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BALDANZA
ELKAY TICARET was estabilished in 1962 by Eliya BARUH as a chemical supplier for the local market in Istanbul. Ten years later, changes in the building industry and the increasing demand for marble and similiar materials pushed ELKAY TICARET into the stone industry in 1972. Today, the company is a supplier of glues for stone installation.
The company began with one extruder and a capacity of 5 tons per year. Today, the company operates an 8,000 square-foot (750) sq.m) facility with a capacity of 250 tons per year for the local market, and in 1996, the company will move to a new 32,300-square-foot (3,000 sq.m) factory, where it will produce 500 tons annually. For the stone industry, the company manufactures different types and colors of stone adhesives, hot fillers, fillers for travertine and similiar stones, and polishing waxes. Soon the company will also produce colorants fort its line of adhesives.
In addition to products for use installing stone, the company has also recently moved into the supply of stone itself. ELKAY has just introduced Tercot, a sandstone-like material available in red and white in block, tile or slab form.
Sole Agent in Hong Kong, Taiwan and China:
Baldanza Group International Ltd.
Apostilling - Georgia apostille. Florida apostille. Copyright ©1999 All Rights Reserved.
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Edgewater Legal News - Medical Malpractice
There are dangers inherent in any medical procedure. It is the job of the practitioner to explain every risk to each patient so that the patient can make an informed decision and decide which risks are acceptable and which are unacceptable.
For instance, LASIK (Laser-Assisted in Situ Keratomiluesis) eye surgery, a very popular elective procedure performed by an ophthalmologist, is an outpatient surgery used to correct vision problems. It is minimally invasive, and the risks are much smaller than other kinds of surgery, with a 96% success rate. Even so, the surgery may result in over- or under-correction; glare, halo, or double vision; astigmatism; return to pre-surgery vision; even blindness. Some people are not good candidates for the surgery for various reasons. If the surgeon has not revealed the complete risks and the complications that can occur post-surgery before time, and injury results, he or she is guilty of medical malpractice.
More invasive operations, of course, carry many more dangers and risks. The laws of medical malpractice are extremely complex. There are pre-suit requirements, statute of limitations, and damage caps, which vary from state to state.
For example, in Florida, you must start the lawsuit within two years of discovering the injury, or at the latest, four years from when the medical malpractice occurred. You must serve a notice of intent to sue before you can sue in court. Then there is a settlement process that lasts 90 days. Florida has different caps based on what kind of damages are named in the suit. Other damage cap rules apply to hospitals and emergency care providers. And this is the tip of the iceberg.
If you think this is complicated and daunting, you’re absolutely right. In addition to knowing how the medical legal system works, there are medical documents to be reviewed, experts to consult, evidence and testimony to gather, and knowledge of how the opposition will present its defense. Practitioners spend millions of dollars in malpractice insurance in anticipation of just such a lawsuit. You need the best defense available.
If the failure of a health care provider to offer reasonable, standard care results in pain and suffering, loss of income, paralysis, brain injury, or wrongful death, Paul Bernardini Law is standing by to offer you the best protection for your rights.
As soon as you feel you or a loved one has suffered from medical malpractice in any way, please contact Paul Bernardini Law at 386-258-3453. With our years of experience, we will take your side and skillfully help you navigate the intricate maze of your malpractice lawsuit. The consultation is always free.
Medical Malpractice - Causation
Testimony that a subsequent treating physician would not have treated a patient-plaintiff differently had the defendant physician acted within the applicable standard of care is irrelevant and inadmissible and will not insulate a defendant physician from liability for his or her own negligence. The standard of care in medical malpractice actions is whether each individual physician-defendant acted in a reasonably prudent manner. The burden on a plaintiff with regard to causation is only to establish that adequate care by the physician more likely than not would have avoided the plaintiff's injury. Saunders v. Dickens, 39 Fla. L. Weekly S494 (Opinion Filed July 10, 2014).
Liability - Evidence
On March 20, 2014, the Supreme Court of Florida adopted a standard jury instruction in civil cases. The instruction states that subsequent injuries caused by medical treatment are the responsibility of the original defendant. 39 Fla.L.Weekly S146.
Medical Malpractice Cap Declared Unconstitutional
The Supreme Court of Florida voted in favor of the ordinary person in the case of Estate of Michelle Evette McCall v. United State of America. In this case, decided March 13, 2014, the Supreme Court of Florida held that the statutory maximum cap on non-economic damages set forth in Florida Statute 766.118 (Medical Negligence) violates the right to equal protection under Article 1, Section 2 of the Florida Constitution and is therefore invalid. Accordingly, the limit on wrongful death non-economic damages in medical malpractice actions set forth in Florida Statute 766.118 is held to be unconstitutional under Florida Law.
In this interesting case, the Supreme Court of Florida also notes certain truths which you may not know if you watch television programs, most of which are sponsored by insurance companies.
First, the Supreme Court of Florida discussed whether or not there is a shortage of doctors in Florida. Testimony at the hearings provided by both the Department of Health and the Agency for Healthcare Administration and various other people was that at the present time, there are, in fact, more doctors licensed to practice in Florida today then there were five years ago. Further, applications to the medical schools in the state of Florida are up and have been consistently for the past number of years. Emergency rooms have not been closing as a result of medical malpractice. As a matter of fact, the Department of Health and the Agency for Healthcare Administration both testified under oath that they could not cite any incidents where because of the medical malpractice crisis, patients were denied some type of care or directed some place else. The reports of physician departures in Florida were anecdotal, not extensive, and in some cases were determined to be inaccurate. For example, State Medical Society officials told the committee that Collier and Lee Counties lost all of their neurosurgeons due to malpractice concerns. However, the study found at least five neurosurgeons currently practicing in each county as of April 2003. Provider groups also reported that malpractice pressures have recently made it difficult for Florida to recruit or retain physicians of any type. However, over the past two years, the number of new medical licenses issued has increased and physicians per capita has remained unchanged. This is from the government accounting office. An article titled “Medical Malpractice: Implications of Rising Premiums on Access to Health Care, No. GAO-03-836 (August 2003).” Moreover, the Supreme Court of Florida noticed that for those doctors who are leaving Florida or who have left Florida, there was no concrete evidence to demonstrate that high malpractice premiums were the cause of the departure. The entire case can be found at 39 FLW S110 (March 14, 2014).
In any event, after evaluating the current information, the Supreme Court of Florida concluded there was no rational basis existing to justify continued application of the limit on non-economic damages under Florida Statute 766.118.
Fifth District reverses summary judgment on statute of limitations where doctor led patient to believe injury was normal result of surgery and would improve over time. Baxter v. Northrup, 39 FLW D4 (Fla. 5th DCA 12-20-2013).
Medical Malpractice - Discovery
Recent case from the Florida Supreme Court on Medical Malpractice
In holding that the trial court's order, which required production of records of adverse medical incidents of patients not having the same or similar condition, treatment, or diagnosis as the required patient, departed from the essential requirements of law, the District Court of Appeal improperly relied on section 381.028(7)(a), Florida Statutes, as the subsection had been declared to be invalid by the Florida Supreme Court. Ampuero-Martinez V. Cedars Healthcare Group. Opinion Filed January 30, 2014. Full Opinion at Supreme Court Opinions Section, page 60a.
Medical Malpractice Statute of Limitations - When Does Time Start?
In Baxter v. Northrup, 39 FLW D4 (5th DCA, December 20, 2013), Judge Torpy of the Fifth District Court of Appeal in Daytona Beach wrote a well reasoned opinion concerning the statute of limitations in a medical malpractice claim. Generally, the statute of limitations is two years. However, when there is a question of fact as to when the plaintiff knew or should have known of the possibility of medical negligence, the statute is two years from the date the plaintiff became aware that he had a possible claim. In no event can the time be more than four years.
This is an important case because the plaintiff became aware that he had a foot drop on November 3, 2004. The Fifth District said that even though the plaintiff became aware that he had a foot drop, he was not aware that his foot drop was caused by negligence. The Fifth District Court of Appeal held that a jury could take into consideration the post operative treatment and the discussions that occurred when the plaintiff was specifically told that having a foot drop was normal. This means the jury will decide the time limit when the question of time limit is a factual question.
Jurisdiction - Medical Malpractice
There is a very difficult question as to whether or not Florida courts have jurisdiction over certain cruise ship doctors. Each case depends upon its own facts. A good review of this particular law is set forth in Taylor v. Gutierrez, 38 Fla. L. Weekly D2557 (3rd DCA, December 4, 2013). Suing a cruise ship doctor within the state of Florida may not always be possible.
Medical Malpractice - Doctor Failing Board Exams
The Second District Court of Appeal held that it was proper for the trial judge to exclude evidence that the defendant had repeatedly failed board certification exams. The plaintiff wanted to introduce evidence for the jury to see that the defendant doctor had repeatedly failed the board certification exam. Second, the plaintiff wanted the trial judge to disqualify itself after the trial judge wrote a derogatory note about the plaintiff. The Court of Appeals held that the fact that the doctor failed the board certification test was not relevant. However, the Court did agree that the Judge’s misconduct required the Judge to be disqualified. M.B. v. S.P., M.D., and CDMG, P.A., 38 FLW D2192 (October 18, 2013).
