to get up for a white man in an Alabama bus on December 1, 1955. And it happened in the same decade that Thurgood Marshall, attorney for the NAACP, was litigating two cases that preceded the famous Brown v. Board of Education. In one, Sweat v. Painter, the University of Texas created a separate law school for a single black student. This was the case in which the Supreme Court first established that separate was not equal. In another case, McLaurin v. Oklahoma, a black doctoral candidate was forced to sit roped off from his fellow graduate students. The court decided again that this did not provide an equal education. Both cases were decided in 1950. On Shelter Island, one wonders if the Beanery had any impact on islanders or on the migrants making their way back to the South. Whatever the answer, Laura Scott Chase and Ben Chase returned to Shelter Island at just about this time. And Charles “Jimmy” Hayward arrived as a permanent resident. In the mid-1950s, Charles Hayward migrated from South Carolina to work for local farmers, Frank Mik and Anton Blados. Charles, like his father, had always fished – shrimp, crawfish, and lobster – and sold the fish off the back of his truck. On Shelter Island he began performing many jobs, among them driving a truck and harvesting potatoes. The latter was still a big crop on the Island. Charles Hayward found that he could pick the startling quantity of 300 bushels a day at 10 cents each making $30 a day – far more than weekly pay for a truck driver. And he continued to fish. Charles Hayward recounts that he bought a fishing boat. But soon after, islanders blasted a hole in it and Hayward discovered it foundering in the bay. He knew who the perpetrators were and told that to the Shelter Island Chief of Police who questioned him about the vandalism. Hayward said he would not name the perpetrators but warned that they should not try it again. The word must have gotten around because his new boat was safe. Among other occupations, Hayward worked as a bartender and bouncer for the Chequit Hotel and as driver and general manager for Mr. Antonucci for 46 years. Ultimately, he saved enough to buy the land and build his fish shop and restaurant on Smith Road. He opened the now thriving shop in 1984. In the meantime he brought up his daughters, Chloe and Amanda .Both graduated from the Shelter Island School and both earned advanced degrees.[51] Ben and Laura Scott Chase had befriended Charles when they returned to the island. Charles Hayward has much to say about them: Ben was a handsome man, around 5’ 10”. He was of Indian origin, you know. Laura was also Indian, very attractive, and had a straight nose and light skin. Ben walked everywhere. I never asked why, but if you have lived on the island for a few decades you would have seen him. They built a house on Burns and Cartwright. And that’s where people felt at home. I asked him to rent a room to me for a while. I stayed there for two years before I built my own place. Their grandchildren, Kenny, Keith, Karen, and Jakie all came to live with them to escape the schools in Queens. It was a strong family. Laura was a great cook. Kenny starred in athletics. And a bunch of us would play pool together. Ben had a great sense of humor. People liked to be around him.[52] Friendships were not restricted to the black population. Long-time Island resident Lauretta King also recalls that her husband Vincent King’s aunt and uncle had a regular card game they played at their neighbors, the Chases on Burns Road.[53] On Saturday night, 23 June 1973, the Chase’s house on Burns Road burned to the ground. With the fire, they lost their home, their savings, and priceless memorabilia – papers and photos from much earlier times. The front page headline shouted: Fire Destroys Chase Home Lack of Water is Blamed A fire about 10 p.m. last Saturday night all but consumed the two-story home of Laura and Ben Chase of Burns Avenue. It is believed to have started in an anti-room of the one-story wing containing the kitchen. Firemen had all but gotten the fire under control when water supplies carried on the trucks, were exhausted. A delay of some 20 to 30 minutes in running a hose line three-tenths of a mile to Coecles Harbor resulted in the almost total loss of the dwelling. No one was reported hurt. But the Chase family, including four grandchildren, lost all of its possessions. The family was taken in by friends and neighbors and is now living in quarters offered by the Passionist Fathers Retreat House, also on Burns Avenue. Some twelve hours later, firemen were again called to the scene when the fire broke out again, this time in the roof of the two-story section. Observers said that only one downstairs bedroom remains uncharred by the fire.[54] Resident and writer Linda Holmes remembers the fire and its aftermath well. The family escaped with only the clothes on their backs. Family bibles, letters and documents were destroyed. Most oppressive were the delaying tactics of the company the Chases had insured their house and property with. For a while, the Chases camped out in a trailer the insurers had placed on their property. Granddaughter Karen Morgan-Wood reports she escaped the worst of the blaze having gone to a sweet sixteen party in Brooklyn.[55] Ben and Laura Chase not only survived but graduated two daughters and all four grandchildren in their charge from Shelter Island High School. In 1940 and 1978 respectively, daughter Naomi Chase and granddaughter Karen Morgan each worked on the staff of the yearbook, the Pogatticut. All the grandchildren attended college. In 1993, the New York Times featured Kenny Morgan, who had been a star basketball player at the high school, class of 1971, as the best tennis coach on Long Island. To arrive at this pinnacle he had spent long hours at night studying the theory and practice of tennis, while teaching during the day.[56] On April 4, 1983, Laura Scott Chase, native of the Shelter Island, married to Ben Chase for 62 years, died. Over 120 people attended her funeral at St. Mary’s Church.[57] Thirty years later several islanders remember her and speak of the respect the community had for her. Today, Karen Morgan-Wood recalls, “Grandma was about 5’8” and sturdy. She was beautiful!”[58] The brief Shelter Island Reporter obituary lauded Mrs. Chase as “the matriarch of the Island’s only black family [incorrectly]….Mrs. Chase was known to friends as a warm but determined woman who engaged in housecleaning services.”[59] But missing on the white board of this article was the fact that Laura Chase was born on Sachem’s Neck, that she attended the Shelter Island Public School, and that she was the mother and grandmother of Shelter Island School graduates. Lost for the moment was her relationship to over a century of island history. No mention was made of her father, Albert Scott, the last enslaved man, to live on the island or her mother, Elizabeth Scott, a Montauk Indian from East Hampton. Laura and her husband Ben Chase, born April 29, 1899, and who died on March 6, 1997, at almost 100 years of age, were also the last link to the Gardiner-Horsford-Tyler families roping the peculiar institution from St. Petersburg, Virginia, to Sachem’s Neck and Sylvester Manor on Shelter Island, Long Island. Their endurance as free members of the community, parishioners of St. Mary’s, scholars and athletes at the school, lasted just shy of the end of the twentieth century. Like the nation-at-large, their pilgrimage emerged out of slavery, Reconstruction, upheaval of peoples, two world wars, an incipient food processing business, and the island’s transformative upheaval from fisheries and farming to summer residency and resort businesses. The family also experienced prejudice that infected the society at large and that perhaps worsened as the beginnings of the Civil Rights movement sparked push -back. At the same time, the children played, studied, and socialized in a predominantly white community. My narrative is at least partially an “Upstairs, Downstairs” story. Much has been written about the “Upstairs.” It should be noted that by mid-century the wealthy, who had the resources and influence to hire, often exerted that influence to ease the path of minorities and their families. Louise Tuthill Green remembers that Andy Fiske, was instrumental in arranging for her to have the position as Director of the Historical Society. It was a position that she filled with great success for many years. Mrs. Green also remembers the migrant workers’ children who enrolled at the school and those who lived at her parents’ farm.[60] As a footnote to the narrative of the Scott family, the Scotts and the Chases are almost all buried at St. Mary’s. But only the boys, Willis and Alfred Jefferson Scott, deceased at ages 8 and 16, and their sister’s Laura’s husband, Benjamin Chase, have monuments in the back of the cemetery.[61] In the early 1990s, minorities from Central America – Guatemala, Ecuador, Mexico and others – had come to the island. The economic prosperity of the 1990s acted as a magnet. Civil war, drug cartels, and extreme violence repelled the newcomers from their homelands. Like the blacks, Native Americans, Irish, Italians, and Chinese who came here in and around 1900, they arrived to work in the resurgent restaurant and hotel businesses. Shelter Island’s reputation as a summer resort, but a quiet one – the “Unhamptons” – has also led to an increase in construction and lawn work. Like the viners and potato harvesters in the 50s, many came as migrants. And some spent only the waking hours returning to Greenport, Southold, and other North Fork towns as the sun went down. Lack of affordable housing has made it difficult to settle on Shelter Island. But the US Census reports of 2000 and 2010 show that some Hispanics and other minorities have begun to reside on the Island. Children are entering the school. Minority-owned businesses have been started. Perhaps it is too early to research and write the history of the new ethnic families on Shelter Island. Will those minorities follow the pattern of working the businesses, buying property, joining churches, sending children to attend and graduate from Shelter Island Public School? That process has already begun. Many people talk about Shelter Island as a paradise, isolated from the country around it by its rural byways and tranquil history. What does examination of its history suggest? The preservation of 2,200 acres of Nicoll property, now known as Mashomack Preserve, and of almost 200 acres of Sylvester Manor, illustrates continuity and harkens back to an earlier time. On the other hand, rather than isolated, the island represents a microcosm of the larger national history, touched by wars, transformed by economic boom and bust. It paints the transformation from a farming, whaling, and fishing community to a resort and vacation location over more than two centuries. The labor of memory reveals the burden of a population formerly enslaved. The lives of the Hempsteads and the Scott/Chases provide a singular narrative of life from slavery to autonomy in the Long Island context. [1]U.S. Census 1900-1940; St. Mary’s Baptismal Registers, St. Mary’s Church Archives, various. Toots Clark’s Memories – SIHS LSF. 2009.56, location Clark, A. [2]Mac Griswold, The Manor, 2013; Katherine H. Hayes, Slavery Before Race, 2013 [3]Patricia and Edward Shillingburg, The Nicolls of Sachems Neck, An American Family, 1776-1899 (Shelter Island: Cedar Grove Press, 2013). [4]Jacob E. Mallman, Historical Papers on Shelter Island and Its Presbyterian Church (New York, 1899. Reprinted 1985), 17. [5]Leon A. Higginbotham, In the Matter of Color, Race and the American Legal Process: The Colonial Period (New York, 1978). [6]Ibid, 105-106. [7]Eastville Historical Society interview with Director, Georgette Keyes –Grier, July 2013. [8]L. Higginbotham, 112. [9]K. H. Hayes, 165-173.; Allegra Di Bonaventura, For Adam’s Sake, 38-41. [10]Jacob E Mallman, Historical Papers on Shelter Island, 17. [11]Suggestions of pre-contact living patterns can be found in the Mashomack Study of 1984, unpublished, Mashomack, archives. Thanks for the loan from Mike Laspia. [12]Mac Griswold, The Manor, 52-56. [13]K. H. Hayes, Slavery Before Race, letter to the General Court, 41). [14]Richard Shannon Moss, Slavery on Long Island. A Study in Local Institutional and early African-American Communal Life (New York, 1993), 136-137. [15]Patricia and Edward Shillingburg, Dering Letters, Vol. 1 (Cedar Grove Press, 2014). See also facsimiles of Havens’ inventories posted on the walls of the SIHS. Mac Griswold uncovered an astonishing account book kept by Brinley Sylvester from 1738-1752, The Manor, 250-251. [16]Minutes of the Court of Sessions, 1742, cited in Richard Moss Shannon, Slavery on Long Island, 112-115. See also Leon A. Higginbotham 1978; Ira Berlin, Slavery in New York, 2005; Jill Lepore, New York Burning: Liberty, Slavery and Conspiracy in Eighteenth Century Manhattan (New York, 2005). [17]Helen Z. Wortis, Long Island Forum, 149-150, The Battle is also called the Battle of Brooklyn and is presently the subject of an exhibit at the New York Historical Society. [18]Census LSF Hist. B. H.; 2008.366 SIHS. [19]Helen Z. Wortis, A Woman Named Mathilda (Shelter Island: SIHS, 1978). [20]Wortis, Long Island Forum, August 1973, 151; The Sag Harbor Express, October 7, 1886. [21]U.S. Census Reports, New York Public Library edition of Ancestry.com. See also James Truslow, Adams, History of the Town of Southampton, 1918, for lists of the whaling ships. [22]Ralph Duvall,The History of Shelter Island, from its Settlement in 1652 to Present Time (1932), 164-165. Duvall identifies twenty-five men who fought. [23]Regarding the bounty, see Shelter Island Town Minutes for 1862, Shelter Island Town Hall. [24]U.S. Colored Troops, 29th Colored Regiment, Death Certificates, NYPL. [25]Drew Gilpin Faust, The Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War (New York, 2008), xi, 44-48. [26]Ibid, 44-49. [27]U.S. Census, Shelter Island, 1860-1900. Ancestry.com edition for the New York Public Library. [28]Thanks to the Shillingburgs for telling me the location of Mary’s gravesite. [29]Interview with Charles “Jimmy” Hayward, October, 2013. [30]“Authority of Mr. and Mrs. A. Scott themselves.” Shelter Island News, 8/3/1940, p. 4 LSF/SIHS, 2001, 134; email interview with great-granddaughter, Karen Morgan-Wood. [31]Griswold, The Manor 299; Shillingburg, The Nicolls, 24-26. [32]Quoted in Noreece T. Jones, Born a Child of Freedom, Yet a Slave: Mechanics of Control and Strategies of Resistance in Antebellum South Carolina (Hanover, 1990), 86. [33]E.P. Crapol, John Tyler: The Accidental President (Chapel Hill, 2006,) 249. [34]Registry, undated Sylvester Manor Collection at the Manor. Thanks to Maura Doyle for showing me the Registry. [35]Crapol, p. 241; Also Theodore C. Delaney, “Julia Gardiner Tyler…” Diss. 1995; see SWEM, special collections, W & M. Also, phone and email correspondence with Professor Delaney. [36]Gardiner’s Island, Household Census,1880 U.S. Census Household Record, SIHS archives; Priscilla Dunhill, unpublished manuscript, “The People of Sachem’s Neck,”, LSF History 1983.184 A, SIHS; St. Mary’s Register of births and deaths, St. Mary’s archives. [37]Rollie Clark, interview, September 23, 2013. The process of boiling down bunker fish was then moved to “the Promised Land,” Montauk, where menhaden (bunker) are still used to catch sharks. [38]George H. Hildebrand, Borax Pioneer: Francis Marion Smith (La Jolla, 1982). [39]Suffolk Times, September 8, quoted in Patricia and Edward Shillingburg, Rascals, Rogues, and Gentlemen: Frances Marion Smith The Borax King. (Shelter Island Heights, 2010). [40]Interestingly, Elizabeth’s birth date is given as March 22, 1864 in East Hampton. Register of baptisms, confirmations, and burials, St. Mary’s. This conflicts with the 1872 date given in the Census. [41]Toots Clark’s memories, SIHS LSF. 2009. 56, Mr. Clark died in the summer of 2015 at 99 years of age. His idiomatic English unchanged and also quoted in “The People of Sachem’s Neck”, manuscript, Priscilla Dunhill, SIHS. [42]Shelter Island News, August 3, 1940. [43]Phone and email interview with Maury K. Harwood, M.D. MPH, January 2014. Dr. Harwood is my cousin. [44]David Chalmers quoted in Newsday, February 18, 1987. [45]The Klorero was exhibited, along with Klan robes, heavy ropes or lynching and African American as cartoon figures in the Suffolk County Historical Society show, “Hidden and Forbidden,” at SCHS, Riverhead, in the summer of 2013. [46]Furthermore, the vault at the Shelter Island Historical Society houses some records of the Junior Order of United American Mechanics. I am indebted to archivist, Phyllis Wallace, for this information. [47]U. S. Census, 1940, NYPL. On the tearing down of Presdeleau, see Patricia and Edward Shillingburg, Rascals, Rogues, and Gentlemen: Francis Marion Smith The Borax King, 22-26. [48]See brochure, undated, SIHS. [49]12/18/1980, Shelter Island Reporter, “The Old Beanery,” LSF. 2009 and 2009.427. [50]Interviews, Charles Hayward; Maury Laspia. July 2013.Pete Hannabury later became Judge Hannabury. [51]Interview with Mr. Charles Hayward, October 2013, See also the Shelter Island Reporter, “Island Profile, Jimmy Hayward, March 14, 2013. [52]Ibid. [53]Interview with Lauretta King, August 2013. In another interview, Linda Zavatto explained that Kenny’s teenage friends loved to hang out at the Chase house, sometimes after the Harbor Inn next door had closed up for the night. [54]Shelter Island Reporter, Saturday, June 30, 1973. [55]Interview, Linda Holmes, October, 2013. Email interview, Karen Chase Morgan-Wood, September 2013. [56]The New York Times, July 4, 1993. [57]St. Mary’s Register of births and burials, various.. St. Mary’s Registers at St. Mary’s Episcopal Church, Shelter Island, NY. [58]Email interview, Karen Morgan-Wood. [59]Shelter Island Reporter, April 7, 1983. [60]Interview, Louise Tuthill Green, May, 2013. [61]Interview, Linda Holmes, October 2013. In the Churchyard one can only see Ben Chase and Willis and Albert’s monuments. But the Church Burial Register provides the plot numbers of Elizabeth and Laura Scott Chase. Linda Holmes told me the story of a large white stone or boulder near the other monuments. But Father Peter McClean, thinking it was unimportant, rolled it out of the Churchyard.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line52
__label__cc	0.568596	0.431404	I, Rigoberta Menchu Rigoberta Menchu Vicente Menchu, Rigoberta’s Father Juana Menchu Tum, Rigoberta’s Mother Rigoberta Menchu and I, Rigoberta Menchu Background Quotes Important Quotes Explained 1. My Name is Rigoberta Menchu. I am 23 years old. This is my testimony. I didn’t learn it from a book and I didn’t learn it alone. I’d like to stress that it’s not only my life, it’s also the testimony of my people. . . . My story is the story of all poor Guatemalans. My personal experience is the reality of a whole people. These passages open I, Rigoberta Menchu and are the first words we hear from Rigoberta as she begins her story. Rigoberta makes it clear from the outset that she is a representative of her community, speaking not only for herself but also for her people. This attitude reflects the Latin American tradition of testimonio, in which events that have happened to a person’s community can be adopted and retold as though they have happened to an individual. This device allows Rigoberta to communicate both events that happened to her and experiences of other Guatemalans in a way that is cohesive and compelling. By using such a technique, however, Rigoberta opened herself to criticism regarding the accuracy of her account, particularly by the anthropologist David Stoll, who spent a number of years working to discredit Rigoberta, based on the notion that what she presented in her book was fact. Though I, Rigoberta Menchu has been widely referred to as an autobiography, this label is somewhat misleading. In actuality, as Rigoberta says here, the work is a testimony, defined as a story that serves as evidence of some wrong that has been committed. By stating that she “learned” her testimony, Rigoberta reminds readers that its telling has been influenced by others and that the experience she presents in the following pages has been minted consciously, not only by her but by the collective entity of her people. Rigoberta illustrates the closely knit quality of her community here, and throughout the work she develops her own attitudes about the world as she reflects on the values passed down to her from ancestors and elders. For Rigoberta, there is no such thing as an identity completely separate from the Indian community. This stance informs her approach to telling the story and allows her to plug images and details into events she did not actually witness but only heard about from other community members. Aside from enriching the work, such descriptive elements help Rigoberta build her case because she was, indeed, working to gain support for her human rights efforts at the United Nations when I, Rigoberta Menchu was published. Next page Important Quotations Explained page 2 Popular pages: I, Rigoberta Menchu Rigoberta Menchu: Character Analysis CHARACTERS	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line55
__label__wiki	0.525928	0.525928	The Joys of Motherhood Nnu Ego Nnaife Oshia Buchi Emecheta and The Joys of Motherhood Background Characters Oshia Oshia, Nnu Ego’s oldest surviving son, is an emblem of the new order, the next generation that would alter the nature of modern Nigerian society. However, he is not a radical figure, out to break entirely with traditional modes or to topple the institution of the family. Through most of his formative years, he is the ideal and dutiful son, fulfilling the high hopes Nnu Ego cherishes of the honor and comfort he will eventually bestow on her. Although he and his brother, Adim, obediently tend the family stall in the marketplace, they later lament the time they were forced to sacrifice from pursuing their studies. Caught between two worlds, Oshia must live up to the expectations his parents place on him while satisfying his own desire to better himself through education. Oshia’s ambition and intelligence eventually overpower his obligations to the traditional order. He represents a general shift in Nigerian society as new influences and new options became available to Ibos such as Nnaife. Oshia chooses his own individual destiny over his responsibilities to the collective, which makes him a failure and a disappointment to his parents. Ironically, while Oshia works as a research scientist and wins a scholarship to study in the United States, his academic achievements do not make up for his failure to remain in Lagos to support his family. Still, Oshia never completely turns his back on his origins. He honors his culture and pays homage to the sacrifices his mother made by funding an elaborate funeral service for her. Previous section Nnaife Popular pages: The Joys of Motherhood	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line56
__label__wiki	0.804738	0.804738	Trans refugee in danger of being deported to Syrian war zone amid Turkey’s ‘illegal crackdown’ Posted on August 5, 2021 by A young trans woman who fled to Turkey as a teenager is at risk of being forcibly deported to Syria after Turkish police conducted an “illegal crackdown”. The move against a trans refugee comes as abuse and restrictions against Turkey’s LGBT+ population grow increasingly more alarming. Sofia* (not her real name), 23, arrived in Turkey with her family when she was 17 after facing persecution in Syria for being trans. She continued to face abuse in Turkey for being “too feminine” and was thrown out of the family home by her brothers when she was 21, going to the UNHCR and registering as a vulnerable refugee before being housed in a male hostel where she was beaten and faced harassment from the police. On 23 July 2021, she was arrested over the Eid celebration weekend by police in Istanbul who were conducting an “illegal crackdown” on refugees. According to the Aman Project, an Istanbul-based LGBT+ group that is supporting Sofia, she has been illegally detained, incarcerated in a Turkish deportation centre and denied access to a lawyer. “As a transgender or gender-fluid person, Sofia is in constant danger of violence in a male prison, and even more so if she is deported back to Syria,” the Aman Project said in a statement, adding: “In 2019 a trans refugee from our community was forced over the border, and fell into the hands of a militia group, and has not been heard of since.” Turkey has ‘completely illegal’ system of deporting refugees Sofia and her supporters fear that she will be forced to sign “voluntary return papers” and sent back to Syria. While it’s against international and Turkish law to deport people to war zones, Turkish police have been known to forcibly return LGBT+ refugees by using threats of physical violence to make refugees sign the “voluntary” return papers. Sofia’s father, Fatih – who hasn’t seen her since she was arrested nearly two weeks ago – said that the system the Turkish police use to deport Syrian refugees is “completely illegal”. “Turkey has developed a system to send Syrian refugees back to Syria,” Fatih said in a statement. “This system is completely illegal. “Firstly, they take refugees to the police station for trivial reasons. Then they send these people to the provinces of Turkey close to the border. When they go to these provinces, they make them sign a letter stating that they want to return to Syria voluntarily. It is illegal to keep Sofia in detention. It is also illegal to send Sofia to the border.” Sofia expects to be transferred to a Turkish border region this week, according to the Aman Project. Speaking through a translator, she told the group that other detainees had reported that they had experienced physical intimidation until they signed the voluntary return papers. Sofia does not want to sign a voluntary return but she fears being beaten because of pre-existing facial injuries stemming from abuse in Syria. The Aman Project added: “A human life is literally at risk here. We call on the international media to help highlight Sofia’s case, and prevent all refugees being illegally forced back to a war zone.” Miley Cyrus offers to help educate DaBaby: ‘It’s easier to cancel someone than to forgive’ Tom Daley shows off impressive hand-knitted cardigan and raises thousands for touching cause	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line57
__label__wiki	0.568301	0.568301	The following is a copy of a press release issued January 2016 to explain Stop the War’s position on the Syrian bombing and to refute certain false allegations. SYRIAN BOMBING First Stop the War does not and never has supported the al-Assad regime in Syria, any more than it ever supported the Taliban, Saddam Hussein or Gaddafi. This has been reiterated in a statement on the national website. Likewise Stop War also opposes Russian intervention and made this clear when it started its bombing campaign. As stated previously external intervention only worsens the problem. We did welcome the Arab Spring stating “the uprisings sweeping the Middle East deserve our support. They are directed against autocracies which have denied their people basic rights and the possibility of a decent life”. Unfortunately these did not achieve their desired aims. Egypt is now ruled by another army dictator President Abdel Fatah al-Sisi, who was recently given the red-carpet treatment at Downing Street by our Prime Minister, showing how much he cares about human rights. As for targeted bombings, there is no such thing as a bomb so sophisticated that it always hits its target, even supposing the target is legitimately, legally and correctly identified. There have been numerous examples of civilian casualties in this conflict, not all by Americans, but, for example, a recent US strike in Raqqa this month is reported to have killed some 20 civilians. The Economist has also reported that the US ‘has acknowledged that its rules to avoid civilian casualties are looser in Syria’ than elsewhere.’ Stop the War prioritises its opposition to British involvement because we live here, we vote here and this is where we can have most influence. We have a right to say “not in our name” and to continue campaigning for British withdrawal from the Syrian conflict, just as Canada did recently. Frank Stone	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line60
__label__wiki	0.573785	0.573785	Social sciences, philosophy of DAVID-HILLEL RUBEN Although some of the topics and issues treated in the philosophy of social science are as old as philosophy itself (for example, the contrast between nature and convention and the idea of rationality are dealt with by Aristotle), the explicit emergence of a subdiscipline of philosophy with this name is a very recent phenomenon, which in turn may itself have stimulated greater philosophical activity in the area. Clearly, this emergence is tied to the development and growth of the social sciences themselves. 1 Historical approach There are, perhaps, four distinct ways in which to gain an understanding of the subdiscipline. These ways are, of course, complementary. First, just as with most other areas of philosophy, one might approach the philosophy of the social sciences historically, by studying major schools or philosophers of an earlier period. There is much to recommend this approach (see Social science, history of philosophy of). There are a number of classical texts (by Weber and Durkheim, for example) of which any interested student of the philosophy of the social sciences should be aware, much as there is in epistemology or ethics. This provides an interesting contrast with the philosophy of the natural sciences; far less could be said in favour of gaining an understanding of the latter in this way. Compared with other areas of philosophy, the history of the philosophy of the social sciences is somewhat truncated, since it can only begin properly with the earliest attempts at social science, in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, first in the Scottish Enlightenment and subsequently in Germany. Prior to this period, there had been speculation about the nature of society, some of it quite rich and rewarding (Hobbes and Vico provide two examples of this), but it is only in the period of the Scottish Enlightenment and after that writers begin to reflect the first systematic attempts to study and understand society. There is no clear line of demarcation between philosophers of social science and of society on the one hand and social theorists on the other, especially in this early period. Conventionally, to select only a few examples, G.W.F. Hegel, Wilhelm Dilthey, F.H. Bradley and T.H. Green are considered to be examples of the former, and Adam Smith, Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim, and Max Weber, are considered as examples of the latter, but the line is sometimes somewhat arbitrary (see Hegel, G.W.F.; Marx, K.; Dilthey, W.; Bradley, F.H.; Green, T.H.; Smith, A.; Durkheim, É.; Weber, M.). 2 Problems A second way in which to gain an understanding of the philosophy of social science is through the study of the issues and problems that these writers, and their contemporary counterparts, address (see Social science, methodology of). Many of these problems arise in ordinary as well as in more scientific discussions of and thought about the social realm. It is not only social scientists who think about the social world; all of us do, a great deal of the time. Even in those cases in which the social scientist introduces neologisms, for example, ‘demand curves’ or ‘anomie’, they seem closely connected to, and sometimes only a refinement of, concepts already grasped by the lay person. This nonscientific reflection arises quite apart from any specialized scientific work. It is, to a certain extent, misleading to think of the field as only the philosophy of the social sciences. Since so much of the motivation for critical discussion of the problems in this area comes from philosophical reflection on these quite ordinary modes of thought and understanding, the field should perhaps be called ‘the philosophy of society’, to reflect this nonscientific, as well as the scientific, interest in those problems. Most of the things that social science is about, social structures (like families or society itself), norms and rules of behaviour, conventions, specific sorts of human action, and so on, are items that find a place in the discourse of the ordinary lay person who has as good a grasp of common talk about social class and purchase, voting and banking, as does the social scientist. This raises, in a direct way, metaphysical questions about the nature of these things. Are these social structures anything more than just individuals and their interrelations? Many philosophers, in the grip of the ideal of the unity of science, have held out the prospect that social science can be derived from, and is therefore reducible to, psychology (the latter eventually being reducible to chemistry and physics). For such thinkers, the world is ultimately a simple place, with only many different ways in which to speak about it. Other thinkers have been struck by the reality and integrity of the social world, and how it seems to impress itself on the individual willy-nilly (see Society, concept of; Social norms; Holism and individualism in history and social science). What is an action, and how does it differ from the mere movement of one’s body? It seems hard to say in what this difference consists in a way that remains plausible and true to what action is like. Whatever an action is, what makes some actions social actions? One might think that an action is social in virtue of its causal consequences on others. Another line of thought holds that an action is social in virtue of its intrinsic character, quite apart from the question of its effects. Much of the philosophical discussion of action arose in the philosophy of history, over the explanation of historically important action, but has now been absorbed into a separate area of philosophy, the theory of action (see History, philosophy of; Action; Social action). The alleged contrast between nature and convention occurs to those who think about humankind and its development, whether they be scientists and philosophers or not. Anyone who has travelled widely and noticed the social differences between peoples and cultures may have wondered whether all social practice was rational in its own terms, wherever found and no matter how apparently peculiar by our home-grown lights. Or perhaps, on the other hand, there are some universal standards of rationality, in the light of which evaluation of social practices and criticism of some of them can be mounted (see Nature and convention; Rationality and cultural relativism; Social relativism). The relationship between scientific theory and ordinary modes of thought is, of course, interactive, since many of the concepts or issues that have become part of ordinary lore have their roots in earlier scientific theory (our modern, and by most accounts, confused, concept of race might be an example of this; see Race, theories of). Another set of problems arise in thinking through the nature of the social scientific enterprise itself. What standards must full explanation in social science meet? Causal explanation is a mode of explanation in natural science that is, relatively speaking, well understood. Explanations of a ritual or practice in society do not appear to be causal explanations, nor do explanations of human action. The first are often functional explanations (for example, a certain ritual exists because it produces such-and-such) and this appears to be an explanation of something by its effects rather than by its causes. Explanations of human action are intentional explanations, whereby an action is explained by the goal or end at which it is directed. This also appears not to be causal. But perhaps appearances are deceptive, and these can be recast as causal explanations after all (see Explanation in history and social science; Functionalism in social science). Natural scientists believe that their work is ethically neutral. To be sure, their work can be put to good and bad uses, but this presumably reflects on the users rather than on the content of the science itself. The relationship between social science and the values of the social scientist seems far more immediate and direct than this, and this alleged contrast has been the subject for continuing discussion and debate (see Value judgments in social science). Is social science like natural science in important ways? In the developed natural sciences, there are controlled experiments and predictions. Neither seem available to the social scientist. Natural scientists attempt to formulate the laws that govern the phenomena they study. Is this a reasonable goal for the social scientist? Certainly, there are not many candidate laws for the social sciences one can think of. Does the social scientist use statistical evidence in the same way as the natural scientist? (See Experiments in social science; Social science, prediction in; Social laws; Statistics and social science.) Finally, in natural science, we distinguish between theory and observation in a relatively sharp way, and we believe that a rational person should accept that theory which is best confirmed by observations. It is not clear that we can make the same distinction in the social sciences, nor that theory is supported by observation in just the same way. Our observations of the social world seem even more coloured by the theory we employ than is the case in the natural sciences (see Theory and observation in social sciences.) 3 Contemporary movements A third way in which to approach the subject is through the study of either contemporary movements and schools of philosophy, or specific philosophers, who bring a specific slant to the subdiscipline. Controversy marks the natural as well as the social sciences, but observers have noted that there seems to be even less consensus, even less of an agreed paradigm at any particular time, in the latter than in the former. Critical reflection on society, or on social science, or both, is very different in France and Germany from the way it is in the English-speaking world. The problems are the same, but the traditions and the manner in which the discussions proceed are markedly distinctive. The hope is that each tradition may learn something from the other (see Social science, contemporary philosophy of; Behaviourism in the social sciences; Critical realism; Evolutionary theory and social science; Lévi-Strauss, C.; Naturalism in social science; Positivism in the social sciences; Post-structuralism in the social sciences; Scientific realism and social science; Sociology of knowledge; Structuralism in social science; Symbolic interactionism; Systems theory in social science; Bourdieu, P.; MacIntyre, A.; Schütz, A.). 4 Specific social sciences Fourth and finally, one might approach the philosophy of the social sciences by studying the philosophical problems that arise specifically within each of the social sciences. Some, although not all, of the social sciences have thrown up philosophical industries all their own. Economics is the most salient example. In many ways, it is the most developed of all the social sciences, and this may be the reason why some of the best-defined controversies in the philosophy of social science arise from within it. Questions about the philosophical foundations of economics touch on the philosophically central issues of rationality, choice and the nature of wants or desires and their connection with action (see Economics, philosophy of; Social choice; Rational choice theory). But other social sciences have also given rise to specific problems, including history, psychology, sociology, and anthropology (see Psychology, theories of; Sociology, theories of; Anthropology, philosophy of). RUBEN, DAVID-HILLEL (1998). Social science, philosophy of. In E. Craig (Ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London: Routledge. Retrieved January 16, 2022, from http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/R047	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line63
__label__cc	0.711023	0.288977	Written by Larry Smith on 02 February 2011 . Posted in Access and Land Use. ARRA Washington Newsletter - February, 2011 The new 112th Congress roared into town with the addition of 112 new members, 100 of whom are Republicans. As could be expected, Republicans were especially excited that they were the majority party in the House and that they gained six seats in the Senate. Since swearing in day, two issues have dampened spirits. First, there was the awful shooting in Tucson, resulting in the death of 6 citizens and the wounding of 18 others, including Rep. Gabrielle Giffords. This tragic incident has caused many Hill offices to reevaluate, from a security standpoint, how to hold constituent meetings in their Districts and States. The security concern is not only for the Member holding the meeting but also for those citizens in attendance. There are no easy answers on this, but it is an added worry. The other "cloud" hanging over the new Congress is the issue of the federal budget. The Congressional Budget Office has just released its estimate of the federal deficit for FY2012 and it comes in at a whopping $1.5 trillion. Despite the President's proposed budget cuts as well as those suggested by some Republicans, those cuts don't go far enough in putting a major dent in the projected deficit. FY 2011, FY2012 and Rethinking Government The President is scheduled to release his FY 12 budget by mid-February. The speculation is that many agencies will be faced with budget cuts. But even before the Congress turns its attention to the 2012 fiscal year, it must first decide what to do with the unfinished business of FY 2011. Currently the federal government is funded by a continuing resolution through March 4th. Some Republicans are calling for $100 billion in cuts to discretionary, non-security programs, but five months into the fiscal year, it is almost impossible to cram $100 billion in cuts into the remaining 7 months. Even once the FY 11 dilemma is resolved, FY 2012 is going to require some serious soul searching about the role of government. Playing musical chairs with government agencies is going to be an idea that will gain traction as future budget savings are harder to identify. The old ways of managing will not provide the necessary savings. The issues we care about - recreational access to public lands, how our public lands are managed and by whom - will eventually become issues that Congress and the Executive Branch will have to grapple with. Keeping the old lines of agency jurisdictions that go back for over a hundred years might not be a valid reason for maintaining the status quo. This being the case, the roles of the Department of the Interior and the Department of Agriculture will likely go under the microscope for reevaluation. Federal land agencies along with other federal agencies will have their budgets reduced. A 5% cut for some of the land agencies is being bandied about but we will have to wait until the release of the President's FY12 budget to know for sure. Determining which programs to cut and which ones to spare will become a political battle that will be waged in the Congress. How recreation is treated as a funding issue will be of concern to us. If our struggle with the crafting of a new Forest Service Planning Rule these past eighteen months is any indication of what we face, we will have our work cut out for us. * Recreational Trails Program Rep. John Mica, R-Fla., the new chairman of the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee, has announced that his committee will begin a process of crafting a new multi-year surface transportation bill. In mid-February, he hopes to begin a series of field hearings or listening sessions outside of Washington to gather citizen input on what should be included in the bill. ARRA will let you know when and where these sessions are being held so you can attend and talk about the merits of continuing the Recreational Trails Program (RTP). * America's Great Outdoors Initiative Remember the AGO program that was announced with great fanfare back in April, 2010, at a White House Conference? Remember that President Obama ordered that the recommendations from this initiative were to be delivered on his desk by November 15, 2010? Well, we hear through the grapevine that the AGO report is now complete; and that warring factions within the Administration were finally able to come to closure on the recommendations. Public release of the AGO findings are now scheduled for mid-February. Stay tuned... * Forest Service Planning Rule Late February appears to be the target when the Forest Service will be releasing its draft Planning Rule. Once it is officially published in the Federal Register, we will all have 60 days to file our comments on the draft. We are being told that "recreation" will receive its due and we certainly hope that will be the case. We reserve judgment until we actually read the draft. It's encouraging to know that the Congress will be closely reviewing the draft as well. * Salazar's Wild Lands Policy Secretary Salazar's new "wild lands policy" is drawing fire from many western members of Congress. Forty-eight House members and eight Senators wrote to the Secretary on January 28th requesting that he withdraw his Secretarial Order 3310. ARRA supports this idea terminating the "wild lands policy." Read the Hill letter to Secretary Salazar in full on the ARRA website Larry E. Smith Americans for Responsible Recreational Access	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line67
__label__wiki	0.971581	0.971581	‘Sex workers, reggae girls, squatters, all the ones who didn’t fit in’: how Rebel Dykes reveals a secret lesbian history Added by prem on 12/11/2021 “Rebel dykes” is a new term for an old mood. It was coined retrospectively to describe a sprawling group of acquaintances who partied and protested their way through London in the 1980s. And it is now the title of a raucous feature-length documentary about them. The film begins at the Greenham Common peace camp in the late 70s, takes in a lesbian S&M club night which became a flashpoint for “the raging sex wars” between radical feminists and “leather dykes”, tells of gay pubs and clubs, punk bands and friendship groups, anti-section 28 protesters who abseiled into the House of Lords, censorship, discrimination and, ultimately, liberation. It is a fabulously joyful and celebratory testament to community and resilience during difficult times. “Back in the day, I was a rebel dyke,” says Siobhan Fahey (not the one from Bananarama). “I was living a wild life,” she says, fondly recalling her time in London from the ages of about 18 to 25. “I was a punk girl, I was a sex worker, I lived in squats, I went travelling a lot. And then after that period, we all went on with our lives.” The people she ran with grew up, moved away, moved on; Fahey eventually became a nurse and now lives in Glasgow. But she started to notice that nobody really knew about the rebel dykes and their community. “It was like that period had never happened! It was just lost.” Now it has been found again. Some of the people from that time had stayed in touch in a private Facebook group, and, around 2014, Fahey had the idea of taping them to ensure there was a record of their experiences. “As soon as I started collecting the stories, I realised it was something bigger, something beautiful,” she says. She turned it into “a sort of audiovisual cabaret thing” and began to perform it around the UK. “The film obviously concentrates on the cute girls in leather,” says Fahey, with a smile, “but in my head, it was all of the outsider dykes. You know, whether they were sex workers, reggae girls, squatters, all the ones who didn’t fit in.” In Manchester, where she was living at the time, Fahey approached Harri Shanahan and Siân A Williams, whom she knew from the city’s DIY music and queer scenes, about turning it into a video presentation. They had some experience of film-making, having made videos for their friends’ bands, though this would turn out to be their first feature film. “It was too big a subject matter not to do it justice,” says Williams. They were familiar with some of the figures in the film already. “It was all the genre of music that I’m massively into, and why I was in a band in the first place. But the erotic photography side, and that S&M subculture, that was my home, too, and where I was making art.” Some of the film needed animation, so Shanahan, who had a degree in film, did an MA to learn the skills. “I was a bit naive about what it would take to create that much animation, having not previously made any … so that was a bit cocky of me,” they laugh. But that DIY, can-do spirit suited the ethos of the rebel dykes perfectly. “We’re used to basically making it up as we go, and I guess that’s how it started,” says Williams. They never thought it would end up being shown in cinemas, much less doing the international festival circuit and winning awards. “Now it’s got bigger than our wildest dreams.” The animation is part of a clever approach made necessary by a lack of footage of the time. Partly that’s because cameras were not the ubiquitous presence then that they are now. Partly, it’s that the rebel dykes didn’t think to document themselves. “These are the people who weren’t holding the doctorates or working in the local council. They were working doing other things, or a lot of them were unemployed,” says Shanahan. “These are the people who move around from place to place, don’t have places to store stuff, don’t have money to buy cameras, don’t think to record themselves. And so those are the people who needed the spotlight on them. If you want to hear what other people had to say, they’ve probably said it somewhere.” “And we were very young,” says Fahey. “For lots of us, our lives were tough, we were often thrown out of home, so a lot of people only did their education later in life. And partly, we got on with our lives.” Shanahan and Williams had to be smart about it. Some of the scenes that look like real archive footage are recreations. When they were unable to use the real footage – such as of the lesbian activists storming the 6 O’Clock News in 1988 in protest at section 28, which banned the “promotion” of homosexuality in schools – there is a cheeky, arty performance of it using masks instead.“I loved the Maggie Thatcher with the mask!” says Fahey, laughing. Section 28 was repealed in 2003, which might seem like a world away to younger LGBTQ+ people watching the film. The directors are 38, while Fahey is 56. “Me and Harri are that middle generation between the rebel dykes and the younger generation now,” says Williams, “and I guess a lot of people younger than us won’t be aware of how bad it was. But section 28 was in place for the entirety of my and Harri’s schooling, and it had a very damaging effect on me personally.” That’s one of the reasons why it was so important to them to share the story of the rebel dykes with the younger generation. “So that they know exactly what the rebel dykes were fighting for on our behalf. That’s why we owed it to the older generation to try and make a good film for them. Because they did so much for us.” Pejorative words that have been reclaimed, such as “queer”, can be controversial; many still dislike the term, while others wear it proudly. Has anyone objected to the word “dyke”? All three of them are momentarily silent, and then Fahey jumps in. “So, when I set up my community-interest company [a special limited company that benefits communities rather than shareholders], Rebel Dykes History Project, Companies House wouldn’t let us have the name!” They had to appeal, and Fahey did her research. “Dyke is older, as a reclaimed word, than queer. There have been court cases about it in America. And of course, on Facebook and Instagram, it’s basically banned. Some of the contributors [who did not appear in the film] didn’t feel that, at this point in their lives, they wanted to be associated with the word. You know, it’s a strong word. But it’s a powerful word. I like it.” They won their appeal, becoming the first UK company to have the word “dyke” in its name, used in that way. When even registering a company name required a bit of rebellion, what more can we learn from the rebel dykes today? “One thing I’ve come across, in taking the film out in the world, is that young people in particular are incredibly moved by it,” says Fahey. “It’s very common to have people in tears, saying they feel seen for the first time. A lot of people think that the youngest queers, the Zs or whatever, have got it all. But there’s a lot of isolation and loneliness. So I think that the whole community thing is a great message to take from it. To go out, do things with each other, make films, put on nights, become an activist.” “I’ve heard of younger people calling themselves rebel dykes,” says Shanahan, smiling. “And that’s amazing. We made a place for people to hang their coats, we made a space for them. They’ve got like a word they can call themselves now. So that feels really nice.” It has changed Shanahan and Williams’s lives completely. “Now we’ve got this growing confidence, like, bloody hell, we can be film-makers,” says Williams. “I always say: forget having the confidence of a mediocre white man. Have the confidence of a rebel dyke who spaghetti-wrestles on a Tuesday night.” didntRebel, Dykes, Girls, history, lesbian, reggae, revealssecret, squatters, workers Chasing History review: Carl Bernstein’s pre-Watergate world prem 2時間 ago Few reporters are synonymous with their craft. Bob Woodward of the Washington Post is one, his former partner, Carl Bernstein, another. Together, they broke open the Watergate scandal, helped send a president’s minion... My ancestors, the key workers David Olusoga described his emotions on seeing his grandparents’ lives recorded in the 1921 census (“Time collapsed as I saw how my grandad lived a century ago. History turned intimate”, Comment). I too have wept whil... ‘We have people living out of their cars’: 8,000 Kroger workers strike over wages prem 2日 ago More than 8,000 workers at nearly 80 Kroger-owned King Soopers grocery stores around Colorado started a three-week strike on Wednesday as new union contract negotiations stalled. The dispute is the latest in which wor... Amazon warehouse workers have new chance to form union next month Amazon workers at an Alabama warehouse will get another chance to unionize next month, after a federal labor board set a February date for the rerun election. The fresh vote comes after an official at the National Lab... ‘No running water’: foreign workers criticise UK farm labour scheme Seasonal workers in the UK on a post-Brexit pilot scheme to harvest fruit and vegetables were subjected to “unacceptable” welfare conditions, according to a government review. Issues cited by workers included a lack o... The acquittal of the Colston Four does not edit history Boris Johnson’s response to the acquittal of the Colston Four has shades of another “trial” – namely, the one that flowed from Franz Kafka’s pen. Here is an individual who condemns the editing of history, yet is happy... Is it good to talk? A history of the west’s summits with Russia So high have the stakes been set by Russia over the future security architecture of Europe, and so imminent is the threat of war in Ukraine, that the three separate meetings arranged between Russia and the west this w... ‘They got the lot’: the mystery of the biggest bank heist in Australia’s history prem 1週間 ago The bank building has been standing squarely on the corner of the main street for 133 years. Quietly doing its business as the generations strolled past. Unassuming and solid with its thick brick walls and flat roof. ...	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line68
__label__cc	0.749834	0.250166	THE HUFFINGTON POST CANADA: FIVE TIPS TO SUCCEED AS A BUSINESS LEADER "...be sure when you step, step with care and great tact. And remember that life's a great balancing act. And will you succeed? Yes! You will, indeed!" - Dr. Seuss, Oh, the Places You'll Go! I pulled this quote from a bedtime story by Dr. Seuss because it inspired me to think about my own path, where I started, where I headed and where I am now. It's even more inspirational and profound, as I read it to my sons Liam and Aidan, both already behaving like born leaders. The story's message of dreaming big and believing in yourself is so simple yet relevant to all of us. As our next generation of young professionals graduate from high school or university, depending on where they are in life, they will find themselves standing at a crossroad wondering which way to go. The possibilities are seemingly endless as business and life have limitless potential for greatness. Over the years, some people have come to me for professional insight over a coffee or a casual conversation. The question they posed was more often than not, "how did you know you wanted to be an entrepreneur?" My answer: "I just did." I was always keeping busy in high school, taking part in almost every extracurricular activity, sports at a very high level and eventually starting my own promotions company for weekend events and Caribana. It was my first go at running my own business and I loved it, I loved the freedom to create, fail, succeed and learn and be 100 per cent responsible for it. In University, I started a personal training business to help pay for my tuition and it was then that I met dozens of influential business owners, lawyers, doctors, entertainers and dreamers. The hidden benefit to running this business was the opportunity to talk to leaders for hours about their lives, their hard work, their mistakes, the sacrifices associated with success and for some, the Internet's potential, which quickly became a passion for me. Somewhere along the way, it just clicked. Fast-forward to present and my career has taken me to Australia, Singapore, New York, California, Chicago and now home again to Toronto leading the growth of Canada's largest online shopping destination, SHOP.CA, and all before the age of 38. My journey has taken me everywhere, but one thing is for certain -- I always found myself doing what I wanted to do and more importantly, what I needed to do to get where I am. So, for those of you who are inspired to be a business leader or an entrepreneur, I leave you with some food for thought: (1) Take risks and don't be afraid to fail: Always remember that fortune favours the bold, so don't let the fear of failure keep you from realizing your dreams. Take every bump in the road as a learning opportunity. Steve Jobs is a great example of this. His career path took him from Apple to NeXT Computer and Pixar. Despite some near misses, he still found himself back at Apple with a creative vision that led the company into a revolution that would change the face of modern innovative technology for years to come. (2) Network and build relationships: Whether you're still in school or well into an established career, networking and relationship building is the key to professional development. You never know how this relationship can affect your life down the road, so be careful not to burn your bridges. Take my mentors for example. They all started off as a business relationship and later turned into friendships and people that would have a profound effect on my work life. Old connections could turn into future business opportunities and new acquaintances could open the door to an untapped network. (3) Don't do it alone: Success is so much more than just depending on your own brains, wit and savvy. It's also about knowing when to get some help. It takes more than a Prime Minister to run a country and the same goes for running a business. I have what I call my "dream team" at SHOP.CA -- a group of extremely smart and talented individuals who are all experts in their own fields. Every team member is considered a partner in the company. Without them, there would be no SHOP.CA and without their round-the-clock hard work, we wouldn't be the country's fastest growing Canadian online shopping website. So, find yourself a team you can trust, even if it's just a good friend who can lend an ear during the startup grind. You'll be better for it. Thanks Trevor Newell! (4) Keep yourself in check: Stare at a Word document for too long and you run the risk of getting "too close" to the writing; you miss the obvious typos screaming at you from the page. Running a business is similar. Even though you're the boss and you technically answer to no one, it's always good to take a step back from time-to-time just to keep yourself in check. Look at it from someone else's perspective, or bounce ideas off of a coworker for a fresh point of view. You'll be glad you did. (5) Be passionate: It's so important to love what you do. Nothing feels worse than waking up and dreading a day in the office, so if you're going to put it all on the line and start your own business, it better be something you're passionate about. To survive the grind and challenges ahead, you need to know that what you're pushing towards will be worth it in the end. I see SHOP.CA as the culmination of my life's work, something that I've been preparing for since the day I started thinking about business. Find this passion and success will follow. If there's anything I've learned it's that there's no single recipe for success; it's a combination of luck, intuition, a network of support, and your own hard work. To close, in the words of Dr. Seuss: "You have brains in your head. You have feet in your shoes. You can steer yourself any direction you choose. You're on your own. And you know what you know. And you are the one who'll decide where to go."	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line69
__label__wiki	0.755117	0.755117	I Don’t Remind You of Anyone Images of the Occupation: Teaching in Nablus Door of Re-Entry Shut to Palestinians Written by admin • Sunday, 01.10.2006, 17:01 Home » Education Denied » Door of Re-Entry Shut to Palestinians Amira Hass, Haaretz, 1 October 2006 Seven months after Swedish citizen Somaida Abbas was refused entry through Ben-Gurion International Airport, the insult can still be heard in every sentence spoken by this successful economic adviser describing his efforts to return to his wife and three children in Ramallah. Finally, they came to him in Amman. His wife, Saada Shobaki, took a half-year’s leave of absence from the Palestinian Economy Ministry. His kids left their school and kindergarten. They now live in a rented, furnished flat without personal character except for the charming mess of the children’s toys and drawings. Hanging by the door are the keys to Abbas’ house in Ramallah. He already lost one set of keys — to his house in Jerusalem. Abbas was born in 1959 in Jerusalem, where he lived and studied until about 20 years ago. Because he went to study and work abroad, Israel revoked his residency rights. Abbas was among the first Palestinians with Western citizenship to be hurt by the new, undeclared Israeli policy of prohibiting Palestinian re-entry to the country. This policy affects people who want to visit family or return and live in the occupied territories, as they had for the previous 10 or 15 years on tourist or work visas that only Israel has the authority to grant, and did so until 2000. The massive wave of refusal of entry and non-renewal of visas began in early spring of this year, after the establishment of the Hamas government. Abbas was refused entry on February 6 when he returned from a short business trip to Sweden and Turkey. In Sweden he took part in an initiative to advance economic cooperation between Palestinian, Israeli and Swedish business people. In Turkey he talked with officials from the Turkish Foreign Ministry about re-opening the Erez industrial zone. At first Abbas, his friends, and the many people with which he was professionally involved, including many Israelis, thought that a mistake had been made, that there was a misunderstanding. After all, only a mistake could bar entry to a senior economic adviser appointed by the Palestinian Authority to develop the idea of shared Israeli-Palestinian industrial zones after Israel began increasingly to limit the entry of Palestinian workers to its territory. “If Moses wouldn’t come to the mountain, we’ll send the mountain to Moses,” Abbas said was the idea. “Industrial zones would insure income for the Palestinians and security for the Israelis. The donor nations would finance it. Yitzhak Rabin, Yossi Beilin, Abu Ala (Ahmed Qureia, a senior PA figure) — everybody believed in the idea. And I was appointed to lead the project in 1995. The intent was that these zones would compete [by offering lower wages – A.H.] at first with countries like Jordan, Syria, Turkey and Egypt and then with Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines.” The hope that this economic horizon would mark the way to peace, Abbas says, led to him leave a lucrative job in Sweden, where he had studied and became a citizen years ago. The dozens of meetings he took with Israeli representatives were held in Defense Ministry offices in Tel Aviv, where he entered “without their even checking me,” and in the Civil Administration offices in Beit El and Tul Karm. But all this did not help him when he landed at Ben-Gurion Airport in February with his Swedish passport. “The woman took my passport, and I waited. An hour went by. That’s normal. When two hours went by I felt something bad was going on. A Russian [-Israeli] officer came – I knew he was Russian by his accent – and said ‘Abbas, that’s enough. You’re cheating the State of Israel. You work in Israel.’ I answered him, ‘I never worked in Israel, I work in Ramallah.’ I showed him my file number in (the Civil Administration) in Beit El. But he kept on. ‘This is not legal.’ ‘How is it not legal?’ I answered him. In 1996 I got a work permit every half-year. We stopped getting work permits from Beit El in 2000, but we renewed our tourist visas every three months. My wife and children are in Ramallah, not in Israel.’ But he said: ‘Nonsense,” Ramallah belongs to Israel.'” Abbas landed at one o’clock in the morning on what he calls “black Sunday.” At 7 A.M., the shift of “the Russian” ended, and he wanted to put Abbas back on a plane to Stockholm. Abbas refused. Voices were raised. He demanded that the two tough policemen not touch him. He called the emergency number for the Swedish Embassy, which could do nothing because it was Sunday, and Israel was a sovereign country. He called an acquaintance at the Peres Center for Peace. He could do nothing either. Abbas was put in a detention cell at the airport. “Suddenly I became a criminal,” he said and did not hide his tears of insult. “They persuaded me that it was just a question of laws and procedures and that I had to receive a ‘service visa’ and then there would be no problem.” They put Abbas on a plane to Turkey, from which he went on to Jordan. More than a month later, with the intervention of an Israeli businessman in the department for the peace process in the Foreign Ministry and of a United Nations development company in which he worked, Abbas received a service visa from the Israeli Embassy in Amman for three months. It was signed by Consul Shaul Moseri. But on March 22, at the Allenby Bridge, Abbas was refused entry. The visa was from the Foreign Ministry, and the Interior Ministry did not approve his entry, he was told. “I can find work in 16 different countries,” Abbas says. “But Sweden spoiled me. I got used to being a human being, who is treated with respect, who has rights like other people. No one has the right to take a father from his children. Not even Ehud Olmert. You are preventing Palestinian parents from living with their children in their country, and then you ask why the Palestinians hate Israel.” ArticleEntry and visa practices Gaza children’s images of war censored under pressure from US... Pro-Israel organizations pressured an Oakland children’s museum to cancel an upcoming exhibition of drawings made by Palestinian children in the Gaza Strip. Community leaders say the shutting...	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line71
__label__wiki	0.628445	0.628445	Ryan de Laureal The media’s one-trick pony The relentless focus on "violence" by anti-racist protesters glosses over the massive use of state violence against those protesters, explains Ryan de Laureal. THE PROTESTS against police murders of unarmed Black citizens have sparked a long overdue discussion in the mainstream media about racial injustice, much as the Occupy Wall Street movement kick-started a discussion about class and inequality. These protests have brought to light the racism still rampant in American society and have forced the country to acknowledge the need to radically restructure and reorient our society toward the needs of everyday people. In some cases, surprising sympathy came from generally pro-establishment news sources. CNN broadcasters are under fire for raising their hands in the air and holding a sign reading "I can't breathe" during coverage of large protests in New York City in December. "We want you to know that our hearts are out there marching with them," said CNN commentator Sally Kohn. Time magazine published an article on its website titled "In Defense of Rioting," in which Florida-based contributor Darlena Cunha explains that explosions of anger like those around Ferguson have peppered American history and have been an important way that "marginalized communities," especially those suffering from racism, have forced social change. Even the right wing has been forced into discussion of the issue. Some important right-wing ideologues, such as Bill O'Reilly, while they may have vilified the initial Ferguson protests, have had to express concern with the legitimacy of the Eric Garner verdict. Nancy Grace, in what she described as her first time siding against a cop, called Darren Wilson's story unlikely, stating that it "doesn't add up." Valuable investigations have been undertaken by some mainstream news sources into the structural racism present in the counties around Ferguson, where overpolicing of Black communities is used to create revenue for the state. But the bulk of mainstream media coverage has focused on the violence and disorder of the recent protests. On December 8, for example, the sensational CNN headline reads "Chokehold death protests turn violent." At Fox News, an even clearer pro-police bent: "Two police officers injured as Berkeley protest turns violent." One cannot help but wonder how many protesters were beaten and injured by the police. As it turns out, quite a few. THESE TWO reports about demonstrations in Berkeley, California, against the non-indictment of the police officer who killed Eric Garner focus entirely on violence and vandalism by the protesters. They make no mention of the character of the rally itself, the grand jury decision announced the day before, the specific demands of the protesters, or whether the violence began in reaction to a police crackdown. The lead-in to the CNN report sums up this general tendency, which can be found to varying degrees in many mainstream media reports of recent demonstrations: "From the streets of California to the shopping malls of New York, protesters are making sure no one forgets the case of Eric Garner...But some are choosing to do so more violently than others." In the Fox News piece, the names of Mike Brown and Eric Garner are not even mentioned. The protest is described in passing at the beginning of the report as a "demonstration against police killings of unarmed Black men," and after this brief mention of the context, the rally itself and the reasons why it took place are never referred to again. The rest of the report is devoted to descriptions of acts of vandalism and protester violence, and the only quote comes from Berkeley police spokesperson Jenn Coats, who states that the authorities began a crackdown in response to the actions of a "small splinter group." Berkeley students say that the demonstration got violent after police assaulted the protesters. Firsthand accounts at independent and social media outlets largely confirm this view, painting a picture in stark contrast to mainstream reports. A cellphone video--one of many--taken by a demonstrator shows a group of people marching with their hands up as they are blocked by hundreds of police in riot gear. Amid cries of confusion, the protesters are charged and beaten down violently by an impenetrable wall of militarized force. Loud cracks and ear-shattering explosions, followed by smoke, pierce the air and shake the frame of the camera, as the cops fire tear gas, rubber bullets and flash grenades. Scores of police continue to charge and assault the protesters with batons. The demonstrators are forced to turn and flee in panic. As during the Occupy movement, undercover police infiltrated the protests. In Oakland, an undercover highway patrol agent pulled a gun on protesters after a confrontation in which his and his partner's cover was blown. Police departments use these undercover agents to gather intelligence on the demonstrations and facilitate police actions against protesters. DESPITE THE frequency of one-sided mainstream media reports, it is significant that they do not represent the only dialogue about Ferguson. The length and intensity of the protests have forced the issue to the front of the American consciousness. The murders of Mike Brown, Eric Garner, Tamir Rice and hundreds of others just like them--and the system that continues to make their deaths possible--can no longer be ignored. This in and of itself disproves the notion that protesting is a futile gesture. In fact, if the last six years have proven anything, it is that voting for Democratic politicians, who in many cities are the figures overseeing the police crackdown on the right to dissent, has become the futile gesture. In the case of Berkeley, the one-sided mainstream reports serve the interests of the established systems of state and corporate power in very concrete ways. First of all, they help to discredit the protesters, not because they mention vandalism that occurred at these demonstrations, but precisely because they fail to mention anything else. This technique is pursued so persistently that significant details about the events themselves must be left out, such as the fact buried at the end of some of the accounts that "violence" (by which the reports mean property damage) was participated in by "small splinter groups." Of course, if "violence" was not condoned or practiced by a majority of the demonstrators, then the question of what were the stated goals and practices of the majority of those present becomes even more important. But, in order for the corporate media's reporting of these kinds of events to suitably advance the interests of the establishment, it is necessary for them to completely elide any in-depth discussion of the protests themselves. Focusing on the violence of a "splinter group" and purging all other details of the rally is also an effective way of presenting the entire protest as violent and chaotic, even if, in reality, the bulk of the protest had been peaceful. This media technique helps to drive a wedge within the movement itself, creating an opportunity to splinter the more pacifist from the more militant wings. It also helps to alienate those in the general public who may be sympathetic to the protesters, but who do not condone such destructive and provocative tactics. Ultimately, while these reports may show some of what occurred, they suffer from an unfortunate irony: they focus on incidents of protester violence while ignoring massive state violence. It is a pertinent fact that the state is willing, and able, to resort to the utmost heights of repression and injustice in defense of its own power and the status quo. What is so sinister is that it can do so with total impunity, supported by the courts, and largely with the complicity of an "independent" media. Interview: Paul Foot The politics of image and the image of struggle Read a rediscovered interview with a prominent British journalist and one of the finest writers and speakers for the socialist cause. James Zeigler We can’t let net neutrality die Lost amid the many horrors of the Trump era was last month’s gift from the administration to the Internet monopolies. Junk-news junkies A new report issued by Oxford University details exactly how the hard-line right wing funds and organizes its own "fake news." Taking a toll on the information superhighway The actions of the FCC are about to give a few powerful companies unprecedented control over our access to online content. Nicole Colson High-risk journalism A new report details the multiple ways that the Obama administration has attacked whistle-blowers and press freedom. Leela Yellesetty There are two Seattles--one for the wealthy few and another for the vast majority of people who barely scrape by, and sometimes not even that. Anti-imperialism and the Syrian Revolution The Arab Spring uprising in Syria has tested the left by posing a blunt question: Are you on the side of a dictator--or that of a popular uprising? What’s the path to working-class power? The successes of left-wing candidates make it all the more important for socialists to define what we believe elections can and can’t accomplish. How the water protectors won at Standing Rock SW contributors describe what they saw on a trip to Standing Rock as an announcement is made about the future of the Dakota Access Pipeline. Jen Roesch The occupation heard around the world Five years ago, Occupy Wall Street erupted onto the political landscape--and gave voice to the class anger brewing beneath the surface of U.S. society.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line73
__label__cc	0.707114	0.292886	Review of A Kiss in Time, by Alex Flinn by Administrator Leave Comment A Kiss in Time HarperTeen, 2009. 371 pages. On my second day of vacation, I committed the wonderful luxury of staying in bed until noon and reading a novel. A Kiss in Time is the novel I chose. I loved Alex Flinn’s Beastly, where she sets the fairy tale “Beauty and the Beast” in modern-day New York. When I heard she was doing a version of “Sleeping Beauty,” where Sleeping Beauty is woken up by a modern day American teen, I simply had to snap it up. Now, I’ve got a special interest in Sleeping Beauty tales, because several years ago I attempted to write my own version where Sleeping Beauty was sleeping in a castle in Germany, and is woken by an American military kid whose last name is Prince. Unfortunately, I got bogged down with details. How does she get an ID card? A passport? I couldn’t decide whether she’d get media attention and be a celebrity princess or just adapt to modern life as some sort of refugee. What’s more, in my version, all of her family and her life before were dead, so it got rather depressing. My own attempt to write the story gives me that much more admiration for Alex Flinn pulling it off so beautifully. Mind you, Orson Scott Card has already done a magnificent job in his book for adults, Enchantment. But with A Kiss in Time, Alex Flinn has written the light-hearted teen fantasy I was shooting for. I was delighted with the way she had the entire kingdom sleeping, as in the original fairy tale, and figured out a way to deal with them waking up in the 21st Century. Jack is something of a screw-up, and he’s had enough of museums, so he decides to ditch the tour group his parents sent him on and spend a day at the beach. He brings along his friend Travis, but they have some trouble with the directions they’re given and somehow wind up struggling through a thick hedge of thorns. On the other side, there’s a medieval kingdom, where everyone’s asleep. Travis thinks they might as well help themselves to some jewels, but then Jack discovers a gorgeous girl asleep in a room by herself. Something compels him to give her a kiss…. Well, Talia’s father wakes up awfully angry with Talia for having touched a spindle despite all his warnings. He throws Jack in the dungeon, since, after all, a commoner shouldn’t be kissing the princess. Talia’s willing to help Jack escape to Florida, but he seems strangely reluctant to marry her. In Florida, Talia has a lot to learn about the modern world, but it turns out there are things she can teach Jack about dealing with people. And both teens have a lot to learn about true love. This is a light-hearted and fun approach to the age-old story, and the question of how have people changed across the centuries. My hat goes off to Alex Flinn for doing such a wonderful job telling this tale. Find this review on Sonderbooks at: www.sonderbooks.com/Teens/kiss_in_time.html Contemporary, Fairy Tale Variant, Fantasy, Romance, Starred Review, Teen Fiction Review Previous Post: Review of The Story Sisters, by Alice HoffmanPrevious Post Review of The Story Sisters, by Alice Hoffman Next Post: Review of Happiness Now! by Robert Holden, PhDNext Post Review of Happiness Now! by Robert Holden, PhD	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line74
__label__cc	0.501425	0.498575	By the Roadside Summary: On his return from Kingsgrove, Nathaniel meets with one of the Terrick patrols on the road. Related Logs: References to Kingsgrove Minstrel Competition Mon Mar 11, 290 Most people from the Roost have returned to their own homes after the recent celebration. Although Nathaniel had arrived at the Terrick's keep in the morning, he soon needed to return to Kingsgrove on a small but important errand. Now, The late afternoon sun is creeping slowly toward the horizon, causing the trees to cast long shadows across the road, and he is riding back toward home at a leisurely pace. While his right hand clutches the reins, he holds an apple in his left, and occasionally raises it to take a bite. With the main road to Kingsgrove being via the Roost, it's fair to say that there has been an increase in both frequency and visibility of patrols over the past few days. Nothing quite like a bandit attack on a noble party heading to or from a wedding to dampen the mood, and reputations. Thankfully, there hasn't been a peep heard from the ne're-do-wells and all seems to have gone to plan, but that doesn't mean it's time to stop just yet, as evidenced by the small group of Terrick liveried men who are pausing to rest their horses just inside the border. Small being three in this case, 2 men of the garrison and Mortimer. The younger two seem happy enough taking their leisure for a brief time, leaving the Deputy Sheriff to keep an eye on the comings and goings. Not that there are many mind. Still, it means that Nathaniel is spotted not long after he comes into view, but even before he's properly recognised he's clocked as not behaving suspiciously. Once he is recognised though a wave is given in greeting. Equally aware of the possibility of highwaymen even on this short stretch of road, Nathaniel is not entirely at ease. When he comes to the top of a small hill and spots three men under a tree near the road, he trains his eyes on them for a moment. They, too, are behaving in a way that allays his suspicions, and so he continues along the road until one of them lifts a hand to wave. He takes the final bite from the apple and gives it an overhand toss so that it will land far from the road. Then he answers with a wave. He continues to eye the trio until he can discern their identity. "Master Trevelyan!" he calls from some distance. "Good day to you!" Then glancing behind him, he he adds, "The road is clear between here and the town." He reaches forward to untie a small sack on his saddle-horn. He hefts it aloft and adds, "Something for you and your men, if you like." By now, he is in range to toss the sack, which contains three apples, toward the deputy. "Master Corbitt," Mortimer calls back, a faint smile spreading across his features, "I'd had word you'd already returned yet here you are. Tell me, are my sources wrong or is this another attempt to destroy an old man's brain?" Catching the sack easily enough he glances inside before taking one of the apples and tossing the sack onto the other two so they can take their share. "Thanks, although they're not mine as 't'were," the men that is. Getting business out of the way first he offers, "we had no trouble on the way here, and that was not long since." That done it's onto more casual topics, "Mistress Valen not with you? I think I'd forgotten what you look like on your own." Nathaniel laughs and brings Molly to a stop. "It's no attempt to befuddle our deputy," he assures. "I came back to fetch some some needlework that Lady Nedra's handmaiden left by accident. She was working on a project, a wedding present of her lady, and couldn't bear the thought of restarting it when she was already more than halfway finished." AFter explaining that, however. he frowns briefly. "Mistress Valen had business in Heronhurst and couldn't come to the celebrations," he adds. "I'm sure that she'll be busy for a while with work from Lady Aemy." Mortimer makes an over exaggerated show of thinking that one over for a couple of moments then just shakes his head. "I'll believe you this time Master Corbitt, but just beware that I'm keeping my eye on you, this is twice now. That I've noticed." Figuring that while they're stopped is as good a time to eat his apple as any he takes a bite and munches briefly before nodding to the explanation as to Kalira's whereabouts, "I take it that's the same Lady Aemy as is marrying into Highfield. I must admit I don't know her new betrothed, but I'll wager he'll cause us less grief than her first." Nathaniel nods. "I know that Lord Robben recited some verse at the minstrel's show last night, but I arrived too late to judge its worth," he answers. "I've met the lady herself. If half of what I heard about the … incident is true, she deserves a good match, for all that it matters." While he speaks, he swings down from the mare's back, and steps close enough to speak so that only Mortimer can hear. "Do you remember Mistress Taken?" He queries. "She brought a great fuss to the event with song of her own. If she decides to repeat such performances at the Roost, you might be delivering her to the dungeon for a visit." "I might have seen her in passing while she was at the Roost, but I can't say we've spoken," Mortimer replies, in regard to Lady Aemy. "Thankfully I was out searching when said incident occurred, but I've heard from Lord ozric about it." He shakes his head there, not the finest example of noble behaviour all told but thankfully he didn't have to deal with it. As Nathaniel dismounts he takes a step closer as well, reading the other man's intent and then listens carefully before thinking it over. "Name 's familiar, can't say I've seen her in a while though." His brow then creases a little into a frown, "why? What occurred?" Nathaniel shakes his head. "As I say, she sang a song. The gist was to scoff at nobles, their alliances, and their motives. It was a … bawdy piece, which didn't surprise me at all, but Lord Stafford was sufficiently annoyed to consign her to the dungeon for the night." He lifts a finger as if to mark some contrast, and he adds, "However, enough of the common folk approved to suit her. So I'd wager that she'll repeat something like it elsewhere." Mortimer winces, visibly, then reaches up to rub the back of his next with his free hand. "Just what we don't need right now. Was Lord Ozric there to hear it or will I need to explain it to him 'ere it becomes an issue for us?" He'd been having a reasonable day up to now. "I take a current description from you as well, if I may, let the barmen at the Rockcliff know what to watch for, just in case." He's basically forgotten the apple for now and that hand hands loosely by his side while the other reaches up again, although this time to pat Nathaniel on the shoulder briefly. "It's good to see you again though, I was only a day or so away from sending a search party, ‘specially when Mistress Dorsey came through and reckoned you were here before her." "Most people at the Rockcliffe know her, fortunately," Nathaniel assures. He holds up his hand a few inches at eye level, and details, "About this height, thin enough that a sapling might look stout next to her. She has pale blond hair, almost white for its color, and bright blue eyes." He pauses for a moment to reflect. She wears clothes that give a good show, and a small metal bracelet on one wrist. She speaks with the tongue of Essos, too. Once you've heard her, you'll not mistake her." "Oh yes," Mortimer replies as the realisation hits him, "I remember her now. Thank you for the warning, I shall keep an eye open, and an ear, but hopefully Lord Grove's response will make her think twice." He tries to sound as if he means it, he really does, but he has the sneaking suspicion that it means she might think twice before trying it in his lands but probably not others. To move on from those lovely thoughts he asks, "How were the rest of the festivities? Fitting I take it?" Nathaniel nods. "The joust was quite a show," he sums. "She was there, too. Lord Ozric and Lady Nedra were at both events, so I'm sure that he knows. He might even bring it to your attention. In that case, you can assure him that you are well aware, and thus ease his mind. I think that in truth, she's harmless enough. She's like a mummer, earning her way by traveling and keeping things lively. As far as I know, at least, she does no real harm like a thief or other villainy. She's just … someone to watch. But when that sort crosses a lord or his lady, then comes the trouble." Mortimer nods as he listens, "Aye, possibly a quiet word before anything occurs might work. Lord Ozric is very, protective, of Lady Nedra at the moment, given some of the responses to their banns. I'd rather stave off any potential trouble than clean up afterwards." Now would not be a good time for someone else to mouth off about Nedra, that's for certain, and he doesn't want to have to deal with that, nor the irate Young Lord that would result. "Still, at least the roads are quiet," he then offers on a brighter note, "and I’ve heard nothing more from Stonebridge or the Tully forced supposedly marching there." Nathaniel sighs. "That fear kept me so longer than Mistress Dorsey imagined," he admits. "I wasn't afraid, but others were wary of my passing, just as they've grown wary of any strangers." He looks to Molly when the horse nudges his shoulder impatiently, and then returns his attention to Mortimer. "To prove that I was no spy on urgent business for the Tully, I tarried a few days at Stonebridge, in plain sight and with people there who are of good repute, so that no one could question my business." Mortimer looks faintly surprised that Nathaniel isn't already a well enough known face in Stonebridge, but then concludes that they possibly only see him passing through and thus might not know his loyalties and such. Dropping his hand down to his belt where the small Terrick sash rest to proclaim his service he offers, "I can likely get hold of another of these if you want. Not so big as to draw attention, but there is anyone decides to look." Easy enough to take off as well should the need arise. "I'll be glad when it's all settled," he remarks, "I'm not as young as I used to be and drilling just gets worse the older you get." Nathaniel glances down at the sash, but he smiles and declines, "They wondered /because/ I serve the Terricks. They feared that Lord Tully was shifting his favors." He sighs again, and nods when the deputy expresses his hopes for a quieter future. "What I know of Lord Tully and his favors wouldn't fill a grain of sand. If they're looking for spies, they'd do better to look at their neighbor's windows at night. As any courier will tell, the only time when we know what lies under the seal is when we've scribed it, or when someone chooses to tell us." He glances at the setting sun, and guesses, "It's probably best to head back toward town before all four of us are out here in the dark." Mortimer it takes a second or so, but then the true meaning of Nathaniel's words gets through Mortimer's skull and realisation dawns. "I reckon you are after my brain," he replies, grinning once again, "that or you're just showing off your edumacation." He knows diddly squat about the worth of Lord Tully's favours and so leaves that comment lie as he follows the glance to the horizon. "Aye, you're likely right," he replies with a nod, walking a few paces to where his borrowed mount is happily grazing and then leading it back to Nathaniel and Molly. With the soldiers making similar preparations he turns back for a final quiet word with the courier, "you mind keeping your ears open in town for me? It might be nothing more than spill over from other things but there's a hint of something in the air back home and no one's talking to me." He shrugs slightly, "as I say, might be nothing, but if you do hear anything, would you let me know?" Nathaniel frowns and looks to Mortimer. "What things in particular, master?" he wonders. "People know that I travel and so fail to hear the latest gossip. Those same people usually are willing to spill such tales if they have a good ear to bend." He tugs at his own ear while he says this. "If there's a dangerous beast in the forest, I should know its sound to be alert to it. It's the same with gossip." Mortimer looks faintly vexed as he ponders just how to reply to Nathaniel. "I'll be honest with you, I don't know. It might be nothing, it might just be other things, but there's been a couple times now where I reckon a conversation has stopped when I've arrived. Mostly up at the Tower mind, but as I say, no one is talking to me so I don't know if it's all just in me head." The apple, having been forgotten during the conversation is now claimed by the horse who munches away at it happily enough, freeing up the hand not holding the reins to rub absently at his forehead a minute. "So this might be something either about you, or something that others wouldn't want you to know," Nathaniel concludes. "That narrows it a bit. Apart from something /about/ you, it would need to be about what you do, keeping the people safe." He nods. "That's enough for a start. I've been scarce enough. People might figure that I haven't heard the latest tale, and some might be eager to tell it." He steps back beside Molly, and then he suggests, "I'll ride ahead, and stay distant from you even in town. People might talk to me about whatever this is if they don't think that I'd run to you with it." He lifts his left foot into the stirrup, and grasps the saddle, ready to mount. "I'll spend more time at the inn, and see what the wags have to say." "Or," Mortimer replies, tapping the side of his head gently as he does so, "it could all be up here and I'm just reading too much into something." He's not discarding the option, by any means, but nor is he convinced by it either. "Ride safe," he adds before glancing back to the other two who seem about ready to go, "we'll head as far as the border and then turn back, it'll give you a bit of a head start at least. Thank you though, even if it does just turn out to be humouring me." Nathaniel bounces twice on the foot that is still on the ground, and then lights into the saddle. Looking back to Mortimer, he shrugs. "If it's in your head, then my checking will tell that, too. But if people fall silent when you come around, you might be onto something. Either they don't want you to know, or don't want you to ask /them/ about it." he lifts the reins, but pauses, looking thoughtful. "I don't know, and correct me if I'm wrong, but wasn't there some … tangle between you and Lord Keenan Terrick?" Either Nathaniel has not heard the latest about the disgraced Terrick, or Nathaniel is using the title for some other reason. "If people are behind him, that might be it." Then he reiterates, "I'll see what turnips I can dig from this ground." "I wouldn't say tangle no," Mortimer replies, "but that is a long story and as such one for another time I think." The horizon is given another glance before he too his mounting his borrowed horse, "I'll catch up with you later, that or I suppose I could just let the lad know you're back and wait at home for him to drag you back to show you his kite again." Turning to head in the direction of the close-by border he reiterates his earlier, "ride safely," although this time he also adds, "if ought does happen though, we'll not be far behind you, so make back for us if the way ahead looks unsure." Nathaniel dips his head in a bow, and smiles. "It's a good plan," he agrees. He, too, looks toward the sunset. "I'll be there in time for the last of dinner and the first of the drinking," he guesses. "If I've learned anything, it's how to nurse a cup, with a helpful barmaid as accomplice, so that I keep my wits and hear." Then he nods. "If I have any news, I'll arrive before first light to take the lad for fishing." logsmortimernathanielsocial DDSCAT Light Scattering Code SMD超现实管制处异常中转管理 Analyzing The Options Captain Barefoot The naturist guide to the Greek Islands	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line77
__label__wiki	0.995229	0.995229	Chesney Hawkes Chesney uses the Tanglewood MasterDesign TSM 2 & the MasterDesign TSR 3 Chesney Lee Hawkes (born 22 September 1971), is an English pop singer, songwriter, and occasional actor. He is best known for his 1991 single “The One and Only”, which topped the UK Singles Chart, and reached the Top 10 in the United States. Hawkes was born in Windsor, Berkshire, to Carol (née Dilworth) and Leonard Hawkes. Chesney was named after the singer and comedian Chesney Allen. His father is the singer Len ‘Chip’ Hawkes, formerly with the 1960s band The Tremeloes. His mother is former actress/game show hostess, Carol Dilworth, who appeared in an episode of the 1960s version of Randall and Hopkirk called “For The Girl Who Has Everything”, as well as the 1969 horror movie The Haunted House of Horror. Keely Hawkes, his sister, was the lead singer of 1990s band Transister, and is currently a songwriter based in Los Angeles. He attended Charters School in Sunningdale. Hawkes’s career began at 19, when he appeared as the title character in the film Buddy’s Song. In March 1991, he released his biggest single “The One and Only” from the film’s soundtrack, on which his younger brother, Jodie, was the drummer. Written by Nik Kershaw, the song was later featured in the opening credits of Doc Hollywood (1991), starring Michael J. Fox; in the 2009 movie Moon, as the song Sam Rockwell wakes up to every morning; and again in the 2011 film Source Code as the cell phone ringtone of Michelle Monaghan’s character. The single spent five weeks at No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart. He has released eight singles including “I’m a Man Not a Boy” and “Another Fine Mess”. Follow Chesney on Twitter here Follow Chesney on Facebook here	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line80
__label__cc	0.737187	0.262813	Why do others sites gave only one hexagram? 37. Dwelling People (jiā rén). The Family Home improvement is the basis for the establishment of order in the world. The Family. The perseverance of the woman furthers. Wind comes forth from fire: The image of the Family. Thus the superior man has substance in his words and duration in his way of life. Firm seclusion within the family. Remorse disappears. She should not follow her whims. She must attend within to the food. Perseverance brings good fortune. When tempers flare up in the family, too great severity brings remorse. Good fortune nonetheless. When woman and child dally and laugh, it leads in the end to humiliation. She is the treasure of the house. Great good fortune. As a king he approaches his family. Fear not. Good fortune. His work commands respect. In the end good fortune comes. It is time to leave great things and put things in order at home. Family problems are to be overcome as soon as possible, until the wind blew the fire of hearth. Protect your property. Keep the traditions of family. It is favorable time for the larger family - marriage, birth of offspring. The hexagram represents the laws obtaining within the family. The strong line at the top represents the father, the lowest the son. The strong line in the fifth place represents the husband, the yielding second line the wife. On the other hand, the two strong lines in the fifth and the third place represent two brothers, and the two weak lines correlated with them in the fourth and the second place stand for their respective wives. Thus all the connections and relationships within the family find their appropriate expression. Each individual line has the character according with its place. The fact that a strong line occupies the sixth place-where a weak line might be expected- indicates very clearly the strong leadership that must come from the head of the family. The line is to be considered here not in its quality as the sixth but in its quality as the top line. THE FAMILY shows the laws operative within the household that, transferred to outside life, keep the state and the world in order. The influence that goes out from within the family is represented by the symbol of the wind created by fire. The foundation of the family is the relationship between husband and wife. The tie that hold the family together lies in the loyalty and perseverance of the wife. The tie that holds the family together lies in the loyalty and perseverance of the wife. Her place is within (second line), while that of the husband is without (fifth line). It is in accord with the great laws of nature that husband and wife take their proper places. Within the family a strong authority is needed; this is represented by the parents. If the father is really a father and the son a son, if the elder brother fulfills his position, and the younger fulfills his, if the husband is really a husband and the wife a wife, then the family is in order. When the family is in order, all the social relationships of mankind will be in order. Three of the five social relationships are to be found within the family-that between father and son, which is the relation of love, that between the husband and wife, which is the relation of chaste conduct, and that between elder and younger brother, which is the relation of correctness. The loving reverence of the son is then carried over to the prince in the form of faithfulness to duty; the affection and correctness of behavior existing between the two brothers are extended to a friend in the form of loyalty, and to a person of superior rank in the form of deference. The family is society in the embryo; it is the native soil on which performance of moral duty is made early through natural affection, so that within a small circle a basis of moral practice is created, and this is later widened to include human relationships in general. Heat creates energy: this is signified by the wind stirred up by the fire and issuing forth form it. This represents influence working from within outward. The same thing is needed in the regulation of the family. Here too the influence on others must proceed form one's own person. In order to be capable of producing such an influence, one's words must have power, and this they can have only if they are based on something real, just as flame depends on its fuel Words have influence only when they are pertinent and clearly related to definite circumstances. General discourses and admonitions have no effect whatsoever. Furthermore, the words must be supported by one's entire conduct, just as the wind is made effective by am impression on others that they can adapt and conform to it. If words and conduct are not in accord and consistent, they will have no effect. The family must form a well-defined unit within which each member knows his place. From the beginning each child must be accustomed to firmly established rules of order, before ever its will is directed to other things. If we begin too late to enforce order, when the will of the child has already been overindulged, the whims and passions, grown stronger with the years, offer resistance and give cause for remorse. If we insist on order from the outset, occasions for remorse may arise-in general social life these are unavoidable- but the remorse always disappears again, and everything rights itself. For there is nothing easily avoided and more difficult to carry through than "breaking a child's will." The wife must always be guided by the will of the master of the house, be he father, husband, or grown son. There, without having to look for them, she has great and important duties. She must attend to the nourishment of her family and to the food for the sacrifice. IN this way she becomes the center of the social and religious life of the family, and her perseverance in this position brings good fortune to the whole house. In relation to general conditions, the counsel here is to seek nothing by means of force, but quietly to confine oneself to the duties at hand. In the family the proper mean between severity and indulgence ought to prevail. Too great severity toward one's own flesh and blood leads to remorse. The wise thing is to build strong dikes within which complete freedom of movement is allowed each individual. But in doubtful instances too great severity, despite occasional mistakes, is preferable, because it preserves discipline in the family, whereas too great weakness leads to disgrace. It is upon the woman of the house that the well-being of the family depends. Well-being prevails when expenditures and income are soundly balanced. This leads to great good fortune. In the sphere of public life, this line refers to the faithful steward whose measures further the general welfare. A king is the symbol of a fatherly man who is richly endowed in mind. He does nothing to make himself feared; on the contrary, the whole family can trust him, because love governs their intercourse. His character of itself exercises the right influence. In the last analysis, order within the family depends on the character of the master of the house. If he cultivates his personality so that it works impressively through the force of inner truth, all goes well with the family. In a ruling position one must of his own accord assume responsibility. Success and success wait for you there where your soul aspires. Your hopes will come true, but not without assistance. Do not make a mistake, do not leave now the territory, differently it becomes very fast to you clearly, that it could not be done. Search for calm and the world in the home life, in house affairs, in dialogue with friends. 