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__label__wiki	0.606057	0.606057	Apollo Global Management nears deal to acquire RPC for over $3.8 Bn Akshay Kedari January 23, 2019 Packaging Private equity firm Apollo Global Management has made it to the headlines regarding its advanced level acquisition discussions with the RPC Group, Europe’s biggest plastic packaging maker, for over $3.8 billion. As per trusted sources, RPC has extended the deadline to 23 Jan for Apollo to amplify the final offer or consider the deal as cancelled. However, people familiar with the development claim that a deal could be closed very soon. Private equity has forever been enticed by the sector’s reliable cash-flow and growing demand from e-commerce, with a series of takeovers initiated by major packaging players further spurring their interest, claimed sources. RPC, which conducts business in 34 countries, recently witnessed a market capitalization of $3.8 billion. In September the company was in talks over a potential sale to Apollo and Bain Capital, a U.S.-based private equity firm, while the deadlines to make a final offer extended repeatedly since then, RPC stated. According to a news report published by Proactive Investors UK, Apollo’s shares in RPC plummeted last year, presenting a buying opportunity given that it could address the firm’s challenges like the restriction on plastic waste in UK and EU. The report further mentioned that Apollo is under pressure to invest the proceeds it has raised from pulling out auctions from major acquisitions including the purchase of Dutch paints maker Akzo Nobel NV’s specialty chemical business. If reports are to be believed, the private equity firm is also approaching a deal to acquire Arconic Inc, a U.S-based manufacturer of aluminum products. Under the terms of the deal that’s set to be announced soon, Apollo is estimated to pay between $21 and $22 per share. The deal will signify a 10 percent premium or more, since the shares were recently trading right over $19. Meanwhile, Arconic’s shares surged about 4 percent, while Apollo’s shares surged 2 percent, cited credible sources. Akshay Kedari April 18, 2019 ePac Flexible Packaging announces plans to expand into Europe Hearthside Foods buys Greencore USA to boost frozen contract packaging	cc/2022-05/en_head_0010.json.gz/line1
__label__wiki	0.863852	0.863852	An election in war time We are only a few moments away from the opening of the 2006 political campaign season. The election could well be a strategically decisive moment. Consider the following: • President Bush’s approval ratings have, in some polls, plummeted below 30 percent. • Except for the brief period of bipartisanship in the immediate aftermath of the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks, the president has been an object of revulsion among Democrats. • The president’s drop in the polls represents the loss of a small group of centrists and, more significantly, an erosion of support among conservatives and Republicans. • Midterm elections are often points of vulnerability for parties in power; second-term, even more so. • The strategic “center of gravity” in Iraq and in the “long war” in the region is the durability of the American commitment and will; certainly, this is what the enemy believes. MUCH FOOD FOR THOUGHT The Bush administration gives off every indicator of an intellectually and politically spent force. From the contested 2000 election onward, the president has never enjoyed much more than a razor-thin majority of support; the victory of 2004 was only a 51-to-48 margin, hardly a resounding vote of confidence for a commander in chief during wartime. And what a fall there has been in this second term. From the soaring rhetoric of freedom on the march in Bush’s second inaugural speech, the reality of his leadership and governance has been increasingly disappointing to the American people. Bush’s greatest strength, his determination in the face of attack and adversity, is being undercut by his greatest weakness, his indiscipline in execution of policy. In the flush of his victory, the president claimed he would liberally spend the “political capital” he seemed to have won in 2004. But where he won the election as the more worthy leader in time of war, he tried to govern as a great domestic reformer, bravely — indeed, ultimately, too bravely — trying to tackle the issues of entitlement reform. It is not without reason that Social Security is regarded as the “third rail of American politics,” and it delivered a mighty jolt to the president’s popularity. More crucially, the president spent too much time in this finally futile effort, attempting to deliver his message in a retail fashion around the country, sidestepping Washington-based Democrats in Congress, communicating directly to the American people. The political-opportunity costs, particularly on Iraq policy, proved to be tremendous. In Washington, Sen. Carl Levin, with the respect due a longtime member of the Armed Services Committee, raised a variety of questions about the conduct of the war. Even the thoroughly hashed-through issues of why we went to war, weapons of mass destruction and such were given ninth lives. By last fall, polls indicated deep uncertainties about the administration’s competence and the president’s wartime leadership. The multiple fiascoes following Hurricane Katrina seemed to reinforce the image. The impression of a gang that can’t shoot straight persists; witness the late-night comedians’ obsession with Vice President Dick Cheney’s hunting accident. The White House’s initial response to this distress was to resort to the tried-and-true vehicle of presidential speeches. Bush has, through the years, given a remarkable series of