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Forsiden, Internationalt Nyt, Narkopolitik, Nyheder
The first forum of growers of crops declared illicit in Southeast Asia
på 9. august 2013
July 2013, the Transnational Institute (TNI) in cooperation with Paung Ku (a consortium aimed at strengthening civil society in Myanmar) held the first Southeast Asia forum of growers of crops declared illicit in Yangon, Myanmar. As a senior policy officer for the International Drug Policy Consortium (IDPC), based in Bangkok and working primarily on drug issues in Asia, I took part to find out more about the situation faced by opium growers in the region. In the movement in support of drug policies more grounded in health and human rights, a lot of attention has been (justifiably) paid to establishing harm reduction approaches for people who use drugs. However attention is also warranted for people who grow crops declared illicit, who as I learned, can suffer from forced crop eradication initiatives, punitive law enforcement measures and damaging ‘development assistance’ projects. A first step in addressing these problems is the ability for their voices to be heard and to influence the design and implementation of drug and development policies that affect them.
In Myanmar, there are about 300,000 households involved in opium cultivation, and in Laos there are about 20,000 households, according to 2012 figures produced by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. These households are often from ethnic minority groups and depend on opium cultivation for their livelihood, including access to education and health services. They are commonly driven to cultivating opium because of poverty and conflict as recognised by theEuropean Union, which stated: “illicit drug crop cultivation is concentrated in areas where conflict, insecurity and vulnerability prevail. Poor health, illiteracy and limited social and physical infrastructure reflect the low level of human development experienced by the population in these areas.”
At the TNI-Paung Ku forum, growers shared experiences about the benefits of opium cultivation as including basic survival, medicinal use, ease of market access, ease and profitability of cultivation, and even use of opium in taming elephants and violent husbands! They also shared about the negative aspects of cultivation such as the insecurity of growing crops declared illicit, and the rise in crime rates, negative health consequences and broken familial and community relationships associated with dependant use of opium or—nowadays more often—heroin. By the end of the forum, many growers agreed on recommendations for addressing their situation which called for voluntary drug treatment services, decriminalisation of opium growers, sustainable farming practises, avenues for growers to raise their interests with policy makers, viable alternatives to cultivating opium, and preservation of the traditional and medicinal uses of opium. Some growers suggested that part of the opium cultivation could be legalised and the supply of opium regulated to produce medicines, but perhaps also for traditional medicinal and social uses.
It seemed like South East Asian and South Asian growers have a long way to go before they will be given the chance to contribute meaningfully to drug policy processes. This is partly because of the nature of geopolitics, conflict, politics and drug policies that characterise their environment. For example, the Myanmar government and the regional body Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) of which it is a member, both declare a drug-free vision for their drug control strategies—which makes the prospect of partly legally regulating opium cultivation seem like an incredibly long shot. But at the very least, I hope that the realities of life confronted by opium growers in the region will be increasingly recognised and addressed in a humane and sustainable (in development and environmental terms) way by policy makers working on drug issues.
by Gloria Lai, IDPC Senior Policy Officer
Keep up-to-date with drug policy developments by subscribing to the IDPC monthly alert: Here
Bruce Alexander’s Globalization of Addiction Website
Narkohandel på Vestebro i skyggen af bandekrig
EU Drug Markets Report 2019
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__label__wiki
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| 0.763045
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Headline, Homepage, International, News Blog
Zunar Sues Police Over Books Lost in Raid
by Maren Williams • August 17, 2017 • Comments Off on Zunar Sues Police Over Books Lost in Raid
Once again, Malaysian political cartoonist Zunar has filed a lawsuit against police seeking the return of books and t-shirts that were seized in a raid of one of his public fan events. He also wants to recoup lost sales of about $5200 for the merchandise taken from his “Tea with Zunar” fundraiser last December.
Although Zunar has been harassed by police for years due to his cartoons and currently is awaiting trial on ten counts of sedition, he has won some judicial victories in the past. Most recently in April of this year, a court awarded him damages for books and original art that were seized in 2010. The wait for a resolution in this newest suit is likely to be just as long, but his lawyer N. Surendran explained in a statement yesterday that any future raids will be met with the same response:
If again, in future Zunar does another exhibition, whoever tries to do this again, be it the police or anybody else, we will take you to court and you will have to answer to the court. There will be no more tolerance for this kind of unlawful behaviour against a person whose only crime is to criticise the authorities. That is the democratic right of every Malaysian.
Zunar and two of his employees were arrested at the December tea and questioned for eight hours on suspicion of “activities detrimental to parliamentary democracy” before being released on bail. Two fans in attendance were also arrested for filming the police as they descended on the event.
Apart from the police harassment, Zunar has also recently faced serious threats from the youth wing of ruling party UMNO, whose members formed a mob that shut down an exhibit of his work last November. Ironically the only arrest following that incident was of Zunar himself, after UMNO Youth filed a complaint against him for “intentionally humiliating a person”–that person being Prime Minister Najib Razak, who naturally features prominently in his political cartoons.
Prior to those two arrests in quick succession last year, Zunar was already facing nine counts of sedition which stem from statements that he made on Twitter in February 2015 following the sentencing of opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim on a trumped-up sodomy charge. The cartoonist hinted that the judiciary in that trial had been subject to political pressure or bribery, observing that “the lackeys in black robes are proud of their sentences. The reward from political masters must be plenty.”
He then exchanged Twitter barbs — and a cartoon — with Inspector-General of Police Khalid Abu Bakar as officers were en route to arrest him. His trial has been delayed multiple times, but is currently scheduled for November; if convicted, he could face up to 43 years in prison. The government also has barred him from leaving the country until his case is resolved.
Help support CBLDF’s important First Amendment work in 2017 by visiting the Rewards Zone, making a donation, or becoming a member of CBLDF!
Contributing Editor Maren Williams is a reference librarian who enjoys free speech and rescue dogs.
← VICTORY in California: Conejo Valley Board Finally Approves Part-Time Indian
GNs signed by Simon Hanselmann, Gabriel Bá, Fábio Moon, Trina Robbins, & More Benefit CBLDF! →
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| 0.272359
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How to Know When You Shouldn’t Publish Your Own “Translation”
April 17, 2015 Aramaic Blog, Funnybad aramaic, bad syriacstevecaruso
As I’ve mentioned before on this blog, when it comes to Aramaic materials sometimes you can judge a book by its cover.
In this case, it is also a prime example of how a Google search can go terribly wrong. 🙂
Long story short, I came across this book cover a few days ago:
The “Netzari Emunah”
If you can’t make out the text at the top, it reads: “Aramaic Bible: The Aramaic Covenants • Aramaic Peshitta.” Here is an excerpt from this book’s website:
This work is a new edition from translations of the Ancient Aramaic. For example this new edition uses the name of MarYah Eashoa Msheekha (Lord Yeshua Messiah). It also uses the word Allaha for HaShem (G-d). The Ancient Aramaic translates the correct name of ‘Eil witch refers to the ‘Absolutely Eternal’ Allaha, and it introduces the Aramaic rendering of Maran for Lord, Along with other Ancient Galilean Aramaic renderings.
So let’s take a moment to pick this apart and make some sense of it. I could be wrong, but the Netzari website appears to be a Messianic sect in the Sacred Name Movement persuasion that has produced a “new edition” from (apparently) extant translations of Aramaic texts where the names have been changed to (rather poor) transliterations of late Classical Eastern Syriac terms because they — among others — are “Ancient Galilean Aramaic renderings.”
Despite… serious methodological problems, I can at least navigate around all of that and make sense of it… but there is one glaring problem that I don’t get:
Why is there Brahmi text about Buddhism on the cover of an Aramaic book about Messianic Christianity?
Yes, that wonderful carved text is in Brahmi script from one of the Edicts of Ashoka at Sarnath — official declarations issued in the 3rd century BCE in effort to spread Buddhism. Many of the Ashoka inscriptions were bi- or tri-lingual… and this is where the Aramaic confusion comes in.
The pillar at Sarnath as it is today. Click on the image above to learn more.
When this image was originally uploaded to Wikipedia, it was under the title “Aramaic Inscriptures in Sarnath.jpg“. Whoever uploaded it simply made a mistake, as one of the languages that Ashoka did use from time to time was Imperial Aramaic. This image, however, simply wasn’t such an example, so the author subsequently corrected this mistake by changing the description to “Inscription in Brahmi on the pillar of Sarnath.” (Scroll down on the Wikimedia page, you’ll see it.)
However, guess which title Google Image Search snapped up?
As of writing this, if one simply searches for “aramaic” in Google Image search, this is the first nice looking carved inscription that appears in the search results, about half way down the page. Earlier it was much higher, and because of this it has caused all sorts of delightful confusion.
Now, if someone is trying to produce a “translation” of the Aramaic New Testament to help spread their faith in Christianity, but they can’t tell Aramaic apart from an inscription in a different language which just so happens to be about spreading Buddhism that they came across on Google — perhaps they should reconsider what they’re up to. 🙂
UPDATE: They seem to have taken the hint, and have changed their book cover to a much more boring red-ish-thing. However, they are still going through with publishing it…
← My God, my God, why have you forsaken me? Working on the Daily Office →
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A Perfect Eastern Ontario Escape
When a couple decides to leave the hectic pace of Toronto and return to their rural roots in Eastern Ontario, it's only natural that they would buy land in an idyllic setting. With a view of a gorgeous, clear lake to one side and acres of undisturbed forest to the other, that's exactly the spot that one couple found for themselves. The key was finding the right home to build there. It was by chance that they found the inspiration for that home at the Atkinson Home Building Centre, with locations in Kingston and Hartington, Ontario.