31. Conjoining (xián). Influence Opposite spirits are allied, so harmony is born. Influence. Success. Perseverance furthers. To take a maiden to wife brings good fortune. A lake on the mountain: The image of Influence. Thus the superior man encourages people to approach him by his readiness to receive them. The influence shows itself in the big toe. The influence shows itself in the calves of the legs. Misfortune. Tarrying brings good fortune. The influence shows itself in the thighs. Holds to that which follows it. To continue is humiliating. Perseverance brings good fortune. Remorse disappears. If a man is agitated in mind, and his thoughts go hither and thither, only those friends on whom he fixes his conscious thoughts will follow. The influence shows itself in the back of the neck. No remorse. The influence shows itself in the jaws, cheeks, and tongue. Softness tames force. Harmony, a reasonable compromise is in business. Feelings and thoughts are pure, elation is growing. You can proceed without fear of a new business. Any union, marriage, friendship, partnership are auspicious. Rely on relatives in difficult situations. Focus on the experience and advice of someone wiser. The name of the hexagram means "universal," "general," and in a figurative sense "to influence," "to stimulate." The upper trigram is Tui, the Joyous; the lower is Kên, Keeping still. By its persistent, quiet influence, the lower, rigid trigram stimulates the upper, weak trigram, which responds to this stimulation cheerfully and joyously. Kên, the lower trigram, is the youngest son; the upper, Tui, is the youngest daughter. Thus the universal mutual attraction between the sexes is represented. In courtship, the masculine principle must seize the initiative and place itself below the feminine principle. Just as the first part of book 1 begins with the hexagrams of heaven and earth, the foundations of all that exists, the second part begins with the hexagrams of courtship and marriage, the foundations of all social relationships. The weak element is above, the strong below; hence their powers attract each other, so that they unite. This brings about success, for all success depends on the effect of mutual attraction. By keeping still within while experiencing joy without, one can prevent the joy from going to excess and hold it within proper bounds. This is the meaning of the added admonition, "Perseverance furthers," for it is perseverance that makes the difference between seduction and courtship; in the latter the strong man takes a position inferior to that of the weak girl and shows consideration for her. This attraction between affinities is a general law of nature. Heaven and earth attract each other and thus all creatures come into being. Through such attraction the sage influences men's hearts, and thus the world attains peace. From the attractions they exert we can learn the nature of all beings in heaven and on earth. A mountain with a lake on its summit is stimulated by the moisture from the lake. It has this advantage because its summit does not jut out as a peak but is sunken. The image counsels that the mind should be kept humble and free, so that it may remain receptive to good advice. People soon give up counseling a man who thinks that he knows everything better than anyone else. A movement, before it is actually carried out, shows itself first in the toes. The idea of an influence is already present, but is not immediately apparent to others. As long as the intention has no visible effect, it is of no importance to the outside world and leads neither to good nor to evil. In movement, the calf of the leg follows the foot; by itself it can neither go forward nor stand still. Since the movement is not self-governed, it bodes ill. One should wait quietly until one is impelled to action by a real influence. Then one remains uninjured. Every mood of the heart influences us to movement. What the heart desires, the thighs run after without a moment's hesitation; they hold to the heart, which they follow. In the life of man, however, acting on the spur of every caprice is wrong and if continued leads to humiliation. Three considerations suggest themselves here. First, a man should not run precipitately after all the persons whom he would like to influence, but must be able to hold back under certain circumstances. As little should he yield immediately to every whim of those in whose service he stands. Finally, where the moods of his own heart are concerned, he should never ignore the possibility of inhibition, for this is the basis of human freedom. Here the place of the heart is reached. The impulse that springs from this source is the most important of all. It is of particular concern that this influence be constant and good; then, in spite of the danger arising from the great susceptibility of the human heart, there will be no cause for remorse. When the quiet power of a man's own character is at work, the effects produced are right. All those who are receptive to the vibrations of such a spirit will then be influenced. Influence over others should not express itself as a conscious and willed effort to manipulate them. Through practicing such conscious incitement, one becomes wrought up and is exhausted by the eternal stress and strain. Moreover, the effects produced are then limited to those on whom one's thoughts are consciously fixed. The back of the neck is the most rigid part of the body. When the influence shows itself there, the will remains firm and the influence does not lead to confusion. Hence remorse does not enter into consideration here. What takes place in the depths of one's being, in the unconscious mind. It is true that if we cannot be influenced ourselves, we cannot influence the outside world. The most superficial way of trying to influence others is through talk that has nothing real behind it. The influence produced by such mere tongue wagging must necessarily remain insignificant. Hence no indication is added regarding good or bad fortune. The luck and success should accompany now to you owing to that sincere condition in which you stay. You now " on a wave " success. Here - here there will be some the unexpected events very favorable for you, almost each your step will bring success. Results will be those, that you and do not imagine now; it will introduce rest and the world in your soul. However after all excitements and experiences you, probably, will need to leave for a short while from affairs and to have a rest.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line81
__label__wiki	0.986132	0.986132	New Jersey and National Leaders Support Nomination of Rachel Wainer Apter to the New Jersey Supreme Court “The Panel found that the candidate has the competence, integrity and judicial temperament to be an outstanding Justice,” said the Governor’s Judicial Advisory Panel, comprised of Chief Justice (Retired) James Zazzali, Justice (Retired) John Wallace, Chief Justice (Retired) Deborah Poritz, Justice (Retired) Virginia Long, Justice (Retired) Stewart Pollock, Judge (Retired) Peter Doyne, and John Keefe, Former President of the New Jersey State Bar Association, in a joint statement. “Ms. Wainer Apter’s reputation in the legal community is bar none and my interactions with her have shown me a strength of character and intellect that New Jersey will be proud to have on our highest court," said Senator Richard J. Codey. "If she should be confirmed, our residents should rest comfortably knowing that they have a strong voice on the court that will protect the civil rights of all of our residents for years to come. She’s part of the best of New Jersey.” “I am looking forward to voting for Rachel Wainer Apter for the New Jersey Supreme Court," said Senator Joseph Cryan. "Great choice by Governor Murphy.” “Last year, Governor Murphy made a homerun appointment with Fabiana Pierre-Louis and now the Governor has appointed another impressive individual in Rachel Wainer Apter," said Senator Vin Gopal. "Wainer Apter’s resume is very strong. I have followed her tenure as director of the New Jersey Division of Civil Rights, and she continues to serve that office with honor and distinction. Her qualifications and experiences suit her well to serve on New Jersey’s highest court. I look forward to following and participating in Ms. Wainer Apter’s nomination process.” “It is very fitting to see the announcement of the nomination of Rachel Wainer Apter as an Associate Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court on Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s birthday," said Senator Nicholas J. Sacco. "Ms. Wainer Apter’s career has demonstrated a passion and commitment to justice and equality and she has shown herself to be a fierce defender of the rights of those most vulnerable to discrimination. Her nomination is a continuation of the lasting legacy of Justice Ginsburg here in New Jersey, and the country, as a new generation is poised to ensure we continue and build upon the ideals of equal justice under the law and equal opportunity to succeed.” "I strongly support Governor Murphy's nomination of Rachel Wainer Apter to the New Jersey Supreme Court. Rachel has been a leader in combating hate and anti-Semitism online," said Senator Robert Singer. "She stood up to Facebook for enabling the 'Rise Up Ocean County' page because she understands that internet hate speech often incites real-world violence. I have no doubt that Rachel will seek to protect our Constitutional liberties and freedoms on our state's highest court." "I applaud Governor Murphy's nomination of Rachel Wainer Apter to the New Jersey Supreme Court. As Director of the Division of Civil Rights, Rachel has made it a priority to inform the work of her office with input and feedback from diverse communities across our state," said Senator Troy Singleton. "She has also supported and enforced the New Jersey Law Against Discrimination (LAD), our nation's oldest anti-discrimination law, including working with me on the "Fair Chance in Housing Act" to prohibit inquiries related to an applicant's criminal record prior to providing a conditional housing offer. I'm excited to see Rachel take her immense talents to our state's highest court." "During her time in state government, Rachel Wainer Apter has defended the civil rights of our most vulnerable communities, including personally defending New Jersey's Dreamers in federal court," said Senator Brian Stack. "I am thrilled to see Governor Murphy nominate Rachel to the New Jersey Supreme Court, where I know she will continue to work tirelessly to ensure equal justice under the law for all of our residents." “I know Rachel Wainer Apter through her work as Law Director of the New Jersey Division of Civil Rights. She has an outstanding educational background and is a highly accomplished civil rights lawyer," said Senate Majority Leader Loretta Weinberg. "Having begun her career as a law clerk for justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, I know her career has been dedicated to a fight for equality. The Governor has made a fine nomination and I look forward to meeting with her very soon.“ “We’re delighted to see a former ACLU lawyer nominated to the New Jersey Supreme Court,” said David Cole, National Legal Director, American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). “Rachel Wainer Apter was a superstar at the ACLU, and has continued to show her commitment to defending civil rights and civil liberties ever since.” "Rachel Wainer Apter's career demonstrates her deep commitment to protecting the rights of the most vulnerable New Jerseyans and expanding access to justice for all," said Sara Cullinane, Director of Make the Road New Jersey. "As counsel to New Jersey Attorney General Gurbir Grewal, she led successful litigation to stop some of the Trump administration's most vicious attacks on immigrants, from defending the DACA program to challenging the Trump administration's attempt to include a citizenship question in the census. Here in New Jersey, she played a pivotal role limiting ICE enforcement in our state through the Immigrant Trust Directive. She is a brilliant legal mind and has an unwavering commitment to equal justice. We enthusiastically support her nomination.” “At times like these, when the civil rights of people of color are under attack throughout our nation, it is refreshing to see such a strong fighter for equality nominated to the highest court in our state," said Christian Estevez, President of the Latino Action Network. "Rachel Wainer Apter has time and again proven her commitment to protecting the most vulnerable, including immigrants. The New Jersey Supreme Court will be stronger with the addition of such a highly qualified and accomplished jurist.” “From her time as a student at Harvard Law School through her many critical posts as a law clerk and lawyer, Rachel Wainer Apter has demonstrated how someone with a first-class mind, enormous dedication to hard work, and a commitment to advancing justice can make a difference in the lives of individuals and in the vitality of our system of laws and government,” said Martha Minow, 300th Anniversary University Professor at Harvard University and former Dean of Harvard Law School. “Recognized by professors, jurists, lawyers, and members of the broader community for her excellence over and over, she brings enormous talent, tenacity, and compassion to everything she does. It was a pleasure for me to recommend her when she applied to serve as a law clerk for outstanding judges, including Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg—and to hear rave reviews from those for whom she has worked. I once wrote in a recommendation, “I would trust her with the most challenging assignments.” Her track record of service in the government, in nonprofit organizations, in private legal work, and in civic work more than confirms that trust.” "ADL NY/NJ is pleased to support Rachel Wainer Apter's nomination to the New Jersey Supreme Court. We have been honored to work closely with Director Wainer Apter since her appointment as the Director of the Division on Civil Rights and believe she is well-qualified to serve in this role," said Scott Richman, New York and New Jersey Regional Director for the Anti-Defamation League. "We commend Governor Murphy for choosing Director Wainer Apter as his nominee and are enthusiastic about the prospect of her confirmation." "Under Ms. Wainer-Apter's leadership, the Division on Civil Rights has taken a robust approach to protecting the civil rights of all New Jerseyans," said Amol Sinha, Executive Director of ACLU-NJ. "If confirmed, we look forward to arguing before her and the rest of the Supreme Court to continue that vital work. Ms. Wainer-Apter’s experience as a civil rights lawyer, including a stint at the national office of the ACLU, should serve our state well as the Court seeks to promote justice for all." “We spent the last four years subjected to xenophobia, hatred and disunity coming from the highest office in the country. But here in New Jersey, Governor Murphy has reaffirmed our commitment to the American Dream by nominating a civil rights advocate," said Hetty Rosenstein, New Jersey Director for the Communications Workers of America (CWA). "Rachel Wainer Apter, could have taken her Harvard law degree and gone anywhere she wanted. Instead she chose to work on behalf of people who are discriminated against and in service to the public. That's the same choice that is made everyday by CWA public workers. This is the type of person New Jersey needs and deserves on its Supreme Court.”	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line83
__label__wiki	0.580195	0.580195	Instituto de Física Corpuscular IFIC About IFIC IFIC's Personnel Financiación IFIC Oficina CID Accelerator-based High Energy Physics Neutrino Physics GRID and e-Science High Energy Physics Phenomenology Mathematical and Theoretical High Energy Physics Effective field theories in hadron and nuclear physics QCD and Strong Interactions Theoretical Astroparticle Physics and Cosmology UCIE Support units IT Services and Computing Blog Entre cientIFIC@s (in Spanish) Outreach material Master/Doctoral studies Master in Advanced Physics Practices Introduction to Research Doctoral Programme in Physics Intervention request (RT self-service) Indico Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Physics Dept. (UV) Theoretical Physics Dept. (UV) Royal Spanish Society of Physics Artificial Intelligence combined with evaluations by radiologists improves the precision of mammograms The Artificial Intelligence techniques, used in combination with evaluations by expert radiologists, improve the precision in the detection of cancer through mammograms. This is one of the main conclusions of an international study, in which researchers from Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC, CSIC-Universitat de València) and the Institute of Telecommunications and Multimedia Applications (iTEAM) from the Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) have participated. The study has been published in one of the most widely distributed medical journals, the Journal of the American Medical Association. The study is based on the results obtained in the Digital Mammography (DM) DREAM Challenge, an international competition led by IBM where researchers from the Instituto de Física Corpuscular have participated along with scientists from the UPV’s Institute of Telecommunications and Multimedia Applications (iTEAM). The team of researchers from IFIC and the iTEAM UPV was the only Spanish group that reached the end of the challenge. To do so, they developed a prediction algorithm based on convolutional neuron networks, an Artificial Intelligence technique that simulates the neurons of the visual cortex and allows classifying images, as well as self-learning of the system. Principles related to interpreting x-rays were also applied, where the group has several patents. The Valencian team’s results, along with the rest of the finalists, are now published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA Network Open). “Participating in this challenge has allowed our group to collaborate in Artificial Intelligence projects with clinical groups of the Comunidad Valenciana,” stated Alberto Albiol, tenured professor at UPV and member of the iTEAM group. “This has opened opportunities for us to apply the Machine Learning techniques, as they are proposed in the article,” he added. For example, the work carried out by Valencian researchers is being carried out in Artemisa, the new computing platform for Artificial Intelligence at the Instituto de Física Corpuscular funded by the European Union and the Generalitat Valenciana within the FEDER operating program of the Comunitat Valenciana for 2014-2020 for the acquisition of R+D+i infrastructures and equipment. “Designing strategies to reduce operating costs of health care is one of the objectives of sustainably applying Artificial Intelligence,” pointed out Francisco Albiol, researcher of the IFIC and participant in the study. “The challenges cover from the algorithm part to jointly designing evidence-based strategies along with the medical sector. Artificial Intelligence applied at a large scale is one of the most promising technologies to make health care sustainable,” he noted. The goal of the Digital Mammography (DM) DREAM Challenge is to involve a broad international scientific community (over 1,200 researchers from around the world) to evaluate whether or not Artificial Intelligence algorithms can be equal to or improve the interpretations of the mammograms carried out by radiologists. “This DREAM Challenge allowed carrying out a rigorous and adequate evaluation of dozens of advanced deep learning algorithms in two independent databases,” explained Justin Guinney, vice president of Computational Oncology at Sage Bionetworks and president of DREAM Challenges. A half million fewer mammograms per year in the US Led by IBM Research, Sage Bionetworks and Kaiser Permanente Washington Research Institute, the Digital Mammography DREAM Challenge concluded that, no algorithm by itself surpassed the radiologists, a combination of methods added to the evaluations of experts improved the accuracy of the exams. Kaiser Permanente Washington (KPW) and the Karolinska Institute (KI) of Sweden provided hundreds of thousands of unidentified mammograms and clinical data. “Our study suggests that a combination of algorithms of Artificial Intelligence and the interpretations of the radiologists could result in a half million women per year not having to undergo unnecessary diagnostic tests in the United States alone,” stated Gustavo Stolovitzky, the director of the IBM program dedicated to Translational Systems Biology and Nanotechnology in the Thomas J. Watson Research Center and founder of DREAM Challenges. To guarantee the privacy of data and prevent the participants from downloading mammograms with sensitive data, the organizers of the study applied a working system from the model to the data. In the system, participants sent their algorithms to the organizers, who developed a system that applied them directly to the data. “This focus on sharing data is particularly innovative and essential for preserving the privacy of the data,” ensured Diana Buist, of the Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute. “In addition, the inclusion of data from different countries, with different practices for carrying out mammograms, indicates important translational differences in the way in which Artificial Intelligence can be used on different populations.” Mammograms are the most used diagnostic technique for the early detection of breast cancer. Though this detection tool is commonly effective, mammograms must be evaluated and interpreted by a radiologist, who uses their human visual perception to identify signs of cancer. Thus, it is estimated that there are 10% false positives in the 40 million women who undergo scheduled mammograms each year in the United States. “An effective Artificial Intelligence algorithm that can increase the radiologist’s ability to reduce repeating unnecessary tests while also detecting clinically significant cancers would help increase mammograms’ detection value. “Evaluation of Combined Artificial Intelligence and Radiologist Assessment to Interpret Screening Mamograms”, JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(3):e200265. DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.0265 Invited Commentary: "The Path to Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in Screening Mammography Is Not All That Clear", JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(3):e200282. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.0282 Una de las mamografías utilizada en el estudio (izquierda), junto a una imagen tratada con técnicas de Inteligencia Artificial para ayudar a detectar lesiones, en este caso microcalicificaciones. Imagen: IFIC-iTEAM (CSIC-UV-UPV). Instituto de Física Corpuscular \| Parque Científico, C/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2 \| E-46980 Paterna, España	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line85
__label__wiki	0.694402	0.694402	Home Rock Features Headlines Eddie Vedder ‘Wasn’t Paid’ For Pearl Jam Album Eddie Vedder ‘Wasn’t Paid’ For Pearl Jam Album Eddie Vedder and Pearl Jam didn’t make money off of No Code, according to Jeff Ament in a new Kyle Meredith interview. I imagine the label when you turned in the ‘No Code,’ I imagine that wasn’t the most enthusiastic, ‘Yay, this is what we get to press!’ There’s so much going on. “Going all the way back to the second record [‘Vs.’], we were sort of pushing the boundaries. I think on ‘Vs.’ we were like, ‘We don’t want a jewel case, we don’t want plastic.’ “They were like, ‘Well, we don’t really do that.’ And then they came up with these two options, and those second, third, and fourth records, those packages ate heavily into our profits. For ‘No Code,’ I don’t know if we made any money on that record.” It’s such an interesting record to listen to these days too because, at least from the stories that I’ve read and heard online in the interviews, and everything, this is sort of ‘the back against the wall’ record. It feels like maybe there was nothing beforehand, it was one of those where it was something created from nothing at that moment. “Yeah. There are a couple songs on that record that Ed [Vedder, vocals] came with, but for the most part, that record was kind of written in the studio. For me, when I think of that record, I just think about what a force [drummer] Jack Irons was in that record, and how seriously he took his drum parts. “And it’s super obvious on ‘In My Tree,’ ‘Who You Are,’ and ‘Present Tense.’ Certainly, at that point, it let us know that we could even go more different directions sonically and songwriting-wise, and I think we lean on that pretty hard, still. “I think every record we hope that there’s going to be a few songs that stretch to some other place in the musical landscape. It was a hard record to make because we were horrible communicators at that point. “And at the same time, it was the awesome part of making music because we just sat in a room and started playing, and we didn’t tell each other what to play, we were just doing it. But on the other end of it, there was a lot going on that we weren’t talking about, so we’re lucky we got through it.” Ultimate-Guitar transcribed his comments. Eddie Vedder Previous articleChris Cornell New “You Are My Sunshine” Video Leaks Next articleLouise Aubrie’s New Single “Ours” Is Genre Bending Hit	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line89
__label__wiki	0.610534	0.610534	Pastor Sheldon Emry Remembered "And I will give you pastors according to mine heart, which shall feed you with knowledge and understanding. " Jeremiah 5:15 Sheldon Emry was truly a pastor who fit the prophet Jeremiah's description. Through his teaching many Christian Americans came to realize just how meaningful world history really was. Because of his ability they learned how to apply the Bible, God's Law, to their everyday lives and how it should be applied to American government. It was through this special God-given insight that Pastor Emry was able to show Americans the importance of being a Christian and a Patriot simultaneously. These Americans were able to understand all these things because God used Pastor Emry to open their blinded eyes to their true identity as God's chosen people. "Pastor Emry changed my whole life!" was the positive sentiment that was echoed over and over by many grateful Americans who came in contact with Sheldon Emry’s ministry down through the years. Indeed, he possessed a special quality that deeply touched everyone he met. During his remarkable ministry, which spanned 18 years. Pastor Emry spoke about God's Law to everyone from heads of state to small children. In fact his ministry was the inspiration for a whole new generation of Christian Patriotic pastors from all parts of the nation. Sheldon LeRoy Emry was born July 4, 1926 on a farm in Taylor County near Jump River, Wisconsin. Looking back over his life and his accomplishments, it seems fitting that he was born on the fourth of July. His father, Ray Emry, was a carpenter by trade and in the early 1920's migrated to Wisconsin from Iowa, buying 40 acres of timberland. In 1924, Ray Emry married Martha Warner and they moved into their first house, which was a log cabin. It was here Sheldon was born. Sheldon's father cleared his timberland so that he could build a small dairy farm which consisted of a frame house and a barn. Sheldon went to a country school for his first eight years of school and then rode a bus many miles to attend high school. It was there he met Elaine Groves, whom he would later marry. Following high school, in 1945, he went to Teacher's College at Stevens Point, Wisconsin. After a year and a half, he was drafted into the army air force where he became a cryptographer, taking basic training at Scott Field, Illinois and Sheppard AFB in Wichita Falls, Texas. He was then stationed at Boca Raton, Florida. In September, 1947 Sheldon and Elaine were married in Jump River, Wisconsin and returned to Florida. From there they were transferred to Biloxi, Mississippi and then overseas to the Philippine Islands where Sheldon served at Clark Field for one year. He was discharged in 1949, returning to Minneapolis, Minnesota to make his home and enter the real estate business. Four children were born to Sheldon and Elaine: Brian, Gregory, and twins, Mark and Martha. In the early 1960's, Sheldon became aware of the Communist conspiracy and became active in many organizations, spending many hours of donated time showing anti-communist films such as "Communism on the Map" and "Operation Abolition" to church and civic groups. He became very discouraged with the lack of response from ministers, however, and this eventually led him to decide to leave the Presbyterian Church which he and his family had been attending. An important turning point came when a friend invited Sheldon to hear a "patriotic" minister whose church was only a mile from the Emry's home in Minnetonka Mills, Minnesota. The minister's name was C.O. Stadsklev and he preached a message mostly unheard of in the popular religious circles of America. To the average Christian, that message had the audacity to proclaim that instead of the Jews, the Anglo-Saxon, Celtic, Germanic and kindred peoples were the descendants of the Israelites of the Bible, God's Chosen People. Nevertheless, it turned out that Sheldon was in the right place at the right time. He did much study and research on this strange message Pastor Stadsklev taught and finally recognized it as the truth. The next six years became a training ground for Sheldon as he studied under Pastor Stadsklev, teaching the adult Bible class at Gospel Temple. Now he began to see that there were more than a few Americans around the country who believed the Identity message. Among them was a church in Baltimore, Maryland which had an association with Gospel Temple. In 1967; Sheldon, Pastor Stadsklev, and Elder Gus DeVos of Baltimore drove to Phoenix, Arizona to hold some Identity meetings. Sheldon got an opportunity to speak at these meetings along with Pastor Stadsklev and Elder DeVos. God was bringing Sheldon ever closer to his real purpose and during a second trip to Phoenix for meetings another turning point was reached. Sheldon was approached about moving to Phoenix and going into the ministry full time. It was a momentous decision that would drastically change Sheldon's entire life but it did not take him long to choose his course. Sheldon was ordained into the ministry at Gospel Temple in 1967, and moved with his family to Phoenix in July of that year. At the time the Emrys moved to Phoenix, Brian was 17, Gregory 15, and the twins were 9. Every little detail fell into place. Not only did Sheldon Emry come into the ministry from a patriotic, anti-Communist background but he had received his theological training apart from any established seminary which could have adversely affected his Christian education with doctrinal errors. His practical business experience from his time spent in real estate gave him a down-to-earth handle on managing all the details of a ministry successfully. Initially, Pastor Emry took over the radio broadcast that Pastor Stadsklev had begun and made it into a daily, 15 minute radio program. He also spent many hours of intense Bible study preparing weekly sermons. Attendance at the first Sunday services of Lord's Covenant Church was scanty. Sometimes the congregation consisted of just one family along with the Emry family, right there in the living room of the Emry’s home in West Phoenix. But soon a regular group of people began attending the services in their home and the ministry of Lord's Covenant Church and America's Promise Radio was on its way. To help support the family during those early years of the ministry, Elaine went to work at Motorola. This enabled the Pastor to stay at home and devote more time to the study of God's Word and also to attend to church work such as the daily radio broadcasts and writing various pieces of literature. In a very short period of time it became obvious to the people in the congregation that Pastor Emry had been blessed with a keen, analytical mind and the gift of teaching. He had the God-given insight to see through and behind any subject and to discover truths in the Bible that most people missed. When he then explained these truths in a radio broadcast or sermon in his unique style, people were able to realize how obvious a hitherto hidden truth was. In this way he made clear many misunderstandings and misinterpretations of the Bible. "I must have read that verse a hundred times but I never saw what Pastor Emry just explained," said many people. Others remarked: "When Pastor Emry explains it you just know he's got to be right!" Pastor Emry also had other remarkable talents which he skillfully applied to his ministry. He was a speed reader and his power of recall dazzled everyone. At any time he could remember something he had read in a book or an article pertinent to a subject under discussion and relate it as evidence to back up his argument. He would spend long hours each day reading, researching and writing books. And since he was constantly digging for more knowledge, he made new discoveries as God gave him insight. He was not afraid to change his doctrinal views and admit he had been wrong, such as when he discovered the anti-Christian source behind the Christmas and Supernatural Satan doctrines. In 1970 Pastor Emry made the decision to go on radio stations in other states around the country. His intention was to reach out to the nation with the Identity message rather than keep his light "hid under a bushel" in Phoenix. At the time, more nationwide Identity ministries were desperately needed. Elaine had worked to help support the ministry for four years and by now the ministry had grown sufficiently to support itself. Elaine was now needed to help make tapes, fill orders, etc. Through the generosity of Dr. Norman Walker, a dietician, this transition was made possible. Due to continued growth. Pastor Emry realized that in order to operate efficiently the ministry would need a new home, adequately designed to accommodate the many demands of a church and a nationwide radio ministry. With his customary decisiveness, he formulated a plan of action and carried it out. In 1972, he purchased five acres of land as the future site of Lord's Covenant Church. In the midst of these optimistic plans and with God opening doors for the ministry, Emry's son, Gregory, was killed in a traffic accident in October, 1975. He was almost 21 years old, and left a wife and a small son. The tragedy stunned everyone but they knew God's work must go forward. Although it was difficult, the Emry family continued with the ministry. In 1975, after much prayer, the building program was implemented on the land purchased earlier. Despite the emotional drain of losing their son, the Emry family drew strength from the Lord and came back stronger. The demands of the ministry were multiplying to such an extent that it became necessary to hire an assistant pastor, and after the new church was finished in July of 1975, the number of employees eventually grew to nine, besides Pastor and Elaine. During the next few years, Pastor Emry accomplished many things. He authored many books and other pieces of literature. His bestseller, "Billions for the Bankers, Debts for the People," started out as a small pamphlet back in the early 60's during his anti-Communist work. Now, with more experience and a Biblical viewpoint, Pastor Emry was able to improve and expand it into book form complete with illustrations. Pastor Emry was also the editor of a monthly newsletter which discussed current events as related to the Bible. People from around the country looked forward to receiving this publication because it was a "newscenter" for information which was mostly suppressed in the national media. Pastor backed up this information with a Biblical perspective. Enlightening and educational sermons and radio broadcasts by Pastor Emry were put on cassette tapes and mailed to his tape ministry which grew to 1,600 families nationwide. America's Promise radio broadcasts were carried by 40 radio stations (the most Pastor Emry had ever been on). From the beginning of the ministry, Pastor Emry had attended many national Identity conferences around the country as well as sponsored his own in Arizona. In 1977, he initiated the first America's Promise Bible Camp which soon became a welcome annual tradition. These camps did much to bring isolated Christian Identity believers together and some even married after meeting at camp. Other educational tools that Pastor Emry recognized the important value of for spreading the truth were the political cartoon and movies. He always had a couple of cartoon ideas going around in his mind and sent many political cartoons out in his mailings. He took advantage of movies by producing "Heirs of the Promise" which became an excellent device for introducing patriotic Americans to their true identity. Pastor Emry also continued the tradition Pastor Stadsklev had started of traveling to Washington, D.C. once a year to witness from the Bible to Congressmen about God's Law. He was able to team up with other Identity ministers and together, year after year, they provided practical, useable information from the Bible to the Congressmen that no other Christian ministers in the nation were providing. The Pastor’s love of history and desire to learn more of the truth led him to encourage his fellow Christians to travel with him to England and Europe to learn more about their ancestral roots. These trips turned out to be just one more research source that Pastor Emry utilized like a book to teach his congregation about the Kingdom of God. In fact, his extensive travels enabled him to obtain a clearer perspective of current events that he could not have gotten had he depended solely on the news media. In the course of his life, Pastor Emry suffered four heart attacks. The first attack came in 1964, the next in 1979, the third in January of 1984. In February of 1984, he underwent triple bypass surgery. One year later, in February of 1985, many Christians across the country were saddened by the news that Pastor Emry was suffering from cancer which forced him to discontinue his church work. In his usual manner, Pastor Emry threw himself into seeking the answers to the cancer problem and shared his discoveries with his national congregation. In Mexico, he discovered many of the nutritional and spiritual answers he had been searching for. This was evidenced by the way the cancer began leaving his body. He was well on his way to conquering the cancer that had invaded his body when, because of his weakened condition from the previous heart attacks and the bypass surgery, he succumbed to his fourth and final heart attack on June 6, 1985. According to God's plan, it was time for Sheldon Emry to pass the torch on to the next generation. Pastor Sheldon Emry will always be remembered as a great leader and patriot, but also as a loving father, grandfather, and dear friend. He was generous to all and went the extra mile to help and pray for the sick and needy. The measure of his friendship could be seen in the lengths he would go to help his friends. And even though he had an excellent grasp of how the debt money system operated in the world today, he was not interested in seeking wealth as a personal goal. Instead, he sought first the Kingdom of God. As one man said, "The one thing that impresses me about Sheldon Emry even more than his ability to teach the truth is the fact that he's had the courage to do so. I had begun to think such men were extinct."	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line91
__label__wiki	0.913568	0.913568	Facebook downplays data uproar NEW YORK - Facebook is at the center of another privacy furor, this one over its sharing of user data with device makers such as Apple, Amazon, Samsung and others over the past decade. The social network acknowledges the data-sharing deals, which - according to a New York Times report - it has struck with at least 60 device makers since 2007. But it says there's nothing scandalous about them. The arrangements raise a number of questions, among them whether Facebook failed to get the explicit consent of users before sharing their data. If so, that could place it in violation of a 2011 consent decree with the Federal Trade Commission. Facebook denies it shared user data without consent. These device-maker deals could raise concerns similar to those in Facebook's recent Cambridge Analytica scandal. That's where a Trump-connected political consulting firm used data derived from as many as 87 million Facebook profiles in order to sway election results.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line92
__label__cc	0.747835	0.252165	Adult Christian Fiction with Teenage Main Characters I have been a bookworm my whole life but I have not always read Christian books. I didn't really enjoy YA (young adult) novels as a teen so I read maybe ten of them during my teenage years, otherwise adult books. I wish I hadn't read most of what I read back then but alas, I did. If I could go back, if love to recommend these adult novels to my teenage self! These are all clean Christian fiction novels featuring teenage main characters. The Alliance... I've talked about this Amish apocalyptic story, set immediately after an EMP, a few times. This one is edgier than most Christian fiction as there is violence (people in the outside world want to take out the Amish community or their resources) and non-graphic talk about a person who used to use and sell drugs. There's also non-graphic about people fearing someone may have been sexually assaulted. I found this story (and it's sequel, The Divide) quite compelling. This one is told from the perspective of a 19-year-old young woman in the Amish community (with lots of emphasis on her 15-year-old brother she's a guardian for) and the Englisher (non-Amish) young man who happens upon her community at the start of the EMP so it will be of interest to teen boys and girls alike. Dear Mr Knightley... My bet is that our main protagonist, Samantha, is about 19 years old, maybe 20. She's given a scholarship to a prestigious journalism program but the caveat is she must write progress letters to her anonymous benefactor, whom she calls Mr Knightley. She tells him everything and things get a little crazy! This is an epistolary novel, told all in letters, and it's a retelling of classic novel Daddy Long Legs. Even Now... This Karen Kingsbury novel is the exact kind of dramatic teen pregnancy cautionary tale I loved in middle school. In this one our heroine, who is around 17 or 18, has been raised by her grandparents. She discovers her mother's old journals, from she was a pregnant teen in the 80s, and uses the clues found there to search for her estranged parents. The sequel, Ever After, is about the daughter's relationship with her new boyfriend and something that will be a spoiler to the first one. I liked both. The Key to Everything... This one will also work well for teen boys. Set in the 1940s, out 15-year-old male protagonist sets off on a bike ride down the coast of Florida, both in remembrance of his recently deceased father who once took the same bike ride and in search of the girl he's fallen for. All the main characters in this one are very sweet and almost flawless. I like the sweet mother-son relationship. The Moonlight School... This one is set in 1911 Appalachia. Our primary protagonist is 20ish-year-old Lucy, sent to stay with her aunt Cora and help bring literacy to the hills of Appalachia. I also enjoyed the perspective of teenage Angie, who is sweet on a boy who's sweet on this young new teacher. Atmospheric and fun. The Nature of Small Birds... This book was really interesting, at least from a writer's perspective, because it's essentially a story about Mindy that's told in alternating timelines and from her family's perspectives... But we never actually hear from Mindy herself! The 1988 storyline is from Mindy's sister during their teenage years. Mindy was adopted from Saigon, Vietnam in the 1975 Babylift. As an adult she's going back to meet her birth mother and it brings lots of things to the surface. No Ocean Too Wide... This is a story about the McAllister children who are separated when their mother takes ill. This based-on-true-events book is set in the early 1900s and is about the children's attempt to reunite the family despite seemingly impossible circumstances. The Shunning... Katie is kind of a rebel Amish girl, always stretching a toe over the line and wishing for things she knows aren't suited for Amish women. She crosses the line and is subject to a shunning, but also unearths a family secret and goes to great lengths to track it down. I don't normally love Amish fiction or Beverly Lewis' writing style but I still liked this enough to finish the series! Whose Waves These Are... This timeslip, set in sleepy Maine, is one of my favorites. There's a contemporary anthropologist heroine unraveling the story of an old man's young adult past, which we get to see from his own perspective just after WWII. This is a novel about grief, unconventional families, forgiveness, courage... Love it so much! Also on my radar: Children of the Stars // The Choice // A Long Time Comin' // Set the Stars Alight // Stars of Alabama // Under the Magnolias // Under the Tulip Tree // When Stars Rain Down Labels: Amish fiction, book lists, contemporary Christian romance, historical fiction, YA	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line96
__label__wiki	0.839334	0.839334	Wednesday, December 31, 2008 \| Global airline accidents snapshot for 2008 to 23 December By David Leamount An assessment of global airline crashes for 2008 at 23 December shows a considerable rise in the number of fatal accidents, but a fall in the number of resulting deaths. This squares with the International Air Transport Association's snapshot of the year to 1 December, in which it revealed that airline safety has stopped improving, although IATA's figures are based on jet hull-loss accidents, and not all of these involve fatalities. Flightglobal's safety snapshot for the year to 23 December shows 33 fatal airline accidents, whereas the whole of 2007 produced only 25, which was an all time low. But this year to 23 December has seen only 589 fatalities worldwide compared with the 744 recorded by the end of 2007. A lot can happen in eight days, however. Flightglobal will review global airline safety for the entire year 2008 during the last week of January 2009, together with an analysis of trends, lessons learned, and industry concerns. In this year to 23 December there were six fatal accidents involving scheduled jet airliners in which a total of 349 people died. There were three fatal crashes involving chartered aircraft, killing a total of 49 (none of these was a holiday charter and none involved jets). The commuter and regional airlines worldwide suffered 8 fatal accidents killing 129 people, but the commercial air transport category in which most fatal accidents occurred was non-passenger operations. The latter includes cargo flights, but also positioning flights and test flights after maintenance. In 2008 to 23 December there were 16 accidents in this category, killing 62 people. The year's worst single accident so far was the 20 August Spanair Boeing MD-82 crash during take-off at Madrid Barajas airport Spain, which followed failure of the crew to set the flaps to the take-off setting combined with the failure of the onboard alerting system that is supposed to warn them the aircraft was not correctly configured for take-off. All six crew died in the accident, and 154 of the 166 passengers. There have been some serious accidents that, fortunately, were survived by all on board. Among these were the 17 January British Airways Boeing 777 crash-landing short of the runway at London Heathrow airport, the November Ryanair 737-800 which was badly damaged by a heavy landing at Rome Ciampino airport after hitting a huge flock of starlings on final approach, and the Continental Airlines 737-500 that ran off the runway at Denver airport, USA on 20 December during the pilots' attempt to abort the take-off.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line97
__label__cc	0.648522	0.351478	Father Louis Campbell On The Virtue of Modesty Once Again Sunday Sermon for the Feast of the Most Precious Blood of Jesus by Father Louis J. Campbell (Prefaced by a foreword from Thomas A. Droleskey) [Publisher-Editor's Foreword: As readers are aware, defending the Virtue of Modesty is something that is near and dear to the Catholic hearts of the Droleskey family. Two articles on this site that were published in 2010, Gradually Accepting Naturalism's Informality and Revolutions Have Consequences, part two, have dealt with this subject that so many Catholics all across the vast expanse of the ecclesiastical divide believe is irrelevant to them, that we "just have to get with" the times and that it is "prideful" to dress too differently than others around us as we might make them "feel" bad or inferior by doing so. Fashions do change, right? [No. Fashions may change. The enduring Virtue of Modesty does not change. There are absolute norms that govern how we dress. Pope Pius XII noted this very clearly in an address to the Latin Union of High Fashion on November 8, 1957: This second virtue, modesty - the very word “modesty” comes from modus, a measure or limit - probably better expresses the function of governing and dominating the passions, especially sensual passions. It is the natural bulwark of chastity. It is its effective rampart, because it moderates acts closely connected with the very object of chastity [...] Yet no matter how broad and changeable the relative morals of styles may be, there is always an absolute norm to be kept after having heard the admonition of conscience warning against approaching danger: style must never be a proximate occasion of sin. [...] An excess of immodesty in fashion involves, in practice, the cut of the garment. The garment must not be evaluated according to the estimation of a decadent or already corrupt society, but according to the aspirations of a society which prizes the dignity and seriousness of its public attire. [...] It is often said almost with passive resignation that fashions reflect the customs of a people. But it would be more exact and much more useful to say that they express the decision and moral direction that a nation intends to take: either to be shipwrecked in licentiousness or maintain itself at the level to which it has been raised by religion and civilization. (Pope Pius XII, Address to the Congress of the Latin Union of High Fashion, November 8, 1957; as found in Norms for Modesty, which is on the website of the National Coalition for Clergy and the Laity, which also includes links to Rome's Decrees on Modesty in Dress and Cardinal Siri’s Notification Concerning Men's Dress Worn by Women. Pope Pius XII's entire address may be purchased for fifty cents at MIQ Center Catholic Books: Papal Decrees, Encyclicals.) [One of the worst aspects of the false religion of conciliarism is how the Protestant and Masonic Novus Ordo service has resulted in the gradual acceptance of gross indecency of dress as thoroughly acceptable in the context of putative offerings of the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass. Some of the attire that is worn--or not worn, as the case might be in many instances--in the Novus Ordo world make some of the pagans of yore blush with shame. Offense is given to Our Blessed Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ in churches where He was once housed sacramentally and scandal is given to the little ones whose purity and innocence is so precious to Him. This Novus Ordo spirit has infected many Catholics, perhaps even some of your own family members or friends, who are immersed in the make-believe world wrought by Summorum Pontificum. [The false spirit of conciliarism is such that the compromises that are necessary to accept having "the Mass" offered in "communion with the 'pope'" lead to compromises in the lives of many of the Catholics who go to Motu Masses (or simulations of the Mass in those instances where presbyters are the officiants). "Relax." "Don't be too strict." "Just go along with the times." "Things change, you know." Really? Try telling that to Saint John Mary Vianney, the Cure of Ars, or to Padre Pio or to Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini, who had to stare down gun-toting Nicaraguans who were upset with her insistence upon exacting standards of Modesty in the tropical climate of that Central American nation. The compromises necessary to "have Mass" to please the local non-bishop in accordance with Summorum Pontificum have seen not a few priests and presbyters in the indult/Motu world called on the carpet for attempting to insist on Modesty in their chapels.You want a Motu Mass? You do what the local "bishop" says, and if the local "bishop" believes that strict standards of modesty are too "harsh," well, then, that's just one more part of your Catholic integrity that you will have to sacrifice to be in "communion" with Joseph Ratzinger/Benedict XVI. Too bad for Catholic truth. Too bad for the honor and glory and majesty of the Most Blessed Trinity. Too bad for the good of souls. Too bad. [Very sadly, of course, the spirit of the world with which the counterfeit church of conciliarism has made its "official reconciliation" is such that even a lot of Catholics who assist at Masses offered by priests who recognize and accept the canonical-doctrine that those who defect the Faith in even one thing are no longer Catholic and cannot hold ecclesiastical office within the Catholic Church legitimately feel free to scoff at the Virtue of Modest as they dress in scandalous attire that truly shocks the conscience. [What's the point of going to the Immemorial Mass of Tradition in such a venue when one is unwilling to divest himself or herself of the worldly attitudes that have been embraced and propagated by the counterfeit church of conciliarism in the Novus Ordo? [What is the Catholic rationale for any truly ordained priest to refrain from exhorting the faithful to adhere to strict standards of Modesty for the sake of their own souls and those of others? What? The "fear" that they will go elsewhere? Isn't that the tired refrain that is used by so many in the conciliar church ("We don't want them to stop coming to Mass, you know.") What's the point of going to Mass if one is committing, in the objective order of things as subjective culpability is left solely to God, Who alone reads the hearts and minds of us sinners, sins against Modesty and are serving as a near occasion of sin for others? What's the point? There is none. [This is why the true apostolic courage exhibited by Father Louis J. Campbell in the sermon he will deliver today, Sunday, September 12, 2010, the Sixteenth Sunday after Pentecost and the Commemoration of the Feast of the Holy Name of Mary, at Saint Jude Shrine in Stafford, Texas, is to be applauded and supported by means of our prayers. Please do read Father Campbell's sermon with great care as he is a true pastor of souls who cares for his own eternal salvation and that of the flock who have entrusted themselves to his pastoral direction. [I thank Father Campbell for the most kind permission that he gave me yesterday, June 30, 2012, the Commemoration of Saint Paul. for publishing his inspiring, courageous sermon on this website. [Please say three Hail Marys right now for Father Louis J. Campbell. Thank you. [Sincerely yours in Christ the King and Mary our Immaculate Queen, Thomas A. Droleskey, Ph.D., Publisher-Editor, www.Christorchaos.com] Sermon for the Feast of the Most Precious Blood of Jesus, Sunday, July 1, 2012 [Thomas A. Droleskey afterword: Thank you, Father Campbell! Isn't time to pray a Rosary now?] “When she is good, she is very, very good, but…” One event in the history of the world gives human life its purpose and meaning – the sacrifice of the Lamb of God, Jesus Christ, on the hill of Calvary, in which He poured out His Precious Blood to take away the sins of the world. In this only perfect and acceptable Sacrifice to God the Father, He was both Priest and Victim, offering up His Body, Blood, Soul and Divinity on the altar of the Cross. It is this same offering which is made present for us in the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass, which He first celebrated with His Apostles at the Last Supper, and which we celebrate whenever the true Mass is offered on our altars. This Acceptable Sacrifice of the Son of God was an act of perfect obedience and submission to the will of the Father, even unto death on the Cross. It is therefore the perfect model for us of the obedience and the acceptance of the Father’s will that is required of every human being who wishes to live in a right relationship with God. As St. Augustine comments, “Peace is the tranquility of order.” God tells us in His holy Word what that right order is. There is a structure and an order of obedience that unites all things under God, and without which there is chaos. Christ Himself is in obedience to His Father. If there was anything about Him that stood out, it was His obedience. We can be related to God only according to the order that He wills. When we break that order then we create disunity, confusion and chaos, which do not reflect the nature of God. But there will be no peace where there is lack of the order intended by God. Everything created must be in its proper relationship with everything else, and all things must be rightly ordered to God through obedience and submission to His holy will. A world which has denied God and His Divine Son, Jesus Christ, can expect to be constantly at war. Our Lord, understanding the ways of the world as no other, said that there would be “wars and rumors of wars” (Mt.24:6). There is a natural order of things which is willed by God. We once accepted that natural order and lived in a patriarchal society based on the Fatherhood of God and the Christian family, in which the father represents God. But the patriarchal structure of society is now crumbling, and a matriarchal system threatens to take its place, which would disintegrate in disorder and chaos. Women and men represent God in different ways. A woman cannot well represent the fatherhood and authority of God. Women better represent the love and care of God for His people. Their leadership and sphere of influence should be mostly the spiritual. The most powerful woman in the history of the world was, is, the Blessed Virgin Mary, but she was no feminist, and her power, far greater than any earthly power, is spiritual. Some of the saints, like St. Monica, St. Bridget of Sweden, and St. Margaret of Scotland, had a great spiritual influence on their husbands, and numbered saints among their children. But under normal circumstances women do not have the gift, the charism, that is necessary to play the role of societal leadership, except in a collaborative situation with men. If they are out of obedience to God’s plan, then they lack the grace to fulfill it. There are exceptions, of course, and God sometimes calls particular women to act or speak for Him, like St. Joan of Arc, or St. Catherine of Siena. But today the rise of aggressive feminism threatens to destroy God’s intended order. It is the devil’s trump card. Think of how he used Eve. It is not an insult to women to expect them to be obedient to their husbands. A structure of authority and obedience exists for everyone. This is the way that women who are married fulfill their obligation to be obedient to God. Her husband must be obedient too, owing obedience to his employers, to governmental authorities at all levels, as well as to his local pastor, the bishop, the true pope, and ultimately to God. Unmarried women must also be in a state of obedience to God through a human authority structure. Children, of course, must be obedient to their parents and to others whom God has placed over them. But the whole structure of human society is today under attack. The family is a prime target, so what better way to destroy the traditional family than through the woman. Women’s fashions have reached a point of being highly offensive and indecent, and the children are introduced to this from an early age. In many families today it is very difficult for children, both girls and boys, to learn what is expected of them. Disobedience is not corrected, and the example they need is not given them in matters of dress, language, and general behavior. They are allowed to view programs and videos that are deadly poison for the soul. It is no wonder that girls learn to dress and behave like the latest outrageous incarnation of Madonna or Lady Gaga. The model many women look to today is not the Blessed Virgin Mary or the saints, and the noble women of history, but the Earth Goddess, and the goddess Diana, with her bow and arrow. In the 70s women were already singing with Helen Reddy, “I am woman! I am invincible!” Today the practice of witchcraft, especially among young girls, is spreading rapidly as a result of the popularity of books and movies like the Harry Potter series. The rise of feminism affects not only secular society, but the Church as well. Many communities of sisters are in full revolt against Church authority and teaching, even on such matters as abortion, gay rights, and the ordination of women. Many of them, for all intents and purposes, have given up the Catholic Faith and are following the spiritual practices of other religions. We have not seen the end of it. St. Paul tells us that in the end all things will be subject to God the Father through Jesus Christ: “For as in Adam all die, so in Christ all will be made to live. But each in his own turn, Christ as the first-fruits, then they who are Christ’s, who have believed, at his coming. Then comes the end, when he delivers the kingdom to God the Father, when he does away with all sovereignty, authority and power. For he must reign, until ‘he has put all his enemies under his feet.’ And the last enemy to be destroyed will be death, for ‘he has put all things under his feet.’… And when all things are made subject to him, then the Son himself will also be made subject to him who subjected all things to him, that God may be all in all” (1Cor.15:22-26;28). [Here's a bonus for you: A reprise of an article about the Virtue of Modesty that was written by Father Martin Stepanich, O.F.M., S.T.D., for The Remnant in 1972. One of our prayers is that those men who have been ordained to the priesthood during the time of papal vacancy will cease their concessions to the popular culture in order not to "scare" the people or because they cannnot find any "specific" condemnation of a particular style of dress in an ethics manual or papal allocution. We are not Protestants. Not everything about the Faith is written down. We must use the sensus Catholicus to understand what is pleasing to God and what offends Him and is a threat to souls and disruptive of social order. How wonderful it is, therefore, that we can draw upon the wisdom of our older priests who understand that we must indeed abide by truth, not by creatures.] Father Martin Stepanich on the Virtue of Modesty The Remnant, 1972 The avowed enemies of God are rejoicing--temporarily--at having brought about an almost total collapse of the virtue of modesty among once virtuous Christian womanhood, while those commissioned by God to teach and uphold this angelic virtue insist on cowardly silence and indifference about it and on gutless permissiveness in manner of dress everywhere. Meanwhile, vast numbers of supposedly "good" people remain as if without a conscience, being morally blind and insensitive as to what has really happened to a God-given virtue that was once a distinctive trademark of theirs. This type of blindness seems to go hand in hand with a brazen contempt and a sassy resentfulness towards any attempt to revive and restore the missing sense of modesty. The fact stands out clearly that the immodest fashions of this unchaste generation still offend Our Lord "very much," as Our Lady foretold it through the angelic little Jacinta. Anyone who still cares about God's virtue of modesty, which He has made shine with such heavenly beauty in the Immaculate Virgin Mary, cannot forget how Our Lord suffered in the Garden of Gethsemane when He foresaw so many sinners, including the immodest and the impure, remaining unrepentant. And the sight of so many immodest creatures displaying crude flesh, like animals, brings vividly before our mind's eye the frightful vision of Our Divine Savior being mercilessly scourged at the pillar. We need not strain ourselves in trying to picture this scene, for we can plainly see the immodest, with their unchaste displays of flesh and figure, continually scourging Our Lord. And we can see them crowning Him with thorns and nailing Him to the Cross all over again. And look what sorrow the immodest and the impure are causing their Sorrowful and Immaculate Mother, whom God has presented to them as the Perfect Model of Modesty and Purity! But it has not all happened by accident. Satan planned it this way. As he has done with such evil movements as Communism and Socialism and Freemasonry, so also has he planned out a program of gradual, not sudden, destruction of the sense of modesty and purity. A mere look at the past 50 years or more shows us very plainly how gradually it was all done, first by apparently innocent abbreviations of garments and by slight revelations of bare flesh and by subtle little displays of the figure, and then, as protests died down, by more and more abbreviations and displays--until the crude immodesty of our day became a shocking reality. Many living today have seen it all happen before their very eyes. They have lived through it and, if they have managed to retain their God-given moral sense, they find the barbarian immodesty of the this day intolerable and they look upon it as a sin crying to Heaven for the vengeance that must inevitably come if sinners continue to refuse to amend their ways. Perhaps some 50 years ago or more, a publication known as The Frenchwoman presented the following satanic program for the destruction of the virtue of modesty: "Our children must realize the ideal of nakedness... Thus, the mentality of the child is rapidly transformed. To escape opposition, progress must be methodically graduated: first, feet and legs naked, then upturned sleeves; afterwards, the upper part of the chest; then, the back... n summer, they will go around almost naked." Even if such a daring statement of the powers of darkness had never come to light--though "enlightened" liberals have tried to keep it in the dark--we would still know that it had to be planned that way and could not have happened by accident. And we would also know that such a program for immodesty could not have originated anywhere but in the dungeons of hell and in the mind of Satan. The program of gradualism intended to lead eventually to the crude immodesty that we know so painfully well today was evidently drawn up, or at least made known, some time during the Fatima years, possibly a little before or after the 1917 Apparitions of Our Lady. (Maybe some well-informed person can provide a precise date.) Bearing this in mind, we can easily conclude that it was no accident that Our Lady insisted so strongly on modesty in her Fatima Message. She knew well of the evil program that would endanger so many immortal souls, and she came to Fatima to warn souls and to save them from the evil awaiting them. As Sister Lucy has said, one of the things that Our Lady especially asked for was modesty in dress. And still better known, though disregarded, is Jacinta's prophecy: "Certain fashions will be introduced that will offend Our Lord very much"--that little liked prophecy that leaves immodestly dressed "pious" women and girls callous and insensitive and cold. Just as Our Lady was commissioned by God to oppose the rise of Russian Communism and all the other evils named in the Fatima Message, with God's own program of sanctification and salvation, so was part of her mission to warn souls of the dangers of immodesty and impurity that were to increase the unbelievable proportions in the years to come, and to turn them to modesty and and purity and amendment of life. In connection with the timeliness of Our Lady's message of modesty in 1917, just when Satan's program of gradual nakedness was being put into effect, we must also mention the timeliness of the message of modesty of Pope Benedict XV (1914-1922). It is fairly well known how dynamic were his two successors, Popes Pius XI and Pius XII, in promoting modesty of dress, but it is not as well known that Pope Benedict XV was before them a strenuous defender and promoter of modesty at a time when we might imagine it was not so much of a problem. We cannot believe that the statements of Our Lady of Fatima and those of Pope Benedict XV on modesty were disconnected or were merely a matter of coincidence. We can only believe that both Our Lady of Fatima and the Holy Father of that time were inspired and guided by God Himself to speak out on modesty in dress, so as to counteract the wicked program of gradual nudism that was being inspired and guided by hell's father of iniquity. Let us quote an important statement of Pope Benedict XV--by no means his only one--so that we may see how immodesty in dress had already begun to cause moral ruin among women and girls of his day. In an Encyclical Letter (Sacra Propediem, 1921) commemorating the 7th centenary of the founding of the Franciscan Third Order, Pope Benedict wrote as follows: "From this point of view one cannot sufficiently deplore the blindness of so many women of every age and condition; made foolish by desire to please, they do not see to what a degree the in decency of their clothing shocks every honest man, and offends God. Most of them would formerly have blushed for those toilettes as for a grave fault against Christian modesty; now it does not suffice for them to exhibit them on the public thoroughfares; they do not fear to cross the threshold of the churches, to assist at the Holy sacrifice of the Mass, and even to bear the seducing food of shameful passions to the Eucharistic Table where one receives the heavenly Author of purity. And We speak not of those exotic and barbarous dances recently imported into fashionable circles, one more shocking than the other; one cannot imagine anything more suitable for banishing all the remains of modesty." If we did not know that a Pope wrote this in 1921, we would surely think it was written, or should have been written by someone, in 1972! After thus deploring the immodesty of his day, the Holy Father exhorted women with these words: "In what concerns specially the Tertiary Sisters, We ask of them by their dress and manner of wearing it, to be models of holy modesty for other ladies and young girls; that they be thoroughly convinced that the best way for them to be of use to the Church and to Society is to labor for the improvement of morals." Whose message, do you suppose, have women and girls accepted: the message of modesty of Our Lady of Fatima and of the Holy Father or, the message of immodesty of Lucifer? Who has recommend to them short skirts, sleeveless dresses, pants, shorts, and clownish pants suits, and so on? Not only did women and girls buy and buy and buy the clothing that through the years became gradually shorter and skimpier and tighter and ever more unladylike, thus making the whole program of gradual nakedness a huge success, but something else happened at the same time; the sense of modesty and propriety, which God has instilled into their souls, became gradually more blurred and dim and fuzzy, until in so many it became totally blacked out and dead. They did not, and do not, know what happened to them. By blindly and stupidly following the satanic program of gradual abbreviation of attire, they destroyed in themselves a precious God-given gift--the sense of modesty--so that they have now made themselves incapable of distinguishing between modesty and immodesty, nor do so many of them care to know. And not only have women destroyed in themselves God's gift of modesty, but they have destroyed it in their children from their earliest years, so that a whole generation has been brought up without any real understanding of modesty without any desire to possess its beauty. And, mind you, these have been "good" and "pious" women who have done this to their children! They have been the "Lord, Lord" type who have duly said their prayers, which all are obliged to do, but who have not done "the Will of My Father Who is in Heaven" (Mt. 7. 21) by obeying His law of modesty. (Emphases added.) (Father Martin Stepanich, O.F.M., S.T.D., The Remnant, 1972.) [Thomas A. Droleskey afterword: Please continue your prayers for Father Martin Stepanich, who remains hopitalized in the Chicago, Illinois, area, although he is expected to go home soon. We will only discover in eternity the good he has done by his fidelity to the truth, not to creatures, and by the graces his Masses have addeed to the world.] Vivat Christus Rex! Viva Cristo Rey! Our Lady of Fatima, pray for us. © Copyright 2012, Father Louis J. Campbell	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line100
__label__wiki	0.808121	0.808121	Home Heritage The modern Era – Things couldn’t be better ! The 1970’s were a great time for the racing industry and Canterbury Park was as popular as ever. Much improvements were made as the industry was awash with cash. At Canterbury for example, the old stand was demolished in 1974 and a new state of the art stand with Air-conditioning, top floor function centre and fully enclosed, catered viewing areas was built. It was Opened in 1976 by Neville Wran to much fanfare, racegoers flocked to the course to experience it. The STC actually set up its new head office and racing office in new premises within Canterbury racecourse. Canterbury, in this era, provided wonderful training facilities, eight new training stalls built in early 1979 to cater for the increased number of horses being trained at the track, the largest number in the clubs history. Horses were stabled at the back of many of the residences around the track, including in Broughton Street, Croydon Avenue, opposite Picken Oval and at various places around Ashbury. By the 1980’s and the increase in tote turnover and prizemoney kept the zing in racing for the STC. STC took the opportunity to upgrade many racecourse amenities including the construction of tunnels under the track and the in-field at Canterbury. In the early 1980s, the club took the initial steps and the project was completed in 1984 — two vehicular tunnels and one pedestrian tunnel under the track, eliminated traffic congestion at the end of race days as well as traffic problems at the level crossing to the infield car park when horses were on the track. Their construction had been the result of the STCs trip to Paris in 1980 when Parker saw the tunnels at a Parisian trotting venue, at Vincennes. The STC was not afraid to try its hand at “gimmick” promotions. The promotion in 1997— on what was described as a “family day” — by salting the lake at Canterbury with 230 silver perch in an effort to attract patronage. Promoted as a “world first”, the club offered a boat, a 10-horsepower motor and a trailer for the racegoer who caught the biggest fish. A $2 entry fee entitled contestants to a rod and reel for 30 minutes between 8am and 3pm on the day. The technological age hit hard in the 1990s and the racing clubs knew they had to run with it or be left behind. In the shadows of the Sydney Olympics, and beyond, racing took stock. The new millennium would herald in all the excitement and expectation racing could want; making it work was more the conundrum! The STC looked to night racing and Sunday racing as a means to lift its programming and revenue, to give patrons alternatives to the conventional Wednesday and Saturday meetings. Canterbury was the perfect track for such ventures — compact and intimate with a good track surface and much improved facilities. At Canterbury Park in the late 90’s, The club was wash with cash and planned three major projects, all to be done concurrently: Refurbishment of the course proper. Installation of lights for night racing. Significant ground floor improvements to the Clyde Kennedy Stand. Track widening to a standard width of 24 metres; much improved drainage to both surface and sub-surface All of this was done to slot Canterbury Park into a special niche, as a first class venue for mid-week and night racing, certainly the best venue of its type in New South Wales. The widening of the course coincided with the closing of Canterbury Park as a training track at the end of June 1997, for the diehards a difficult initiative to accept, the club allocated $200,000 to help trainers re-locate.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line102
__label__wiki	0.562309	0.562309	PATHS OF GLORY (Blu-Ray) - #538 "There are few things more fundamentally encouraging and stimulating than seeing someone else die." Stanley Kubrick's 1957 anti-war film Paths of Glory is a movie that should fail to move no one. I daresay it's one of those films that forever changes a person. There is not having seen it, and then there is having seen it, and the two states are totally different. I suppose suggesting that there is no one among us who would not be touched by Paths of Glory is a bit much, but the movie demands we not adopt a cynical view of our fellow man. All said and done, we must accept that there is something deep down that is fundamentally right in our basic DNA. Paths of Glory is one of those gamechangers I found when quite young, glimpsed on some station or other as a high schooler constantly on the lookout for good movies. I should have marked the day my father put cable in my bedroom, as that was an important day. Paths of Glory came at the right time, when I was starting to think about politics, starting to understand there was a greater message in history. Like any teen, I was ready to question authority, and the morality play depicted here shows one how to do that in an even-handed, dignified manner. It's not rebellion without a cause, though perhaps it's no more effective for having one. This World War I drama was based on a novel by Howard Cobb, and the screenplay was written by three different scribes: Kubrick himself, the great Calder Willingham (The Strange One [review], Thieves Like Us [review]), and the astonishing Jim Thompson (better known as the novelist who wrote The Grifters and The Killer Inside Me [review]). It stars Kirk Douglas as Colonel Dax, an officer in the French army who fights alongside the troops in the trenches and who approaches his job with reason and logic. The crux of the story is an attack on a German stronghold referred to as "the Anthill." It's an impossible task, one that even Dax's glory-hungry superior, General Paul Mireau (George Macready), knows is hopeless, but the promise of another star on his collar blinds him to the risks. Dax even tries to refuse, but he goes along rather than be relieved of his command and leaving his men unprotected. The script for Paths of Glory essentially follows a three-act structure. The first act is the preparation for the siege on the Anthill and then the disastrous run into No Man's Land. The troops can barely advance past their own line, and when Mireau's orders to shell his own trenches in order to push the grunts forward are ignored, he is left with egg on his face. Act Two is his attempt to wipe the egg away, calling on one man from each regiment to be brought up on court martial, charged with cowardice. Dax attempts to defend them as best he can, but fails, and Act Three is what happens on the way to the firing squad. Paths of Glory is a pitch-perfect piece of drama. It's remarkable in its simplicity. There is no extraneous scene, no off-key moment. The dialogue crackles, and the mis-en-scene moves with precision and confidence. There are many remarkable sequences in the movie, most famous of which is the charge on the Anthill. Kubrick and his d.p. George Krause and camera operator Hannes Staudinger take the audience down into the trenches, and then they haul us over the top, racing through the bombs and the bodies and leading us right through the thick of combat. Yet, there are smaller moments too. Look at how the camera moves in the very brief fist fight between Paris (Ralph Meeker) and Arnaud (Joseph Turkel), the way the action swings with the fighters, and compare it to the way we dance with the officers a short time later when the Generals throw a party for themselves. Behavior inspires technique. More striking, though, are Kubrick's still compositions and his use of the full image frame. Many of the important scenes are set up with characters in the foreground, middle ground, and back, each important to the moment, and the arrangement establishing that importance. Kubrick takes full advantage of the depth of field, balancing his wide shots with extreme close-ups, punching in for the fullest possible impact. As an actor, Douglas also gives as much as he can. Just watch his face when Kubrick gives him the whole screen to work with. He makes every nervous twitch count. (And trust me, you will see that clearer than ever on this Blu-Ray; see below.) The best part of Paths of Glory, however, is how the writers make the underlying meaning and the human tragedy at the center of the story seem as effortless as everything else. The situations are presented as they are without needless emphasis on right or wrong. Just as action dictated shooting style, so too do characters dictate how the narrative progresses. The way we get to know the men informs us as to where our loyalties should go. For instance, the contentious relationship between Corporal Paris and the incompetent Lieutenant Roget (Wayne Morris) causes us to consider that the best of the best aren't always in charge, and it mirrors the relationship of Dax and Mireau. And Dax's practicality is put up against the way the ranking officer, General Broulard (Adolphe Menjou), values protocol over common sense. None of these characters need to spend time making speeches, what they are trying to achieve provides soapbox enough. Paths of Glory maintains its hard exterior even as the hardships mount. If the attack on the Anthill seemed insurmountable, it has nothing on the kangaroo court Dax would find his men tangled up in. Yet, even as Kubrick decries war, he maintains a very modern point of view: he exonerates the good men who fight it. He doesn't see them as being without flaw, but rather as doing the best they can in the face of absurdity and all the more admirable for it. I think the final scene of the film--which I will not describe in any depth here, in case you have never seen it--befuddled me as a young man, but now it strikes me as absolutely perfect. It is like a flower blooming on a scarred battlefield, a reminder to all of us that as large as life may loom, men (and women) will always find their way back to some kind of common ground. Somehow, the goodness of the human spirit can never be tamped down completely. There will be war, but there will also be survivors, and they will pick up and carry on. The new 1080p image on this Criterion Paths of Glory BD far exceeds expectations, improving light years on the previous DVD release from MGM. First and foremost, the 1.33:1 aspect ratio on that disc is discarded in favor of the correct 1.66:1 frame, which opens up the image so we can see those spectacular Kubrick compositions in full. The black-and-white image has a remarkable level of contrast, playing with light and dark and bringing out a startling amount of detail, from the crags of dirt in the trenches to the shine on the marble halls behind the lines. There is a pleasing grain that mimics and preserves the natural look of the film stock, and overall, the print is free of any noticeable blemishes. Just as impressive is the uncompressed mono soundtrack. Newly remixed, it preserves the original audio, but the clean-up also works well in modern systems to give as much depth to what we hear as what we see. Don't just be wowed by the cacophony of the shelling, but give an extra ear to the courtroom scenes. Listen how the footsteps sound on the marble and the way the voices echo in the cavernous hall. For a complete rundown on the special features, read the full review at DVDTalk. Labels: blu-ray, kirk douglas, kubrick Stuart said... Can you tell me the region code of this please? HOUSE - #539 READER MEET AUTHOR: NEW YORK COMIC CON SEVEN SAMURAI (Blu-Ray) - #2 THE DARJEELING LIMITED - #540	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line103
__label__wiki	0.665389	0.665389	Check it out, Home entertainment Exte: Hair Extensions June 20, 2012 VirginieSelavy Release date: 14 July 2008 Distributor: Revolver Entertainment Director: Sion Sono Writers: Masaki Adachi, Sion Sono Original title: Ekusute Cast: Chiaki Kuriyama, Ren Osugi, Megumi Satô During the J-Horror boom of the late 1990s to the mid-2000s, no aspect of contemporary Japanese life seemed to be off limits to filmmakers aiming to make audiences jump out of their seats: from the videotape in Ring (1998), to wife-seeking in Audition (1999), to electricity in Pulse (2001), to an apartment leak in Dark Water (2002), to cell phones in One Missed Call (2004), directors such as Hideo Nakata, Kiyoshi Kurosawa and Takashi Miike appropriated aspects of consumer culture or domestic life to suit their respective scare tactics. Arriving as the cycle was arguably running out of commercial and creative steam, Sion Sono’s Exte is a bizarre genre entry that adds hair extensions to the ever-expanding list of modern phenomena that you should beware of because it might be haunted. Distributed by major studio Toei and featuring a recognisable star in Chiaki Kuriyama, best known for playing violent schoolgirls in Battle Royale (2000) and Kill Bill Vol. 1 (2003), this was Sono’s chance to cross over into a lucrative market following a series of controversial independent films - Suicide Club (2001), Noriko’s Dinner Table (2005), Strange Circus (2005) - that firmly established his credentials as a cult auteur. Yet it finds the director working around, rather than adhering to, the rules of genre, suggesting a brief fling with the system rather than a bid for regular employment. Despite this dual identity, Exte succeeds in imbuing its urban nightmare scenario with the director’s trademark societal exposé to be sufficiently interesting for genre aficionados and Sono devotees alike. Exte opens with customs agents discovering large quantities of human hair in a shipping container, along with the body of a young girl. At the morgue, an autopsy confirms that the girl has been the victim of organ theft, probably committed by a human harvesting operation. Before the investigation can continue, night watchman Yamazaki (Ren Osugi) steals the body and takes it home, where he discovers that it is re-growing hair, not only from the head but also from other parts and orifices. This sexually excites Yamazaki, who is a hair fetishist, while also providing an additional stream of income as he is able to make extensions and sell them to salons. One business that he visits is the place of work of Yûko (Chiaki Kuriyama), a stylist who is taking care of Mami (Miku Satô), the eight-year-old daughter of her irresponsible sister, Kiyomi (Tsugumi). The staff of the salon are impressed by the quality of Yamazaki’s extensions, but the employee who tries them on is killed later that night: the dead girl has a score to settle with society, and her hair is able to control the minds of those who wear it, sharing her horrible experience on the operating table, before committing murder from beyond the grave. Yamazaki’s infatuation with the hair of Yuko and Mami places them in danger, while Sono has macabre fun with his main prop: hair sprouts from eyes and mouths, holds police detectives captive, and slices with the severity of a very sharp knife. As with his subsequent ‘true crime’ stories Cold Fish (2010) and Guilty of Romance (2011), which favoured narratives of transgression over accurate dramatisation of the facts, Exte finds Sono demonstrating a general disregard for the genre in which he is operating: this is ostensibly a horror film, yet the director spends as much time exploring the fractured family unit as he does staging the requisite shocking set pieces. Mami is a neglected child, and possibly a victim of abuse: the sadistic Kiyomi uses Mami as a means of accessing her sister’s apartment to steal food and raid the wardrobe for new clothing, while treating her daughter as a punching bag when her mood swings. Sono also throws in enough darkly humorous details and lines of dialogue to suggest that he does not take the genre as seriously as his contemporaries: the name of the salon is Gilles de Rais, a reference to the 15th-century French mass murderer, and lines like ‘My nose hair’s out of control lately’ openly acknowledge the ridiculous nature of the premise. Even some of the expository exchanges are played for knowing laughs, such as Yuko’s conversations with her roommate. However, there are some very strange special effects to satisfy gore-hounds, with hair shooting out from a woman’s head, attaching to the ceiling, then lifting her up before dropping its victim to her death. Exte would be immediately overshadowed by the epic satire of Love Exposure (2008), but it remains a typically subversive, and occasionally brilliant, Sono experience. John Berra horror cinemaJapanese cinemaSion Sono Previous PostThe ApartmentNext PostCorman’s World: Exploits of a Hollywood Rebel	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line107
__label__wiki	0.827123	0.827123	Listen in here to a selection of the oral histories collated as part of this project. We are also grateful to Carol and Margaret Freeman, Bill Sabin, Martin Taylor, John and Caroline Wilber, Simon Barrett, Mike Carr, Christine Wright, Sue Dennis, Joan Murray White, Sarah Hobson, Richard Shurey and Paula Dixon for sharing their memories of life in the 1950s. DAVID WILKINS AND ARTHUR CLIFFORD are lifelong friends who were both born and raised in Ilmington. They have lived around the corner from one another all their lives. In 1950 they were young schoolboys who always sat beside one another at the village school. IRENE SABIN is one of four sisters born and brought up in Ilmington as a member of two of the village’s oldest families- the Sabins and the Fosters. In 1950 she was a schoolgirl. ALICE TERRY is one of a family of seven children; despite going away to work and to teach she would come home most weekends before settling back in the village for good in 1952. TONY WILKINS has lived in Ilmington all his life. Born in 1932, he was the only child of parents who met when his mother came to work in service at Ilmington Manor. He has been Chairman of the Parish Council for over 20 years. In 1950 he was in his late teens. BETTY BRYAN came to Ilmington as a young evacuee from the Coventry bombings and never went home. In 1951 she celebrated both her 21st birthday and her marriage to a young village man. JACK AND JUNE HANDS were both born in the village. June (nee Sabin) has lived in Ilmington all her life; Jack returned from a brief spell in Bedfordshire because he missed the place so much. In 1950 Jack was a teenage farm worker and June a schoolgirl. CHRISTINE WARMINGTON came to Ilmington aged four. Her parents worked at Crabb Mill and she has lived in the same lane for 75 years. In 1950 she was 18 and met her late husband at the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries in Shipston on Stour. TERRY HALL came to the Ilmington area in the war as a Land Girl and never returned to her native Birmingham. In 1950 she was a newlywed living with her in laws. KEN AND JEANNIE HALL met when Ilmingtonian Ken joined the Fleet Air Arm and Jeannie was a Wren. They married in the parish church in 1951 and raised six children in the village. ANNE BRAIN was born in Ilmington, one of two daughters of a strict household. In 1950 she was in her late teens and courting her then fiancé. DAVID SABIN is village born and bred. Apart from a brief spell in Birmingham, he has lived in Ilmington all his life. The son of a farm worker, in 1950 he was a young schoolboy. JOHN COOKE lives a stone’s throw from where he was born in Ilmington. A father of four, he married in 1950 and was working in a builder’s yard at nearby Shipston. ERNIE COOK had a large extended family in the village. In 1950 he was a young married man with a baby son and herdsman for a prize herd of cattle at Dowler’s Farm. © 2012 Ilmington Remembers All Rights Reserved	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line110
__label__cc	0.61007	0.38993	Portsmouth to get its own city app to help the homeless Phone by Ozzy Delaney A new phone app tdesigned to help homeless people get the help they need will be launched in Portsmouth next week. The Street Support Network, who developed the app, say that its mission is to make it easier for people to collaborate, co-ordinate and provide better support for people experiencing homelessness, and make it easier for citizens and business to do something to help. The app is already used in Manchester, Leeds and Bournemouth and on Tuesday at 11:30 am Portsmouth will get its own. The app will be officially launched in the John Pounds Centre, 23 Queen St, Portsmouth, PO1 3HN. After it is launched, the app will be available from the Apple App Store and Google Play.