"We had no idea that Home Building Centre dealers sold houses," they said. Then, while in the store to make some routine purchases, the couple noticed a sign advertising the Home & Cottages Design Book. "We bought the book, took it home, went through it in detail and found the home we liked."
Their chosen model, the Rosseau, appealed to them as a home "that suited the environment in which we were building. We didn't want something that would look too urban, or modern or in any way out of place in such a beautiful setting." With its stone façade, expansive wooden deck, hardwood floors, vaulted living room ceiling and stunning fireplace, the home is very much the picture of a relaxing, rustic retreat.
A COMPLETE ABOUT FACE
Close as the Rosseau was to their ideal vision, there were still modifications to the plans that could be made to suit the specific situation. "We had built houses before," the couple points out, "and we already had our own design done but it was going to be too expensive to finish the way we wanted." By comparison, building a home through Home Building Centre was very affordable.
"Once we had the design picked, we called the store and inquired about the details. The man we spoke with, Wayne Sayeau, was very polite and courteous, and the price was quite reasonable."
Even though the couple felt the house design was the right one for their future and their property, there was one significant adjustment that had to be made before anything else could happen.
"We turned the house around," they say. "We reversed it so that the dormers and all the windows in the house are looking out over the lake. That's actually the front of the house, but the style is such that you could use either side as the front. It just made sense to us that, beautiful as the forest is, the view over the lake is spectacular and we didn't want to give that up."
In addition to turning the house in the direction of their choosing, a larger window was added to the parlour to enhance the lake view further still.
Although many people choose to have their homes built through their local Home dealers, using Home-approved contractors and craftspeople, this couple wanted to do the work themselves. Using their previous experiences in home building, they made numerous changes to take maximum advantage of the lakefront location, and also to modify the interior to suit their lifestyle to the greatest advantage.
"The plan called for a ground floor laundry room that backed on to the den. We prefer a laundry room on the second floor. So we expanded the den to take over much of the laundry room space, and converted the rest of the laundry room space into a small powder room.
"On the second floor, we took space that was planned to be used for a linen closet and also a small nook from one of the bedrooms and created a laundry room."
In addition, closet sizes were altered to create more space in the bedrooms and other smaller modifications were made allowing two people to find their perfect escape in Eastern Ontario.
SERVICE THAT MADE A CHALLENGING JOB EASIER
Since they were living in Toronto while building their house in the country, construction could only take place on weekends. That posed specific problems for people undertaking such a complex and difficult task. For example, what do you do with the building materials from one week to the next?
"Wayne is just such a wonderful person," the home builders say about Atkinson Home Building Centre's Wayne Sayeau. "He worked with us. He understood that our situation was unique in that we could work only a couple of days a week. So Wayne held the material for us and delivered it to our job site on an as-needed basis." The couple was quick to point out that, while what was done for them was specific to their needs, they're not the only people who benefited from such creative assistance. "They work with all their customers to accommodate different circumstances and that just made it so much better for us." This system helped ease the tension of the construction process which, under less ideal conditions, can be fraught with stress and aggravation.
Would this couple, with their lakeside refuge now complete, recommend to other people that they, too, build their home or cottage with Home Building Centre's plans, materials and assistance. The two are unanimous and emphatic, "Yes, we would."
Looking at their beautiful home, nestled in the sunshine between trees and lake, it's easy to understand why.
Building your Dream with Home
A Change of Plans
Doing Justice to a New Home
The Pros Know - Packages are the Way to Go!
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Bacteria can aid toxic environmental cleanups, may boost ag production, UF researchers report
Caption at bottom. Click here for high resolution image.
GAINESVILLE, Fla. — Remarkable bacteria that resist arsenic could greatly enhance cleanups of toxic environments and potentially boost agricultural production, according to a new University of Florida study.
The bacteria were isolated from arsenic-contaminated soil surrounding the Chinese brake fern, a plant known for its ability to remove arsenic from the environment.
The carcinogen contaminates soils around the world and is deadly to most organisms.
Arsenic levels above state-set minimum standards were reported in residential areas in Miami and Gainesville, according to a 2003 study co-authored by Lena Ma, a UF soil and water science professor.
The new findings, published in this month’s issue of Bioresource Technology, could lead to improved phytoremediation — the process of using plants to remove environmental contaminants — in which the bacteria are added around the roots of the Chinese brake fern to increase arsenic absorption.
In the study, the bacteria broke arsenic down into a more easily absorbed form and increased the fern’s arsenic uptake ability by more than 900 percent.
The bacteria also caused the plant to grow bigger, with a nearly 100 percent increase in root size.
“I really didn’t expect that the plant would grow better,” said Ma, an author of the study. “But the arsenic-resistant bacteria increased plant biomass.”
In 2001, Ma was the first to report the fern’s extraordinary arsenic accumulation abilities.
Wanting to further increase the plant’s arsenic absorption capabilities, Ma, fellow UF Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences member Bala Rathinasabapathi and soil and water science doctoral candidate Piyasa Ghosh, began examining bacteria living in the soil around the plant. Ghosh is the study’s lead author.
“We thought that there could be bacteria associated with the fern that could be useful in one way or another,” said Rathinasabapathi, a UF horticultural sciences associate professor.
The researchers collected soil near the fern and the fern’s root zone from different places in Florida contaminated with arsenic.
After the scientists isolated bacteria from the soil, they added it to the fern’s growing environment in the laboratory where it broke arsenic down into a more available form readily absorbed by the fern. In addition to the increase in arsenic absorption, they also noted a gain in the uptake of the nutrient phosphorus by the fern, which led to better growth.
Rathinasabapathi said more studies are needed to explore whether the bacteria can be widely used in agriculture.
The fern is licensed to and sold by a company based in Manhattan, Kan.
Writer: Robert H. Wells, rhwells@ufl.edu, 352-273-3569
Sources: Bala Rathinasabapathi (Saba), brath@ufl.edu, 352-273-4847
Lena Q. Ma, lqma@ufl.edu, 352-392-1951
Photo cutline:
Piyasa Ghosh, a Ph.D. student in the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences soil and water science department, inspects brake ferns in a greenhouse on campus in Gainesville. Ghosh and researchers Lena Ma, a UF soil and water science professor, and Bala Rathinasabapathi, a UF horticultural sciences associate professor, researched arsenic-resistant bacteria living near the roots of the fern. They found the bacteria enhanced the arsenic accumulating abilities of the fern and boosted plant growth. UF/IFAS Photo by Tyler Jones.
by BLOGS.IFAS2
Category: AGRICULTURE, UF/IFAS, UF/IFAS Research
Tags: arsenic, bacteria, Bala Rathinasabapathi, Chinese brake fern, Lena Ma, Piyasa Ghosh
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To develop pine-based biofuels, UF research team receives $6.3 million federal grant →
BLOGS.IFAS2
The Mission of UF/IFAS is to develop knowledge in agricultural, human and natural resources and to make that knowledge accessible to sustain and enhance the quality of human life. While extending into every community of the state, UF/IFAS has developed an international reputation for its accomplishments in teaching, research, and extension.
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Why Parents Don't Like Rap and Hip Hop Music While Kids, Teens and Young Adults Do
Rap and Hip Hop Music is one of the leading trends in music today. Yet, so many parents disapprove of rap/hip hop music, while kids, teens and young adults have an undying love for it. Why?
Most parents want the best for their children, and so, they go about their days attempting to acquire better lives for themselves and their loved ones. Parents were young once too, but they later discovered it is more beneficial to live a positive life style compared to a negative one. They have come to understand that the path towards having constructive experiences start with feeding the mind with constructive ideas, learning good lessons and following sensible instructions.
Therefore, most parents do not want their loved ones to have negative experiences, such as the constant viewing of cruel images, repeated feelings of unnecessary pain or repetitive listening to destructive words that are heard in some hip hop and rap songs. For this reason, parents don’t like many rap and hip hop songs because of the damaging lyrical content. What is more, they don’t appreciate the idea that such harmful words are being fed into the minds of their kids, teens or young adults.
On the other hand kids, teens and young adults love rap and hip hop music because of the powerful nature of the beat, while the flow of the lyrics spew out catchy punch lines and slick metaphors. For the young at heart, hip hop and rap is more than just music, it is a life style. It is a wonderful combination of rhythm, rhetoric and hope. Kids, teens and young adults all over the world bop their heads emotionally to the rhythmic sounds of hip hop. They become awe inspired by the rhetorical flow of rap and hope to one day capture the financial success of the artists viewed in the videos.
Although some of the lyrics in rap and hip hop music are derogatory in nature, all of it is not belittling. Several hip hop and rap artists outright demean people, places and things, while some rhyme about how they overcame appalling living conditions, hateful peers, poverty and crime. Others boost about their financial success as an affirmation that they have made it out of a life of dreadfulness. And, artists may use language which they are familiar with — a curse or two to express such experiences.
So I ask parents, a kid, teens and young adults, is there a balance?
Well, everyone knows that the mind is like a sponge, soaking up information like water from the very moment of human conception. Indeed, the mind vividly records what is observed through sight, sound, touch, taste, smell and imagination. As a result, that which is recorded in our minds has an effect on our behavior. Yes, music also shapes our mindset!