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line113
__label__wiki	0.851696	0.851696	CRIME: GOVERNMENT PERFORMANCE Ms TIERNEY (Western Victoria) — I am pleased to make a contribution on this issue and to put the government’s initiatives on the record. As members are aware, last week the Minister for Police and Emergency Services, along with the Premier, made a number of announcements, which essentially involved the single biggest boost to police numbers in this state’s history. The government will deliver 1966 additional front-line police over five years to make our streets and our communities safer. It is investing $561.3 million over five years to recruit, train and employ an additional 1700 front-line police. The government is also investing $73.9 million to redeploy 200 police to the front line and $38.4 million to release 66 police officers from telephone answering services into front-line roles by consolidating in Ballarat a statewide rural emergency services dispatch centre. The government’s announcement has been warmly welcomed by the community and, of course by the police as well. As an aside, I can testify that when I went through the announcement with the Surf Coast Shire councillors last Wednesday night in Torquay — one of those councillors just happens to be a member of Victoria Police — the response was overwhelmingly in support of it. For the record it is important to go back to the basics, because a lot of the black-and-white facts get a bit muddled when we talk about police numbers, but they are there for all to see. I will refer to this government’s record. In 1999 we promised 800 additional police officers and we delivered 800; in 2002 we promised 600 additional police officers and we delivered 600; and in 2006 we promised an extra 350 police officers, and we will have delivered over 470. More than 5000 recruits have graduated from the police academy since Labor came to government. There are more police in Victoria than ever before, and we have increased our police-per-population ratio. By the end of this term of government, police numbers will have grown by 22 per cent since 1999, which outstrips the population growth of around 16 per cent. This government is not one that wants to interfere in operational matters when it comes to Victoria Police. We believe that operational matters and the allocation or location of police is a matter for Victoria Police. We believe that allocation and location of police should be based on factors such as crime and population growth rather than on trying to scaremonger, bolster people’s political stocks within the media and attract their traditional political allies. However, when we talk about making sure that we have a safer community we are not just talking about police numbers. It is also about ensuring that our police are properly trained, adequately resourced and have workplaces that are safe, modern and efficient. We also need to have police stations that can cater for ongoing growth in our communities. On the subject of equipment we have made sure that many items of equipment have been provided to police in recent times. The police have 100 new vehicles, and we have seen the rollout of the new police divvy van fleet. I am sure many people would have seen reference to that in their local papers in recent times. New facial recognition technology has been installed in police stations, and the recently announced rollout of new integrated ballistic vests for police members will ensure that police members are provided with both superior protection in the field and greater practicality and comfort in carrying their equipment. Other equipment includes in-car radios and new forensic robots to speed up testing through automation. That gives a quick indication of the sorts of things we have put in place to increase the effectiveness of our police force, but we have also invested a massive $450 million to rebuild or significantly refurbish almost 160 police stations across Victoria. Ms Pulford interjected. Ms TIERNEY — Many members in this chamber, even over the last four years that I have been here, will have often seen new police stations opened in towns in their electorates. Ms Pulford made a point just a moment ago, and the facts stack up. Of the 160 police stations that have been rebuilt or significantly refurbished, 126 are in country Victoria — that is 81 per cent. This government has invested quite heavily in making sure that we have the most up-to-date police facilities and that they are spread throughout the state. However, this sort of investment has also been made in outer suburban growth areas, and there is a fairly impressive list when it comes to that investment. For example, new facilities have been built at Cranbourne at a cost of $6.2 million; at Diamond Creek, $6.9 million; at Hurstbridge, nearly $1 million; at Endeavour Hills, $4.1 million; at Yarra Junction, $1.3 million; at Fawkner, $14.12 million; at Wyndham North, $7 million; at Springvale, $9.7 million; and at the Pakenham Emergency Services Complex, $12 million, with police, the Country Fire Authority and State Emergency Services on the same site to meet the demands of population growth in Cardinia, which I understand is expected to rise to 78 000 by 2011. I could go on and talk about Carrum Downs and the Lilydale police station, but I do not think there is sufficient time to go through them all. Government support has involved providing training, resources, police numbers, police stations and multi-use complex sites, but there was also an announcement made late last year of an additional $47 million boost for the new operational response unit, which is to provide an extra 120 police officers over and above the previous commitment of 350 that the government made just prior to the last election. That boost enabled the Chief Commissioner of Police, Simon Overland, to establish a new operational response unit. This unit is up and running. It is a specialist unit of highly trained Victoria Police officers who go into the streets across the state to carry out targeted operations. This unit will be the latest weapon for Victoria Police to use in its fight against street crime and to keep Victoria’s streets safe. The unit is made up of police officers who are specifically recruited and trained to undertake targeted law enforcement operations. The number of police in the unit is expected to grow to 200 members by the end of the year, which will significantly boost police capacity to crack down on assaults, the use of weapons and alcohol-related street crime. The announcement of the new operational unit has not been met with support from all parts of the community. Unfortunately those opposite have already said they plan to sack the additional 120 police who will be employed by the unit. In a statement made last Wednesday the government announced not only a significant increase in police numbers but also a range of other infrastructure matters. One matter that has not received as much coverage as it should and that I know would be of interest to the wider community is an allocation of $22 million to employ 55 on-the-ground youth workers to introduce new behaviour change programs for young people who carry knives and to implement a supervised bail pilot project. Those youth workers will be working with young people to change their behaviour before they offend. Obviously they will be working very closely with Victoria Police. This is part and parcel of the front-line strategy that Labor is putting in place. At the time the statement was made last Wednesday the police minister said: “These new police announced today are not an election promise — they will be written into the 2010 state budget.” That happened yesterday. “The Brumby Labor government is determined to recruit more police, pass tough laws and work with the community to turn around alcohol-related crime and antisocial behaviour. “ The announcement was not only from the Minister for Police and Emergency Services and the Premier, but the Deputy Premier, who is also the Attorney-General, also made some announcements at the same time, which provided other aspects to the package. He announced $129.4 million to provide Victorians with greater and swifter access to justice, which included $62.3 million over five years to reduce delays in the Victorian court system. There was also an announcement of two additional trial judges in the County Court and two extra magistrates, including one for the Children’s Court. A number of other programs were mentioned: $4 million for the Magistrates Court to implement the government’s proposed personal safety intervention orders, which will replace the stalking intervention orders; $11.2 million for the Children’s Court to fund a new mediation pilot in child protection cases; and an additional $49.9 million over two years to Victoria Legal Aid to provide legal representation to underprivileged members of the community. These are, by any measure, significant investments in our antisocial behaviour and judicial infrastructure and will take us forward into the future. We have all of that, but on the other side we have a situation where those opposite, when they were in government on the last occasion, and when Mr Baillieu was president of the Liberal Party, promised 1000 additional police but cut their numbers by 800. Last year they promised that if re-elected they would appoint 940 protective services officers (PSOs) to work at train stations after dark. Then a month later they voted against a move to remove the current cap of 150 on the existing number of PSOs, making it illegal for the Chief Commissioner of Police to employ any more. Now they say they will recruit another 1600 police over the next four years, and they want the public to believe them. Leopards do not change their spots. No-one believes they will deliver what they are saying. Opposition members also say they are going to fund their proposals by cutting advertising expenditure. I want to know what they are going to do to fund their national recruitment campaign that they say they are going to run to recruit police officers. The other aspect I touched on initially in my opening remarks is that those opposite want to have it not just both ways but in a number of ways. They spray off in all directions in terms of where they think police officers should, would, can or will not be allocated or located. They have in the past claimed that they would not put specific numbers of police in certain electorates. Last week some said it would be left up to the Chief Commissioner of Police. Peter Ryan, the Leader of The Nationals in the other place, who is also the shadow Minister for Police and Emergency Services, was reported in the Bendigo Advertiser of 8 April 2010 as saying that the country would only get additional police after the city was first looked after. Others have said the country should be given more police. What they do not get is that politicians should not be deciding where police are placed. That decision should remain the domain of police command, based on operational need. I put to the house today that this government has provided adequate and appropriate front-line policing. The announcement on Wednesday is welcomed by every quarter of the Victorian community. This government properly resources and provides training for its police force. It has put in a massive investment in work stations and police stations. It has also invested heavily in a support structure, whether it be youth workers, an increase in the number of magistrates in the judicial system, or the $14 million announced in yesterday’s budget that supports our plan to prevent domestic violence. These are just a number of points that I wish to raise today in order, hopefully, to provide clarity in terms of what the facts are and what this government has delivered. This government’s record is clear. It is committed to having a properly resourced police force, as opposed to the opposition’s complete lack of commitment and its record when it comes to Victoria Police. The only consistency from the opposition is its demonstrated constant meddling in operational matters which is generated by their need for political interference and political relevance. I urge members of this house to vote against this motion. Category: Parliament May 5, 2010 PreviousPrevious post:WESTERN VICTORIA REGION: MEN’S SHEDSNextNext post:KOROIT: SPORTS STADIUM	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line116
__label__cc	0.62187	0.37813	GTT Communications, Inc. - FORM 10-Q - November 8, 2018 EX-32.2 - EXHIBIT 32.2 - GTT Communications, Inc. q32018ex-322.htm Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018 Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 For the transition period from ____ to ____ Commission File Number 001-35965 GTT Communications, Inc. 7900 Tysons One Place (Address including zip code of principal executive offices) (Registrant's telephone number, including area code) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No ¨ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes þ No ¨ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large Accelerated Filer Accelerated Filer Non-Accelerated Filer Smaller reporting company Emerging growth company If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No þ As of November 6, 2018, 54,701,256 shares of common stock, par value $.0001 per share, of the registrant were outstanding. PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION Item 1. Financial Statements Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss Condensed Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk PART II — OTHER INFORMATION Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities Item 5. Other Information Item 6. Exhibits (Amounts in millions, except for share and per share data) Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $4.2 and $5.1, respectively Intangible assets, net Other long-term assets Acquisition holdbacks Current portion of capital lease obligations Capital lease obligations, long-term portion Deferred revenue, long-term portion Deferred tax liabilities Common stock, par value $.0001 per share, 80,000,000 shares authorized, 54,671,841 and 44,531,905 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively (315.3 (7.7 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements Nine Months Ended September 30, Cost of telecommunications services Severance, restructuring and other exit costs Other expense: Interest expense, net (47.6 Loss on debt extinguishment Other expense, net Total other expense Loss before income taxes Benefit from income taxes (0.43 Weighted average shares: (Amounts in millions) Other comprehensive (loss) income: Comprehensive loss (Amounts in millions, except for share data) Share-based compensation for options issued Share-based compensation for restricted stock issued Tax withholding related to the vesting of restricted stock Stock issued in connection with employee stock purchase plan Stock issued in connection with acquisition Equity offerings, net of issuance costs Stock options exercised Foreign currency translation Balance, September 30, 2018 Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities: Share-based compensation Debt discount amortization Amortization of debt issuance costs Change in fair value of derivative financial liability Excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions: Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired (2,206.7 Purchase of customer contracts Settlement of deal-contingent foreign currency hedge Purchases of property and equipment Proceeds from revolving line of credit Repayment of revolving line of credit Proceeds from term loans Repayment of term loan Proceeds from senior note Repayment of other secured borrowings Payment of holdbacks Debt issuance costs paid to third parties and lenders Proceeds from equity issuance, net of issuance costs Repayment of capital leases Proceeds from issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan Exercise of stock options Net cash provided by financing activities Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: Cash paid for interest Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds NOTE 1 — ORGANIZATION AND BUSINESS Organization and Business GTT Communications, Inc. ("GTT" or the "Company") is a provider of cloud networking services to large national and multinational enterprise and carrier clients. The Company's comprehensive portfolio of cloud networking services includes: SD-WAN; wide area networking; managed services; internet; infrastructure services; voice; and video transport. GTT's global network connects people across organizations and around the world. The Company's global network includes over 550 points of presence (PoPs), spans six continents, and provides services to clients in more than 100 countries. GTT differentiates itself from its competition by delivering services to its clients with simplicity, speed, and agility. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") and should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements and footnotes thereto for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 1, 2018. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") have been omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s consolidated financial position and its results of operations. The operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full fiscal year 2018 or for any other interim period. The December 31, 2017 consolidated balance sheet is condensed from the audited financial statements as of that date. Reclassification Within Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows Certain prior period amounts in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows have been reclassified to conform with the current period presentation to reflect the total change in deferred revenue into a single line item as well as changes in operating assets and liabilities to more closely align with the related balance sheet caption. Use of Estimates and Assumptions The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect certain reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates are used when establishing allowances for doubtful accounts and accruals for billing disputes, determining useful lives for depreciation and amortization, estimating accruals for exit activities, assessing the need for impairment charges (including those related to intangible assets and goodwill), determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations, accounting for income taxes and related valuation allowances against deferred tax assets, and estimating the grant date fair values used to compute the share-based compensation expense. Management evaluates these estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis and makes estimates based on historical experience, current conditions, and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. The results of these estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities as well as identifying and assessing the accounting treatment with respect to commitments and contingencies. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. The Company reports operating results and financial data in one operating and reporting segment. The Company's Chief Executive Officer is the chief operating decision maker and manages the Company as a single profit center in order to promote collaboration, provide comprehensive service offerings across its entire customer base, and provide incentives to employees based on the success of the organization as a whole. Although certain information regarding selected products or services and acquired companies are discussed for purposes of promoting an understanding of the Company's complex business, the chief operating decision maker manages the Company and allocates resources at the consolidated level. Additionally, integration efforts related to Interoute are currently underway, but have not currently changed the manner in which the chief operating decision maker has managed the consolidated business. These integration efforts are designed to establish scale and align Interoute's network assets and product offerings within the existing business. The Company's revenue is derived primarily from telecommunications services. Revenues are recognized when control of these services is transferred to the customer, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those services. The Company delivers seven primary services to its customers — SD-WAN; wide area networking; managed services; internet; voice; infrastructure services; and video transport. The Company's services are provided under contracts that typically include an installation or provisioning charge along with payments of recurring charges on a monthly basis for use of the services over a committed term. Its contracts with customers specify the terms and conditions for providing such services, including installation date, recurring and non-recurring fees, payment terms, and length of term. These contracts call for the Company to provide the service in question (e.g., data transmission between point A and point Z), to manage the activation process, and to provide ongoing support (in the form of service maintenance and trouble-shooting) during the service term. The contracts do not typically provide the customer any rights to use specifically identifiable assets. Furthermore, the contracts generally provide the Company with discretion to engineer (or re-engineer) a particular network solution to satisfy each customer’s data transmission requirement, and typically prohibit physical access by the customer to the network infrastructure used by the Company and its suppliers to deliver the services. Fees charged for ongoing services are generally fixed in price and billed on a recurring monthly basis (one month in advance) for a specified term. Fees may also be based on specific usage of the related services, or usage above a fixed threshold, which are billed monthly in arrears. The usage based fees represent variable consideration as defined by Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 606, however, the nature of the fees are such that the Company is not able to estimate these amounts with a high degree of certainty and therefore the usage based fees are excluded from the transaction price and are instead recognized as revenue based on actual usage charges billed using the rates and/or thresholds specified in each contract. At the end of the term, most contracts provide for a continuation of services on the same terms, either for a specified renewal period (e.g., one year) or on a month-to-month basis. Revenue is generally recognized over time for these contracts as the customers simultaneously receive and consume the benefit of the service as the Company performs. Fees may also be billed for early terminations based on contractually stated amounts. The early termination fees represent variable consideration as defined by ASC 606. The Company estimates the amount of variable consideration it expects to be entitled to receive for such arrangements using the expected value method. Primary geographical market. The Company’s operations are located primarily in the United States and Europe. The nature and timing of revenue from contracts with customers across geographic markets is similar. The following table presents the Company's revenues disaggregated by primary geographic market based on legal entities (in millions, unaudited): Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 Primary geographic market Total revenue from contracts with customers Lease revenue Total telecommunications services revenue Contracts with multiple performance obligations. The majority of the Company’s contracts with customers have a single performance obligation - telecommunication services. The related installation services are generally considered not material within the context of the contract and in accordance with the guidance of ASC 606 the Company does not recognize these immaterial promised services as a separate performance obligation. Certain contracts with customers may include multiple performance obligations, specifically when the Company sells its connectivity services in addition to customer premise equipment ("CPE"). For such arrangements, revenue is allocated to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. The standalone selling price for each performance obligation is based on observable prices charged to customers in similar transactions or using expected cost plus margin. The Company applies the practical expedient in paragraph ASC 606-10-32-18 and does not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component if the Company expects, at contract inception, that the period between when the Company transfers a promised good or service to a customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less. Prepaid Capacity Sales and Indefeasible Right to Use. The Company sells capacity on a long-term basis, where a certain portion of the contracted revenue is prepaid upon acceptance of the service by the customer. This prepaid amount is initially recorded as deferred revenue and amortized ratably over the term of the contract. Certain of these prepaid capacity sales are in the form of Indefeasible Rights to Use ("IRUs"), where the customer has the right to use the capacity of the fiber optic cable for a specified term. The Company records revenues from these prepaid leases of fiber optic cable IRUs over the term that the customer is given exclusive access to the assets. Universal Service Fund (USF), Gross Receipts Taxes and Other Surcharges. The Company is liable in certain cases for collecting regulatory fees and/or certain sales taxes from its customers and remitting the fees and taxes to the applicable governing authorities. Taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction, that are collected by the Company from a customer, are excluded from revenue. Conversely, USF contributions are assessed to the Company by and paid to the Universal Service Administration Company ("USAC") and are based on the Company’s interstate and inter-nation end-user revenues. The Company may assess its customers a separate fee to recoup its USF expense. These fees are included in telecommunications services revenue and costs of telecommunications services. USF fees and other surcharges billed to customers and recorded on a gross basis (as service telecommunications services revenue and cost of telecommunications services) were $5.3 million and $3.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $17.5 million and $11.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Contract balances. Accounts receivable represent amounts billed to customers where the Company has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date. Contract liabilities are generally limited to deferred revenue. Deferred revenue is a contract liability, representing advance consideration received from customers primarily related to the pre-paid capacity sales noted above, where transfer of control occurs over time, and therefore revenue is recognized over the related contractual service period. In accordance with ASC 606, the Company is required to disclose its accounts receivable balances, contract assets, and contract liabilities related to revenue from contracts with customers, which excludes lease revenue, at September 30, 2018. The Company’s accounts receivable balance at September 30, 2018 includes $225.2 million in amounts billed for contracts with customers. There were no contract assets as of January 1, 2018 or September 30, 2018. Refer to Note 6 - Deferred Revenue for significant changes in the contract liabilities balances during the period as well as the estimated revenue expected to be recognized for each of the years subsequent to September 30, 2018 related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) at September 30, 2018. The Company applies the practical expedient in paragraph ASC 606-10-50-14 and does not disclose information about remaining performance obligations that have original expected durations of one year or less. Contract Costs The Company capitalizes sales commissions earned by its sales force when they are considered to be incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. These costs are deferred and then amortized over a period of benefit which is determined by taking into consideration our customer contacts, technology and other factors. Amortization of sales commissions expense is included in selling, general and administrative expenses. There were no significant amounts of assets recorded related to contract costs as of September 30, 2018. Cost of telecommunications services includes direct costs incurred in accessing other telecommunications providers’ networks in order to maintain the Company's global Tier 1 IP network and provide telecommunication services to the Company's customers, including access, co-location, usage-based charges, and certain excise taxes and surcharges recorded on a gross basis. The Company issues three types of equity grants under its share-based compensation plan: time-based restricted stock, time-based stock options, and performance-based restricted stock. The time-based restricted stock and stock options generally vest over a four-year period, contingent upon meeting the requisite service period requirement. Performance awards typically vest over a shorter period, e.g. one to two years, starting when the performance criteria established in the grant have been met. The share price of the Company's common stock as reported on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") on the date of grant is used as the fair value for all restricted stock. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the estimated fair value for stock options. Critical inputs into the Black-Scholes option-pricing model include the following: option exercise price; fair value of the stock; expected life of the option; annualized volatility of the stock; annual rate of quarterly dividends on the stock; and risk-free interest rate. Implied volatility is calculated as of each grant date based on our historical stock price volatility along with an assessment of a peer group. Other than the expected life of the option, volatility is the most sensitive input to our option grants. The risk-free interest rate used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model is determined by referencing the U.S. Treasury yield curve rates with the remaining term equal to the expected life assumed at the date of grant. Forfeitures are estimated based on our historical analysis of attrition levels. Forfeiture estimates are updated quarterly for actual forfeitures. The share-based compensation expense for time-based restricted stock and stock options is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The Company begins recognizing share-based compensation expense for performance awards when the Company considers the achievement of the performance criteria to be probable through the expected vesting period. Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method pursuant to GAAP. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future impacts attributable to the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in the period of the change. Further, deferred tax assets are recognized for the expected realization of available net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. A valuation allowance is recorded on gross deferred tax assets when it is "more likely than not" that such asset will not be realized. When evaluating the realizability of deferred tax assets, all evidence, both positive and negative, is evaluated. Items considered in this analysis include the ability to carry back losses, the reversal of temporary differences, tax planning strategies, and expectations of future earnings. The Company reviews its deferred tax assets on a quarterly basis to determine if a valuation allowance is required based upon these factors. Changes in the Company's assessment of the need for a valuation allowance could give rise to a change in such allowance, potentially resulting in additional expense or benefit in the period of change. The Company's income tax provision includes U.S. federal, state, local, and foreign income taxes and is based on pre-tax income or loss. In determining the annual effective income tax rate, the Company analyzes various factors, including its annual earnings and taxing jurisdictions in which the earnings were generated, transfer pricing methods, the impact of state and local income taxes, and its ability to use tax credits and net operating loss carryforwards. Under GAAP for income taxes, the amount of tax benefit to be recognized is the amount of benefit that is "more likely than not" to be sustained upon examination. The Company analyzes its tax filing positions in all of the U.S. federal, state, local, and foreign tax jurisdictions where it is required to file income tax returns, as well as for all open tax years in these jurisdictions. If, based on this analysis, the Company determines that uncertainties in tax positions exist, a liability is established in the consolidated financial statements. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax positions in the provision for income taxes. In addition to net loss, comprehensive loss includes certain charges or credits to equity occurring other than as a result of transactions with stockholders. For the Company, this consists of foreign currency translation adjustments. Basic loss per share is computed by dividing net loss available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted loss per share reflects, in periods with earnings and in which they have a dilutive effect, the effect of common shares issuable upon exercise of stock options. The table below details the calculations of loss per share (in millions, except for share and per share amounts): Numerator for basic and diluted EPS – net loss available to common stockholders Denominator for basic EPS – weighted average shares Effect of dilutive securities Denominator for diluted EPS – weighted average shares All outstanding stock options were anti-dilutive as of September 30, 2018 and 2017 due to the net loss incurred during the periods. There were approximately 526,000 and 767,000 outstanding stock options as of September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Cash and cash equivalents may include deposits with financial institutions as well as short-term money market instruments, certificates of deposit and debt instruments with maturities of three months or less when purchased. The Company invests its cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments in accordance with the terms and conditions of its 2018 Credit Agreement, which seeks to ensure both liquidity and safety of principal. The Company’s policy limits investments to instruments issued by the U.S. government and commercial institutions with strong investment grade credit ratings, and places restrictions on the length of maturity. As of September 30, 2018, the Company held no investments in auction rate securities, collateralized debt obligations, structured investment vehicles, or non-government guaranteed mortgage-backed securities. Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents that are contractually restricted from operating use are classified as restricted cash and cash equivalents. In December 2016, the Company completed a private offering of $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of 7.875% senior unsecured notes due in 2024. The proceeds of the private offering plus 60 days of prepaid interest, were deposited into escrow, where the funds remained until the closing of the acquisition of Hibernia Networks ("Hibernia") that occurred in January 2017. The proceeds were released from escrow at closing to fund the Hibernia acquisition. Accounts receivable balances are stated at amounts due from the customer net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. Credit extended is based on an evaluation of the customer’s financial condition and is granted to qualified customers on an unsecured basis. The Company, pursuant to its standard service contracts, is typically entitled to impose a monthly finance charge of a certain percentage per month with respect to amounts that are past due. The Company’s standard terms require payment within 30 days of the date of the invoice. The Company treats invoices as past due when they remain unpaid, in whole or in part, beyond the payment date set forth in the applicable service contract. The Company determines its allowance for doubtful accounts by considering a number of factors, including the length of time trade receivables are past due, the customer’s payment history and current ability to pay its obligation to the Company, and the condition of the general economy. Specific reserves are also established on a case-by-case basis by management. Credit losses have historically been within management's estimates. Actual bad debts, when determined, reduce the allowance, the adequacy of which management then reassesses. The Company writes off accounts after a determination by management that the amounts are no longer likely to be collected, following the exercise of reasonable collection efforts, and upon management's determination that the costs of pursuing collection outweigh the likelihood of recovery. The allowance for doubtful accounts was $4.2 million and $5.1 million as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Deferred Costs Installation costs related to provisioning of recurring communications services that the Company incurs from independent third party suppliers, directly attributable and necessary to fulfill a particular service contract, and which would not have been incurred but for the occurrence of that service contract, are recorded as deferred costs and expensed ratably over the contractual term of service in the same manner as the deferred revenue arising from that contract. Based on historical experience, the Company believes the initial contractual term is the best estimate for the period of earnings. If any installation costs exceed the amount of corresponding deferred revenue, the excess cost is recognized in the current period. Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation on these assets is computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Assets are recorded at acquired cost. Costs associated with the initial customer installations and upgrade of services and acquiring and deploying customer premise equipment, including materials, internal labor costs, and related indirect labor costs are also capitalized. Indirect and overhead costs include payroll taxes, insurance, and other benefits. Capitalized labor costs include the direct costs of engineers and service delivery technicians involved in the installation and upgrades of services, and the costs of support personnel directly involved in capitalizable activities, such as project managers and supervisors. Internal labor costs are based on standards developed by position for the percentage of time spent on capitalizable projects while overhead costs are capitalized based on standards developed from historical information. Costs for repairs and maintenance, disconnecting service, or reconnecting service are expensed as incurred. The Company capitalized labor costs, including indirect and overhead costs, of $3.0 million and $1.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $9.2 million and $4.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Assets and liabilities under capital leases are recorded at the lesser of the present value of the aggregate future minimum lease payments or the fair value of the assets under lease. Leasehold improvements and assets under capital leases are amortized over the shorter of the term of the lease, excluding optional extensions, or the useful life. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Depreciable lives used by the Company for its classes of assets are as follows: Freehold Buildings Fiber Optic Network Equipment up to 10 years The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. If the carrying amount of an asset were to exceed its estimated future undiscounted cash flows, the asset would be considered to be impaired. Impairment losses would then be measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. Assets to be disposed of, if any, are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. Software Capitalization Software development costs include costs to develop software programs to be used solely to meet the Company's internal needs. The Company capitalizes development costs related to these software applications once the preliminary project stage is complete and it is probable that the project will be completed. Subsequent additions, modifications or upgrades to internal-use software are capitalized only to the extent that they allow the software to perform a function it previously did not perform. Software maintenance, data conversion and training costs are expensed in the period in which they are incurred. The Company capitalized software costs of $1.4 million and $0.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $3.6 million and $1.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment at least annually, in October, or more frequently if a triggering event occurs between impairment testing dates. There were no triggering events or goodwill impairments identified for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. Intangible assets arising from business combinations, such as acquired customer contracts and relationships, (collectively "customer relationships"), trade names, and/or intellectual property, are initially recorded at fair value. The Company amortizes these intangible assets over the determined useful life which generally ranges from three to ten years. The Company reviews its intangible assets for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be fully recoverable. There were no triggering events or intangible asset impairments recognized for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. Business Combinations The Company includes the results of operations of the businesses that it acquires commencing on the respective dates of acquisition. The Company allocates the fair value of the purchase price of its acquisitions to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. The excess of the fair value of the purchase price over the fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. Asset Purchases Periodically the Company acquires customer contracts that it accounts for as an asset purchase and records a corresponding intangible asset that is amortized over its estimated useful life. No goodwill is recorded in an asset purchase. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company did not acquire any such customer contracts. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company acquired customer contracts for an aggregate purchase price of $37.3 million. Accrued Supplier Expenses The Company accrues estimated charges owed to its suppliers for services. The Company bases this accrual on the supplier contract, the individual service order executed with the supplier for that service, and the length of time the service has been active. Disputed Supplier Expenses In the normal course of business, the Company identifies errors by suppliers with respect to the billing of services. The Company performs bill verification procedures to ensure that errors in the Company's suppliers' billed invoices are identified and resolved. If the Company concludes that a vendor has billed inaccurately, the Company will record a liability only for the amount that it believes is owed. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company had open disputes not accrued for of $9.2 million and $5.3 million, respectively. Acquisition holdbacks represent fixed deferred consideration to be paid out at some point in the future, typically on the one-year anniversary of an acquisition or asset purchase. The portion of the deferred consideration due within one year is recorded as a current liability until paid, and any consideration due beyond one year is recorded in other long-term liabilities. Debt issuance costs represent costs that qualify for deferral associated with the issuance of new debt or the modification of existing debt facilities. The unamortized balance of debt issuance costs is presented as a reduction to the carrying value of long-term debt. Debt issuance costs are amortized and recognized on the condensed consolidated statements of operations as interest expense. The unamortized debt issuance costs were $32.1 million and $33.8 million as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Original Issuance Discounts and Premiums Original issuance discounts and premiums is the difference between the face value of debt and the amount of principal received when the debt was originated. When the debt reaches maturity, the face value of the debt is payable. The Company recognizes original issuance discounts and premiums by accretion of the discount or premium as interest expense, net over the term of the debt. The unamortized portion of the original issuance discounts and premiums was a $49.4 million net discount and a $9.3 million net premium as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Translation of Foreign Currencies For non-U.S. subsidiaries, the functional currency is evaluated at the time of the Company's acquisition of such subsidiaries and on a periodic basis for financial reporting purposes. These condensed consolidated financial statements have been reported in U.S. Dollars by translating asset and liability amounts of foreign subsidiaries at the closing currency exchange rate, equity amounts at historical rates, and the results of operations and cash flow at the average currency exchange rate prevailing during the periods reported. The net effect of such translation gains and losses are reflected in accumulated other comprehensive loss in the stockholders' equity section of the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Transactions denominated in foreign currencies other than a subsidiary's functional currency are recorded at the rates of exchange prevailing at the time of the transaction. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are remeasured at the rate of exchange prevailing at the balance sheet date. Exchange differences arising upon settlement of a transaction are reported in the condensed consolidated statements of operations in other expense, net. The Company may use derivatives to partially offset its business exposure to foreign currency or interest rate risk on expected future cash flows. There can be no assurance the hedges will offset more than a portion of the financial impact resulting from movements in foreign currency exchange or interest rates. The Company does not hold derivatives for trading purposes. As of September 30, 2018, the Company had derivative financial instruments in the form of interest rate swaps outstanding. The interest rate swaps were not designated as hedges and therefore do not qualify for hedge accounting. Refer to Note 7 - Debt for further information. There were no derivative financial instruments outstanding as of December 31, 2017. Additionally, during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 the Company settled a derivative financial instrument to hedge foreign currency rates. Refer to Note 2 - Business Acquisitions for further information on the terms of the arrangement. Derivatives that are not designated as hedging instruments are adjusted to fair value through earnings on the condensed consolidated statement of operations as other expense, net. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recognized a gain of $8.3 million and a loss of $107.0 million in other expense, net, respectively, due to the change in fair value of its derivative financial instruments. The Company records the fair value of its derivative financial instruments in the condensed consolidated balance sheet as a component of other current assets when in a net asset position and a component of accrued expenses and other current liabilities when in a net liability position. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The Company classifies certain assets and liabilities based on the following hierarchy of fair value: Quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that can be assessed at the measurement date. Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data. Inputs reflect management's best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. The inputs are unobservable in the market and significant to the instrument's valuation. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required to be recorded at fair value, management considers the principal or most advantageous market in which it would transact and considers risks, restrictions, or other assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability. Recurring Fair Value Measurements In accordance with GAAP, certain assets and liabilities are required to be recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. For the Company, the only assets or liabilities adjusted to fair value on a recurring basis are its derivative financial instruments. The Company measures all derivatives at fair value and recognizes them as either assets or liabilities in its condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company's derivative financial instruments are valued primarily using models based on readily observable market parameters for all substantial terms of our derivative contracts, and therefore have been classified as Level 2. None of the Company's derivative financial instruments qualify for hedge accounting, and therefore all changes in the fair values of derivative instruments are recognized in earnings in the current period. The following table presents the Company's financial assets and liabilities that are required to be measured and recognized at fair value on a recurring basis classified under the appropriate level of the fair value hierarchy as of September 30, 2018. There were no financial assets or liabilities that were required to be measured and recognized at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2017. There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. Quoted Prices in Active Markets Significant Other Observable Inputs Significant Unobservable Inputs Interest rate swap agreements Liabilities: Non-recurring Fair Value Measurements In addition to assets and liabilities that are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis, the Company records assets and liabilities at fair value on a non-recurring basis as required by GAAP. Assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis include goodwill, tangible assets, and intangible assets. Such assets are reviewed quarterly for impairment indicators. If a triggering event has occurred, the assets are re-measured when the estimated fair value of the corresponding asset group is less than the carrying value. The fair value measurements, in such instances, are based on significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). Other Fair Value Measurements As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the carrying amounts reflected in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and other current liabilities, and acquisition earn-outs and holdbacks approximated fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The table below presents the fair values for the Company's long-term debt as well as the input level used to determine these fair values as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The carrying amounts exclude any debt issuance costs or original issuance discount: Fair Value Measurement Using Total Carrying Value in Consolidated Balance Sheet Unadjusted Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets or Liabilities (1) (Level 1) Liabilities not recorded at fair value in the Financial Statements: Long-term debt, including the current portion: US Term loan EMEA Term loan 7.875% Senior unsecured notes Revolving line of credit Other secured loans Total long-term debt, including current portion (1) Fair value based on the bid quoted price, except for other secured loans for which carrying value approximates fair value. Concentrations of Credit Risk Financial instruments potentially subject to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and trade accounts receivable. At times during the periods presented, the Company had funds in excess of $250,000 insured by the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or in excess of similar Deposit Insurance programs outside of the United States, on deposit at various financial institutions. Management believes the Company is not exposed to significant credit risk due to the financial position of the depository institutions in which those deposits are held. The Company's trade accounts receivable are generally unsecured and geographically dispersed. No single customer's trade accounts receivable balance as of September 30, 2018 or December 31, 2017 exceeded 10% of the Company's consolidated accounts receivable, net. No single customer accounted for more than 10% of revenue for the three or nine months ended September 30, 2018 or 2017. Newly Adopted Accounting Principles In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) as modified by subsequently issued ASUs 2015-14, 2016-08, 2016-10, 2016-12, and 2016-20 (collectively ASU 2014-09). The revenue recognition principle in ASU 2014-09 is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company has adopted this new standard as of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method. The adoption of the new standard did not have a material impact on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets, statements of operations, comprehensive (loss) income, stockholders' equity, or cash flows as of the adoption date or for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, and therefore no tabular reconciliation has been provided as there was no material effect on any financial statement line item. As part of the adoption, the Company has not retrospectively restated the contract revenue for those modifications in accordance with the contract modification guidance in paragraphs ASC 606-10-25-12 and 25-13. Instead, the Company reflected the aggregate effect of all modifications when identifying the satisfied and unsatisfied performance obligations, determining the transaction price and allocating the transaction price. The impact of this practical expedient had no significant impact on the Company's final conclusions. The Company has included the disclosures required by ASU No. 2014-09 above. In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which is intended to reduce diversity in practice of how certain transactions are classified and presented in the statement of cash flows in accordance with ASC 230. The ASU amends or clarifies guidance on eight specific cash flow issues, some of which include classification on debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, and separately identifiable cash flows and application of the predominance principle. The standard is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those periods. The guidance requires application using a retrospective transition method. The Company adopted the guidance as of January 1, 2018, and the provisions of the new guidance did not have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements. In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash, which requires that restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents during the period should be included in the beginning and ending cash and cash equivalents balance reconciliation on the statement of cash flows. When cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, or restricted cash equivalents are presented in more than one line item within the statement of financial position, an entity shall calculate a total cash amount in a narrative or tabular format that agrees to the amount shown on the statement of cash flows. Details on the nature and amounts of restricted cash should also be disclosed. The guidance is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period and should be applied using a retrospective transition method to each period presented. The Company adopted the guidance as of January 1, 2018. The impact of the implementation is as follows: Net cash used in investing activities (prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-18) Impact of including restricted cash within cash and cash equivalents Net cash used in investing activities (after adoption of ASU 2016-18) In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting, which clarifies when changes to the terms or conditions of share-based equity awards must be accounted for as modifications. Entities will apply the modification accounting guidance if the value, vesting conditions, or classification of the award are not the same immediately before and after the modification. The guidance is effective prospectively for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. The Company adopted the guidance as of January 1, 2018, and the provisions of the new guidance did not have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements. In December 2017, the SEC issued Staff Accounting Bulletin ("SAB") No. 118 (as further clarified by FASB ASU 2018- 05, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118), which provides guidance for companies that may not have completed their accounting for the income tax effects of the Tax Cut and Jobs Act ("Tax Act") in the period of enactment, which is the period that includes December 22, 2017. SAB No. 118 provides for a provisional one year measurement period for entities to finalize their accounting for certain income tax effects related to the Tax Act. The Company expects to finalize its provisional amounts within the one year measurement period. Refer to Note 9 - Income Taxes for additional disclosure. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases, which requires most leases (with the exception of leases with terms of less than one year) to be recognized on the balance sheet as an asset and a lease liability. Leases will be classified as an operating lease or a financing lease. Operating leases are expensed using the straight-line method, whereas financing leases will be treated similarly to a capital lease under the current standard. The guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and early adoption is permitted. The new standard must be presented using the modified retrospective method. However, in July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements, which provides an additional (and optional) transition method to adopt the new leases standard. The modified retrospective method is applied to all prior reporting periods presented with a cumulative-effect adjustment recorded in the earliest comparative period while the optional transition relief method is applied beginning in the period of adoption with a cumulative-effect adjustment recorded to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption without adjustment to the financial statements for periods prior to adoption. The Company is still evaluating the method of adoption. The Company anticipates the new standard will have a material impact to its consolidated balance sheets. However, the Company does not believe adoption will have a material impact on its consolidated statements of operations. While the Company is continuing to assess all potential impacts of the new standard, the Company currently believes the most significant impact relates to its accounting for office space, colocation operating leases, and embedded leases within its dark fiber and duct supplier contracts. The Company expects its accounting for capital leases to remain substantially unchanged under the new standard. In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairment by eliminating the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill (Step 2) to measure a goodwill impairment charge. Instead, entities will record an impairment charge based on the excess of a reporting unit's carrying amount over its fair value (as determined in Step 1). The guidance is effective prospectively for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. The Company does not expect the new guidance to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220) Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, which allows for reclassification of stranded tax effects on items resulting from the Tax Act from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to retained earnings. The guidance will be effective for the Company for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 31, 2018, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect of the new guidance on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In August 2018, the SEC issued several final rules, including but not limited to SEC Final Rule Release No. 33-10532 Disclosure Update and Simplification (“Final Rule”), which amends certain redundant, duplicative, outdated, superseded or overlapping disclosure requirements. This Final Rule is intended to facilitate disclosure information provided to investors and simplify compliance without significantly impacting the mix of information provided to investors. The amendments also expand the disclosure requirements regarding the analysis of stockholders' equity for interim financial statements, in which entities will be required to present a reconciliation for each period for which a statement of comprehensive income is required to be filed. The Final Rule is effective on November 5, 2018, however the SEC staff announced that it would not object if the filer's first presentation of the changes in stockholders' equity is included in its Form 10-Q for the quarter that begins after the effective date of the amendments. As such, the Company plans to use the new presentation of a condensed consolidated statement of stockholders equity within its interim financial statements beginning in its Form 10-Q for the quarter ending March 31, 2019. Other than the new presentation, the Company does not anticipate any material impact to its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures upon adoption. NOTE 2 — BUSINESS ACQUISITIONS Since its formation, the Company has consummated a number of transactions accounted for as business combinations as part of its growth strategy. The acquisitions of these businesses, which are in addition to periodic purchases of customer contracts, have allowed the Company to increase the scale at which it operates, which in turn affords the Company the ability to increase its operating leverage, extend its network, and broaden its customer base. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the operations of the acquired entities from their respective acquisition dates. All of the acquisitions have been accounted for as a business combination. Accordingly, consideration paid by the Company to complete the acquisitions is initially allocated to the acquired assets and liabilities based upon their estimated acquisition date fair values. The recorded amounts for assets acquired and liabilities assumed are provisional and subject to change during the measurement period, which is up to 12 months from the acquisition date. 2018 Acquisitions Accelerated Connections, Inc. In March 2018, the Company acquired Accelerated Connections, Inc. ("ACI"). The Company paid $35.0 million cash consideration, of which $0.8 million was net cash acquired, and 79,930 unregistered shares of the Company's common stock valued at $4.2 million at closing. $3.9 million of the initial cash consideration is held in escrow for one year, subject to reduction for any indemnification claims made by the Company prior to such date. Substantially all of the consideration was allocated to goodwill and identifiable intangible assets. The results of ACI have been included from March 1, 2018. Pro forma results of operations for this acquisition have not been presented as it is not material to the condensed consolidated results of operations. The acquisition was considered a stock purchase for tax purposes. Interoute In May 2018, the Company acquired Interoute Communications Holdings S.A. ("Interoute"), a Luxembourg public limited liability company. The Company paid $2,239.3 million in cash consideration at closing, of which $66.1 million was net cash acquired, and assumed $27.7 million in debt. The results of Interoute have been included from June 1, 2018. The acquisition was considered a stock purchase for tax purposes. The Company partially funded the purchase price through the issuance of 9,589,094 shares of common stock to a group of institutional investors for proceeds of $425.0 million concurrently with the closing of the Interoute acquisition. The Company also entered into a credit agreement to fund the remainder of the purchase price. Refer to Note 7 - Debt for further information. In February 2018, the Company also entered into a deal-contingent foreign currency hedge arrangement with a total notional amount of €1.260 billion at a spot rate of $1.23459 to €1.00. Fees associated with this arrangement were payable upon closing of the acquisition based on a pre-defined schedule in the hedge agreement. The Company recognized a loss of $105.8 million upon settlement of the deal-contingent foreign currency hedge arrangement, of which $17.2 million had been recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2018. For material acquisitions completed during 2017, 2016, and 2015, refer to Note 3 - Business Acquisitions to the consolidated financial statements contained in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, certain measurement period adjustments were recorded to adjust provisional amounts for acquisitions completed during 2017 and 2018. Purchase Price Allocation The table below reflects the Company's preliminary estimates of the acquisition date fair values of the purchase consideration, assets acquired, and liabilities assumed for the Interoute acquisition (amounts in millions): Cash paid at closing Purchase consideration Assets acquired: Intangible assets - customer lists Intangible assets - tradename Intangible assets - other Total assets acquired Liabilities assumed: Capital leases (1) Total liabilities assumed Net assets acquired (1) Includes $38.8 million of assumed long-term building leases. The table below reflects the weighted average amortization period for intangible assets acquired in the Interoute acquisition (amounts in years): Amortization expense related to intangible assets created as a result of the Interoute acquisition of $4.3 million and $5.8 million has been recorded for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. Estimated amortization expense related to intangible assets created as a result of the Interoute acquisition for each of the years subsequent to September 30, 2018 is as follows (amounts in millions): 2023 and beyond Goodwill is calculated as the excess of the consideration transferred over the net assets recognized and represents the estimated future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired that could not be individually identified and separately recognized. Goodwill is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes. Goodwill will not be amortized but instead will be tested for impairment at least annually and more frequently if certain indicators of impairment are present. Acquisition Method Accounting Estimates The Company initially recognizes the assets and liabilities acquired from the aforementioned acquisitions based on its preliminary estimates of their acquisition date fair values. As additional information becomes known concerning the acquired assets and assumed liabilities, management may make adjustments to the opening balance sheet of the acquired company up to the end of the measurement period, which is no longer than a one year period following the acquisition date. The determination of the fair values of the acquired assets and liabilities assumed (and the related determination of estimated lives of depreciable tangible and identifiable intangible assets) requires significant judgment. Transaction costs describe the broad category of costs the Company incurs in connection with signed and/or closed acquisitions. There are two types of costs that the Company accounts for: •Severance, restructuring and other exit costs •Transaction and integration costs Severance, restructuring and other exit costs include severance and other one-time benefits for terminated employees, termination charges for leases and supplier contracts, and other costs incurred associated with an exit activity. These costs are reported separately in the condensed consolidated statements of operations during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. Refer to Note 10 - Severance, Restructuring, and Other Exit Costs of these condensed consolidated financial statements for further information. Transaction and integration costs include expenses associated with legal, accounting, regulatory, and other transition services rendered in connection with acquisition, travel expense, and other non-recurring direct expenses associated with acquisitions. Transaction and integration costs are expensed as incurred in support of the integration. The Company incurred transaction and integration costs of $10.7 million and $3.3 million during the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $25.1 million and $13.8 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Transaction and integration costs have been included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and in cash flows from operating activities in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. Pro forma Financial Information (Unaudited) The pro forma results presented below include the effects of the Company’s material acquisitions during 2018 and 2017 as if the acquisitions occurred on January 1, 2017. The pro forma net loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 includes adjustments to revenue and cost of telecommunications services to eliminate inter-company activity, adjustments to deferred revenue and deferred cost from the acquired companies, and IFRS to US GAAP adjustments for Interoute. The pro forma adjustments are based on historically reported transactions by the acquired companies. The pro forma results do not include any anticipated synergies or other expected benefits of the acquisitions. The unaudited pro forma financial information below is not necessarily indicative of either future results of operations or results that might have been achieved had the acquisitions been consummated as of January 1, 2017. (Amounts in millions, except per share and share data) NOTE 3 — GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS The goodwill balance was $1,666.8 million and $644.5 million as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Additionally, the Company's intangible asset balance was $564.6 million and $417.1 million as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The additions to both goodwill and intangible assets during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 relate primarily to the acquisition of ACI and Interoute (refer to Note 2 - Business Acquisitions). The change in the carrying amount of goodwill for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was as follows (amounts in millions): Goodwill - December 31, 2017 Initial goodwill associated with 2018 business combinations Adjustments to 2018 business combinations Adjustments to prior year business combinations Foreign currency translation adjustments Goodwill - September 30, 2018 The following table summarizes the Company’s intangible assets as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (amounts in millions): Gross Asset Cost Accumulated Amortization Amortization expense was $22.9 million and $17.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $64.0 million and $49.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Estimated amortization expense related to intangible assets subject to amortization at September 30, 2018 in each of the years subsequent to September 30, 2018 is as follows (amounts in millions): NOTE 4 — PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS The following table summarizes the Company’s prepaid expenses and other current assets as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (amounts in millions): Prepaid carrier costs Prepaid selling, general and administrative Interest rate swaps Short term deposits Taxes receivable Capitalized commissions NOTE 5 — ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES The following table summarizes the Company’s accrued expenses and other current liabilities as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (amounts in millions): Carrier costs Fiber pair repurchase Accrued taxes Selling, general and administrative NOTE 6 — DEFERRED REVENUE Total deferred revenue as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was $460.1 million and $161.7 million, respectively, consisting of unamortized prepaid capacity sales, IRUs, deferred non-recurring revenue, and unearned revenue for amounts billed in advance to customers. Deferred revenue is recognized as current and noncurrent deferred revenue on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Significant changes in deferred revenue balances during the period are as follows (amounts in millions): ASC 606 Revenue as a % of Greater than 1 Year (1) Greater than 1 Year Revenue recognized from beginning balance Increase in deferred revenue (gross) Revenue recognized on increase in deferred revenue Business combinations (gross) Revenue recognized from business combinations (1) Refer to Footnote 1 - Organization and Business for a discussion of the required disclosures in accordance with ASC 606. The change in deferred revenue per the table above includes the non-cash impact of foreign currency translation adjustments of $1.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Balance, June 30, 2018 Remaining amortization at September 30, 2018 and in each of the years subsequent to September 30, 2018 is as follows (amounts in millions): NOTE 7 — DEBT As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, long-term debt was as follows (amounts in millions): Total debt obligations Unamortized debt issuance costs Unamortized original issuance premium (discount), net Carrying value of debt Long-term debt less current portion 2018 Credit Agreement On May 31, 2018, the Company entered into a credit agreement (the "2018 Credit Agreement") that provides for (1) a $1,770.0 million term loan B facility (the "US Term Loan Facility"), (2) a €750.0 million term loan B facility (the "EMEA Term Loan Facility"), and (3) a $200.0 million revolving credit facility (the "Revolving Line of Credit Facility") (which includes a $50.0 million letter of credit facility). In addition, the Company may request incremental term loan commitments and/or incremental revolving loan commitments in an aggregate amount not to exceed the sum of $575.0 million and an unlimited amount that is subject to pro forma compliance with a net secured leverage ratio test. The US Term Loan Facility was issued at an original issuance discount of $8.9 million and the EMEA Term Loan Facility was issued at an original issuance discount of €3.8 million. The maturity date of the US Term Loan Facility and the EMEA Term Loan Facility (collectively the "Term Loan Facilities") is May 31, 2025 and the maturity date of the Revolving Line of Credit Facility is May 31, 2023. Each maturity date may be extended per the terms of the 2018 Credit Agreement. If within six months after entering into the 2018 Credit Agreement certain prepayments are made or any amendment reduces the “effective yield” applicable to all or a portion of such term loans, such prepayment or repriced portions of the term loans will be subject to a penalty equal to 1.00% of the outstanding term loans being prepaid or repriced. No such prepayments or amendments were made through September 30, 2018. The principal amounts of the US Term Loan Facility and EMEA Term Loan Facility are payable in equal quarterly installments of $4.425 million and €1.875 million, respectively, commencing on September 30, 2018 and continuing thereafter until the maturity date when the remaining balances of outstanding principal amount is payable in full. The Company may prepay loans under the 2018 Credit Agreement at any time, subject to certain notice requirements, LIBOR breakage costs, and prepayment fees noted above. At the Company’s election, the US Term Loan Facility may be made as either Base Rate Loans or Eurocurrency Loans. The EMEA Term Loan Facility will bear interest at the European Money Markets Institute EURIBO Rate plus the applicable margin. The applicable margin for the US Term Loan Facility is 1.75% for Base Rate Loans and 2.75% for Eurocurrency Loans, subject to a “LIBOR floor” of 0.00%. The applicable margin for the EMEA Term Loan Facility is 3.25%, subject to a “EURIBOR floor” of 0.00%. The applicable margin for revolving loans under the Revolving Line of Credit Facility is 1.75% for Base Rate Loans, 2.75% for Eurocurrency Loans denominated in U.S. Dollars and certain other approved currencies other than Euros, and 3.25% for revolving loans denominated in Euros. The proceeds from the US Term Loan Facility and EMEA Term Loan Facility were used to finance the Interoute acquisition, to repay amounts outstanding under the Company's prior term loan facility, and to pay costs associated with such transactions. The unused and available amount of the Revolving Line of Credit Facility at September 30, 2018 was as follows (amounts in millions): Committed capacity Borrowings outstanding Letters of credit issued Unused and available The obligations of the Company under the 2018 Credit Agreement are secured by the substantial majority of the tangible and intangible assets of the Company. The 2018 Credit Agreement does not contain a financial covenant for the US Term Loan Facility or the EMEA Term Loan Facility, but it does include a maximum Consolidated Net Secured Leverage Ratio applicable to the Revolving Line of Credit Facility in the event that utilization exceeds 30% of the revolving loan facility commitment. If triggered, the covenant requires the Company to maintain a Consolidated Net Secured Leverage Ratio, on a Pro Forma Basis, below the maximum ratio specified as follows: Fiscal Quarter Ending Maximum Ratio 6.50:1.00 June 30, 2022 and thereafter During 2018, the Company entered into the following interest rate swap arrangements to partially mitigate the variability of cash flows due to changes in the Eurodollar rate, specifically related to interest payments on our term loans under the 2018 Credit Agreement: Notional amount (in millions) Floating rate 1-month LIBOR 1-month EURIBOR The interest rate swaps do not qualify for hedge accounting. The fair value of the interest rate swaps at September 30, 2018 was as follows (in millions): Derivative Instrument Aggregate Notional Amount Asset Derivatives Liability Derivatives Interest rate swap The Company records the fair value of interest rate swaps in its consolidated balance sheets within prepaid expenses and other current assets when in an asset position and within accrued expenses and other current liabilities when in a liability position. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recognized a gain of $8.6 million and a loss of $0.7 million in other expense, net due to the change in fair value of its interest rate swaps. During 2016 and 2017, the Company completed three private offerings for $575.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 7.875% senior unsecured notes due in 2024 (collectively the “7.875% Senior Unsecured Notes”). Each offering was treated as a single series of debt securities. The 7.875% Senior Unsecured Notes have identical terms other than the issuance date and offering price. The 7.875% Senior Unsecured Notes were issued at a combined premium of $16.5 million. In connection with the offerings, the Company incurred debt issuance costs of $17.3 million, of which $0.5 million was incurred in 2016 and the remainder was incurred in 2017. In connection with the Interoute acquisition in May 2018 the Company acquired other loans related to loans secured by certain network assets. The balance of other secured loans at September 30, 2018 was $21.6 million. The effective interest rate on the long-term debt at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was 5.3% and 4.5%, respectively. The effective interest rate at September 30, 2018 considers the impact of the interest rate swaps. Long-term Debt Contractual Maturities The aggregate contractual maturities of long-term debt (excluding unamortized debt issuance costs and unamortized original issuance discounts and premiums) were as follows as of September 30, 2018 (amounts in millions): Debt Issuance Costs and Original Issuance Discounts and Premiums The following table summarizes the debt issuance costs activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 (amounts in millions): Debt issuance costs incurred Debt issuance costs are presented in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as a reduction to "Long-term debt." Interest expense associated with the amortization of debt issuance costs was $1.1 million and $1.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $3.4 million and $2.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The following table summarizes the original issuance (discount) and premium activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 (amounts in millions): New Original Issuance Discount Fees paid to lenders Original issuance discounts and premiums are presented in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as a reduction to "Long-term debt." Amortization of original issuance discounts and premiums was $1.7 million and netted to zero for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $1.9 million and $0.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively and is included in Interest expense, net. Previous Debt Agreement - 2017 Credit Agreement On January 9, 2017, the Company entered into a credit agreement (the "2017 Credit Agreement") that provided a $700.0 million term loan facility and a $75.0 million revolving line of credit facility (which included a $25.0 million letter of credit facility). Amounts outstanding under the 2017 Credit Agreement were paid in full at the closing of the 2018 Credit Agreement. The previous term loan facility was issued at an original issuance discount of $3.5 million. NOTE 8 — SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION Share-Based Compensation Plan The Company grants share-based equity awards, including stock options and restricted stock, under the GTT Stock Plan. The GTT Stock Plan is limited to an aggregate 14,250,000 shares of which 9,398,923 have been issued and are outstanding as of September 30, 2018. The GTT Stock Plan permits the granting of time-based stock options, time-based restricted stock, and performance-based restricted stock to employees and consultants of the Company, and non-employee directors of the Company. Time-based options granted under the GTT Stock Plan have an exercise price of at least 100% of the fair market value of the underlying stock on the grant date and expire no later than 10 years from the grant date. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of its stock option awards at the time of grant. The stock options generally vest over four years with 25% of the options becoming exercisable one year from the date of grant and the remaining vesting annually or quarterly over the following three years. Time-based restricted stock granted under the GTT Stock Plan is valued at the share price of our common stock as reported on the NYSE on the date of grant. Time-based restricted stock generally vests over four years with 25% of the shares becoming unrestricted one year from the date of grant and the remaining vesting annually or quarterly over the following three years. Performance-based restricted stock is granted under the GTT Stock Plan subject to the achievement of certain performance measures. Once achievement of these performance measures is considered probable, the Company starts to expense the fair value of the grant over the vesting period. The performance-based restricted stock is valued at the share price of our common stock as reported on the NYSE on the date of grant. The performance grant vests quarterly over the vesting period once achievement of the performance measure has been met and approved by the Compensation Committee, typically one to two years. The Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors, as administrator of the GTT Stock Plan, has the discretion to authorize a different vesting schedule for any awards. Share-Based Compensation Expense The following tables summarize the share-based compensation expense recognized as a component of selling, general and administrative expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations (amounts in millions): ESPP As of September 30, 2018, there was $73.5 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested share-based compensation awards. The following table summarizes the unrecognized compensation cost and the weighted average period over which the cost is expected to be amortized (amounts in millions): Unrecognized Compensation Cost Weighted Average Remaining Period to be Recognized (Years) Time-based stock options Time-based restricted stock Performance-based restricted stock (1) (1) Excludes $16.3 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to 2017 Performance Awards where achievement of the performance criteria was not probable as of September 30, 2018. The following table summarizes the restricted stock granted during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively (amounts in millions, except shares data): Time-based restricted stock granted Fair value of time-based restricted stock granted Performance-based restricted stock granted Fair value of performance-based restricted stock granted No stock options were issued in any period presented. Performance-based Restricted Stock The Company granted $8.5 million of restricted stock during 2014 and early 2015 contingent upon the achievement of certain performance criteria (the "2014 Performance Awards"). The fair value of the 2014 Performance Awards was calculated using the value of GTT common stock on date of grant. The Company started recognizing share-based compensation expense for these grants when the achievement of the performance criteria became probable, which was in the third quarter of 2015. The 2014 Performance Awards started vesting in the fourth quarter of 2015 when the performance criteria were met and they continued to vest ratably through the third quarter of 2017. As of September 30, 2018, the 2014 Performance Awards were fully vested. The Company granted $17.4 million of restricted stock during 2015 and 2017 contingent upon the achievement of certain performance criteria (the "2015 Performance Awards"). The fair value of the 2015 Performance Awards was calculated using the value of GTT common stock on the respective grant dates. Upon announcement of the Hibernia acquisition in November 2016, the achievement of two of the four performance criteria became probable and the Company started recognizing share-based compensation expense for these grants. Expense recognition will continue through the first quarter of 2019. Additionally, upon announcement of the Global Capacity acquisition in June 2017, the achievement of the final two performance criteria became probable and the Company started recognizing share-based compensation expense for these grants. Expense recognition will continue through the fourth quarter of 2019. The Company recognized share-based compensation expense related to the 2015 Performance Awards of $1.9 million and $1.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $5.9 million and $4.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of September 30, 2018, unrecognized compensation cost related to the unvested 2015 Performance Awards was $3.4 million. The Company granted $32.6 million of restricted stock during 2017 and 2018 contingent upon the achievement of certain performance criteria (the "2017 Performance Awards"). The fair value of the 2017 Performance Awards was calculated using the value of GTT common stock on the grant date. Upon the closing of the Interoute acquisition in May 2018, the achievement of two of the four performance criteria became probable and the Company started recognizing share-based compensation expense for these grants. Expense recognition is expected to continue through the second quarter of 2020. The Company recognized share-based compensation expense related to the 2017 Performance Awards of $1.8 million and $3.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. No share-based compensation expense was recognized related to the 2017 Performance Awards during the 2017 period. As of September 30, 2018, unrecognized compensation cost related to the unvested 2017 Performance Awards was $28.9 million, inclusive of unrecognized compensation cost where achievement of the performance criteria was not probable as of September 30, 2018. The Company has an Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP") that permits eligible employees to purchase common stock through payroll deductions at the lesser of the opening stock price or 85% of the closing stock price of the common stock during each of the three-month offering periods. The Company expenses the discount offered as additional share-based compensation expense. The offering periods generally commence on the first day and the last day of each quarter. At September 30, 2018, 410,378 shares were available for issuance under the ESPP. NOTE 9 — INCOME TAXES The Company’s provision for income taxes is determined using an estimate of its annual effective tax rate, adjusted for the effect of discrete items arising in the quarter. Each quarter the Company updates its estimate of the annual effective tax rate. The quarterly tax provision and the quarterly estimate of the Company's annual effective tax rate is subject to significant variation due to several factors, including variability in accurately predicting pre-tax and taxable income (loss) and the mix of jurisdictions to which they relate, effects of acquisitions and integrations, audit-related developments, changes in the Company's stock price, foreign currency gains (losses), and tax law developments. Additionally, the Company's effective tax rate may be more or less volatile based on the amount of pre-tax income or loss and impact of discrete items. The Company recorded a tax benefit of $1.6 million and $8.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $1.1 million and $22.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Company assesses the available positive and negative evidence to estimate whether sufficient future taxable income will be generated to permit use of the Company's existing deferred tax assets. A significant piece of objective negative evidence identified during the Company's evaluation was the cumulative loss incurred over the three-year period ended December 31, 2017. Such objective evidence limits the ability to consider other subjective evidence, such as the Company's forecasts of future taxable income and tax planning strategies. On the basis of this evaluation, as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, a valuation allowance of $134.6 million and $39.2 million, respectively, has been recorded to recognize only the portion of the deferred tax asset that is more likely than not to be realized. During the three months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recorded a measurement period adjustment of $158.8 million related to the recognized portion of deferred tax assets for Interoute. The amount of the deferred tax asset considered realizable, however, could be adjusted if objective negative evidence in the form of cumulative losses is no longer present and additional weight is given to subjective evidence such as forecasted taxable income. The Tax Act was enacted in December 2017. The Tax Act significantly changed U.S. tax law by, among other things, lowering U.S. corporate income tax rates, implementing a territorial tax system, and imposing a one-time transition tax on deemed repatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries. In accordance with SAB No. 118, the Company recorded the provisional income tax effects of the Tax Act as of December 31, 2017. The Company is still in the process of analyzing the impact of the various provisions of the Tax Act. The ultimate impact may differ from the provisional income tax effect due to, among other things, additional analyses, changes in interpretations and assumptions made, additional regulatory guidance from various federal and state tax jurisdictions that may be issued, and actions the Company may take as a result of the Tax Act. The Company expects to complete its analysis within the one year measurement period in accordance with SAB No. 118. As of September 30, 2018, the Company has not recorded any adjustments to provisional recordings from 2017. While the Tax Act provides for a modified territorial tax system, beginning in 2018, global intangible low-taxed income ("GILTI") provisions will be applied providing an incremental tax on low taxed foreign income. The GILTI provisions require the Company to include in its U.S. income tax return foreign subsidiary earnings in excess of an allowable return on the foreign subsidiary's tangible assets. Under U.S. GAAP, the Company is required to make an accounting policy election to either (1) treat taxes due related to GILTI as a current-period expense when incurred (the "period cost method") or (2) factor such amounts into our measurement of our deferred taxes (the "deferred method"). During the first quarter 2018, the Company made an accounting policy election to treat the impact of GILTI as a period cost, however the impact is offset by a full valuation allowance in the U.S. NOTE 10 — SEVERANCE, RESTRUCTURING, AND OTHER EXIT COSTS The Company incurred severance, restructuring and other exit costs associated with 2017 and 2018 acquisitions. These costs include employee severance costs, termination costs associated with facility leases and network agreements, and other exit costs related to the transactions. The total exit costs recorded and paid relating to the acquisitions mentioned above are summarized as follows for the three months ended September 30, 2018 (amounts in millions): Employee Termination Benefits	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line118
__label__wiki	0.661016	0.661016	Neil Young And Crazy Horse stream new track Rainbow Of Colors Neil Young and Crazy Horse are streaming a new track, “Rainbow Of Colors”, as the latest preview to their forthcoming album “Colorado.” The tune follows the lead single, “Milky Way”, from the project, which marks the band’s first record in seven years and first with Nils Lofgren in the lineup alongside bassist Billy Talbot and drummer Ralph Molina following the retirement of guitarist Frank Sampedro. The follow-up to the band’s 2012’s “Americana” and “Psychedelic Pill” releases will be supported by a film project entitled “Mountaintop Sessions”, that Young promises “will be released in over 100 theaters world-wide the week our album debuts in October.” Due October 25, “Colorado” will be available via CD, digital and streaming services, as well as in a 2LP set that presents three sides plus a 7” exclusive two-sided single not on the album: the live solo version of "Rainbow Of Colors" and "Truth Kills." Young is among the performers set to appear at Farm Aid 2019 at Alpine Valley Music Theatre in East Troy, WI on September 21, alongside a lineup that will include Willie Nelson, John Mellencamp, Dave Matthews, Bonnie Raitt, Nathaniel Rateliff & The Night Sweats and many others. Neil Young And Crazy Horse Release date: October 25 01 “Think Of Me” 02 “She Showed Me Love” 03 “Olden Days” 04 “Help Me Lose My Mind” 05 “Green Is Blue” 06 “Shut It Down” 07 “Milky Way” 08 “Eternity” 09 “Rainbow Of Colors” 10 “I Do” Neil Young And Crazy Horse return with new single Milky Way Neil Young and Crazy Horse announce new album Colorado Neil Young postpones tour plans to work on archival film projects VIDEO: Neil Young performs rare 1974 track for first time in 16 years Search Neil Young at hennemusic Labels: Neil Young	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line119
__label__wiki	0.793782	0.793782	Henry, Zeb and Otto KMOX County Fair Henry, Zeb and Otto were a bit of a musical comedic trio that we first discover were on radio station KMOX when they started the KMOX County Fair Show in August 1932. The three of them were all born in Topeka, Kansas. Nancy Frazer wrote an article back then that introduced the trio. Fans of early country music might recognize who these fellows were. Henry, was said to be Merle Hausch and played the guitar and sang numbers with Zeb. We think they may have spelled his name wrong and he was actually Merle Housch, as they mentioned he was part of the "Henry and Hiram" team at one time in Topeka, Kansas. He started taking guitar lessons when he was twelve years old and the first tune he is said to have learned was "Gates Ajar". He left Topeka, went to Chicago and then to the Dixie Columbia Chain. That is where he met up with Zeb and they in turn recruited Otto. But up to that time, they had never met even though they grew up in Topeka. Zeb was born as Rene Hartley. He was said to smoke a cigar and probably never spoke on the air. He was their fiddle player. He took his lessons from a negro who was in jail at the time, but was known as the best violinist in Topeka. Zeb made his way to the jail each day to learn more about his musical instrument and how to play it. He later studied at Bissing in Chicago. He is said to have led orchestras on his own and even composed several songs. Otto was born Ted Morse. WLS National Barn Dance fans will surely remember him. He started playing the bugle to entertain neighbors and later, his family got him a trumpet. He appeared on stage at an early age and one of the first acts he worked for was the Six Brown Brothers group. Otto is said to have been the leader of the 139th Infantry Band in France and a graduate of the American Band Leaders' School in Chaumont, France. He would sing second tenor with Henry on tunes that aired. Henry and Zeb gave him the name Otto when he joined them in Chicago. They wrote that his favorite tune to sing was "Ach die Lieber Augustine". The trio was said to know over 7090 songs, including ballads, humns and hillbilly music. Zeb would create the musical arrangements. Henry created the words for their tunes. Otto provided the 'droll wit'. Radio and Entertainment in and around St. Louis; Vol 2 No 5; October 29, 1932; Metropolitan Publishing Company; 311 South Third Street; St. Louis, Missouri	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line120
__label__cc	0.522532	0.477468	A. DEFENDERS: SI-3 MALICIOUS CODE PROTECTION [the italicized section below is a security control from NIST SP 800-53] Control: The information system implements malicious code protection that includes a capability for automatic updates. Guidance: The organization employs virus protection mechanisms at critical information system entry and exit points (e.g., firewalls, electronic mail servers, remote-access servers) and at workstations, servers, or mobile computing devices on the network. The organization uses the virus protection mechanisms to detect and eradicate malicious code (e.g., viruses, worms, Trojan horses) transported: (i) by electronic mail, electronic mail attachments, Internet accesses, removable media (e.g., diskettes or compact disks), or other common means; or (ii) by exploiting information system vulnerabilities. The organization updates virus protection mechanisms (including the latest virus definitions) whenever new releases are available in accordance with organizational configuration management policy and procedures. Consideration is given to using virus protection software products from multiple vendors (e.g., using one vendor for boundary devices and servers and another vendor for workstations). Control Enhancement 1: The organization centrally manages virus protection mechanisms. Control Enhancement 2: The information system automatically updates virus protection mechanisms. [the following section is the PHA response to the control described above] Implementation: All PHA computer systems must have anti-virus protection software installed, active and up to date. Automation of the update process is critical and will be done from a central location. Anti-virus signature files (also known as .DAT files) must be updated on a periodic basis or whenever a new threat materializes. B. ATTACKERS: Custom Malware Anti-virus software and most intrusion detection tools do a lot of their threat detection by recognizing previously identified signatures. A signature is derived from some of the code that the virus or trojan program is likely to depend upon and not very likely to be modified without altering the functionality of the malware. Malware is collected and analyzed to produce the signatures when it is noticed and that most often occurs when it has become widespread and created an effect. If the malware is not widely used and goes un-noticed and uncollected, it won’t be analyzed for development of a detection signature. Targeted attacks, designed to be used against a single target, can avoid signature detection. Since the malware is custom designed to avoid any known signatures and has never been widely released, a signature for it will not exist and no signature detection mechanism will find it, whether in anti-virus software, intrusion detection software, or any other form. Malware can also be disguised from signature detection by using polymorphic tools that change the code constantly, creating a unique version with a unique signature each time the program is created. Polymorphic toolkits such as: ADMutate, PHATBOT, Jujuskins, TAPioN and CLET put this kind of functionality within the reach of the average skilled malware creator, if not the novice. As polymorphic shell code has become more common, defenses have adapted to detect it. More advanced detection tools use traffic profiling techniques, known as “anomaly detection” to filter out traffic that does not fit a profile of normal traffic. This takes malware detection a step beyond merely using signatures and might detect a threat that has no known signature. An offensive counter to anomaly detection is described in a paper titled, “Polymorphic Blending Attacks”. Joanna Rutkowska describes her concept of hard to find malware as, “Type II: Malware which modifies things which are designed to be modified (DATA sections).” One of the examples she offers of type II malware includes the FU rootkit by Jamie Butler. An FU based module has been available for some time for the old classic backdoor program, BackOrifice2000. FU-like features have turned up in Rbot and the Myfip worm. Although this class of malware is more difficult to detect, it can be discovered. Joanna goes on to describe an even more stealthy class of malware which she calls “stealth by design”. In this “proof of concept” design, the malware has its’ own shell and TCP/IP stack, minimizing traceability. In another separate, but real-life example of stealthy malware, the Gozi trojan existed in the wild for over fifty days in the beginning of 2007, and it has been estimated that the first variant of it infected more than 5,000 hosts and stole account information for over 10,000 users. Gozi’s primary function was to steal credentials being sent over SSL connections before they were encrypted and add them to a database server that would dispense them on demand in exchange for payment. Had the malware author made a better choice of the packing utility used, the trojan may have gone much longer before being detected. C. Scenario (Bypass) The by-pass attack team used several custom made trojan programs to completely by-pass the perimeter defenses. The trojan programs were delivered by email and web pages, but the anti-virus defenses were not triggered because the trojans did not have any known signatures. Many different versions were used in the hopes that if one was noticed, collected and scrutinized; it would not reveal information that could create a signature that would detect the others. Email addresses for people inside the target organization were collected during the basic reconnaissance and more were accumulated over time with searches based on domains and user names. Some emails simply sent attachments, often with a spoofed source address, designed to convince the recipient that the email was valid, but not allow any trace back to the real sender. Other emails sent links to web pages that had downloads available or malicious scripts to run. In either case, the trojans were made to look like a valid object and usually delivered some kind of camouflaging action while the program was being installed to convince the user that nothing was amiss. Once the trojan program was installed, it activated a remote access backdoor to allow the attackers to control the compromised system. The backdoors used a variety of techniques to get out past the perimeter. The goal was to allow responses and data from the compromised host inside the perimeter to get outside to a command and control node and to allow more instructions to get back inside to the compromised host. Web traffic was most often the carrier for this, since the perimeter defenses were required to allow it to pass through. Sometimes the web traffic was encrypted with SSL. In some cases, encrypted secure shell sessions were used. In other cases, Email traffic was used to carry embedded data in attached files, usually encrypted. None of this activity was detected by the defenders. Once the attackers had established a presence on a system, they followed up with variations of the techniques described in Chapter 8 – Entrench. “I confess that, in 1901, I said to my brother Orville that men would not fly for 50 years. Two years later, we ourselves were making flights. This demonstration of my inability as a prophet gave me such a shock that I have ever since distrusted myself and have refrained from all prediction.” by Wilbur Wright	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line125
__label__cc	0.652225	0.347775	HBS Course Catalog Challenges and Opportunities in the Restaurant Industry Course Number 1564 Senior Lecturer Michael S. Kaufman Spring; Q3Q4; 3.0 credits Three brief graded class exercises; Exam Covid-19 has profoundly impacted the restaurant industry, with the timing and trajectory of its recovery playing out in real time. Consequently, this course will pursue two related paths: examining (i) the traditional business parameters of restaurants and (ii) the various forces that are changing and disrupting the restaurant industry, including Covid-19. We will consider management challenges confronted by restaurateurs ranging from entrepreneurs operating and investing in start-up restaurants and emerging chains to multinational chains, and evaluate opportunities inherent in typical restaurant business models as well as those created by changes affecting and shaping the industry. We will use written cases, as well as “live” cases with protagonists facing real-time challenges. We will draw on industry analysts and investors, industry executives, HBS alumni active in the industry, and well-known chefs. Background. Prior to Covid-19, eating out was ubiquitous. 