Music is considered an art and science for a very good reason! Experts in the fields of neuroscience, psychology, biology, physiology, physics and education have worked alongside musicians to unravel the mysteries of music. Such research is aimed at understanding music’s basic structure; it’s biological, emotional and psychological effect on humans and the brain; it’s healing and altering potential; and its function in the evolutionary process. Music helps scientists understand complex functions of the brain and opens up treatments for patients who are recovering from strokes or suffering with Parkinson’s. Research even suggests that music may alter the structure of the brain.
What is more, words have power, real energy. This is demonstrated in the fact that music can thrill us, sadden us or inspire us. We feel goose bumps rise on our skin as we listen to a favorite melody, and we are whisked back to old memories by hearing the opening bars of an old school song. Throughout history, songs have been created with the intention to inspire feelings of happiness, joy, praise, relaxation, anger, heartache, destruction, etc. Wow! Music can do all this?
The good news is that there is a balance. For parents, it is recommended that you do not discredit all rap and hip hop music. There exist good and wholesome compositions out there that your young ones can enjoy, and you can feel safe that they are feeding their minds with sensible ideas.
And for the kids, teens, and young adults, it is suggested that you be more mindful of the type of rap and hip hop music you are listening to as it does have an impact on your mindset.
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Home » World War II and Alabama
ADDSCO Welders
Aircraft Maintenance at Craig Field
Moton Field
World War II POW Camps in Alabama
Alabama National Guard
Point Clear Marine Training Command
WWII: Alabama Remembers ? Alabama Public Television
World War II and Alabama
Allen T. Cronenberg, Hampton, Virginia
World War II and its aftermath changed the face of American culture, and this was equally true in Alabama. The state had already begun its recovery after the Great Depression, but the war brought major industrial expansion, dramatic population shifts, and new opportunities in the workforce for African Americans and women. Boom times followed, with sometimes dubious consequences for many Alabama communities, and the effects of these changes continue to evolve and shape the state and its inhabitants.
Fighting Alabamians
Alabama National Guard in World War II
In the late 1930s the aggressive actions taken by the future Axis powers—Germany, Italy, and Japan—led President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to urge Congress and the American public to support sharply increased defense spending, expanding the armed forces, and establishing military conscription. After Germany's rapid conquest of Poland in September 1939, and France, Belgium, and the Netherlands the next summer, Congress appropriated $5 billion for defense, passed legislation to create a military draft, and authorized President Roosevelt to call up the Army Reserves and federalize the National Guard. Toward the end of 1940, nearly 4,000 Alabama National Guardsmen joined men from Mississippi, Louisiana, and Florida in the Thirty-first Infantry (Dixie) Division at Camp Blanding, Florida. By the summer of 1941, nearly 350,000 Alabama men between the ages of 21 and 35 had registered with draft boards.
Napier Field
Approximately 300,000 Alabama men donned service uniforms during the war, and tens of thousands of servicemen trained in the state. Many women volunteered for one of the military auxiliaries, such as the Women's Army Corps or the Army Nurse Corps. More than 6,000 Alabamians lost their lives in military service: 4,600 in combat and 1,600 in non-combat situations. Twelve of the 469 recipients of the Medal of Honor in World War II were born in Alabama or entered service there. Army captain Charles W. "Gordo" Davis, so nicknamed after his hometown in Pickens County, led his troops into Japanese fire on Guadalcanal and earned a Medal of Honor. Born in Bessemer, Navy commander David McCampbell, of the renowned Air Group Fifteen on the carrier USS Enterprise, downed 34 Japanese planes, more than any other Navy pilot. Howard Gilmore, born in Selma and commander of the USS Growler, became the first submarine commander in World War II to receive (posthumously) the Medal of Honor.
Holland McTyeire Smith
Several career officers from Alabama played exceptionally noteworthy roles in the war. Marine general Holland "Howlin' Mad" Smith of Russell County is recognized as the "father" of modern amphibious warfare. John Persons, a Birmingham banker and commander of the Thirty-first Dixie Division, which fought in the Pacific theater, was one of only two National Guard generals to lead troops into combat in World War II. Asa Duncan, a Colbert County native, served as chief of staff for Gen. Carl A. Spaatz, commander of the Eighth Air Force, which flew bombing raids from British airfields against industrial and military targets on the European continent.
John C. Persons
Many other Alabamians made unique contributions to the war effort, including Lt. Tom Borders, who piloted his B-17 Birmingham Blitzkrieg in the Eighth Air Force's first sortie against enemy targets. His all-Alabama crew is credited with being the first in the Eighth Air Force to down a German plane. Notable among those Alabamians who served were the five Crommelin boys from Wetumpka, all of whom served in the Pacific Theater. Two lost their lives as pilots during the war, and the eldest, John, served as flight officer on the carrier Enterprise and later as chief of staff of a carrier task force. Herbert Carter, in the first class of African American pilots to break the race barrier in military aviation, earned his wings at the Tuskegee Army Air Field and flew with the Ninety-ninth Pursuit Squadron in the North African and Italian campaigns. Nancy Batson from Birmingham, an early member of the Women's Air Service Pilots, ferried military aircraft around the country to modification plants or ports of embarkation. Marine private and Mobile native Eugene Sledge authored With the Old Breed at Peleliu and Okinawa, a postwar memoir about his horrific combat experiences in the Pacific campaign now regarded as a classic of combat literature.
Alabamians on the home front contributed to the war effort in countless ways. Communities mounted scrap drives to collect metals and rubber. Red Cross chapters and other groups made bandages, knitted sweaters, and collected clothes for people injured or displaced during the war. Many more sent gift packages, letters, and newsletters to hometown men and women in the military. Montgomery's Soldier's Center, later known as the Army–Navy USO Club, was the first civilian-run servicemen's club in the United States. Other Alabama towns, churches, and civic groups established similar clubs for servicemen and defense workers. Every county in Alabama achieved its quota—a national record—in each of the federal government's eight war bond campaigns.
World War II Bond Drive
Rationing began in 1942. Limits on the purchase of rubber tires and gasoline reduced mobility, and hitchhiking became a common means of transportation. Public opinion polls reported that people missed sugar more than any other rationed good, including shoes, meats, and coffee. In order to save electricity, daylight savings time was introduced. The government imposed a coastal dim-out, implemented beach patrols, and restricted fishing and recreational boating in the Gulf of Mexico. For the most part, Alabamians accepted these and other wartime inconveniences without complaint.
World War II was not just waged "over there" in the Pacific, North Africa, and Europe. The war erupted off the Alabama coast in May 1942 when German submarines arrived in the Gulf of Mexico. During the next two months the gulf was one of the most dangerous places in the world for Allied shipping. Between May 1942 and December 1943, German U-boats sank nearly 50 freighters and tankers in the Gulf of Mexico.
Alabamians on the homefront got their first glimpses of the enemy a year later, in the summer of 1943, when German prisoners of war (POWs) began arriving. Four major POW camps—Aliceville, Opelika, Camp Rucker, and Fort McClellan—and numerous smaller camps housed thousands of war prisoners captured when German and Italian forces surrendered in North Africa. Local farmers, lumbermen, and businessmen often contracted with camp officials to hire war prisoners, who were paid in scrip (tokens that could only be redeemed at the camp store) for their labor.
A Changing Landscape
The state—favored by a good climate and cheap land—offered ideal sites for U.S. military bases. Fort McClellan, established in Anniston in 1917, became a major induction center. Camp Rucker, constructed in 1942 near Ozark in Dale County, was Alabama's other large infantry training center. Camp Sibert near Gadsden opened that same year for chemical warfare training.
Brookley Field
From the days of the Wright brothers, Alabama has played a conspicuous role in aviation. During World War II so many aviators trained at Maxwell Field that it came to be said that the "road to Tokyo" led through Montgomery. Gunter Field, Montgomery's municipal airport, became a flight school, and new aviation training facilities were built, including Craig Field outside Selma, Napier Field near Dothan, and Courtland Field in the Tennessee River Valley. One of the most important and pioneering projects was the Tuskegee Army Air Field, where nearly 1,000 African Americans received their wings as pilots. Brookley Field on Mobile Bay trained air corps glider pilots and housed both the Southeast Army Air Depot, which supplied military bases in the Southeast and the Caribbean, and the Mobile Air Service Command, which modified and repaired military aircraft.
Alabama also played an indirect but critically important role in the manufacture of military aircraft. The state contained two of the nation's five plants that played a part in the manufacture of aluminum, the most crucial metal in aircraft production, a Reynolds plant at Listerhill in the Tennessee Valley and, more important, an Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) plant at the Alabama State Docks in Mobile. By 1943 the Mobile facility was producing 34 percent of the industry's entire output. Alcoa also operated a fleet of 29 company-owned vessels and dozens of chartered vessels to haul bauxite (a mineral used in making aluminum) from South America to the Mobile plant. The Alcoa plant was among the potential targets of German saboteurs arrested and executed in the summer of 1942.
Shifting Populations
Recruitment Poster
The war produced enormous demographic changes in Alabama. Lured by the prospect of better paying jobs, thousands of Alabamians and workers from nearby states flocked into boom towns such as Mobile, Montgomery, and Huntsville. Approximately 10 percent of Alabama's rural whites and more than 25 percent of the state's rural blacks moved into towns or out of the state in search of jobs and entrepreneurial opportunities. Alabama's urban population grew by 57 percent during the war years. Even though wartime production began tapering off in 1944, by the end of World War II industrial and commercial jobs in the state had increased by 46 percent.
The greatest increase in urban growth occurred in Mobile, where some 90,000 people surged into the city in search of employment. Brookley Field and Mobile's two shipyards—Gulf Shipbuilding and Alabama Dry Dock and Shipbuilding (ADDSCO)—employed 60,000 workers at their peak. Thousands of merchant seamen sailed on ships operated by the Waterman Steamship Company and Alcoa. The port of Mobile, anchored by the Alabama State Docks, was the nation's 15th busiest port. Mobile's wartime population explosion severely strained the area's infrastructure. Only San Diego, California, and the Norfolk, Virginia, area experienced comparable wartime urban stresses.
Redstone Ordnance Plant
Elsewhere in Alabama, 20,000 workers flocked into the Coosa Valley to build a gunpowder plant in Childersburg—a town with only 500 residents and no paved streets—and an artillery powder bagging plant in nearby Talladega. The construction of two arsenals in Huntsville transformed the peaceful county seat of 13,000 residents into a major center of ordnance production. At the height of wartime production, the Redstone Ordnance Plant, which manufactured conventional explosives, and the Huntsville Arsenal, which manufactured chemical and incendiary ordnance, employed 11,000 civilian workers. Demand for steel led Birmingham's Tennessee Coal and Iron (TCI) to increase its workforce from 7,000 in 1939 to 30,000 two years later. Other Birmingham companies ramped up production to meet wartime needs as well.
The war also benefited agriculture. Cotton prices, stagnant throughout the Depression, rose as textile mills won contracts to produce uniforms, bedding, tents, and sandbags. Alabama's forest-products industry, aided by increased demand for lumber and paper products, ranked third in the nation. Labor shortages plagued agriculture during the war. Some farmers experimented with mechanization, but the scarcity of metal for civilian use postponed the tractor revolution until after the war. In some areas, farmers relied on Axis prisoners of war to chop cotton, harvest crops, and fell timber. The mobilization of nearly 4,000 POWs saved Alabama's $38 million peanut crop in 1944.
World War II Welder
With approximately one-third of Alabama's draft-eligible men in uniform, defense industries across the United States launched drives to recruit women. At the height of war production in 1943–44, women comprised about one-fourth of the labor force in Alabama's defense industries. Women who had once taught in public schools for $800 annually found jobs as assembly-line workers in the Huntsville or Redstone arsenals for $1,400 or as welders in the Mobile shipyards for $3,600. Long excluded from the ranks of skilled and semi-skilled laborers, some African American men found increased opportunities in industry. More than 20 percent of the workers at the Huntsville Arsenal were African American, including a significant number of African American women.
Alabama at War's End
By 1944 war's end was in sight. Defense plants and shipyards began scaling back production. On D-Day, June 6, 1944, the Allies established a beachhead on France's Normandy coast, and in less than a year Germany had surrendered. Grateful for Germany's defeat but mindful of the continuing war in the Pacific, Alabamians celebrated VE (Victory in Europe) Day somberly. Fearing massive Allied casualties in a conventional invasion of Japan, President Harry Truman, having succeeded President Roosevelt after his death in April 1945, ordered atomic bombs dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. On August 15 Emperor Hirohito announced Japan's surrender. Two weeks later, a flotilla of Allied warships, including the battleship USS Alabama, sailed into Tokyo Bay for formal surrender ceremonies.
"Merci Train" Car in Montgomery, 1949
World War II and its aftermath had a profound impact on Alabama and the nation. For many veterans the most significant—and democratizing—benefit of military service was the GI Bill of Rights of 1944, which provided greater access to college and vocational education, home ownership, and health care. Some veterans brought home to Alabama women that they married or met elsewhere. These wartime and post-war marriages produced an unprecedented "baby boom."
Fought to defend democracy and freedom, the war served as an incubator for the modern civil-rights and women's movements, as women and African Americans were forced to give up jobs to returning veterans. In Alabama, these changes, combined with the expanding power of the federal government, gave rise to the postwar Dixiecrat movement and its inflammatory racial politics of the 1960s and 1970s. The military bases that were established or expanded during the war provided a significant boost to Alabama's economy, and many continue to do so in the present. The technological developments associated with the war industry positioned Alabama to become a leader in the aerospace industry, which it remains today.
Cronenberg, Allen. Forth to the Mighty Conflict: Alabama and World War II. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1995.
Jakeman, Robert J. The Divided Skies: Establishing Segregated Flight Training at Tuskegee, Alabama, 1934-1942. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1992.
Newton, Wesley Phillips. Montgomery in the Good War: Portrait of a Southern City, 1940–1946. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2000.
Noles, Jim. Camp Rucker during World War II. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia, 2002.
Rickman, Sarah Byrn. "Nancy Batson, Pursuit Pilot Extraordinaire." Alabama Heritage 65 (Summer 2002): 14-23.
Scott, Jr., John B. "The Crommelin Brothers." Alabama Heritage 46 (Fall 1997): 6-17
Sledge, Eugene B. With the Old Breed at Peleliu and Okinawa. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
Thomas, Mary Martha. Riveting and Rationing in Dixie: Alabama Women and the Second World War. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1987.
Published: September 14, 2007 |  Last updated: December 12, 2014
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Kuwait: Persian Gulf War
Country Study > Chapter 7 > Foreign Relations > Persian Gulf War
On August 2, 1990, Iraqi forces invaded and occupied Kuwait. On February 26, 1991, United States-led coalition forces restored Kuwaiti sovereignty. These paired events represented both the failure and the success of Kuwait's foreign policy.
The primary impetus for the invasion lay in the dynamics of internal Iraqi politics -- economic and political concerns after the long, debilitating, and ultimately unsuccessful Iran-Iraq War. However, economic and political relations between Iraq and Kuwait provided the context for conflict.
Iraq's first financial disagreement with Kuwait related to oil policy. Iraq objected to Kuwait's production beyond OPEC quotas and the consequent contribution that overproduction made to lowering oil prices internationally. Iraq also claimed Kuwait was siphoning oil from the shared Ar Rumaylah oil field straddling the Iraq-Kuwait border. During the Iran-Iraq War, Iraq ceased production from its side of the field while Kuwait continued operations. Kuwait asserted it had taken oil only from its own side of the field; Iraq claimed it had poached. Another financial disagreement with Kuwait concerned the estimated US$13 billion that Kuwait had lent Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War, a debt that Iraq wished Kuwait to forgive. These financial claims were set in a broader context. The Iraqi government experienced serious financial strains following the war with Iran; nearby Kuwait had apparently ample resources. To obtain these resources, Iraq put forward whatever financial claims it could.
In addition to economic issues, Iraq also disagreed with Kuwait over borders. This claim had two somewhat contradictory dimensions. Iraq first disputed the location of the border and then reaffirmed its claim to all of Kuwait. The latter claim rested on the argument that Iraq had once ruled Kuwait. This assertion to historical sovereignty over Kuwait was not solidly grounded: Kuwait had always been a self-governing political entity. Despite Ottoman Iraq's historic interest in Kuwait, it had never ruled the shaykhdom. When Kuwait was first established, the area was under the control of the Bani Khalid of Arabia, not the Ottomans. For a brief period in the late nineteenth century, Kuwait moved closer to the Ottomans, and for a short time Abd Allah as Salim held the Ottoman title of qaimaqam, or provincial governor; part of the Iraqi claim invoked this fact After Britain and Kuwait signed the 1899 treaty, Ottoman forces, anxious to overthrow Mubarak, had no place in the shaykhdom. British forces came to Mubarak's support as needed in favor of Kuwaiti independence.
Kuwait's status was again a matter of international discussion in the period around World War I. In 1913 British and Ottoman representatives drew up the draft Anglo-Ottoman Convention in which Britain recognized Ottoman suzerainty over Kuwait but at the same time declared Kuwait an autonomous district of the Ottoman Empire. The convention conditioned recognition of Ottoman interests in Kuwait on the promise of Ottoman noninterference in the internal affairs of Kuwait. The Iraqi government's later assertion that this constituted British recognition of Iraqi jurisdiction in Kuwait was weak. The document specifically recognized Kuwait's historical political autonomy and disallowed Iraqi interference in Kuwait's domestic affairs. In any event, the document was never ratified, and at the beginning of World War I, Britain moved closer to Kuwait, not further away. At the end of World War I, the Ottoman Empire was dissolved. In the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, Turkey renounced claims to all former Ottoman provinces.
In the interwar years, the border question again arose. In 1922 the British convened a conference at Al Uqayr in Saudi Arabia that set Saudi Arabia's borders with Kuwait and Iraq but not Kuwait and Iraq's border with each other. However, in 1923 the British high commissioner in Iraq sent a memorandum to the political agent in Kuwait laying out the border between Kuwait and Iraq. When in 1932 Iraq applied to the League of Nations for membership as an independent state, it included information on the borders from the memorandum.
Iraq thus seemed to be moving toward acceptance of its border with Kuwait when the discovery of oil, the promise of more Kuwaiti oil revenues, and the related Majlis Movement occurred. As the Majlis Movement grew, Iraq began to support dissidents in Kuwait and simultaneously put forward claims to Kuwait. Iraq also explored the idea of building a port on Kuwait's coast to give Iraq an alternative to its port of Basra. Iraq began expressing interest in the islands of Bubiyan and Warbah as well. The Majlis Movement in Kuwait failed, however, and Iraq had to await another opportunity.