9 in 10 consumers said they enjoyed going to restaurants and half of consumers considered restaurants to be an essential part of their lifestyle. Restaurants were, and will continue to be, an important source of employment: through February 2020, the industry was the 2nd largest private employer in the US, with over 60% of adults and 70% of millennials in the US having worked in the restaurant industry at some point in their life and 1 in 3 Americans having their first job experience in a restaurant. Restaurants have provided significant management opportunities for women and minorities: in 2018, 57% of first-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and service workers were women, 18% were African American, and 17% were of Hispanic origin. The number of women and minority owned restaurants had been steadily increasing. Restaurants are also big business. In 2019, US restaurant industry sales topped $860 billion representing a $2.5 trillion economic impact and approximately 4% of the US gross domestic product, with more than one million restaurant locations across the US and 15.3 million industry employees. While scaled restaurant operations are frequently featured, interestingly approximately 70% of restaurants in 2019 were single unit operations. Restaurants have also attracted significant interest from venture capital and private equity and the industry recently spawned a number of “unicorns.” Despite the massive impact of Covid-19, there is no doubt that given the opportunity, both restaurateurs and consumers seek a speedy industry recovery. Variants, labor shortages, supply chain issues are among the barriers that the industry is seeking to manage. Despite its pervasiveness and intimate consumer interaction, the industry has been lightly studied. We hope to engage not only with students interested in the restaurant industry, but also those interested in food and sustainability, applications of technology and, given the labor-intense characteristic of restaurants, the complex interaction of food and labor costs with consumer value. The course may also appeal to future consultants, investment bankers and venture capital/private equity professionals, as well as to students interested in general management, particularly in an industry subject to hugely disruptive forces and spawning compelling investment opportunities. Growth and Scale. This module will examine the factors that have traditionally determined profitability and valuation, including actual and theoretical food costs, calculation of the “magic number,” and occupancy costs. It will consider growth potential and exit strategies for successful restaurants and emerging chains, including the advantages and disadvantages of franchising, institutional investment and leverage. We will also consider the challenge of scale – how to achieve it and how to manage it once achieved. We will consider the differential impact of Covid-19 on different restaurant brands and formats to understand lessons learned for the future of the industry. And importantly, we will consider whether the Covid crisis might lead to a more sustainable financial model for restaurants. Menus and Food Safety. Chefs and restaurateurs often say they offer what their guests want to eat but many are also interested in the healthiness and sustainability of their offerings. We will examine whether and how chefs lead or follow trends, how they distinguish trends from fads, what drives their selection of menu items, how they manage their supply chain and whether post-pandemic, consumers are likely to change their food preferences. We will also consider the critical issue of food safety and the crisis management implications when a foodborne illness strikes. Franchising. How does it work? When does it make sense from both investment and brand perspectives? Recent HBS alums have pursued franchising of quick-service restaurant brands – we’ll study both the challenges and opportunities they encountered. We’ll also view franchising from the franchisor perspective, including when a franchised brand goes off the rails. Technology. We will examine the increasing challenges – and in light of the pandemic, the increasing necessity -- restaurants face in assessing, adopting, affording and maximizing the utility of technological changes such as mobile ordering, delivery, order tracking, kiosk ordering with upsell capability, fully automated, self-service check-out, fully integrated POS and kitchen queue systems, and advanced loyalty programs. We’ll also consider the rapid growth of “ghost kitchens” and how restaurateurs are developing asset light models providing consumers with increasing choices among brick-and-mortar restaurants and delivered meals. Culture and Compensation. The execution of restaurant/dining experiences requires a focus on both hospitality and profitability – how can cultures be developed to deliver both consistently? Among the most significant challenges facing the industry are the decreasing availability, increasing cost, and high turnover in the labor force. We will examine the responses of the industry to these issues, especially in light of increasing concerns about how to bridge the gap between consumer willingness to pay/perception of value and the hurdles restaurants face in trying to pay living wages. Monetize and Exit. We’ll examine how founders consider a partial or complete exit and the criteria they established for a possible sale, as well as how the markets evaluate a public restaurant company and the factors that drive valuation. The Future. In our final module we will step back to consider what the future might look like focusing on major disruptors in the industry, including the impact of Covid-19, the advent of robotics, delivery services, new entrants including virtual restaurants and delivery only, supermarket and convenience store offerings, and completely automated establishments. Three classes will be devoted to exercises that students will prepare and submit in advance of and debrief in class before industry experts who will participate in the class. These exercises will be graded. Grading will be based on class participation (40%), the three exercises (30%), and a final exam (30%). Cross registrants will be accepted. Copyright © 2021 President & Fellows of Harvard College. All Rights Reserved.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line126
__label__wiki	0.742677	0.742677	RadioFree – Interview Jemima West Fan Staff April 13th, 2015 Leave a comment BROTHELS, CORSETS, AND WHIPS: AN EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW WITH JEMIMA WEST Interview by Michael J. Lee, Executive Editor for RadioFree.com Originally airing in 2010 and running through 2013 over the course of two seasons, the French television series Maison Close follows the exploits of a group of women working at le Paradis, an opulent brothel situated amidst the social revolution of 19th century Paris. The critically and commercially successful show stars Jemima West as Rose, a young woman who arrives at the bordello seeking her mother, only to be quickly coerced into a life of prostitution. Assailed by dangers both physical and political, she navigates the brutal realities of her new existence while unlocking hidden secrets from her troubled past. In this exclusive interview, Jemima West reflects on her experience of working on the series, which recently made its North American debut on Blu-ray, DVD, and VOD. She also talks about her comfort level with performing in multiple languages, physical training from past projects like The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones, and her latest series, Indian Summers. Maison Close: Season One is now available on Blu-ray, DVD, and VOD RadioFree.com: Looking back on the time you spent working on Maison Close, what were some things that stood out about your character of Rose and made her a memorable experience for you? JEMIMA: Well, it was one of my first big roles, and my most challenging at the time. And what I loved about the character was that she started as this very young, innocent, naive girl, and throughout the two seasons that we shot, she really became this independent, strong woman. And it was great to evolve at the same time as her over the couple of years that we shot the series. And she goes through so much throughout the first season–she really becomes an adult, when she didn’t expect to become one. It was an amazing experience, and I’m so fond of that character. And if we were to go back to do other seasons, I’d love to. But unfortunately, we finished the series. [laughs] Did you get to collaborate much with the show’s writers, especially going from the first season to the second? We were told what was going to happen, and on [season] two, we had quite a few discussions with the writers, which was great, because they brought in a new team of writers for [season] two. So they had written things about our characters, but they also wanted to know what we thought about it. So it was quite collaborative, and that was really interesting. But the character they set up for season two was so good already, there was little to touch up, really. And then obviously, we did a lot of work with our director, who was back for season two, and that was great because he knew us as actors, and our characters. So we were really able to have a team. Where did you shoot the series? Was it on a stage, or an historic location? It was a palace in the middle of Lisbon, which was amazing–like, an abandoned palace, and they basically redesigned it for the series, so it became a brothel. And I’d walk to work in the morning because I lived five minutes away, and I’d get to this palace, and we’d get dressed and made up and costumed up. And then we’d go up the stairs, and we’d be on set. And it was amazing because it was built as if it was the real brothel. Like when we went from one room to the next, we were actually going from the kitchen to the living room to the bedroom, and all of that. And that was great because it really creates a universe that we can walk through and evolve in, as if it were real life. And then we did also do a bit of outdoor stuff throughout Lisbon and just on the outskirts. But most of it happened indoors. How did Rose’s wardrobe, with its specific period costumes, inform your performance? Oh, I reckoned the costume designers and their hair and make-up, really, contribute 50% of what your character is. And we worked with an amazing costume designer called Sophie Dussaud, and she created everything from scratch. She was such an inspiration. She came up with loads of ideas. And then, obviously, we had to wear corsets. I’d never worn a corset, and that was definitely a challenge, because you have to carry yourself in a completely different manner. And it was interesting, actually, because after the series (we shot for a few months), our waists changed–the way our waists were. Because they sort of tie you in so much and give you such a narrow tummy but then accentuate the hips. So my body actually morphed a little bit after the series. [laughs] It was incredible. And obviously, you’re carrying yourself really straight, and you can’t really lounge, so you’d have to sort of always have a very fixed and firm posture, which is very interesting. Sounds kind of painful…On behalf of all the viewers, thank you for enduring the corset. [laughs] The most difficult was actually eating: eating with a corset on is a massive challenge! Speaking of eating, there’s an episode in the first season in which the girls are at a special dinner. So how’s the food at le Paradis? Did they go all method and serve period-authentic cuisine? [laughs] I have to say, they were brilliant because they did serve real food, and it was warm and it was fine. We didn’t eat too much of it, but it was actually quite good. Really can’t complain! In what ways do you think this story, with its setting of a Parisian brothel in the 19th century, remains relevant today? What does it say about contemporary society? I think it tells a lot about women and their condition, and I think that’s what one should really remember about the series. It’s interesting, also, going back in time when brothels were allowed. Well, in France anyways, they were legal. And it was a normality that men would go to find women in a brothel. It’s no longer the case in France–they’re illegal. And at the time the series was shown, there was a huge debate as to whether or not one had to re-open brothels, because prostitution is very controversial, and people were wondering whether or not brothels had to be re-opened to give women a different context and stability that certain prostitutes don’t have today because they’re out on the streets, and it can be very dangerous and all of that. So I think it echoes with the question of prostitution and its condition as to women’s freedom as prostitutes. It’s a very tricky question to answer, but it’s definitely food for thought. And it’s also more about struggling women, with their freedom at a time where women’s conditions were not the same as they are nowadays. Prostitutes weren’t allowed to go out on the streets during the day. Or when they went out, they had to completely hide their faces. It was really interesting to learn so much about it. Given your affinity for Rose, did you usually find yourself understanding and agreeing with her decisions, or did you sometimes have to struggle to see things from her perspective? Well, I wouldn’t agree with all the choices, but I felt a lot for her struggle and the way she dealt with things. Throughout the series, she builds such a strong shell around her to protect herself that she sometimes goes and does pretty extreme things which I, Jemima, would not necessarily agree with. [laughs] But in terms of how she protects herself, yes, I felt very close to her. On a scale of 1 to 10, to what extent is Rose in need of some nice, warm hugs? Oh, absolutely 100 out of 10! [laughs] As someone fluent in both English and French from an early age, do you feel equally comfortable with both languages when it comes to acting? Funnily enough, it’s easier in the acting, for me, to go from French to English than it is in life. I couldn’t explain why, it’s just because it’s sort of given to me [in a script]–it’s there, the language. I just switch into it. Whereas in real life, because I grew up in France, I find myself struggling in English. For example, doing an interview in English is probably slightly harder for me than doing it in French. Hmmm…When you dream, do your dreams unfold in French or English? Well, it’s a funny thing…Apparently, we don’t dream in a language. It’s what we associate with the dream that is associated with the language. So I dream more in French–or, when I think of a dream, I think of it in French. It will definitely stand out if it’s in English. But the more I’m immersed in English culture, the more I dream in English and think in English, et cetera, et cetera. Do you find that you often pick up physical skills from your various roles (such as playing tennis in 15/Love or using a whip in The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones)? Absolutely. I always love a new challenge with a character, and when you get to learn something new from it, it’s great. The physical aspect is very important. 15/Love, I learned how to play a bit of tennis with a coach, and then I did a TV film where I had to be a professional swimmer, so I was doing a lot of swimming, which helped me a lot. And then, obviously, The Mortal Instruments was fantastic because I actually learned how to use a whip, so I was whipping away in this, like, huge studio, and it was amazing. [laughs] I mean, I would never have done it otherwise. And we were working with a great group of stuntmen, and I was doing some boxing and some intensive physical stuff, and we had a personal trainer. So that taught me a lot. It’s great to learn something new when you’re doing a role. Have you seen the box office success of Fifty Shades of Grey? Hollywood totally needs actors who can work a whip–you should put that front and center on your resume. [laughs] It probably should be the outstanding part of my resume, you’re right: “I can use a whip!” There had been plans for a film sequel to City of Bones based on the second book in the Mortal Instruments series, and then talk of a TV series. At this point, is there any chance you’ll be reprising the role of Isabelle Lightwood in the near future? I have to be honest with you: I don’t really know. I’m not sure. If I were asked, I’d obviously be very curious to know what it would [entail]. What I can say is that I adored playing her in the first film, and I came away with it very satisfied and happy to have been lucky enough to play that character. I have to say, though, I don’t know what’s going to happen with the next [book]. Is it going to become a film or a television series? I don’t know. And whether or not they’ll call me for it, I don’t know either. [laughs] What project can fans look forward to seeing you in next? Well, I’m in England at the moment, where a show has just started airing, and it’s called Indian Summers, and it airs on Channel 4 every Sunday night at 9:00pm. It’s a show I’m really, really, really proud of that I went to shoot in Malaysia last year for six months. And we’re waiting to see if we’re going to go again for a second [season]. It basically talks about the last years of the British colonies in India. And it’s great. So watch it! [laughs] And I’m sure we’ll have access to it eventually here in the U.S. as well… You will, absolutely! It’s an American co-production, and it will be airing on PBS, I believe, in the summer. Jemima, it’s been a pleasure speaking with you today! Thanks for your time. Thank you…Have a nice day! Indian Summers, Interviews, Maison Close, Mortal Instruments Indian Summers – Photoshoot Indian Summers – Stills	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line127
__label__cc	0.643952	0.356048	Kiwilittle Sharing a smile with the world Find Levin Father Joe Frozen Feet From Whanganui Contact Allen One of my major interests is Amateur Astronomy. My grand children also like to learn new things about ‘Space’ and amaze me with their knowledge. The local Horowhenua Astronomical Society to which I belong has made me most welcome. The members have included me in viewing experience’s and helped me to understand the Sky. One of my tasks is to publish our Clubs monthly members magazine titled ‘IKAROA’. There is much to learn and understand in Astronomy. In the endless observable universe which Astronomers have aged at approximately 13.8 billion years the nearest Galaxy to Earth is ‘Andromeda’ which is a spiral galaxy in our Milky Way. The Andromeda Galaxy is quite close at approximately 2.5 million light-years (2.4×1019 km) or 25,540,000,000,000,000,000 km’s from Earth. I am fascinated with Astronomy. Our Solar System consists of the Sun and those objects bound to it by gravity (the terrestrial planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars; the gas giants, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Uranus; plus various dwarf planets, proto-planets and asteroids). However measured, it is less than a light year across. Our Milky Way galaxy is a barred spiral galaxy with a diameter of about 100,000 light-years and containing about 200 billion stars. Our Solar System is located towards the edge of one of the Milky Way’s outer spiral arms, known as the Orion Arm, about 25,000 to 28,000 light years from the galactic centre. The universe is what we usually think of as the totality of known or supposed objects and phenomena throughout space. The observable part alone contains over ten billion trillion stars arranged in about 100 billion galaxies, and is estimated to be around 156 billion light years in diameter. I am told once the eyes have adapted to night vision, its possible to see a few thousand objects with the naked eye, in dark, clear conditions. The number of stars visible is said to be about 2,000 – 4,000. By definition, we are at the centre of our observable universe, but it is totally unknown where we are in the universe as a whole. In an effort to encourage other people with disabilities to access and enjoy Astronomy, I publish a public web site www.viewablesky.nz To help and encourage people I have also compiled a set of notes which you can print and talk about with others called. Just click the title Astronomy for beginners. Proudly powered by WordPress \| Alkalia Theme	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line129
__label__wiki	0.832968	0.832968	Congressional oversight weeds out corrupt international junk science by Julie Kelly and Jeff Stier http://www.jeffstier.org/20850/congressional-oversight-weeds-out-corrupt This may be the year when Congress finally cracks down on the corrupt World Health Organization. The last straw may be not what WHO did, but what it didn't do. The House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology has been investigating the International Agency for Research on Cancer, a unit of the WHO, amid accusations that IARC holds secret proceedings and conducts shoddy research to reach politically-motivated conclusions. Chairman Lamar Smith, R-Texas, who has been threatening to withhold federal funding for IARC, twice asked IARC to testify at a hearing to explain itself. IARC refused to send an official to answer questions at a February 6 hearing. The agency has received more than $48 million in U.S. tax dollars via the National Institutes of Health, and the U.S. is the WHO's largest donor. Smith's request wasn't just refused, it was dismissed with bureaucratic diplo-speak that could put its author in the running to be the next U.N. secretary general. IARC spokeswoman Véronique Terrasse told POLITICO Europe in November that IARC "will respond when we receive an official request through the proper channel." IARC believes it is only accountable, if at all, to the U.S. State Department, and that any request must be directed at American representatives on IARC's governing council. Congress is asking questions because IARC's findings on the carcinogenicity of certain chemicals, personal behaviors, and environmental factors often diverge from mainstream science. And its junk-science conclusions cannot just be ignored, because they go on to heavily influence policy, public opinion, and even legal actions. For example, California might soon require coffee shops to post cancer warnings based on two IARC reports that concluded the acrylamide found in roasted coffee beans and the act of drinking very hot beverages can cause cancer. The agency's widely-criticized 2015 allegation that red and processed meats are human carcinogens have been used to justify sin taxes. Chairman Smith warned at the hearing that the "selective use of data and the lack of public disclosure raise questions about why IARC should receive any government funding in the future." The committee heard testimony from experts at the EPA and U.S. National Cancer Institute about IARCs widely discredited "hazard-based" approach, focused only on the chemical's dose, rather than a "risk-based" approach which takes into account actual exposure. One of IARCs most disputed reports is highly suspect; its 2015 assessment declared glyphosate, the world's most widely-used herbicide, is a "probable human carcinogen." It's the only major scientific organization to reach that conclusion. Subsequent studies, including a major review issued by the Environmental Protection Agency in December, found no link between glyphosate and cancer. Glyphosate is controversial because it's the main herbicide used on several genetically engineered crops — called Roundup Ready — that have been developed to withstand the chemical without harming the plant. It was developed by Monsanto, the bête noire of the global environmental movement. How did IARC reach such a different conclusion from so many leading institutions? In October, a Reuters investigation found that unknown officials at IARC made "significant changes and deletions" to a draft of the report. IARC deleted language from a draft report citing an EPA-ordered study which "firmly" and "unanimously" concluded that glyphosate did not cause abnormal growths in mice. This deletion, and nine similar to it, were crucial because, as Reuters put it, IARC's "conclusion was based on its experts' view that there was "sufficient evidence" glyphosate causes cancer in animals. There was only "limited evidence" it could do so in humans. Committee members also expressed unease over IARCs secret proceedings and lack of standard scientific protocols, such as peer review. "IARC monographs do not employ any independent outside peer reviews," said Texas Republican Brian Babin. "Instead an IARC working group collaborates behind closed-doors to select data, analyze data, and reach conclusions. So, without any public engagement or independent scientific peer review, the working group acts as hand-in-hand with IARC staff as judges, juries, and executioners." Insularity can be a breeding ground for corruption. The committee is looking into the role of Christopher Portier who recommended that IARC evaluate glyphosate. He was chosen to serve as an "invited specialist" to the glyphosate working group. Now, court documents have revealed that Portier was hired by a law firm suing on behalf of glyphosate "victims" several days after the glyphosate monograph was issued. According to news reports and Portier's own admission, over the past two years Portier has earned more than $160,000 for his "expert testimony" on several glyphosate lawsuits. At the same time, he was active in trying to pressure the European Parliament and U.S. agencies not to publish favorable findings about glyphosate without disclosing this obvious conflict. Let's be clear about what's happening here: a public charity is refusing to answer questions by the charity's largest donor about an unfolding scandal. Global public health is too important to cede to a scandal-ridden organization behaving as if it is beyond not only reproach, but oversight. Congress should cut IARC funding to let the beneficiaries of our generosity across the world know that they are answerable to taxpayers through our representatives in Congress. Julie Kelly is a senior contributor to American Greatness. Jeff Stier is a senior fellow at the Consumer Choice Center.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line131
__label__wiki	0.679704	0.679704	ArticlesBritainBritish expatlistthings I miss British Expat: 5 Things I Absolutely Miss About Britain Don't get me wrong: living in America has been an indescribably fruitful experience. From the dazzling mountains of Colorado to the cityscape of Chicago, the United States is a profoundly beautiful place and I feel lucky for every single day of my residence here. Well, almost every day; I once had gastroenteritis. That wasn't pleasant. But two years removed from a full decade in the country, I still miss certain aspects of British life. I can't help it. Who could? Britain was my home for 27 years, after all. And so, in the interest of making sure I don't forget these elusive British elements in the future, I figured it would be best if I wrote them down. 1. The Weather Admittedly, it's not often you'll hear someone from Britain declare his or her longing for the drizzly, overcast skies of the Motherland. Indeed, eight years ago, I'm not sure even I would have put forth such a bold proclamation. But then I was introduced to the American Midwest, whose Jekyll and Hyde climate made Britain look like the Mediterranean. As I negotiate my way through my first Chicago winter (mercifully warmer than usual, owing to the majestic gift of climate change), my thoughts turn routinely to the puddles at the side of British streets. There's something oddly different about British water accumulation; I'm not sure if it's the precipitation itself or if Britain simply specializes in extra-pungent sewers. But there's definitely a unique smell and—more importantly—colo(u)r to its puddles. And, despite all of my best qualities, I somehow miss that. 2. Walks in the Lake District I once got lost in the Lake District. My ex-girlfriend and I had been looking for the house of William Wordsworth and—for reasons I cannot quite explain—we took a wrong turn that took us instead to a pub reminiscent of the one at the start of American Werewolf in London. Our entrance into said establishment—disheveled and bewildered as we were—even elicited a similar response from the locals. To this day, I adhere to a self-imposed ban on social interaction during a full moon. Believe me, this in the public interest. But it was the spontaneity of such walks that always spoke to me. Google Maps was in its infancy and it was before the days of smartphones; furthermore, your electronic devices would likely do you little good in the hills and mountains of Windermere. We had relied on nothing but local chit chat, road signs, and our own faulty intuition, as we hiked our way through miles and miles of English inclines. Getting lost in the countryside is the very definition of adventure—no matter which part of the country you find yourself in. But there's something very grand—and, at the same time, quaint—about the Lake District. When it comes to wandering off the beaten path (literally), few things appeal to me more. 3. British Money The older I've become, the less attached I've grown to material possessions. But there will always be one material possession in particular that I've somehow come to miss: British money. There's something oddly agreeable about the Queen's face and its presence on every item of currency. I also enjoy how, for example, the five-pound note and ten-pound note bear marked design differences, whereas their American equivalents appear—Abraham Lincoln and Alexander Hamilton notwithstanding—virtually identical. And those coins! America—determined at every level to dabble in shapes that admittedly make complete sense (Colorado is almost a perfect rectangle) doesn't have an arm of currency quite like the fifty pence coin. Britain is perfectly at ease with its geometric quirkiness, evidenced not just by its oddly shaped shrapnel (slang for coins), but by the next entry on the list. 4. British Streets Whether they're cobbled, paved, or tarmac'd, the streets of Britain remain a meandering enigma that—to a great extent—were a gift from the Romans. Such is the non-grid-like nature of British town-planning that it's perhaps little wonder that the Beatles wrote a record called The Long and Winding Road (though the jury is still out on their earlier track Why Don't We Do it in the Road?). But while I do derive a nerdy satisfaction out of Chicago's inner-city grid system, there's something uniquely inviting about the hidden alley ways, the confusing back streets, and the endless twists and turns. What can I say? I like my streets the way I like my women; curvy, strong on character, and with a good sense of humo(u)r. As you may have detected while reading entry number two, I have this odd affinity for losing myself in a place. Just as the Lake District had sent me off course all those years ago, so did the occasional nightly, potentially drunken stroll through the city of Lancaster, the place where I'd attended university. Indeed, it was during my student days in particular that such aimless wandering led me to the warm, cozy interior of a local watering hole. And that's where we reach the fifth and final entry on the list... 5. British Pubs America tries. It really, really tries. Indeed, in my early years living in the U.S., "authentic" British pubs were a great source of comfort for this confused Brit. However, such imitations do have this bizarre tendency to adorn their walls with an unrealistic number of Winston Churchill portraits—just in case you didn't get it the first time. And there's a good reason you might not, because dotted either side of the Prime Minister are dozens and dozens of 32-inch HD television sets, often showing the sort of football to which us Brits are not attuned. Frankly, what American pubs often fail to capture is the scratched-in, dimly-lit nature of Britain's finest establishments. A place that goes by the name of The Fox and Hound should never be in the business of cleaning its decor so meticulously that it produces a reflection; its decor should be full of stories, battered and chipped, and with a hint of the cigarette stains that once assaulted it. The smell in the air should not be of disinfectant, but of spilled Heineken and crushed peanuts. Because that's the pub I accidentally wandered into while looking for Wordsworth's house; that's the pub I frequented every Friday night in Lancaster; that's the pub I really miss. Sometimes, it's better to watch me. Click the red button below. Tags: Articles , Britain , British expat , list , things I miss	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line134
__label__cc	0.575754	0.424246	Phil Porter, Director Mackinac State Historic Parks Mackinac State Historic Parks, Two National Treasures On a cold wintry day in February, Marcia and Kathy interviewed Phil Porter to learn what makes Mackinac State Historic Parks (MSHP) so special to Mackinac, to the State of Michigan and to the United States. Here are his answers to their questions. Kathy: Phil, you have been involved with MSHP for a number of years. Tell us your journey and how you found yourself being the Director of such a prominent State Park in the United States? Phil: Well, I was fortunate to become a summer tour guide at Fort Mackinac in 1970 and throughout my college years. In fact the job helped clarify to me what I wanted my major to be during my graduate studies at State University of New York which was History Museum Studies. In 1976 I joined the Staff of MSHP and have held many wonderful positions as curator of collections, curator of interpretation, chief curator and now as Director. My wife, Valerie, who I met during one of my summers on the Island, both fell in love with Mackinac and wanted to make it our home. We have been fortunate to have that dream become a reality for over 35 years. Marcia: There are hundreds of State Parks in the U.S. What are some of the unique features of Mackinac Island that contributes to the prominent status of MSHP? Phil: Mackinac has a long and fascinating history and the Mackinac Island State Park is filled with the physical reminders of that history. The park has one of the largest collections of pre-1850 historic structures in the Midwest including the state's oldest public building (1780 Officers' Stone Quarters), the state's oldest residence (1780 McGulpin House), the state's oldest hospital building (1828 Post Hospital), the state's oldest church (1829-30 Mission Church), and many other buildings that are significant contributing structures to the island's prestigious National Historic Landmark status.) Kathy: Is there one significant event that has helped retain the history of this tiny Island? Phil: Amazingly, the event that has helped immensely to keep the Island's history real is the automobile ban. The auto ban, dating to 1898 in the City of Mackinac Island and 1901 in the state park occurred before automobiles had an opportunity to change the character of the island. As a result we have narrow, quaint streets, barns that still house horses, no stop lights, no stop signs, no gas stations...a unique and wonderful pre-automotive environment that cannot be found anywhere else in the United States. Marcia: People are so amazed when they see old history come alive during their visit to Fort Mackinac and the other buildings in and around town. How do you get the ideas? Phil: MSHP brings history to life through a wide variety of live interpretation programs at all of its historic sites. This includes demonstrations, walking tours, music programs, dramatic reenactments, and hands-on activities that encourage visitor participation. The ideas come from a variety of sources, but usually from our very creative staff, including seasonal interpreters who bring fresh ideas into the mix. Kathy: What are your 3 favorite programs that have become bigger than you ever thought imaginable for MSHP? Phil: That's a tough question with so many terrific programs. My first choice is the Adventure Tour at Historic Mill Creek Discovery Park just outside of Mackinaw City. The tour includes the Forest Canopy Bridge, the Eagle's Flight Zip Line, and the Nature Trail Climbing Wall. All of them have become very popular with young and old and have increased our site attendance by 30%. The second one which is also my personal favorite is the Vintage Base Ball game held on Mackinac Island. It began as a one time event that was part of our special 2003 "Summer of Sports" program. The players, participating teams, and local community have become very enthusiastic and supportive and we will keep it going as long as this support continues.(Besides, I really like playing vintage base ball!) While it is not a specific program, the growth of Mackinac Associates from the time that it was developed under the leadership of Dr. Eugene Petersen in 1982 has been very rewarding. The support of this wonderful group, especially in recent years as our state budget appropriation has been slashed numerous times, has been above and beyond my hopes and expectations. Marcia: One last question: if someone only had one day to spend on the Island, where and what would Phil Porter suggest they visit? Phil: I would recommend that they explore both natural and historic wonders of the island. Make sure to visit Fort Mackinac, the Manoogian Mackinac Art Museum, and the other downtown historic buildings and then go out and experience the island by walking its trails, touring its wonderful rock formations and gazing over the crystal blue waters of the Straits of Mackinac. These are experiences that are available nowhere else. Marcia & Kathy: Thanks, Phil for taking time out of your busy schedule to talk to us about Mackinac State Historic Parks. We definitely realize our community is blessed to have this significant organization in our midst, as well as, having the guidance of Phil Porter to ensure that the land and its history is protected for future generations. Insider Tip: To read more about Phil Porter and the wonderful programs at Mackinac State Historic Parks click here. Visiting Mackinac Island and the surrounding country side is truly a way to experience a fantastic all-American vacation in paradise! Return to "Mackinac Island Mi" from "Phil Porter Interview"	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line137
__label__wiki	0.774566	0.774566	Marty and Doc head to the Future at least - alas - in the weak middle chapter Back to the Future II Director: Robert Zemeckis Cast: Michael J Fox (Marty McFly/Marty McFly Jnr/Marlene McFly), Christopher Lloyd (Emmett Brown), Lea Thompson (Lorraine McFly), Thomas F. Wilson (Biff Tannen/Griff Tannen), Elisabeth Shue (Jennifer Parker), James Tolkan (Strickland), Jeffrey Weissman (George McFly), Flea (Needles) After the smash hit of Back to the Future a sequel was inevitable – particularly with that hook ending with our heroes zooming off into the future to fix Marty and Jennifer’s kids. Back to the Future Part II is often fondly remembered for its journey into 2015, a typically 1980s view of what the future might be like, but this is journey is mostly a slightly embarrassing mess that the film has to spend quite a bit of time getting over before the plot can start in full. The journey into the future is largely a narrative cul-de-sac, which is mostly there to introduce a Sports Almanac covering 1950-2000 which Marty (Michael J Fox) picks up in an antiques store with an eye on placing some bets in the future. He’s firmly told by Doc (Christopher Lloyd) not to mess with the timeline, but that’s never here nor there to Old Biff (Thomas F. Wilson), who pinches both Almanac and DeLorean to head back in time to 1955 and handover the Almanac to his younger self. Which means when Marty and Doc return to 1985 from 2015, having not noticed the theft and return of the time machine, they find 1985 has been transformed into a nightmare dystopian world where Los Angeles is ruled by multi-billionaire Griff. So it’s back to 1955 to repair the timeline again – and this time dodge round their younger selves who are still going through the events of the first film. Zemeckis and Gale, it’s pretty clear, actually wrote themselves into a bit of a corner with their visit to the future. Firstly, the problem with the kids turns out to be fairly quick and easy to solve. Secondly, they are stuck with Jennifer (Elizabeth Shue replacing the unavailable Claudia Wells) who is instantly unceremoniously knocked out not once but twice in order for her not to be a third wheel on the boys adventures. Thirdly, the real interest and delight of these time travel films is seeing the past through the perspective of the present, and we lose that completely in a silly painfully of its time vision of the future. Gale himself had ruled out visiting the future in the first film, because all visions of the future date quickly on film – so it’s a shame he didn’t listen to himself. The future sequence of the film is honestly pretty awful, in the midst of a film that takes a long time to get going and then relies very, very heavily on recreating the first film either spiritually (several set pieces in the future echo the first film, from feuds in a diner to the skateboard chase here done with a hoverboard) or literally (the third act of the film is a point-by-point recreation of the first film from different angles). The future sequence lacks any real point or drive, other than to establish two plot points: the sporting almanac and how Marty’s character flaw of pride leads him to take stupid, self-destructive risks. Other than that it’s an increasingly embarrassing look at what a 1980s person thinks the future might be like – flying cars, hovering skateboards, strange futuristic clothes, cybernetic implants, loud, bright colours – it’s all there. Sure there are some things correctly predicted – principally the idea of something approaching the internet and video calls – but the attempts at presenting a humourous view of the 2010s falls flat. This isn’t helped by the desperate mugging of several of the actors – none worse than Fox sadly, who plays his whiny Grandson, a latex covered middle aged version of Marty and (worst of all) his granddaughter – straining for laughs, but missing completely. It’s a cheesy, awkward sequence that says more about the hang-ups of the 1980s than anything else. The film only starts to pick-up when we head back to the hellish Mad Max version of 1985 caused by Biff’s meddling. Sure it’s also an excuse for retreading some other elements of the previous film – and conveniently means that George McFly can be killed off, resolving the problem of working around a second recasting after the difficult to work with Crispin Glover turned down the film – but at least it kicks a bit of a plot going, away from the more feeble moments and overacting in the future section. Which it brings us to the final act as the film reworks, reimagines and represents the events of the first film once again. I’m split on this between it being a fun, fresh idea of looking again at a beloved film (as well as opening up some comedy opportunities to play on the viewer’s expectations) or a sign of the well running dry. Either way it works a lot better than the future sections of the film, even if again the narrative structure is an almost exact re-tread of the first film, once again showing Marty trying to juggle events to get the outcome he needs and a race against time ending that culminates in a bolt of lightning and a cliffhanger. There are some fun moments in the film, but Back to the Future II generally falls between two stools, trying to tell a new story while also setting up Part III. I appreciated more watching it again the way it carefully sets up themes and ideas for Part III – from Eastwood avoiding death in a shootout on a TV screen (the same way as Marty will) to establishing Marty’s character flaws that the third film shows him struggling to overcome. But it’s a slightly cheesy, slapdash film – short as well, as the opening 5 minutes are a reshoot of the first film and the last five are a trailer for Part III and the credits. It feels like Gale and Zemeckis felt forced to deliver the future against their will, and then spend the rest of the film course correcting to bring us back to the Past. Labels: Christopher Lloyd, Elisabeth Shue, Lea Thompson, Michael J Fox, Robert Zemeckis, Science fiction, Terrible Films, Thomas F Wilson The Last Hurrah (1958) Mr Holmes (2015) The Magnificent Ambersons (1942) Orphée (1950) The Apartment (1960) Rio Grande (1950) Casino (1995) Misbehaviour (2020) The Candidate (1972) Red Joan (2018) Raging Bull (1980)	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line138
__label__wiki	0.890339	0.890339	The Target Capabilities List Implementation Project Assessing Our Nation's Preparedness Robert K. Sullivan Preparedness Policy, Planning and Analysis Division National Preparedness Directorate Federal Emergency Management Agency, U.S. Department of Homeland Security Edward M. Dolan Director, Emergency Preparedness and Response Office of Policy Development, U.S. Department of Homeland Security Transcript (HTML) Transcript (MS Word) Slides: 1, 2, 3 Preview Podcast Rate this session and/or write a review HSPD-8 DHS 9/13/07 Press Release, "DHS Releases National Preparedness Guidelines" 9/07 Target Capabilities 6 Ratings Submitted: 5 attended, 1 read transcript only 1 (16.6%) Academia 1 (16.6%) 2 (33.3%) Business 1 (16.6%) 3 (50%) Government 1 (16.6%) 0 (0%) Volunteers 1 (16.6%) 0 (0%) Other 2 (33.3%) "It was interesting to see that the TCL is evolving with TWG input. Unfortunately the current focus still appears to be terrorism and 'prevention', while natural hazards are more frequent and damaging, and benefit from mitigation efforts." Frannie Edwards "Time will tell how new framework evolves how boots on the ground are deployed. Much hard work to be done up & down the chain to identify specific assignments that will better achieve the measurable outcomes defined by TCLs. Thanks for providing us with this useful dialogue." USCGAUX & CERT "Metrics to adjust multicast radii according to thresholds. The FCC's similar efforts would (is ?) benefitting from this outstanding work." Simple Wins Concepts "Encourage the presenter to answer questions with complete sentences before hitting ENTER and avoid using ellipsis which drags out a thought across several entries? It really makes the presentation seem slow. With a little faster pace more questions and interaction could be possible." Ric Skinner "Good overview and explanation of the process." Robert Sullivan joined FEMA in 1997 as a Hazard Mitigation Specialist at FEMA Region I, Boston, MA. During his time with the Region, he served as the Hazard Mitigation Officer on disasters in Maine, New Hampshire, and Texas, and as the State Liaison Officer in Augusta, Maine, during Y2K operations. Mr. Sullivan joined the FEMA Headquarters Mitigation Directorate in 2000 as a Program Specialist working primarily in the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP). In addition to his HMGP responsibilities, he managed the Mitigation Disaster Cadre, and provided training in Mitigation Disaster Field Operations and at FEMA's Disaster Field Operations Management course. Mr. Sullivan joined the Plans Division of Office of National Security Coordination (ONSC) in 2002. He served as the Federal Coordination Branch Chief from November 2004 to February 2007, where he was responsible for interagency and Regional coordination of Continuity of Operation program activities. In March 2007, Mr. Sullivan became part of the National Preparedness Directorate. His first assignment was with the Incident Management Systems Division supporting the National Incident Management System compliance. His current position is with Preparedness Policy, Planning and Analysis, supporting the development of Preparedness life-cycle policies including Target Capabilities. Before joining FEMA, Mr. Sullivan worked as the Deputy Director of the Northeast States Emergency Consortium, Wakefield, Massachusetts, a non-profit disaster education and mitigation organization. He started in emergency management with the Planning and Research Section of Maine Emergency Management Agency. Mr. Sullivan has a B.A. in Political Science from Holy Cross College, Worcester, MA, and a Masters in Public Administration from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA. Edward M. Dolan is the Director for Emergency Preparedness and Response in the Office of Policy Development of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Prior to his current appointment, he served for more than a year as a senior advisor for preparedness in the Policy Office. He began his service at the Department in the Preparedness Directorate, working on the team that developed the national preparedness goal. Before joining the Department of Homeland Security, Mr. Dolan worked in senior positions in both the public and private sectors. Mr. Dolan earned his Master's in Public Policy from the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. He began his professional career working in the Office of New York City Mayor Ed Koch, concentrating on public safety policy. He later served as an Assistant to the Westchester County Executive before being appointed, in 1994, as Deputy Fire Commissioner for Administration for the Fire Department of the City of New York, the largest and busiest fire department in the U.S. During his four years at the FDNY he designed and implemented the Fire Department's first responder program, which trained firefighters to respond to critical medical emergencies, and designed the merger of the City's 3,000-member Emergency Medical Service into the Fire Department. Mr. Dolan left the Fire Department in 1998 and joined the Lockheed Martin Corporation's state and local government services division, where he rose to vice president, managing a public safety business line. Mr. Dolan has also been an Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) for thirty years. He is a New York State EMT instructor, and served for nearly twenty years as a volunteer firefighter in fire departments in Williamsburg, Virginia and in his home town of Irvington, New York. He currently resides in the District of Columbia.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line142
__label__cc	0.505707	0.494293	Today in History, English Münevver Ağca Münevver Ağca Today in History, English 37681 April 2 Event 1900 – The United States Congress passes the Foraker Act, giving Puerto Rico limited self-rule. 37682 April 2 Event 1902 – Dmitry Sipyagin, Minister of Interior of the Russian Empire, is assassinated in the Marie Palace, St Petersburg. 37683 April 2 Event 1902 – "Electric Theatre", the first full-time movie theater in the United States, opens in Los Angeles. 37684 April 2 Event 1911 – The Australian Bureau of Statistics conducts the country's first national census. 37685 April 2 Event 1912 – The ill-fated RMS Titanic begins sea trials. 37686 April 2 Event 1917 – World War I: United States President Woodrow Wilson asks the U.S. Congress for a declaration of war on Germany. 37687 April 2 Event 1921 – The Autonomous Government of Khorasan, a military government encompassing the modern state of Iran, is established. 37688 April 2 Event 1930 – After the mysterious death of Empress Zewditu, Haile Selassie is proclaimed emperor of Ethiopia. 37689 April 2 Event 1945 – Diplomatic relations between the Soviet Union and Brazil are established. 37690 April 2 Event 1956 – As the World Turns and The Edge of Night premiere on CBS-TV. The two soaps become the first daytime dramas to debut in the 30-minute format. 37691 April 2 Event 1962 – The first official panda crossing is opened outside London Waterloo station. 37692 April 2 Event 1972 – Actor Charlie Chaplin returns to the United States for the first time since being labeled a communist during the Red Scare in the early 1950s. 37693 April 2 Event 1973 – Launch of the LexisNexis computerized legal research service. 37694 April 2 Event 1973 – The Liberal Movement breaks away from the Liberal and Country League in South Australia. 37695 April 2 Event 1975 – Vietnam War: Thousands of civilian refugees flee from Quảng Ngãi Province in front of advancing North Vietnamese troops. 37696 April 2 Event 1975 – Construction of the CN Tower is completed in Toronto, Canada. It reaches 553.33 metres (1,815.4 ft) in height, becoming the world's tallest free-standing structure. 37697 April 2 Event 1980 – United States President Jimmy Carter signs the Crude Oil Windfall Profits Tax Act in an effort to help the U.S. economy rebound. 37698 April 2 Event 1982 – Falklands War: Argentina invades the Falkland Islands. 37699 April 2 Event 1986 – Alabama governor George Wallace, a former segregationist most widely known for the "Stand in the Schoolhouse Door", announces that he will not seek a fifth four-year term and will retire from public life upon the end of his term in January 1987. 37700 April 2 Event 1989 – Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev arrives in Havana, Cuba, to meet with Fidel Castro in an attempt to mend strained relations. 37701 April 2 Event 1991 – Rita Johnston becomes the first female Premier of a Canadian province when she succeeds William Vander Zalm (who had resigned) as Premier of British Columbia. 37702 April 2 Event 1992 – In New York, Mafia boss John Gotti is convicted of murder and racketeering and is later sentenced to life in prison. 37703 April 2 Event 1992 – 42 civilians were massacred in the town of Bijeljina 37704 April 2 Event 1994 – The National Convention of New Sudan of the SPLA/M opens in Chukudum. 37705 April 2 Event 2002 – Israeli forces surround the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem into which armed Palestinians had retreated a siege ensues. 37706 April 2 Event 2004 – Islamist terrorists involved in the 11 March 2004 Madrid attacks attempt to bomb the Spanish high-speed train AVE near Madrid the attack is thwarted. 37707 April 2 Event 2006 – Over 60 tornadoes break out in the United States Tennessee is hardest hit with 29 people killed. 37708 April 2 Event 2012 – A mass shooting at Oikos University at Oakland, California, leaves seven people dead and three injured. 37709 April 2 Event 2014 – A spree shooting occurs at the Fort Hood Army Base near the town of Killeen, Texas, with four people dead, including the gunman, and 16 others sustaining injuries. 37710 April 2 Event 2015 – Gunmen attack Garissa University College in Kenya, killing at least 148 people and wounding 79 others. Today in History, English, Today in History, English 1257 30 147494 3f5d8218-4c72-4116-9490-0d0dd5d3b845 301d41b8-5119-4335-9097-c6e2c7987eec	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line148
__label__wiki	0.662867	0.662867	Trump All Set to Work with Democrats on Dreamer Deal On Wednesday, Democratic leaders made it clear that they agreed with the president of the United States, Donald Trump to proceed with a legislative deal which would be protecting hundreds of thousands of young immigrants who are undocumented from deportation and put into practice border security measures but not including the building of a physical wall. The president of the United States discussed this agenda during the dinner at the White House with Charles E Schumer, the Senate minority leader and Nancy Pelosi, the House minority leader. During the discussion, some talk on the tax reforms, trade and infrastructure were also discussed. Donald Trump has shown signs of shifting his strategy for the crossing of the aisle and working with the Democrats. The reason behind this is because of the massive failures of the Republicans to repeal the Affordable Care Act. On Thursday, while Donald Trump was leaving the White House for a visit to Florida for a survey of the damage caused by the killer hurricane, Irma he mentioned that they are working on a plan for DACA. Trump has also mentioned that he along with Congress is very close to a deal on DACA. The president also mentioned that Republican leaders Paul Ryan and Senator Mitch McConnell are almost ready with a deal that would be addressing DACA. Trump has made it clear that the deal would definitely include an efficient and effective border security force. This was in response to shouted questions about whether the president had reached a deal in the terms as was put forward by Schumer and Pelosi. At the same time, Trump also mentioned that the wall would be coming later which was an apparent conformation of a central element which was raised by the Democrats. Previously on Thursday, when there was a lot of chaos from conservative supporters, Donald Trump had again sought on Thursday to reach out to his GOP base with the messages that are claiming that his agenda would remain as it is on the prime issue such as the issue of the border wall. In all the tweets from the president it was made clear that no deal was made on the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, a program that was made during the time of previous US president Barack Obama which has allowed almost 690,000 dreamers to go to school and work without any kind of fear of deportation.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line149
__label__wiki	0.708643	0.708643	Early Prehistoric Marine Reptiles: Evidence of a Placodont That Originated in Europe Placodonts were among the first marine reptiles. With their trademark crushing teeth, they fed on shellfish and crustaceans. However, when and where these highly specialized marine reptiles originated remained unclear until now. A 246-million-year-old skull of a juvenile placodont was recently discovered in the Netherlands. Paleontologists from the universities of Zurich and Bonn have now demonstrated that it is one of the earliest examples of this saurians and that it originated in Europe. For around 50 million years, placodonts populated the flat coastal regions of the Tethys Ocean, in modern day Europe and China. The most distinctive feature of these dinosaurs was their teeth: The upper jaw had two rows of flattened teeth -- one on the palate and one on the jawbone -- while the lower jaw only had one set of teeth ideal for crushing shellfish and crustaceans. The evolutionary origins of these placodonts remained unclear. However, a new find in a 246-million-year-old sediment layer now sheds light on the origin and phylogenetic development of the placodonts. As the Swiss and German team headed by Torsten Scheyer, a paleontologist at the University of Zurich, reveals the skull found in Winterswijk (Netherlands) is the earliest form of all known placodonts. The juvenile animal lived 246 million years ago. At around two centimeters in size, the skull is exceptionally well preserved and its characteristics set it apart from previous placodont discoveries. Double row of pointed teeth The basal-most known placodonts to date have the group's trademark double row of crushing teeth in the upper jaw. The flattened teeth that give these animals their name only appear in more derived placodonts. "Unlike all the other placodonts discovered to date, the Winterswijk specimen has conical, pointed teeth instead of flattened or ball-shaped crushing ones," explains Scheyer, "which means the pointed teeth on the lower jaw slotted precisely into the gap between the palate and upper-jawbone teeth when biting." The group's trademark double row of teeth in the upper jaw is proof that the new find is actually a placodont. According to the researchers, the teeth of Palatodonta bleekeri, the scientific name given to the Winterswijk specimen, were specialized in gripping and piercing soft prey. "The double row of teeth in the new find combined with its considerable age lead us to conclude that it is a very early placodont, from which the later forms developed," says Scheyer. The formation of crushing teeth and the specialization of a diet of shellfish and crustaceans thus developed later within placodont evolution. European origin confirmed The small Palatodonta bleekeri skull sheds new light on the ongoing debate on where the placodonts originated: Previous finds suggested origins in the shelf sea areas of either present-day China or Europe. Due to the considerable age of the new Dutch find and its basal form, however, the European origin of the placodonts is deemed confirmed. Scheyer and his colleagues are hoping for further exciting finds in Winterswijk to discover more about the evolution of the placodonts. Source: Science Daily Image courtesy of mikebaird via Flickr (CC BY 2.0)	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line150
__label__cc	0.712821	0.287179	Spiritual Thought: Danté Stewart in conversation with Dr. Jacqui Lewis A special virtual event celebrating the publication of Shoutin’ in the Fire October 14, 2021 in Zoom Join us on Thursday, October 14 for Spiritual Thought: Danté Stewart in conversation with Dr. Jacqui Lewis, a special virtual event celebrating the publication of Shoutin’ in the Fire. In 2016, Danté Stewart was a rising leader at the predominantly white evangelical church in Augusta, Georgia. Like many young church leaders, Stewart was thrilled at the prospect of growing his voice and influence within the community, and he was excited to break barriers as the church’s first Black preacher. But when Donald Trump began his campaign, so began the unearthing. Stewart started overhearing talk in the pews—comments ranging from microaggressions to outright hostility toward Black Americans. As this violence began to reveal itself en masse, Stewart quickly found himself isolated amid a people unraveled; this community of faith became the place where he and his family now found themselves most alone. This set Stewart on a journey—first out of the white church and then into a liberating pursuit of faith—by looking to the wisdom of the saints that have come before, including James H. Cone, James Baldwin, and Toni Morrison, and by heeding the paradoxical humility of Jesus himself. Shoutin’ in the Fire is the story of that journey. In conversation with Rev. Dr. Jacqui Lewis, Senior Minister of Middle Collegiate Church and author of the forthcoming book Fierce Love, Stewart will discuss coming of age in a time of terror and discovering a profound faith that loves Blackness, speaks truth to pain and trauma, and and pursues a love that sets us free. Register for this free event on Eventbrite. When you register for your ticket, you will also have the option to purchase a copy of Shoutin’ in the Fire or Fierce Love from our independent bookstore partner, A Cappella Books, based in Atlanta, GA. Danté Stewart is a speaker and a writer whose work in the areas of race, religion, and politics has been featured on CNN and in The Washington Post, Christianity Today, Sojourners, The Witness: A Black Christian Collective, Comment, and elsewhere. He received his BA in sociology from Clemson University and is currently studying at the Candler School of Theology at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. Reverend Jacqueline J. Lewis, PhD, is a public theologian and the first Black or female senior minister at the progressive, multicultural Collegiate Church in Manhattan, which dates to 1628. A graduate of Princeton Theological Seminary and Drew University, she is the creator of the MSNBC online show Just Faith and the PBS show Faith and Justice, in which she led important conversations about culture and current events. Raised mostly in Chicago, she now lives with her husband in Manhattan. Spiritual Thought is Random House’s community of spiritual seekers, curious minds, and engaged readers. What was Included Be sure to check out the authors' books: SHOUTIN' IN THE FIRE by Danté Stewart FIERCE LOVE by Jacqui Lewis 8:00PM ET to 9:00PM ET Don’t miss out - sign up to receive Random House Special Events news and our monthly curated Wine Down!	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line151
__label__cc	0.626728	0.373272	Featured, SPECIAL FEATURES V-Cups Founder Kaitilyn Nicole Cassondra Kubit Kaitilyn Nicole is a 27-year-old female entrepreneur making waves in the feminine hygiene world. She was tired of taking pills to reduce cramps, felt guilty about the waste disposable products were creating, and was frustrated with how much money was being spent. Every month it felt like the same routine, and she knew there had to be other options out there. After conducting some research she came across menstrual cups, a feminine hygiene product that many women in the United States are unfortunately unfamiliar with, despite their international popularity. Menstrual cups are not a new invention though, the first patent was established in 1937, and have been sold commercially since the 1980’s. Menstrual cups are classified as a class II medical device and require FDA registration. Made from 100% medical grade silicone, they offer a hygienic reusable solution to your feminine hygiene product needs. Menstrual cups are ecological, economical and a healthier option as opposed to tampons and disposable pads. Kaitilyn decided to take the leap out of her comfort zone and join the cupverted™ club. After purchasing a few different styles of cups to try, she instantly fell in love and wished she had discovered them sooner. This is when she started to formulate her plan and started building the foundation for V-CUPS®. The goal was to create a company that not only educated women about feminine hygiene, but one that offered value, dependability and empowerment. She asked the questions that needed to be asked, such as: why hadn’t she heard of them before? Why are they so expensive for one cup? How do I know what my size is? How was she so oblivious to the negative health risk associated with tampons? Kaitilyn knew that she could not accomplish this task alone, she would need to build a team. So, she talked to everyone she could about her plan and was waited for her stars to align. In the summer of 2016, she traveled to San Jose, Costa Rica to volunteer on a construction and renovation project. She is extremely passionate about community service, and got a cultural shock after learning that she could not flush any paper products down the toilet. All products were to be placed in a waste bin, this is because the sewer systems were not integrated, and it would cause flooding. This is when she realized how strong the ecological benefits of menstrual cups were, and it ignited her passion even more. While in Costa Rica, Kaitilyn was introduced to Dana Stricker and her daughter Alexis, who were assigned to the same volunteer project as she was. After learning that this was their second trip in 6 months to volunteer, Kaitilyn started telling Dana about her vision for V-CUPS. The stars had aligned perfectly. They instantly hit is off, within 10 minutes they were bouncing ideas off each other and exchanging email addresses. Dana Stricker has been practicing law in New York for over 25 years. Helping people inside and out of the courtroom, she does a good deal of pro bono legal work, and loves to volunteer her time to help others. She is an invaluable asset to V-CUPS. V-CUPS launched in October of 2016 after the two had become partners in the endeavor. V-CUPS can be found online at v-cups.com, Amazon.com and Jet.com They are manufactured overseas and will be moving to the United States in the near future. They have a large overseas market and hope to make a much larger impact in the United States. Born and raised in Rochester, Kaitilyn hopes to align with some of the local grocery stores such as Wegmans, to better serve the community. Affordability was a major concern when creating the pricing structure of V-CUPS. The competition currently sells one cup for up to $40 each. Kaitilyn sells her package of menstrual cups for $34.99, which includes both size cups. V-CUPS is also 1 of 3 brands to offer a cleansing wash for their cups. This 12oz wash can be purchased separately for $12.99, or combined with the cups as a combo for $39.99. “It was a necessity to have both sizes in each box because every woman’s body is different and we want to take the guess work out of trying to calculate your size before purchasing”, says Kaitilyn. The unique bell shape of V-CUPS is also universal and can accommodate a high or a low cervix. Growing up Kaitilyn has always looked up to her mother as a main source of inspiration. This is because she was raised by her single mother of three children who instilled in her a sense of gratitude for everything she has, and an impeccable work ethic. Her mother always said to her “If there is a will, there is a way. ” Her Mother truly supports her in chasing her dreams and building her business. Kaitilyn said this about her family and their support: “My mother has always been my #1 cheerleader, along with my brother. We have it set up so whenever an order comes through on any platform, it makes a loud cash register sound on all of our mobile devices. We then call each other or shout through the house ‘order’, it’s a beautiful thing to have a family so supportive of your dreams.” In life you have to be prepared for all of the plot twists that will be thrown your way. This was a problem for Kaitilyn, who had tried planning her life out very rigidly. She would compare herself to her peers, and feel like a failure because she did not follow the tradition path many of had chose. She came to the realization that she couldn’t compare herself; it was unhealthy and not productive. The key was to be flexible and to always have an open mind. Kaitilyn said that once she took responsibility for her future and gave 100% that she came over the feeling of failure. She has been building her company around the notion of educating and empowering women about their feminine hygiene health. In many countries young girls and teens are missing school because they cannot afford feminine hygiene products, this is a very serious issue. The average women spends around $180 a year on tampons/pads, a package of V-CUPS is $34.99, that’s a savings of at least $145 a year. This economical benefit makes feminine hygiene products more accessible to women across the world. Menstrual cups can be worn for up to 12 hours as well; this will eliminate children having to miss school and women missing work. Since V-CUPS launched in 2016 they have teamed up with many different charities and fundraisers. In March, they teamed up with the Colon Cancer Coalition and V-CUPS donated 10% of their sales for the month. Kaitilyn chose this organization because her Grandfather, who played a large role in her life, passed away from colon cancer in 2013. This was her way to honor his memory. V-CUPS is leading the revolution in feminine hygiene products, be sure to check them out on social media or visit their website to learn more about joining the cupverted club! Mark & M.E.: Home of The Happy Hoo-Ha! Part 1: Finding Your Voice to Go On	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line153
__label__wiki	0.994134	0.994134	The "Virtual Draft" The Human Village About PWH The Minnesota 8 The play, "Peace Crimes" Springboard for the Arts See the Play "Peace Crimes: The Minnesota 8 vs. the war" at Rarig Center Feb 21-March 9th Veterans Letters Project Veterans Stories Intergenerational Dialogue "Minnesota 8 Celebration" - Recognition & Awards event **Star Tribune** "Heartland Activists" Peace and War in the Heartland Play tells story of Vietnam War draft-board raiders Events illustrate 'Minnesota 8,' other dissenters of the era By Richard Chin rchin@pioneerpress.com. If you want to relive — or learn about — the turbulent protest and dissent surrounding the war in Vietnam, you'll have plenty of chances over the next few weeks. Last weekend, the History Theatre in St. Paul, in collaboration with the University of Minnesota Theatre, opened its production of "Peace Crimes: The Minnesota Eight vs. The War," about the arrest, trial and imprisonment of peace protesters who broke into draft-board offices throughout the state to destroy draft records in 1970. Twin Cities Public Television's Channel 17 will rebroadcast a program about the making of the play called "Peace Crimes Backstage: The Mn 8," next month. And tonight, Daniel Ellsberg, the Vietnam-era government analyst turned peace activist, will be in town to talk about "American Democracy in Dissent" with University of Minnesota political science professor Larry Jacobs as part of the U's Great Conversations series. Ellsberg, who testified during one of the Minnesota Eight trials and almost used the event to release the Pentagon Papers — the secret study of U.S. decision-making during the war — also was expected to attend the play. During the next few weeks, a project created by Minnesota Eight members called "Peace and War in the Heartland" will continue a series of talks and seminars and draft-lottery re-enactments at campuses, including Metro State University on Wednesday, St. Olaf College on Thursday and Saturday, the University of Wisconsin-River Falls on March 11 and the College of St. Catherine on March 13. Ron Peluso, History Theatre artistic director, said "Peace Crimes" is the product of a nearly three-year process that began when Frank Kroncke, one of the Minnesota Eight, showed up in his office with a memoir of his experiences. Peluso thought it could be turned into a play about the price of protest. "I felt it could be an interesting play because even though there's no draft today, there's some parallels with what's going on in the war in Iraq," Peluso said. Besides, the History Theatre had never done a play that focused on the Vietnam War, said Peluso, who narrowly missed being drafted himself. "It took a lot of courage to stand up against the war," said Peluso, who directs the play. "I don't think I had that courage." Peluso enlisted Los Angeles playwright Doris Baizley to come up with the script. She said the Minnesota Eight members she interviewed reminded her of the friends she had, including her boyfriend, who had volunteered to fight in Vietnam. "I think it was because they were willing to pay the price" of fighting for what they believed in, Baizley said. Twin Cities Public Television executive Tom Trow said the actions of the draft-board raiders personally benefited him. He received his induction notice in 1970, but instead of reporting for his 6:30 a.m. physical, he slept in because he had decided to flee to Canada. He woke to read a newspaper story about a draft-board raid that apparently destroyed his records. "Nothing ever happened to me," he said. Peluso said most of the cast of the play — which includes 13 University of Minnesota students — weren't alive when the Minnesota Eight were convicted and sentenced to five years in federal prison. Many of their parents weren't even old enough to have been drafted. But members of the Minnesota Eight say their experiences are still relevant. "There were all these lies about Vietnam, just as there are all these lies a Kroncke, 63, of St. Paul, said he could easily see the draft being reinstated. "We are so draft-ready. Performances of the History Theatre and the University of Minnesota Theatre "Peace Crimes: The Minnesota Eight vs. the War" runs through March 9 at the University of Minnesota Rarig Center, 330 21st Ave. S., Minneapolis. For more information, see historytheatre.com or call 651-292-4323. The University Minnesota Great Conversations program "American Democracy in Dissent," with Daniel Ellsberg and Larry Jacobs, is at 7:30 p.m. today at the Ted Mann Concert Hall, 2128 4th St. S., Minneapolis. See www.cce.umn.edu/conversations/ or call 612-624-4000. "Peace Crimes Backstage" will be aired on the Minnesota Channel at 7 p.m. Saturday and at 1 p.m. Sunday. The Minnesota Channel can be found on Channel 243 on St. Paul Comcast and Channel 202 on Minneapolis Comcast. More information about Peace and War in the Heartland Project events is available at pwh-mn.org. ALERT! ALERT! ALERT! ALERT! ALERT! The military Selective Service Draft has been activated! What is your Lottery number? Click here to find out. Copyright © 2007 FXKroncke. All Rights Reserved.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line157
__label__wiki	0.638977	0.638977	The Sleepwalker's Guide to Dancing by Mira Jacob Publisher: Random House (July 1, 2014), 512 pages. Review copy courtesy of the publisher and the Amazon Vine Reviewers Program. Celebrated brain surgeon Thomas Eapen has been sitting on his porch, talking to dead relatives. At least that is the story his wife, Kamala, prone to exaggeration, tells their daughter, Amina, a photographer living in Seattle. Reluctantly Amina returns home and finds a situation that is far more complicated than her mother let on, with roots in a trip the family, including Amina’s rebellious brother Akhil, took to India twenty years earlier. Confronted by Thomas’s unwillingness to explain himself, strange looks from the hospital staff, and a series of puzzling items buried in her mother’s garden, Amina soon realizes that the only way she can help her father is by coming to terms with her family’s painful past. In doing so, she must reckon with the ghosts that haunt all of the Eapens. The Sleepwalker's Guide to Dancing delivers a hilarious and moving story of three generations of an Indian (South Asian) family. Mira Jacob delivers complex characters, nuanced relationships, and an engrossing story. The book opens with Amina Eapen, single professional photographer working on weddings and celebrations, learns from her mother Kamala that her brain surgeon father Thomas has been acting strange. Thomas has apparently been seeing and speaking to dead family members and seems even more distracted than usual. Amina finds replacement photographers for her assignments and leaves her comfortable life for what she expected would be one week. But as Amina learns more details of her parents' changed behavior, she finds that she's unable to return to her old job and life - at least until things normalize. Her close family friend, a.k.a. "cousin" Dimples, is a go-getter, beautiful and works at an art gallery. Dimples is used to getting her way and has no qualms about taking advantage of Amina. But even in her most manipulative, Dimples is still a sympathetic character. Throughout the novel, even the most difficult and temperamental characters are easy to sympathize with and to love. Mira Jacob gives us a beautiful and sympathetic immigrant story from multiple points of view: the perspective of the parents left behind in the homeland who long for their successful doctor son Thomas to return and the resentful and overlooked younger brother who lives with the widowed mother in the family home, the successful Thomas who has decided to make a home in Albuquerque with his Indian wife Kamala and their young children, the brilliant children who adjust, with differing degrees of success, to their lives in their privileged part of America. Mira Jacob is the author of the novel, The Sleepwalker’s Guide to Dancing (Random House). She is the co-founder of the much-loved Pete’s Reading Series in Brooklyn, where she spent 13 years bringing literary fiction, non-fiction, and poetry to the city’s sweetest stage. Previously, she directed editorial content for various websites, co-authored shoe impresario Kenneth Cole’s autobiography, and wrote VH-1’s Pop-Up Video. Her writing has been published in books, magazines, on television, and across the web. She has appeared on national and local television and radio, and has taught writing to students of all ages in New York, New Mexico, and Barcelona. She lives in Brooklyn with her husband, documentary filmmaker Jed Rothstein, and their son. Learn more about Mira Jacob on her website at http://www.mirajacob.com/index.html Posted by Gaby317 at 11:15 PM No comments:	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line158
__label__wiki	0.585927	0.585927	Conspiracy theories: a clear and present danger to national security and global stability? by Andrea Molle Download the full analysis in pdf The influence of conspiracy theories on politics presents serious threats to national security and the international relations system’s stability. The trend is of several populist movements picking up conspiratorial contents to gain political support in exchange for positions of power being occupied by supporters of conspiracy theories. Moreover, the growing presence in the public administration (civil and military) of followers of conspiracy theories poses a clear danger to governance in the West. Conspiracy theories pose a national security threat due to the ease with which they appear to have infiltrated Western political systems, in addition to the growing links with the world of neo-Nazi movements and their potential to fuel a new season of cell-based terrorism. Right now, America is at the front line of this phenomenon, with the penetration of conspiracy theories into the political agenda almost taken for granted by analysts. A striking example is Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene, born in 1974, recently elected with 74.7% of the state of Georgia’s preferences. A state that was once a Republican stronghold but recently handed the presidential elections and control of the Senate to Mr. Biden and the Democratic party. Known for having supported numerous far-right conspiracy theories and expressed racist, anti-Semitic, and Islamophobic views, Green is today under scrutiny for publicly endorsing a social media campaign to arrest and execute Democratic leaders accused of treason. Green, and a few other representatives supported by the alt-right, is a member of a so-called “conspiracy caucus” that has become a key player in the new reality of political competition, characterized by the normalization of extremist groups and post-factual ideologies. These politicians are involved in congressional committees and, in some cases, occupy important positions in various government agencies. Conspiracy theories and American Politic The “conspiracy caucus” is an informal political group with few affiliated in Congress, some accused of having facilitated the events of January 6, 2021. However, its real numbers and extension at the local level and in the country’s bureaucratic and military apparatus are still unclear. The same leaders of the Republican Party admit today that the State level impact of conspiracy theories, which in some cases incorporate elements of neo-Nazism, is now endemic. It is challenging to pinpoint a precise point in time when supporters of conspiracy theories began to infiltrate American politics and the public administration. It certainly did not evolve to the current extent in a few months. Nevertheless, the political expansion of conspiracy theories was relatively fast. There have always been people fascinated by the idea of a conspiracy in the population and some isolated political personality who has embraced some of its elements. However, the mainstream parties have always distanced themselves from this world. The only notable exception was a small political party known as the “American Party.” This movement was founded in New York in 1843, initially assuming the name of the “American Republican Party” and then spread to other states as the “Native American Party” (but only the descendants of the white British colonists were considered natives). It finally entered the national political competition in 1855, under the name of “American Party,” and dissolve only five years later, in 1860. It was a self-styled “nativist” party, which would nowadays be called a “sovranist” movement. It drew consensus from the widespread idea that America was about to capitulate to a cabal controlled by the Pope who, through massive immigration of Catholics, wanted to replace the country’s “native” population with individuals hostile to the values of white and Protestant America. The party was soon known to the public as know nothing due to its semi-secret organizational structure and the fact that when a member was to be asked about its activities, it instructed to reply only with “I do not know anything.” Alt-right between the US and Europe The sobering reality of a major political movement such as the Republican Party being infiltrated by followers of conspiracy theories to the point of them being able to secure leadership positions is indeed alarming. This trend, now international, forerun by the transnational Alt-right movement started by media outlets such as InfoWars, launched in 1999 by Alex Jones, started approximately in 2009, following the last Great Recession (2007/08), and with the birth of the Tea Party movement. However, it is with the presidential elections of 2016 that conspiracy theories began to assume a prominent role in American and European social and political life, reaching a point that today is perhaps one of no return. As happened in Trump’s America, some European political leaders and heads of state and government, expressions of right-wing extremist movements, have taken advantage of the electoral boost given by conspiracies’ normalization. These movements do not seem to have hesitated, nor do they hesitate today, to draw on conspiracy themes by leveraging the population’s irrationality and fears. The high marginal utility of conspiracy is rapidly bringing the political positions of the sovranist right closer to those of extremist neo-nazi movements, paving the way for them to acquire more powerful positions within the continental party systems. Potentially, this could lead some RWE leaders to hold institutional positions, both nationally and in the European Union, in a way not dissimilar to what happened in just over twenty years in the US. Marjorie Taylor Greene and the many unknown bureaucrats now have significant power to influence critical political and military decisions and international relations’ stability. With them in power, the risk of witnessing an increase in policy-making based on non-factual premises is exceptionally high today. Suppose more extreme individuals would increasingly occupy position of power. In that case, there is a clear and imminent danger of collusion with hostile powers that are interested in destabilizing Western governments, which can result in more and more actions of political sabotage or even false flag operations. Unfortunately, the extent of the infiltration or the amount of damage done so far is unknown. Nevertheless, it is necessary to act promptly and intervene in the most effective ways to prevent further consequences. It is recommended to start investigating the presence of supporters of conspiracy theories at all levels of the public administration and promoting regulatory reforms to protect the independence of politics from these groups and individuals.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line159
__label__wiki	0.711261	0.711261	Privilege and self-incrimination The Judicial College of Victoria added commentary regarding the law of privilege to its Uniform Evidence Manual yesterday. It discusses Divisions 1 -4 of Part 3.10 of the Evidence Act 2008. All practitioners in the summary jurisdiction (and elsewhere) need to become familiar with the operation of immunity certificates under s 128, a major change from the Evidence Act 1958. The interplay of these provisions with other sections of the Evidence Act 2008 such as ss 18 and 38 probably isn't fully understood. The Criminal Charge Book has also added new chapters. Labels: evidence, law reform, privilege Verdins revisited: linking cause and effect at 6:06 pm Posted by Dr Manhattan Further Edit: The paedophilia and paraphilia 'exception' discussed in DPP v OJA [2007] VSCA 129, where the High Court's majority view in Ryan v R (2001) 206 CLR 267 was said to take precedence over Verdins principles, has recently been approved by the Victorian Court of Appeal in WCB v The Queen [2010] VSCA 230. Edit: I've received some feedback about this post querying how much of a discount Verdins principles afford. I'm going to dodge the question and take refuge in Hayne J's remarks in AB v The Queen (1999) 198 CLR 111 [at 115] where an argument that a particular scenario merited a discrete discount was rejected. There are several flaws in the argument. First, it assumes that sentencing an offender is some mechanical or mathematical process. It is not. Nobody can identify, let alone define, some precise relationship between the complex and infinitely various elements that bear upon what sentence is to be imposed on an offender such as this appellant. No calculus will reveal some mathematical relationship between this appellant's remorse, the harm he has inflicted on his victims and society's denunciation of what he did to them. A sentencing judge can do no more than weigh these and the many other factors (such as retribution and deterrence) that bear upon the question and express the result as several terms of imprisonment to be served, wholly or partly concurrently or consecutively. Remorse, harm, denunciation, retribution and deterrence - in the end, all these and more must be expressed by a sentencing judge in units of time. That is a discretionary judgment. It is not a task that is to be performed by calculation. Resort to metaphors such as "discount" or "allowance" must not be taken as suggesting that it can be. The Court of Appeal found in Londrigan v R [2010] VSCA 81 that a diagnosis of Attention Defecit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) did not merit a lesser sentence than had been awarded by the sentencing judge. The appellant sought to attract the application of Verdins principles in mitigation. (It's not correct to say that Verdins only applies in some cases and not in others. Where the issue of the mental state of the offender and its connection to sentence arises (see Weinberg J's sentencing remarks in R v Wahani [2009] VSC 319 at 33), the principles in Verdins always apply. But the application of these principles is simply one part of the sentencing synthesis, and has no pre-determined impact on the resulting penalty). Since Londrigan, a differently-composed Court of Appeal handed down Leeder v R [2010] VSCA 98. There, an offender was resentenced after the Court found the sentencing judge had failed to take appropriate account of the offender's intellectual disability. The Court in Leeder, comprised of Maxwell P and Buchanan JA (two of the three judges in Verdins case), adopted the reasoning of pre-Verdins cases in R v Yaldiz [1998] 2 VR 376 and Kirby J's judgment in Champion (1992) 64 A Crim R 244 at 254. Buchanan JA [at 34, Maxwell P expressly agreeing in his own reasons]: 34 Moral culpability and general deterrence apart, the appellant’s disability attracted the operation of Principle 5 in R v Verdins. That is, imprisonment imposes a greater burden on someone who is functioning with the brain power of an eight year old. That aspect does not appear to have been taken into account on sentence, although it was adverted to on the plea. A review of cases decided since R v Verdins [2007] VSCA 102 might be useful. What follows isn't an exhaustive list, but does provide a thumbnail sketch of the Court of Appeal's approach to a variety of mental issues. I haven't included reference to any pre-R v Verdins cases; many helpful statements of general principle are available in the JCV's Sentencing Manual and there's also more information on the NSW Judicial Commission's website. Verdins principles In R v Verdins [2007] VSCA 102 the Court of Appeal laid out the now famous restatement of considerations applicable to sentencing offenders with what the law referred to in previous generations as, 'abnormalities of the mind'. Maxwell P, Buchanan and Vincent JJA [at 32]: 32 Impaired mental functioning, whether temporary or permanent ("the condition"), is relevant to sentencing in at least the following six ways: 1. The condition may reduce the moral culpability of the offending conduct, as distinct from the offender’s legal responsibility. Where that is so, the condition affects the punishment that is just in all the circumstances; and denunciation is less likely to be a relevant sentencing objective. 2. The condition may have a bearing on the kind of sentence that is imposed and the conditions in which it should be served. 3. Whether general deterrence should be moderated or eliminated as a sentencing consideration depends upon the nature and severity of the symptoms exhibited by the offender, and the effect of the condition on the mental capacity of the offender, whether at the time of the offending or at the date of sentence or both. 4. Whether specific deterrence should be moderated or eliminated as a sentencing consideration likewise depends upon the nature and severity of the symptoms of the condition as exhibited by the offender, and the effect of the condition on the mental capacity of the offender, whether at the time of the offending or at the date of the sentence or both. 5. The existence of the condition at the date of sentencing (or its foreseeable recurrence) may mean that a given sentence will weigh more heavily on the offender than it would on a person in normal health. 6. Where there is a serious risk of imprisonment having a significant adverse effect on the offender’s mental health, this will be a factor tending to mitigate punishment. Applying Verdins The Court was at pains to make clear that the condition would only be considered mitigatory under points 1, 3 and 4 if a causal link could be established between the condition and the actual offending. If no causal link is established, focus then shifts to considerations 3, 5 and 6. if the condition exists at the time of sentencing or will exist wile the offender is undergoing sentence. The principles of Verdins do not dictate the automatic mitigation of sentence in an offender simply because he or she has suffered or is suffering from a mental illness, however severe. Rather, Verdins requires scrutiny and assessment, based on cogent evidence, of the relationship between the mental disorder and the offending and other relevant matters: Dodds-Streeton JA in R v Zander [2009] VSCA 10. Although helpfully enumerated in many cases, the relevant considerations do not constitute a rigid code and it is unnecessary to apply them to each of the considerations as if completing a check list: R v McIntosh [2008] VSCA 242. Causal link established Some mental conditions have been treated as potentially mitigating: R v Howell [2007] VSCA 119 where a schoolteacher who sexualy abused one of her students was found to suffer from a mitigatory depressive illness, DPP v Richardson [2007] VSC 221 where a murder accessory's penalty was mitigated by her 'fragile emotional state'; R v Atik [2007] VSC 299 where sub-normal intelligence and psychosis mitigated the period of imprisonment imposed for terrorism offences; a serious depressive illness in the context of rape and false imprisonment (R v Parton [2007] VSCA 268); a solicitor whose depression mitigated his theft from a trust account (R v Slattery [2008] VSC 81, and also R v Bernstein [2008] VSC 254); acquired brain injury and alcoholism as mitigation for rape (R v Finlayson [2008] VSCA 50); R v Iadonmwonyi [2008] VSCA 135 where the principles of Verdins were applied to the hospital detention order the court imposed, but a balancing process between Verdins and 'community protection' was deemed necessary; murder (R v Rattya [2008] VSCA 149); attempted suicide in which the person did not die but instead committed culpable driving (R v Clark [2008] VSC 633); and of course most recently in the case of an intellectually disabled offender who assaulted and attempted to rape women unknown to him in public, and who was described as having the IQ and maturity of 'an 8 year old' (Leeder). In R v Ephstein [2011] VSC 8 suicide attempts and eating disorders coupled with the senseless nature of trhe murder attracted both limbs of mitigation. Link not established In other decisions, courts have applied Verdins but been left unsatisfied of such a causal connection. Examples include pathological gambling (notably in R v Grossi [2008] VSCA 51, but previously in R v Do [2007] VSCA 308 and subsequently in R v MacNeil-Brown [2008] VSCA 190); battered wife syndrome leading to thefts from an employer (R v Elias [2007] VSCA 125); paedophilia and paraphilia (DPP v OJA [2007] VSCA 129, where the High Court's majority view in Ryan v R (2001) 206 CLR 267 was said to take precedence over Verdins principles); personality or mood disorder as motivation for elaborate tax fraud (DPP (Cth.) v Rowson [2007] VSCA 176); Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) as a mitigatory feature of the rape of an elderly woman by a 15 year old male (R v JED [2007] VSC 348) and ADHD to explain drug trafficking and stolen property (Londrigan v The Queen [2010] VSCA 81); mild depression and prescription drug addiction of a police officer where the officer had supplied confidential information to a drug dealer (R v Bunning [2007] VSCA 205); a diagnosis of bi-polar disorder where the offender had previously denied played any role in the offending, an aggracated burglary (R v Christopher [2007] VSCA 290); self-induced drug psychosis (R v Martin [2007] VSCA 291) discussed here last year; sexual abuse as a child offered and rejected as causitive influence in culpable driving (R v Audino [2007] VSCA 318); alcohol and drug-use as mitigation for repeated violent attacks in public (R v Chong [2008] VSCA 119); aquired brain injury due to carbon monoxide posioning as the result of a suicide attempt (DPP v Glascott [2008] VSC 236); depression at the time of the murder (R v Fitchett [2008] VSC 258) though it should be noted that depression as mitigation at the time of sentencing was uncontentious and accepted as mitigation in regard to point 5 and 6 of the Verdins considerations - and that the offender in this case will be resentenced as a result of the re-trial concluded recently; depression as a motivating factor in a string of burglaries R v Buckley [2007] VSCA 107) heard together with Verdins, the Court of Appeal concluded amphetamine use and addiction, not mental illness, was productive of the offending; and R v Vo [2007] VSCA 107, also heard with Verdins where the principles were applied but did not affect the outcome. In Wassef v The Queen [2011] VSCA 30 the connection between an 'adjustment disorder' and dangerous driving was 'very vague' and insufficient to deserve more than limited mitigation. In Bowen v The Queen [2011] VSCA 67 the oral testimony of psychologist Jeffrey Cummins about the depression of a young man was insufficiently connected to the premeditated rape of a stranger. In Melham v Regina [2011] NSWCCA 121 an obsessive-complusive disorder was rejected as the causal motivation for child pornography offences. An inconsistent approach? It's possible to dismiss the two branches of decisions as the inconsistency of differently composed courts. However, judges sitting on one case which applied Verdins in mitigation also sat on other cases where it was found not to apply. While the diversity of cases seem to offer few common elements, the cases where Verdins principles were mitigatory were usually where the causal link was established. Where this link was not established, mitigation did not follow. These judgments are a reflection of the case-by-case approach preferred in Verdins, where Maxwell P, Buchanan and Vincent JJA said [at 13], Where a diagnostic label is applied to an offender, as usually occurs in reports from psychiatrists and psychologists, this should be treated as the beginning, not the end, of the inquiry. As we have sought to emphasise, the sentencing court needs to direct its attention to how the particular condition (is likely to have) affected the mental functioning of the particular offender in the particular circumstances – that is, at the time of the offending or in the lead up to it – or is likely to affect him/her in the future. It would be unwise to treat any of the cases above as standing for the proposition that a particular category of condition described above cannot properly be considered mitigatory Verdins principles (with the possible exception of psychosexual dysfunction). In some of these cases the mitigation was not accepted or rejected on the basis of whether a particular category of condition fitted under the Verdins umbrella, but merely whether the condition had been proved (or the causal link established) on the evidence available in that particular case. Maxwell P revisited his earlier remarks and stressed the importance of treating each case on its merits (specifically in relation to the issue of intellectual disability) again in Leeder when saying [at 39]: 39 Finally on the issue of intellectual disability, it seems to me important to ensure that this species of mental impairment is addressed with the same rigour and specificity as necessary in relation to the more familiar area of mental illness. The use of labels such as ‘mild’ or ‘moderate’ or ‘severe’ intellectual disability does not assist the sentencing court in deciding whether, and if so to what extent, sentencing considerations are affected by the condition of the particular person. What the Court needs to know is how the disability (is likely to have) affected the mental functioning of the particular offender at the time of the offending (or in the lead-up to it) and/or how it is likely to affect him/her in the future. As with mental illness, so with intellectual disability, there is scope for considerable refinement of expert opinion, and therefore of argument before sentencing courts, about how these matters are to be taken into account. Labels: appeals, commentary, legal research, mental impairment, precedent, sentencing Speed and evidence-to-the-contrary Section 79(1) of the Road Safety Act provides a prima facie provision for evidence of speed: 79. Evidence of speed (1) If in any criminal proceedings the speed at which a motor vehicle or trailer travelled on any occasion is relevant, evidence of the speed of the motor vehicle or trailer as indicated or determined on that occasion by a prescribed road safety camera or prescribed speed detector when tested, sealed and used in the prescribed manner is, without prejudice to any other mode of proof and in the absence of evidence to the contrary, proof of the speed of the motor vehicle or trailer on that occasion. The prescribed devices and testing, sealing and use requirements are contained in Part 3 of the Road Safety (General) Regulations 2009. The result of this provision is that if the police use a radar or laser speed measuring device to accuse a person of speeding, the reading on the device is accepted as the driver's actual speed unless the driver adduces ‘evidence to the contrary’ to overcome the prima facie effect of the legislation. The South Australian Supreme Court recently handed down a judgment showing how that might occur. In Police v Hicks [2010] SASC 136, Mr Hicks was charged with speeding at 81 kph in a 60 kph zone. The police used a laser, which enjoys a similar statutory presumption to those in Victoria. The Traffic Act 1961 (SA) s 175 relevantly provides: 175. Evidence (3) In proceedings for an offence against this Act— (ba) a document produced by the prosecution and purporting to be signed by the Commissioner of Police, or by any other police officer of or above the rank of inspector, and purporting to certify that a specified traffic speed analyser had been tested on a specified day and was shown by the test to be accurate to the extent indicated in the document constitutes, in the absence of proof to the contrary, proof of the facts certified and that the traffic speed analyser was accurate to that extent on the day on which it was so tested and, for the purpose of measuring the speed of any motor vehicle— (i) in the case of a traffic speed analyser that was, at the time of measurement, mounted in a fixed housing—during the period of 27 days immediately following that day; or (ii) in any other case—on the day following that day, whether or not the speed measured differed from the speed in relation to which the analyser was tested or the circumstances of the measurement differed in any other respect from the circumstances of the test; The accused driver said in evidence he wasn't speeding: [5] The respondent gave evidence in his defence and called his wife; she was a passenger in the vehicle at the relevant time. Both gave evidence that the vehicle was not travelling as fast as 81 kilometres per hour at that time. The respondent himself said that shortly after leaving the roundabout he saw Senior Constable Turner and saw his flashing lights go on. He immediately looked down at his speedometer and saw that he was travelling at 50 kilometres per hour... The Magistrate dismissed the charge. The police appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court dismissed the appeal, noting at [8] that the accused driver didn't dispute the accuracy of the device but instead relied on the result of providing ‘evidence to the contrary’ of the speed shown by the laser. I'm actually a little surprised at this result. Although the legal analysis is sound, from the facts as they appear in the judgment it seems the driver checked his speed some time after the police officer pinged him. This is the common problem for most drivers who want to rebut the prima facie provision, because they're often not able to swear precisely what their speed was at the exact time and place the police saw them. And it's often compounded by concealed or unmarked police cars. There's quite a few cases that make this point. In Madgen v Ashe (1992) 17 MVR 219 the West Australian Supreme Court said evidence from a driver that he wasn't speeding wasn't competent or cogent evidence that displaced the prima facie evidence of the prosecution cases. There, the driver admitted to only estimating his speed without looking at his speedo, and was wrong about his speed and location estimates. That case was cited in Davis v Armstrong (1993) 17 MVR 190, another West Australian case that explained the point neatly at 192: The burden then fell upon the applicant to adduce evidence capable of displacing the prima facie effect of the prosecution evidence: Madgen v Ashe (1992) 17 MVR 218. In other words the onus was thrown upon the applicant to prove on the balance of probabilities that his speed did not exceed the limit at the relevant time. He could do that by displacing the prima facie evidentiary effect of the speed measuring device by throwing doubt on its accuracy by establishing that it had not been properly tested, or that the circumstances were such that it might not have operated accurately exclusively with respect to the applicant's vehicle, or he could seek to displace the prima facie evidentiary effect of the speed measuring equipment by persuading the court of trial to accept evidence, either his evidence or that of other witnesses, to the effect that he was not exceeding the speed limit: Cazzol v Fuss (1988) 6 MVR 350. In that case, the driver lost his appeal because he challenged the accuracy of the speed camera rather than trying to displace the prima facie effect of the evidence. Cazzol v Fuss (1988) 6 MVR 350, cited in that case, succictly made the point at 352 about overcoming the prima facie provision: [A] defendant and other witnesses may give evidence on oath that they are able to assert positively that the speed of the vehicle was 60 km/h or less. If that evidence is accepted then the defendant would have discharge the onus that has been placed upon him. Perkins v Pohla-Murray (1983) 1 MVR 165 and Hizaji v Orr (1997) 26 MVR 266 are ACT judgments along the same vein. The difficulty for a court determining these contests is when a credible witness gives cogent evidence to say "I wasn't speeding" (or, "I wasn't going that fast") and the prosecution adduces cogent evidence to say the accused was speeding. What then? I haven't found any cases precisely on this point, but I think it's resolved the same way as any conflict between competing events, applying a Liberato direction from Liberato v The Queen (1985) 159 CLR 507 (and also R v Calides (1983) 34 SASR 355). The Judicial College's Criminal Charge Book provides a nice summary of this at 1.7.1 - Bench Notes: Onus and Standard of Proof: 76. While it is not necessary to give a Liberato direction in every case where the jury is invited to decide whether the prosecution witnesses or the defence witnesses should be believed, it is desirable as a matter of prudence to give such a direction whenever there is a conflict between the prosecution and accused’s evidence (Salmon v R [2001] WASCA 270; R v Chen, Siregar & Isman (2002) 130 A Crim R 300). 