As long as Britain was there to support Kuwait, Iraq could do little more than assert a verbal claim. When Kuwait became independent in 1961, the Iraqi government tested Britain's resolve by bringing forces to Kuwait's border in support of its claims on the shaykhdom. British and Arab League forces, however, forestalled any Iraqi military action.
In 1963 a new government came to power in Iraq. Anxious to mend fences, this government formally recognized Kuwait and signed an agreement recognizing the borders between the two states as those set forth in Iraq's 1932 application to the League of Nations. Iraq then dropped its objection to Kuwait's membership in the UN and in the Arab League and established diplomatic relations, including the exchange of ambassadors, with Kuwait.
Nonetheless, tensions lingered. During the 1960s and 1970s, a series of border incidents took place, and there was continuing Iraqi pressure for Kuwait to relinquish, or at least offer longterm leases on, the islands of Warbah and Bubiyan. In the 1980s, relations between the two states appeared to improve as Iraq, desperate for Kuwaiti financial support in its war with Iran, was careful not to press its unpopular claims. Both sides claimed sincerity in their historical effort to negotiate the border issue. When the war ended, however, the border issue reappeared.
The dispute itself does not seem to have been a precipitating factor in the invasion. When Iraq entered Kuwait in August 1990, it claimed to do so in support of a Kuwaiti rebellion. When no pro-Iraqi rebellion (or even bloc) emerged, and Iraq found itself unable to set up a pliable Kuwaiti government, it was forced to resort to direct occupation. It was only at this point that the Iraqi claim to Kuwait resurfaced. On August 9, one week after the invasion, Iraq formally annexed Kuwait, adding the northern part of the country, including the Ar Rumaylah oil field and the islands of Warbah and Bubiyan, to Iraq's province of Basra and creating a separate province out of the rest of Kuwait.
After Kuwait's liberation, the UN established a five-member boundary commission to demarcate the Kuwait-Iraq boundary in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 687, which reaffirmed the inviolability of the Iraq-Kuwait border. In April 1992, the commission announced its findings, which demarcated the Kuwaiti border with Iraq about 570 meters to the north near the Iraqi town of Safwan and slightly north in the region of the contested Ar Rumaylah oil field. These modifications gave Kuwait six oil wells in the field and part of the Iraqi naval base of Umm Qasr. Kuwait accepted the commission's finding and announced it intended to build a security fence along its border with Iraq as an advance warning system. Iraq responded to the findings with an angry letter in May to the UN secretary general rejecting the commission's findings. Domestically, it continued to refer to Kuwait's territory as an integral part of Iraq. Physical demarcation of the land boundary was completed in November 1992.
The postwar period thus opened with many of the issues still unresolved that had played a role in precipitating the invasion and war. In Iraq the government of Saddam Husayn continued to assert its prewar claim to Kuwait, coloring Kuwait's postwar foreign policy. As long as Saddam Husayn remains at the helm in Iraq, Kuwait can feel no real security. Even were he to be replaced, much of the insecurity that haunts Kuwait and drives its foreign policy would remain. Kuwaitis see the war as one waged by the Iraqi people and remember previous Iraqi promises to respect Kuwait's sovereignty. Kuwait will continue to see Iraq as a serious threat, regardless of what transpires in Iraq's leadership.
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David C. Tierney
Personal Blog of the Phoenix, AZ Attorney
By David Tierney Stories
Training for The Peace Corps
I had been in Brandeis University as a Junior when we stayed up all night in early November 1960 as John F. Kennedy, the Senator from Massachusetts, swept the National election. We had thrilled earlier to his charismatic speaking style, cheered his very public speech confronting the convention of Religious leaders in Texas as to why it was high time that a Catholic could be elected in these United States; we had booed his opponent, Nixon; we had gone to the mock convention held in the Gymnasium at Brandeis, where long before the election Kennedy had been selected as the Democrats party candidate. At the televised Inauguration in January of 1961, we watched Kennedy (with no topcoat at a freezing and smoking Lectern located on the steps of the Capitol) rail against the military industrial complex that had tried to bedevil Eisenhower, heard him call for service to the Country, and we were inspired. Right after inauguration, Kennedy’s brother in law, Mr. Sergeant Shriver, was told by the White House to create the Peace Corps post haste, spring-boarding off an idea which Hubert Humphrey had floated during the initial primaries. Humphrey had called for an analogue to the “War Corps” (the army/navy/air force). The new entity was to take “high minded” recent college graduates, to put them into positions in the poorest countries of the world, to give them a few survival supplies and perhaps a very few tools, and to let them work side-by-side with the people of that country to do some task, likely involving physical labor, the building of “improvements” like bridges or wells or arable fields. The idea was that the volunteers would export democracy, be the antithesis of our “ugly American” tourists, learn about the cultures and languages where they were, then come back and liven up a whole generation’s inward-turning myopic view of the world. Before I left Brandeis for the summer of 1961, a friend who was one year ahead of me, and about to graduate, sat with me one night in the snack bar. David Matz told me he would be going to West Africa, I think to Ghana, as one of the very first Peace Corps volunteers to go overseas. He talked of the language training, the cultural training, the physical training, and the job training that he would be undergoing in just a month or so in Puerto Rico. In 1961-62, I and many of my classmates read letters from Peace Corps Volunteers that were in Africa, the South Seas Islands, South America, and Central America. The letters were passed hand to hand on campus and sometimes made the student newspapers and journals of the time. I was heavily occupied in the Student Council Committee on Mississippi Civili Rights and in finishing my three years as Treasurer of the Student Union. I read the information with interest but had little thought of going. By October of 1961, I thought that I would apply (tardily) to Law School and, as I remember, applied to only one, Harvard Law School. By late January – early February of 1962 I had been accepted to Harvard Law School, as had 5 others in my class of 260 at Brandeis. I knew what I was going to be doing for the next three years and I paid less attention to the Peace Corps news as I trundled off to Cambridge, just 15 miles down the Charles River from Brandeis. David Matz did his 2 year stint in Africa and went on into the Peace Corps staff in Africa.
The Cuban Bay of Pigs invasion occurred and Kennedy’s star seemed to fall. Civil Rights crises brought Kennedy to the TV stations one evening and then he backed giving the protection of Federal Marshals one day in November of 1962 for James Meredith in Oxford Mississippi and two died in the riots. In segregation struggles in Atlanta and Selma, Kennedy reluctantly stepped forward to intervene and his star rose in the Eastern States. In the fall of 1962, when I began my second year in Harvard Law School, the Cuban missile crisis kept us all home for a long week, watching Kennedy on the tube and preparing for the end of the world. The People’s March on Washington occurred in the summer of 1963 and I went there in a lead bus in a cavalcade of some 50 busses from Boston. CORE and ACLU and SNCC were the organizations who arranged the busses. I was active in CORE and was a bus captain. Then, one day late in November of 1963, my roommate and I attended our Constitutional Law Class at the Law School, a class which was taught by Paul Freund, the famous professor whom everyone knew would be Kennedy’s next appointment to the U. S. Supreme Court. Class was to begin at 1pm. At that hour, Freund stepped to the podium, fought back tears, and announced that there would be no class, as Kennedy had been assassinated in Dallas in an open car. We all went to our dorms and our apartments to watch with horror as the whole thing unfolded on black and white TV. I was dating a girl who was the heir to the Burpee Seed Company fortune. We sat all night and watched the waves at Nantasket Beach while she cried her eyes red. The next day, she went home to her family in Chicago, simply destroyed by the events which unfolding. The Peace Corps slipped from view. Johnson became President. The very bad summer in Mississippi in 1964 led to the 1964 civil rights act re transportation and employment. That gave way to the voting rights act of 1965. Malcolm X was riding high in New York and there was vicious talk about black power and armed revolution in the ghettos of the big cities. In Boston, CORE (Congress on Racial Equality) met in a contentious meeting; the attending members voted to expel all “non-negroes” and there would be no white members of CORE any more. Gretchen Pfuetze and I rode home to Cambridge on her motor scooter and knew that we were sidelined from 6 years of civil rights work as the civil rights movement imploded around us in Boston. Vietnam and its war were sucking up every able bodied recent graduate of any educational institution (and thousands of non college guys to feed the army’s desire to hurl hundreds of thousands of men into the battle against the North Vietnamese.