77. In such circumstances, it may be of assistance to tell the jury that: If they believe the evidence of the accused, they must acquit; If they have difficulty in accepting the evidence of the accused, but think that it might be true, they must acquit — because they will have a reasonable doubt about the prosecution’s case; and If they do not believe the accused, they should put his or her testimony to one side, and determine, upon the basis of the evidence they do accept, whether the prosecution has proved the accused’s guilt beyond reasonable doubt (R v RP Anderson [2001] NSWCCA 488). Labels: evidence, road safety act Gul v Creed & Anor [2010] VSC 185: indecent language is all about context Stephen Warne is justifiably fond of this legal submission charting the usage and development of the word 'fuck' in the English language. It was prepared by a Colorado public defender to persuade a judge that use of the word by a teen to his high school principal was protected by the US First Amendment. In Bill of Rights-less Victoria it's well-established that what constitutes indecency for the purposes of s 17 of the Summary Offences Act 1966 falls to be determined by reference to contemporary standards. Gaynor J fined Lyudmila Gul for use of indecent language for directing the invective fucking bitch toward a staff member of a variety store. Ms Gul had been confronted over an alleged stolen easter egg. Her evidence in the contested hearings was that she couldn't recall whether she had used the words or not, but in any event she did not consider them indecent. The charge was proven in the Magistrates' Court and again on a de novo hearing in the County Court. Ms Gul took Gaynor J's decision before the Supreme Court for judicial review. This case is Gul v Creed & Anor [2010] VSC 185. Beach J didn't rule that the epithet fucking bitch would always be indecent but found that it could be. Beach J [at 16, citations inserted]: 16 There are undoubtedly many occasions when a person might say the words “fucking bitch” in a public place or within the hearing of a person in a public place without committing any offence. Authorities in this area abound: See for example E (a child) v Staats (1994) 13 WAR 1; 76 ACrimR 343 where it was held that the use of the word “fuck” in the circumstances of that case was not obscene. However, in my view, it was open to her Honour to conclude that if Ms Gul called Ms Vanderlijn a fucking bitch in the circumstances described by Ms Vanderlijn, then this was a use of indecent language contrary to s 17(1)(c) of the Summary Offences Act. More specifically, the plaintiff has not persuaded me that it was not open for her Honour to so conclude. The fact that the words “fucking bitch” (or the word “fuck”) might be capable of being used in a public place without those words being held to be indecent does not tell against a finding that the use of such words is indecent in particular circumstances. As was said in Hortin v Rowbottom (1993) 68 ACrimR 381 at 385: “... [I]t is equally erroneous to hold that the common four letter words are necessarily indecent in every context, and to hold that they can never be indecent in any context at all.” The County Court's finding was upheld. Labels: charges, high court, i.o.t.s., indecent, iots Tsolacis v The Department of Transport [2010] VSC 183: 'substantially proved' is not 'beyond reasonable doubt' Tsolacis v The Department of Transport [2010] VSC 183 highlights the desirability of magistrates expressing themselves unequivocally in the terminology appropriate to the application of criminal law, and stating detailed reasons as best they can when making findings of fact. In Tsolacis, a confrontation between authorised officers of the Department of Transport and the accused lead to charges of unauthorised tram travel and assault. The accused defended himself in the contested hearing in the Magistrates' Court but was found guilty of the charges he faced. The magistrate described the charges as 'substantially proved'. This finding was one of a number of challenges on the appeal from the Magistrates' Court. It was argued on behalf of the Department of Transport that the expression 'substantially proved' should be equated to 'beyond reasonable doubt'. This submission was rejected. Beach J [beginning at 11]: 11 Further, there may be cases where one could look at the whole of the judgment and say that whilst the Magistrate has referred to charges being “substantially proved”, it is clear that reasons have been given for finding each element of each charge established proven beyond reasonable doubt. Again, that is not this case. The reference to the charges being “substantially proved” is, in my view, exacerbated by the statement in her Honour’s reasons that whilst the appellant highlighted some inconsistencies in the evidence of the authorised officers, “the weight of the evidence was against him”. The use of this language suggests that her Honour may have engaged in a balancing exercise, rather than asking herself whether each element of each charge had been established beyond reasonable doubt. It is regrettable that in giving her reasons her Honour did not identify the elements of each charge she found “substantially proved”. 12 Counsel for the respondent submitted that a reading of the whole of her Honour’s reasons discloses that her Honour in fact found matters proved beyond reasonable doubt. It was put that the findings of fact made by her Honour disclosed that matters had been proved beyond reasonable doubt. I disagree. The language of the findings made by her Honour was, in my view, equally apposite to a case where the burden of proof was something less than beyond reasonable doubt. It was language of a kind that is often used in the resolution of civil disputes. That is, where the standard of proof is on the balance of probabilities. 13 The short point is that the language of her Honour’s reasons suggest that the appellant was found guilty on a standard different from, and lower than, beyond reasonable doubt. For this reason alone, the appeal must succeed. Whilst an attempt was made by counsel for the respondent to equate “substantially proved” with “beyond reasonable doubt”, this attempt failed for the reasons given by the High Court in Green v The Queen. As was said by Dixon CJ in Dawson v The Queen, “it is a mistake to depart from the time honoured formula [beyond reasonable doubt]”. (Beach J observed that Dixon CJ had been referring to instructions to juries, but considered the comments equally applicable in this context). It's a fool's errand to search for a definitive explanation of 'beyond reasonable doubt'. Beach J was particularly critical of the magistrate's use of terminology because of the lack of comprehensive reasons given why the magistrate accepted the evidence of the prosecution and rejected the account of the accused and his witness. In Shu Zhang v West Sands Pty Ltd [2010] VSC 36, a breach of contract claim, Byrne J vitiated the magistrate's orders and remitted the matter to be reheard based on the absence of stated satisfactory reasons alone. Byrne J [at 15]: 15 It has been said again and again that the duty of a judicial officer is to provide adequate reasons for the orders made. This is particularly the case where the orders are made following a contested trial. This was a relatively long contested trial of substantial claims. What may be adequate reasons in a given case will depend upon the circumstances, having regard to the purposes for the giving of reasons. These purposes are to inform the parties why and how the result was arrived at and to inform any appeal court what were the contentions of the parties, what were the facts as found, what were the principles of law relied upon and how these principles were applied. A further reason is the fact that it is often useful for the judicial officer to set out his or her reasoning process as a discipline to ensure that this process was in fact undertaken and that it was intellectually satisfactory. 16 The reasons for the Magistrate in this case, regrettably, do not address these objectives. His Honour says nothing about the facts which he found or about the documentary evidence which suggested the vendor was operating the business as manager rather than as owner. His Honour may have been perfectly correct in his assessment of the competing witnesses and in the conclusions of fact which he reached. It may be that there was evidence which supported these conclusions. The difficulty which I face is that I cannot from the reasons of the Magistrate form any view upon this. The necessity for magistrates to clearly state their reasons could not have been more earnestly emphasised. (Refshauge J expressed similar sentiments in Moh v Pine [2010] ACTSC 27. Due to language barriers and other issues it was not clear that the accused understood the sentence imposed and the reasons for it (one of a series of errors held to have infected the sentence). Labels: appeals, charges, evidence, judgments, standard of proof Foot in-step with Mastwyk I blogged about Mastwyk v DPP yesterday, but didn't get to write about the other similar appeal delivered straight after. DPP v Foot [2010] VSCA 112 was referred to the Court of Appeal to be heard with Mastwyk's case because it dealt with very similar issues. In this case, the Court of Appeal allowed the prosecution appeal and remitted the case to the Magistrates' Court. In Foot, the police administered a preliminary breath-test to Mr Foot and then asked him to accompany them back to a police station for a breath test. He agreed. He got in the back of the divvy van, and the police closed the door. We now know that wasn't imprisonment: Mastwyk at [82]. There was some dispute about what happened next, but it seems Mr Foot then decided he wanted out when he saw the police arrest a woman who was with him in the car. It seems the police didn't realise that...presumably because they were otherwise engaged arresting the woman. The Court of Appeal considered that could not amount to imprisonment. Only if the police refused to release Mr Foot would he have been imprisoned. And if they didn't know he wanted out, they couldn't refuse his request... That was enough to dispose of the appeal. But the Court also went on to consider if the requirement to accompany had to be objectively reasonable before the police could establish an offence contrary to Road Safety Act s 49(1)(f) for exceeding the prescribed concentration of alcohol within 3 hours of driving. They said that was wrong, applying DPP v Foster [1999] 2 VR 643 at [49] – [50]: the reasonableness of any request or requirement is only relevant when the motorist refuses a police request and the police then rely on their statutory powers to compel the motorist. This means the ‘objective reasonableness’ requirement articulated in Mastwyk is confined to refuse-to-accompany cases contrary to s 49(1)(e) and doesn't apply to exceed-prescribed-concentration-cases contary to s 49(1)(f) (and probably 49(1)(b)). Labels: appeals, judgments, road safety act Mastwyk v DPP: reasonable to go home in the back of a divvy van The Court of Appeal today delivered its judgment in Mastwyk v DPP [2010] VSCA 111. It's a bit of an involved read. The short result is: the police can require motorists to accompany them in the back of divvy vans to a police station for a breath test but, if a motorist refuses, and is charged with refusing and defends the charge by claiming the requirement was unreasonable, the police must prove that the mode of transport was objectively reasonable reasonableness will be shown using the test set down by Kyrou J in DPP v Mastwyk (2008) 185 A Crim R 285; [2008] VSC 192 If the police don't do that, the requirement to accompany will be invalid...and the accused should be acquitted. A very quick refresher... On 10 June 2005 at Wattle Bank the police asked Ms Mastwyk to go back to a police station for a breath test. In a divvy van. In the cage at the back. She baulked at going in the van. The police charged her with refusing to accompany them for a breath test, contrary to Road Safety Act s 49(1)(e). She contested the charge. The magistrate dismissed it, deciding that transport in a divvy van amounted to imprisonment. And it was unreasonable for the police to require her imprisonment someone when the Road Safety Act didn't provide that power. The magistrate relied on an old unreported judgment of the County Court — Salton v Wigg. The police appealed: DPP v Mastwyk (2008) 185 A Crim R 285; [2008] VSC 192. The Supreme Court overturned the Magistrates' decision, deciding that the police must act reasonably when they requiring someone to accompany them for a breath test. In Ms Mastwyk's case, so long as she was able to communicate with the police at any time to say something like, "I want to get out", it was reasonable. (See [61] – [62].) Ms Mastwyk appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court unanimously dismissed her appeal. Court of Appeal's decision All three members of the Court agreed that Road Safety Act s 55(1) does not authorise the arrest or detention of a motorist. (Hardly a revelation to anyone who deals with these provisions regularly, but nice to have a Court of Appeal opinion on the point.) Nettle and Redlich JJA delivered separate judgments, but agreed the police may only require a motorist to accompany them in a way that is, objectively, reasonable. Nettle JA said: [38] Accordingly, I would limit the basis for decision in this case to saying that, where a driver is otherwise willing to comply with a requirement that he or she accompany a police officer to a designated place to undergo a breath test, but the police officer directs the driver to accompany the police officer to that place by means of travel which are objectively unreasonable, a refusal by the driver so to travel is not without more a contravention of s 55(1). (Redlich JA agreed with that, at [54].) At [46] Nettle JA said if the accused's defence is that the requirement to accompany was by an unreasonable method, the prosecution must establish the mode of transport was objectively reasonable. He didn't specify the standard of proof, but it's almost certainly beyond a reasonable doubt: Evidence Act s 141; Woolmington v DPP [1935] AC 462. His Honour also dealt with the resources-argument raised on the appeal: Police resources [51] Finally, a fair amount was made in the course of argument of the difficulty which police would face if they had to provide reasonable means of transport in all cases of requiring a driver to accompany them to a designated place for testing. In my view that is not persuasive. Practical difficulties of the kind to which reference were made are the product of executive budgetary decisions. Absent an express or otherwise clear statutory indication that they were regarded by Parliament as informing the scope of a power, they are irrelevant to the amplitude of the power. The solution is to furnish the police with the resources required to carry out their duties in the manner that Parliament intended or to have Parliament amend the legislation to make clear that it intends to authorise requirements which are unreasonable. At [74] Redlich JA said the prosecution does not have to establish as a separate element of the offence that a requirement to accompany under s 55(1) is reasonable. But, if an accused defends a refuse-to-accompany charge contrary to s 49(1)(e) by claiming the requirement was unreasonable, then objective reasonableness is “relevant to the question whether the prosecution has discharged its burden of proving a refusal.” I think that's the same point raised by Nettle JA at [46], but differently worded. It makes more sense, too, when I look back at [39] where Nettle JA highlights the point from Hyrsikos v Mansfield about the difference between failing and refusing to accompany. The old ‘fail’ offences are long since repealed; only ‘refuse’ remains — and that requires a mental element of unwillingness...perhaps it's wilfulness? His Honour went on: [75] I consider that the section should be construed so that the requirement must be one that is objectively reasonable in the circumstances. My conclusion rests upon the premise that Parliament would not have intended that the refusal of an objectively unreasonable requirement would constitute an offence. It is an implication that is derived from the accepted presumption of statutory interpretation that Parliament will not, without clear words to the contrary, be taken to have intended a restriction on individual liberty that goes beyond what is necessary to meet the purposes of the section and the Act. The elements of the offence should, therefore, be read to reflect the intention. Accordingly, where a driver does not comply with a requirement to accompany the police officer because the proposed manner of compliance is objectively unreasonable, the prosecution will fail to establish the element of ‘refusal’ by the driver. Put another way, if the police prove that the ‘proposed manner of compliance’ is objectively reasonable, they will establish the refusal offence. Last, at [79] Redlich JA affirmed Kyrou J's disagreement with the part of Salton v Wigg that said putting a motorist in the back of a divvy van will always equate to imprisonment. Maxwell P disagreed with Nettle and Redlich JJA. He considered that Ms Mastwyk was making a collateral challenge to the power to require a motorist to accompany police. At [15] – [17] he considered administrative law principles about challenges to exercising statutory powers, and concluded at [32] ff that Wednesbury unreasonableness must be argued before a court must consider the reasonableness of a request to accompany. Redlich JA disagreed with that. At [70] he raised the real problems with trying to deal with Wednesbury unreasonableness in summary hearings in busy Magistrates' Courts, and said policy considerations weighed against it. Some gratuitous observations First, I think the requirement of reasonableness is understandable, and probably almost predictable. (Easy to say with hindsight!) Cases like Trobridge v Hardy (1955) 94 CLR 147 and DPP v Foster (1999) 2 VR 643 speak of reasonableness when police exercise statutory powers. We've only got to think of extreme examples to illustrate the point: a demand to accompany in the back of a brawler or prison van would be unreasonable. A demand to accompany by getting in the boot of a police car, or hanging on the roof rack, would be unreasonable. Of course no offence would occur if such a requirement were made. But a requirement to accompany in the back of a divvy van...subject to the sorts of considerations discussed by Kyrou J in the Supreme Court decision...that's probably reasonable. I expect we'll see a fair bit of litigation on that point as a factual argument in Magistrates' Courts. And it might make life a bit harder for police, because the test is objective reasonableness — determined by the courts, many months after the event. It won't always be easy for them to know at the time if they are right or wrong, if they think their requirement is reasonable while the motorist thinks it's not. But, that's a fact of policing. Second, there were no Charter arguments in this case because the alleged offending was on 10 June 2005. 38. The Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 commenced, in part, on 1 January 2007; the balance commenced on 1 January 2008. In R v Williams (2007) 16 VR 168 at [48] the Supreme Court held that the Charter had no application to proceedings commenced before the Charter commenced operation. It's not likely this point will come up again any time soon: after all, it took ten years before Salton v Wigg was argued at appellate level. But, there is still the possibility it might be revisited with a Charter angle! Stay tuned...? Police reading statements in evidence-in-chief at 6:30 am Posted by Kyle Section 33 of the Evidence Act 2008 allows police officers to give evidence by reading or being led through a previous written statement, subject to certain conditions. I know the police were generally pretty keen on this provision: it meant the end of rote-learning statements before court cases, and provided a real incentive to take detailed and contemporaneous notes. (I've mentioned before that the Courts encourage police to go beyond mere pen and paper and jump into the 21st century with portable recording devices.) Section 33 provides that police may give evidence by reading their statement. Can they just launch into reading from their statements, or do they need the tribunal's okay first? Odgers points out that ALRC38 (the report that resulted in the Evidence Act 1995 in NSW and the Commonwealth, which in turn is the predecessor of Victoria's Evidence Act 2008) didn't propose s 33. (It doesn't get a mention in ALRC102 either.) Instead, the provision came from s 418 of the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW). That section was considered in Orchard v Spooner (1992) 28 NSWLR 114; (1992) 62 A Crim R 184, cited by Odgers in his text. That case deals mainly with the contemporaneity requirements of the provision, but provides some insight into its purpose. On 14 November 1990, when introducing the Bill which led to s 418 of the Crimes Act being constituted in its present form, the Attorney-General of the day said (Hansard, 14 November 1990 at 9660): “...Mr Speaker, you know only too well the farce of an officer exhausting his memory, referring to the statement, giving more evidence, exhausting his memory again, and again referring to the statement. It is beyond intellectual capacity to tolerate that. Police are permitted to refer to their statements to refresh their memories. They must continue to give their evidence with further reference to the statement until their memories are again exhausted. This procedure cannot be permitted to continue. It is defective for two main reasons. The first is that police must spend time memorising their statements word for word. I remember one case in which a policeman told me he had spent several weeks of his own time and several weeks of departmental time memorising a 40-page statement, and was in the witness box for only 20 minutes. In many cases a contemporaneously prepared statement is more accurate than a police officer's memory, unassisted by any written document and possibly clouded by time and intervening events. The second defect in the current situation is that during evidence in chief the impression gained by a jury is that the police have an actual independent recollection of what happened. The jury should be made aware of the truth; that is, that the police officer recorded what was said at the time and has used that written record to give evidence. The Bill therefore provides that police called for the prosecution may give their evidence by being led through or reading from a statement prepared at the time of or soon after the events to which the statement relates. In jury cases a trial judge may then give a direction as to the reason police give their evidence in a different manner from the way in which other witnesses give theirs. I expect that in many cases the statement would merely be tendered and the officer would not be taken through it.” Ex facie, the procedural reform encapsulated in s 418 is a useful one. By allowing police officers to read statements, the farce enacted by an officer attempting to remember a statement off by heart is a matter with which our system of justice can well do without: Orchard v Spooner at 116 - 117. The point about accurate recollection was considered by Victoria's Full Court in R v Baffigo [1957] VR 303. Pietro Baffigo appealed his conviction at General Sessions (what is now the County Court) because a former police officer was allowed to refresh his memory from his contemporaneous notes. Smith J said at 304: The witness here who was allowed to refresh his memory, had, as I follow the position, sworn during the course of the evidence that he gave without the aid of the document, first that he could not be sure of the precise phrasing used, and secondly that as to quite a number of the particular questions that he referred to, he could not recall what was said. He could recall the question but not the answer, or there was some particular part of the answer that he could not recall. And lastly, at the end of the part of the evidence given without the aid of the document, he said that he remembered that there was more said, but he could not remember what it was. Whatever may be the position in other circumstances, it appears to me to be plain that in those circumstances it was proper to allow the witness to refresh his recollection by looking at his notes of the whole of the interrogation that he was attempting to narrate, and the objection that he should have been confined to the particular parts of the notes which bore directly on specific matters that he had forgotten, does not appear to me to be sustainable. Cross on Evidence at [17170] discusses the importance of orality in Australian trials — courts hearing witnesses give oral evidence — which gives courts the opportunity to assess those witnesses' credibility and reliability. When police merely memorise their statements and give a psittacine recitation of their evidence, the court is really just hearing a human dictation machine and might just as well read the document itself. The only case I can find directly on s 33 seems to recognise this. In Chisari v The Queen (No 2) [2006] NSWCCA 352 the Court said: [28] It is apparent that the provision exists to recognize the reality that police officers frequently are required to testify long after events have occurred and that in the intervening period they may be likely to have been involved in a multiplicity of incidents about which they may also be required at some future time to testify. A practice of reciting statements which have been learned by heart — a recognized past practice — represented more a test of recall of the recitation than a recall of events and s 33 provides a transparent practice of evidencing matters which would be fresh in the memory at the time of making the statement. [29] It is relatively infrequent that the police officer would be speaking of matters which concerned that officer so directly as a victim although, as Mr Dawe QC for the Crown in the appeal observed, there are no doubt other such cases when, for example, officers are the victims of assault or resisting arrest, the situation would be similar. [30] The provision vests a discretion and his Honour exercised it by declining to permit the reading of the statement. He indicated a preference that the constable be led through the statement, subject to the exclusions which he had ruled on an individual basis and it was observed that much of the evidence was in fact adduced by non leading questions. There is nothing to support a conclusion that the appellant was treated with any unfairness in this regard. But that case muddies the water because it suggests that section 33 is a discretionary provision and a judge or magistrate might refuse permission for a police officer to read or be led through their statement. In Uniform Evidence Law, John Anderson and Peter Bayne state there is no leave requirement under s 33 — but don't cite any authority to support their statement. But I think they're probably right. The leave provision in s 192 certainly applies to s 32, about witnesses generally referring to documents in court to revive their memory. But s 33 starts off with the qualifier Despite section 32..., and does not refer to a leave requirement. The principal of statutory interpretation expressio unius est exclusio alterius — express reference to one matter indicates other matters are excluded — adds weight to the argument that s 33 is not subject to the leave requirement. I think that means the police can just launch in to reading their statements — if they so desire. But the risk they might run is criticism of the type raised in McKinney v The Queen (1991) 171 CLR 468; [1991] HCA 6 and R v Williams [2001] 1 Qd R 212; [1999] QCA 324 (see my post here). And that in turn might leave them open to suggestions of unreliability under s 165. Alternatively, it might be suggested that if they need to read all of their statement it's because they have no memory of the incident — in which case they can't dispute anything outside the scope of those notes. My experience is most prosecutors encourage police officers to recall as much as they can, and turn to s 33 only for significant parts of evidence or those where accuracy is critical — such as conversation with an accused person. (Though that might also be covered by s 139 and perhaps s 86.) What are your thoughts and experiences? Labels: criminal procedure, evidence Legislation Watch: JRs across the court system Judicial Registrars have been operating now in the Magistrates' Court for 5 years. The Courts Legislation Miscellaneous Amendments Act 2010 will bring JRs into the County, Supreme, Coroner's and Childrens' Courts. As with the Magistrates' Court, the appointment of a Judicial Registrar will be for a maximum five year term. In blurring the lines between two previously well-established callings with discrete roles and functions, the office of Judicial Registrar follows similar experiments with nurse practitioners and Australian lawyers. Given the current overload of work across jurisdictions, judicial officers might well welcome the appointment of JRs to help ease their load. The Explanatory Memorandum can be found here. The provisions will come in on 1 January 2011, or earlier if proclaimed. Labels: court, judicial registrar, law reform I appear for the alpaca, Your Honour Melbourne Law School is teaching animal law to undergraduate students for the first time this year. The head of the Barristers Animal Welfare Panel, Graeme McEwen, will be intimately involved with the course's delivery. Areas covered include constitutional issues affecting animal welfare, administrative law remedies and consideration of the rights of protesters. The Subject Overview reads, The subject examines Australian law which aims to protect the welfare of animals. The subject has three main components. First, the subject explores the history of the law of protecting animals generally. Second, the subject will explore ethical and theoretical justifications of animal welfare law. Finally, the subject examines current Australian state and federal legislation, regulations and general law which seeks to protect the welfare of companion animals and farm animals including those animals being exported for sale. The subject will also examine how such law has been invoked by protestors of animal cruelty in defence of charges brought against them. Included in the examination of Australian legislation is a consideration of, and to what extent, if any, the law in Australia requires reform. The full course outline can be found here. Labels: advocacy, animal rights Markovic v The Queen; Pantelic v The Queen [2010] VSCA 105: the role of mercy in sentencing at 12:05 am Posted by Dr Manhattan Markovic pled guilty to 11 counts of deception in the County Court. In a separate hearing, Pantelic pled guilty to three charges relating to child pornography. Both men were sentenced to terms of imprisonment, and sought leave to appeal their sentences. In Markovic v The Queen; Pantelic v The Queen [2010] VSCA 105, the Court of Appeal convened as a bench of five justices to hear these two appeals, originating from very different cases but unified by a common argument; that the impact on their family of the sentence imposed on the offender in each case could (and each counsel asserted, should) give rise to the exercise of a 'residual discretion of mercy'. The established precedent has been that exceptional circumstances would need to be shown in order for a court to discount a sentence on account of the hardship imprisonment would cause to the offender's family. Maxwell P, Nettle, Neave, Redlich and Weinberg JJA [at 5]: 5 We have concluded that the established common law position should be reaffirmed. Our reasons may be summarised as follows: 1. Reliance on family hardship – that is, hardship which imprisonment creates for persons other than the offender – is itself an appeal for mercy. 2. Properly understood, therefore, the purpose and effect of the ‘exceptional circumstances’ test is to limit the availability of the court’s discretion to exercise mercy on that ground. 3. Accordingly, there can be no ‘residual discretion’ to exercise mercy on grounds of family hardship where the relevant circumstances are not shown to be exceptional. 4. The effect on the offender of hardship caused to family members by his/her imprisonment raises different considerations, to which the ‘exceptional circumstances’ test has no application. The Court distinguished between taking into account the impact of the sentence on family, and taking into account the impact on family members has on the offender [at 20]: 20 The effect on the offender of hardship caused to family members by his/her imprisonment is a quite separate matter. An offender’s anguish at being unable to care for a family member can properly be taken into account as a mitigating factor – for example, if the court is satisfied that this will make the experience of imprisonment more burdensome or that it materially affects the assessment of the need for specific deterrence or of the offender’s prospects of rehabilitation.[25] These are conventional issues of mitigation, and they are not subject to the ‘exceptional circumstances’ limitation. The original sentencing courts had found that exceptional circumstances did not apply, and applied mitigation to the extent that they considered appropriate. These rulings were left undisturbed by the Court of Appeal, and both applications were refused. Labels: appeals, child pornography, common law, judgments, sentencing 90% preparation, 10% inspiration Given the criticism I gave them last year over the way their change in editorship was handled, it's time I gave the Bar News some credit before its current issue disappears from the website and becomes difficult to find. In particular, the article by George Golvan QC is a gem. His message - that trials are won by the most thoroughly prepared advocate - may not be new but seems to be something that needs to be re-discovered over and over. The book that Golvan references, the Advocacy Manual by Hampel, is available from the LIV. Labels: advocacy, news, website Licence suspensions In 2006, through the introduction of the Infringements Act 2006, a discrete offence of driving with a suspended licence was inserted at s 30AA of the Road Safety Act 1986. The offence relates solely to licence suspensions as a result of the Infringements Act, and reads, 30AA Offence to drive while licence suspended under Infringements Act 2006 A person must not drive a motor vehicle on a highway while that person's driver licence or permit is suspended in accordance with Part 8 of the Infringements Act 2006. Prior to the new Act licence suspension was still available to the State as an enforcement option, but the process didn't seem to be used much. The provision was intended as one of a number of sticks the State can use to persuade citizens to pay the millions of dollars of fines outstanding. Under the Infringements Act, sheriffs have the ability to serve notices on fine defaulters which suspend their driver's licence until they enter into an arrangement to pay the money owing. The differences between the two offences was discussed by Osborne J in Hoe v Vella & Anor [2009] VSC 600. The offence of driving in defiance of a court-ordered or demerit point suspension is found at s 30 and is punishable by, Penalty: For a first offence, 30 penalty units or imprisonment for 4 months; For a subsequent offence, imprisonment for not less than 1 month and not more than 2 years. The offence of driving while under a period of licence suspension under the Infringements Act is punishable by a maximum 10 penalty units, or around $1160. A court may exercise its general discretion under s 28 to interfere with an offender's licence, but it does not have to and there are no additional penalties for subsequent offences. I do not know whether an accused who fronts court and pleads guilty to a charge under s 30, and has a prior finding of an offence under s 30AA, would be considered to have committed a subsequent offence that requires imprisonment. The Explanatory Memorandum and the Second Reading speech are of no assistance on this point. I've asked prosecutors about this and they don't seem to know, either. As a matter of basic statutory interpretation it would seem that a prior finding of guilt on a different charge would not make a s 30 finding a subsequent offence. If this is so, this will cause problems for the prosecution as the s 84 certificates produced by VicRoads that detail an accused person's prior traffic convictions do not appear to disclose the reason why a licence was suspended when detailing a prior finding of guilt. I recall there was a similar issue a number of years ago where information from the Roads Corporation was insufficient to establish whether prior convictions were of a relevant type. This concerned offences under Part 6A of the Road Safety Act 1986, but I cannot remember if or how that issue was eventually addressed. I haven't been able to find any cases on point. Labels: infringements, law reform, Magistrates' Court, road safety act Speed interlocks? Further Edit: The Regulations which amend the Road Safety (Driver) Regs to make this trial scheme operate are now in effect. You can see them here. The terminology repeat speeders seems to be what they are going with. The trial runs from last month until the end of 2011. Edit: On 14 May the Sentencing Advisory Council released this press release. It said in part: Professor Arie Freiberg, Chair of the Sentencing Advisory Council said, “Victoria’s prison population is growing steadily. More people are going to gaol and for longer periods. However, there are some cases where immediate imprisonment is not the most appropriate option. The Council believes the reason courts are not decreasing their use of suspended sentences in line with Parliament’s direction in such cases is because they do not have adequate sanctions to take the place of suspended sentences.” Legislation has been introduced to Parliament broadening the scope of home detention orders. There is now talk in the newspaper of some kind of 'super-ICO'. (Details are sketchy, but perhaps a part-time imprisonment program). Suspended sentences will be phased out over time, beginning with the most serious offences and the coming down the scale. The proposals being talked about now do not touch the Magistrates' Court. Over time the number of suspended sentences will decline. It is more likely that they will be replaced with offender programs in the community than with immediate imprisonment. On the subject of licence suspensions and mandatory imprisonment (see the post on Licence suspensions, above) I haven't heard much about further reform to the system since posting on the topic last year. It became a political football for a couple of days at the start of 2010, but the story died off without reaching a resolution. The government seem to have decided to get rid of the mandatory imprisonment that follows a second disqualified or suspended offence, but haven't finalised what to replace it with. If suspended sentences were removed as a sentencing option before this happened, the government has expressed concern that ordinary mums and dads would be serving actual terms of imprisonment for offences under s 30. Something I saw on VicRoads' website might point the way to where the system is going. This article annouced that devices are to be fitted to the vehicles of 60 repeat offenders that warns them when they are travelling in excess of the speed limit. This sort of technology is standard in new cars. More significantly, the device used in this project records these breaches of the speed limit and the action which the driver took after receiving the warning. This sort of thing has been commercially available for a long time and is sometimes mandatory in trucks and semi-trailers. Alcohol interlocks have received a generally positive response since their introduction. It's probably only a matter of time before recidivist speeders are required to apply for their licences back, have monitoring devices fitted to their cars, and return to court to explain the results, in the same way that drink-drivers do today. Labels: infringements, law reform, licence, Magistrates' Court, road safety act, website Gul v Creed & Anor [2010] VSC 185: indecent langua... Tsolacis v The Department of Transport [2010] VSC ... Mastwyk v DPP: reasonable to go home in the back o... Markovic v The Queen; Pantelic v The Queen [2010] ...	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line160
__label__wiki	0.965296	0.965296	Alphabetical Listing by Performer This is only a partial listing of major performers. Most sound film photos are not listed here. Use the "Search" button to find any performer that is identified in a photo on this website. Renee Adorée Big Parade, The (1925) with John Gilbert and Renée Adorée. Directed by King Vidor. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. La Bohéme (1926) with Lillian Gish, John Gilbert and Renée Adorée. Directed by King Vidor. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Mating Call, The (1928) with Thomas Meighan, Renée Adorée, and Evelyn Brent. Directed by James Cruze. Caddo/Paramount. Richard Arlen Dangerous Curves (1929) with Clara Bow and Richard Arlen. Directed by Lothar Mendes. Paramount Pictures. Manhattan Cocktail (1928) with Nancy Carroll and Richard Arlen. Directed by Dorothy Arzner. Paramount. Silent film with talking and musical sequences. Jean Arthur Brotherly Love (1928) with Karl Dane, George K. Arthur and Jean Arthur. Directed by Charles Reisner. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Stairs of Sand (1928) with Wallace Beery, Jean Arthur and Chester Conklin. Directed by Otto Brower. Paramount. Mary Astor Romance of the Underworld (1928) with Mary Astor, John Boles and Ben Bard. Directed by Irving Cummings. Fox. All Quiet on the Western Front (1930) with Lew Ayres, Louis Wolheim and Raymond Griffith. Directed by Lewis Milestone. Universal. George Bancroft Pony Express, The (1925) with Betty Compson, Ricardo Cortez, Wallace Beery and George Bancroft. Directed by James Cruze. Paramount. Mighty, The (1929) with George Bancroft and Esther Ralston. Directed by John Cromwell. Paramount. Vilma Bánky Dark Angel (1925) with Ronald Colman and Vilma Bánky. Directed by George Fitzmaurice. Goldwyn/First National. Eagle, The (1925) with Rudolph Valentino, Vilma Bánky, and Louise Dressler. Directed by Clarence Brown. United Artists. Night of Love, The (1927) with Ronald Colman and Vilma Bánky. Directed by George Fitzmaurice. United Artists. Son of the Sheik, The (1926) with Rudolph Valentino and Vilma Bánky. Directed by George Fitzmaurice. United Artists. This is Heaven (1929) with Vilma Bánky, James Hall, and Lucien Littlefield. Directed by Alfred Santell. Samuel Goldwyn/United Artists. Silent with talking sequences. Theda Bara Kathleen Mavourneen (1919) with Theda Bara, Raymond McKee, and Marc McDermott. Directed by Charles Brabin. Fox. Romeo and Juliet (1916) with Theda Bara. Directed by J. Gordon Edwards. Fox. Salome (1918) with Theda Bara and G. Raymond Nye and Alan Roscoe. Directed by J. Gordon Edwards. Fox. Unchastened Woman, The (1925) with Theda Bara, Wyndham Standing and Dale Fuller. Directed by James Young. Chadwick. Lionel Barrymore Richard Barthelmess Drag (1929) with Richard Barthelmess, Lila Lee, and Lucien Littlefield. Directed by Frank Lloyd. First National. Hope Chest, The (1919) with Dorothy Gish and Richard Barthelmess. Directed by Elmer Clifton. New Art Film Company. Love Flower, The (1920) with Richard Barthelmess and Carol Dempster. Directed by D.W. Griffith. United Artists. Valentine Girl, The (1917) with Marguerite Clark and Richard Barthelmess. Directed by J. Searle Dawley. Famous Players/Paramount. Warner Baxter Female, The (1924) with Betty Compson, Warner Baxter, and Noah Beery. Directed by Sam Wood. Paramount. Wallace Beery Dash of Courage, A (1916) with Harry Gribbon, Wallace Beery, Gloria Swanson, William Mason, and Raymond Griffith. Directed by Charles Parrott (Charley Chase). Sennett/Triangle. Firemen, Save My Child (1927) with Wallace Beery. Directed by Edward Sutherland. Paramount. Night Club, The (1925) with Raymond Griffith, Vera Reynolds, Wallace Beery, and Louise Fazenda. Directed by Paul Urson and Paul Iribe. Paramount-Lasky. Pony Express, The (1925) with Betty Compson, Ricardo Cortez, Wallace Beery and George Bancroftg. Directed by James Cruze. Paramount. Madge Bellamy Hail the Woman (1921) with Florence Vidor and Madge Bellamy. Directed by John Griffith Wray. Ince/Associated Producers. Belle Bennett Devil's Skipper, The (1928) with Belle Bennett and Montague Love. Directed by John G. Adolphi. Tiffany-Stahl. Enid Bennett Fuss and Feathers (1918)with Enid Bennett and Douglas MacLean. Directed by Fred Niblo. Thomas Ince/Paramount. Haunted Bedroom, The (1919)with Enid Bennett and Lloyd Hughes. Directed by Fred Niblo. Thomas Ince/Paramount. Robin Hood (1922) with Douglas Fairbanks and Enid Bennett. Directed by Allan Dwan. Douglas Fairbanks/United Artists. Louis Bennson High Pockets (1919) with Louis Bennison. Directed by (unknown). Betzwood/Goldwyn. Monte Blue Dark Swan, The (1924) with Monte Blue, Marie Prevost, and Helene Chadwick. Directed by Millard Webb. Warner Brothers. Isle of Escape (1930) with Monte Blue, Myrna Loy and Betty Compson. Directed by Howard Bretherton. Warner Brothers. Sound. Kentuckians, The (1921) with Monte Blue, Wilfred Lytell and Diana Allen. Directed by Charles Mainge. Paramount. No Defense (1929) with Monte Blue, May McAvoy and Kathryn Carver. Directed by Lloyd Bacon. Warner Brothers. Silent film with talking sequences. Revelation (1924) with Viola Dana, Monte Blue, and Marjorie Daw. Directed by George D. Baker. MGM. Stoker, The (1932) with Monte Blue and Dorothy Burgess. Directed by Chester Franklin. Allied Pictures. Betty Blythe Chu Chin Chow (1923) with Betty Blythe. Directed by Herbert Wilcox. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Eleanor Boardman The Crowd (1928) with James Murray and Eleanor Boardman. Directed by King Vidor. MGM. Day of Faith, The (1923) with Eleanor Boardman, Tyrone Power Sr. and Raymond Griffith. Directed by Tod Browning. Goldwyn. Diamond Handcuffs (1928) with Eleanor Boardman and Lawrence Gray. Directed by John P. McCarthy. Cosmopolitan/MGM. Hobart Bosworth Behind the Door (1919) with Hobart Bosworth, Wallace Beery and Jane Novak. Directed by Irvin Willat. Ince/Paramount. Chinese Parrott, The (1927) with Marion Nixon and Hobart Bosworth. Directed by Paul Leni. Universal. Eternal Three, The (1923) with Hobart Bosworth, Claire Windsor, Raymond Griffith, and Bessie Love. Directed by Marshall Neillan. Goldwyn. Nellie, the Beautiful Cloak Model (1924) with Claire Windsor, Mae Busch, and Raymond Griffith. Directed by Emmett Flynn. Goldwyn. Olive Borden Country Beyond, The (1926) with Olive Borden and Ralph Graves. Directed by Irving Cummings. Fox. Pajamas (1927) with Lawrence Gray, Olive Borden and Jerry Miley. Directed by John G. Blystone. Fox. Clara Bow Mantrap (1926) with Clara Bow. Directed by Victor Fleming. Paramount. Saturday Night Kid, The (1929) with Clara Bow, Jean Arthur and James Hall. Directed by Edward Sutherland. Paramount. Destiny's Toy (1916) with Louise Huff and John Bowers. Directed by John O'Brien. Famous Players/Paramount. Evelyn Brent Broadway (1929) with Glenn Tryon, Evelyn Brent and Merna Kennedy. Directed by Paul Fejos. Universal. Drag Net, The (1928) with George Bancroft, Evelyn Brent, and William Powell. Directed by Josef von Sternberg. Paramount. Gladys Brockwell Call of the Soul (1919) with Gladys Brockwell, William Scott and Charles Clary. Directed by Edward J. Le Saint. Victory/Fox. Chasing Rainbows (1919) with Gladys Brockwell, William Scott and Walter Long. Directed by Frank Beal. Fox. Betty Bronson Are Parents People? (1925) with Betty Bronson, Florence Vidor and Adolphe Menjou. Directed by Mal St. Clair. Paramount. Cat's Pajamas, The (1926) with Betty Bronson and Ricardo Cortez. Directed by William Wellman. Paramount. Everybody's Acting (1926) with Betty Bronson and Ford Sterling. Directed by Marshall Neilan. Paramount. Golden Princess, The (1925) with Betty Bronson and Neil Hamilton. Directed by Clarence Badger. Paramount. Ritzy (1927) with Betty Bronson and James Hall. Directed by Richard Rosson. Paramount. Home Maker, The (1925) with Alice Joyce and Clive Brook. Directed by King Baggot. Universal. Yellow Lily (1928) with Billie Dove and Clive Brook. Directed by Alexander Korda. First National. Billie Burke Gloria's Romance (1916) with Billie Burke, Henry Kolker. Directed by Colin Campbell and Walter Edwin. George Kleine. Topper Returns (1940) with Joan Blondell, Roland Young, Carole Landis, Billie Burke, Patsy Kelly, and Eddie "Rochester" Anderson. Directed by Ray Del Ruth. Hal Roach / United Artists. Topper Takes a Trip (1938) with Constance Bennett, Roland Young, and Billie Burke. Directed by Norman Z. MacLeod. Hal Roach / United Artists. Mae Busch Fixer Uppers, The (1935) with Stan Laurel, Oliver Hardy, Mae Busch, and Charles Middleton. Directed by Charley Rogers. MGM. Foolish Wives (1922) with Erich Von Stroheim, Mae Busch, and Maude George. Directed by Erich Von Stroheim. Universal. Married Flirts (1924) with Pauline Frederick, Conrad Nagel, and Mae Busch. Directed by Robert Vignola. Metro-Goldwyn Name the Man (1924) with Mae Busch, Conrad Nagel and Hobart Bosworth. Directed by Victor Sjöström. Goldwyn. Francis X. Bushman The Marriage Clause (1926) with Francis X. Bushman, Billie Dove and Warner Oland. Directed by Lois Webber. Universal. A Million a Minute (1916) with Francis X. Bushman, Beverly Bayne, and John Davidson. Directed by John W. Noble. Quality/Metro. Silent Voice, The (1915) with Francis X. Bushman and Marguerite Snow. Directed by William Bowman. Quality/Metro. Lon Chaney Phantom of the Opera, The (1925) with Lon Chaney, Mary Philbin, and Norman Kerry. Directed by Rupert Julian and Edward Sedgwick. Universal. Adventurer, The (1917) with Charlie Chaplin, Edna Purviance and Eric Campbell. Directed by Charlie Chaplin. Mutual. Bank, The (1915) with Charles Chaplin and Edna Purviance. Directed by Charles Chaplin. Essanay. By the Sea (1915) with Charles Chaplin and Edna Purviance. Directed by Charles Chaplin. Essanay. Cure, The (1917) with Charlie Chaplin, Edna Purviance and Eric Campbell. Directed by Charlie Chaplin. Mutual. His New Job (1915) with Charles Chaplin, Ben Turpin and Leo White. Directed by Charles Chaplin. Essanay. In the Park (1915) with Charles Chaplin and Edna Purviance. Directed by Charles Chaplin. Essanay. Jitney Elopement, A (1915) with Charlie Chaplin, Edna Purviance, and Fred Goodwins. Directed by Charles Chaplin. Essanay. Night in the Show (1915), A with Charlie Chaplin and Edna Purviance. Directed by Charlie Chaplin. Essanay. Shoulder Arms (1918) with Charles Chaplin, Edna Purviance and Syd Chaplin. Directed by Charles Chaplin. Chaplin/First National. Charley Chase Count Takes the Count, The (1936) with Charley Chase, Antoinette Lees (Andrea Leeds), and Kewpie Morgan. Directed by Harold Law. Hal Roach/M-G-M. Her Dangerous Path (1923) with Edna Murphy and Charles Parrott/Charley Chase. Directed by Roy Clements. Hal Roach/Pathé. King of the Wild Horses, The (1924) with Rex (the horse), Edna Murphy, and Léon Bary. Directed by Fred Jackman. Hal Roach/Pathé. Mr Bride (1932) with Charley Chase and Muriel Evans. Directed by James Parrott. Hal Roach/M-G-M. On the Wrong Trek (1936) with Charley Chase, Rosina Lawrence and Bonita Weber. Directed by Harold Law and Charley Chase. Hal Roach/M-G-M. Sons of the Desert (1933) with Stan Laurel, Oliver Hardy, Charley Chase, and Mae Busch. Directed by William A. Seiter. Hal Roach/MGM. Vamp Till Ready (1936) with Charley Chase, Wilma Cox. Directed by Harold Law and Charley Chase. Hal Roach/M-G-M. Marguerite Clark Bab's Diary (1917) with Marguerite Clark and Richard Barthelmess. Directed by J. Searle Dawley. Paramount. Easy to Get (1920) with Marguerite Clark and Harrison Ford. Directed by Walter Edwards. Paramount. Fortunes of Fifi, The (1917) with Marguerite Clark and William Sorelle. Directed by Robert Vignola. Famous Players / Paramount. Girl Named Mary, A (1919) with Marguerite Clark, Kathlyn Williams and Wallace MacDonald. Directed by Walter Edwards. Paramount. Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch (1919) with Marguerite Clark, Mary Carr and Gareth Hughes. Directed by Hugh Ford. Paramount. Out of a Clear Sky (1918) with Marguerite Clark and Thomas Meighan. Directed by Marshall Neilan. Paramount. Lew Cody Demi-Bride, The (1927) with Norma Shearer and Lew Cody. Directed by Robert Z. Leonard. MGM. George M. Cohan Broadway Jones (1917) with George M. Cohan and Marguerite Snow. Directed by Joseph Kaufman. Famous Players/Paramount. Ronald Colman Beau Geste (1926) with Ronald Colman, Neil Hamilton, Ralph Forbes, Alice Joyce and Mary Brian. Directed by Herbert Brenon. Paramount. Lady Windermere's Fan (1925) with Ronald Colman. Directed by Ernst Lubitsch. Warner Brothers. Night of Love, The (1927) with Ronald Colman and Vilma Banky. Directed by George Fitzmaurice. United Artists. Betty Compson Court-Martial (1928) with Jack Holt, Betty Compson and Doris Hill. Directed by George B. Seitz. Columbia. Fast Set (1924), The with Adolphe Menjou, Betty Compson and Elliott Dexter. Directed by William de Mille. Paramount. Paths to Paradise (1925) with Betty Compson, Raymond Griffith, Tom Santschi, and Edgar Kennedy. Directed by Clarence Badger. Paramount. Ramshackle House (1924) with Betty Compson and John Davidson. Directed by F. Harmon Weight. Tilford/W.W. Hodkinson. Time, The Place, and the Girl, The (1929) with Grant Withers, Betty Compson and Gertrude Olmstead. Directed by Howard Bretherton. First National. Rubber Heels (1927) with Ed Wynn, Chester Conklin and Thelma Todd. Directed by Victor Heerman. Paramount. Clyde Cook Wandering Papas (1925) with Clyde Cook, Adolphe Millar, Sue "Bugs" O'Neill, Tyler Brooke and Oliver Hardy. Directed by Stan Laurel. Roach/Pathé. Farewell to Arms, A (1932) with Gary Cooper, Helen Hayes, and Adolphe Menjou. Directed by Frank Borzage. Paramount. Sound. Lilac Time (1928) with Colleen Moore and Gary Cooper. Directed by George Fitzmaurice. First National. Ricardo Cortez The Spaniard (1925) with Ricardo Cortez, Jetta Goudal and Noah Beery. Directed by Raoul Walsh. Paramount. Delores Costello Glorious Betsy (1928) with Dolores Costello, Conrad Nagel, and John Miljan. Directed by Alan Crosland. Warner Brothers. Madonna of Avenue A (1929) with Dolores Costello, Louise Dresser and Grant Withers. Directed by Michael Curtiz. Warner Brothers. Noah's Ark (1929) with Dolores Costello and George O'Brien. Directed by Michael Curtiz. Warner Brothers. Old San Francisco (1928) with Dolores Costello, Josef Swickard and Warner Oland. Directed by Alan Crosland. Warner Brothers. Second Choice (1930) with Delores Costello. Directed by Howard Bretherton. Warner Brothers. Our Modern Maidens (1929) with Joan Crawford and Rod LaRocque. Directed by Jack Conway. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Viola Dana Match Breaker, The (1921) with Viola Dana and Jack Perrin. Directed by Dallas M. Fitzgerald. Metro. Karl Dane Baby Mine (1928) with Karl Dane, George K. Arthur and Louise Lorraine. Directed by Robert Z. Leonard. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Big Parade, The (1925) with John Gilbert, Renée Adorée, and Karl Dane. Directed by King Vidor. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Brotherly, Love (1928) with Karl Dane, George K. Arthur and Jean Arthur. Directed by Charles Reisner. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Rookies (1927) with Karl Dane, George K. Arthur, and Marceline Day. Directed by Sam Wood. MGM. Campus Flirt, The (1928) with Bebe Daniels and James Hall. Directed by Clarence Badger. Paramount. Ducks and Drakes (1921) with Bebe Daniels, Jack Holt and Edward Martindel. Directed by Maurice Campbell. Realart. Exciters, The (1923) with Bebe Daniels and Antonio Moreno. Directed by Maurice Campbell. Paramount. His Children's Children (1923) with Bebe Daniels, James Rennie and Dorothy Mackaill. Directed by Sam Wood. Paramount. Miss Bluebeard (1925) with BeBe Daniels, Robert Frazer and Raymond Griffith. Directed by Frank Tuttle. Paramount-Lasky. Monsieur Beaucaire (1924) with Rudolph Valentino, Bebe Daniels and Doris Kenyon. Directed by Sidney Olcott. Paramount. Manicure Girl, The (1925) with Bebe Daniels and Edmund Burns. Directed by Frank Tuttle. Paramount. Cardboard Lover, The (1928) with Marion Davies, Jetta Goudal, and Nils Asther. Directed by Robert Z. Leonard. Cosmopolitan/MGM. Fair Co-ed, The (1927) with Marion Davies, Johnny Mack Brown, Jane Winton and Thelma Hill. Directed by Sam Wood. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Lights of Old Broadway (1925) with Marion Davies and Conrad Nagel. Directed by Monta Bell. Cosmopolitan/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Red Mill, The (1927) with Marion Davies and Owen Moore. Directed by Roscoe Arbuckle. Cosmopolitan/MGM. Quality Street (1927) with Marion Davies, Conrad Nagel and Helen Jerome Eddy. Directed by Sydney Franklin. Cosmopolitan/M-G-M. Marceline Day Gay Deceiver, The (1926) with Lew Cody, Marceline Day. Directed by John Stahl. MGM Under the Black Eagle (1928) with Ralph Forbes and Marceline Day. Directed by W.S. VanDyke. MGM. Marguerite de la Motte Fifth Avenue (1926) with Marguerite de la Motte. Directed by Robert Vignola. Belasco Productions. Fools of Fortune (1922) with Marguerite de la Motte, Frank Dill, and Tully Marshall. Directed by Louis Chaudet. Golden State/American. Red Dice (1926) with Rod La Roque and Marguerite de la Motte. Directed by William K. Howard. DeMille/Producer's Distributing Corporation. Priscilla Dean Mr. and Mrs. Carter DeHaven Carol Dempster Reginald Denny Marie Doro Common Ground (1916) with Marie Doro, Thomas Meighan and Theodore Roberts. Directed by William de Mille. Jesse Lasky/Paramount. Heart's Desire (1917) with Marie Doro. Directed by Francis Grandon. Famous Players/Paramount. Heart of Nora Flynn, The (1916) with Marie Doro and Elliott Dexter. Directed by Cecil B. DeMille. Paramount. Lost and Won (1917) with Marie Doro. Directed by Frank Reicher. Lasky/Paramount. Oliver Twist (1916) with Marie Doro, Edythe Chapman and Tully Marshall. Directed by James Young. Lasky/Paramount. White Pearl, The (1915) with Marie Doro. Directed by Hugh Ford and Edwin S. Porter. Famous Players. Billie Dove Ancient Highway (1925), The with Jack Holt and Billie Dove. Directed by Irving Willat. Paramount. Black Pirate, The (1926) with Douglas Fairbanks, Billie Dove and Donald Crisp. Directed by Albert Parker. United Artists. Folly of Vanity, The (1924) with Billie Dove, Jack Mulhall. Directed by Maurice Elvey. Fox. Get-Rich-Quick Wallingford (1921) with Sam Hardy, Doris Kenyon, Norman Kerry and Billie Dove. Directed by Frank Borzage. Cosmopolitan/Paramount. Heart of a Follies Girl (1928) with Billie Dove and Larry Kent. Directed by John Francis Dillon. First National. Love Mart (1927) with Billie Dove and Gilbert Roland. Directed by George Fitzmaurice. First National. Man and the Moment, The (1929) with Billie Dove, Rod LaRocque, and Charles Sellon. Directed by George Fitzmaurice. First National. Silent film with talking sequences. Night Watch, The (1928) with Billie Dove, Paul Lukas and Donald Reed. Directed by Alexander Korda. First National. Painted Angel (1929) with Billie Dove and Edmund Lowe. Directed by Millard Webb. First National. Dorothy Dwan Silver Valley (1927) with Tom Mix and Dorothy Dwan. Directed by Benjamin Stoloff. Fox. Jeanne Eagels Man, Woman, and Sin (1927) with John Gilbert and Jeanne Eagels. Directed by Monta Bell. MGM. Leon Errol Lunatic at Large, The (1927) with Leon Errol, Dorothy Mackaill, and Kenneth MacKenna. Directed by Fred Newmeyer. First National. Sally (1925) with Colleen Moore, Lloyd Hughes and Leon Errol. Directed by Alfred E. Green. First National. Douglas Fairbanks Don Q, Son of Zorro (1925) with Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. and Mary Astor. Directed by Donald Crisp. Fairbanks/United Artists. Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. The Barker (1928) with Milton Sills, Dorothy Mackaill, Betty Compson, and Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. Directed by George Fitzmaurice. First National. Farnum, Dustin Ben Blair (1916) with Dustin Farnham and Winifred Kingston. Directed by William Desmond Taylor. Pallas/Paramount. David Garrick (1916) with Dustin Farnham and Winifred Kingston. Directed by Frank Lloyd. Pallas/Paramount. Durand of the Bad Lands (1915) with Dustin Farnum, Winifred Kingston and Tom Mix. Directed by Richard Stanton. Fox. Flaming Frontier, The (1926) with Hoot Gibson, Anne Cornwall, and Dustin Farnum. Directed by Edward Sedgwick. Universal. Gentleman From Indiana, The (1915) with Dustin Farnum, Winifred Kingston and Herbert Standing. Directed by Frank Lloyd. Pallas/Paramount. Farnum, William American Methods (1916) with William Farnum and Florence Vidor. Directed by Frank Lloyd. Fox. Charles Farrell Seventh Heaven (1927) with Janet Gaynor and Charles Farrell. Directed by Frank Borzage. Fox. Louise Fazenda W.C. (William Claude) Fields It's the Old Army Game (1926) with W. C. Fields and Louise Brooks. Directed by Edward Sutherland. Paramount. Potters, The (1927) with W. C. Fieds and Mary Alden. Directed by Fred Newmeyer. Paramount. Running Wild (1927) with W. C. Fields, Mary Brian, and Marie Shotwell. Directed by Gregory La Cava. Paramount. So's Your Old Man (1926) with W.C. Fields and Alice Joyce. Directed by Gregory LaCava. Paramount. James Finlayson Ladies Night in a Turkish Bath (1928) with Dorothy Mackaill, Jack Mulhall and James Finlayson. Directed by Eddie Cline. Asher-Small-Rogers/First National. Sugar Daddies (1927) with Stan Laurel, Oliver Hardy, James Finlayson, Noah Young, Charlotte Mineau. Directed by Fred Guiol. Hal Roach/MGM. Destroyer (1943) with Edward G. Robinson, Glenn Ford, Marguerite Chapman, and Edgar Buchanan. Directed by William A. Seiter. Columbia. Sound film. Harrison Ford (not Indiana Jones) Pauline Frederick Audrey (1916) with Pauline Frederick and Charles Waldron. Directed by Robert Vignola. Famous Players/Paramount. Bella Donna (1915) with Pauline Frederick . Directed by Hugh Ford and Edwin S. Porter. Famous Players/Paramount. Bonds of Love (1919) with Pauline Frederick and Percy Standing. Directed by Reginald Barker. Goldwyn. Eternal City, The (1915) with Pauline Frederick and Thomas Holding. Directed by Edwin S. Porter and Hugh Ford. Famous Players-Lasky. Her Better Self (1917) with Pauline Frederick, Thomas Meighan and Alice Hollister. Directed by Robert G. Vignola. Paramount. Paliser Case, The (1920) with Pauline Frederick, Albert Roscoe and James Neill. Directed by William Parke. Goldwyn. Peace of Roaring River, The (1919) with Pauline Frederick and Hardee Kirkland. Directed by Hobart Henley, and Victor Schertzinger. Goldwyn. Sapho (1917) with Pauline Frederick, Thomas Meighan. Directed by Emile Chautard. Famous Players/Paramount. Sleeping Fires (1917) with Pauline Frederick, Thomas Meighan. Directed by Hugh Ford. Famous Players/Paramount. World's Great Snare, The (1916) with Pauline Frederick. Directed by Irving Cummings. Famous Players/Paramount. ZaZa (1915) with Pauline Frederick. Directed by Hugh Ford and Edwin S. Porter. Famous Players/Paramount. Mysterious Lady, The (1927)with Greta Garbo and Conrad Nagel. Directed by Fred Niblo. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Janet Gaynor Hoot Gibson Dorothy Gish Nobody Home (1919) with Dorothy Gish and Ralph Graves. Directed by Elmer Clifton. New Art/Paramount. Old Heidelberg (1915) with Wallace Reid, Dorothy Gish and Erich von Stroheim. Directed by John Emerson. Fine Arts/Triangle. Remodeling Her Husband (1920) with Dorothy Gish and James Rennie. Directed by Lillian Gish. Paramount/Artcraft. Lillian Gish Annie Laurie (1927) with Lillian Gish and Norman Kerry. Directed by John S. Robertson. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Enemy, The (1927) with Lillian Gish and Ralph Forbes. Directed by Fred Niblo. MGM. Enoch Arden (1915) with Lillian Gish, Alfred Paget and Wallace Reid. Directed by Christy Cabanne. Reliance/Mutual. Innocent Magdalene, An (1916) with Lillian Gish and Spottiswoode Aitken. Directed by Allan Dwan. Triangle. Rebellion of Kitty Bell, The (1914) with Lillian Gish, Robert Harron and Raoul Walsh. Directed by Christy Cabanne. Majestic/Mutual. Scarlet Letter, The (1926) with Lillian Gish and Lars Hanson. Directed by Directed by Victor Sjöström. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Jetta Goudal Ralph Graves His Girl Friday (1940) with Cary Grant, Rosiland Russell, and Ralph Bellamy. Directed by Howard Hawks. Columbia. Sound film. Corinne Griffith Black Oxen (1923) with Corinne Griffith, Conway Tearle and Clara Bow. Directed by Frank Lloyd. Associated First National. Divine Lady, The (1928) with Corinne Griffith. Directed by Frank Lloyd. First National. Infatuation (1925) with Corinne Griffith, Percy Marmont and Malcolm McGregor. Directed by Irving Cummings. Corinne Griffith/First National. Single Wives (1924) with Corinne Griffith and Milton Sills. Directed by George Archainbaud. First National. Raymond Griffith Aerial Joy Ride, An (1917) with Josef Swickard, Annette DeFoe and Raymond Griffith. Directed by Charles Reed. Fox. Changing Husbands (1924) with Leatrice Joy, Victor Varconi, and Raymond Griffith. Directed by Paul Iribe and Frank Urson. Famous Players/Paramount. Dawn of Tomorrow, The (1924) with Jaqueline Logan, David Torrence, and Raymond Griffith. Directed by George Melford. Paramount. Fine Clothes (1925) with Lewis Stone, Percy Marmont, Eileen Percy, and Raymond Griffith. Directed by John M. Stahl. First National. Forty Winks (1925) with Raymond Griffith and Anna May Wong. Directed by Frank Urson and Paul Iribe. Paramount. Girls' Dormitory (1936) with Herbert Marshall, Ruth Chatterton, and Simone Simon. Directed by Irving Cummings. 20th Century-Fox. Hands Up! (1926) with Raymond Griffith, Mack Swain, Virginia Lee Corbin, and Montague Love. Directed by Clarence Badger. Paramount. His Hidden Talent (1917) with Raymond Griffith, Vera Reynolds, Monty Banks, and Marianne de la Torre. Directed by Reggie Morris. Triangle Komedy. Lily of the Dust (1924) with Pola Negri, Ben Lyon, and Raymond Griffith. Directed by Dimitri Buchowetzki. Paramount. Open All Night (1924) with Adolphe Menjou, Viola Dana, and Raymond Griffith. Directed by Paul Bern. Paramount. Red-Haired Cupid (1918) with Roy Stewart, Charles Dorian, Peggy Pearce, and Raymond Griffith. Directed by Clifford Smith. Triangle. Red Lights (1923) with Raymond Griffith and Marie Prevost. Directed by Clarence Badger. Goldwyn. Regular Fellow, A (1925) with Raymond Griffith, Mary Brian, and Tyrone Power, Sr.. Directed by Edward Sutherland. Paramount. Scoundrel's Toll, A (1916) with Raymond Griffith, Mary Thurman, Edgar Kennedy and Dale Fuller. Directed by Glen Cavender. Sennett/Triangle. Sleeping Porch, The (1929) with Raymond Griffith and Barbara Leonard. Directed by Leslie Pearce. Christie/Paramount. Sound short. You'd Be Surprised (1926) with Raymond Griffith, Dorothy Sebastian, Earle Williams and Granville Redmond. Directed by Arthur Rosson. Paramount. William Haines Brown of Harvard (1926) with William Haines, Jack Pickford and Mary Brian. Directed by Jack Conway. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Excess Baggage (1928) with William Haines, Josephine Dunn and Ricardo Cortez. Directed by James Cruze. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Alan Hale Neil Hamilton Oliver "Babe" Hardy Bakery, The (1921) with Larry Semon, Oliver Hardy and Frank Alexander. Directed by Larry Semon and Norman Taurog. Vitagraph. Below Zero (1930) with Stan Laurel, Oliver Hardy, Charlie Hall, Tiny Sanford, and Kay Deslys. Directed by James Parrott. Hal Roach/MGM. Block-Heads (1938) with Stan Laurel, Oliver Hardy, Billy Gilbert, and Patricia Ellis. Directed by John G. Blystone. Hal Roach/MGM. Bohemian Girl, The (1936) with Stan Laurel, Oliver Hardy, and Jacqueline Wells. Directed by James W. Horne and Charles Rogers. Hal Roach/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Bonnie Scotland (1935) with Stan Laurel, Oliver Hardy, Anne Grey and James Finlayson. Directed by James W. Horne. Hal Roach/MGM. Chickens Come Home (1931) with Stan Laurel, Oliver Hardy, Thelma Todd, James Finlayson and Mae Busch. Directed by James W. Horne. Roach/MGM. Chump at Oxford, A (1939) with Stan Laurel, Oliver Hardy, and Wilfred Lucas. Directed by Alf Goulding. Hal Roach/United Artists. Double Whoopee (1929) with Stan Laurel, Oliver Hardy, Tiny Sanford, and Jean Harlow. Directed by Lewis R. Foster. Hal Roach/MGM. Early to Bed (1928) with Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy. Directed by Emmitt J. Flynn. Hal Roach/MGM. Finishing Touch, The (1928) with Stan Laurel, Oliver Hardy and Edgar Kennedy. Directed by Clyde Bruckman. Hal Roach/MGM. From Soup to Nuts (1928) with Stan Laurel, Oliver Hardy, Anita Garvin, and Edna Marion. Directed by E. Livingston Kennedy (Edgar Kennedy). Hal Roach/MGM. Liberty (1929) with Stan Laurel, Oliver Hardy, and Jean Harlow. Directed by Leo McCarey. Hal Roach / MGM. Putting Pants on Phillip (1927) with Stan Laurel, Oliver Hardy, and Sam Lufkin. Directed by Clyde Bruckman. Hal Roach/MGM. Tit for Tat (1935) with Stan Laurel, Oliver Hardy, Charlie Hall and Mae Busch. Directed by Charles Rogers. Hal Roach/MGM. Towed in a Hole (1932) with Stan Laurel, Oliver Hardy, and Billy Gilbert. Directed by George Marshall. Hal Roach/MGM. William S. Hart Branding Broadway (1918)with William S. Hart, Seena Owen, and Arthur Shirley. Directed by William S. Hart. Paramount/Artcraft. Primal Lure, The (1916) with William S. Hart, Margery Wilson and Robert McKim. Directed by William S. Hart. Kay-Bee/Ince. Helen Hayes Helen Holmes Girl and the Game, The (1915) with Helen Holmes, Leo Maloney and J.P. McGowan. Directed by J.P. McGowan. Signal/Mutual. Railroad Raiders, The (1917) with Helen Holmes and J.P. McGowan. Directed by J.P. McGowan. Signal/Mutual. Jack Holt The Ancient Highway (1925) with Jack Holt and Billie Dove. Directed by Irving Willat. Paramount. Empty Hands (1924) with Jack Holt and Norma Shearer. Directed by Victor Fleming. Paramount. Sea Horses (1926) with Florence Vidor, William Powell, and Jack Holt. Directed by Allan Dwan. Paramount. Submarine (1928) with Jack Holt, Dorothy Revier and Ralph Graves. Directed by Frank Capra and Irvin Willat. Columbia. Silent with synchronized music and sound effects. Gladys Hulette Prudence the Pirate (1916) with Gladys Hulette, Flora Finch and Riley Chamberlin. Directed by William Parke. Thanhouser/Pathé. Emil Jannings Street of Sin, The (1928) with Emil Jannings and Fay Wray. Directed by Mauritz Stiller and Ludwig Burger (uncredited), Lothar Mendes (uncredited) and Joseph von Sternberg (uncredited). Paramount. Hell's Hole (1924) with Buck Jones, Maurice Flynn and Ruth Clifford. Directed by Emmett J. Flynn. Fox. Eve's Leaves (1926) with Leatrice Joy and William Boyd. Directed by Paul Sloane. Producer's Distributing Corporation. Java Head (1923) with Leatrice Joy and Jacqueline Logan. Directed by George Melford. Paramount. Made for Love (1926) with Leatrice Joy and Edmund Burns. Directed by Paul Sloane. DeMille/Pathé. Manslaughter (1922) with Thomas Meighan, Leatrice Joy, and Lois Wilson. Directed by Cecil B. DeMille. Paramount. Silent Partner, The (1923) with Leatrice Joy and Robert Edeson. Directed by Charles Maigne. Paramount. Alice Joyce Daddy's Gone A Hunting (1925) with Percy Marmont, Alice Joyce, and Virginia Marshall. Directed by Frank Borzage. MGM. Dancing Mothers (1926) with Alice Joyce, Conway Tearle and Clara Bow. Directed by Herbert Brenon. Paramount. Rupert Julian Fire Flingers, The (1919) with Rupert Julian, Jane Novak, and Fred Kelsey. Directed by Rupert Julian. Universal. Mother O' Mine (1917) with Rupert Julian and Ruth Clifford. Directed by Rupert Julian. Universal/Bluebird. College (1927) with Buster Keaton, Anne Cornwall, Harold Goodwin, Snitz Edwards, and Florence Turner. Directed by James W. Horne and Buster Keaton (uncredited). Buster Keaton / United Artists. General, The (1927) with Buster Keaton, Marion Mack, Glen Cavender. Directed by Buster Keaton and Clyde Bruckman. United Artists. Spite Marriage (1929) with Buster Keaton and Dorothy Sebastian. Directed by Edward Segdwick. MGM. What No Beer? (1933) with Buster Keaton. Directed by Edward Sedgewick. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Edgar Kennedy Madge Kennedy Friend Husband (1918) with Madge Kennedy and Rockcliffe Fellowes. Directed by Clarence Badger. Goldwyn. Doris Kenyon Girl's Folly, A (1917) with Robert Warwick, Doris Kenyon and Chester Barnett. Directed by Maurice Tourneur. Paragon / World Film Corporation. If I Marry Again (1925) with Doris Kenyan and Lloyd Hughes. Directed by John Francis Dillon. First National. Man Who Stood Still, The (1916) with Lew Fields, Doris Kenyon, and George Trimble. Directed by Frank Hall Crane. Paragon/World Films. J. Warren Kerrigan Covered Wagon, The (1923) with Lois Wilson, J. Warren Kerrigan, Ernest Torrence, Charles Ogle. Directed by James Cruze. Paramount. Norman Kerry Price of Pleasure, The (1925) with Virginia Valli and Norman Kerry. Directed by Edward Sloman. Universal. James Kirkwood Eagle's Feather, The (1923) with James Kirkwood and Mary Alden. Directed by Edward Sloman. Metro. Great Impersonation, The (1921) with James Kirkwood and Ann Forest. Directed by George Melford. Paramount. Harry Langdon Hansom Cabman, The (1924) with Harry Langdon, Marcelline Day and Andy Clyde. Directed by Harry Edwards. Mack Sennett/Pathé. Laura LaPlante Butterflies in the Rain (1926) with Laura LaPlante and James Kirkwood. Directed by Edward Sloman. Universal. The Cat and the Canary (1927) with Laura LaPlante, Creighton Hale and Forrest Stanley. Directed by Paul Leni. Universal. Dangerous Innocence (1925) with Laura La Plante and Eugene O'Brien. Directed by William A. Seiter. Universal. The Love Thrill (1927) with Laura La Plante and Tom Moore. Directed by Millard Webb. Universal. Silk Stockings (1927) with Laura La Plante, John Harron and Otis Harlan. Directed by Wesley Ruggles. Universal. Rod LaRocque Elmo Lincoln Alibi, The [Jimmie Dale, alias The Grey Seal](1917) with Elmo K. Lincoln, Doris Mitchell, and Paul Panzer. Directed by Harry McRae Webster. Monmouth/Mutual. Among Those Present (1921) with Harold Lloyd. Directed by Fred Newmeyer. Hal Roach/Associated Exhibitors. Freshman, The (1925) with Harold Lloyd and Jobyna Ralston. Directed by Fred Newmeyer and Sam Taylor. Harold Lloyd/Pathé. From Italy's Shores (1915) with Roy Stewart, Jane Novak and Harold Lloyd. Directed by Otis Turner. Rolin/Universal. Granama's Boy (1922) with Harold Lloyd, Mildred Davis, Anna Townsend, and Charles Stevenson. Directed by Fred Newmeyer. Harold Lloyd/Associated Exhibitors. I Do (1921) with Harold Lloyd, Mildred Davis and Noah Young. Directed by Hal Roach. Hal Roach/Pathe. Kid Brother, The (1927) with Harold Lloyd, Jobyna Ralston, and Walter James. Directed by J.A. Howe, Ted Wilde, and Lewis Milestone. Harold Lloyd/Paramount. Speedy (1928) with Harold Lloyd, Ann Christy, Bert Woodruff, and Babe Ruth. Directed by Ted Wilde. Harold Lloyd/Paramount. Bessie Love May McAvoy Bedroom Window, The (1924) with May McAvoy, Robert Edeson . Directed by William C. de Mille. Paramount. Fire Brigade, The (1926) with May McAvoy, Charles Ray, and Holmes Herbert. Directed by William Nigh. MGM. If I Were Single (1927) with May McAvoy and Conrad Nagel. Directed by Roy Del Ruth. Warner Brothers. Only 38 (1923) with May McAvoy, Lois Wilson, Elliott Dexter and George Fawcett. Directed by William de Mille. Paramount. Kathering MacDonald Dorothy Mackaill Barker (1928), The with Milton Sills, Dorothy Mackaill, Betty Compson, and Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. Directed by George Fitzmaurice. First National. Convoy (1927) with Dorothy Mackaill, Lawrence Gray and Lowell Sherman. Directed by Joseph Boyle and Lothar Mendes. Robert Kane/First National. Thomas Meighan Canadian, The (1926) with Thomas Meighan, Mona Palma and Wyndham Standing. Directed by William Beaudine. Paramount. Adolphe Menjou Beatriz Michelena Unwritten Law, The (1916) with Beatriz Michelena and William Pike. Directed by George E. Middleton. California Motion Picture Corporation. Charles Middleton Patsy Ruth Miller Head Winds (1925) with House Peters and Patsy Ruth Miller. Directed by Herbert Blaché. Universal. Rose of the World (1925) with Patsy Ruth Miller. Directed by Harry Beaumont. Warner Brothers. Hard Boiled (1926) with Tom Mix, Helene Chadwick, and Heinie Conklin. Directed by John G. Blystone. Fox. Mr. Logan, U.S.A. (1918) with Tom Mix, Kathleen O'Connor and Dick LaReno. Directed by Lynn Reynolds. Fox. Colleen Moore Devil's Claim, The (1920) with Sessue Hayakawa, Rhea Mitchell, and Colleen Moore. Directed by Charles Swickard. Hayworth/Robertson-Cole. Ella Cinders (1926) with Colleen Moore, Lloyd Hughes and Harry Langdon. Directed by Alfred E. Green. First National. Footlights and Fools (1929) with Colleen Moore, Raymond Hackett and Fredric March. Directed by William A. Seiter. First National/Warner Brothers. Happiness Ahead (1928) with Colleen Moore, Edmund Lowe, and Charles Sellon. Directed by William A. Seiter. First National. Irene (1926) with Colleen Moore and Lloyd Hughes. Directed by Alfred E. Green. First National. It Must Be Love (1926) with Colleen Moore, Jean Hersholt and Malcolm McGregor. Directed by Alfred E. Green. First National. Look Your Best (1923) with Colleen Moore and Antonio Moreno. Directed by Rupert Hughes. Goldwyn. Painted People (1924) with Colleen Moore and Ben Lyon. Directed by Clarence Badger. First National. Perfect Flapper, The (1924) with Colleen Moore, Syd Chaplin, and Phyllis Haver. Directed by John Francis Dillion. First National. Smiling Irish Eyes (1929) with Colleen Moore, James Hall. Directed by William A. Seiter. First National. Success at Any Price (1934) with Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Genevieve Tobin, and Colleen Moore. Directed by J. Searle Dawley. RKO-Radio. Synthetic Sin (1929) with Colleen Moore, Antonio Moreno and Gertrude Howard. Directed by William A. Seiter. First National. Owen Moore Coney Island Princess (1916) with Irene Fenwick and Owen Moore. Directed by Del Henderson. Famous Players/Paramount. Girl Like That, A (1917) with Irene Fenwick, Olive Thomas, Owen Moore. Directed by Hugh Ford. Famous Players/Paramount. Audrey Munson Inspiration (1915) with Audrey Munson, Thomas Curran and George Marlo. Directed by George Foster Platt. Mutual/Thanhouser. Mae Murray Big Sister, The (1916) with Mae Murray. Directed by John O'Brien. Famous Players/Paramount. Broadway Rose (1922) with Mae Murray and Monte Blue. Directed by Robert Z. Leonard. Tiffany/Metro. Her Body In Bond (1918) with Mae Murray and Kenneth Harlan. Directed by Robert Z. Leonard. Universal. Jazzmania (1923) with Mae Murray and Rod La Rocque. Directed by Robert Z. Leonard. Tiffany/Metro. Princess Virtue (1917) with Mae Murray, Lule Warrenton, and Wheeler Oakman. Directed by Robert Z. Leonard. Universal/Bluebird. Sweet Kitty Bellairs (1916) with Mae Murray, Tom Forman and Belle Bennett. Directed by James Young. Lasky/Paramount. Conrad Nagel Mysterious Lady, The (1927) with Greta Garbo and Conrad Nagel. Directed by Fred Niblo. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Nita Naldi Lawful Larceny (1923) with Hope Hampton, Nita Naldi and Conrad Nagel. Directed by Allan Dwan. Paramount. Sainted Devil, A (1924) with Rudolph Valentino, Nita Naldi and Helena D'Algy. Directed by Joseph Henabery. Paramount. Pola Negri Barbed Wire (1927) with Pola Negri and Clive Brook. Directed by Roland V. Lee. Paramount. Woman Commands, A (1932) with Pola Negri, Roland Young, Basil Rathbone. Directed by Paul Stein. RKO Radio. Sound film. Mabel Normand The Slim Princess (1920) with Mabel Normand, Hugh Thompson and Tully Marshall. Directed by Victor Schertzinger. Goldwyn. Ramon Novarro Prisoner of Zenda, The (1922) with Lewis Stone, Alice Terry, Robert Edeson, and Ramon Novarro. Directed by Rex Ingram. Metro. Muriel Ostriche Men She Married, The (1916) with Gail Kane, Arthur Ashley, Montagu Love, and Muriel Ostriche. Directed by Travers Vale. World Pictures. Seena Owen Branding Broadway (1918) with William S. Hart, Seena Owen, and Arthur Shirley. Directed by William S. Hart. Paramount/Artcraft. Mary Philbin Jane Novak Jack Pickford Great Expectations (1917) with Jack Pickford. Directed by Robert Vignola. Famout Players/Paramount. Seventeen (1916) with Jack Pickford and Louise Huff. Directed by Robert Vignola. Famous Players/Paramount. Caprice (1913) with Mary Pickford, and Owen Moore. Directed by J. Searle Dawley. Paramount/Famous Players. Dorothy Vernon of Haddon Hall (1924) with Mary Pickford, Anders Randolf, and Marc McDermott. Directed by Marshall Neilan (and Mary Pickford uncredited). Pickford/United Artists. Dawn of a Tomorrow, The (1915) with Mary Pickford and David Powell. Directed by James Kirkwood. Famous Players/Paramount. Esmerelda (1915) with Mary Pickford. Directed by James Kirkwood. Famous Players/Paramount. Fanchon the Cricket (1915) with Mary Pickford and Jack Standing. Directed by James Kirkwood. Famous Players/Paramount. Heart O' the Hills (1919) with Mary Pickford and Harold Goodwin. Directed by Joseph DeGrasse and Sidney Franklin. Mary Pickford/First National. In the Bishop's Carriage (1913) with Mary Pickford, David Wall, and House Peters. Directed by Edwin S. Porter and J. Searle Dawley. Famous Players / Paramount. Madame Butterfly (1915) with Mary Pickford. Directed by Sydney Olcott. Famous Players. My Best Girl (1927) with Mary Pickford and Charles "Buddy" Rogers. Directed by Sam Taylor. Pickford/United Artists. Pollyanna (1920) with Mary Pickford, Wharton James and Katherine Griffith. Directed by Paul Powell. Mary Pickford/United Artists. Sparrows (1926) with Mary Pickford and Gustav von Seyffertitz. Directed by William Beaudine. Pickford / United Artists. Feel My Pulse (1928) with Bebe Daniels, Richard Arlen, and William Powell. Directed by Gregory La Cava. Paramount. Marie Prevost Edna Purviance In the Park (1915) with Charles Chaplin and Edna Purviance. Directed by Charles Chaplin. Essanay. (Postcard) Esther Ralston Half a Bride (1928) with Gary Cooper and Esther Ralston. Directed by Gregory LaCava. Paramount. Jobyna Ralston Bride-To-Be, The (1922) with Paul Parrott and Jobyna Ralston. Directed by James Davis. Hal Roach/Pathé. Freshman, The (1925) with Harold Lloyd and Jobyna Ralston. Directed by Fred Newmeyer and Sam Taylor. Harold Lloyd/Pathé Night Flyer, The (1928) with William Boyd and Jobyna Ralston. Directed by James Cruze. Pathe. Sweet Daddies (1926) with George Sidney, Charles Murray, and Jobyna Ralston. Directed by Alfred Santell. First National. Hound of the Baskervilles, The (1939) with Richard Greene, Basil Rathbone, Wendy Barrie, and Nigel Bruce. Directed by Sidney Lanfield. Twentieth-Century Fox. Charles Ray His Mother's Boy (1917) with Charles Ray, Doris May and William Elmer. Directed by Victor Schertzinger. Ince/Paramount. Wallace Reid Love Burglar, The (1919) with Wallace Reid and Anna Q. Nilsson. Directed by James Cruze. Famous Players/Lasky/Paramount. The Man Who Saved the Day (1917) with Wallace Reid, Pauline Bush, and John Burns. Directed by Wallace Reid. Universal (Big U). Vera Reynolds Irene Rich My Official Wife (1926) with Irene Rich, Conway Tearle, and Jane Winton. Directed by Paul Stein. Warner Brothers. Edward G. Robinson Charles "Buddy" Rogers Headless Horseman, The (1922) with Will Rogers, Lois Meredith. Directed by Edward D. Venturini. Hodkinson. Gilbert Roland Rosiland Russell Tiny Sanford Larry Semon Latest From Paris, The (1928) with Norma Shearer and George Sidney. Directed by Sam Wood. MGM. Snob, the (1924) with John Gilbert (not pictured) and Norma Shearer. Directed by Monta Bell. MGM. Milton Sills The Sea Hawk (1924) with Milton Sills, Enid Bennett, and Lloyd Hughes. Directed by Frank Lloyd. First National. Simone Simon Marguerite Snow Ford Sterling Good and Naughty (1926) with Pola Negri, Tom Moore, Ford Sterling. Directed by Mal St. Clair. Paramount. Little Widow, The (1919) with Ford Sterling, Myrtle Lind, Billy Armstrong, and Teddy the dog. Directed by Bert Roach and Malcolm St. Clair. Mack Sennett/Paramount. Show Off, The (1926) with Ford Sterling, Lois Wilson and Louise Brooks. Directed by Mal St. Clair. Paramount. So Big (1924) with Coleen Moore, Joseph DeGrasse, John Bowers, Wallace Beery, and Ford Sterling. Directed by Charles Brabin. First National. Anita Stewart The Goddess (1915) with Anita Stewart and Earle Williams. Directed by Ralph Ince. Vitagraph. 15 chapters. Harriet and the Piper, The (1920) with Anita Stewart, Ward Crane and Irving Cummings. Directed by Bertram Bracken. First National. Question of Honor, A (1922) with Anita Stewart. Directed by Edwin Carewe. Anita Stewart/First National. Rustling For Cupid (1926) with George O'Brien and Anita Stewart. Directed by Irving Cummings. Fox. Sins of the Mothers, The (1914) with Anita Stewart and Earle Williams. Directed by Ralph Ince. Vitagraph. Roy Stewart Boss of the Lazy Y, The (1918) with Roy Stewart and Frankie Lee (shown). Directed by Cliff Smith. Fine Arts/Triangle. Fly God, The (1918) with Roy Stewart and Edward Peil. Directed by Cliff Smith. Triangle. Gloria Swanson The Affairs of Anatol (1921) with Gloria Swanson and Wallace Reid. Directed by Cecil B. DeMille. Paramount. Beyond the Rocks (1922) with Gloria Swanson, Rudolph Valentino, and Alec B. Francis. Directed by Sam Wood. Paramount. Impossible Mrs. Bellew, The (1922) with Gloria Swanson, Robert Cain and Conrad Nagel. Directed by Sam Wood. Paramount. Madame Sans-Gene (1924) with Gloria Swanson, Emile Drain. Directed by Léonce Perret. Paramount. Stage Struck (1925) with Gloria Swanson, Lawrence Gray and Gertrude Astor. Directed by Allan Dwan. Paramount. Sultan's Wife, The (1917) with Gloria Swanson and Bobby Vernon. Directed by Clarence Badger. Keystone/Triangle. Constance Talmadge Duchess of Buffalo, The (1926) with Constance Talmadge. Directed by Sidney Franklin. Talmadge/First National. Honeymoon, The (1917) with Constance Talmadge and Earle Foxe. Directed by Charles Giblyn. Selznick/Select. Up the Road With Sallie (1918) with Constance Talmadge, Norman Kerry and Kate Toncray. Directed by William Desmond Taylor. Select. Norma Talmadge Graustark (1925) with Norma Talmadge, Eugene O'Brien, and Marc McDermott. Directed by Dmitri Buchowetski. Schenck/First National. Kiki (1926) with Norma Talmadge, Ronald Colman and Gertrude Astor. Directed by Clarence Brown. Norma Talmadge/First National. Probation Wife, The (1919) with Norma Talmadge and Thomas Meighan. Directed by Sidney Franklin. Norma Talmadge/Select. Smilin' Through (1922) with Norma Talmadge, Harrison Ford, and Wyndham Standing. Directed by Sydney Franklin. Norma Talmadge / Associated First National. Alice Terry Confessions of a Queen (1925) with Alice Terry, Lewis Stone, and John Bowers. Directed by Victor Sjostrom. MGM. Olive Thomas Heart to Heart (1928) with Mary Astor, Lloyd Hughes, Louise Fazenda, Lucien Littlefield, and Thelma Todd. Directed by William Beaudine. First National. Vamping Venus (1928) with Charlie Murray, Louise Fazenda and Thelma Todd. Directed by Eddie Cline. First National. Ernest Torrence Ben Turpin Bucking the Tiger (1917) with Ben Turpin and Art Currier. Directed by Robin Williamson. Vogue/Mutual. Caught in the End (1917) with Ben Turpin and Art Currier. Directed by Robin Williamson. Vogue/Mutual. Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, The (1921) with Rudolph Valentino, Alice Terry and Alan Hale. Directed by Rex Ingram. Metro. Nobody Home (1919) with Dorothy Gish, Ralph Graves and Rudolph Valentino. Directed by Elmer Clifton. New Art/Paramount. Son of the Sheik, The (1926) with Rudolph Valentino and Vilma Banky. Directed by George Fitzmaurice. United Artists. Virginia Valli Marriage (1927) with Virginia Valli and Allan Durant. Directed by Roy William Neill. Fox. Florence Vidor Grounds for Divorce (1925) with Florence Vidor, Tom Moore, and Harry Myers. Directed by Paul Bern. Paramount. Henry B. Walthall False Faces, The (1919) with Henry B. Walthall and Lon Chaney, Sr. Directed by Irvin Willat. Paramount. Robert Warwick H. B. Warner King of Kings, The (1927) with H.B. Warner and Jacqueline Logan. Directed by Cecil B. DeMille. Pathé. Market of Vain Desire, The (1916) with H.B. Warner and Clara Williams. Directed by Reginald Barker. New York Motion Picture/Triangle. Bryant Washburn It Pays to Advertise (1919) with Bryant Washburn and Lois Wilson. Directed by Donald Crisp. Paramount-Lasky. Six Best Cellars (1920) with Bryant Washburn and Wanda Hawley. Directed by Donald Crisp. Paramount. Lois Wilson Claire Windsor Son of the Sahara, A (1924) with Bert Lytell and Claire Windsor. Directed by Edwin Carewe. Edwin Carewe Productions/Associated First National. Clara Kimball Young Claw, The (1918) with Clara Kimball Young. Directed by Robert G. Vignola. Clara Kimball Young/Select.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line161
__label__cc	0.508046	0.491954	Bidang Kajian Aktiviti 2010 Senarai Kakitangan CDiSS Commentary Centres \ Centre for Defence and International Security Studies \ Objective · To become a premier research institute and a consultancy centre in defence strategy, security and international relations. · To become the focal point for the Government to consult on issues pertaining to national defence and international security. · To organise conferences and seminars on defence and international security issues at the international and national level. · To conduct research in collaboration with Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), industries and other research institutions with similar objectives within and outside the country on defence and international security issues. · To conduct courses for executives and undertake post-graduate courses in the areas of defence and international security. · To become a Centre of Excellence on defence and international security studies. · To establish linkages with other Centres of Excellence such as the Centre for Defence Research and Technology (CODRAT) and the Malaysian Institute of Defence and Security (MIDAS).	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line164
__label__cc	0.508198	0.491802	Mitvot in Noahide Law From Wikinoah English Revision as of 12:35, 4 April 2007 by Abrahamson (talk \| contribs) Rabbi Yoel Schwartz (Jerusalem Court for Bnei Noah) “We will fulfill and we will hear” (Shabbat 88a). Here we will try to explain the importance of spiritual fulfillment and its effect on the personality of the person. We will also see why it is not enough to feel this spiritual fulfillment in the heart, but that it must be accompanied by concrete actions. All this has been explained in the Torah and was understood as something quite simple by many intellectuals of the world like Soren Kirkgegard (In “A Jew, Who Is He, What Is He?” page 22) who said, “A belief that does not bring in its wake a fulfillment and a change, is a false one. The greatest believer, who carries out his belief with great enthusiasm, but shows no sign of a complete change in his life, proves, that his belief is simply part of his own imagination only. The influence and recognition of a belief in a human being depends on the way he carries out his day-to-day life and manages to control and suppress his desires, stops doing evil and the actions he takes to carry this out.” The Greek philosophers, who did not believe in a practical religion, but believed that human perfection comes from recognizing and studying the truth, believed just the same, that a person must carry out and fulfill deeds that will teach him spiritual perfection: In his Kuzari, Rabbi Yehudah HaLevi thus wrote (Article A, Part A), “Question the truth on the things that you want to know, in order that your brain will act and not be acted upon. Talk to the point and in truthful ways. This will help you seek and recognize the truth. Then you will demand less, be more humble and accumulate good character traits.” The Philosophers did not recognize G-d or the need to act accordingly to His commandments. This is why they believed that human beings can act in any way suitable that will bring them to fulfillment of their goals. Just the same, these intellectuals understood that it was not enough for a person to acquire education and knowledge but that he also needed to carry out and act in order that his internal thinking could turn into a reality. Which is exactly what the Torah tells us to do, and we will bring several examples here. A) The Precepts (Mitzvot) connected to prayers: These precepts connected to prayers are done through the heart as it is stated in Ta’anit 2, “and to labor for him with all your heart – what is the service of the heart – it is prayer.” Anyway it is not enough to pray from the heart. If a person has some thoughts that stem from his heart but does not utter them out with his lips, then he has not fulfilled the commandment as it is stated in Berachot 20, “Thoughts are not the same as an utterance.” B) Repentance: The precepts connected to repentance are also connected to the heart: Nevertheless, “A person repenting must confess with his lips and say the things he has decided to do through his heart” (Rambam, Repentance, Chapter 2). C) Ownership: When ownership is transferred, the most important part in this transaction is that the heart of the original owner agrees with the action. But all of this is not legal until some sort of action of transference is performed, such as that a deed or legal paper is signed or changes hands or the transfer of ownership done according to the Jewish religion (Halacha). (This includes an action that is accepted as a valid transference of ownership by the society where the transaction is taking place.) D) Marriage: It is not enough for both sides to agree to marry and to live like a family, but a legal action must also be carried out for this agreemen t to be formal. From all these examples we have learned that it is not enough for the heart to tell you to do something. There is a need for some sort of act to carry out the will of the heart. For this reason the spiritual fulfillment of a person is not reached unless it is carried out by action. The belief and the desire to be close to G-d and the actions connected with it must be according to the precepts (Mitzvot) that G-d set forth in the Torah. There is, sometimes, an opposite process when outside actions (not connected or controlled by the person) influence the internal thinking of a person as it is explained in Sefer Ha’Chinuch #16, explaining why the Torah has so many practical precepts: “Know that a person is governed by his actions. His heart and all his thoughts are influenced by the actions that he is involved in be they good or bad. Even a wicked man whose thoughts are concentrated on doing evil all day, if he should start studying Torah and Mitzvot, even if he is not doing it for G-d’s sake, he will start acting in a more positive manner. This is because the heart goes after the deeds. The same holds true, concerning a righteous man, who lives according to the Torah and Mitzvot, but makes a living from dubious transactions, or if for example he is forced by the King or ruler to deal in such dubious matters, he will eventually be transformed from a righteous man to an evil one.” In Mesilat Yesharim (Chapter 7), it is written, “Alacrity is brought about by the internal enthusiasm of a person. But even if a person lacks this internal enthusiasm, he should carry out and do things in an accelerated pace, this will bring about an internal enthusiasm. Since external actions brings about internal ones.” The Rambam, in his commentary to Avot, wrote, “If a person wants to give a certain sum to charity, it is worth while to divide this charity into several portions and give it away at different intervals and not at one time. By doing so, it has a greater effect on a person, than if he would give the sum to charity all at one time. This, despite the fact that to do so, he must invest more time and effort.” The actions of a person should be done in order to fulfill and carry out the commandments of the Creator, since these are the things that elevate a person. As the Maharal from Prague wrote in Tiferet Yisrael (Chapter 4), “The commandments of the Torah can be likened to a rope by which a person is drawn out of a hole or a well. The person is drawn from the lowest levels to the higher levels of the world. The more he does, the more he removes materialism from himself, which then enables him to sit next to the Lord of Hosts.” The meaning of the word Mitzvot in Hebrew comes from the root Unite and Bind. Which means that each mitzvah unites and binds the person to the Creator of the world (see Tanya). In Tanna d’bei Eliyahu (Chapter 9), it is written, “I testify before heaven and earth, Israel and the nations, man and woman between a servant and handmaiden, the Holy Spirit rests upon a person according to his actions.” The fulfillment of the commandments in the Torah, builds the character of a person and raises him to a level of perfection, as it is written in Deuteronomy 4:14, “And the Lord commanded me at that time to teach you statutes and ordinances, that la’asot’chem – you might do them…” [The Hebrew la’asot’chem also means “you shall make (i.e. build) yourselves.”] This word la’asotchem teaches us here that the statutes and ordinances, the mitzvot, build the person and it does not merely mean that a person must carry them out. This is why it is written in this special way. A person must be trained on the way he should build his life, starting from early childhood. Anyone reading books dealing with child- care can find many examples there. But even as a grownup, a person must take a grip on himself, if he wants to “discover himself” and find a real meaning to his life. The Noahide laws are logical. Many intelligent people will even agree that there is a need for them, but this is not enough. We must remember that we must carry out these ordinances and statutes because we have been ordered to do so by the Creator. They were given to Adam and Noah, then again given on Mount Sinai. Part of the Torah was given on Mount Sinai to the Israelites as a Holy Nation of Priests (Exodus 19:2). The remaining part is intended for entire human race. The Rambam wrote in Melachim-Kings (8:11), Every person that agrees to carry out the seven Mitzvot of the children of Noah, and does this in a careful manner, is a righteous gentile, and has part in the world to come, meaning that he carries this out because G-d has ordered him to do so in the Torah, through Moses. But if these seven mitzvot are carried out just because he feels a necessity to do so, then he is not a Ger Toshav (Gentile resident in Israel), nor a righteous gentile or one of its sages. The Mitzvot have been handed down to us in the form of an order, but just the same we are called to accept them gladly. A person must accept the Mitzvot with love. Despite the hardships in fulfilling them, he must carry them out. This also has an educational value. A person who wants to do only those good deeds that he feels impelled to perform without being ordered to do so stresses his own importance. He thinks that he is the focus of everything. But when a person decides to carry out the Mitzvot because he has been ordered to by G-d, then he feels the importance of the G-d that orders. It is only then that he manages to discover and find all his hidden powers in order to carry out these mitzvot. These hidden powers cannot be tapped to their utmost if a person carries out the mitzvot simply because he has the sudden urge or mood to do so. This decision is strengthened even more when the person announces it before three learned and wise Jews. This acts transforms the person into a Ger Toshav. Even today, when, since all of the Israelites have not yet returned to their land, the laws concerning a Ger Toshav are not applicable – in reference to the special privileges which would otherwise apply to a non-Jew who has made such a declaration – such a declaration made before three observant Jews nevertheless still enhances the status of the non-Jew. This declaration should include: belief in the principles of the existence of the one true G-d, who is everlasting, the Creator of all things, guides all of his creations, is the One that gave the Torah on Sinai for all of humanity, and oversees all the actions of the human beings to reward and punish them for their deeds. Then the person should state that he is willing to fulfill the seven mitzvot that were given to Noah. (There are those who believe that this announcement should be accompanied by submersing in a pool of at least 660 liters of water, like the sea, spring or a man-made pool built in the earth. However we know of no basis for this view.)