In a fluke in 1964, I suddenly was hired as a Law Clerk to Justice Paul Reardon the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, a wonderful job for my future as a Lawyer, a job that guaranteed that some large law firm in Boston would hire me when the clerkship expired in June of 1965. But, while clerkships usually meant the draft boards would give clerks a draft deferment, it was clear that the war in Vietnam would require that, immediately following the clerkship, I would need to be in some branch of the service – or I would be inducted as a rifleman in the army with rice paddies in my immediate future. At that point, the draft frenzy was such that many guys getting out of law schools had applied to the JAG. Having a Harvard Law Degree no longer guaranteed a role in some armed service’s Judge Advocate General (Legal) office. Working through this, I found that I had some connections that would permit me to go into the Coast Guard as an officer – but it had to be for five years – and there was only a fifty-fifty chance that I would be a lawyer. If I served as a lawyer, it would be in a small and remote installation, But there was a fifty-fifty chance that I would be instead running an eighty foot boat on the Mekong Delta, often under mortar attack from the opposition, with a rather limited life expectancy. The Coast Guard operated those boats… This is the way John Kerry (now our Secretary of State ) served in Vietnam. I had looked at Peace Corps service as a possibility, but they only had bee-keeping in Swaziland and mussel-raking in Micronesia types of programs. It just did not look very interesting to me and there was a significant chance that my draft board in Plymouth Massachusetts would deny a deferment of draft status and I would be yanked from a Peace Corps training program to a rifleman slot… I did all the tests, passed the physical exam, and I was ready to swear into the Coast Guard and take my chances…
At the last possible moment, 3 days before I was to swear in, the mail at 29 Putnam Avenue in Cambridge brought an invite from the Peace Corps. They were going to try something totally new. They were going to chance putting lawyers and city planners into positions in city government administration in Venezuela. They would take 60 potential volunteers most of whom would be from Harvard and MIT, would likely keep 30+, and those 30+folks would each serve as a “spear-carrier” assistant for a Venezuelan young professional out of the Petroleum Industry. Those 30+ Venezuelans were already in Covina California and were undergoing training. There had never been anything like a city manager in any Venezuelan city. These Venezuelan guys each needed an assistant to watch their backs and to help counsel them through god knows what sort of problems they would encounter as they “parachuted” into corrupt city administrations in Venezuela and remade them each into a clean and open democratic system. Holy smokes! I was already fluent in Spanish – and this sounded like a heck of a good time… You get to travel. You get to really learn a language. You get paid (a little) to learn and live a culture for two years. Did I mention that you get to travel? I notified the Coast Guard that I was passing on my swear-in, hoping that Peace Corps would accept my application to the new program… I signed on with the Peace Corps. They then accepted my sign-on. So far so good – but this was sort of a gamble. If I flunked out or if the draft board said no, I was going to Vietnam as a rifleman. I began notification to my draft board and started the application for yet another deferment, crossing my fingers that they were not going to reject that idea. I finished the clerkship and for a few months worked my hump off in the Elliot Richardson for Attorney General Campaign. I spent two weeks on a bicycle saying good bye to Cape Cod places and Islands (Nantucket and Martha’s Vineyard) which I loved. I appeared before the draft board and they said NO to a deferment. I appealed – and my Dad (a World War I Vet) agreed to appear at the Appeal Board for me… In mid September of 1966, I took a plane to San Francisco to report for training. It was to be at San Francisco State University (“SFSU”), which was a hippie sort of place with about 20,000 students most of whom were passionately opposed to the war in Vietnam and ready to spend most of their Saturdays demonstrating on campus or at the Oakland depot from which Marines shipped out to Vietnam. The University was run by President Hiakawa, later on the California Board of Regents, later a famous U. S. Senator. Hiyakawa was “at war” with the student body. We incoming volunteers assembled at a small church perched on a knoll looking right down onto the campus and some large parking lots and some park like areas where demonstrations mobilized. The Peace Corps had rented an aging steel colored bus that sat 60 people at a time, like a huge Greyhound bus. We were to lodge, sleep, eat at Fort Funston, supposedly a disused National Guard barracks right out on the edge of the Ocean some 3 miles from SFSU. With our bags and raincoats in hand, we were bussed to the barracks.
No one told the National Guard that we had arrived. The place was full of cots, not all assembled; folded mattresses; lockers; trash, not all in buckets; and musty odors. At 5am the next morning, as we slept on our hastily assembled cots and mattresses, a squad of National Guard with rifles at full port raced through the barracks calling out cadence as they commenced an early morning training exercise. Classes for us began that day, with the volunteers separating into three language instruction groups. I was in the third with 3 other folks, the advanced Spanish class. I had had years of speaking the language with a girlfriend from Chile, after I had had some advanced classes in Spanish. There were 13 hours spent every day in formal classes or special activities: geography, history, anthropology, surveying, construction, “cadastre” (a kind of a properties registration system used in a few South American Countries, but not in Venezuela), and language for many hours a day. Josefina Rigg was a 24 year old Venezuelan who arrived at the church on the edge of campus and she became the teacher for our advanced language class. We four students saw movies, we read poetry, we read newspapers and novels, we played out discussions of current events, we did scenarios for our expected work in a Concejo Municipal (Municipal Council), we drilled grammar and vocabulary, we discussed everything else taught to us in other classrooms. It was intense. There were physical exercise sessions and long walks. There were field trips in the aging silver bus to weird places with small groups being dropped off in odd places and told to solve some problem together, how to bridge a stream, dismantle a barn, construct a fence. Returned volunteers were the staff. They were charged with weeding out ‘weak sisters” who would not last 2 years of pretty much isolation from other Americans. On Saturday nights we got liberty, no class til Sunday noon – so we would all bus into San Francisco and frenetically see the sights, especially chinatown where enormous meals and much drink could be had very cheaply. Every 2 weeks during 3 months a few volunteers, men and married couples (no single women in the group) were sent home. We formed a choir and sang a cappella old English songs because one of our number had a guitar and specialized in that music. We had a memorable trip where we were taken to the bad parts of Tiajuana, given 80 pesos, were told we might be there in that barrio for 3-5 days on our own, that we were find a place to sleep and something to do. I repaired a damaged abandoned house, borrowed a bed and blankets, ate sparingly and waited to be picked up. One of our guys went across the border, got a plane, and went home. A few days before Christmas we were told that we were the ones going to Venezuela, were given plane tickets home, told to pack a trunk with short sleeve white shirts, an electric frying pan, a few kitchen utensils. and enough underwear to last 2+ years, plus a list of other essentials. We were all to meet in Miami for a plane to Venezuela in a few days. I went home to say good bye to a girlfriend I was breaking up with and to cram as much as I could into my 4X2.5X1 trunk. It wasn’t that you could not get clothing or pans in Venezuela – but that sort of stuff could be expensive and we were going to be paid very little to live on…
The plane to Venezuela resulted in a 6-7 hour flight, landing in Maiquetia, the airport on the Coast 9 miles from Caracas, all straight up! when we came off the plane, there was a circle of army guys with drawn revolvers surrounding the gangway which was wheeled up against the plane. The eight year old democracy which had been created when dictator Perez Jimenez was deposed in 1956 (and the triumvirate of army generals and an admiral turned the country over to democracy two+ years later) was a fragile young government. The ADECOs had had a 5 year term and were 3 years into a second term. There were 21 quarrelsome electoral parties… The army guys knew that some student radical communist organizer was coming in on the plane and they lifted him right there from the gangway. We bussed up to Caracas, passing through two Alcabalas (checkpoints manned by 19 year orld army cadets with automatic weapons at the ready). We lodged at the Los Pinos hotel where we stayed for almost a week, until it was the day before Christmas. In Venezuela, there is a total paralysis of the community from about 12/20 to 1/15 every year. Family takes over then and, as at Easter, no one does much work and all systems go on stand-down. We were about to “parachute” into our respective work sites, some 30+ cities of all different sizes all over the country, there to lay low and quiet until the 30+ Venezuelan newly minted city managers would “sneak” into our city sites. Then we would join the guy for whom we were to become spear carriers and he would go the City Council to announce he had arrived and was ready to throw the bums out. The crooked tamany hall style administrations would be swept from their roles – and “us good guys” would take over their desks, bar the doors, and commence clean government from that day forward… So you know now what is going to happen… NOTHING is going to go according to plan and each of us 30+ volunteers is going to be helping his city manager guy wade through a lot of deep doodoo, while seeing just how well we could speak the language and follow the culture as it played out around us.
On about 12/23/66, I found myself in a small office building in Barquisimeto, State of Lara, Venezuela, meeting the volunteer at whose house I would be hiding out for about 2 weeks, one Ed Kaufman, a year or so in country, living quite a ways out on the edge of Barquisimeto in a barrio called Pueblo Nuevo, at the end of a bus line. On my second night in Ed’s house, the Diegepol (Federal Secret Political Police) showed up around midnight to arrest Pedro, who lived across the street from Ed’s house. Pedro was accused of being a supporter of the band of Cuban guerrillas hiding in the hills outside of town to the East. They took Pedro away, a whole squad of them traveling in in two black vans. There was no trial, of course. He never returned. I reported for work 2 weeks later – and then it got interesting.
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Helaine Banks on Second half of Peace Corps, Dec 67 to March 69.
Charli Arscott on Second half of Peace Corps, Dec 67 to March 69.
Willard Benge on Second half of Peace Corps, Dec 67 to March 69.
Allie Daily on Second half of Peace Corps, Dec 67 to March 69.
Latisha Dorrington on Second half of Peace Corps, Dec 67 to March 69.