[1] ↑ Noahide Commandments by Rabbi Yoel Schwartz, Translated by Yitzhak A. Oked Sechter, Reviewed and corrected by Yechiel Sitzman in consultation with Rabbi Yoel Schwartz Retrieved from "http://www.wikinoah.org/en/index.php?title=Mitvot_in_Noahide_Law&oldid=4378" Legal Rulings Jerusalem Court for Bnei Noah	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line169
__label__wiki	0.811152	0.811152	WOMEN IN HISTORY - "MOTHER" MARY HARRIS JONES Irish immigrant who lost her family to yellow fever and became the self-proclaimed mother and “hell-raiser” for the downtrodden American laborer, especially children August 1, 1837 (She later claimed it was May 1, 1830) Mary Harris was born to Richard and Mary Harris. She came from a long line of social agitators. It was common in Ireland then to see British soldiers marching through the streets with the heads of Irish freedom fighters stuck on their bayonets. Her paternal grandfather was hanged by the British for being a freedom fighter. Several sources say her father also was one and, shortly after his father was hanged, was forced to flee Ireland with his family. Another source says he left to work on railway construction crews in the U.S. and Canada. At any rate, they did leave Ireland, eventually settling in Toronoto, Ontario, in 1841. Mary attended public schools in Toronto, and graduated from the normal school in 1854 at the age of 17. The next year, she began working as a private tutor in Maine. She received a teaching certificate in Michigan in 1857, at age 20, and taught at St. Mary's Convent school in Monroe, Michigan. Mary only taught in Michigan for about eight months, moving to Chicago to work as a dressmaker. From there, she moved to Memphis, Tennessee, in 1860 to teach school again. It was here, in 1861, that she met and married George E. Jones, a staunch and prominent member of the Iron Molders' Union. At times, Mary traveled with George in his union organizing. Through him, Mary learned about unions and the psychology of working men. Later, she would advise women that "the wife must care for what the husband cares for, if he is to remain resolute." Life was good for a while, as Mary and George bore four children in quick succession. But tragedy first struck in 1867, when her husband and all the children died in a yellow fever epidemic, within a week of each other. She stayed in Memphis nursing other victims until the epidemic waned, then moved back to Chicago, working as a dressmaker again. But tragedy soon followed. In 1871, she lost everything she owned in her home and seamstress shop in the great Chicago fire. It was then that Mary embarked upon the path that made her name synonymous with social justice. Probably the seeds were sown earlier, while sewing in the homes of wealthy Chicago families. She later said: "Often while sewing for lords and barons who lived in magnificent houses on the Lake Shore Drive, I would look out of the plate glass windows and see the poor, shivering wretches, jobless and hungry, walking alongside the frozen lake front.... The contrast of their condition with that of the tropical comfort of the people for whom I sewed was painful to me. My employers seemed neither to notice nor to care." After the great fire, Mary began to attend meetings of the newly formed Knights of Labor, held in a ragged, fire-scorched building. The fraternity and its ideals must have struck a chord in Mary, bringing forth her compassion and passion. And although she continued to work in Chicago as a seamstress, she had no fixed home. She began volunteering with the Knights of Labor as an organizer -- traveling back and forth across the country, from one industrial area to another, living with the workers in tent colonies and shantytowns near the mills. She in essence adopted the hard workers of America, and they called her 'Mother.' (One source says during a strike, a mine detective bashed the skull of a miner. While Mary cradled his head, the delirious, dying miner thought she was his mother and called her such; the name stuck.) When asked about where she lived, she said: "My address is like my shoes. It travels with me. I abide where there is a fight against wrong." The Industrial Revolution was in full swing. America was changing from an agricultural to an industrial economy. Immigrants and displaced farmers made up the vast array of workers, digging out coal and forging steel. But they were subjected to nightmarish conditions and paid starvation wages. Mary would travel to wherever there was a strike, organizing and helping the workers. She would hold educational meetings, and bolster the men's spirits to keep up the fight. Often she was at odds with union leaders. In 1877, Mary helped in the Baltimore and Ohio railroad workers' strike in Pittsburgh. In the 1880s, she organized and ran educational meetings, saying: "Sit down and read. Educate yourself for the coming conflicts." On May 1, 1886, labor unions in Chicago organized a strike for an eight-hour work day. (Two years earlier, the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions had called for the eight-hour work day to begin on that day.) Two days into the strike, a fight broke out and two strikers were killed by police; others were wounded. On May 4, spurred by incendiary fliers saying the police had murdered the strikers on behalf of the business owners, thousands of workers gathered in Chicago's Haymarket Square for a rally. Although the people remained calm throughout, when the police ordered everyone to disperse and began marching in formation through the crowd, a bomb was thrown and exploded near them, killing one policeman. (Seven more policemen died later from their injuries.) The police began firing into the crowd, ultimately killing 11 people. Many of the wounded were afraid to seek treatment, for fear of being arrested. It was because of this event that Mary "changed" her birth date to May 1, 1830 -- May 1 in honor of the strike for an eight-hour work day. This date has become celebrated worldwide as International Workers' Day (except in the U.S., the U.K., Canada, Australia and New Zealand), commemorating the social and economic achievements of the labor movement and remembering the Haymarket Riot. Mary probably moved her birth seven years earlier to embellish the grandmotherly image of 'Mother' Jones. Prominent strikes Mary participated in include the Pullman railroad strike in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1894; the Pennsylvania anthracite coal miners' strike in 1902; the Ludlow miners' strike in Colorado in 1913; and the nationwide steel workers' strike in 1919. She also helped other workers as well. In 1901, she helped form a union of domestic servants and helped silk weavers (often daughters of miners) fight for better work conditions. In 1909, she helped striking shirtwaist workers; the next year she helped organize women bottlers in Milwaukee breweries. In 1916, she helped streetcar workers in Texas and New York. At only five feet tall and dressed in black with just a touch of lace at her throat and wrists, Mary was a perfect picture of a grandmother. Yet when she spoke, she was dynamic, energetic and enthusiastic -- bringing her audiences to tears, applause and laughter. She was a gifted storyteller with a brilliant sense of humor. Her intensity was almost explosive when she began to speak; her listeners (mostly men) sat up, fully alert, and believed that together they could do anything. She'd smile and scan the people gathered with her bright blue eyes, then say: "I'm not a humanitarian. I'm a hell-raiser!" Another well-known quote is: "Pray for the dead and fight like hell for the living." Starting in 1890, she joined the coal miners' fight, becoming an organizer for the newly formed United Mine Workers of America. First she was a volunteer, then she became a union employee. She traveled to West Virginia, Alabama and Colorado, the hardest to organize areas. The miners and their families lived in towns where everything -- the houses, stores and even churches -- was owned by the mining company. She knew the gruesome conditions and hazards of their work, and even went into the mines during strikes to convince scabs (men who worked while others were striking) to quit and support their fellow workers. She warned miners to not trust the churches because they were financially supported by the mine owners. One preacher chastised Mary for holding a union meeting in "a house of God." She said: "Oh, that isn't God's house. That is the coal company's house. ... God almighty never comes around to a place like this." Although Mary was raised Catholic, she never claimed allegiance, feeling the organized church had abandoned the revolutionary nature Jesus had espoused. She also felt organized religion was used as a way to keep people from asking questions about their condition. When she spoke to groups, she portrayed Jesus as an organizer of the poor, saying he chose to die rather than betray the poor. On June 20, 1902, at a rally near Clarksburg, West Virginia, Mary was arrested after her speech. When she found out she would be detained in a hotel, she demanded to be put in jail with the other miners who had been arrested. During her career, she was arrested or escorted out of town many times -- only to return again and again. Remembering lessons she learned from George, Mary often involved the wives and children of miners to dramatize the situation, as well as keep up the men's resolve. In 1902, she told striking miners in Arnot, Pennsylvania, to "stay home with the children for a change and let the women attend to the scabs." Then she led a march of the miners' wives from mine to mine, driving away strikebreakers with brooms and mops. She used this strategy many times at other strikes. In 1907 in Westmoreland, Pennsylvania, she urged strikers' wives to stand at the picket line, with their children. If arrested and imprisoned, she told them to sing as loudly as they could so the townspeople would be happy to have them released. As for children, Mary traveled to several Southern cotton mills, assessing the working conditions -- although cotton mills were not exclusive to the South. She hired on at some, telling the managers she had children who would be working with her. She described the typical conditions at the mills: "Little girls and boys, barefooted, walked up and down between the endless rows of spindles, reaching their little hands into the machinery to repair snapped threads. They crawled under machinery to oil it. They replaced spindles all day long, all day long; all night through. Tiny babies six years old with faces of sixty, did an eight hour shift for ten cents a day." In 1903, to dramatize the need to abolish child labor, she led a caravan of striking children from the textile mills of Kensington, Pennsylvania, to President Theodore Roosevelt's home in Long Island, New York. They carried banners saying "We want time to play!" and "We want to go to school!" The president refused to meet with them, but the "Children's Crusade" caught the public's attention. She is quoted as saying: "The employment of children is doing more to fill prisons, insane asylums, almshouses, reformatories, slums, and gin shops than all the efforts of reformers are doing to improve society." In 1898, Mary helped found the Social Democratic Party. In 1904, she resigned from the UMWA and began lecturing for the Socialist Party of America, traveling throughout the southwest. She became an organizer for the Western Federation of Miners (who mined metal rather than coal), who were much more radical than the UMWA. In 1905, Mary was a founder of the Industrial Workers of the World union -- the only woman amond 27 people signing the manifesto calling for the organization. The predecessor of this union was the Knights of Labor. While still participating in strikes and organized drives for unions, Mary became concerned as well about the conditions of Mexicans working in the U.S. She also focused energy on raising funds to defend Mexican revolutionaries who had been arrested or deported. She supported the overthrow of the dictatorial Mexican President Porfirio Diaz, and visited his successor, Francisco Madero, until he was assassinated. In 1911, Mary left the Socialist Party to again work for the United Mine Workers union as an organizer. It was during this time that 'Mother' Jones came to national attention through the Paint Creek-Cabin Creek strike in West Virginia. On September 21, 1912, she led a march of miners' children through Charleston, West Virginia. On February 12, 1913, she led a protest about mining conditions and was arrested. At the age of 76, Mary was convicted by a military court of conspiring to commit murder and was sentenced to 20 years in prison. This whole ordeal created such a fervor nationally that the U.S. Senate ordered a committee to investigate conditions in the coalfields. Before the investigations began, newly elected governor Hatfield set 'Mother' Jones free. (Because of her adding seven years to her age, everyone believed she was 83 years old.) She didn't waste any time -- traveling to Colorado to help miners in a yearlong strike. She arrived in Trinidad, Colorado, and spoke at the West Theatre: "Rise up and strike ... strike until the last one of you drop into your graves. We are going to stand together and never surrender. Boys, always remember you ain't got a damn thing if you ain't got a union!" Mary was evicted from mine company property several times, but returned again and again. She was arrested and imprisoned twice: first for about two months at Mt. San Rafael Hospital, and later for 23 days in a squalid semi-basement cell at Huerfano County Jail in Walsenburg. This second time was in Ludlow, Colorado, after she'd been told to leave town or be arrested. After her prison term, she was escorted out of town, but she slipped back in with the help of railroad workers. On April 20, 1914, miners and their families, 20 people in all, were killed in a machine-gun massacre at a tent colony in Ludlow. Mary traveled the country telling the story. She caught the attention of the nation, and its leaders. President Wilson and members of the House Mines and Mining Committee responded by proposing that the union and each mine's owners agree to a truce and create grievance committees. In 1915 and 1916, Mary helped in the strikes of garment workers and streecar workers in New York. In 1919, she helped steel workers striking in Pittsburg and was arrested again. In 1921, as a guest of the Mexican government, Mary attended the Pan-American Federation of Labor meeting in Mexico -- a highlight of recognition for her role in the labor movement. The next year, she resigned from the UMWA. (Both of her resignations from the UMWA were from disagreements with the presidents; the first time being John Mitchell. She felt Mitchell had been bought off by the mining companies and was serving their interests rather than the workers'. As for John L. Lewis, the later president, she thought he was a self-promoter and detested him until she died.) In 1924, Mary was sued for libel, slander and sedition. The next year, the publisher of the Chicago Times, a fledgling newspaper at the time, won a shocking $350,000 judgment against her. Early in that year, Mary was attacked by a couple of thugs while staying at a friend's house. She fought them off, causing one to flee and seriously injuring the other, a 54-year-old man who later died from the wounds -- which included a blunt head injury from Mary's trademark black leather boots. Police arrested her, but she was released soon after when the attackers were identified as associates of a prominent local business man. That same year, 1925, Mary published her autobiography, which she'd probably started writing in 1922 or 1923. She dictated her stories to Mary Field Parton, a reporter, friend and mistress of Clarence Darrow. (He wrote the introduction to the first edition.) Afterwards, she continued to lecture, as her health permitted. She was now 85 years old. Her last known public speaking engagement was in Alliance, Ohio, in 1926, as the guest of honor at a Labor Day celebration. Her last public appearance was at her 100th birthday party (although she was really only 92 years old) on May 1, 1930, in Silver Spring, Maryland. Mary lived in Silver Spring with a retired coal miner and his wife, Walter and Lillie May Burgess. Seven months after the birthday party, 'Mother' Jones died on November 30, 1930, at the age of 93. A requiem mass was held at St. Gabriel's in Washington, D.C., then her body was sent to Mount Olive, Illinois, to be buried in the Union Miners Cemetery, in the coalfields of southern Illinois -- near the graves of victims of the Virden, Illinois, mine riot of 1898. (See the website on the cemetery, below, for more on this event.) Mary had requested to be buried there, back in 1924. Mourners paid tribute to Mother Jones there, both at the Odd Fellows Temple and the Ascension Church, where the memorial service was held. About 10,000 to 15,000 people attended. The Reverend John W.F. Maguire, president of St. Viator's College in Bourbonnais, Illinois, said in his address: "Wealthy coal operators and capitalists throughout the United States are breathing sighs of relief while toil-worn men and women are weeping tears of bitter grief. The reason for this contrast of relief and sorrow is apparent. Mother Jones is dead." Starting in 1934, the Progressive Miners of America, who owned the cemetery, raised over $16,000 to erect a monument to 'Mother' Jones. It stands 22 feet high, built of 80 tons of pink Minnesota granite. On October 11, 1936, the dedication ceremony included an estimated 50,000 people. Five special trains and 25 Greyhound buses brought people to Mt. Olive. Others came by car or hitch-hiked. West Virginia Senator Rush D. Holt spoke, as did North Dakota Congressman William Lemke and socialist leader Duncan McDonald. The final speaker was Lillie May Burgess, who said Mother Jones had wanted to live another 100 years to "fight to the end" so that "there would be no more machine guns and no more sobbing of little children." For years, October 12 was Miner's Day, celebrated with a big gathering in Mt. Olive and a visit to the monument. Mary's work was honored throughout the 1930s, by labor activists and Gene Autry recording "The Death of Mother Jones," whose song origins are obscure. After that, her memory faded and the copyright on her autobiography lapsed. Finally, in 1972, the Charles Kerr Company published a second edition of her autobiography, folk singers revived "The Death of Mother Jones," and in 1976, Mother Jones Magazine was formed, promising journalistic muck-raking much like its namesake. 'Mother' Jones has been criticized as not being a feminist. Her focus, though, was on the rights of workers -- men, women and children. She strongly opposed the suffrage movement, feeling it supported a passive inactivity; whereas she was wholeheartedly about taking action. She pointed out that the women of Ludlow, Colorado, had voting rights in the state, but it did not stop the massacre from happening. She said: "[Women need to realize that with] what they have in their hands there is no limit to what they could accomplish. The trouble is they let the capitalists make them believe they wouldn't be ladylike." As a side note, the popular children's song "She'll Be Coming 'Round the Mountain" is believed to have been inspired by 'Mother' Jones. It first was sung in the late 1800s, spread throughout Appalachia (probably by coal miners), and was widely sung by railroad work gangs in the 1890s. In addition to being nicknamed 'Mother' Jones, Mary also was called 'The Miners' Angel' and 'The Grandmother of All Agitators' -- a title she was proud of, saying she hoped to live to be the great-grandmother of agitators. Commire, Anne, editor. Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Waterford, CT: Yorkin Publications, 2000. Fetherling, Dale. Mother Jones, the Miner's Angel. Southern Illinois University Press, 1974. Foner, Phillip S., editor. Mother Jones Speaks: Collected Writings and Speeches. Pathfinder Press, 1983. Gilbert, Ronnie. Ronnie Gilbert: Face to Face with the Most Dangerous Woman in America. Conari Press, 1993. Gorn, Elliott. Mother Jones: The Most Dangerous Woman in America. New York: Hill and Wang, 2001. Jones, Mary Harris and Edward M. Steele, editor. The Speeches and Writings of Mother Jones: Pittsburg Series in Social and Labor History. University of Pittsburg, 1988. Jones, Mary Harris. The Autobiography of Mother Jones. Dover Publications, 2004. Josephson, Judith Pinkerton. Mother Jones: Fierce Fighter for Workers' Rights. Lerner Publications, 1996. Coal Mining and Union Activities. Oral History Collection 1970-1975, 24 items. Sangaman State University, Oral History Office. Springfield, Illinois. Mother Jones: The Miners' Angel - Illinois Labor History Society Mother Jones - Wikipedia Mother Jones: The Most Dangerous Woman in America - Book review on Womenshistory.About.Com The Haymarket Riot - Wikipedia The Union Miners' Cemetery - Illinois Labor History Society She'll Be Coming 'Round the Mountain - Wikipedia "No matter what the fight, don't be ladylike! God almighty made women and the Rockefeller gang of thieves made the ladies." ~ "Mother" Mary Harris Jones Women in History. "Mother" Mary Harris Jones biography. Last Updated: 2/20/2013. Women In History Ohio. <http://www.womeninhistoryohio.com/mother-mary-harris-jones.html>	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line170
__label__wiki	0.717614	0.717614	Execution of Jews in Myropil Zinaida L., born in 1934, remembers: “It was in fall, we were about to go to bed when suddenly we heard someone screaming. We rushed to the windows to take a look. What we saw was horrible. We saw a column of about 30-40 people. They were all arranged in rows as if they were soldiers. There were men, women and children amongst them. Everyone was crying. They were taken in the direction of the local park, behind the military base. Half hour later, we heard the gun shots. They were all shot. After a while, four or five days later, the policemen continued to search for the Jews. I remember seeing two policemen entering a house and dragging out an elder lady while she was still in her bed. I think she was too old and sick, so she could not walk by herself anymore. She was Jewish. Once they took her out, they shot her dead. They were policemen. I could see everything because I was hiding in the barn located 20-30m away from this house.” (Testimony n°2135, interviewed in Myropil on July 23rd, 2016) “Here is the approximate location of the first execution site of the citizens of Jewish nationality. Accused G. shows the approximate location without given the dimensions. The policemen from Miropol brought the column of citizens of Jewish nationality here and made them stop about 15 meters away from the pit. Two Germans, whom I did not know, and a Deputy Police Commander K. stood close to the pit. Z. ordered all the citizens of Jewish heritage to undress to their underwear, and after, he pointed to a policeman who would conduct the shooting. Among the policemen, there was B., P., Ivan L., T., G. and I. There were others too, but I forgot their names. Other policemen stayed to guard the citizens of Jewish nationality. The policemen who had been called by Z. had to line up about 5 meters away from the pit. I was at the left side of the pit, and L. was in the middle. Then, the policemen who were guarding the column, started to bring the Jews in groups of tens to the pit where they lined up facing the ditch. Then, all the policemen that were at the edge of the pit raised their rifles and fired at the people standing at the edge of the pit. We shot dead 6 groups of ten people of Jewish nationality each using this method. The policemen fired with rifles and Z. shot with a gun. When the 7th group was brought to the pit, I hurt myself with a breach of my weapon and Z. sent me home. Thus, during this execution, I personally shot dead six people of Jewish nationality. I do not know how the shooting was conducted after I left. I do not know how many people were shot in the park that day.» [Deposition of accused policeman during the reconstruction of the crime scene, in Miropol on October 4th, 1986; SBU archives, Delo n°35425, tome 3, pp. 273-284] German archives “There were many Jews (men, women and children) on the hill guarded by policemen. When we arrived, there was about 75-100 Jews waiting there, but others columns were about to be brought as well. I went directly to the pit with S. The pit was in the shape of an oval, about 20 meters long and 10 meters wide. The Jews were brought in groups of 15 people, to the pit. Men were supposed to be shot first and then women. There was a big confusion. There were several children aged between 1 and a half to 10 years old among the victims. They were holding their parents’ hands while walking to the pit. The execution commando, composed of ten men, stood at the edge of the pit. They fired in turns; while some of them fired, the others reloaded the guns. There were five policemen who reloaded their guns at the edge of the pit. The ammunition was stocked in boxes nearby. I did not see any officers there. When the Jews arrived to the pit, they were immediately shot. […] Sometimes victims were not shot dead right away. I am not sure about that, but I think that there were several policemen who finished them off inside the pit with a submachine gun. The children that could walk were taken to the shooter who shot them dead. When women or men held their children in their arms, first the fired at a child and then at the parent.” [Deposition of Gustav B., born in 1906, member of the Police Battalion n°303; B162-6673 p.35.] Myropil is a town located about 70km south west of Zhytomyr. The first records of the Jewish community go back to the middle of 17th century. According to the census of 1926, 1,143 Jews lived in Myropil comprising almost 40% of the total population. There was a synagogue that was closed in the 1930s and a Jewish cemetery which still exists today. The majority of Jew lived off trade and handcraftsmanship. Many of them worked at the paper factory. There was a Jewish school that was apparently closed in 1935. Nevertheless, Jews continued to study at the Ukrainian school. According to some estimates, about 600 Jews lived in Myropil on the eve of the war. The town was occupied by Germans on July 6th, 1941. Shortly afterwards, all the Jews were marked with armbands and were registered. At the end of July 1941, an open ghetto was created in the former Jewish quarter. All Jews fit to work were subjected to forced labor. The first Aktion was conducted by SS unit, Einsatzgruppe C, on July 28th to the30th, 1941, against 24 Jewish men who were shot under the pretext of having refused to work. Two months later, throughout the course of two mass executions, conducted in late September or early October and mid-October respectively, about 250 Jews were shot by police in the municipal park. According to local witnesses, before being taken to the shooting all the Jews were gathered in the central square of Myropil. According to an eyewitness, the Jews had to walk onto two planks laid over the ditch and were shot dead by two Germans who fired with machine guns. In December 1941, about 9 Jews were brought from the Kolodyazhne village where they had been hiding and shot in the municipal park. The last Aktion during which was perpetrated against the 100 remaining Jews, consisting mostly of specialists and their families, was conducted on February 16th, 1942. Go to the Townpage on JewishGen Ukraine SIG website Read Yahad-In Unum’s report of the research trip in this area Check the testimony of a Jewish survivor from USC Shoah Foundation Polonne Lyubar	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line172
__label__cc	0.673907	0.326093	Jeffrey MacDonald at the Grand Jury The following testimony was taken on Tuesday, August 13, 1974, beginning at 9:30 a.m. in the Grand Jury Room, Federal Building, Raleigh, North Carolina. All Grand Jurors were present at this time. The following proceedings were held to wit: (Dr. Jeffrey MacDonald resumes the stand.) FURTHER EXAMINATION BY MR. WOERHEIDE: Q Dr. MacDonald, you are the same Dr. MacDonald who was testifying before this grand jury yesterday, are you not, sir? A Yes, I am, sir. Q And you understand that your testimony at this time is given under the oath that you took yesterday when you first came in as a witness? A Yes, I do. Q I just have a couple of additional questions regarding the matters that we covered yesterday. You mentioned that your brother is now living in New Hope, Pennsylvania. Can you give us an address for him, sir? A I don't know the exact address. He just moved recently. Q Does being there have anything to do with Bob Stern, as you mentioned him as living in New Hope? A No, he is living with a girl. Q Do you have the address for your sister? A 1010 Highland Park Road, Schenectady, New York. Q When you were a resident surgeon at Columbia Presbyterian, who were you working with there, under whose supervision and direction? A I was a surgical intern for twelve months. I didn't always work in the department of surgery but my superior was the chief of the department of surgery. Each month you rotate on a service. Q I am just trying to ascertain who your close associates there were, people who might know you well. A The people who know you best are the residents you work immediately under. Q Could you mention a few names, people that you would give as a character reference, say? A Dr Howard Bellin, B-e-l-l-i-n, who lives, I think, Park Avenue in New York now. The names of my residents escapes me right now. Q Were you always in physician status while you while you were at Columbia Presbyterian or did there come a time when you were a patient there? A I think I -- I think I had pneumonia when I was an intern. Q Did that require you to be hospitalized? A Right, it did, right. Q For a period of some weeks or an extended period of time? A I think it was some days anyway. Q Was there any surgical intervention for this pneumonia, condition to tap the lungs or drain the lungs or anything like that, sir? A No. Q When you were living here in Ft. Bragg, did you maintain a bank account? A At Ft. Bragg? Q Yes. A I'm sure we did. Q When you were living there, did you have a bank account? A Yes. Q Do you remember the name of the bank? A No, sir. Q Was this a joint account that you had with Colette? A I believe so, yes. Q Was it a bank on base or in town? A On post. Q On post. Was it a bank or a saving and loan? A We had a checking account. I don't know what kind of bank it was in. Q Was this a bank maintained as part of the post facilities? I don't know what they have set up for the members of the military. A It was like First Bankers Trust Company. It was a regular bank but they had a branch on the post. Q Where you are living now, do you maintain a bank account? A Surely. Q Where do you bank? A I have two bank accounts. Q What are the banks? A Bank of American is my corporate bank account and the American City Bank is my personal account. Q They have branch banking in California, do they not? Q Could you specify the branches? A The Bank of American is the Huntington Harbor branch and the American City is, I guess, just the Long Beach branch. I don't know if it's a specific branch name to it. Q Before I get into a different area of questions, Dr. MacDonald, as you know from the Article 32 hearing a couple of hairs turned up, specifically on the body of Colette, which have not been positively identified; and an effort has been made in the past to obtain hair samples from various individuals including yourself and hair samples were obtained from you and hair samples were obtained from some other people but not everyone from whom it was desired to have hair samples. And in the course of this, as a result of the hair samples that were taken from you, laboratory reports was submitted by the CID lab at Ft. Gordon. As I understand this laboratory report, the final conclusion was that they could neither state that one of the hairs corresponded to a hair sample obtained from you nor could they say it could not have been a hair sample that came from you. A That is incorrect information. Q As I read the report, Capt. MacDonald, I don't have it here. A Mr. Woerheide -- Q Dr. MacDonald. As I read the report, they say that the hair that was taken from you did not come from enough points. A That is incorrect, sir. Q On your body. A They have twelve hair samples from the head, armpits, pubic, legs, and chest. Where else do I have hair? The initial laboratory report stated without any question that the hair was dissimilar from my hair. Q How many points on your head did they take hair samples? A I don't know. Q Was it more than one point? A Yes, it was. Q Can you tell me how many points? A I don't remember. I was standing naked in my room while they were cutting hair from me. Q Did they use scissors? A Yes, they did. Q Who removed the hairs? A A physician from Special Forces. I don't remember -- or the hospital. I don't know which one. Q And where else did they obtain hair from you? A Armpits, pubic area, legs. I don't know if they did my arms or not, and chest. Q Well, we are advised, Dr. MacDonald, and we have to rely upon the information that is furnished to us at this time that in order to make a positive statement with respect to whether or not one of these hairs came from you, they need additional hair samples from you. We also need a -- A I'd like to respond to that, sir, if I may at this time. A That hair report was very, very clear when it was initially issued from the laboratory at Ft. Gordon. The laboratory technician issued a specific decision that the hair was dissimilar. There is no question what that means. Q To the hair taken from you which they did examine, but in the second report -- A In the second report asked for by the prosecutor. Q They said they needed additional samples. They needed hair from additional points on your body. Now, the report is clear in that respect, Mr. MacDonald; and I am not here to debate the matter with you. I am telling you what the situation is. In addition to that, we are going to need footprints from you. In addition to that, we are going to ask for a photograph of your body that will reflect the scars or any marks or signs that indicate the injuries that you suffered as a result of the assault upon you or as a result of the medical treatment that resulted from that assault. You did have medical treatment, did you not, that requires the insertion of two tubes? A I did. Q In your body? Q To eliminate the pneumothorax? Q And the insertion of these tubes presumably would leave some sort of a mark on your body. Isn't that correct? Q So at this time, I am asking you whether you will voluntarily agree to give additional hair samples, to give footprints, and to permit the making of the photographs that I have indicated to you. A You are asking me four years later to give hair samples, footprints, and photographs? Q That is correct, and we are not only going to ask you, but we are going to ask other persons who will be summoned to appear before this grand jury. You are just one of the number of individuals of whom we will make this request. A I don't see any reason why not. I have to obviously speak to Mr. Segal. Q If you wish to consult with Mr. Segal about this, you are at liberty to do so; and I would like to resolve this matter now because if after consulting with Mr. Segal, you inform us that you will not voluntarily cooperate in giving us additional hair samples, then we will have to go before the court and request a court order. And that will take a little time. And, if possible, I would like to obviate that. A Can we have a two-minute recess? Q Of course. Q Mr. MacDonald, have you conferred with your attorney? A I have, sir. Q And are you prepared at this time to voluntarily agree to permit us to take the hair samples that we require for the further testing of the hair found on Colette's body and the footprints and the photographs that are requested of you? A Sir, the delay was my lawyers, essentially writing a memo and Xeroxing a copy of it. The jury foreman has a copy of that. It really answers the question. Q Will you pass that down here and permit me as counsel for the grand jury to examine it? FOREMAN: Yes. It is five hand-lettered legal sheets. MR. WOERHEIDE: This is an original and a Xerox copy of it? FOREMAN: There are three addendums attached on the back. A This is the original letter and the addendums. Just one single copy of it. MR. WOERHEIDE: Ms. Reporter, will you mark that as MacDonald Exhibit #1 this date? (MACDONALD EXHIBIT #1 IS MARKED FOR IDENTIFICATION.) Q Did your attorney give you any advice as to whether you should consent or refuse to comply with the request that I have made? A He requested that my reply is essentially what is in that note. If you would like for me to read it, I will be glad to do that. Q I'll read it to the members of the grand jury. It says: "To the Foreman and Members of the Grand Jury. "I." I assume this is from Mr. Segal and not from you, sir? A That is correct. Q Because it does not say it, at least at the heading; but it is signed at the bottom, "Bernard L. Segal and Michael J. Malley, attorneys for the witness, Dr. Jeffrey R. MacDonald." "1. It is impossible for me to adequately advise Dr. MacDonald as to the appropriateness of the prosecutor's request for hair samples from him on the basis of a few minutes consultation. I would like to request that the decision on this matter -- " Well, there is a footnote here which I will read. "Delay in Dr. MacDonald returning to the grand jury room was caused by my having to handwrite this memo and make photocopies of the attached documents." The text continues: "I would request that the decision on this matter be deferred until after the jury reconvenes from the lunch recess. "Dr. MacDonald does agree now to have footprints taken of him and he also agrees to body photographs being taken. "I apologize for any slight inconvenience that might result from my request to be able to consider further the hair matter. But I know of no legitimate reason the government's attorney did not advise Dr. MacDonald or myself last night that they intended to make such a request. It would have allowed us a reasonable opportunity to consider this issue and we could have been able to supply the grand jury with a prompt answer this morning without needless delay to your work. "2. I want to make clear that my request for this opportunity to consider the hair matter further does not arise from any reluctance to cooperate fully with the grand jury. But, it does arise from the fact that government attorneys in the prior military grand jury investigation (that is the Article 32 proceedings you have heard referred to) did attempt and partially succeeded in altering the report of laboratory analysis of hair samples taken from nine different parts of Dr. MacDonald's body. "I am attaching to this memo the report of Army Crime Lab Technician Janice Glisson, identified as Unit Case No. MPR 1277-70, carrying dates of July 20 and July 29, 1970, which evaluated the nine hair samples taken from Dr. MacDonald and compared with samples of hair found in the right and left hand of the body of Mrs. Colette MacDonald. That report states on the top of page 2 that: 'Comparative examinations of the hairs from exhibit E-4 and E-5 revealed same to be dissimilar to the hairs from Exhibit E305 through E313.'" The word dissimilar is underscored and at the bottom of the quoted sentence I read, it reads, "(Emphasis added)." "That is Ms.", it says here, "Glisson concluded the hairs in the hands of Mrs. MacDonald were dissimilar to those from nine different parts of Dr. MacDonald's body. "I am also enclosing a copy of a letter under date of August 25, 1970, by government attorney Capt. Clifford Somers asking for a so-called ‘clarification' of the perfectly clear report of Ms. Glisson. "And finally, I am enclosing the reply of September 2, 1970, of Ms. Glisson." For the benefit of the Reporter, it is G-l-i-s-s-o-n. "Among the things I am troubled by in the government's present request are the following: "1. The fact that the government's attorneys today attempted to deny the categorical conclusions of Ms. Glisson's original report, and the failure to tell the grand jury of the letter by Capt. Somers asking for change in the way Ms. Glisson wrote her report. "2. There are to our knowledge no meaningful areas of Dr. MacDonald from which hair samples were not taken. The samples were taken from several different places on his head, armpits, both arms, both legs, chest area, public area. "3. The Army investigations negligently failed to take samples from the body of Mrs. MacDonald and Kimberly MacDonald. Therefore, there was no way in 1970 and no way in 1974 that the hair found in Mrs. MacDonald's hand can be checked to see if it was from her own body or from the body of her daughter Kim." Now, there are three attachments. One is a report; a lab report which I think is made under the date of 29 July 1970. It lists as exhibits pill vials, two of which contain hairs found in the right and left hands of Mrs. MacDonald. And eleven of which refer to pill vials containing hair removed from various points of then Capt. MacDonald's body. The concluding statement is, "Comparative examinations of the hairs from Exhibits E-4 and E-5 revealed same to be dissimilar to the hairs from E-305 through E-313." The report is signed by Janice S. Glisson, Arthur Boyd Conners, Joel L. Leson. I wear trifocal glasses and sometimes I have trouble focusing. The second attachment is a letter or a memorandum -- well, memo or a letter. It is dated 25, August 1970. It's captioned. "Subject: Clarification of Lab Report." Referring to the report by its number. It is addressed to the chief chemist of the criminal investigation division laboratory at Fort Gordon, Georgia. The first paragraph refers to the report that I just read to you. The second paragraph reads as follows: "It is of critical importance to the government to know and be able to show the meaning of the language." That is the comparative examinations of the hair from exhibits E-4 and E-5 revealed same to be dissimilar to the hairs from exhibits E-305 through E-313. Second sentence of second paragraph: "Does this mean that the hair in E-305 through E-313 is so dissimilar to that in E-4 and E-5 that the source of the hair in E-305 through E-313 is positively eliminated as a possible source of the hair in E-4 and E-5? Or alternatively, does it mean that the source of the hair in E-305 through E-313 can neither be identified nor eliminated as the source of the hair in E-4 and E-5?" Final paragraph: "If possible, I request that a written reply be afforded directly to me clarifying this point. Thank you for your time and consideration." And the letter went out with the signature of Clifford L. Somers, Capt. JAGC, Government Counsel. The final attachment is a memo responding to the letter that I just read. It's signed by Janice S. Glisson, Arthur B. Conners, and James P. Ryan. The first paragraph refers to the preceding letter. Paragraph 2: "The following statements are to be added to page 2 of subject report for clarification: "a. Therefore, it is the opinion of the examiners that the hairs of exhibits E-4 and E-5 probably did not originate from the same point" and the words "same point" are underscored, "sources" -- I'll read it in context -- "did not originate from the same point sources as the hairs of E-305 through E-313. "b. However, it must be pointed out that the requested opinion regarding positively eliminating the subject as a possible source of the hair cannot be given without first examining numerous other point sources of body hair from the subject." Capt. or Dr. MacDonald, I'm sorry, I read these materials and it refers to you as captain. A I understand. Q And I don't deliberately use the military title. In view of the fact that you, as I understand it, on advice of your counsel, are consenting to have the footprint made and have the photographs made, and I will at the break, the noon recess, contact the local FBI office and arrange for them to take the footprints and make the photographs. And we will hold in abeyance -- I understand you are neither refusing nor consenting at this time, but you and your attorneys wish the matter to be given further consideration. And I am going to hold in abeyance the matter of taking additional hair samples. Now, I might say, Dr. MacDonald, that I don't think there is any misunderstanding on the part of the grand jury or on the part of myself concerning the sense or meaning of the documents that are attached here. And I'll explain what my sense is; and if you question that, you may so state. The sentence in the first attachment that goes to the substance is the following: "Comparative examination of the hairs from exhibits E-4 and E-5", that is the hairs taken from Colette's body, "revealed same to be dissimilar to the hairs from exhibits E-305 through E-313." The sense of my understanding of it is they couldn't say that they matched the hair that was taken from your body which was included in the E-305 through E-313 and that's the way that I understand it. They couldn't say, "Yes, we can identify this as Mr. MacDonald's -- Dr. MacDonald's hair." That's all it says. A Sir, it reads to me that it is different. Q You are entitled to interpret it in your own way but that's the way that I interpret it. It doesn't say we eliminate Dr. MacDonald entirely as the source of the hair found in Colette's hand but we can't say that he is the source of the hair. So the government says does that mean -- in substance, does that mean that you have eliminated Dr. MacDonald entirely? Can you say positively that the hair found in Colette's hands did not come from Dr. MacDonald? They come back and say, "No, we can't say positively. All we can say is that we didn't have enough samples to arrive at a definite determination of that particular matter. "That we need hair samples from other parts of his body." Now, I might say, Dr. MacDonald, just for edification that I discussed this matter with a technician in the FBI laboratory in Washington; and it is my opinion based upon what this technician told me -- This is a technician independent of the CID lab at Ft. Gordon that made the comparison -- It is my opinion that not enough hair samples were taken from you at that time by inexperienced personnel who were not engaged in the type of work that involves making hair comparisons. That not enough hair samples were taken at that time and I was told with the passage of time, with the aging process, with the change in climate, with you living in a different climate now than you lived then, with the change in diet, it becomes difficult to make -- it becomes increasingly difficult with the passage of time to make a positive identification. But what we are trying to do, as you know, in this grand jury, it is an investigative grand jury. We are trying to run out all the logical leads. I have informed you that we are not only asking you but we will ask other witnesses who are summoned to appear before the grand jury to give hair samples. We feel that this case is of sufficient importance. You have lost your family. You've lost your wife and your two children. To make a complete, thorough, exhaustive investigation, to attempt to correct the mistakes that were made in the past, to attempt to overcome the deficiencies of the previous investigation, and out of -- as a matter of justice to you and Colette and Kimberly and Kristen and to anybody whose finger is pointed at by you or anybody else as a possible suspect of this. So we are going to go all the way. That is why we are asking you to accede to this request. A Sir, this is not easy for me to appear here. You know this is my family that I lost. I get accused of it. They don't even interview me. Q We are not accusing you of it. A I am talking about back in 1970. They don't interview me for six weeks. Although I go to their office and ask don't you have any questions; don't you want to talk to me. No, no, no, we have suspects in custody. Six weeks go by. Fourteen MP's tramping through the house. Then I have to spend four years reliving this and I come back here in 1974 and you ask me for hair samples. We have testimony under oath, sir, those investigators in any other hair case have never asked for a rewording. Never. Under oath. That is not a routine procedure. That is changing evidence. Q Dr. MacDonald, you have complained -- A I asked for a civilian investigation in 1970. The Army investigated itself. Q You have had justification. I have no doubt from my own review of what happened for making certain complaints as to the investigation. A You could never reconstruct the initial hour of that crime scene. Q Dr. MacDonald, we are going to do the best that we can; and all I am asking you is your voluntary cooperation. A I am here to cooperate, sir. I want -- Q I understand that and I expect after the noon recess -- A I have never refused to talk -- to talk to anyone. I have never pleaded the Fifth Amendment. Q I understand that. A Until my lawyers got to me, I offered to give a polygraph examination. Q On the basis of what has happened heretofore; I expect that you will consent to give us hair samples. Now, you say you offered to give a polygraph examination. At this time, in aid of the present grand juror investigation, will you agree to submit to a polygraph examination? A I don't want another recess, sir. Let me talk about that with my attorney at lunchtime. Q And another thing while we are discussing these examinations, would you consent -- now I am just throwing this out, raise the question with your attorney -- I understand at the time that Dr. Sadoff examined you, there was some consider -- and the doctors at Walter Reed examined you, there was some consideration given to asking you to take a sodium amytal, truth serum, and submit to an examination under the influence of this truth serum. So I am going to ask you to consider and discuss with your attorney cooperating with the grand jury to the extent -- in aiding the grand jury to the extent of taking both the polygraph and the sodium amytal examination. A Let me make a comment about the sodium amytal interview. This was discussed with Dr. Sadoff and it was discussed at the Article 32 hearing and Dr. Sadoff's recommendation was that unless there was an overriding need for sodium amytal interview, unless there were facts, and I repeat the word facts, that there was a need for an amytal interview -- that an amytal interview recreates -- Q May I assist you by saying that it causes you to relive the experience concerning which you are being examined and that would constitute a painful ordeal for you. And in his opinion at that time, you should be spared the experience? A Right. Q Dr. MacDonald, the event happened four years ago. I think you will agree that it is high time that the matter was resolved. A But resolved in what fashion, sir, to cover up the CID investigation again? Q I am not trying to cover up the CID investigation. A The second Army investigation was finished a year and a half ago. Now, this is unbelievable. Q This case came to me a month ago. A Sir, I'm not blaming you. I'm saying the Army reinvestigation, this alleged ten thousand or three thousand page reinvestigation of the Army -- a reinvestigation of the Army's handling by the Army -- Q We are going to go into that. We are going to afford you an opportunity. That is one of the reasons why you are here. To inquire into acts connected with the investigation in the subsequent handling of the case that might constitute a criminal offense. And I am going to go into that with you. As a matter of fact, we are going to go into that with a number of other people; and we will go into that in detail. But I don't think that this is the time that we do want to go into it. I am mentioning these things at this time so that you can discuss them in depth with Mr. Segal and Mr. Malley and make your own decisions with respect to these matters. A Okay. Can I discuss with them at lunchtime the polygraph and the sodium amytal? Q Yes. I might say if you decline to give the hair samples, we will seek a court order. With respect to the polygraph and sodium amytal, I will not seek a court order. That has to be voluntary upon your part. A Okay. MR. WOERHEIDE: My clock says almost 11:30. Do you want to go on with further questioning at this time or do you want to recess until 1 o'clock? FOREMAN: We lost so much time; I'd just as soon go ahead for at least another half hour or so. A By the way, sir, I'd like to state on the record that these recesses of such length are not my idea at all. I'd like to make that clear that I'd like to come here and testify. Q I understand, Dr. MacDonald -- I understand that you were sitting there alone and your attorneys had taken off and you were -- informed Mr. McNamara that you would like to proceed with the matter but you, of course, had to wait the return of your attorneys. Dr. MacDonald, while you were at Ft. Bragg, I think you said that you came there about sometime in August. Who were your closest and most intimate associates? I've heard certain names: Lt. Harrison is one that I remember. A Lt. Harrison was not a close friend until the mid-winter, actually just before 17 February 1970; and thereafter, he became a better friend. I hate -- It really sounds derogatory. I don't mean derogatory but sort of a hanger on after that. Q Is his full name Ronald Harrison? A Correct. Q Do you have an address for him now? A I do not. Q Do you know whether he has been discharged from the Army? A I presume he has not been discharged. The last communication I had with him was about a year ago. He was going to a school at Ft. Benning, Georgia; and it was a type of school that leads to career type opportunities. So I presume that he is in the Army. Q Now, you say he came late into your circle of friends. Let's go back to August. Who were your closest friends? A I believe Capt. Frank Moore. I met him immediately. Q Is that M-o-o-r-e? A Correct. Formerly, he lived in Fayetteville. I don't know if he still lives there. Q Was he a medical officer? A No, he was a medical service corps officer. There will be a lot of that mentioned; the medical service corps officer is an officer attached to medical detachments. And normally what they do is shepherd the doctor through the Army. The doctor comes in the Army and he doesn't know the Army and the medical service corps handles a lot of administrative matters while the physician handles the medical matters. So Capt. Frank Moore was initially my medical service corps officer. Q Now, will you give us some other names please? A I don't know actually how soon I met Capt. James Williams who was another medical service corps officer. Lt. Thoesen. He was a lieutenant. Q That's T-h-o-e -- A T-h-o-e-s-e-n. There were lots of physicians. Not lots, but initially two or three physicians involved. But they were leaving the service as I was entering and then a new group sort of came in. Capt. Robert Butner, B-u-t-n-e-r. Capt. Charles Probst, P-r-o-b-s-t. I believe he now resides in Philadelphia. He was a medical officer. That was probably my closest circle of friends. Q Were they your personal friends or were they family friends in the sense they'd come to your house? They knew Colette. They knew your way of life. They knew the family environment? A Right, both. They were friends at work. They were friends of the family. They knew Colette and the children. Q Did Colette have any special friends while she was there? I know that she was going to extension classes and I know that you were out of town occasionally; moonlighting. You had one car. She would depend on other people for transportation I assume. She had companions at school. She had neighbors. A Right. She associated. She would see more of the neighbors that were home during the day than I would. The people next door, the Kalins. He's the chief warrant officer, Donald Kalin, and his wife, Mrs. Kalin. I don't know her first name. She was relatively friendly with Capt. Butner's wife, Carol Butner. She went to school with a girl who testified at the Article 32 hearing who I never met. I believe her name was Krystia, K-r-y-s-t-i-a. I don't know that individual. Apparently Colette drove to school with her. Q Do you recall any other special friends that she had? A Not offhand, sir. Q Now, from the time that you were first sent to Ft. Bragg, on how many occasions did you have to leave there for any reason at all because of some training or emergency or anything of that sort? A How many total times? Q If you can recall them. I am asking you for your best recollection. A You mean up until February 17? Q Yes. I assume you didn't leave Ft. Bragg after February except to go to -- A Philadelphia. Q Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. to Walter Reed. A Correct. I went to Texas. I went to Puerto Rico. I went to the North Carolina mountains, I don't know, once or twice, on training exercises. I moonlighted and that meant several nights away from home. Q When did you start moonlighting? A I remember it was sometime in the fall. I don't remember what month I started at Cape Fear Valley Hospital. Q You moonlighted two hospitals, Cape Fear Valley and -- A Hamlet. Q Hamlet? A Hamlet Hospital. Q Did you moonlight at any other place? A I don't think that I ever worked -- There was a third place that I had received privileges at. I was getting privileges at Lumberton but I don't think I ever worked there. Q Now, when was it that you went to Texas? A I was -- I was the medical coverage for jump, an airborne jump of Special Forces medics who were training down there; and it was a weekend, Thursday, Friday, Saturday. I guess Sunday in November, December of 1969. Q Would it be early in December? A I don't know. I guess. Q Sometime between Thanksgiving and Christmas. Can you place it in relationship to those two holidays? A It must have been in early December. It wasn't right next to Christmas. Q As a matter of fact, you had some houseguest over Thanksgiving did you not? Q Did your mother come down? A I don't know if my mother was there. I think the Kassabs were there. My in-laws were there. Q The Kassabs were there -- Weren't the Kassabs there around Christmas? Wasn't your mother there around Thanksgiving? A I thought the Kassabs were there Thanksgiving. I think you are right. You are right. Okay. Right. My mother was there for Thanksgiving. We had a big dinner. The Butners were over. Ron Harrison was over and the Kassabs were down for Christmas. That's correct. Q All right, now when your mother was there for Thanksgiving, what were the arrangements in your house? Did the girls sleep together and your mother occupy one of the beds, say, Kimberly's bed? A I don't remember, sir. I don't remember. Q She stayed with you, did she not? A Yes. She could have slept on the couch or she could have slept in Kimberly's bed or Kristy's bed. Q Now, when the Kassabs were there what were the household arrangements? A I don't remember. Q Did they stay with you or did they stay in a motel nearby? A I assumed they stayed with us. I don't think I would let them stay in a motel. I would presume they stayed with us so they probably used Kimberly's bed and Kimberly would either sleep with Kristy or on the couch or with us. Q Kimberly had a double bed didn't she, or what you call a queen size bed? A A double bed. I don't think it was a queen size. Q And Kris had a somewhat smaller bed? A Yes. The bottom half of a set of bunks. Q Do you recall how long your mother was there on her visit over Thanksgiving? A She was working so I am sure it was just Thanksgiving. Thanksgiving weekend. Q That would be a long weekend? A Wednesday to Sunday I would presume unless -- Q How about the Kassabs? A I don't know. I would guess four or five days. Q Do you recall a Christmas party or a New Year's party during this visit? A They weren't there at New Year's, I don't think. No, I think we went to the officers club, Pope Air Force Base for New Year's. So the Kassabs were not there at that time. A Yes, Christmas for the opening of the gifts. Q How about Puerto Rico now? When did you go there? A Sometime in -- I am trying to think who my commanding officer was and that would make it easier. I don't know. I would guess September. It wasn't in August I don't think. September or October, somewhere in there. Q And that was a training exercise? Q You flew down in a military plane? Q And you were in fatigues? Q Did you carry much gear and equipment with you? A Sure. We carried I guess a big duffle bag and whatnot. Q Were you carrying medical gear, medical kit, or were you carrying jump gear or survival gear or -- A We didn't carry our own jump gear. That was transported. I had a large duffle bag with my own gear. The medical gear was transported separately. I may have had a small kit, an M3-8 kit. I'm not sure. I probably just had my personal gear for the actual transportation. Q And the necessary clothes that you would use and they were sort of clothes that you would use out in the field rather than around the base. In other words, not a Class A uniform but fatigues? A I had a khaki uniform with me. I think we were told to bring one for off duty time or something. I think we were told that we would have a day off in Ponce or San Juan before we left. I think -- I know that we had a separate khaki uniform with us. Q Now during this period of time, did you go on emergency leave? Was this some sort of family crisis that took you away from the training? Q Was that while you were in Puerto Rico? A Yes, it was. I wasn't actually -- Yes, at that point, I don't think I was in Puerto Rico. I was on an island off Puerto Rico and I received notification of a need for emergency leave. Q And what was the nature of the emergency? A At the time, I didn't know. I was just told -- I believe I was told that my brother was hospitalized. I subsequently found out that he was in a state hospital. He had a bad reaction to drugs and apparently beat up some policemen, was put in a strait jacket and was taken to the state hospital with handcuffs on. I think he had a broken wrist or something and then he dove through the window of the state hospital. So I arrived there like a day and a half later and he was still sort of -- I don't think he was still in restraints. He wasn't in restraints. He had been medicated with something called Thorazine which is a heavy tranquilizer. Q Where was the state hospital located, Dr. MacDonald? A On Long Island. I guess it was Islip State Hospital. Q I am told there is a Pilgrims State Hospital in that area. Could it have been that? A Yes, probably was. That's right. Q You think it is more likely to have been Pilgrims than Islip? A Yes, I think so. Q Is that very near to Patchogue? A It's very -- I guess twelve to fifteen miles. Q Now, when you proceeded from this small island off the coast of Puerto Rico, how did you travel? Did you have military orders that permitted you to go up there or did you have to go commercially? A I landed at JFK so I must have taken a commercial flight. I don't remember where I hooked up to the commercial flight. I took a flight back to -- I think I took a military flight either back to Atlanta or directly to Ft. Bragg and then got a civilian flight. I honestly don't remember but I landed at JFK on a civilian jet. Q Did you come back with all your gear or did you leave it down there because you were leaving on an emergency basis? A I left some of it down there. Q Do you remember what you were wearing? A When I came back? A The best I can say is if I came back on a military plane I was probably still in khakis, sort of jungle gear and then I changed at Ft. Bragg if I came back all the way civilian from San Juan. I honestly don't remember. If I came back from San Juan, I would have put on the khakis. Q When you got up to Kennedy where did you go? A I'm not sure I landed at Kennedy. Yes, I landed at Kennedy and I drove out to the Island, Long Island. Q No one met you? A I am confusing that trip in my mind. I remember I arrived at Kennedy one other time in Class A's and my brother picked me up. Obviously, this is not this time. So I am trying to remember. I presume my mother would have picked me up. I really have no recollection of this. Q Did you stay with your mother? A I'm sure I did. Q How long were you there? A Two and a half, three days. Something like that. Q Did you succeed in helping with the problems your brother was having then? A Well, yes. I mean they weren't resolved. I helped. He was eventually discharged from the state mental hospital, yes. The problem wasn't resolved. Q Do you recall whether or not at the time he was arrested and apparently reacting in a very violent manner that your mother was somehow involved in that? A I was told bits and pieces of that by, I believe, a psychiatrist that I talked to at the state hospital and by my mother; but my mother didn't ever really fill me in on the entire episode. She was present apparently when he was handcuffed and I can't figure out from the conversation whether she was trying to prevent the handcuffing or whether she was allowing the handcuffing and Jay, my brother, James, was being violent. I don't know whether she was really preventing the police from their actions or not preventing them. Q Well, the sum and substance of it is, did she suffer any bruises or abrasions or injuries? Was she slapped or kicked during the course of this incident whether it was by Jay or somebody else? A I don't think so. I don't think so. Q Did you visit with any friends while you were at Patchogue at that time? A Not that I remember. Q You don't recall seeing any friends at all? A Friends of my mother probably would have stopped in the house but I don't that that -- Q I think I have the name correct and this is a name that has cropped up. I am going to throw it out to you at this time. How about Carol Larson? Q Do you know who I mean? A She is an old girlfriend of mine. Q And you didn't see her on that occasion? Q Now, you mentioned another trip when you were picked up by your brother. Do you recall what that occasion was? A Yes. I was coming back home. I had finished jump school at Ft. Benning, Georgia; reported in -- I believe I reported -- Let me get this straight. I was -- It was between reporting to from Ft. Benning, Georgia, to Ft. Bragg, North Carolina, I think. Because I don't think that I had my green beret yet. Q That was probably before Colette and the kids came down to Ft. Bragg then wasn't it? A That's correct. Q You mentioned a couple of trips to the North Carolina mountains. Was that in the fall of 1969? Q Or was that in the winter of '69-70? A In the winter of '69-70? Q Yes. I am trying to place the time. Was it in November? A It was in the fall, sir. Q October or November? A There was no snow yet. Q Or maybe early December or late December or January? Q Early February? A No. I don't think it was in the winter. It was in the fall. Q The best we can place it is sometime around October, November, or possibly early December. Is that it? A I initially -- Actually I know when I went once. I went shortly after I got to Ft. Bragg. So one was in September. Q I believe one was -- I don't remember if there were two, but if there were two, the first one was about a week. I distinctly remember was a long training trip. I was up there probably about a week. Q And the second one was of shorter duration? Q Now, I know there has been some talk about this famous jump party down in Texas. I won't go into that at this time. A Feel free, sir. Q I'll save that for a later point but I just want to know whether there was any social activity when you went down to the North Carolina mountains comparable to the so-called jump party? A No, sir. There were some -- There were some unusual events but it wasn't a similar type of party. Q Well, I don't quite know what you mean by unusual events. Maybe you better just elucidate briefly. I don't want you to go into any detail. A We met some moonshiners. Q That's not unusual down in the North Carolina mountains is it? A It was to me. I thought that my medical service corps officer was kidding me. They just came out of the woods with a brown paper bag and squatted down next to the campfire. It was unbelievable. Q With a jug? A With a jug. Q In the bag? A They didn't say a word for twenty minutes. I kept looking at them and finally he said, "Take a sip." And this went on for a long time. To make a long story short, we ended up about 4 a.m. in his mother's house. I was taking a piece of shrapnel out of his wife's shoulder that he had put there when he discharged the gun into the floor. It really got a little unusual. It was an old shrapnel wound, not that night. And he got absolutely roaring drunk, this moonshiner; and he kind of demanded that I take it out. So I looked at my medical service corps officer and he said, "If he says take it out, you take it out." So I took it out. We then departed. Got back to camp about four-thirty a.m. and got up at five a.m. Q Now, going back to the occasion when you took the emergency leave and traveled from down near Puerto Rico up to Patchogue, you remember at that time you were short of funds and had to borrow some money? A You mean from Puerto Rico? A I don't distinctly remember it, no. I am sure it was offered by the guys that were with me but I don't know if I took it or not. Q Do you remember borrowing some money up in Long Island? Q Now, during the Article 32, you were asked a series of about four questions that opened up an area but they didn't close it. The matter was not resolved. I don't have the transcript here but you were asked, did you at that time go to a certain bar which was a bar that apparently your brother Jay frequented. A The Shortstop Bar. Q Shortstop Bar. Where is that bar located? A I don't remember. I have been into a lot of bars to bail my brother out. It was either in New York, in Greenwich Village. I think that's where it is actually. Q So while you were there you went down to New York, Greenwich Village, and you went to this bar? Q What was the purpose in going to this bar? A To find out who had been selling by brother drugs. Q What drugs was your brother using? A He stated that he had been taking amphetamines, uppers; and then the night of this bad trip, he told me that someone had given him two capsules; typical drug abuser comment. And I said, "What were they?" And he said he didn't know. He presumed they were mescaline or LSD. Actually I presume that because he was in this tremendous hallucinatory state. He was having wild hallucinations, but when I questioned him, it was apparent that he had been speeding, taking amphetamines, for a long time that I hadn't been aware of. And on reflection then, some of his prior actions seemed a lot more in tune with his speeding. For instance, he used to drive from New York to Chicago non-stop. And I use to wonder how the hell can anyone do that. It's a long drive. And he used to stay up all the time. He used to party day and night. It never occurred to me that my brother would be taking amphetamines. Q All right, now you were asked this, when you were at the bar, you had seen certain people, referring to four people that your brother associated with? Q Tell us about that. A I don't believe I was asked that. That was indirect. I am not, you know, disagreeing with you. Q I say they opened a certain area but they didn't pursue it; and from reading the file, from reading the -- A The implication was that I may have seen these people. Q Reading Article 32, I know they are referring to a group of four people who allegedly frequented that bar. Now tell us about it? A Okay. The implication that was gotten through a lot of other testimony that was really third-hand and fourth-hand hearsay. It was unbelievable. My brother knew a group that corresponded roughly to this group of intruders that I had seen in my house on 17 February. Q You went to this bar? Q You saw people in the bar? Q Now, tell us about them. A I spoke to a couple of individuals, Caucasian males. At that point, I had absolutely no reference to this other group until a CID agent, Bennie Hawkins, walks into the Article 32 with this wild bizarre story about another group of four people, including a black male and a blonde female. But at the Shortstop Bar I was unaware of this other group. Q Well, tell us -- describe to us the people that you saw in the Shortstop Bar. A They were just bums. A bunch of guys that don't work for a living. A lot of my brother's friends are that way. They live with girls or they live -- one of them goes on welfare and six or eight of them live together. One gets welfare; two gets welfare; one works construction. Construction is good money so they share the money. They are just bums. They sit and drink all night and now I find out are taking a lot of drugs. Q All right, what did they look like? How old were they? How tall were they? Give us a physical description. A I tell you the truth, Mr. Woerheide, I'm really dragging -- This is hazy stuff that I am trying to tell you now and make it sound positive. I had an argument in the Shortstop Bar with a couple of guys who said they knew Jay. And I had been told that the bartender was one of the guys supplying Jay with speed. So I guess I got a little pushy with them and there was a little scuffle thereon and I hit the guy or something like that. And I honestly don't -- He was a Caucasian male, brown hair. I'd say probably about six feet tall. Q All right, you are referring to the bartender? A I don't know if he was a bartender or not. He was sitting at the end of the bar. There was another bartender. But I was told he was a bartender. I don't know if he was a bartender at the Short -- you know. I come flying in from Puerto Rico and find my brother in a mental institution. Get him out. And I am really mad. And I went to New York City and spent about an hour talking to some people. "Where's Jay?" "Oh, he's out on the island." "I heard he had some trouble," type thing. So I got into sort of a shooting contest with this dope. Q You say shooting contest. You were shooting off your mouth and he was shooting off your (sic) mouth. A Yeah, I asked him -- Q There was a little pushing and shoving? A I went up to him and I said, "Do you know Jay MacDonald?" "Yeah, I know Jay." I said, "Do you know he is in the state hospital," words to that effect. And the guy said, "Well, no, I didn't know that." I said, "Yeah, he had a bad reaction to some pills someone gave him." And he said, "Oh," or something. And I said, "Yeah." And I probably told him he was an asshole. And I heard that he had given him the pills. And he said he didn't. You know, who the hell did I think I was sitting in a public bar accusing him of that. So the words got a little heated and I pushed him and he pushed me and I hit him. Q Was there a blonde woman there, a girl? A Not that I remember. I am sure there was in the bar at some point but I don't remember. Q Did this fellow have a mustache? A I don't think that the guy that I had the action -- There were several people there but the guy that I was talking with had -- did not have a mustache I don't think. Q Was there a black man there? A No, not that I remember. Q One man that stands out in your mind is the bartender who was at the end of the bar that was about six feet tall? A If this is the same bar that I am thinking of, yes. It is a triangular shaped room and the bar down at the window at the point of the triangle, that end of the bar, if this is that episode. I've bailed my brother out of a lot of trouble on a lot -- He is an older brother. I've bailed him out a lot. MR. WOERHEIDE: Mr. Foreman, my clock says twelve o'clock. FOREMAN: All right, let's take a lunch recess to about -- MR. WOERHEIDE: When do you want to reconvene the grand jury? Do you want to make it 1:15? FOREMAN: 1:15, all right. LUNCH RECESS The afternoon session of the grand jury reconvened at 1:15 p.m. The following proceedings were held to wit: Q Dr. MacDonald, you realize that your testimony at this time, as on any occasion when you are recalled before the grand jury after a recess, is under the oath previously administered to you? Q Dr. MacDonald, have you had an opportunity to consult with your counsel, Mr. Segal and Mr. -- A Malley. Q Malley concerning our request as to the taking of hair samples? A Yes, I have, sir. Q And what is your response? A Can I refer to some notes? A I don't -- I am willing to give hair samples to a qualified technician, hopefully from the Federal Bureau of Investigation and not from the Army. Q I have consulted with Special Agent Don Murray of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and he has told me that he will arrange with a qualified physician or doctor to take those hair samples under the Federal Bureau of Investigation's supervision. Q Is that a satisfactory arrangement with you? A Yes, I'd just like to make some comments in reference to that. Q And we will also, I might say, probably have present a technician who specializes in the examination of hair samples. A Fine. I'd just like to make some comments for on the record reference to the hair samples. I'm agreeing and will give whatever hair samples are requested or taken by the alleged expert that will be at the hair sample procedure. But, I'd like to make several comments. One is that we have been led to believe by the CID agents themselves and the Fort Gordon laboratory that the hair samples found in my wife's hands were two to three inches in length. I'd just like to remind the grand jury that I was an Airborne Green Beret physician at this time. And, I had no hair, except possibly armpit hair, of two to three inches in length. It's just absurd to say that I did. The second thing is that personally my counsel and myself see absolutely no problem with the original wording of the hair sample report from Fort Gordon, Georgia. It sounds very clear. However, I'd also like to state and get it on the record that even if these hair samples taken now, four years later, were found somehow to match up beautifully with the hair samples in my wife's hands, I would not consider that as a very significant finding in view of the testimony taken under oath in the Article 32 hearing, that not only I moved her hands but several other people moved her hands before the hair samples were taken, including another physician. And I'd just like that to be understood. This hair sample became a tremendous problem at the Article 32 hearing. And the problem should be obviated by what I just said. The physician who came in to pronounce death didn't even wash his hands before he went from Kimberly and Kris to Colette. And her hands were moved several times before these alleged samples were taken. Q Dr. MacDonald, all these facts will be brought to the attention of the grand jury. A I just felt that if -- Q And you, of course -- I'm not objecting to your expressing your views. You are free to express your views and I'm perfectly aware of the various considerations that you have stressed and emphasized in the remarks you have just made. They are matters of concern to me and they are matters within my knowledge, too. And, as I explained to you previously, I doubt if this examination will be definitive for various reasons. Nevertheless, I feel, in view of the fact that it became such an element of controversy so far as the investigation was concerned, the Article 32 hearing was concerning, and I believe it was made an element of controversy not so much by the submissions made by the government in connection with the case but by the cross-examination and the arguments that were presented by your counsel at the time, that we have to go into it now and attempt to resolve some of these questions. Now, that's as far as I care to make a statement on these hair samples. I appreciate your cooperation. We will notify the Federal bureau of Investigation and the Federal bureau of Investigation will make the necessary arrangements. Q Now shortly before the break, we were talking about Patchogue and your visit to this bar in Greenwich Village. A Sir, can I say two things with reference to the prior conversation that I remember. Well, what I do when I leave here, by the way, is I get debriefed. I have to try to remember what was said in this room and then tell them my answers. So, that's what I do for the last hour and a half. And things come up. Your memory is jogged again. You asked me -- I believe you asked me, when I got to the airport who picked me up. And, I said, Jay. Q On one trip? Q Now, your memory has been refreshed by talking to your attorneys and giving the matter further consideration? A That it was Jay and Colette and Kim and Kris that was there. Jay was driving. That's why I responded, "Jay". I just wanted to make the record more complete. In addition, I believe my brother was a sometime bartender at the Shortstop also. I don't think that I ever mentioned that. I don't know in fact that he was, but I think he was a bartender on and off at the same bar. I think that's how I got there. Q Well, I thank you for bringing that to our attention. Now, when you left Patchogue to return to Fort Bragg, or did you go back to Fort Bragg after that emergency leave? A Surely, back to Fort Bragg. Q You didn't go back to Puerto Rico? A No, I don't think so. Q Just came back to Fort Bragg? A I believe so. Q Do you remember how you left Patchogue? Q Did you take a train? A I could have. That would have been an unusual occurrence. I don't remember taking a train. It's much more likely that my mother drove me to the airport. Q You don't remember going to the train station? A I took a train one trip back to the island, but I don't remember when it was. I don't know -- I don't distinctly recollect it was this time. Q Well traveling from Patchogue to Manhattan, Greenwich Village, would you have taken a train for that trip? A No. Usually not. No. Q How would you make that trip? A You drive. It's sixty miles. Q Isn't there a commuter service train between Patchogue and Manhattan? A There are some trains. It's not really a good commuter service. Q Is that where the Long Island Railroad runs? Q The train station at Patchogue is Long Island Railroad train? Q And people use that for going back and forth to Manhattan? Q Isn't that more expeditious than going by car and trying to find a place to park in Manhattan? A No. The train trip is two hours and driving is an hour because of the number of stops. Q Do you remember on this occasion using the train? Q Do you remember that you did not use the train? Q You remember on one occasion that you did travel by train? A Yes. The only distinct recollection I have was going -- I don't know how I would get from an airport to a train station, but I think I went out to the island by train one time. I don't really remember the other way. It may have happened. I honestly don't remember. Q Dr. MacDonald, I'm going to ask you at this time to try to recall as best you can every person to whom you made a statement recounting the events of the night of February 16, 17, 1970. At this juncture I'm not going to ask you what you said to them. I'm just going to ask you if you recall talking to various people, who I will mention by name, if you recall talking to other people on various occasions and giving them some statement, however brief, however lacking in detail, concerning the events of that night. Now, among the first people that arrived at your house on that morning were a Lt. Paulk, a CID agent named Mica, and a CID agent named Tevere. A Mica and Tevere were MP's. Q They're MP's. Q Did you make a statement to them concerning what had transpired upon their arrival? A Not a statement. Q I'm not talking about a formal statement. A I know. I understand that. Q Did you give some information to them? A I listened to their testimony, and they told me they were the ones I was talking to. I was not aware of it at the time. I didn't know it was Mica, Tevere and Paulk. I talked to some MP's in the house that night. Yes. Q And you told them what transpired prior to their arrival? Q I mean the fact that there were intruders, that you had been assaulted, after you recovered awareness following an interlude, certain things that you observed? A That's right. Q Certain things that you did? Q And they came to your house approximately four o'clock, is that it, or slightly before four o'clock? A That's what the testimony was. I don't know that, sir. I don't know if you want my answer to be what I know now to be considered a fact, like times and stuff. I wasn't aware when they arrived that it was four o'clock. Do you follow me? Q Yes. But it was somewhere within that time frame? A It was nearly morning. Q And it was during the night and before dawn at that time of the year? Q Now, there were certain medics that I am informed came to the house. Names that I have are: Nuchereno, Gillespie, (unreadable) and Yaeger. A I have no knowledge of any of them. Q When the medics were there did you make certain statements to the medics or certain statements in the presence of the medics? A Not that I am aware of. Q Recounting what had transpired before they arrived? A You mean like laying on the stretcher I said something, but I don't remember talking to anyone. No. Q All right, now, the medics took you to the hospital. When you arrived at the hospital, there was a corpsman named Newman. Do you recall him? A Only from his testimony. Q He did testify at the Article 32? A I believe that he testified that he saw me. Q At the time he testified, did you remember that he had seen you and given you the initial treatment that was given to you in the emergency room? A No, I do not. Q Well, do you remember that when you arrived there you were put in the emergency room? A First thing I remember, upon arrival to the hospital, was a nurse asking me my social security number. That's what I remember. Q Was that the nurse in the admitting department? A I don't know, sir. I was on a stretcher and she was demanding to know my social security number. Q Were you in the emergency room or were you in the corridor leading to the emergency room? Q Did they take you to the emergency room? A There were doctors there and there were people running around and they were starting an IV in my arm. I presume that I was. Q You were talking to a what? A Doctors. Q I thought you said something about IV or -- A An IV -- intravenous. Q You did see Newman testify? A Yes, I did. Q You don't recall having seen him that evening? Q Do you recall making any statement to a medic, whether or not you recall the medic? Q Dr. Jacobson? A Yes, I remember talking to Dr. Jacobson. Q Was he the first doctor that you saw? A I don't know that. I honestly don't know that. There were a lot of people it seemed to me. Dr. Jacobson asked me some medical type questions. And, I asked him how my wife and kids were -- but you don't want to know that. But, I remember talking to him. Q Do you recall telling him anything about what occurred that night in your house? Q Dr. Straub? Q Do you remember talking to him? A Not really. I think only because -- honestly only because I re-read his testimony. I don't remember. I can't picture myself there talking to anyone other than Dr. Jacobson. Q How about Dr. Gemma? A Dr. Gemma, what I first remember is much later. I don't know in hours, but I'm talking about a later time. Q Was this prior or subsequent to the time when they took you upstairs and inserted tubes? A I don't know who inserted the first chest tube. I believe he inserted the second chest tube. I'm not sure. Q The two were not inserted at the same the same time? A No, they were not. Q How much of an interval was there before these two surgical procedures? A I know from the medical records. It was hours; it was a period of hours. Q But you don't recall it yourself? Q Independently? A Actually, the only clear recollection was of how much it hurt when he was putting the second chest tube in. Q How about Major Ryder or Dr. Ryder? A I remember a visit sometime in the hospital. This is days later. Apparently, he visited me earlier, but I wasn't aware. I don't remember that. Q You just don't recall it? Q Well, as a matter of fact, do you recall making spontaneous statements -- Q To the doctors who came in contact with you during the first interval of time that you were in the hospital? A Yes, I remember saying things. Right. Q You were not just talking about the treatment they were giving you at the time they were treating you, but you did talk to them about what happened earlier that night in your house? Q Now, remember on the morning of February 17, after you had been in the hospital for two or three hours, being visited by CID agents and FBI agents? A If you want my honest answer, I don't now remember it. I know I was being questioned, but I don't remember when that was. Q You know it was on the morning of the 17th, but you don't know what time it was? A It was shortly after something to do with the chest tubes or one of the chest tubes. Right around that time there was someone talking to me. Q Do you remember who it was? Q Do you remember an agent named Connolly, Paul Connolly? A No. Only from a statement that I've seen that he made. Q Was that statement a part of the Article 32 hearing? A No, it was not. Q Do you remember a -- talking to Lt. Paulk at the hospital? A Lt. Paulk? No, sir. Q Did Ron Harrison visit you that morning in the hospital? A Yes. I was under the impression it was later that day. Q What time would say later that day? Q Would it be before lunch or after lunch? A Sir, I was in intensive care. I didn't get lunch. I don't know. Q "Later" is a relative term. Can you tell me how much later? A There was a constant stream, it seemed like to me, my commanding officer -- Q That's Col. Kane? A I believe it was. Q He came to visit? Q And Ronald Harrison, who was a friend of yours at the time, came to visit? Q And you remember there was an agent there named Con -- whether or not the name was Connolly, you remember an agent coming there and talking to you. A I remember someone asking me what sounded like more official questions. He was asking questions. Right. Q Now, do you remember an FBI agent named Caverly? A Yes. He's pretty hard to forget. Q Do you remember him coming there on the 17th? A Not specifically without saying that I read his interview. And re-read it. Q That could serve to refresh your recollection now? A Yes. But I don't remember talking to Mr. Caverly on the 17th. I do remember on the 18th and 19th. Q Do you remember he was accompanied, when he came to see you, by a gentleman named Hodges? A There was someone with him on the last two interviews. I was not aware of that on the first. Q Now, on the 17th early in the morning -- I'm not asking whether this is your personal knowledge, but do you know as a fact that your mother was notified and Mr. and Mrs. Kassab were notified? Q Did they come to Fort Bragg? Q Did they come on the 17th? Q Did they visit with you? A They did. Q Did you inform them concerning the matter? Q Now -- By the way, how long did they stay down there? I supposed they visited with you frequently over the period of time that you were in the hospital and they were there? Now, how long did they stay there, your mother and the Kassabs? A I don't remember. My mother was a significant length of time, a couple of weeks I think. The Kassabs, I don't remember. I really don't; it would be a guess. Q You've already testified you remember being visited by FBI Agent Caverly? Q And a CID Agent on the 18th and 19th? Q Do you remember on the 19th there was a second FBI agent by the name, Crawford Williams? Q Now, I assume, between February 19 and April 6 that you talked about this incident to a number of people other than those whose names I have mentioned. Q You didn't talk about it to anyone? A I talked about it to some people, but it was probably some reference to it with Captain James Williams. I don't think you mentioned him. Q Can you tell us who he is? He's a friend of yours? A He visited me in the hospital also. Q Did he visit you on the 17th? A Yes, I think he did. Q And the 18th and 19th? A I don't remember that, sir. Q Depending on the closeness of the friendship and the interest and concern that he had, can you -- A But that's not the same as remembering. It seems logical that he would have been there every day for the next couple of weeks, yes. Q So, you can say, with some confidence, that you saw him frequently during this time? A Yes. But that isn't what you asked me. You asked me if I remember. Q That's true. A I'm not sharp shooting you. Q You'd make a very good lawyer, Captain MacDonald. A That isn't what my lawyers tell me. Q Well, between February 19 and April 6 -- that's the month of March, that's a period of between 6 and 7 weeks. Can you inform us of the names of various and sundry people that you talked to about this thing? I assume the newspaper men were trying to interview you whether you responded to those interviews or not, I do not know. I assume that persons who had personal acquaintance with you, friends of yours, your associates and so on and so forth were also speaking to you about it. And, I would like, as best you can recall, the names of these various persons. A Are you referring to any comment in reference to this or are you talking about discussing it? Q No. Which you recount briefly. A (No response) Q Or, in detail. Either one. The incidents that are covered by the various statements that you have made from time to time. A Okay. It would only be some comments to Captain Williams. Probably comments, discussion type, with Lt. Harrison and my mother. I mean, people don't walk up to you and talk about it. Q The reason I'm asking you these questions, it's -- You pointed out that four years is -- have elapsed and that you have refreshed your recollection to a certain extent by reexamining certain documents that are available to you. And I am trying to find out who you may have talked to who may have some fragments of information that you recall at that time and that you may not necessarily recall at this time. It would be helpful to us in developing and pursuing leads that will result in solving this case. A Sure. An additional one would be Captain Probst. Charles Probst. Q We have Williams, Harrison, your mother and Probst. Is that it? A Right. This is excluding comments other than, "Gee, I'm really sorry about what happened" type thing. Q Now, on April 6, you did go to the CID office and spend a morning there and then an afternoon there. And the thing was gone over in detail at that time. A I went there several times before April 6 and they didn't want to talk to me. I'd like to make that very clear. April 6th was the first long interview I had with the CID. That's correct. Q Do you recall when you went there on previous occasions? A You mean the dates? Q Yes. Approximately. Q Were they closer to April 6 or closer to February 19th? A I talked to Mr. Grebner, who is chief of the CID investigators, by phone many times and was re-fingerprinted because they told me they lost my fingerprints twice. And I was footprinted two or three times because they said they lost them. And I was at the office I would say, without exaggerating, I would say two or three times aside from the phone calls. Do you follow me? In other words, I called several times. In addition, there were several visits, two or three visits. Q But on these occasions they didn't explore the matter in depth. It was just sort of casual conversation relating to the talking of footprints and other examinations? One -- There was another visit to the CID office when I went to the CID office to pick up my wallet which had been stolen from the crime scene. Q By an ambulance driver? A I don't have any information to that regard. Nine months after the fact, Mr. Grebner said he had no idea who took it. Q Now, when you contacted the CID office in the interval between February 19th and April 6th, who was the individual that you contacted? Was it always Mr. Grebner? A You mean by phone, now? Q Either by phone or by personal visit to the office. A I honestly don't remember. I think, only because I think I recognized him when he walked in and testified, Bennie Hawkins who I think one of the prior visits was handled by him. Q And can you tell us who Bennie Hawkins is? A He's allegedly a CID investigator. Q Now, On April 7 you contacted a JAG attorney. Is that correct? Q And that was Lt. Douthat? A Right. I think it was Captain Douthat. Q Captain Douthat. A James Douthat. D-o-u-t-h-a-t. Q The reason that you contacted him at that time was because -- I would say a double reason. One is that you had been requested to cooperate in submitting to a polygraph examination. And second was that certain accusatory statements had been made to you by the CID agents? A Yes. That's right. Q I'm not asking you what you said to Captain Douthat, but I am going to ask you why you went to see him? A I didn't go to see him specifically. Captain Williams, my medical service corps officer -- When I went back to the office on April 6th in the late afternoon after the interview, I called him into my office and I said, "Jim, the CID just questioned me for six hours." And he said, "I wondered when they'd get around to doing that." And, I said, "What do you mean?" And he said, the rumor is that you've been followed for weeks." So, I said, "Thanks, for telling me." He said, "Look, you're my friend, you just lost your family, you didn't need to know that they were tailing you around. Big deal!" And I said, "They finished the interrogation investigation by asking me if I'd take a polygraph, and I said I would. He said, "What do you mean you said you would?" And I said, "I told them I'd take a polygraph. I said ‘get your goddamn polygraph expert and let's do it' or something to that effect." And he said, "You've got to be crazy." And I said, "What do you mean crazy?" And he said, "You're going to let the army give you a polygraph in the homicide of your family?" or words to that effect. And I said, "Yes. That Mr. Shaw, or Mr. Ivory or one of them stated that if I passed the polygraph, they would wash their hands of the matter, wish me bon voyage and I could be on my way to Vietnam or something like -- words to that effect. If I didn't pass the polygraph that they would proceed with the investigation. He said to me, "I don't want to get into this, but if I were you I'd get a lawyer." I said, "I don't need a lawyer." I said, "I need my family back." So, at that time the phone rang and it was my commanding officer, Colonel Kane. He said, "Perhaps you and Captain Williams should come over to my office. There's something I want to tell you about." So, the two of us went over to his office and he said, "The Public Information Office of Fort Bragg is going to issue a statement in about one hour that you are the primary suspect in the homicide." So, I said, "Oh, that's great. That's really terrific. The Public Information Office is going to hold a news conference and state that I am the primary suspect in the homicide of me family." I said, "That's terrific." He said, "In conjunction with that I've been asked to restrict you to your quarters. Put you under" -- I've forgotten what they call it, house arrest essentially. "So, Captain Williams, you are hereby detailed to be Captain MacDonald's escort officer. You will see that he does not leave his room except meals and the PX" or something like that. And we left. And on the way back to my quarters, he said, "I told you. You need a lawyer." Captain Kane, before I left -- Colonel Kane -- Excuse me. Colonel Kane, before I left, said, "I would advise you most strongly that you are in need of military assistance counsel." Q You are recounting an incident that occurred on the evening of April 6th? A I think so. Q After you spoke with the CID agents? Q Now, the following morning, did you proceed to the JAG office? A No, I attempted to, but I was intercepted by the CID. They said that Mr. Grebner wants to see you. And I said, "I don't want to see him." And they said, "Well, we have direct orders that you are to come to the CID office." And I said, "Well, Captain Williams' orders are to escort me to my room and I'm allowed to go to the PX. I'm not allowed by Colonel Kane's orders to go to the CID office." And, I don't remember whether Captain Williams was with me or not with me at this point. It was about 7:30 in the morning. But, in essence what happened, the two CID agents took my arms and escorted to the car and I arrived at Mr. Grebner's office shortly thereafter. And, he said, "Now, do you wish to take a polygraph?" And I said, "No. I don't wish to take a polygraph. I wish to see a lawyer." At which time he shook -- his hands were shaking; he spilled coffee all over his hands. Q Did you then proceed to the JAG office? I'm trying to get you to the JAG office one way or another. A Yes, I did. I went over to the JAG office with Captain Williams. I think it was Captain Williams. I don't even remember. During this time, my mother had retained counsel, Bernard Segal. And, I didn't know this. They had called the BOQ where I was living and the MP guard outside my door stated that I was not to receive phone calls and hung up so I didn't know that I had this phone call with private counsel. So, I went over to the JAG office and I walked in and I said, "I'm Captain MacDonald and I would like to see about getting a military lawyer. There are some matters that are apparently going to have to be cleared up." And I was ushered into the office of Major Wold. And Major Wold, I said just exactly the same thing. "I'm Captain MacDonald and I'd like to request a lawyer." And he said something like, are you requesting the presence of military counsel? I said, "It's perfectly apparent from what I just said I want a lawyer." So he said, "We have just the man for you." And he brought me into another office at which time I met Captain Douthat. Q And did Captain Douthat then and there become your counsel? A Yes, he did. Q Now, at that time -- I'm not asking you what you said, again, but I'm asking you did he ever have a discussion with you in which you recounted to him your observations and your recollections of your actions on the night of February 16, 17? A Mr. Woerheide, I'm honestly not sure if I'm supposed to answer that, only because allegedly -- Q I'm not asking you what you said. A I know that. I understand that. But, allegedly attorney-client relationship are not to be discussed. Q If you will -- A The answer is -- The answer to that question is, I don't think at that time there was a real discussion of the events of February 17. Q That came at a later date? Q Now, how soon thereafter did you get in contact with Mr. Segal? A I don't know. I don't know if it was later that day. I think later that day. I -- either Captain Douthat called, got a call or something. I wasn't allowed a phone call for a period of days. The MP apparently had orders not to allow calls through and wasn't aware that counsel was supposed to be allowed to talk to me or something. I think it Tuesday afternoon, April 7, that first contact was made, that I was aware that I had civilian counsel. Q You say Mr. Segal was retained by your mother? A That's who made the initial phone call. The actual down payment of money was placed by Bob Stern. Q Didn't Mr. Stern initially contact Mr. Segal on your behalf? A I guess he did. Q Did your mother have any prior knowledge or acquaintanceship with Mr. Segal? A No. As a matter of fact, Bob Stern told my mother about Mr. Segal. Right. Q And when this matter came up and you were in this difficult situation at this time and it was apparent that you needed a lawyer to give you assistance with respect to these problems, Bob Sterns, on your behalf, contacted