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Http://www.ascb.org/index.cfm?navid=110&id=1377&tcode=nws3
Newsletter >> Member Profiles >> Member Profiles (Archive)
Gary Borisy
Gary Borisy takes up the gavel this month as President of the American Society for Cell Biology. He is Chicago born and Chicago educated, from public school straight through his undergraduate and then doctorate degrees at the Uni- versity of Chicago. He left Chicago for two years in Cambridge, England, and 32 years in Madison, Wisconsin. Now he’s back home, a University of Wisconsin emeritus at 59, still working flat-out in the lab as a new research professor at the Northwestern University Medical School downtown. A short walk from his lab, he lives in a high rise overlooking Lake Michigan. “My commute consists of waiting for the elevator,” he says. The Chicago connection is apropos for an ASCB President (who follows another Chicagoan). The Society was heavily Chicagoan, at least in the beginning. The Edgewater Beach Hotel is long gone, but Borisy can stroll past the site where over forty years ago, the ASCB held its first general membership meeting on Chicago’s lakefront Gold Coast. Borisy was there in 1961. Still an undergraduate, he went to hear Hans Ris talk on the then-heretical notion of extra-nuclear DNA in cytoplasmic organelles. An amazing 844 scientists attended, 744 of them charter members of the new Society. Borisy found the ballrooms of the Edgewater full of stimulating ideas, confirming his belief that cell biology was a field with ample room for the curious. He recalls, “I’d had this course (at Chicago) in biology where we were shown cells dividing. I was captivated by that process, the dance of the chromosomes, but in asking my professor how this thing worked, it became clear that no one had a clue.” By the time Borisy became a graduate student in the University of Chicago biophysics lab of Edwin Taylor in 1962, he discovered that some Chicagoans had a few clues and a clear objective—the mitotic spindle. The DNA revolution was gathering momentum, but the big excitement for Borisy in those early years was the convergence of biochemical and biophysical approaches to study cell biology. The stunning electron microscopy work of some early ASCB members, such as Keith Porter, made cell structure suddenly visible in tantalizing detail. However, the molecular basis for understanding how these cell structures worked seemed a mystery. As a new grad student in Taylor’s biophysics lab, Borisy joined the search for the molecular subunits of one of these elusive organelles, the mitotic spindle. Taylor had already found a key piece of the puzzle. Using polarized light microscopy, Shinya Inoue had observed that the drug colchicine caused the breakdown of the mitotic spindle in living cells. Working with human cancer cells, Taylor demonstrated that colchicine bound reversibly to some cellular constituent. The next step was to figure out its identity. Borisy’s role in the Taylor lab group was to get hold of and characterize the colchicine binding receptor. That receptor turned out to be tubulin, the subunit of microtubules. Ed Taylor had an incredible lab group, recalls Joel Rosenbaum, who is now at Yale but back in 1964 was freshly arrived at the University of Chicago to work on cilia structure in Frank Child’s lab. Rosenbaum knew Taylor’s group well. The grad students all had lunch together, at least in warm weather, behind the Zoology Building overlooking Botany Pond. Those brown bag lunches remain vivid in Rosenbaum’s mind. There was Michael Shelanski, now at Columbia, who would make an early breakthrough in the microtubule structure of flagella and cilia. Mark Adelman, now at the Armed Forces University for Health Sciences, would become one of the first to isolate non-muscle myosin. Richard Weisenberg, now at Temple, would ultimately discover the conditions for microtubule assembly in the test tube. And then, of course, there was Gary Borisy. “We’d sit there to eat and discuss our results,” Rosenbaum remembers. “One day, Borisy came out all excited, sat down, opened his lunch, and announced, ‘I’ve found a way to use tritiated colchicine to pull out the microtubule proteins.’ He was really excited but I just said, ‘I hope you’re not going to try to get a PhD thesis out of playing around with drugs.’ He tried to explain to me why it was important but I turned up my nose. It turned out that by the mid-80s Current Contents put their paper [Borisy and Taylor, The Mechanism of Action of Colchicine, 1967] on its cover as one of the most cited articles in cell biology. That’s how important it was and, of course, I’d told him not to spend a lot of time on things like that. Obviously, Gary knew a lot more about it than I did.” Borisy did, indeed, get a thesis out of colchicine and a doctorate from Chicago in 1966. For his post-doc, he went to Hugh Huxley’s MRC lab in Cambridge, England, to learn more about cell structure. (Borisy returned to Cambridge in 1977-78 for a sabbatical in Sydney Brenner’s MRC lab. He asked Brenner if he could think and write but not work on Brenner’s famous c. elegans worms. Brenner agreed.) In 1968, Borisy mounted what was then the typical job search for a returning American post-doc—he sent out a few resumes and accepted invitations from six or seven universities to give a seminar and consider a job offer. That was the Golden Age, Borisy says; when he describes his 1968 job search to his current post-docs, they wince. http://www.ascb.org/index.cfm?navid=110&id=1377&tcode=nws3 Borisy accepted an assistant professorship in molecular biology at Wisconsin and rose to become a department chair, tireless committeeman, NIH panelist, and ASCB officer. His 32-year career in Madison was rich in science and in personal life, he says. “It was a wonderful place to raise three children, to grow vegetables, and to learn backyard masonry,“ he reflects. He also sang on occasion with the Madison Civic Opera Chorus in such productions as Tosca, Pagliacci and Cavelleria Rusticana. “Not that I have a good voice,” Borisy adds hastily. “They were desperate for baritones.” Borisy’s three children are now grown and he is a grandfather twice over. Felice, his eldest, has a doctorate in neurobiology from Johns Hopkins. Much to Borisy’s delight, she’s back in Madison and taking time out after her post-doc to devote herself to her two children. Pippa, the middle child, is a conservatory-trained pianist who lives with her clarinetist husband in New York City, where she performs and runs a music school. “She’s the mutant,” Borisy jokes. “Pippa has no interest in science whatsoever. Sometimes she claims she’s adopted.” Borisy’s son, Alexis, seemed destined for academic science but after his undergrad at Chicago and graduate studies at Harvard, he veered into biotech. Alexis Borisy is now the CEO of CombinatoRx, a Boston-area biotech start-up. In 2000, Borisy retired from Wisconsin and took an appointment at Northwestern. He says that returning to Chicago with his longterm companion, Sally Casper, was a decision, “to do something else. I enjoyed my 30 years in Madison. I really enjoyed my backyard gardening but this is a very urban setting and now I’m enjoying all this glass, steel and concrete.” Borisy says that he is still motivated by the questions that got him into science in the first place. Indeed, he says that from his first day in Ed Taylor’s lab, his work follows a continuous trajectory from Chicago to Cambridge to Madison and back to Chicago. He has always been interested in how a cell organizes its cytoplasm. He has focused on the “su- pramolecular” level, filling in the gap between cell organization as it is visible through a light microscope and how it works in genetic and molecular terms. The technologies, the methods, and the concepts have certainly changed over the decades, but Borisy says he has remained captivated by how an ensemble of molecules cooperate to execute a behavior such as cell division or cell crawling. Borisy’s former thesis advisor Ed Taylor now works part time in Borisy’s Northwestern lab. Says Taylor, “Gary thinks like a cell biologist. He’s always thinking about what these proteins are doing in the cell. His recent work on branching and polymerization of actin shows the same approach. He applies good physical and chemical characterization. But he always asks, ‘Yes, but how does this work in the cell?’ Gary’s a real cell biologist and that’s why he’s going to be a great President of the ASCB.” Becoming Society President of the ASCB 40 years after that first gathering on the Chicago lakefront closes the circle in Borisy’s mind. “I’ve been involved with this Society since its first meeting in 1961. My total professional identity has been with this Society. Becoming ASCB president in the wake of the first use of anthrax as a bioterror weapon casts the honor in a sobering light.” FBI profilers say they are looking for an individual possibly with advanced training in research biology. “All knowledge has within it the potential for good and evil,” says Borisy. “It always has. The physicists went through this years ago. I think what we are experiencing as biologists now is no different in kind than what physicists went through after the atomic bomb.” Caution may be necessary now but it does not mean the end of open science, Borisy says. “It may mean that we will have to be more careful with the flow of certain information but I think our Society will remain an open one. Our strength is as an open society and knowledge depends on open communication.” http://www.ascb.org/index.cfm?navid=110&id=1377&tcode=nws3
Source: http://ascb.org/files/profiles/gary_borisy.pdf
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2020 federal reserve bank of kansas city jobs
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Jewish American Schools Asking Israel for Financial Support
Israel David
Source: Jewish Press
The first conference of Jewish school principals in north America that was held this week in Jerusalem, with 140 school principals from abroad, dealt officially with ways in which the Israeli government could offer its assistance in educational and technological matters. But behind the scenes, according to a report by Zvika Klein in Makor Rishon on Friday, a different, unusual issue was on the agenda: for the first time senior Jewish leaders from the US and Canada were asking Israel for economic support for Jewish children who cannot afford to pay their tuition.
Tuition in Jewish American schools has reached $40,000 a year per child. Paul Bernstein, Director of the Prizmah Center for Jewish Day Schools, with more than 200 member schools, met this week with Dvir Kahana, Director General of the Diaspora Ministry, and came out of the meeting saying, “Minister Naftali Bennett said the Israeli government must invest great resources in the Jewish communities in diaspora, specifically in Jewish education. We believe that in north America Jewish schools are the future of the community, but we would like the Israeli government to help us make this education accessible and possible economically to all the Jewish families.”
The first conference of school principals in diaspora was initiated by the Ministry of Diaspora with the participation of the Education Ministry, the Center for Educational Technology, and the Pinkus Foundation. Education leaders from 31 countries participated, as well as 30 Israeli school principals. The aim of the conference was to create the foundation for a worldwide Jewish education network, and encourage collaboration among education professionals in diaspora.
Three regional operational arms of the Diaspora Ministry are already active in Jewish education in south America, Europe and in France specifically. Enrolled schools receive half their budget from Israel, and must raise the other half from donors. The overall budget is $24 million. A total of 75 schools participated in 2018.
The Diaspora Ministry supports the creation of a universal Jewish education fund for all the Jewish communities in the world. The ministry sees formal Jewish education as an effective way to boost the Jewish identity of the younger generation. Also, according to the ministry, the success of the fund depends on its ability to reach a broad consensus, across denominations and political parties, and approve the fund as part of Israel’s state budget.
Read the article in the Jewish Press.
Updated: Sep. 12, 2018
Conferences | Day schools | Finance | Administration
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