Mr. Segal and he and your mother were also in contact with one another and your mother was in contact with Mr. Segal. Is that correct? Q Did you agree that Mr. Segal -- to accept Mr. Segal as your attorney as of this telephone conversation that you had with him on April 7? Q How soon thereafter did you see Mr. Segal? A I don't remember. I believe it was about a week. About a week later I believe. Q Where was that, Fort Bragg or in Philadelphia? A Fort Bragg. Q Did he come alone? A No, he came with an associate, Dennis Eisman. Q Do you remember how long they stayed there at that time? A Most of the day, I believe. Q Was this your first opportunity to discuss the matter at length with Mr. Segal and Mr. Eisman? A Yes. But it wasn't really -- Yes. Q Once again I'm not going to ask what you said to them or what they said to you, but I'm going to ask you generally: Did you discuss with them in detail your recollection of your observations, your actions of the night of February 16, 17? A Not in detail, no. They asked sort of a general outline. It wasn't a special blow-by-blow account, so to speak. It was a much more general type thing. Q They came down there about a week later, you say? So, that would place it somewhere around the 14th of April. In the meantime had you had opportunity to discuss the matter with Mr. Douthat or was that reserved until the time Mr. Segal would arrive? A You know I was in communication with Captain Douthat. Q Constantly? A Not constantly. No. Q Intermittently? A Intermittently. Right. Q In that weekly interval? Q And going over the facts of the case so that he would have some knowledge of what the situation was? A No, that's not exactly what was happening. Q Again, I'm not asking you what you said but what was happening? A He gave a letter legal pad like you are writing on and told me to write down whatever I remembered whenever I remembered it. "If you wake up in the middle of the night and remember something, write it down." And this went on. It went on for a month. Q And you did that? Q Now did you do that for both Captain Douthat and Mr. Segal? A Not separately. No. Q In other words, what you compiled in the way of information was given to both of them jointly for their joint use as your counsel. Is that it? A Effectively, yes. Q Do you remember how long this, this statement was, or this compilation of data, this narrative? Q Was it sort of a legal pad that you were using? Q Have you seen that statement lately? A I've seen it. I haven't read it. Q Can you tell me who has possession and control of it? A My attorneys. Q Do you know of any reason why that should not be shown or made available to the grand jury? Is there anything in there that you think might be harmful or detrimental to yourself as against being helpful to the grand jury conducting this investigation? A I doubt it. It would reflect severely upon the CID. Q My question -- I'm not asking you to give us an answer at this time but I am asking you to consult with your attorney and give us an answer when you come back before the grand jury at a later time. I'm not asking you to consult with them at this moment; we can do it tomorrow. But, I am going to request that you make available to us, for the benefit of the grand jury in conducting its intensive and exhaustive investigation of this matter, the notes that you have compiled back in April, possibly in May, for the information of Captain Douthat, Mr. Segal, Mr. Eisman. A With all its irrelevancies and meaningless comments? A As I understand it, that's an attorney-client product. Q It is privileged and you are at liberty to refuse to make that available to them. A The statement itself has nothing in it except what I recollect. Q I'm telling you it's privileged communication to your counsel. This is a privilege that is personal to you. You can, if you wish, waive the privilege and make this information available to the grand jury. A Mr. Woerheide, are you setting me up for the fall guy? Q No, I'm not. A I've got instructions from an attorney that gets five hundred dollars a day, and he says, you will not ever divulge attorney-client relationships. And here I am divulging them. Q I have not asked you question one. A I understand that. Q As to any privileged statement that you made to him or any privileged statement that he made to you -- A The implication is -- Q But, I'm asking you to consult with him and give us an answer as to whether or not you are willing to give us this statement either in whole or in part. If you wish to Xerox it and excise portions of it, you are free to do so. And, I'm going to ask you to consider and respond to my request that you make this material available to the grand jury. A That's fair. The problem is, the only unfairness is if I respond in a negative fashion through attorney -- Q We'll be aware that you are doing it on the advice of your counsel and might not necessarily agree with the answer. But, it's your decision, not your counsel's decision, and you can accept his advice or you can reject his advice. That's up to you. When did Mr. Malley enter the matter? A He wrote to me sometime during this juncture. He was in the army. Q Where was he stationed? A Somewhere in Texas. El Paso or whatever base is out there near El Paso. Q Is he an old friend of yours? A Yes. We were roommates in college. Q That's at Princeton? Q Was that your freshman year before you were married? A Freshman and sophomore. Q All right. Once again, I'm not asking you for any privileged communications but I want to know about your engagement of Mr. Malley and how he became involved in this. A He wrote to me and expressed his dismay at the turn of events and wanted to make sure that I was obtaining civilian counsel because he told me that military counsel have a problem because if the prosecutor is a Colonel or Major and the defense is a Captain that there's a difference. There's not supposed to be, but in fact there is. And he said, you'd better make sure you have civilian counsel. It makes a difference. And, I don't remember what transpired next. I think he was on leave and he came to see me. And, Captain Douthat had already mentioned he was going to need help. I don't really know how it came up, but it came up -- we were sitting around and I said, "Well, how about Mike Malley? He graduated very high in Harvard Law and was acting as a trial lawyer for the army anyway." And I said, "Why not get him? It's someone we know and trust and wouldn't pass on information to the prosecution," as another was. So, to make a long story short, he applied for orders to be attached to Fort Bragg for the duration of an Article 32 as my trial counsel, assistant trial counsel. I don't know if that's the correct word -- a lawyer for me. And the orders were granted. Q Now, how long prior to the commencement to the Article 32 did he arrive in Fort Bragg? A I don't remember. It was -- I don't remember. Q Well, when did the Article 32 commence? A Well, you mean literally or -- allegedly it commenced like June 1st -- not the Article 32 but the orders were formal, something like that. It was a charging ceremony where my commanding officer had to read the charges and I had to have counsel present and whatnot. And that was adjourned until July. Q Did he come prior to that date? A He was there for some period of time, but it was leave time. It wasn't on orders; he was using up his leave time. Q Do you recall when he took some leave the first time and came to visit you, approximately? A No. Sometime -- Q It would be sometime about May wouldn't it? A Yes. Sometime in May. And then I think he was there for a while in June. And then he was there for the Article 32 until September when he got orders to Vietnam. Q When was it you went to Philadelphia? A I would say in late April. Late April or early May. It must have been April. It must have been April. I think it was April because Mr. Segal wanted to go further into my recollections and begin essentially preparing for the defense, I guess. Q Did Captain Douthat accompany you to Philadelphia? Q Anyone else? A I don't think so. Q Now, when you went up there, were you informed in advance that they would employ a psychiatrist and make an examination of you? A That who would employ? Q Were you informed in advance, by Mr. Segal or anyone else, that they would employ a psychiatrist, a forensic psychiatrist -- A No, they did not. Q -- to make an examination of you? A Lawyers like to spring things. With about three seconds to go they tell you things. So, I didn't know until I got there. No. Q Did they ask you to agree to this? A Sir, I really think that we are treading on communications between the lawyer and the client. Q Well, I'll ask you this: Did you agree to it? A Did I have psychiatric -- Q Well, I know you had a psychiatric examination. I know Dr. Sadoff testified at the Article 32 of his examination of you. A Yes, I agreed to a psychiatric examination. Q Well, let me ask you this. Did you have any reluctance to agree to it? A Sure, I had reluctance to agree to it. Who wants to lay on a couch for three or four days and talk to a psychiatrist, especially in the emotional state I was in at the time? As a matter of fact, defense attorneys sometimes don't have much feelings. As a matter of fact, Mr. Segal said that we have to look into your sanity, we have to see if it's conceivable no matter what the evidence shows, what's your life, who you are, what you're capable of. Q Do you recall the approximate date when this psychiatric examination was performed? I assumed it extended over several days. A It did. I don't know the dates. Q Now, besides seeing Dr. Sadoff, did you also see a psychologist who gave you certain tests? A Yes, I did. But I think we're going to have to stop talking about attorney-client relationships. Q I'm not asking you what you said to him. A Yes, you are. Q I'm not asking what the psychologist said to you. I'm just asking you were you examined by a psychologist who gave you certain tests, A Yes. And all the results were forwarded to the army. The army had it all for their psychiatric examination. Q Now, when you say, "all the results", what are you referring to, sir? A The results of the examinations that I had in Philadelphia. Q Was this some sort of a report, some sort of document? Or series of documents? A I presume a series of documents. There was a psychologist and a psychiatrist. Q Have you ever seen the documents? A Just summaries by my lawyers. Q When were you sent to Walter Reed? A At the end of the Article 32 hearing in August of 1970. Q Was testimony still being taken at that time? A I believe when we returned it had effectively been closed, and when we returned there were rebuttal witnesses or something. There were a few more witnesses when we came back. I think the effective testimony, prosecution, defense had been finished. Q How long did you stay in Washington? A At least a week. Q How many people examined you there? A Three psychiatrists. Q Was there any further testing done there by a psychologist? A I don't remember. I had electroencephalogram, brain waves. I don't know. I don't think there was any -- You mean the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality type test? Q Yes. And the Rorschach test? Q That sort of thing. Q The only tests of that type that were made were made in Philadelphia by the psychologist there? Q The results of those tests were made available to the psychiatrists at Walter Reed Hospital? A I believe the psychiatrists at Walter Reed wanted to review those to see if they had to redo them, and they decided they didn't need to do their own. I think that's the way it worked out. They found the results -- I don't know, well done or accurate. I don't know how you would tell. But, they said they didn't feel they had to repeat them. Q And neither at Philadelphia nor at Walter Reed were you given a sodium amytal type test? You've explained that previously because it required you to relive the incident and it wasn't done either place, I take it? Q How long did you spend with Dr. Sadoff as distinguished from the psychologist? Q Do you recall? A I honestly don't remember. Q Was it part of one day or more than one day? A Oh, it was more. Q How many days? A I don't remember. I don't know. I would guess -- Q Could it have been more than three days? A I would say that would be the upper limits. It was parts of two or three days. The army, I believe, was five. Q Now, do you know a man named -- As I recall, you said that these tests were made by Dr. Sadoff probably about the end of April, possibly the beginning of May. I think you said the end of April. The Walter Reed test or examination was made in August. Now, between those intervals, did you talk to anyone -- not a lawyer, not a psychiatrist, not a psychologist -- concerning the incident of February 16, 17? A No one except reporters. Q Who were the reporters? A I really don't remember, sir. There were hundreds of them. You know, they were all over the place all the time. Q Did you give a full description of the matter to any of those reporters? A I gave a statement, a long statement to one of the reporters. Q What was his name? A John Cummings. Q And he was a reporter with -- A Newsday. Q And where did you give the statement? Q And was this in your quarters at Fort Bragg? A No, it was in a room in the Article 32 building. Q Was there anyone else present besides you and John Cummings? Q Was this done with the knowledge of your attorneys? A Certainly. Q How long did it take to give the statement to John Cummings? Q Was it tape recorded? Q Was it published? Q It was serialized in Newsday wasn't it? A period, over a period of time? A Two days. Q I take it this was a voluntary statement that you made? Q Was the entire interview published or only excerpts from it? A I don't remember. I don't know. Q Were you furnished with a copy of the tape of the interview? Q Do you have any objection to our obtaining from John Cummings a copy of the tape of the Interview? A You'll have to talk to Mr. Cummings. It's not my property. Q Would you personally have any objection to it? A Only that -- that my experience with government prosecutors in the past has not been very good. And, you would have to view the tape with the understanding that that was a statement to a reporter. It was not the same thing as I -- Q Well, I understand you were not under oath, you were not -- A It isn't even that. It's -- This was a duty for me to -- you know -- to sort of try to equalize all the bad things my family had to read up on Long Island and stuff. And the Kassabs at that time. My in-laws. Q Well, let me ask you this. Is there anything that you said in that statement that you feel at this time you would like to retract? A I'd have to re-read it. Q I'll get a copy of the statement. I'll give it to you. I'll afford you an opportunity to re-read it tonight. I'd like to know -- A Sir, in other words what you're saying is that you're viewing the statement as a statement of fact from me; otherwise, you wouldn't be interested in it. Q Well, it is a statement by you recounting your recollections of the events of February 16, 17, and also certain events that took place slightly before that time; for example, the 24 hours you spent at Hamlet, conversation that you had with Ron Harrison in your quarters on Saturday preceding, and -- A You know, this wasn't even really with thought. This is just talking to the reporter. And if there wasn't an answer to a question, you'd tell him it could be vaguely correct. It's not at all like -- Q That's what I would like you to tell us. I would like you to examine the statement actually and tell us -- We have a copy of the statement as it is printed. A You know, I should turn this around and say, do you want me to bring Colonel Kriwanek's news clippings, what he said in the press. Q Sir, I'm not interested in what Colonel Kriwanek said. A Well, you should be. Q I'm interested in what you as a witness, having knowledge of certain facts, had to say. A But, the newspaper isn't facts. That's the thing. And this is an interview sort of arranged by high-powered defense attorneys who wanted sort of a story told publicly. You know, if I had it my way I wouldn't even have given the interview. That's not a legitimate thing to me. Q Well, this is a statement that you made for the benefit of anybody who chose to read the statement and the statement is attributed directly to you. A Sir, I think there's a much fuller, better account of this in the Article 32 investigation taken under oath. Q But, this was prior to the Article 32. You were not under any pressure. You were not under any strain. A I beg to differ with you. Q It was done voluntarily and it purports to cover the same territory. A To imply that I wasn't under pressure at that time in my life is outrageous. I was under tremendous -- Q Did Mr. Cummings put you under pressure? A The interview was to me, yes. Q You were tense? A Yes, I was tense, Mr. Woerheide. Q You think you said anything you should not have said? A I don't know. I'd have to re-read it. I don't re-read newspaper clippings. Q I'll give you a copy of it before we close today and afford you an opportunity to re-read it. And, we'll discuss it further tomorrow. Did you give a comparable statement to any other reporter, any other interviewer? A Not that I'm aware of. That means no. Q Now, have I covered all the statements that you may have given that you can recall between February 17 and December 4 to anybody that we might obtain for the purpose of seeking out leads or other helpful information that might resolve this matter? A I can't think of any other long formal type statements or interviews that we haven't mentioned. Q All right, we come to December 4. Do you recall after December 4 you did make a number of statements, not about the incident of February 16, 17, but about the conduct of the investigation and the Article 32 proceedings? A I sure did. Q Well, I would like to ask a preliminary question before I get into this. Did you and your counsel or anyone else for your benefit or on your behalf employ any private investigation in connection with the Article 32 proceedings? A Yes, I'm sure that occurred at some points. Q Can you tell us who employed them and who they were? Q What knowledge do you have of the fact that there were certain private investigators employed? A Just conversations with my attorneys. Q Did your attorneys employ private investigators? A You'll have to ask them. Q What? A You'll have to ask them, Mr. Woerheide. Q Did you have any voluntary investigators acting on your behalf? Q Who were they? Q Were any investigative reports submitted which you saw? A You mean formal investigative reports like a detective? Q Formal, informal. A I never saw any. No, sir. Q To your knowledge, did your attorneys receive any investigative reports of any nature, formal or informal? A I don't know. Honestly, I don't know. Q Well, did anyone tell you that information had been supplied by any individuals? Q That might be helpful to you? Q Who told you that? A Sir, we had hundreds of pieces of information supplied to us constantly every day. Q That's what I'm trying to find out. I'm trying to ascertain the identity of any individuals who felt that they were in a position to furnish useful information in this matter, useful information that might help you to resolve the matter that was the subject of the Article 32 proceeding. I want to pursue any investigative leads that we can come up with. A Sure. What was the question? Q The question is: What were you told -- You said you didn't see any documentation -- but what were you told, if anything, about such information that had been volunteered and submitted by -- A What I am aware of is mainly verbal communications from reporters. I heard comments about investigators. I don't know if in fact paid investigators were retained. We received a lot of things in the mail without ever knowing who sent it to us. We received copies -- Q Did you keep those things, retain those things? A Certainly. Usually, it was something the army was trying to hide. Q What did you do with it? Do you still have it? A Yes. Sure. Q Will you make it available? A It depends. Q I'm requesting that you make it available. A Some things I will not make available. Q I am requesting that you make available to us what you are willing to make available to us. A I'll have to discuss that with Mr. Segal, sir. If it's germane and relevant, absolutely. That's what I'm here for. But, you know we're talking about -- Q You said some of it you would not make available. What will you not make available to us? A Well, for instance, when my lawyers were assaulted by the MP's and the CID. There are photographs available of my attorney flying through the air, landing on his head. The official FBI report stated: "My lawyer wrenched himself violently to one side, threw himself to the ground and knocked himself out." This was witnessed by 4 newsmen and a Lt. Spahn from the public information office. And the FBI and the CID investigation concludes that it was staged by my attorneys. When my car was surrounded by four MP cars, an army MP in a car pulled up behind us, pulled us out of the car, knocked my lawyers to the ground, took me to my room, took the hair samples. The FBI report states -- I repeat, it states that this was staged by my attorneys. I will not give you those pictures of that. No. The FBI had been trying to get them for four years. That's what I will not give you. Q If you won't give them to us, that's your privilege. A That's right. And if that's the kind of investigation, we're talking about -- Q I'm asking you to make available for the benefit of this grand jury any specific information -- A That doesn't have any relationship. Q -- that you have in your possession that might throw some light on this. A I'll discuss that with Mr. Segal and if there's something relevant, that is -- Sure. But, you know I have to discuss it with Mr. Segal. I am not aware of formal, written statements from paid or volunteer investigators. No. Q All right, sir. I have a Newsday article that was published 20, 1970, and the headline is, "Beret Freed in Family Deaths" and it says in part: "MacDonald and his attorneys expect to conduct their own investigation. 'The army never followed up on some of the leads that we turned up', MacDonald said. ‘I plan to do a lot of writing and investigating.'" Now, did you in fact turn up and turn over to the army leads resulting from your investigation? A Yes. Yes. Q Will you be specific? A What specifically I am referring to now is testimony reference to a female individual and a male or males in Fayetteville that was testified to in the Article 32. That was brought, apparently, to the CID's notice by us by luck. We lucked onto this information purely by what my attorneys tell me, absolute chance. And that was turned over on multiple occasions. And we have sworn testimony that it was allegedly reinvestigated. I'm sure you're familiar with that testimony. Q All right. Now, that's one item. Now, tell me about the other leads that you turned up. A When I left the army, sir, I asked for a civilian, not an army, reinvestigation. It became very apparent at this time that an army reinvestigation of the army was a little ludicrous. And I went to the justice department in December and banged on a desk, and they even refused to interview me. I had a congressman with me. Okay, they wouldn't even talk to me; they wouldn't even give me the courtesy of saying hello. It was by a phone from down the hall. They rejected any information we could give them. Q You went to the Department of Justice in Washington, D.C.? Q Who was the congressman? A Congressman Allen Lowenstein. Q Do you remember the date? A No, I don't. It was in December. Q Do you remember where you went? A To the Justice Department. Q Well, do you remember where you went in the Justice Department? A No. I'm sure it's logged in. Q Did you go to the criminal division? A Yes, we did. Q Did you go to the office of the assistant attorney general in charge of the criminal division? A I'm sure that's what it was. Q Whom did you see there? A I don't know. Will Wilson pops into mind. I don't know if that's correct. Q Will Wilson was the assistant attorney general in charge of the criminal division. Did you see him? A I believe we talked to him on the phone. Or, I talked to him on the phone. Q Now, Henry Peterson was then the first assistant to Will Wilson. Did you see him? A Okay. The first phone call from the lobby was to Mr. Wilson. He referred me to -- I guess it was Mr. Peterson, wasn't it. I believe it was either that order or vice-versa order. And both of them categorically refused to even discuss the case with me. Absolutely refused categorically to discuss anything about the case with me. Q All right. Where did you go then? Q Did you go to the office of a Mr. Belcher? A I don't remember. I don't remember a Mr. Belcher. Q Did they refer you to the FBI? A I don't think they referred us to the FBI. We had already seen letters from the FBI, the state police, the Fayetteville police, the state bureau of investigation and the justice department refusing responsibility in the case. None of them would reinvestigate the case. I had already seen these letters. It seemed a little futile. Q You said you banged on a desk. Whose desk did you bang on? A I don't know. I honestly don't know. It was a secretary-type desk. It wasn't on Mr. Peterson's desk. Q Now, were you carrying with you at that time, to turn over to the department of justice, any information, any leads that you had turned up as a result of your investigation? A I don't remember. I think it was probably -- It was sort of an information sheet that I had put together for that purpose. And also Lt. Malley's letter who was now in Vietnam. Q Do you have a copy of that information sheet? A I believe I do. Q Do you have a copy of Lt. Malley's letter? Q Will you make those available to the grand jury? Q All right. I'll quote further from this article. "We hope to get either the appropriate civilian agency or to get our own investigators so we can find the real killers." Did you in fact hire your own investigators? A I never hired investigators. No. My lawyers cost me $30,000 up to that point. My mother had to sell her house to pay for it. Plus I was trying to rebuild a life and it became a little, it became a little bizarre. And -- No, I didn't. That's one of my great sins apparently. Q It says, "Both attorneys have criticized army investigators for their methods of obtaining evidence against MacDonald." That's a very general allegation. What are the specifics behind that? A For obtaining evidence? Q " -- their methods of obtaining evidence against MacDonald." A I'm sure they're referring to the crime scene. Back on 17 February. I'm sure that in their mind they're referring to the way they finally achieved their desired goal of getting hair samples. I'd like to state, sir, that you may or may not know that I never refused hair samples. All I said to the army was that I requested an order from my commanding officer. I was a good army officer. All I ever said to them was tell Colonel Kane to give me an order and I'll give him hair samples. And they didn't. So, they ran our car off the road. That's how they got hair samples. There was never a refusal. There was a motion filed in a federal court by my attorneys. Q To enjoin the taking? A To enjoin the taking of hair samples which I vehemently opposed. But, the point was when that court, the federal court, denied that they didn't have jurisdiction, leaving it hanging, because that means no one has jurisdiction or something like that. And I told them I would give them a hair sample if Colonel Kane would issue a direct order for me to do so. You know I was still on active duty. The orders that I followed out were by my commanding officer. He is the one who signed orders about who would visit me, where I could go, what I could eat, everything I could do. Q Well, he didn't order you not to give hair samples? A That isn't the point. I just asked that he be informed of this and if he agreed and ordered me to submit to the CID investigators and a laboratory technician, I would be willing to do so. And that's what happened. Q Let's go back to this Newsday article. It said: "Segal said yesterday, ‘Captain MacDonald and I want to express our thanks to Representative Otis Pike, Democrat, River Head and Senator Charles Goodell, Republican, New York, for their very great help in this matter. Both men worked with us and with officials in the Pentagon to see that MacDonald's rights were -- '" and apparently the bottom of the page, the last line on the page were omitted, but I assume the word is something like safeguarded or preserved or honored, something to that effect. Now, tell us about that. What was Mr. Otis Pike's role and Senator Goodell's role? A Ex-senator Goodell, Ex-congressman Lowenstein. I don't know if Pike's still in. Q It doesn't make any reference to Lowenstein here. A I believe that most of this was in reference to two things. One was the, the assault on my lawyers, alleged assaults on my lawyers which in fact occurred but obviously now can't be proven because the FBI said it didn't occur. That was one reason. That was argued very vehemently by many members of congress. They had seen it on television. It was very hard to argue. That was one reason they were interested in the case. They were also interested in the -- they speeded up my process of getting out of the army in November, really, so I got out before December. I don't even know if they made inquires during the Article 32 to the Department of the Army reference the hearing. I think there was a lot of communication going on at this time like Senator Javits, Senator Sam Ervin. A lot of them were aware of the case and had gotten letters -- Q I take it nothing was submitted to them at that time that might be helpful to the grand jury at this time. A Documents? Not that I am aware of. Q The next article that I have is dated October 29, 1970. It's from the Raleigh, North Carolina, newspapers -- just two items. You said that you were over $30,000 in the hole. This quotes you as saying: "I am also $20,000 in debt to my lawyers without being guilty." How do you go from $20,000 to $30,000? A The figures don't mean much, Mr. Woerheide. We're talking about -- Q Ten thousand dollars means something, to me it does. A First of all, the statement really doesn't mean much. It's a matter of paying expenses all along. You know that's not legitimate. I can't say to you, here's check for fifteen thousand dollars. That was half of my bill. That wasn't how it was done. There were expenses paid. My lawyers were on post for almost four months. And everything, all expenses were paid. There were motels, there were phone bills. It just went on and on and on. Essentially, most of this was absorbed by my mother. Q The article further states; "He talked about revenge against the killers he said murdered his wife, Colette, and children, Kristen and Kimberly. ‘I'd like to get these people. I can't understand why the army didn't try harder.'" Now, what did you mean at that time by the term, "revenge"? A It's pretty self-evident. You could probably come to the point more directly, Mr. Woerheide, what you're leading up to, what we'll get into shortly. But, at this point, it would be nice if the perpetrators were caught. Q Were you personally seeking out the perpetrators? A Only in a very ineffectual manner. Q That's not being very definite. Now, be explicit. A It was the same type of thing as, you know, when you went into some bars, you talked to some people. I tried to track down Helena Stoeckley. It just isn't like Kojak. It doesn't work that way. Q But you were making an effort? Q On your own? A Yes. But, I'm talking about a -- You know it was very difficult at that time for me to walk into a bar in Fayetteville and play undercover agent. This thing had been on the front pages for six months. Q Well, you had friends. Were they helping you? A Not specifically. No. Q Were they helping you in a nonspecific way? A Yes. My lawyers still got leads. We still got phone calls. We still had things like that. Nothing great. No. Q Well, when you went into these bars around Fayetteville -- and I've been to Fayetteville and I've seen from the outside a street with a few bars on it. I believe I know the type of locale that you are talking about. Were you alone or did you have someone with you? A I believe usually I was alone. I probably had some friends with me occasionally. Q You were looking for people who might be the perpetrators you described? Q Let me quote from this article a little bit further. "If the killers were caught, tried and found guilty and sentenced to death, how would he feel, he was asked? ‘I think it would be fine, the death sentence. They made their decision when they killed my family. They should pay for it.' The captain said he had some leads but he didn't want to elaborate on them." Now, is this a reference to the investigation you were making at the time? Q What leads did you have? A Look, Mr. Woerheide, I can't come in here four years later and make it sound like I was some sort of avenging hero going through Fayetteville. That isn't what happened. You know I went to bars. I questioned people. I asked some things. There were, you know, probably occasional little pushing matches. This isn't a big deal, this thing. Q What do you mean by "pushing matches"? A Well, you know, I would get upset. You know with some doper. Q And then what would happen? A Usually nothing. Q When something did happen, what would happen? A You mean you want me to recount every little fist-fight? Is that what you want? Q If you can recall, yes. When you say, "every little fist-fight," how many were there? A Couple. I mean, you know, I -- I was a very visible person in the community at that time. I could walk into a bar and 50 people would stop and say, "Hey that's Captain MacDonald." You don't really get much information that way unless someone wants to come up to you and give you information. Q How does the situation develop that would result in a fist-fight? A I was sitting in a bar in Fayetteville and I was watching these kids buy little bags of pills right out in the open. They weren't even making any attempt to hide it. So, I went over and sat down next to them. On reflection it's really stupid. Q What happened then? A I asked some questions about Helena Stoeckley, which is what I was essentially doing at the time. A People would either say -- at this particular time, what happened then? They said -- the guy said to me, it's none of your business. A I said, the hell it isn't my business. And I kicked his chair out. Q And there was a little scuffling and the thing ended up? A Yes. You leave before the MP's get there. Q This happened several times? MR. WOERHEIDE: Mr. Foreman, for the record, Dr. MacDonald has handed the foreman a document. And, I'm going to ask our reporter to mark it as MacDonald Exhibit 2 of this date. Q Dr. MacDonald, did you prepare this statement? A It was prepared actually by attorneys. Q And they prepared it for you? Q And this is a communication by them to the grand jury? Q Have you read the communication? A Yes, I have. MR. WOERHEIDE: All right. I will read this to the grand jury. "We have just been advised by Dr. MacDonald concerning the most serious matter of the attempts of the government's attorneys to question and obtain information from Dr. MacDonald about matters concerning the attorney-client privilege. Despite the denial by the government's attorney that he was attempting to invade the privacy of these discussions, it is perfectly clear that relying upon the secrecy of your proceedings he has conducted nearly one hour of questioning in this area. "We must respectfully call to your attention that these are matters which the government cannot legitimately pry into. The government knows it and realizes that even this very memorandum to you will be embarrassing to Dr. MacDonald. The government knows that some persons may view our objections to this area of questioning as keeping evidence from the grand jury. This is absolutely untrue, but it is the unfortunate affect of the procedure being followed by the government's attorneys. "We therefore respectfully request that you (a) direct the government's attorneys (and it is your absolute right to do so) to refrain from any direct or indirect attempt to question Dr. MacDonald about his discussions with his attorneys and those assisting them; or, in the alternative, (b) request that Judge Dupree give you further instructions in regard to your duties on this matter." This is signed by Bernard L. Segal, Michael J. Malley -- or it's initialed by them -- and underneath it says, "Attorneys for Dr. MacDonald." I might say, Dr. MacDonald, that you may inform your attorneys that as of this time they are not witnesses before the grand jury and it is not their function or duty or responsibility to advise, or give legal advice to the grand jury. That is my responsibility and my function and that of Tom McNamara, the United States Attorney, and Mr. J. Stroud, the Assistant United States Attorney. Now if they have any further statements to make, they may make it to us as counsel for the grand jury. And, I ask you to tell them that they should cease and desist from sending in such memoranda. And, I'm going to tell you this. I will afford them an opportunity to appear before the grand jury, not as attorneys giving legal advice to the grand jury, but as witnesses who may be able to provide some useful information to the grand jury. Do you understand what I said? A I couldn't miss it, sir. There seems to be some discrepancy there, sir. Between what the different attorneys say between the attorney-client privilege. Q I'm not going to get into a controversy with you at this time concerning this matter. If they wish to file a motion with the court, they are privileged to do so. Dr. MacDonald, over what period of time did you engage in the investigative activity that you have referred to? A I don't specifically remember. It was a period off, I guess, weeks to months. I don't specifically remember dates. Q Tell us when initially and when you finally gave up on it? A When I was released from custody. Q When was that? A In October of 1970. Q All right. And you remained in this area through December 4, I take it? Q Thereafter, you went to live in the area around Long Island. Is that correct? Q Did you continue the activity while you were there? A No, I did not. Q Subsequently, you moved to California? Q Did you remain in contact and communication with Mr. Segal, Mr. Eisman and Mr. Malley after the Article 32 was concluded? Q How long did that continue? A Up to the present, except for Mr. Eisman. Q Well, there has been a lapse of several years now. Last year how many times did you see Mr. Segal? Q Did you see him at all? A I saw him -- I don't know if it was late last year or early this year I saw him. Q Was that a social visit? A No, not really. Q Have anything to do with this case? A Yes, it did. Q I'm not going to ask you for any confidential communication that you made to him or that he made to you seeking legal advice. Let me ask this. Did you seek legal advice? Q Did you seek legal advice with respect to the CID investigation in 1970 and the court martial or the Article 32 proceeding in 1970? A That would come under communication there. Q No, I'm not asking you what you said to him but I am trying to fix the topic. A The major topic that we talked about, if you're going to press me, is Mr. McNamara's press release regarding the convening of the grand jury six months ago. Q I'm not going to go into any details and ask you for what you said to him and what he said to you. I'm just trying to ascertain the subject of the conversation. Now, that was either late 1973 or early 1974? A I really don't remember, Mr. Woerheide. I honestly don't remember. Q Let's go back to 1972. Did you have communication with him then? A It was infrequent communication. Q Well, was this just social -- an exchange of a postcard or a letter or a visit or was it attorney-client relationship? A That's between he and I. Q Did you pay him any legal fees in 1972? That's not a confidential communication. A Yes, that's part of our work. Q Did you pay him any legal fees in 1973 and 1974? A That's still part of our work it seems to me. Q Are you refusing to answer my questions? A You really have a way of trapping people, Mr. Woerheide. I've been given instructions not to discuss the attorney-client relationship. That is obviously attorney-client relationship. Q As counsel for the grand jury, I will tell you what is covered by the attorney-client privilege. A Sir, I've been lectured by many government lawyers. They're almost always wrong. Q Let me tell you what the attorney-client privilege is. If Mr. Segal disagrees with me, he can file a motion in court. The attorney-client privilege covers a confidential communication by a client to an attorney and by an attorney to a client where the client is seeking legal advice. It does not protect disclosure of who the attorney is, for what purpose the legal advice is sought without getting into the details of the communication. Q Whether or not the attorney submitted a bill for the services rendered, whether or not a fee was paid, there is the -- The payment of a fee is not covered by the attorney-client privilege. Now, you asserted that you consulted him for legal advice, as I understand it, at the end of 1973 or 1974. I have not explored that. You have said there was some consultation with him in 1972. I did not explore that. My question is: Did you pay him a fee then for legal services that he was rendering to you at that time? And that is not privileged communication. A I paid him legal fees in the past several years. I don't remember the dates. There have been bills rendered and fees paid. Q Does that relate back to the service performed in 1970? A You mean the actual hours in 1970 that he spent? Q Fee payment that you made to him in 1972 and 1973 and 1974, is that for services rendered in 1972, 1973 and 1974? Q Or does it relate back to 1970 when he was acting as your counsel of the Article 32 hearing? A It's all the same case, you know, 1974, we're still talking about the same case. Q All right. That answers my question. Now, during the court martial or the Article 32 rather, did Mr. Kassab come down here and testify as a witness on your behalf? Q What was your relationship with Mr. Kassab? A He was my father-in-law. Colette's stepfather. Q Apart from the legal aspects of the relationship, what was your personal relationship with him? A It was very good. It's not so good now. Q Did he visit you from time to time prior to the time that you were discharged from the army? A During the Article 32 but not after the Article 32 was ended. Q Would you call him up and talk to him from time to time? Q Would he call you up and talk to you? A Sure would. Q How frequently did you have these communications? A It seemed to me fairly frequently. Q And, were you holding anything back from him? A No. Unfortunately I made some things up. Q What did you make up? A The extent of my investigation, my own investigation. Q All right, tell the grand jury now what it was you made up. A Let me just say that I was trying to rebuild my life and I was doing -- I was trying to get out of the army and our communication at the time was relatively good. We, I say, my attorneys, my mother and myself had begun to feel a little uneasy about Freddy, Mr. Kassab. Mr. Kassab kind of took over the Article 32 hearing and a lot the publicity surrounding it. He would hold news conferences up at La Guardian Airport. He was writing letters and firing off telegrams to anyone that would listen. It was all -- Q Was this public officials, congressmen, senators, things like that? A Anyone who would listen. New York Times, Newsweek, magazines, radios, whoever he could talk to. And it was all in regards I was the greatest guy that had ever lived, the army was absolutely hosing me, giving me a bad deal. Q You didn't disagree with that, did you? A No. That in fact is what happened. Q All right. Go ahead. A He was aware of the Article 32 investigation. He heard -- You know, except for little things, he knew the substance of all the testimony, he knew all the witnesses who were there, he came and testified. But, what I was leading up to was there was a, really a sense of uneasiness. Freddy became a media freak if you want me to be honest. Freddy became a true media freak. He would call us up and he'd say, "What do you want me to do now?" And Bernie would say "We'd like for you to -- " I don't know. Just, you know, "Has the CID been up there questioning any of Jeff's friends or Colette's friends? Could you ask them? Fine." Now, Bernie would -- Mr. Segal would say, "Now Freddy, that's all I want you to do right now." That night we'd be looking at TV and he'd be holding a nationally covered news conference. And Bernie said many times, as did a lot of people, you know he's really kind of a fanatic. So, I said, "Well, look, it's his stepdaughter and grandchildren." Okay. So, now we're up to I'm being sort of discharged out of the army. I say "sort of" because it was sort of a battle. It was a lot of letter writing, phone calling, congressmen calling down trying to speed up the discharge type thing. I was in a funny situation. I'm still in the army. I had not been court martialed. I had an Article 32, which is non-judicial. So I wasn't subject to double jeopardy. And I was being counseled just to get out of the army. Just do your job, show up for work if your commanding officer wants you to and apply for your discharge. And, Freddy's communications were to the effect, don't do anything dangerous. You don't know what they'll do. Your room's bugged. This whole thing. And, I'll take care of all the public statements now. Fine. And, he started talking to me frequently and writing me frequently. It was always in reference to when we get our private investigation going. So, then I said -- Well, I told him: Well, I've been in some bars and, you know, I've got some leads. Critical mistake in my life, tell him that I got some leads. And that started it. And then it was incessant. "What do you have?" "Who have you found?" And I'd lost my family and I'd been through the hearing. I'd been wrongfully accused. Colonel Rock's statement at the end of a five-month grand jury is: the charges are not true. He didn't say, there was lack of evidence. He said, the charges are not true. Right? So, I'm trying to get out of the army. I'm trying to figure out what's going to happen. And, what do I do? Do I drift? Do I go into my residency? Do I spend the rest of my life prowling around looking for these people? And Freddy's hammering away, you know, about this investigation that we're going to -- Cumming, John Cummings was driving me absolutely nuts. Day and night phone calls. Not day and night literally, but frequent communications: "When are we going to get together for the book?" Then the authors started calling. "When are we going to do a book on this?" "I can hook you up with William Morrow in New York." Lawyers from Long Island say, "I have a good friend who is a writer." And it became this unbelievable public thing. So, I sat down and talked to my military lawyers; I talked to my civilian lawyers. I said, "What do I do?" And they said, "Do formal things. Do what you can do. You're a physician. Go to Washington." So, when I got out of the army I went to Washington. Allen Lowenstein takes me around and introduced me to Sam Ervin. Can you imagine going to a cocktail party and talking about a homicide? So, I go to the justice department, try to do things like that. Congressmen and lawyers advised me to go on TV talk shows. So, I go on the TV talk show. I got sick to my stomach. After that, I said I wasn't going to do it anymore. They didn't have a right. Meanwhile, Freddy's driving me crazy. What have you found out? So, I told him I'd found other people. So, he asked -- To make a long story short, I implied that I killed the person. Absolute insanity. So, his wife wants to know the details. Did they scream? Were they in agony? Q What did you say? A I told him, "I can't talk about it." My mother is over for dinner at their house, just to give you an example. My mother-in-law has another son. They have two kids. We were eating dinner. She says: I wish Bobby's kids were killed, not yours. I said, "Mildred, how can you say that?" I said: That's really perverse. She says: I want revenge. I said: I want revenge, too. So I left for California. What the hell was I supposed to do? So, I played along with this stupid game with Freddy. Freddy was an ex-intelligence officer in the Canadian secret service, or so he says, and he lives this day and night. He was in bars all through World War II listening to secret conversations. He was in D-Day. He was on the battleship on it on V-Day. He was everywhere at all times. So, I played this game. And, finally I gave it up and I wrote him a 10-page, 15-page letter. And I said: Freddy, I didn't do it. I didn't do this. Q When did you write that final letter saying I didn't do it? Q Dr. MacDonald? A When I got to California. It was crazy. Q How long did you play the game? A I don't know. Months, verbally, with him. It was always the one incident. It was always the one thing. Mildred wanted to hear the details, did they scream, were they in agony. Q Mildred is Colette's mother? A So-so mother. She's been bizarre for a long time. How can you sit at dinner and say that you wished your other grandkids were killed. So, I made this tremendous mistake, this fantastic error. I tried to be a doctor. I tried to rebuild my life. And I moved away. And that's my three crimes. Q Tell me, Dr. MacDonald, you were in fact investigating this matter, were you not? Q Had you found one of these persons, what would you have done? A I don't know. I don't know. Q Would you have done what you said you did? A Who knows, Mr. Woerheide? I may have. When I think of giving mouth-to-mouth resuscitation to my wife and my kids, I think, yeah. It doesn't seem so hard to visualize. Q From your knowledge of psychiatry and psychology, would you not say that that's a perfectly normal reaction? A Sure. Q And would you not say that you're a normal human being? A I would. Q And if you encountered one of these people under the appropriate circumstances, would you have done what you said that you did do? A It's conceivable. There's a time lapse. I had been through this. It was different then. Like, you know, in April before I'd been questioned, that's a different time frame. It's conceivable, sure. I still think about that. I still get a flash when I see something. I see a lot of dopers in my practice. And it crosses my mind, but I always think later -- Q What crosses your mind? A How can I work so goddamn hard saving an addict's life for overdose? What the hell do I care? Q Does it cross your mind that perhaps you should do them in instead of -- A Not specifically, do them in. Q -- helping them? A No, not specifically do them in. It crosses my mind, yes. Why the hell do I break my butt and break my nurses' butts and the whole emergency room to save this creep who's got twenty thousand dollars, ten thousand dollars cash in his pocket from a recent sale. And he shoots up some fresh heroin and he dies and I resuscitate him. What the hell do I do that for? But, I always do it and I've thought about that. I always do it. My nurses think I'm a good physician. And then I think I carry it to the extreme. What would I do if I had to testify in a trial against these people? Would I sneak a gun in and shoot them? Q Well, you know yourself best. Do you think you would? A Probably not. Q But at least you think about it? A Sure. Wouldn't you? Q And you might come in with a gun in your pocket whether you used it or not? Q I have a letter dated 11-19-70 which I take is November 19, 1970. I won't read the whole letter. It's signed, Jeff, and there's a postscript with "J" on it. It's addressed to Fred. And it talks in the early part about certain material that is to be furnished Lowenstein who I think is Congressman Lowenstein. It says: "You can send full news clippings reminding me of transcripts, taped interviews with Shaw, Ivory, Grebner and other intercepted official stuff." What is that reference to "other intercepted official stuff"? A We had the official army version by telegram of the hair incident on the post. I don't know who sent it to us. Someone in -- whoever intercepts army telegrams Xeroxed it and sent us a copy without signing a name or anything. Q How did it come to you? Through the mail? A Through the mail. Q And there were other items of that nature. Is that correct? A Yes, I would suppose -- There are a lot of loose notes and stuff and handwritten notes and stuff. That's all part of my attorney-client relationship I have been told. Q It says that you are beginning work on your speech for a news conference when you get out. And you say you can deliver mimeos. I suppose that means mimeographs of the speech and photos if necessary to Newsday, Post, Long Island Advance and Times. The morning of the news conference, then you talk about the timing of the conference and where it should take place. And then there comes this paragraph. Page 4, "I will deny our phone conversation of today if anyone even asks." Is that the phone conversation you are referring to when you said you killed one of the -- A I don't know if I said "killed." Q -- one of the intruders? A I don't know if I said "killed." I probably used the stupid phrase that we used to use in the army for the assassination teams, you know, where you used terms like "eliminate with extreme prejudice." Cops and robbers stuff. Q And you add, "I'm sure you can figure out why what must be done, must be done." A You know what's interesting, Mr. Woerheide. You're not the only person that has that. Every news person that ever talked to Freddy has a copy of that letter. Q I have a copy of another letter. It's dated November 6, 1971. So that's approximately a year later. It reads, in part, as follows: "It was obvious the only way for justice to be met is for me to do it. I am doing it. Have been doing it. (Four trips to North Carolina and Florida in the last three months.) And will continue to do it as long as my strength holds up. (Broken hand last trip. Two thousand dollars spent.) The only legit help I see is private eye type, most of which I have found is no more competent than local cops. My next major goal is a large sum of money. (Via an advance from a publisher for this purpose.) The first chap of my book" -- I assume that refers to chapter of my book -- "has been written. The outline is done and still we are only dickering with publishers. They just won't come across fast. Plus John Cummings mouthing off to publishers have hurt the book. That's another story. He wanted the story. When he failed to produce, I went elsewhere. But he got so resentful he has been sandbagging our efforts." Now, referring back to this paragraph, tell us about these four trips to North Carolina, Florida in the last three months and the broken hand. A That was all part of this. Q There were no four trips? A I was keeping Freddy happy. He's crazy. He's -- This is absolutely insanity. The man is a fanatic. He's an alcoholic fanatic. He has sat in that house and re-read every single thing on this case for four years. That's a bizarre reaction to a tragedy. They haven't seen a friend. Friends come over to their house and try to take them out to dinner and they slam the door in their face. The guy is a fanatic. At that point in time -- Q Let's talk about your statement. A That is sort of the beginning of the end. It was already obvious when I would go back to New York to see my mother and see, briefly, Mildred and Freddy that there was a whole different thing going on. And this is just -- This is really continuing that stupid game until I finally go up enough nerve to write him a letter and tell him the truth. Q What was your purpose in making this statement at this particular time? This is November 6, I believe the date is -- November 9th, rather, 1971. A You mean the letter itself? Q This statement to him about making four trips to North Carolina and Florida in the last three months and you were going to continue to do this. And you had a broken hand on the last trip. A I didn't have a broken hand. Q And it cost you two thousand dollars. A I'm telling you Freddy -- I was telling Freddy this great detective story that I was doing all this work on the case because that's what he says he was doing. Q Well, why all this explicit detail and color like the broken hand? Were you implying you broke your hand slapping somebody? A I suppose. Mr. Woerheide, you know -- my actions during that period of time, I apologize for them. Jesus, that doesn't mean I murdered my wife and kids. It was stupid. I regretted it every single day since I wrote the letter to Freddy. I regretted it the day I started it. How do you tell your father-in-law that you've been leading him on about this investigation? Q At this time were you involved in -- You talk here about writing a book. At this time were you involved in the writing of a book? A It's never been written. There were a lot of interviews with authors and publishers. The publishers want to see advance material from an author. The authors want advance money from the publisher. It's sort of a catch 22 type situation. And, all these supposedly helpful friends of mine want me to write a book. I didn't want to write a book. So, you keep putting them off, you know. I had interviews with William Morrow Agency in New York and Ernest, Cain & Gitlin, something like that, some firm in New York. And, several people wrote beginning chapters, like, and tried to get front money. When it became apparent that I was going to have to sit down with this person for a period of months, go over the whole thing and sort of live with an author, I said, screw it! I'm not going to do it. I was trying to rebuild a life. And that's when I decided I've got to clear this up. So, I wrote Freddy a letter, and I said: Freddy, what I told you in the past is not true. Q That's a later letter? A Yes. But, at this time, we were talking to publishers. Q Did you have any contract with John Cummings? Q Did you sit down with him and make preparation for the writing the book? A No. Cummings is an oily newspaper man and he assumes all these things and made grand statements to everyone all the time that he was the author of the MacDonald story for a book. And, unfortunately, my attorneys felt that I should give him that other interview down in Fort Bragg because Newsday, you know, it was my mother's home town, my home town, the Kassab's area and that they should get a more legitimized version of what happened. That's all. But, Cummings was never my choice. I don't like that man. Q By the way, I think it's appropriate to mention at this time, Dr. MacDonald, I have put in front of you, and you have it before you at this time, a Xerox copy of the Cummings story as it was printed in Newsday. And this is the -- I told you that I would furnish you with a copy of it. And, tomorrow I will ask you further questions about it. Now, the next paragraph of this letter and say: "The one difference between you and I is that I don't think, you see, the fact that justice will not bring back my family. I want revenge. Preferably, brutal revenge, and don't care about justice anymore. There is no justice in case you haven't noticed. "You act as though you were on a noble cause. I think the cause is ugly, brutal, but necessary. I will do it. I have done some (one-fourth or one-fifth) of it." Now, let's talk about that statement. Is that again an allusion to the statement that you made back in November about having knocked off or -- Q -- whatever the term you used was? Q One of these alleged assailants which you told Freddy that you had run down? What I was trying to tell Freddy is that he was on a soapbox all the time. He made it sound like this was some sort of glorious thing to do. He didn't understand -- He didn't understand them. I never heard Freddy and Mildred say, I want Colette back. Never. They said they wanted to see someone hurt. What the hell does that do? Q This is a letter on the stationery of Jeffrey R. MacDonald, M.D., 16052 Mariner Drive, Huntington Beach, California, 92649. The date is 3-22-73, which I take to be March 22, 1973. It's addressed: "Dear Mildred:" Is this the letter you were referring to and when you referred to it you said you'd sent it to Freddy. A later letter? Q To place this in context, let me just read a part of it. "I did tell Fred some things after I left the army that were not 100% true. It (these things) were partially true. I magnified them to (I guess) help my own feeling of inadequacy and also I hoped to isolate myself with these comments and allow my mental status to clear. Unfortunately, Fred has misread the importance of these comments." Does that refresh your recollection as to whether or not this is the letter that you are referring to? A I remember it as being -- I addressed it to Freddy, Mildred and I believe Helen. Q So, there's another letter along this line. Is that correct? A I think there is. I'm sure I addressed it to all three. Helen was living with them. Helen is Colette's aunt. She was living with them. And she was closer to Colette than Colette's mother. Q Well, here's another portion of the letter that might serve to refresh your recollection. "I truly hope those absurd tales Fred told me on the phone about ‘girls' are daydreams. They certainly are not true facts. I never lied to you about extramarital affairs. I never had an affair, but I did see, (date, sleep with) a very rare girl away from home. You know that because we discussed it. Freddy knew it also. The rest is complete garbage." A That's true. That's what I said to her. Q All right, now, why were you saying this at this time in this letter? A There had been a phone call from Freddy, that he had called me up, he was drunk, it was the middle of the night and he was ranting and raving that he had -- maybe I'm exaggerating, okay, but I recollected him as saying that he had just come from Fort Bragg and he had 15 affidavits that the MP's were supplying me with girls while I was locked in my BOQ room. So, I said, Freddy, that's the most ludicrous comment I've ever heard in my life. It's obscene, perverse and it's incredible. He said -- I don't know. He said he had sworn affidavits from 15 girls in Fayetteville that the MP's or the CID or someone was supplying me with females while I was locked up in my BOQ. I said, Freddy, you're crazy. Q Did you have any females in your BOQ? A After I was released from custody, sure. Q While you were in custody? A While I was in custody? Females in my BOQ room? A You mean other than friends and relatives? Q I mean, was there a girl who would come in and have sexual relationships with you during the period that you were in custody in your BOQ? A No. Afterwards. Q Now, during this time period, there was no such girl? A There was a girl that used to -- I used to sit outside with the MP guard and do some reading outside and she was a BOQ clerk or something in another BOQ office. And it started out, she walked by and she said, "Hi. Aren't you Captain MacDonald?" And, I'm standing there with an MP guard behind me. So, I said, "Yes, I'm Captain MacDonald." And it started out -- Then like a month later she'd come by and give me a tuna fish sandwich while I'm sitting out there. And after -- I dated her after I -- You know, I took her out on a double date with one of my escort officers as a matter of fact. Q While you were in the BOQ under escort and guard? A No. One of my escort officers who became sort of a friend after I was released from custody. She got another girl and we went on a double date. We went to a movie and had dinner or something. Q What was her name? A I don't know. I think McPherson or Raniery. Q What was the girl's name? Q You don't remember her name? A (Nodded negatively) Q How frequently did you see her? A I probably dated her several times after -- before I left, before December. Q At this time, you say Freddy purported to have affidavits from 15 girls? A That's the sense of the conversation, fifteen -- Q You say that is completely erroneous? A Erroneous? Q There were not 15 girls? Will you say there were no girls? A You mean in regards to having sexual relations in my BOQ room while I'm under guard with an MP outside the door? A Yes, I would say that is erroneous. FOREMAN EPPERSON: Mr. Woerheide, its four ten, thereabouts, and we have some people that want to get on the highway. MR. WOERHEIDE: I'm sorry I wasn't watching my watch and went on so long. I suggest that we excuse the grand jury and we commence tomorrow morning at nine thirty. Is that -- FOREMAN EPPERSON: Right, sir. WITNESS: Do you have any idea of length of testimony, any idea at all? MR. WOERHEIDE: Yes. As you can see, we have a long way to go. And, I know it's going to take all day tomorrow anyway and it might run into the following day. WITNESS: If at all possible, Mr. Segal has things he can't break Thursday. He'd really like to finish tomorrow. MR. WOERHEIDE: You have Lt. Malley here, don't you? WITNESS: Michael Malley? Yes. MR. WOERHEIDE: Or, Captain Malley or whatever he is. I still refer to -- WITNESS: He's a civilian, Mr. Woerheide. MR. WOERHEIDE: But, when I see his name on these documents that give him a military title. Well, we'll keep that in mind and do the best we can. WITNESS: Are you looking forward to testimony on Thursday? Do you actually see that as a strong possibility? MR. WOERHEIDE: I see it as a strong possibility, Dr. MacDonald. I know it's an inconvenience to the grand jury as well as an inconvenience to you and Mr. Segal, but I foresee that as a possibility. But I can't absolutely say at this time because actually we've gone into some matters that don't relate to February 16, 17. WITNESS: For sure. MR. WOERHEIDE: We really haven't started on February 16, 17. FOREMAN EPPERSON: You're excused.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line178
__label__wiki	0.526361	0.526361	Монгол MON Asset management and maintenance Value-adding Staff positions login Abous us overview This Policy sets out the requirements for privacy across CIMIC Group Limited and entities it controls (the Group). This Policy applies to all employees of the Group, third parties engaged by the Group, and all alliances and joint ventures in all jurisdictions. Any employee of the Group found to have breached this Policy may be subject to disciplinary action. The objectives of this Policy are to treat personal information: in Australia including that of its Australian customers and business partners, in accordance with the Australian Privacy Act 1988 (Cth) (the Privacy Act) and the Australian Privacy Principles (APPs); and outside Australia, in accordance with the applicable law. What personal information do we collect? Personal information is any information (including an opinion) which can be used to identify an individual. Sensitive information is a subset of personal information which includes information about an individual’s race or ethnicity, political or religious beliefs, membership of a professional or trade association, membership of a trade union, sexual preferences, criminal record and health information. Personal information will not be shared, sold or disclosed other than in accordance with this Policy, without an individual’s permission, or in accordance with the Privacy Act. CIMIC only collects, holds, uses or discloses personal information where it is reasonably necessary to: enable CIMIC to deliver services or information to individuals or to an organization; maintain or establish a business relationship, including as a customer, supplier, contractor, or employee; enable CIMIC to assist to provide services; or to improve, and better understand preferences in respect of CIMIC services; and fulfil legal or regulatory obligations. 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CIMIC generally collects personal information directly from the individual to whom it relates, except where that individual has consented to CIMIC collecting the personal information from a third party or the law otherwise permits CIMIC to do so, or where it is unreasonable or impracticable to collect it directly. CIMIC only collects sensitive information directly from individuals with their consent, or where required, authorised or otherwise permitted to collect the information from a third party by law. Personal information may also be collected from, and disclosed to, third parties in the course of business activities. For example, steps may be taken to verify that an individual’s academic, training and professional qualifications are accurate and complete and, in appropriate circumstances due to the nature of the available position, health checks, credit checks or criminal records checks may be carried out. An individual has the option, where lawful and practicable, not to be identified when communicating or entering into transactions with CIMIC (including by the use of a pseudonym). However, in most circumstances, it will be impracticable for CIMIC to do business with an individual or provide the services required by an individual unless personal information is provided. Purposes for which we collect, hold, use and disclose personal information Personal information will be stored in CIMIC’s systems for immediate business and administration purposes, as detailed above, and may be used or disclosed for the purpose for which it was collected, or for a related purpose which someone may reasonably expect. Sensitive information will only be disclosed for a purpose which is directly related to the purpose for which it was collected. Personal information may be disclosed between related bodies corporate within CIMIC Group worldwide, and used by those entities for the same purposes for which the collecting company is entitled to use it. CIMIC may also disclose personal information to third party service providers and business associates, including our joint venture and alliance partners, who provide services in connection with its business. These third parties may be located locally or overseas. Disclosure outside Australia As detailed above, in some circumstances CIMIC may disclose personal information to entities located outside Australia, including to its own related bodies corporate, third party service providers and business associates. There are certain safeguards which must be met before CIMIC is allowed to transfer personal information outside Australia, which are set out in the Privacy Act. 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CIMIC is committed to: safeguarding all personal information provided to CIMIC; ensuring that personal information remains confidential and secure; and taking all reasonable steps to ensure that personal privacy is respected. CIMIC maintains physical, electronic and procedural safeguards to protect personal information from misuse, interference, unauthorised access, modification or disclosure, and loss or corruption by computer viruses and other sources of harm. Access to personal information is restricted to those employees, joint venture partners, subsidiary companies and third parties who need to know that information. Accessing or correcting personal information In most circumstances, CIMIC will make available to an individual upon their request any personal information held about them. Requests to access personal information may be made at any time. CIMIC will respond to a request within a reasonable time, and in the manner requested, unless there is a legal or administrative reason preventing CIMIC from do so. In some cases a reasonable fee may be charged for providing access. Reasonable steps will be taken to ensure the personal information held is accurate, complete, up to date, relevant and not misleading before it is used or shared. An individual may request that personal information be corrected or supplemented if the individual believes the information held by CIMIC is inaccurate or misleading. If CIMIC agrees, the change will be made. If CIMIC disagrees, CIMIC will advise the individual and include a notation on the record that the information’s accuracy is disputed. If personal information changes, or if an individual believes that the personal information held by CIMIC is no longer accurate or complete, the individual should contact the Privacy Officer. Privacy Officer contact details privacyofficer@cimic.com.au The Privacy Officer, Level 25, 177 Pacific Highway, North Sydney NSW 2060 Australia CIMIC will respond to requests to correct or supplement personal information within a reasonable time period. Destruction and de-identification of personal information Records management policies govern the archiving and destruction of records which include personal information. If unsolicited personal information is received, reasonable steps will be taken to destroy or de-identify that personal information. A cookie is a small text file downloaded onto a computer or mobile device when a website is accessed, including the CIMIC website. Cookies are widely used to make websites work, or work more efficiently, as well as to provide information to the website’s owners and third parties. Cookies allow a website to recognise a computer or mobile device. Cookies do not identify the individual, but do identify the computer or mobile device used to access the Internet, and can therefore be used to collect information about the individual’s use of the Internet. Cookies do not allow access to any information stored on the individual’s computer or mobile device. Cookies are used: to determine the number and global location of visitors to CIMIC’s website and to identify how visitors move around the site and, in particular, which pages they visit. This allows CIMIC’s website and services to be improved; to collect information, where available, about a computer or mobile device for system administration purposes, such as IP address, operating system and browser type. Information collected through the use of cookies will only be used to evaluate CIMIC’s website effectiveness and to improve user experience. Cookies are not used to identify an individual or to send targeted advertising. CIMIC’s website provides hyperlinks to websites owned and controlled by others. CIMIC is not responsible for the privacy practices of these websites. By accessing or using CIMIC’s website, an individual consents to the collection, use and disclosure of personal information as described in this Policy, as amended from time to time. If an individual has a question, concern or complaint regarding the way in which personal information is handled, or believes that CIMIC or one of its Operating Companies has breached its obligations under the Privacy Act or has failed to comply with this Policy, they should make a complaint in writing to CIMIC’s Privacy Officer (contact details above). CIMIC will review and respond to any complaint as soon as possible, and generally within 30 days of receiving it. If an individual is not satisfied with CIMIC’s response, the complaint can be referred to the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner (OAIC). The OAIC will generally only consider a complaint if the individual has first written to CIMIC and given CIMIC a reasonable opportunity to resolve the complaint (usually 30 days). Owner: Group General Counsel, CIMIC Approved by: Executive Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, CIMIC Effective day: 10 August 2015 updated 18 October 2016 Note: CIMIC reviews and updates this Policy from time to time to reflect its current information handling practices. CIMIC will notify changes by posting an updated version of the Policy to the CIMIC website.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line180
__label__wiki	0.589061	0.589061	Selected Works Biography GALLERY EXHIBITIONS PUBLIC EXHIBITIONS PUBLICATIONS PRESS Back Elad Lassry (Israeli, born 1977) defines his practice as consumed with “pictures”—generic images culled from vintage picture magazines and film archives. Lassry studied film at the California Institute of the Arts then earned an MFA from the University of Southern California. Tapping the visual culture of still and motion pictures, he engages traditions of story-building with images and the ghosts of history that persist in images long after they have been lifted out of their original contexts. 2020 San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, CA 2018 Le Plateau, Paris, France Image World: In and About Photography, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA 2017 Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada, curated by Jeff Wall 2016 Ordinary Pictures, Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, MN 2015 Photo Poetics, Deutsche Bank KunstHalle, Berlin, Germany; Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY 2014 Museum Bojimans van Beuningen, Rotterdam, Netherlands 2013 Film as Sculpture, WIELS Contemporary Art Centre, Brussels, Belgium 2012 Untitled (Presence), The Kitchen, New York, NY Padiglione d’Arte Contemporanea, Milan, Italy Kunstnernes Hus, Oslo, Norway 2011 American Exuberance, Rubell Family Collection, Miami, FL Off the Wall, organized by Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, Museu de Arte Contemporânea de Serralves, Porto, Portugal 2010 Sum of Limited Views, Contemporary Art Museum, St. Louis, MO New Photography 2010, Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY 2009 Elad Lassry: Three Films, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York Beg, Borrow and Steal, Rubell Family Collection, Miami, FL The Reach of Realism, Museum of Contemporary Art, North Miami, FL SELECTED ARTISTS PROJECTS 2012 Women (065, 055), 2012, High Line Billboard, High Line Art, New York 2010 Frieze, Issue 132, Summer 2010, cover 2007 John Jones Prize, London, England 2006 Fotokem Filmmaking Grant, Burbank, CA SELECTED PUBLIC AND MUSEUM COLLECTIONS Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL Castello di Rivoli – Museo d’Arte Contemporanea, Italy Foto Museum Winterthur, Switzerland Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY Institute of Contemporary Art, Miami, FL Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, IL Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, CA Museum of Contemporary Art, North Miami, FL Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY Museum Ludwig, Germany Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, MN Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line185
__label__cc	0.549103	0.450897	Black Holes, Neutron Stars, and the Power of Love What’s the difference between a black hole and a neutron star? When a massive star nears the end of its life, it starts running out of nuclear fuel. Without the support of a continuous explosion, the star begins to collapse, crushed under its own weight. What happens then depends on how much weight that is. The most massive stars collapse completely, into the densest form anything can take: a black hole. Einstein’s equations say a black hole is a single point, infinitely dense: get close enough and nothing, not even light, can escape. A quantum theory of gravity would change this, but not a lot: a quantum black hole would still be as dense as quantum matter can get, still equipped with a similar “point of no return”. A slightly less massive star collapses, not to a black hole, but to a neutron star. Matter in a neutron star doesn’t collapse to a single point, but it does change dramatically. Each electron in the old star is crushed together with a proton until it becomes a neutron, a forced reversal of the more familiar process of Beta decay. Instead of a ball of hydrogen and helium, the star then ends up like a single atomic nucleus, one roughly the size of a city. Not kidding about the “city” thing…and remember, this is more massive than the Sun Now, let me ask a slightly different question: how do you tell the difference between a black hole and a neutron star? Sometimes, you can tell this through ordinary astronomy. Neutron stars do emit light, unlike black holes, though for most neutron stars this is hard to detect. In the past, astronomers would use other objects instead, looking at light from matter falling in, orbiting, or passing by a black hole or neutron star to estimate its mass and size. Now they have another tool: gravitational wave telescopes. Maybe you’ve heard of LIGO, or its European cousin Virgo: massive machines that do astronomy not with light but by detecting ripples in space and time. In the future, these will be joined by an even bigger setup in space, called LISA. When two black holes or neutron stars collide they “ring” the fabric of space and time like a bell, sending out waves in every direction. By analyzing the frequency of these waves, scientists can learn something about what made them: in particular, whether the waves were made by black holes or neutron stars. One big difference between black holes and neutron stars lies in something called their “Love numbers“. From far enough away, you can pretend both black holes and neutron stars are single points, like fundamental particles. Try to get more precise, and this picture starts to fail, but if you’re smart you can include small corrections and keep things working. Some of those corrections, called Love numbers, measure how much one object gets squeezed and stretched by the other’s gravitational field. They’re called Love numbers not because they measure how hug-able a neutron star is, but after the mathematician who first proposed them, A. E. H. Love. What can we learn from Love numbers? Quite a lot. More impressively, there are several different types of questions Love numbers can answer. There are questions about our theories, questions about the natural world, and questions about fundamental physics. You might have heard that black holes “have no hair”. A black hole in space can be described by just two numbers: its mass, and how much it spins. A star is much more complicated, with sunspots and solar flares and layers of different gases in different amounts. For a black hole, all of that is compressed down to nothing, reduced to just those two numbers and nothing else. With that in mind, you might think a black hole should have zero Love numbers: it should be impossible to squeeze it or stretch it. This is fundamentally a question about a theory, Einstein’s theory of relativity. If we took that theory for granted, and didn’t add anything to it, what would the consequences be? Would black holes have zero Love number, or not? It turns out black holes do have zero Love number, if they aren’t spinning. If they are, things are more complicated: a few calculations made it look like spinning black holes also had zero Love number, but just last year a more detailed proof showed that this doesn’t hold. Somehow, despite having “no hair”, you can actually “squeeze” a spinning black hole. (EDIT: Folks on twitter pointed out a wrinkle here: more recent papers are arguing that spinning black holes actually do have zero Love number as well, and that the earlier papers confused Love numbers with a different effect. All that is to say this is still very much an active area of research!) The physics behind neutron stars is in principle known, but in practice hard to understand. When they are formed, almost every type of physics gets involved: gas and dust, neutrino blasts, nuclear physics, and general relativity holding it all together. Because of all this complexity, the structure of neutron stars can’t be calculated from “first principles” alone. Finding it out isn’t a question about our theories, but a question about the natural world. We need to go out and measure how neutron stars actually behave. Love numbers are a promising way to do that. Love numbers tell you how an object gets squeezed and stretched in a gravitational field. Learning the Love numbers of neutron stars will tell us something about their structure: namely, how squeezable and stretchable they are. Already, LIGO and Virgo have given us some information about this, and ruled out a few possibilities. In future, the LISA telescope will show much more. Returning to black holes, you might wonder what happens if we don’t stick to Einstein’s theory of relativity. Physicists expect that relativity has to be modified to account for quantum effects, to make a true theory of quantum gravity. We don’t quite know how to do that yet, but there are a few proposals on the table. Asking for the true theory of quantum gravity isn’t just a question about some specific part of the natural world, it’s a question about the fundamental laws of physics. Can Love numbers help us answer it? Maybe. Some theorists think that quantum gravity will change the Love numbers of black holes. Fewer, but still some, think they will change enough to be detectable, with future gravitational wave telescopes like LISA. I get the impression this is controversial, both because of the different proposals involved and the approximations used to understand them. Still, it’s fun that Love numbers can answer so many different types of questions, and teach us so many different things about physics. Unrelated: For those curious about what I look/sound like, I recently gave a talk of outreach advice for the Max Planck Institute for Physics, and they posted it online here. This entry was posted in Astrophysics/Cosmology and tagged astronomy, astrophysics, black hole, gravity, LIGO, quantum gravity on March 19, 2021 by 4gravitons. ← “Inreach” Redefining Fields for Fun and Profit → 5 thoughts on “Black Holes, Neutron Stars, and the Power of Love” gravityclub238417938 March 19, 2021 at 5:26 pm At what point does the information contained in a free-falling body passing the event horizon contribute to an increase in the entropy of the horizon? It would seem that there should exist one of two possibilities: (1) as it hits the event horizon — meaning it disassembles at the horizon — seemingly violating the equivalence principle, or (2) as the mass of the body is merged with the singularity — which would seem to imply that a supermassive BH could a staggering amount of in-falling mass that for a very long time is not represented by the size of the horizon. 4gravitons Post author March 19, 2021 at 5:40 pm I think the right answer is (1). That doesn’t mean the body disassembles as it hits the horizon. All it means is that from the perspective of an outside observer, it is no longer possible to tell the infalling object apart from the rest of the black hole (because any information that would distinguish can’t escape the event horizon), so from the perspective of anything falling in the event horizon has grown. gravityclub238417938 March 20, 2021 at 1:34 am From the perspective of the outside observer, sure, the in-falling body may appear to never cross the horizon. Smoke and mirrors. What I want to get a better idea of is what the in-falling object experiences at the horizon: crossing the horizon is what one would expect from GR, but that seems to invalidate the idea of information at the horizon. How can disassembly be discounted? If matter is a QFT excitation, then passage of matter across the horizon would mean that quantum fields are continuous — and uniform — across the horizon, and that argument sounds specious as QFT is an SR-based theory. If the QFT fields aren’t uniform or permeability and permittivity change, how far can the fine structure constant (and other constants) be stretched before matter becomes unstable? 4gravitons Post author March 20, 2021 at 3:51 am It’s not quite correct to say QFT is “SR-based”, you can (and people do) perform QFT around curved backgrounds. What you can’t do (without guessing/approximation) is treat that background as dynamical. In this case, the way you would measure how “stretched” a field is is not by its gravitational acceleration (since that is going to feel like free fall, and be roughly uniform), but rather tidal forces (which measure how non-uniform it is). And tidal forces aren’t necessarily large at the event horizon: for a large enough black hole they’re quite small. So the event horizon per se doesn’t rip anything up, unless some unusual quantum gravity stuff (firewalls, etc.) is going on. Andrew Oh-Willeke March 23, 2021 at 3:59 pm “For those curious about what I look/sound like” OMG! I thought you were a highly intelligent octopus. I am so disappointed.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line187
__label__wiki	0.977679	0.977679	Johnny Depp’s 19-Year-Old Son Jack Appears in Rare Instagram Photo and the Resemblance Is Uncanny Jacklyn Krol Published: April 26, 2021 Jesse Grant, Getty Images for Disney Johnny Depp's son Jack looks strikingly similar to his father as a teenager. A fan account shared rare photos of Jack, whose full name is John Christopher Depp III, on Instagram. In the images, he can be seen standing in a field under the famous Hollywood sign, his brown hair pulled up into a scrunchie while he poses for the camera. It is unknown when the photos were taken but they seem to be recent. On April 9, Jack celebrated his 19th birthday—and he looks very similar to his father at that age, around the time Johnny began to act on screen. See the photos, below. Unlike his sister, actress-model Lily-Rose Depp, and his mother, French singer, model and actress Vanessa Paradis, Jack has remained out of the spotlight for most of his life. Instead, he enjoys art. “My boy, Jack, has always been a very talented draftsman,” Johnny told the Philippine Daily Inquirer in 2014. “He draws really super well. He also plays music very well. He’s got a good feel for that. Aside from school plays and things, he hasn’t shown any desire to become an actor. Whew.” Johnny and Vanessa met at a dinner party in 1998 and dated for 14 years. Vanessa recently defended Johnny in court after his ex-wife, Amber Heard, accused him of domestic violence. “I am aware of the allegations which Amber Heard has publicly accused Johnny of for more than four years now. This is nothing like the true Johnny I have known, and from my personal experience of many years, I can say he was never violent or abusive to me," Vanessa said in a legal statement. “I have seen that these outrageous statements have been really distressing, and also caused damage to his career because unfortunately, people have gone on believing these false facts." Celebs With Famous Parents Source: Johnny Depp’s 19-Year-Old Son Jack Appears in Rare Instagram Photo and the Resemblance Is Uncanny Filed Under: Johnny Depp Categories: Kids/Family	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line188
__label__cc	0.600607	0.399393	Home › Amandla › Well and truly Captured Well and truly Captured Posted on April 19, 2017 by AIDC — No Comments ↓ Ahead of the Amandla! Forum on “Whither ANC: Zanufication or Renewal” , taking place in Cape Town today (19 April 2017), we thought we would republish the Amandla Editorial from Amandla Issue 48 “Dangerous Times”. The editorial was published in October/November 2016, but it is still very relevant for today. The ANC elective conference is just 13 months away and once again the organisation is deeply divided. Many factions have developed since its 2007 Polokwane Conference, where the centre of the ANC was defeated and removed from power. Those who saw themselves as representatives of the left and backed Zuma should now be questioning their analytical framework. They saw Zuma as the candidate to lead a left bloc, along with the SACP and the Youth League. What happened in the real world? The SACP joined Zuma’s ANC in reinforcing Thabo Mbeki’s neoliberal policies, disbanding the Youth League and splitting COSATU. And this is what we are led to believe is “scientific socialism” and “the omnipotence of Marxism-Leninism”. Even worse, Zuma has led a further degeneration into naked corruption and cronyism. The SACP only started opportunistically to resist this when it became clear that their comfortable seats at the cabinet table were under threat. Let’s not forget their efforts in defending Zuma’s Nkandla and demonising those who tried to hold Zuma to account. After “Secure in Comfort” was published, Blade called the story of Nkandla “lies perpetuated by white people”. State capture is about how business interests have manipulated their relations with Zuma and his close allies in government, state agencies and enterprises to make money. Factions in the ANC are formed not to pursue political agendas but to advance business interests. Politics is subordinated to economics and redirected to advance the economics of the stomach. The Guptas have been very effective in exploiting these opportunities. But they have not been alone. Let’s not forget Cyril Ramaphosa. How else do you get from trade union official to billionaire in a few years? Or Zuma’s friend Vivian Reddy, who helped to fund the first buildings at Nkandla in 2003. And of course the crony capitalists who long predated the ANC rise to political power,like Tiny Rowland, the founder of Lonrho (now Lonmin), friend of Muammar Gaddafi, Kenneth Kaunda, Robert Mugabe and, interestingly, Oliver Tambo. According to “South Africa Wealth Review 2016”, there are 620 Ultra High Net Worth Individuals in South Africa. Those are people with assets of US$30 million (R420 million) or more. Interestingly, 45% of South Africa’s dollar millionaires are historically disadvantaged. “New World Wealth” estimates that figure will rise to 80% by 2030. Many will have become wealthy not from inheritance, which is the norm, nor from entrepreneurial innovation, which is the exception, but through state connections. These are the crony capitalists. South Africa is not alone As “The Economist” magazine put it in May this year, “The past 20 years have been a golden age for crony capitalists… As commodity and property prices soared, so did the value of permits to dig mines in China or build offices in São Paulo. Telecoms spectrum doled out by Indian officials created instant billionaires. Implicit state guarantees let casino banking thrive on Wall Street and beyond.” And if there is any misguided thought that crony capitalism is the privilege of dependent or developing economies, let’s not forget the former US Vice President, Dick Cheney, Chairman and CEO of Halliburton Company from 1995 to 2000. After the Iraq war, it was Halliburton’s KBR subsidiary which was the main government contractor used to restore Iraq’s oil industry. KBR had an open-ended contract that was awarded without competitive bidding. Cheney of course denied he had anything to do with it. But Agence France Presse reported on a Pentagon e-mail which showed that his fingerprints were all over it. And in case there is any doubt about whether Cheney benefited, he continued to receive US$1 million a year in deferred compensation for his efforts. As well as stock options comprising 433,333 shares. Halliburton’s share price is currently US$48. That’s another US$20 million he got for his pains. From corruption to state capture State capture, to the point where business interests can appoint Ministers and instruct them who to award contracts to, is quite clearly a fundamental poisoning of constitutional democracy. The process of state capture does not stop at buying ministers and officials. Almost by definition it has to subvert the state. Officials who play by the rules and resist the offers of these predators must be removed. Conspiracies are hatched, intelligence agencies, police and prosecution authorities are captured, to be used in manufacturing and pursuing conspiracies. The South African Revenue Service’s so-called rogue unit is an outcome of this process and Finance Minister Gordhan is a victim. So are the thousands of officials that have been driven out of the state to accommodate the accumulation needs of the predators. • In order for the Passenger Rail Services of South Africa to be captured it was necessary to fire more than 200 engineers who had good knowledge of the railway and transport systems. • In order to grab SAA’s procurement contracts of new airplanes and routes, hundreds of the most qualified SAA engineers and officials had to be removed. The same is true at the level of local government. To win contracts to supply municipalities with bulk water, qualified officials have to be removed. State institutions are systematically made dysfunctional in the service of the state capture agenda. This is what makes it so pernicious and frightening for poor and working people. Take the case of SASA, the Social Security Agency of SA. It has become a massive site of corruption and accumulation at the expense of the poor. The response of the SACP If the ANC gets captured, the South African Communist Party will be left with no other option but to build a new people’s national democratic revolutionary front and proceed with the objective of advancing the second radical phase of its democratic transition”. So says the SACP General Secretary, Blade Nzimande. It seems that he has learned nothing from his time embedded in the ANC. Somehow he still believes that “state capture” is an aberration, a mistake of the “National Democratic Revolution” rather than its inevitable consequence. So he draws the wrong conclusion. For the SACP, the problem is not the BEE strategy, which is the engine of crony capitalism. We know that because if it was the problem they could hardly support one of BEE ’s greatest beneficiaries, Cyril Ramaphosa, as the next president. For them, it is somehow still possible to ally themselves with some capitalist elements to advance “the second radical phase”. Who are these fragments of capital, we wonder? The BEE layer are all beholden either to transnational capital or home grown monopoly capital, or to the state, or to all of them. They are, in fact, the crony capitalists. So who are their allies in the National Democratic Revolution? And if there are no cross-class allies, why are they talking of a National Democratic Revolution instead of an anti-capitalist struggle? And what of the left? The right wing, in the form of the Democratic Alliance, is much better placed to take advantage of the ANC crisis, especially if we on the left abstain from the struggle and try to keep our hands clean. And that is what is happening now. Despite the noises made by Zwelinzima Vavi on behalf of the new Federation, it is Sipho Pityana, Chairperson of AngloGold Ashanti, who is making the running in the latest round of the “Zuma must fall” campaign. It is easy to take an abstract view – “capitalism captures the state, by definition. That was what the 1994 settlement was all about”. But that position allows capital to sweep up its own mess and claim that “good” capital is cleaning out the bad. And the political crisis is much more than just a fight to stop corruption and cronyism. There is a real danger that if the left abstains from mobilising around a clear strategy to deal with the economic, social and political crisis, South Africa will be like Turkey under Edorgan, where corruption and cronyism are embedded and activists are in jail. The contribution of the left We have a particular understanding of this phenomenon. As we have said in previous issues of this magazine, it is not something caused by immoral individuals. It will not be solved by replacement with other individuals. It is a regime of accumulation, built on Black Economic Empowerment while dominated by monopoly capital. BEE has nothing to do with overcoming the legacy of Apartheid. It is designed to construct the leading layers of the black middle class. We must oppose it vigorously. But we must do so with the clear understanding that, in fighting crony capitalism, we are also fighting capitalism itself. We may have temporary allies among other fractions of capital, but they are only with us momentarily, so that they can become the future beneficiaries. As the proponents of the National Democratic Revolution still seem unable to learn, our enemies’ enemy is not our friend. Photo: The New Age Board Chairman Atul Gupta and President Jacob Zuma and the First Lady MaNtuli Zuma. Bidvest Wanderers Stadium for the T20 match between South Africa and India. 30/03/2012.(GCIS) ‹ NUMSA rejects latest wage offer! Food and Nutrition Crisis [Public Discussion] › Posted in Amandla, State capture	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line195
__label__wiki	0.53533	0.53533	Have We Dropped the CWD Ball? “Thousands of CWD-infected animals are being consumed by hunters and their families across North America every year. Even a single transfer to a person – proving that humans are susceptible – would bring catastrophic consequences with limited options.” – from a letter to the federal government signed by 30 doctors, researchers and advocates, June 2019. Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) has taken center stage in North America with serious concerns of the disease infecting humans. Many North American jurisdictions, including Alberta, where CWD prevalence continues to increase (several Wildlife Management Units [WMUs] in Alberta have a prevalence over 20% in male mule deer), are searching for ways to control its spread. Unfortunately, each year in Alberta, that spread continues, as we continue to see more WMUs added to the list where it is mandatory to submit the heads of harvested animals for CWD testing. For 2019, WMUs 128, 140, 226, 244 and 501 were added to the list. Should we start culling deer again? For me, there is only one proven way to control the spread of CWD and that is with an extensive cull program, such as what we once had prior to public outrage – or, more truthfully, hunters and outfitters demanding the stop of the cull in their hunting areas and rallying the public behind them. When the cull began, CWD was not endemic to Alberta; however, after the cull was ended in 2008, CWD rapidly spread and it now is endemic in our province. Primarily, all we are doing now is tracking its spread through hunter harvest. Realizing that most emerging zoonotic diseases have come from animals, the risk of CWD infecting humans is very real. If it were to be realized, a cull of incredible magnitude would take place and hunting as we know it would end. Should CWD enter the agricultural chain, the same would apply. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) “enforces policies and standards, set by Health Canada, governing the safety and nutritional quality of all food sold in Canada.” The CFIA’s website recommends, “...that any tissue that may have come from a known CWD-infected animal not be used or consumed by humans.” “Since the CFIA’s original CWD eradication program started in 2000, the North American CWD picture has changed dramatically. Wild and farmed cases of CWD have continued to increase despite the CFIA’s aggressive attempts to eradicate it.” Yet, the CFIA has admitted that since 2014, elk meat from 21 elk herds where CWD was confirmed have been slaughtered for food that entered the food chain. Those animals that were released to the food chain tested negative for CWD, however, the CFIA admits that a negative test doesn’t necessarily mean an animal isn’t infected. What is wrong with this picture? In stealing a line from Back to the Future... “Hello, McFly?” In 2019, to July 31, there have been three domestic cervid herds confirmed to be infected with CWD, all from Alberta. One elk farm and two white-tailed deer farms. Locations and names of the farms are not disclosed on the CFIA’s website. However, the CFIA says that no “infected” meat from these herds has entered the food chain. But what about those animals from the same herd that were not infected? Written in the Alliance for Public Wildlife paper, The Challenge of CWD: Insidious and Dire, “Current policy and apathy toward the levels of CWD consumption by people has been described as ‘one of the most outrageous human susceptibility experiments in history.” Is it time to fire up the choppers? ■	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line196
__label__wiki	0.805241	0.805241	Series Reviews Shorts Collections Judas and The Black Messiah (2021): A Powerful Depiction of Tragedy Gregorius Kohar Boast by powerful performance and direction, Judas and The Black Messiah promises its title into a thrilling ride. I must admit the title ‘Judas and The Black Messiah’ (2021) is a clickbaity title to invite the audience into watching the film. It’s a great clickbait however, drawing the allegory of how Judas betray The Messiah for his own good. In this case, the “messiah” is black and a man that well-deserved its title: Illinois chapter of the Black Panther Party (BPP) leader Fred Hampton (Daniel Kaluuya). The “Judas” is a 17-year-old petty criminal William “Bill” O’neal (Lakeith Stanfield) who got arrested after an attempt to steal a car using a federal officer’s identity. He is then offered to be an informant by FBI Agent Roy Mitchell in exchange for his charges being dropped. Thus, began the journey of Judas on betraying its Black Messiah to the Sanhedrin (FBI). If you’re one of the readers who had watched Aaron Sorkin’s ‘The Trial of The Chicago 7’ (2020), there would be no surprise on how the story would end. I am one of those people so the payoff engagement would come from Bill’s betrayal journey. Taking the perspective of a “rat”, it’s an overall tense film from beginning to the end, although the potential of being “one of the greatest thrillers of all time” are sacrificed for its character development, and that’s good enough for me. Daniel Kaluuya plays Fred Hampton here, and he’s truly a beast that gives charisma to his followers. Even if I’m divided between the screen of two-dimensional medium and three-dimensional reality, the line “I am a revolutionary!” was at the tip of my mouth. Nevertheless, I still have my manners but I know the person between me was holding themselves to shout. Imagine if the whole theater shouted, that would be an amazing experience that matched the level of hype in ‘Avengers: Endgame’ and Kaluuya had proven himself to be one of the greatest actors of his generation. It doesn’t mean that Lakeith Stanfield doesn’t deserve appreciation. He might be less of a scene grabber and prefer to play in the dark, but that’s how he nailed his role. Inside, we do know that he’s psychological state is crumbling mentally and we can’t help but to sympathize with him. And when it comes to the climax, there’s just an unexplainable emotion where we can’t wonder what we would do in his position. But as I said before, the film just fails to grasp the potential it could be. The cinematography is dazzling, the soundtracks are drugs, combining ambience into the beats, the directions are top-notch. So what goes wrong? Even with its timely theme when #blacklivesmatter, my emotions were half suppressed to release my rage. It’s not because I don’t sympathize with them, but rather because of its delivery that focuses more on the character’s tension rather than the social context itself. I can’t blame how Shaka King directs the story however. From the beginning we’re promised that this will be the personal story of how “Judas” betrays the “Black Messiah” himself. The promises are fulfilled with an addition of powerful direction and powerful performance. There’s no denying that. Movie Genres: Crime \| Drama \| Thriller A film student in Korea who wrote reviews and articles in his free time. Also the founder of Acinemalens. Never miss a review All sent to your inbox! Duration: 127 min. Shaka King Daniel Kaluuya Lakeith Stanfield Jesse Plemons Dominique Fishback Ashton Sanders Darrell Britt-Gibson Lil Rel Howery Algee Smith Dominique Thorne Will Berson Sean Bobbitt Kristan Sprague Synopsis: A true story tale of how William "Bill" O'neal becomes an informant for the FBI, infiltrating the Black Panther Party and getting close to its leader, Fred Hampton Acinemalens A website exploring and sharing varieties of film through articles, reviews, and opinions. All through A Cinema Lens. Opinions & Discussions Join our journey on discovering, analyzing films. All through A Cinema Lens!	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line197
__label__cc	0.545553	0.454447	Appendix H: Equal Educational Opportunities/Non-Discrimination &Student Records/FERPA, Policies JB/AC & JO Equal Educational Opportunities/Non-Discrimination Polices JB/AC Equal educational opportunities shall be available for all students, without regard to race, national origin, disability, religion, gender, gender identity, gender expression, sexual orientation or marital or parental status. Further, educational programs shall be designed to meet with varying needs of all students. The Alexandria City School Board does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, ancestry, sex, disability, age, religion, gender, gender identity, gender expression, sexual orientation, genetic information, marital status, status as a parent or pregnancy in its programs and activities. Please direct all inquiries regarding ACPS non-discrimination policies to the Department of Student Services and Equity, 1340 Braddock Place, Alexandria, Virginia 22314 or 703-619-8036. Student Records/FERPA Policy JO The school division shall annually notify parent/guardians and eligible students of their rights under the Family Education Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) including: The right to inspect and review the student's educational records and the procedure for exercising this right; The right to request amendment of the student's educational records that the parent/guardian believes to be inaccurate, misleading, or in violation of the student's privacy rights and the procedure for exercising this right; The right to consent to disclosure of personally identifiable information contained in the student's education records, exempt to the extent that FERPA authorizes disclosure without consent; The type of information designated as directory information and the right to opt out of release of directory information; That the school division releases records to other institutions that have requested the information and in which the student seeks or intends to enroll or is already enrolled so long as the disclosure is for purposes related to the student's enrollment or transfer; The right to opt out of releasing the student's name, address and phone number to military recruiters or institutions of higher education that request such information; A specification of the criteria for determining who constitutes a school official and what constitutes a legitimate educational interest; and The right to file complaints with the Family Policy Compliance Office in the United States Department of Education concerning the school division’s alleged failure to comply with FERPA.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line198
__label__cc	0.545357	0.454643	Active Implants Enters Partnership with Geistlich Pharma AG for NUsurface® Meniscus Prosthesis World’s First Artificial Meniscus Prosthesis is Now Available in Switzerland MEMPHIS, Tenn. — Active Implants LLC, a company that develops orthopedic implant solutions, today announced that it has reached an exclusive agreement with Geistlich Pharma AG to be the exclusive Swiss distributor of the company’s NUsurface® Meniscus Prothesis. The world’s first “artificial meniscus” is now available in Belgium, Germany, Israel, Italy, Switzerland and the UK. The relationship between Active Implants and Geistlich Pharma began in 2019 with the launch of the MEFISTO project. The international effort under the prestigious EU Horizon2020 program is designed to develop interventions focused on joint preservation and delaying or preventing joint-sacrificing procedures such as knee replacement, thus reducing the social burden, associated costs and high levels of morbidity resulting from osteoarthritis (OA). “With Geistlich Pharma’s focus on knee preservation through the regeneration of bone, cartilage and tissue, we feel confident that our two organizations are aligned in our core values,” said Ted Davis, president and CEO of Active Implants. “We look forward to expanding access to the NUsurface through their world-class medical education, training and support.” The NUsurface is the first artificial meniscus to be marketed in Europe and is currently under review by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The medial meniscus replacement mimics the function of the natural meniscus and treats pain by redistributing loads transmitted across the knee joint. The NUsurface offers patients suffering from meniscus-deficient knee pain a safe and effective surgical alternative to knee replacement, an invasive procedure that is considered the current standard of care for patients unable to get relief from bracing/pain medications or arthroscopic surgery. About the NUsurface® Meniscus Prosthesis The NUsurface® Meniscus Prothesis is an artificial meniscus made from medical grade polymer. As the result of its unique materials, composite structure and design, NUsurface does not require fixation to bone or soft tissues. NUsurface mimics the function of the natural meniscus by acting as a shock absorber to help distribute weight transmitted across the knee joint, reducing pain and improving physical function. By limiting stress and protecting femoral articular cartilage from further damage, the NUsurface may be chondroprotective. It is currently marketed in Belgium, Germany, Israel, Italy, Switzerland and the UK. Results from two U.S. prospective, concurrent, clinical trials presented at the recent American Orthopedic Medicine Society-Arthroscopy Association of North America Combined 2021 Annual Meeting demonstrated that the NUsurface provided superior relief from post meniscus surgery knee pain when compared to treatment with non-surgical care alone. About Active Implants, LLC Active Implants, LLC, develops orthopedic implant solutions that complement the natural biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system, allowing patients to maintain or return to an active lifestyle. Active Implants is privately held with headquarters in Memphis, Tennessee. European offices are in Haarlem, The Netherlands, with R&D facilities in Netanya, Israel. For more information, visit www.activeimplants.eu. Follow the company on Twitter, LinkedIn and Facebook. About Geistlich Pharma AG Geistlich Pharma AG is a Swiss company, owned by the family Geistlich with its headquarters in Central Switzerland in Wolhusen and in Root. The company is part of the Geistlich Holding. Since the business was established in 1851, Geistlich has developed its expertise in the processing of bone and tissue. Geistlich Pharma specializes in the regeneration of bone, cartilage and tissue. Geistlich’s regenerative medical devices aim to improve patients’ quality of life. More than 700 employees worldwide work for Geistlich in the area of regenerative medicine. With its twelve affiliates and 60 distribution partners, Geistlich’s medical devices and medicinal products reach around 90 markets worldwide. The twelve affiliates cover the UK, Germany, Italy, France, China, Brazil, South Korea, North America, Australia, New Zealand, India and Japan. Geistlich Surgery is a business unit of Geistlich Pharma AG. About MEFISTO Launched 1 April 2019, MEFISTO (Meniscal functionalised scaffold to prevent knee Osteoarthritis onset after meniscectomy) is a joint effort of 13 partners from academia, hospitals and industry from eight different European countries to develop novel solutions to treat meniscus loss as a strategy for preventing the onset of an epidemic of post-meniscectomy knee osteoarthritis (OA) in Europe. MEFISTO receives funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. The project will run until 30 November 2023. MEFISTO is coordinated by Geistlich Biomaterials Vertriebsgesellschaft mbH BIOMATERIALS Germany.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line199
__label__cc	0.722875	0.277125	Income-splitting and Minor Children Income from Gifts of Capital Partnerships, Inter Vivos Trusts and Arrangements Achieving Similar Income-sharing Results Excessive Payments for Services or Benefits Alienation of Income Family Companies Distributions of Income under a Legal Obligation Distributions of Income under a Moral Obligation Retrospectivity Reservation to Chapter 11: Income-Splitting Reservation to Chapter 11: Income Splitting 35. Chapter 24: Appendix C: Situs of Assets 24.C1. The common law has various technical rules for determining the situs of an item of property. These rules are based largely on considerations of convenience. Some Australian taxing legislation has relied exclusively on the common law rules: the present Estate Duty Assessment Act, for example, contains no rules as to the situs of assets. Other Australian taxing legislation has modified the common law rules to some extent by introducing rules applying in particular situations: section 13 of the Gift Duty Assessment Act contains a number of rules of this sort. 24.C2. In the Committee's view the common law rules are not always appropriate in this context: in certain areas, including speciality debts and interests in trust estates, they have been used in the past to avoid tax. The modifications to the common law rules in the Gift Duty Assessment Act are inadequate in some instances and go too far in others. For example, the Act ignores the problem of determining the situs of a trust estate, yet treats shares in a company incorporated outside Australia as being situated in this country if the shares are listed on a branch register of a company in Australia. Shares in a company incorporated in Australia should be taxable under Australian law irrespective of where the register on which the shares are listed is kept, since the company is substantially dependent on Australian law for its existence and continuance. For the same reason, shares in a company incorporated outside Australia should not be treated as being situated in this country even where they are listed on a register in Australia. In the case of a trust estate, the common law rules, which depend on how far the administration of the trust estate has proceeded, should not be followed. An interest in a trust estate, fully administered or otherwise, ought to be treated as situated in Australia only in so far as any of the assets of the trust estate are, on the relevant date, situated in Australia. In determining the extent of the Australian assets, those liabilities of the trust estate not charged against particular assets should be apportioned over all the assets. The Committee can see no justification for imposing a tax on an asset merely because one or more of the trustees reside in Australia or for making the liability for tax depend on whether or not a trust estate has been fully administered. 24.C3. The rules contained in Article III of the estate duty convention between the United States and Australia provide a reasonable balance. The Committee therefore proposes the following rules, based on that convention: (a) Immovable property (held otherwise than by way of security) should be deemed to be situated at the place where the land concerned is located. (b) Tangible movable property (held otherwise than by way of security and other than property for which specific provision is made) and bank or currency notes and other forms of currency recognised as legal tender at the place of issue should be deemed to be situated at the place where that property or currency is located, or, if in transitu, at the place of destination. (c) Debts (including bonds other than those referred to in (d), bills of exchange and promissory notes, whether negotiable or not), secured or unsecured and whether under seal or not, excluding the forms of indebtedness for which specific provision is made elsewhere in these recommendations, should be deemed to be situated at the place where the debtor is resident. However, if the debtor, at the time when the debt is to be valued, has an established place of business in the country in which the owner of the debt was domiciled and the debts were incurred in carrying on the business of that establishment, the debts so incurred should be deemed to be situated in that country. (d) Bonds, stocks, debentures, and other debts being securities, issued by any government, municipality or public authority should be deemed to be situated at the place where that government, municipality or public authority is located. (e) Bank accounts should be deemed to be situated at the place where the bank or branch thereof, at which the account was kept, is located. (f) Moneys, payable under a policy of insurance or under an annuity contract, whether under seal or not, should be deemed to be situated where the policy or annuity contract provides that the moneys are payable; or, if the policy or annuity contract does not provide where the moneys are payable: (i) at the place of incorporation, in the case of a company; or (ii) at the place of residence of the person by whom the moneys are payable, in any other case. (g) A partnership should be deemed to be situated at the place where the business of the partnership is carried on, but only to the extent of the partnership business at that place. (h) Ships and aircraft and shares thereof should be deemed to be situated at the place of registration of the ship or aircraft. (i) Goodwill as a trade, business or professional asset should be deemed to be situated at the place where the trade, business or profession to which it pertains is carried on. (j) Patents, trade-marks and designs should be deemed to be situated at the place where they are registered. (k) Copyright, franchises, and rights or licences to use any copyrighted material, patent, trade-mark or design should be deemed to be situated at the place where the rights arising therefrom are exercisable. (l) Rights or causes of action ex delicto surviving for the benefit of an estate of a deceased person should be deemed to be situated at the place where such rights or causes of action arose. (m) Judgment debts should be deemed to be situated at the place where the judgment is obtained. (n) Shares in a company should be deemed to be situated at the place where the company is incorporated. (o) An interest in a trust estate, whether fully administered or otherwise, should be deemed to be situated in Australia only in so far as any of the trust assets are situated in Australia; provided that the liabilities of the trust estate which are not charged against any particular asset may, if the trustee so elects, be apportioned between the Australian and ex-Australian assets on the basis of their respective values but, if the trustee does not so elect, shall be treated as being charged against the ex-Australian assets.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line200
__label__wiki	0.91319	0.91319	Sauerland, Austria: ‘Not enough for me to take a day off’ Austria’s government has pledged to offer an additional two days of paid parental leave for parents who lose their jobs in the wake of the deadly migrant crisis. The government says the scheme will help prevent more young people leaving Austria for other countries and boost Austria’s economy. Sauerland state governor Heinz Gebhardt announced on Wednesday that Austria would offer a second 12-week paid parental leaves programme for all fathers, starting next month. Gebhardt said the plan will not affect other workers in Austria, who already have an extra month of parental leave in their bank accounts. “We have to give a boost to the economy and help those who are unemployed,” he told the Sauerstern newspaper. “And we will do it on our own, as a company.” Gebhart said he was convinced that the scheme would reduce Austria’s unemployment rate to 3.3% next year. “I think it’s important for people to be able to take the extra day off and to take care of their children, and we are convinced that it will do so,” he said. Säuger, the country’s largest daily newspaper, said the scheme could be introduced as early as next month, though it did not give any timeframe. The news comes a week after Austria’s top court ruled that a federal law on parental leave could not be changed because it violated the constitution. The court rejected a petition filed by parents who said the law violated parental rights, as well as those of their spouses. The law was signed by President Heinz Fischer in 2014, and it was meant to protect fathers from losing their jobs when they were not working, but the government quickly repealed it. Sociologist Christian Höhn said that while the ruling was a setback for parental leave, it was still an important victory for Austrian fathers. “This was a huge victory for the Austrian fathers,” he wrote on Facebook. “In other countries parental leave is not as much as in Austria. They are still not getting paid and in a very tough economy.” Austria has been dealing with the crisis since January when hundreds of thousands of migrants arrived in the country, many of whom were fleeing war in the Middle East and Syria. The country has now taken in more than a million asylum seekers and many of them have found their way to the Austrian border. Tagged: newspaper printsauk valley newspaper ← How to make the most of your new Mexican newspaper How to avoid being busted in Madison WI newspaper →	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line210
__label__cc	0.517718	0.482282	Online Entrepreneurship Hear about it from the pros: Hideo Morita, Son of Sony Founder Akio Morita Hear about it from the pros: Marketing Expert Philip Kotler Nissan/Renault CEO Carlos Ghosn Zappos CEO Tony Hsieh & CFO Hear it from the Pros: Polling Pioneer Dan Yankelovich Hear about it from pros: BodyGlove Founder Bob Meistrell Hear it from the pros: Tim Mead L.A. Angels of Anaheim VP Earth Tech CEO Alan Krusi Hear about it from the pros: Julia Huang interTREND Communications CEO Christie Digital CEO Jack Kline Hear it from the pros: Michael Radice NWP Services Corporation CEO IW Group CEO Bill Imada Hear it from the pros: Dennis Eversole Toshiba America Business Solutions Bitfone Founder Gene Wang Hear it from the pros: Larry Broughton Broughton Hospitality Founder Hear it from the pros: Earth Tech CEO Alan Krusi M&A Expert Yukuo Takenaka Hear about it from the pros: Lee Perlman New Age Electronics Co-Founder Bright Now! CEO Steven C. Bilt gkkworks CEO Praful Kulkarni Schools > Carland Entrepreneurship Institute > Master of Entrepreneurship > Faculty and Staff > Business and Sustainable Management Faculty > Stavros Sindakis, Ph.D. William Hartley Ph.D. William Hartley, Ph.D. President Emeritus Holding a bachelor's degree, three master's degrees, and a Ph.D. from the University of Colorado, University of California at Berkeley and University of Wisconsin respectively, Dr. Hartley's background is a combination of education, private sector work, teaching and consulting. Dr. Hartley has had a variety of jobs from administrative manager of the R&D division of a Fortune 500 company to the executive training program of Ford Motor Company in Detroit, Michigan, as well as owning and operating an art gallery for a period of 12 years. In addition to many years teaching at the undergraduate level, Dr. Hartley has taught in MBA programs for 18 years at both Niagara University and Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, and has taught on-line courses for the State University of New York. In the area of consulting, Dr. Hartley has worked primarily in management development and in strategic management consulting activities. Anaheim University President Emeritus, Akio Morita School of Business Professor, former Vice-President of Student and Alumni Affairs Ph.D. and MS in Economics from the University of Wisconsin, Madison MBA from the University of California, Berkeley Former Chairman, Department of Economics and Business Administration at the State University of New York (SUNY), Fredonia Background comprised of a combination of education, private sector work, teaching and consulting positions from administrative manager of the R&D division of a Fortune 500 company to the executive training program of Ford Motor Company in Detroit, Michigan, as well as owning and operating an art gallery Message from William Hartley Ph.D. I would like to take this opportunity to welcome you to Anaheim University. By enrolling in our university, you will embark on an exciting venture in your professional development. Whether you are studying in our International Business, Sustainable Management or Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) programs, our courses are carefully crafted to be part of a completed end product - namely the development of yourself as a knowledgeable and competent teacher of English, or a manager of a business operation equipped with the global business skills required to succeed in today's highly competitive business world. I look forward to having you join us, and wish you great success. Robert Robertson, Ph.D. Dean, Akio Morita School of Business Dr. Robert Robertson holds a Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Sloan School of Management Executive Certificate in Innovation and Strategy, Ph.D. in Management and Organization (Stirling University, Scotland); Post-Doctoral Professional Certificate, International Business and Leadership (Argosy University); Post Graduate Diploma in International Management-China (University of London); Master of Studies in Law (Vermont Law School); Master of Public Administration (Dalhousie University, Canada); a Master of Arts (Eastern Kentucky University) and a Bachelor of Science (East Tennesse... Kwok Shum, Ph.D. Associate Dean, Akio Morita School of Business Director, Kisho Kurokawa Green Institute After earning a Stanford University Master of Science in Engineering degree, Dr. Kwok Shum received his Ph.D. in Management of Technology from the Tokyo Institute of Technology. Dr. Shum’s research and teaching interests lie in new technologies, renewable energy industry and deployment, the business of renewable energy and clean technologies. Dr. Shum has taught at Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and conducted workshops for the Clinton Foundation’s C40 Large Cities Climate Summit, Tokyo Institute of Technology and Hong Kong Baptist University. He has served as a Reviewer for... Andrew E. Honeycutt, DBA President, Anaheim University Dr. Andrew E. Honeycutt, President of Anaheim University, is the recipient of a Harvard University Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) degree in Marketing and a Boston University Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree in Organizational Behavior. Dr. Honeycutt has served as Dean of the College of Business and Technology of Argosy University Atlanta, Distinguished Fellow in Business Management at Shorter University, Vice Chairman of Edgenics, Inc. and Senior Partner of the Center fo... Holding a bachelor's degree, three master's degrees, and a Ph.D. from the University of Colorado, University of California at Berkeley and University of Wisconsin respectively, Dr. Hartley's background is a combination of education, private sector work, teaching and consulting. Dr. Hartley has had a variety of jobs from administrative manager of the R&D division of a Fortune 500 company to the executive training program of Ford Motor Company in Detroit, Michigan, as well as owning and operating an art gallery for a period of 12 years. In addition to many years teaching at the undergradu... Caryn Callahan, Ph.D. Senior Professor Holding a Harvard University Ph.D. in East Asian Languages in Civilizations with a specialization in Japan and an MBA specializing in Finance-Accounting from the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Dr. Caryn Callahan is a former Vice President and International Equity Analyst for Merrill Lynch Japan as well as Financial Analyst for W.R. Grace & Co.. A professor of Anaheim University's Akio Morita School of Business, Dr. Callahan has also taught courses in Corporate Finance, International Business, Organizational Behavior, and Management at Chaminade University in Hawaii. Dr. Ca... Carlos Aquino, Ph.D. Dr. Carlos Aquino Holding a George Washington University MS in Structural Engineering and a University of Sao Paolo Ph.D. in Sciences and Technology, Dr. Carlos Tasso Eira De Aquino is an accomplished senior executive and educator combining over 25 years of experience in leadership and scholarship in Business, Education, IT, and Engineering. In his executive career, he has been strategically building, managing and guiding diverse teams to solve complex, systemic problems. As an educator, he has taught, developed and supervised, and published relevant research and scholarship. In that area, he is adept at dev... Michael Aubry, DBA Holding a Doctor of Business Administration with a specialization in International Marketing from Alliant International University, an MBA from National University and a Bachelor of Science degree from San Diego State University, Dr. Michael Aubry has held a number of accounting positions and has taught accounting, entrepreneurship, economics, management and business-related courses. He has also served on the Business Education Statewide Advisory Committee for the Academic Senate for California Community Colleges, and the State of California’s Business Industry Collaborative. Bari Courts, Ph.D. Dr. Bari Courts Dr. Bari Courts holds an MBA in Management from the University of Cincinnati and a Ph.D. in Organizational Management from Capella University. He has spent time in the insurance industry and held the position of project manager for a major ERP software implementation. Dr. Courts has enjoyed teaching abroad, especially various courses in International Business, including e-Commerce, Economics, Management, Organizational Behavior, Research Methodology, and Statistics. Locally Dr. Courts is also a business owner of a small self-storage business in Cincinnati. Robert Diotalevi, J.D. Dr. Robert Diotalevi, Esq., LL.M., is serving in his 17th year as Associate Professor of Legal Studies at Florida Gulf Coast University in Fort Myers, Florida. He was the founding Legal Studies Program coordinator. He has been a lawyer for 33 years as a member of the Massachusetts and Florida bars. He possesses 4 degrees and has been internationally published with over 80 manuscripts in print. In 2009 Dr. Diotalevi had a book published by Cengage. It is entitled “The Florida Paralegal.” As an academician since 1985 he has instructed over 400 courses. Dr. Diotalevi was a professional broadca... Howard Frederick, Ph.D. Dr. Howard Frederick After earning his bachelors degree at Stanford University, Dr. Howard Fredrick received his master's degree from San Francisco State University and his Ph.D. in International Economics and Relations from The American University. A recognized multilingual authority in the fields of business entrepreneurship and innovation, economic development, new technologies and sustainability, Prof. Frederick researches and teaches entrepreneurship, incubation, social development, climate change entrepreneurship, and strategy at Plymouth State University. He is the author of 197 journal articles and book... Mariah Jeffery, Ph.D., CSCP Mariah Jeffery, Ph.D. Dr. Mariah Jeffery holds a Ph.D. in Operations Research and a Master of Science in Industrial Engineering from the University of Central Florida, and is an APICS Certified Supply Chain Practitioner. She has extensive industry experience, consulting on supply chain management and data analytics for Fortune 500 clients, including IBM, Coca-Cola, General Motors, and the United States Postal Service. Dr. Jeffery has expertise in decision analysis, inventory management, predictive analytics, supply chain management and design, logistics, data analytics, operational research and forecasting, stat... Tamara Myatt, Ph.D. Holding a Ph.D. and Masters in Human and Organizational Systems from Fielding Graduate University, Tamara Myatt has spent more than a decade transforming the professional and educational lives of young and disadvantaged people in some of the poorest and most dangerous regions of the world, championing the causes of women, and orchestrating locally and globally scaled initiatives in the business sphere. The specialized focus of her Ph.D. in Human and Organizational Development was in in women’s entrepreneurship in regions of war. She is currently pursuing advanced studies/research in entrepr... Patricia Ray, J.D. An international educator and business lawyer, Dr. Patricia Ray received two law degrees: a Juris Doctor from Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and the LLM from the National University of Singapore, as well as a Master of Arts degree in Economics from the University of Pittsburgh and a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University. Dr. Ray has worked as a lawyer for the U.S. International Trade Commission litigating international trade claims and later worked as a private corporate lawyer in New York City and Dallas Texas. From 1991 to 1998, Dr. ... Chris Raymond Chris Raymond, Ph.D. Dr. Christopher Raymond earned a Ph.D. in economics from the University of California, Santa Barbara, and later completed an international MBA from École National des Ponts et Chaussées in Paris, France. After earning his MBA, Dr. Raymond became an economics lecturer in the Management School at Imperial College, London. While there, he also served as Deputy Director of their Executive MBA program. In 1996, after five years in London, Dr. Raymond moved to Bangkok, Thailand, where he worked as a senior financial analyst and chief economist. In 2009, Dr. Dr. Raymond left the private sector and returned to academics, first in Thailand, and later in Cambodia. Dr. Raymond has been at the American University of Phnom Penh (AUPP) since 2015, teaching courses in finance, accounting, economics and statistics. Dr. Stavros Sindakis With both a Ph.D. and MBA in Strategy, Enterprise & Innovation from the University of Portsmouth, Dr. Stavros Sindakis has made significant contributions to these fields through his research and publications on entrepreneurship and business innovation including his books Entrepreneurial Rise in Southeast Asia, and Analytics, Innovation and Excellence-Driven Enterprise Sustainability, with his third in progress. Dr. Stavros Sindakis is an educator, advisor, mentor and innovator in the fields of business innovation, management, entrepreneurship, and service design and development. As an educator, he has taught in several different countries at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels and held a variety of advisory and mentoring positions for students and faculty at numerous schools including the Institute of Enterprise and Entrepreneurs and Laureate Online Education. Barbara Son, Ph.D. Holding a Ph.D. in Urban Business Economics from Portland State University, and a Masters in Urban Affairs with a concentration in Technology, Business, Economics, and Public Administration from Boston University, Dr. Barbara Son is well-experienced in the field of online education and has taught global management at Boeing in Long Beach, DBA at University of Sarasota/Argosy University, MBA at Pepperdine University, operations management at California State University, Northridge, and entrepreneurship and economics at California State University, Los Angeles, as well as served as a site rev... Michael Sutton, Ph.D. Holding a Ph.D. from McGill University and a Bachelors in Management Sciences from the University of Waterloo, Dr. Michael Sutton has been recognized with numerous academic awards, including Westminster College's Faculty & Staff Peer Award, the Gore School of Business - Excellence in Scholarship, and Kent State University's Assoc. Provost, Faculty Affairs & Curriculum - Teaching Excellence. He is widely published in both the academic and practitioner community and has been invited to judge numerous International Game Competitions because of his specialty in experiential and game-bas... John Wang, Ph.D. Dr. John Wang received a scholarship award to completed his Ph.D. in Business Administration at Temple University in 1990, after earning his M.S. in Systems Engineering from Harbin Institute of Technology. In addition to serving as a professor in the Anaheim University Akio Morita School of Business, Dr. John Wang is a professor in the Department of Information and Decision Sciences at Montclair State University. Dr. Wang received his tenure in 1997 and was promoted to full professor in 2000. Professor Wang has published over 100 refereed papers and six books. He has served as session chair... Sara Willox, Ph.D. Dr. Sara Willox Dr. Sara Willox has earned an MLA degree in Sustainability from Harvard University, an MBA from Upper Iowa University and a Ph.D. in Organization and Management from Capella University. She also completed two BS degrees from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Dr. Willox has been teaching online courses and face to face courses in business, leadership, and psychology since 2010, and served as the department chair in business and technology for Edgewood High School. She publishes and presents at professional and academic conferences. Dr. Willox has professional experience in nonprofit manag... Jim Carland, Ph.D. Dr. Jim Carland Carland Entrepreneurship Institute Director Emeritus JoAnn Carland, Ph.D. (1946-2013) JoAnn Carland, Ph.D. Dr. JoAnn Carland was a writer, entrepreneur, scholar and educator. She earned a Ph.D. in Educational Psychology with a concentration in Computer Systems from the University of Georgia, and an M.Ed. from Western Carolina University. Her writing career produced more than a dozen books and 200 articles, as well as five novels. In a 1997 article by Ratnatunga and Romano, she was noted as one of the most frequently cited authors in the world in leading entrepreneurship journals during the period 1975 through 1992. Using what she learned in the field, she had a great deal of success in entrepren... “I am completely satisfied with my experience with Anaheim University. With my current start-up activities, raising a family, and a heavy travel schedule, my attention can be limited at times. The school has been tremendously accommodating to my needs and the professors have been accessible outside of the traditional school hours. The office staff has been on top of things whenever I have questions and have been very attentive. I could not achieve this at a classroom-based program currently.” – Retired NBA Player (Utah Jazz, Denver Nuggets, Milwaukee Bucks, L.A. Lakers, Phoenix Suns, Miami Heat and Orlando Magic) and Builder Financial Founder Danny Schayes Master of Entrepreneurship Overview Entrepreneur Magazine CEO Peter Shea'sAnaheim University CEO Video Interview Learn about entrepreneurial forecasting, planning, innovation and strategy Learn from expert speakers, professors and classmates through live online webcam seminars and daily online discussions in your free time Each term is 6 weeks in length, and you may enroll in new courses every 6 weeks. Complete all 12 courses and earn your Master of Entrepreneurship degree in approximately 18 months. Master of Entrepreneurship Objectives The Objective of the Master of Entrepreneurship is to inculcate in graduates an advanced level of entrepreneurial vision and entrepreneurial will. Entrepreneurial vision is: the ability to identify entrepreneurial opportunities that exist, those that represent untapped markets and underserved markets, and those that can be created by applying existing technologies to new fields and new markets; and, the ability to create entrepreneurial opportunities through the invention, development and exploitation of entirely new ideas, products and services, and/or the creation of new industries, infrastructures, and ways of doing business. Entrepreneurial will is the self confidence to actually create and grow entrepreneurial ventures which is established through the mastery of entrepreneurial skills. “I have already applied what I learned in accounting, forecasting, Intellectual property, and other areas to my growing business. I will continue this practice all the way through the program and hopefully beyond.” – Retired NBA Player (Utah Jazz, Denver Nuggets, Milwaukee Bucks, L.A. Lakers, Phoenix Suns, Miami Heat and Orlando Magic) and Builder Financial Founder Danny Schayes In the Anaheim University Carland Entrepreneurial Institute's Master of Entrepreneurship (ME) degree program, you will take 12 courses: 6 core courses, 4 specialized courses in entrepreneurship (including the required Entrepreneurship Capstone Course at the end of your program), 1 elective course in international business and 1 elective course in sustainable management. Courses are taught in an accelerated semester format. Each term is 6 weeks in length, and you may enroll in new courses every 6 weeks. You have the option of enrolling in 1 course, several courses, or the entire ME program. Students completing the 12 courses will be conferred the Master of Entrepreneurship degree by Anaheim University. Core Courses* BUS 510 International Economics 3 units BUS 520 International Human Resource Management 3 units BUS 530 International Accounting 3 units BUS 540 International Marketing 3 units BUS 550 International Management 3 units BUS 560 International Finance 3 units Specialized Courses (choose 3 of 4, plus the required Entrepreneurship Capstone course) ENT 500 Entrepreneurial Innovation 3 units ENT 540 Entrepreneurial Forecasting and Planning 3 units ENT 560 Intellectual Property 3 units ENT 580 Entrepreneurial Strategy 3 units ENT 612 Entrepreneurship Capstone Course 3 units Elective Course (Choose 1 International Business course) BUS 570 Intercultural Communications 3 units BUS 575 Supply Chain Management 3 units BUS 542 International Business Law 3 units BUS 572 Seminar in International Business 3 units Elective Course (Choose 1 Sustainable Management course) BUS 535 Triple Bottom Line Accountability and Management 3 units BUS 545 Green Marketing and Environmental Product Design / Recycling 3 units BUS 555 Corporate Social Responsibility and Ethics 3 units BUS 565 Sustainable Enterprise Development and Leadership 3 units TOTAL UNITS 36 units Master of Entrepreneurship Course Schedule 2021 Live online webcam seminars are 120 minutes; the first hour is led by an expert speaker and the final hour is for professor-led discussion. All times are California/Pacific Time. Please note the schedule is subject to change. Live Online Webcam Seminar Dates 8 November 2 - December 13, 2020 BUS 520 International Human Resource Management TBA 1 January 4 - Feb 14, 2021 BUS 560 International Finance BUS 615 Sustainable Management Capstone Jan 15, Feb 5 2 February 15 - March 28, 2021 BUS 510 International Economics Feb 26, Mar 19 3 March 29 - May 9, 2021 BUS 535 Triple Bottom Line Accountability and Management Apr 9 and 30 4 May 10 - June 20, 2021 BUS 542 International Business Law and Practice May 21, Jun 11 5 June 21 - August 1, 2021 BUS 530 International Accounting Jul 2 and 23 6 August 2 - September 12, 2021 ENT 580 Entrepreneurial Strategy Aug 13, Sep 3 7 September 20 - October 31, 2021 BUS 545 Green Marketing and Environmental Product Design BUS 572 Seminar in International Business Oct 1 and 22 December 12, 2021 BUS 540 International Marketing Nov 12, Dec 3 February 13, 2022 BUS 555 Corporate Social Responsibility & Ethics Jan 14, Feb 4 March 27, 2022 ENT 500 Entrepreneurial Innovation BUS 560 International Finance BUS 615 Sustainable Management Capstone Feb 25, March 18 May 8, 2022 BUS 520 International Human Resource Management April 8, April 29 4 May 9 - June 19, 2022 BUS 570 Intercultural Communications ENT 540 Entrepreneurial Forecasting and Planning May 20, June 10 5 June 20- July 31, 2022 BUS 550 International Management ENT 612 Entrepreneurship Capstone July 1, July 22 6 August 1- September 11, 2022 BUS 535 Triple Bottom Line Accountability and Management BUS 610 International Business Capstone Aug 12, Sept 2 7 September 19- October 30, 2022 BUS 510 International Economics Sept 30, Oct 21 8 October 31 - December 11, 2022 BUS 530 International Accounting Nov 11, Dec 2 All online class times are California/Pacific Time. Please note that California observes Daylight Savings Time each year from the second Sunday in March to the first Sunday in November. Master of Entrepreneurship Program Fees Affordable Pay-As-You-Learn System: Pay for only one course at a time, or receive a 10% discount on tuition by paying 100% of your program fees at the time you enroll. Application and Registration Fees (Non-refundable after 7 days) $ 75 (Non-refundable after 7 days) $100 STRF Fee (non-refundable, CA residents only) $ 8 Per Course Fees ($375 per credit x three credits) $1,125/course taken Records Fee $ 200 / term Per Course Fee Total: $1,325 Transfer Credit Fee $ 75/course (Optional) Original Transcript No cost Each Additional Transcript Copy $ 25 End of Program Fees Replacement Diploma $ 200 (Optional) Replacement Cover $ 75 (Optional) Course Completion Letter $ 35 (optional) Degree Program Total Assumes completion in twelve terms. The list of tuition fees does not include textbook fees. Textbooks average approximately $150 - $200 per course. Note: Anaheim University makes certain provisions in order to provide access to library resources and library services for all students enrolled directly through Anaheim University. However, students enrolled in Anaheim University’s online graduate degree programs are required to have an additional reserve fund to be used for the purchase of journals and research - materials that will aid them in their studies by providing information specific to their unique areas of interest and research - and to provide access to software and other resources that may help them in the completion of their studies. The research reserve fund is $1,500 for masters students to be used over the duration of their program. Students are not required to spend the entire research fund - only that amount necessary in order to carry out their research. Student Tuition Recovery Fund (STRF):The Student Tuition Recovery Fund (STRF) is administered by the California BPPE and applies only to California residents. The STRF fee is currently fifty cents ($.50) per one thousand dollars ($1,000) of institutional charges The State of California established the Student Tuition Recovery Fund (STRF) to relieve or mitigate economic loss suffered by a student in an educational program at a qualifying institution, who is or was a California resident while enrolled, or was enrolled in a residency program, if the student enrolled in the institution, prepaid tuition, and suffered an economic loss. Unless relieved of the obligation to do so, you must pay the state imposed assessment for the STRF, or it must be paid on your behalf, if you are a student in an educational program, who is a California resident, or are enrolled in a residency program, and prepay all or part of your tuition.You are not eligible for protection from the STRF and you are not required to pay the STRF assessment, if you are not a California resident, or are not enrolled in a residency program. The above itemizes all of the fees and charges for which the student is responsible. Each course is US $1,125 for tuition excluding books, materials and other costs listed above. Students must pay the required tuition fee prior to commencing their next course. The student is not required to pay this tuition fee until the student wishes to register for his or her next course. Tuition may be paid on a course-by-course basis. Students interested in inquiring about non-interest bearing monthly payment plan options should e-mail registrar @ anaheim.edu Students who pay all program fees at one time are eligible for a 10% discount on tuition. Students may make payment by check, credit card (Visa, MasterCard, American Express or Discover), money order or bank transfer (the student is responsible for any transactions fees imposed by the institution). Please e-mail registrar @ anaheim.edu for information on how to make payments. U.S. Military: Anaheim University's programs are approved for VA benefits. Meet Acclaimed Marketing Expert Philip Kotler Meet Hideo Morita, Son of Sony Founder Akio Morita Meet Nissan/Renault CEO Carlos Ghosn Meet BodyGlove Co-Founder Bob Meistrell Where Graduates Work Anaheim University MBA students and graduates are speaking the Global Business Language of multinational companies: 3M Enterprise Florida National Basketball Association (NBA) Accenture Ericsson Nissan Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Exxon Mobil Nokia Siemens Agfa-Gevaert Fidelity Investments Nokia Technologies All Nippon Airways (ANA) Fujitsu Nomura Research Institute Asahi Newspaper Fujitsu Semiconductor Nomura Securities Audi GE Consumer Finance Novartis Pharma Bank of New York Mellon (BNY Mellon) GE Healthcare Oracle Bank of Japan Goldman Sachs Pacific Gas and Electric Company Barclay’s Investment Bank Hewlett-Packard Pearson Publishing Bayer Medical Hitachi Pioneer Corporation BearingPoint HMV Quintiles Beckman Coulter Hokkaido Prefectural Government Rakuten Bosch Rexroth Corporation Honda Electron Recruit British Airways Hyatt Hotels Samsung Electronics British Telecom IBM Sanofi Aventis Canon Intel SAP Cisco Systems KDDI Schlumberger Citigroup Kirin Brewery Company Seiko Epson City of Atlanta Kubota Corporation Shinsei Bank Cox Communications Kyocera-Maruzen Siemens Healthcare Daiichi Sankyo LaCoste & Aigle Japan SMBC Trust Bank DB Schenker Lenovo Southern California Edison Dell Macmillan Publishing Sony Deutsche Bank Marubeni Sony Mobile Communications Deutsche Securities McDonald's Stahl Thyssenkrupp Dow Chemical Mercedes Benz Finance Sumitomo Corporation Dow Jones Intl. Merrill Lynch ThermoFisher Scientific Dun & Bradstreet Michelin Toyota EDS Microsoft UBS Embassy of Australia Mitsubishi Electric Unisys Embassy of Canada Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Volkswagen Investment Co. Embassy of Haiti Mitsui Chemicals Water Corporation Embassy of the Philippines Morgan Stanley Zurich Insurance Company Embassy of Zimbabwe An application for a Master's in Entrepreneurship must include the following: Application fee ($75) One recent color photograph (digital is okay) A scan of a current, government-issued photo ID Official undergraduate transcripts from an accredited institution recognized by the US Department of Education and/or CHEA, or by the government of the country in which the degree was awarded, in a sealed envelope from the awarding institution with an overall GPA of no less than 3.0 on a 4.0 scale, or equivalent from non-USA Institutions. ( Note: If the university does not routinely issue transcripts in English, original language records must be submitted with official English translations. We will accept translations issued by the university or by the following professional translation services: Accredited Language Services; Berlitz; Liaison Linguistics; Josef Silny & Associates; American Evaluation & Translation Services (AETS); and Education Evaluators International. Translations must be exact and complete versions of the original records.) Non-native English speakers must demonstrate college-level proficiency in one of the following ways: Degree from an accredited institution where English is the primary language of instruction. Transcript from an accredited institution indicating completion of at least 30 semester hours of credit where the language of instruction was English (“B” average) Transcript from an accredited institution indicating a “B” or higher in an English composition class. A minimum TOEFL score of 530 PBT / 197 CBT/ 71 iBT. A minimum TOEIC score of 800. A minimum IELTS score of 6.5. A minimum PTE (Pearson Test of English Academic Score Report) of 50. A minimum BULATS Level 3 (60), accepted only for Cultura Inglesa in Brazil. A minimum grade of Level 3 on the ACT COMPASS’s English as a Second Language Placement Test. A minimum grade of Pre-1 on the Eiken English Proficiency Exam. A minimum B2 English proficiency level identified within the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) Standards and assessed through various ESOL examinations, including the University of Cambridge. Once your application materials have been approved, you will need to submit an Enrollment Agreement and tuition payment to complete the enrollment process. Internet Access: All students are required to have access to a computer equipped with Internet access capabilities. Entrance Examination: There is no entrance examination required for admission to Anaheim University. Transfer Credits: Anaheim University will accept up to two graduate semester classes or 6 units awarded by another institution toward a Master's in Entrepreneurship; International MBA, Diploma or Certificate; and Sustainable Management MBA, Diploma or Certificate at Anaheim University. The entering student will be required to clearly demonstrate the equivalency of a transfer course through relevant documents (syllabus, catalog, course outline) and justify its acceptance through petition. No course will be considered for transfer with a grade lower than a “B” or its equivalent. Petitions are directed to the specific Dean for the affected program. There is a fee of $75 per course of credit transferred, and the overall program cost will be adjusted to reflect credit for the approved class(es). All petitions for transfer credit must be submitted as part of the student’s initial application to the University. Credits awarded as part of another degree will not be accepted for transfer. Prior Experiential Credit: Anaheim University will not extend experiential credit to any student. We currently do not accept students who reside in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island due to regulatory matters. For more information, please call our Vice President of Administrative Affairs at 714-772-3330. The steps below are general guidelines for joining a program at Anaheim University. Just complete the following steps and, if approved, become part of Anaheim University's global community within 2 weeks. Read thoroughly through the pages of our website and catalog Click here to submit your application online Click here to fill out a pdf version of the application and submit via email. The following documents are required for admission: One recent passport-size color photograph Official English language proficiency test score report if you are a non-native English speaker (mail original) Official transcripts.† (mail original) Official transcripts documenting at least one course in each of the following: accounting, finance and economics.†††† (mail original) documenting a minimum of 5 years of work or teaching experience in a relevant area of business†††† Resume †† Brief Statement.†† Resume documenting a minimum of 4 years experience in some aspect of TESOL (teaching, teacher education or publishing).+++ An outline (1,000 words) of the possible research that the applicant envisions undertaking for the dissertation that demonstrates his/her research experience and abilities. +++ Three reference letters (on letterhead with contact information) attesting to personal and professional qualifications. One reference must be from each of the following:+++ - A recent employer. - A TESOL professional who can attest to the applicant’s potential as a doctoral student. - A member of the academic faculty where the applicant completed his/her MA. †††† DBA Only ††† Ed.D TESOL Only †† MA TESOL or MFA Only † Not applicable to TESOL/TEYL Certificate Programs scanned copies are accepted to expedite application process while waiting for originals to arrive in the mail Documents can be uploaded as part of the online application form, emailed to This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. or posted in the mail to the address in Step 5. The complete list of Entrance Requirements for each program can be found here. > CLICK HERE FOR THE NEXT 3 STEPS Compiled 2019 School Performance Fact Sheets 2019 BPPE Annual Report Make an appointment714-772-3330 CHAT WITH A LIVE ADVISOR CHAT WITH A LIVE ADVISORAsk us a question now Visit usOffice of Admissions #110 1240 S. State College Blvd, Anaheim, CA 92806 Students First, Always Accredited online English Language Teacher education (TESOL), International Business, Sustainable Management, Entrepreneurship and Filmmaking programs at Anaheim University. A Truly World-Class Education Learn from world-acclaimed TESOL experts, and gain invaluable insight from leading-edge Sustainability, International Business, Entrepreneurship and Filmmaking Professionals. TESOL Ed.D. TESOL MA TESOL Graduate Diploma TESOL Undergraduate Diploma TESOL Certificate Teaching Young Learners DBA in Management DBA in International Business International MBA Grad Diploma in Int'l Business Grad Certificate in Int'l Business MFA in Digital Filmmaking DBA in Sustainable Management Online Green MBA Sustainable Mgmt Diploma Sustainable Mgmt Certificate DBA in Entrepreneurship Master of Entrepreneurship Office of Admissions, Room 110 \| 1240 S. State College Blvd. \| Anaheim, CA 92806-5150 \| USA ©2022 Anaheim University \| All Rights Reserved This website is currently going through reconfiguration and design for user convenience. Accredited Member of the Distance Education Accrediting Commission	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line218
__label__wiki	0.883852	0.883852	Felon Voting Rights: Vote Everywhere Ambassadors Join Restoration Efforts in Florida One hundred and fifty years ago, a law that denied people the right to vote was introduced into the Florida state constitution. That law still exists today. In Florida, a felony conviction can result in a lifetime of exclusion. It limits your ability to make decisions in your own community or have your voice heard. The only way formerly incarcerated Floridians can recover their voting rights is with the approval of the governor, who holds an average of four clemency hearings a year. During each of these hearings, less than 100 cases are reviewed. That means that 98% of the 20,000 backlog of people currently waiting for their cases to be considered will have to keep waiting. The Andrew Goodman Foundation believes that everyone should have equal access to the ballot. This is why our Ambassadors from four Vote Everywhere schools in the state of Florida have teamed up with Engage Miami and joined the Say Yes to Second Chances campaign to put a proposed amendment to the law on the 2018 ballot. “I was really moved when I attended the Say Yes to Second Chances petition-signing training. We met two formerly incarcerated people who still don’t have the right to vote–one of them is in law school and the other was released more than fifty years ago. It reaffirmed that fully increasing access to the polls is everything Vote Everywhere stands for and everything I stand for,” said Megan Newsome, a Vote Everywhere Team Leader at The University of Florida. The ballot initiative, known as “The Voting Restoration Amendment,” needs 766,200 valid signatures across all 27-congressional districts in Florida to make it to the ballot in 2018. As of November 2017, the petition has a total of 750,000 signatures, with 301,064 verifications. If successful, the campaign could restore voting rights to more than 150,000 non-violent felons. When asked why joining the statewide effort was important to her team, Brenda Coromina, Vote Everywhere Team Leader at Miami Dade College’s Kendall Campus, said, “Impediments to voting like this push the idea that people don’t matter in the political process. Removing this law would show people here in Florida that they do matter and their voices are being taken into consideration.” All of Florida’s Vote Everywhere teams have been working to provide additional support to local organizations leading the campaign. Signees must be registered to vote in order for their signature to be valid. The address on the petition form should also match the address the voter is registered under. These are the kind of questions Vote Everywhere Ambassadors were charged with clarifying. At the University of Florida, the city of Gainesville has already met its signature quota so Ambassadors are now running campus-wide felon rights education efforts. At Miami Dade College- the Kendall, North, and Wolfson campuses have been systematizing the Say Yes to Second Chances campaign. They have briefed students about the petition during voter registration drives and collected signatures during tabling events. All four teams had the opportunity to meet and speak with Miami State Senator Dwight Bullard earlier in the fall. “We encourage our campus teams to partner with other groups and build coalitions because it increases their audience size and, therefore, increases the potential impact on their campus and community,” explained Margaret Sasser, Vote Everywhere Program Development and Evaluation Manager. As the Say Yes to Second Chances campaign aims to collect a million signatures by year end, Sasser remains central to organizing the Florida Vote Everywhere teams. She continues, “Andrew Goodman was a champion of voting rights for everyone. We believe that formerly convicted people, who have fulfilled their time and their commitments, deserve the right to vote.” Kevin Hurtado is the Communications and Development Associate at Andrew Goodman Foundation. He graduated from Ramapo College of New Jersey with a Bachelor’s in International Studies and a minor in Human Rights and Genocide. Previously, Kevin worked as an Executive Assistant and Office Manager at Newark Charter School Fund, a nonprofit dedicated to promoting educational equity in the city of Newark. Student Activism and Voting Rights: Continuing the Work of Freedom Summer AGF Supports Voting Rights at Moral March in Raleigh Bringing the Ballot to Western Carolina University	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line220
__label__cc	0.749636	0.250364	Wood finishing refers to the process of refining or protecting a wooden surface. Finishing is the final step of the manufacturing process that gives wood surfaces desirable characteristics, including enhanced appearance and increased resistance to moisture and other environmental agents. Finishing can also make wood easier to clean and keep it sanitized, sealing pores that can be breeding grounds for bacteria. Finishing can also influence the hardness of flooring. In addition, finishing provides a way of giving low-value woods the appearance of ones that are expensive and difficult to obtain. Finishing of wood requires careful planning to ensure that the finished floor looks attractive, performs well in service and meets safety and environmental requirements. Planning for wood finishing also involves thinking about the properties of the wood that you are going to finish, as these can greatly affect the appearance and performance of finishes, and also the type of finishing system that will give the wood the characteristics you are seeking. Wood’s moisture content affects staining of wood Changes in wood moisture content can result in swelling and shrinkage of wood which can stress and crack coatings. Both problems can be avoided by stored wood indoors in an environment where it can equilibrate to a recommended moisture content. Finally, consideration needs to be given to whether the finished wood will come into contact with food, in which case a food-safe finish should be used, local environmental regulations governing the use of finishes, and recycling of finished wood at the end of its life. Wood surfaces are occasionally affected by various organic and inorganic stains. Sometimes such stains enhance the colour and appearance of wood. For example, oak wood affected by the beef-steak fungus has a deep rich, attractive, brown colour and there is no reason to remove the stain from the wood prior to finishing. The same applies to spalted wood whose attractive appearance is again caused by fungi. On the other hand, some fungal stains and those caused by the reaction of iron with wood can disfigure wood. These stains can be removed from wood using bleach. Bleaches are also occasionally used to reduce the difference in colour between lighter sapwood and heartwood and also colour variation within heartwood. Such bleaching makes it easier to achieve a uniformly coloured wood when the wood is subsequently coloured with pigmented stains and dyes. Furthermore, the natural colours of wood fade when wood is exposed to sunlight, and more permanent colours can be created by bleaching wood to remove its natural colour and then re-colouring the wood using artificial, light-fast, stains. The bleaches used to remove unwanted fungal stains from wood include two-part peroxide bleach and solutions of sodium hypochlorite. The former is particularly effective at removing the natural colour of wood before it is recoloured with pigmented stains or dyes. Wood can be stained to change its colour or left unstained before application of lacquer, or other types of top-coats. Staining should enhance the appearance of wood by reducing colour variation between and within sapwood and heartwood. It also provides a way of giving bland looking woods such as poplar, the appearance of prized furniture woods such as ebony, mahogany or walnut. Wood can be stained using dyes or pigmented finishes. These finishes are available in a wide variety of colours, many of which are not part of the natural colour palette of wood, for example, blues and greens. Pigmented stains tend to highlight the grain (and also sanding scratches), whereas dyes do not have this effect and are more transparent. Wood can also be coloured by exposing it to chemicals that react with the wood to form coloured compounds. Chemical staining of wood is rarely carried out because it is easier to colour wood using dye or pigmented stain, however, ammonia fuming is a chemical staining method that is still occasionally used to darken woods such as oak. Staining of wood is difficult to control because some parts of the wood absorb more stain than others, which leads to problems such as blotchiness and streaking. For this reason, as pointed out by Flexner, many people prefer to omit the staining step when finishing wood.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line225
__label__wiki	0.582346	0.582346	Essay: AI and New Ways of Making Music by Anjana Premchand Published on November 16, 2021 November 16, 2021 by AVARTS How did AI help complete Beethoven’s 10th symphony? The full recording of the composition (played by the Beethoven Orchestra Bonn) was released last month—the culmination of a project which began in 2019 and aimed to construct the 10th symphony, which Beethoven was unable to complete due to his deteriorating health and subsequent demise in 1827. Ahmed Elgammal, the Director of the Art & AI lab at Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA, led a group of computer scientists who worked with music historians, musicologists and composers to teach Beethoven’s creative process to the Artificial Intelligence (AI). “At one point, one of the music experts on the team said that the AI reminded him of an eager music student who practices every day, learns, and becomes better and better.” writes Elgammal in his article detailing the project in The 74. Elgammal ends his article on a hopeful note: “We anticipate some pushback to this work—those who will say that the arts should be off-limits from AI, and that AI has no business trying to replicate the human creative process. Yet when it comes to the arts, I see AI not as a replacement, but as a tool—one that opens doors for artists to express themselves in new ways.” The use of AI in the music industry has raised legal and ethical concerns. In January, the voice of the late South Korean singer Kim Kwang-seok was recreated by the AI company, Supertone. Fans were able to hear him sing a ballad—25 years after his passing—on an entertainment show aired by South Korean television network SBS. “SBS paid a one-off fee to his family for featuring his voice in the show, as they did with other cast members…neither SBS nor Supertone plan to release Kim’s song as a single,” writes Gawon Bae for CNN. When it comes to ownership, the rules regarding a song or composition created by AI is not clearly defined by law. This raises copyright-related queries over future projects. Recently, videos created using deepfake technology, in which an individual’s face is replaced using AI, have been used to spread misinformation and for criminal purposes such as making non-consensual pornography. Supertone acknowledges the potential dangers of recreating a person’s voice on their website, “We have also been deeply concerned about the problems that can arise when this technology is used for the wrong purpose.” Yet, it is expanding its activities—with a $3.6-million investment from Hybe, the South Korean company behind celebrated music group BTS. Hybe’s acquisition also of US-based Ithaca Holdings, which manages artists like Ariana Grande and Justin Bieber, makes it one of the biggest entertainment companies in the world—and its investment in AI is indicative of the direction the music industry is taking. The worrying reality is that current copyright and other regulations do not suffice in the face of the sweeping changes taking place. Nicola Davis quotes Prof Stuart Russell, the founder of the Center for Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence at the University of California, in The Guardian: “The AI community has not yet adjusted to the fact that we are now starting to have a really big impact in the real world…That simply wasn’t the case for most of the history of the field—we were just in the lab, developing things, trying to get stuff to work, mostly failing to get stuff to work.” Will legislation on AI’s growing applications catch up quickly with these developments? News and Eventsessay, music from Anandi for August 15th The Film Preservation & Restoration Workshop India 2018 (FPRWI 2018). AV Radio: The Latest Podcasts Previous Previous post: Music: Duobud, Korean contemporary music Next Next post: Events: Culture For All Festival 2021	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line226
__label__wiki	0.595291	0.595291	Koutammakou, the Land of the Batammariba Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between Benin and Ghana - The World Factbook Particulars for Togo: Corruption Perceptions Index - 2014, Transparency International: French Togoland became Togo in 1960. Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA, installed as military ruler in 1967, ruled Togo with a heavy hand for almost four decades. Despite the facade of multiparty elections instituted in the early 1990s, the government was largely dominated by President EYADEMA, whose Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) party has maintained power almost continually since 1967 and maintains a majority of seats in today's legislature. Upon EYADEMA's death in February 2005, the military installed the president's son, Faure GNASSINGBE, and then engineered his formal election two months later. Democratic gains since then allowed Togo to hold its first relatively free and fair legislative elections in October 2007. After years of political unrest and condemnation from international organizations for human rights abuses, Togo is finally being re-welcomed into the international community. In January 2012, Togo assumed a nonpermanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2012-13 term. - The World Factbook	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line230
__label__cc	0.700511	0.299489	Ways of Knowing, sociology homework help Questions (choose one) For this first Discussion, write your commentary on one of the following questions. Five “Ways of Knowing” were presented as common among peoples of the world. Based on your previous reading of an ethnography, or your own experiences, provide an example of how a specific group of people prefer one or more of these ways to understand and explain the world around them. Compare and contrast “Ideographic” and “Nomothetic.” How do these two approaches to ethnographic case studies contribute to theory development? “Heuristic” and “Substantive” are two ways of understanding various levels of theoretical explanations. How do these differ? How will they help you to read and understand the anthropology journal articles for this course? How do the four anthropology subdisciplines, and the emphasis of applied anthropology, combine to produce theoretical explanations for the similarities and differences among peoples of the world. https://assignmentgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/logo-300x60.png 0 0 Paul https://assignmentgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/logo-300x60.png Paul2021-11-15 14:36:172021-11-15 14:36:17Ways of Knowing, sociology homework help After watching the George Méliès’ film A Trip to the Moon (1902), film... Research Paper	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line231
__label__wiki	0.923584	0.923584	Carnaun: Moulded by Time Home \| The Carnaun Centenary Book \| Book \| Chronicle \| Archaeology, Education, Environment, Folklore, People, Sport Featured image compliments of Carnaun School 1891 - 1991 Little is known of the exact reasons for choosing, in 1891, this site for a new National School in the townland of Carnaun but although added to and renovated, the original building still stands in 1991. The name Carnaun is a direct translation from the Irish “Carnán” which may refer to either a heap of stones or an area of high ground. As most of the townland is a relatively flat plain, the name probably comes from some kind of stone heap. The presence of low sand hills, none of which exceeds 200 ft above sea level, along with the spread of loose surface rocks suggest the presence of large masses of ice during the ice age. These glaciers may also have deposited the spread of rich fertile soil which covers the underlying limestone rock. This good quality farmland attracted settlers from early times and the land was cleared and farmed. The presence of hand made ridges in some stretches of land, which are now considered unsuitable for cultivation with modern methods, suggests that this land once grew crops to feed those settlers. A short walk from the school through Carnaun to Castle Ellen brings to life, in a real sense, centuries of history. Monuments, though now partly in ruin, offer us an insight, not only into the quality of life of our ancestors but also the lifestyles and indeed the mentality of those who were attracted to the area. Remains of ancient forts, one in Rabbitte’s wood and one on Kennedy’s farm are evidence that the area was settled long before the Normans arrived. Part of the ringfort on Kennedy’s farm is a children’s burial ground referred to as a “Lisheen” and used according to records “only for the interment of unbaptised infants”, although some adults were buried there. A dense mass of small stones set on end in the ground in the North-Eastern section of the enclosed area mark the burial places of those infants, some of whom were buried there as late as the 1940s. The castle, just to the south of the school and referred to on Ordnance Survey maps as “Convent in Ruins”, was a fortified military structure designed and built by the defense-conscious Norman settlers of medieval times. Sited on a commanding hill with a clear view of King John’s Castle it is well defended by an encircling bank and was, it appears, built as a military outpost and once housed soldiers and horses of the Anglo-Norman army. The grass grown roadway outlined by two earthen banks and leading to the castle was not part of the original stronghold and may have been added later, possibly as late as the 19th century when the castle may have served as a dump for stones cleared from fields. Castle Ellen Big House and the remains of what was once the Lambert Estate represent an era of deprivation and oppression, felt by our ancestors at the hands of English landlords. The quality of life of five generations of wealthy landlords of English descent was in sharp contrast to that of the poor landless native tenants. The Lambert family lived in an old castle beside where the big house now stands. Castle Ellen townland gets its name from this castle. The townland along with Saint Helen’s and neighbouring townlands is referred to as “Cahir McGrenoge” on a 17th century map. Saint Helen’s gets its name from Saint Helen’s House which is shown on the 1838 ordnance survey map and stood near the site where Gill’s old house used to be (west of Michael Forde’s house). It was here to this house that the Lambert family moved while the new house was being built. Stone from here and from the old Norman tower house at Castle Ellen were used in the new building. Greater attention was paid to the building of the gate lodge, outhouses and yard, which were added later, and for these a better quality stone was brought from quarries in Rockfield and Ballinasloe. The Regan brothers, stonemasons from Athenry, worked for seven years cutting and shaping stone to produce stone-faced buildings of such high quality. Waiter Peter Lambert, whose name appears on the 1821 census list, was born in 1816 and was landlord until his sudden death in 1892. It is said that he choked while eating breakfast in a Tuam Restaurant. His son Peter Fitzwalter Lambert was in poor health and may as a result have neglected the farm. Captain Walter Peter Lambert, who was still very young when his father died, was the last Lambert landlord. Like his father and grandfather, who were known to the locals as “Watty”, he mixed with local people and was well liked and respected. A measure of his popularity was the reception he got when he returned after his marriage. Many locals attended the celebrations and the party went on for days. He never fully recovered from his experience with the Connacht Rangers during the First World War and when he returned had little interest in the estate which was sold to the Land Commission in 1923. A copy of an order, recording the appointment of A.W. Hazell as receiver to the estate on 30th November, 1910 and ordering tenants to pay rent to him is on file in the High Court in Dublin. Captain Waiter Peter Lambert died in 1977 and is buried in Oughterard. A regular visitor to the house was Edward Carson, a nephew of landlord Walter Peter Lambert. He is remembered as Sir Edward Carson who later played a major part in the course of Irish history as founder of the Ulster Volunteers. Part of the estate was then divided, the remainder was sold to James McDonald. He lived there for a short time and re-sold it to the Land Commission in 1937 when most of the remainder of the 650 acre estate was divided. For those who were employed there the collapse of the landlord system meant an end to secure jobs at a time when employment was hard to find. Farmers who had campaigned for land welcomed the much needed additions to their holdings. Some had been moved into the area and had worked hard at clearing and improving their farms. They now feared that the landlord would again move them and welcomed the security and the financial help, in the form of low interest loans which the Ashbourne Land Act of 1885 offered them. Land which had been confiscated and planted in the 17th century was now once again in native ownership. This land was originally the property of Maine, an Ulster prince, who came to Connacht sometime in the 4th century. It is said he was given a kingdom in Connacht by Dui, King of Connacht, sometime in the 5th century. The territory comprised the southern part of County Roscommon and the south east of County Galway. The original territory of Maine was gradually extended as the process of absorption of the neighbouring chiefs went on and at a later date it extended as far west as Athenry and the hill of Knock Mas, south of Tuam. Of the eleven Carnaun families who had members enrolled in Carnaun N. S. during the period from 1893 to 1915, i.e. Mahons, Qualters, Cusacks, Gills, Mullins, Fahys, Fordes, Kennedys, Rabbittes, Joyees, Williarns and Coens, seven still live in Carnaun. The other four families moved to farms in neighbouring townlands: Qualters and Mullins to Pollagh, Mahons to Loughaunenaghan and Gills to Mountain North. The settlement pattern of the 19th century is in sharp contrast to the settled nature of the 20th century. Records show that a Rabbitte family, probably ancestors of the present Rabbitte family, lived in Carnaun 300 years ago and is the only family to have survived this length. The 1821 census shows that along with four Rabbitt families, Morrisseys, Higgins and Hessions lived in Carnaun. According to the 1838 ordnance survey map, four families lived close to where the Kennedys now live, while the others lived beside Rabbitte’s house. There were no houses in Carnaun Village north of Kennedy’s house. It was sometime later that some new families came to live in the village and while those mentioned above have survived to this day, family names such as Hession, Whyte, Monahan and Tierneys (two families) had disappeared by the start of this century. The 1901 census lists Hansberry, Burns and two Hession families in Saint Helens and Lambert, Cahalan and Boyd family names in Castle Ellen. Family names such as Clancy, Forde and Wilson from Castle Ellen appear on the schools early register. Those came to live in Castle Ellen and worked as labourers both skilled and unskilled in the big house. With the increase in employment opportunities in Athenry and Galway in recent times some new families have come to live in the area and so we are now witnessing a new settlement pattern and for the first time in half a century an increase in the number of families in the townland of Carnaun. The presence of landlords and the occupation of lands which was theirs by right aroused in the people of the area a keen interest in developments, both social and political at local and national level. Indeed many became actively involved in the fight for the land and the struggle for independence. During the Rising of Easter Week 1916, Mick and Martin Joyce, Thomas Coen, Tom and Pat Kennedy, Tom Forde, Phil Fahy and Pat Killeen all deceased members of the Cussane Company of the old I.R.A., from Carnaun, marched with Liam Mellows to Moyode Castle and took command of it. All were later awarded commemorative medals and were granted military pensions in recognition of their services. Over the years there has always been a keen interest in all forms of sport. The Galway Blazers “Point-to-Point” was staged in Carnaun for a number of years in the forties and fifties. The course ran to the south of a hill on Kennedy’s farm, which acted as a viewing stand. The land here is rough-surfaced in places and this may have been responsible for the number of casualties. Among the popular local winners was Padraic Raftery’s “Monty” who completed the 41/2 miles course and cleared 13 stone wall fences and 4 hurdles to win the farmer’s race as a 40 to 1 outsider. One punter, local workman Micko “Doyle” Monaghan, collected £4 on 2/= invested. Many racing enthusiasts travelled to Ballybrit racecourse to watch the late Tom Varley’s “Castle Ellen” complete a difficult course in the Galway Plate. The greatest level of participation over the years has been in hurling and football and many played on successful local and parish teams; the Derrydonnell hurling team, the De Wetts football team, Cussane hurling team, Wolfe Tones football team and more recently on St. Mary’s hurling and football teams. Athletics has also attracted great interest and many have competed with considerable success in track and field events. In recent times, Michael and Willie Killeen and Peter Gilhooley have earned quite a reputation in marathon running, Michael Killeen having the distinction of competing in the Galway, Dublin, London and New York marathons. When Carnaun N. S. was opened on the 6th March 1893, the first pupil to register was Matthias Cusack, Carnaun. By coincidence, the last pupil this year and the eight hundred and ninth girl to be registered is his great grand niece Maria Gilhooley, and so a story which covers one hundred years of the school’s history and spans four generations of pupils continues. Written by Paddy Forde Page 035 of The Carnaun Centenary Book A compilation of short articles about the life and times at Carnaun National Sch… Here some recent records: Carnaun Sport 1991 Leacht Oliver Browne Spailpíní I was speaking to some people in their thirties recently and I was ver… by Eugene Duggan Athenry Journal Archive \| Education, Farming, History, People	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line235
__label__cc	0.67804	0.32196	Ancient Egyptian Collection Ancient Egyptian Archaeology Collection Thomas Hikade and Sarah Carter studying artifacts from the Wadi El Sheikh quarry, Eastern Desert, Egypt. Image: Stan Florek The Australian Museum’s Egyptian Collection includes over one thousand artefacts. It is probably the largest public collection of Egyptian antiquities in Australia. Nearly a hundred human remains were acquired in the late 19th century. By 1930 almost 70% of the Collection was assembled. Only a few artefacts were acquired in the second half of the 20th century. The largest contribution to the Collection was the donation by Ernest and his brother Alfred Wunderlich (over 35%), followed by the Egypt Exploration Fund (30%). Other significant contributors were archaeologist John Garstang, Drs Schmidt and Mook, Arthur David and George H Abbott, who donated or sold their collections to the Museum. Most of the artefacts have no archaeological documentation or data on their specific geographical origin, but some came from well known locations. These include Abydos, one of the most important archaeological sites in Egypt - the sacred city with numerous ancient temples and tombs. Another is Deir el-Bahari – a temple and mortuary grounds near Luxor. There also are artefacts from Edfu - with the temple of Horus, from Serabit in Sinai Peninsula; from Sedment – a large burial complex south of Cairo and from Beni Hasan in central-east Egypt. One Ushabti figurine is believed, but not proven, to be from the tomb of Amen-em-Heb - a minister of war - in Thebes and one ceramic pot is believed to have come from the tomb of Thutmosis III (18th dynasty) in Abydos. Some artefacts from Deir-el-Bahari are associated with the site of the temple built by Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II (King 2066 – 2014 BC) - a Pharaoh of the 11th dynasty who reunited Egypt into the so called the Middle Kingdom. A sample of stone artefacts is from an important Egyptian mining site - Wadi Maghara - in the Sinai Peninsula. A small selection of ornaments is from the site of Temple Serabit el-Khadim, also in Sinai Peninsula. Chronologically the Collection covers a large extent of Egyptian history from the 1st to 30th dynasty, but most artefacts with chronological data belong to the second millennium BC. A significant part of the Collection is associated with two groups of dynasties (11-12th - the Middle Kingdom and 18-20th - the New Kingdom) but the 1st dynasty and the Late Ptolemaic dynasty are also represented. A large part of the Collection is made of ceramic or stone containers (35%), small figures (30%) and body decorations. There is a small selection of textiles and their fragments. About a quarter of the collection is made up of pots and vases, reflecting its archaeological character. The human-like and animal figures are the most common among art, while the ceramic beadwork prevails among body decorations. Please note: a large part of the Egyptian collection is currently on loan and not available for viewing at the Australian Museum. BC (or BCE) – means Before Common Era, and indicates the years counted back from the first year of the Western Calendar. For example, in 30 BC Rome conquered Egypt and Cleopatra took her own life. Shenali Boange (Australian Museum), Natalie Cassaniti (Fairfield City Museum and Gallery), Penny Walker (Macquarie University) and Penny Zylstra (Australian Museum). egypt archaeology International collections Ancient Egypt The Sculptor in ancient Egypt Tombs in ancient Egypt Faience in Egyptian Culture The underworld and the afterlife in ancient Egypt The Painter in ancient Egypt The Light of Immortality Egyptian Faience Funerary texts in ancient Egypt The origins of mummification in ancient Egypt Ancient Egyptian objects documented in 3D Bull Apis Statue of Osiris Art in ancient Egypt Funerary texts acted as 'travel guides' for the dead in their journey through the underworld. These texts were written on walls, coffins, statues or papyri. They contained all the required passwords and spells for use in the underworld. Animal mummies in ancient Egypt Almost every kind of animal that lived in ancient Egypt has been found as a mummy - from bulls, birds, snakes and crocodiles to fish, cats and scarab beetles. Many animals were seen as manifestations of gods. Afterlife: The coffin and spirit of Egyptian official Neter-nekhta A rich man’s journey to the kingdom of god. In ancient Egypt a tomb, if built and designed properly, had the power to restore life and give immortality to the dead owner. Tomb architecture was complex and its art in the form of painting, sculpture and script gives a glimpse into the beliefs and daily life of the ancient Egyptians. Funerals in ancient Egypt The funeral and burial of an ancient Egyptian was a complex process. The Faces of Mummies Melissa Holt, project conservator at the Australian Museum, tells us about the conservation treatment of four Ancient Egyptian Cartonnage coverings, including three masks! Read part one, in this special AM blog series. Ancient Egyptian art has survived for over 5000 years and continues to fascinate people from all over the world. An ancient premise has become a modern reality: art is a path to eternal remembrance. The Australian Museum’s Egyptian Collection includes over one thousand objects and is one of the largest public collections of Egyptian antiquities in Australia. In ancient Egypt a person's body was preserved as they believed that the soul (ba) and life force (ka) needed to have a physical base in the afterlife. The Jeweller in ancient Egypt Jewellers in ancient Egypt needed to know and follow a strict set of rules in order to fulfil the religious function of jewellery. Specific materials, colours and designs were often associated with certain gods and goddesses or had magical qualities of protection. An ancient Egyptian coffin in the Australian Museum. Translations and explanations of the hieroglyphs Preparation for death in ancient Egypt Ancient Egyptians spent a considerable amount of time and money preparing for their death.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line238
__label__cc	0.745497	0.254503	Tag: nashville local news Comments Off on New York City Police: Teenager who crashed into man’s car while fleeing officer was drunk, not drunk driving New York City Police: Teenager who crashed into man’s car while fleeing officer was drunk, not drunk driving Police say a 17-year-old boy has been arrested after he crashed his car into a man’s parked car while speeding in a red Chevy Silverado pickup truck. Authorities say the incident happened Friday afternoon on the city’s South Side, when a white pickup truck drove into a silver Chevrolet Silverado with the window rolled down, police said. A man inside the car was struck in the head by the collision, but the teen was not hurt, police spokesman Officer Michael Mancuso said. The driver was taken to a hospital and treated for non-life threatening injuries, Mancoso said, adding that no charges were filed against the teen. The man, who police say was in his mid-20s, was not identified. Police say the teen is in custody and is expected to appear in court on Saturday.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line242
__label__cc	0.512311	0.487689	What is ARAID? R&D Organization Other research activities Other transfer activities Other outreach activities Unravelling drivers of global land use change Researcher: Cazcarro Castellano, Ignacio 27th International Input-Output Conference (IIOA) Conference Participation type: Iñaki Arto, Eneko Garmendia, Itxaso Ruiz, Maria J. Sanz Glasgow (Escocia) It is well known that in the last decades the use of land worldwide has changed dramatically, and increasing concerns have been raised regarding forestland loss, degradation, and other forms of Land Use Changes (LUC). However, the factors driving these LUC are lesser known. This article aims to identify and quantify the main drivers of land use change for food purposes, bioenergy and forestry related purposes, at the global and country level from 1997 (after finding many challenges from then back to 1961, and agreeing on this year based on discussion with FAOSTAT experts) to2013. Regarding the data and methods, making many statistics in physical units of the FAOSTAT database (production, trade balances, forestry statistics, and notably, the Supply and Utilization accounts which are the internal detailed data in FAO to construct the food balance sheets) as starting point, we firstly develop a consistent representation of this data in the form of a Multi-Regional Input-Output framework. Secondly, we develop a Structural Decomposition Analysis(SDA, see Dietzenbacher and Los (1997) Dietzenbacher and Los (1998), Su and Ang (2012) to quantify the contribution of each of a set of relevant factors to land use changes in the different regions of the world. These factors include Yield, Affluence, Demand propensity, Demand structure,Trade structure, Input Structure and population. Previous works have analyzed the links between land use changed, diets and bioenergy (e.g. Alexander et al., 2015; Kastner et al., 2012). We extend this analysis with novelties by 1. updating the data series with latest available information; 2.including bilateral trade data in the analysis in order to estimate the share of land use change in one country due to imports from other countries and to analyze the impact of bilateral trade, 3. including land use changes related to forestry; 4. including affluence as an additional driver; 5. developing a statistical analysis to assess the correlation between different factors (e.g. affluence and land requirement, similar to Arto et al., 2016, for the case of energy and affluence). From the global assessment of forestland we can conclude that between 1997 and 2014, the harvested area has increased by 3.2 Mha (+18%), from 18.4 Mha to 21.6 Mha. The results show an increase in the forestland harvested that is embedded in trade (+33%). The global assessment of cropland reveals that between 1997 and 2013 harvested area has increased by 7% (+160 Mha), from 1,390 Mha in1997 to 1,550 Mha in 2013. Similarly to what we find for forestland, the share of cropland harvested dedicated to satisfy the foreign demand for agricultural products increased from 19% in 1997 to 22%in 2013. Harvested cropland area increased in more than 10 Mha in four countries: Brazil, India,China and Indonesia; in Russia harvested area decreased in almost 30 Mha. The assessment of the drivers of LUC reveals that domestic changes contributed to increasing the harvested area in 35Mha and foreign changes contributed to an increase of 125 Mha. The increase in affluence was the main driver for the expansion of harvested cropland followed by the expansion of population. Among those drivers that contributed to moderate the increase in cropland, we find the reduction due to the change in the propensity to demand agricultural products, and the change in the domestic trade and inputs structures. https://www.iioa.org/conferences/27th/papers.html Legal advice - Privacy notice	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line243
__label__wiki	0.702386	0.702386	Movie Review – Chappie Director: Neill Blomkamp Starring: Sharlto Copley, Dev Patel, Hugh Jackman It took balls to make Chappie. In a genre that already pushes the envelope of believability, here is a sci-fi film that goes even further down the road of cinematic experimentation than most. It’s not the base story that’s so original, that of an intelligent robot that melts our hearts with his surprising humanism. We’ve seen that theme done very well in Short Circuit, a comedy classic that also brings about a few tears. No, it’s the surroundings that make Chappie a dangerous film, one that could go too far and burn every bridge in the process. Set in South Africa, featuring rappers as actors, bringing an Alien vibe back to the screen, and, oh yeah, making a childish machine not only the main character of the movie but a blanket representation of mankind as well. Not your typical drama, not your usual sci-fi, and definitely not a movie you’ll see again. Chappie is one of those very few films that sticks with you after you leave the theatre, a bug planted in your brain, and a reminder that we can still be impressed. In Johannesburg in the near future, crime will have elevated to such high levels that extra measures will be taken. A weapons company called Tetravaal will develop a series of robots called Scouts who will act in the place of police forces, taking all the risks and stamping out crime with no fear. The plan works, the company makes money, and the city is safer. But the developer of the program, Deon Wilson, has bigger goals in mind. He has created an artificial intelligence that should work within a Scout body, producing the very first free-thinking robot. Unfortunately, this technology, the machine, and Deon himself are abducted by a bumbling band of criminals called Ninja, Yolandi, and Amerika. The trio name the robot Chappie, become his parents & friends, while Deon is seen as a god-like Maker. And as Chappie quickly learns to adapt to his environment, he will be forced to make decisions based on a morality he doesn’t understand, a humanity that is just beyond his reach. Neill Blomkamp has a certain vision, there’s no doubt about that, whether you share that vision or not. His films deal with a certain set of issues; segregation, racism, class warfare, the fear of the differences between us. And these themes always come to life in his movies in sci-fi form, in South Africa, making no bones about their social meaning. His first film, District 9, is at once a total alien gross-out and a poignant message on apartheid. His next film, Elysium, could be considered a bit of a sellout and a total bust, but it still delivered the same sentiment; that the struggle for equality is both very real and very difficult. Now Chappie, where the topic is broadened to include the meaning of life, questions about god, and the future of mankind. Like I said, you’ve got to have balls to tackle these issues while riding a robot, his gangster pals, and the slums of Johannesburg, but Blomkamp hasn’t backed down from a fight yet, and I doubt he’ll start any time soon. The cast of this film is the oddest part about it, adding to the danger & real possibility that it won’t sit well with many audiences. The voice of Chappie is none other than Sharlto Copley, Blomkamp’s pal, star of D9, villain of Elysium. He is hands down the best part of the movie. He makes Chappie real, brings emotion to a machine, and grows alongside the character. His “parents” were played by a pair of rappers stylized Ninja and Yo-Landi, also their names in the movie, who make up the rave group Die Antwoord. These aren’t actor, and you can tell, but they bring something pure & dirty that fits the feel of the film. Watch any of their music videos and you’ll see why it took guts to cast them in this film. Patel, Jackman, Sigourney Weaver; these are the recognizable names, but perhaps the only boring parts of the film. Their acting ranged from OK to awful, leaving the story (and Chappie) to flounder alone. And here’s where personal taste steps in. I applaud the chances taken by this film and think that the robot at least worked the way it was supposed to. Die Antwoord made the city and the danger feel real, the sci-fi plot was one that I loved, and the action was always intensely exciting. Perhaps the acting wasn’t the best, perhaps this won’t be a universally appreciated picture, but Chappie is uniquely told, crafted, and delivered, which has got to be worth something. My rating: ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ « Movie Trailer – Last Knights Movie Trailer – Kill Me Three Times »	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line244
__label__wiki	0.599411	0.599411	Movie Review – Wildlife Director: Paul Dano Starring: Ed Oxenbould, Carey Mulligan, Jake Gyllenhaal Paul Dano’s directorial debut is also his screenwriting debut, pairing up with girlfriend Zoe Kazan to adapt this book and bring it to life right in time for Oscar season. Kazan has previously written Ruby Sparks, an original, and an excellent film as well, in which she delivers an excellent performance. But the pair have never written together, Dano has never directed, and so Wildlife would mark a major step forward toward awards and recognition. They chose a leading duo wisely, Mulligan & Gyllenhaal, two phenomenal actors who, now in the heart of their 30s, have mastered their craft. And Oxenbould as a vehicle for audiences is a smart choice as well, allowing us to enter into the plot and to witness events through his eyes. Wildlife is still, however, an amateur attempt, and it shows, resulting in a film that’s a great start but not perhaps the debut sensation we were hoping to see. Based on the novel by the same name, Wildlife is a story of disenchantment and decay, of a marriage collapsing and its eyewitness the one person hurt most by its fall. The year is 1960, and the Brinson family has just moved to Montana for work. Jerry works at a golf course, Jeanette stays at home, and Joe is a teenager starting at a new school. When overzealous Jerry gets fired from his job, the family dynamic changes, with Jean looking for work and even Joe pitching in. Jerry’s masculinity is threatened, and he takes work fighting a fire in the mountains, a gig that seems more like abandonment then vocation. Jean begins seeing another man, and Joe watches it all as he tries to keep his own life in some semblance of order. Oxenbould is Australian, Mulligan is English, and Gyllenhaal is from LA, so each of them has work to do to fit the role of a Northwest family constantly on the move throughout the States, and none of them do the job particularly well. Each tries a specific accent/pattern/affectation and it’s fine if you don’t notice that type of thing, but I do, so it’s something that bothered me slightly throughout the film. And that wasn’t the only problem I had with Wildlife. The pacing was very poor, sleepy at times, and not enough happened in general, there weren’t enough elements for me to latch onto to really feel invested in what I was watching. On the positive side, all the actors performed admirably, no one stuck out as weak, and I was fascinated watching each one’s flaws and how they contributed to the inevitable end. I simply can’t say that I loved this film or that I was stunned by Dano’s & Kazan’s creation, especially since I came in with high expectations. The result was rather more mediocre than I wanted it to be, a well-crafted movie that offered me very little that was either remarkable or memorable. My rating: ☆ ☆ ☆ « Movie Review – Ruby Sparks DVD Review – Destination Wedding » November 6, 2018 at 10:35 pm Did it feel personal at all?	cc/2022-05/en_head_0000.json.gz/line245

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