speeches rallying the nation for war in the Middle East, defining the nature of the enemy and the conflict, and inspiring Americans for sacrifice in pursuit of a high moral purpose. But in late 2005, we’d heard enough of that and wanted some sense that the rest of the government — and not least the Defense Department — had a way to translate the president’s passion into a workable and practical strategy. What ultimately stemmed the hemorrhaging of popular support was the release of the “Strategy for Victory in Iraq.” It was hardly an elegant statement of war ends and means, but it was broadly accessible — even the mainstream media could understand it — and thus reassuring to the shrinking number of open minds on the subject. But it did no more than get the public opinion toothpaste back in the tube. Thus, in the wake of the bombing of the Samarra shrine and a press primed to see an Iraqi civil war around every street corner, confidence in the commander in chief is again at issue. As if his own standing weren’t enough of a problem, Bush’s lieutenants and congressional comrades add almost no value to the president’s credibility. The vice president is genuinely loved by hard-core Republicans but loathed by many more; to television, he’s Darth Vader incarnate, and no Cheney story, however brief, can be broadcast without a scowling mug shot of the vice president leering over the newsreader’s shoulder. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld remains a controversial and contentious figure, eternally argumentative and combative but seemingly less and less convincing to a public worried about the direction of the war. The recent Quadrennial Defense Review was fatally weak where it should have been strongest: in limning a strategy and plan for the long war, as AFJ argued in last month’s issue. At best, the review was an opportunity that was squandered; more probably, it contributed to the image of an administration doing the right thing in all the wrong ways. The indictment of the president and his party would be incomplete without considering the role of congressional Republicans; I write this the morning after the good people of Houston gave former House Republican Leader Tom DeLay a new lease on political life. But there is, at least from a strategic standpoint, a larger issue than the problems of corruption that seem inevitably to correlate with having too much power for too long in Washington. The Republican victory of 1994 brought in a new generation of members who did not grasp — and who have signally refused to learn — their responsibilities as international leaders. Elected and re-elected on domestic- and social-policy platforms, they have not risen to the challenges of the post-Sept. 11 world. They remain, in their own minds, eternal backbenchers. And so the general Republican disarray makes the prospect of a divided — if not wholly Democratic — Congress a real one come the second Wednesday in November. I pretend to no expertise in political prognostication, but even conservative and Republican partisans acknowledge the current odds. And they say they are worried. Democratic pollsters, by contrast, are almost giddy. Stanley Greenberg, a veteran of the Clinton administration’s highly professional polling operation, reports a 13 percent swing nationally toward Democrats. Even allowing for the effects of increasingly ingrained and scientific gerrymandering, by which incumbents of both parties have entrenched themselves in idiot-proof districts, the Democrats’ prospects for the fall are brighter than they have been in a decade. But who are the Democrats these days? During their recent wilderness years, have they prepared themselves to be leaders in a time of war? The answer, I fear, is a resounding “no.” Indeed, many Democrats hold to the notion that we are not at war —that the conflicts in the Middle East are entirely the doing of the Bush administration, and a better approach to the region’s terrorists and autocrats is a combination of law enforcement and quiet diplomacy. The few Democrats who do believe there is a war, such as Sen. Joseph Lieberman, are pariahs within the party; as noted in the March issue’s Darts & Laurels, Connecticut’s Democratic town councils voted a resolution of censure against their senator. The faces of the Democratic Party — House Leader Nancy Pelosi, Senate Leader Harry Reid and, above all, party chairman Howard Dean — make Bush look like a uniter, not a divider. Dean, in particular, seems ill-suited to the demands of a wartime election; expect to see his “we can’t win” statements on Iraq trumpeted repeatedly by Republicans in the fall. In fact, the Democrats’ most vocal war commentary often comes from actor George Clooney and the Hollywood left. Thus Sen. Hillary Clinton, with an eye on the 2008 presidential campaign, continues to keep her distance from the formal leadership and take, with occasional exceptions, the high road on Iraq matters. What seems to unite Democrats is their hatred of Bush and a natural desire to reclaim some role of power. Indeed, Democrats’ Bush-hating may well have surpassed the Republicans’ Clinton-hating of the 1990s; having seen that phenomenon at close range, I am saddened to see ugliness matched by ugliness. Thus Democratic strategy for the 2006 elections seems simply to sit by while the Republicans implode. Whether this is a winning strategy, I cannot say; one of the first rules of politics is, when your opponents are self-destructing, stay out of the way. Democratic partisans and liberal columnists such as The Washington Post’s E.J. Dionne contend that, as the party out of power, Democrats have no obligation to offer an alternative program to the Republican position or the policies of the Bush administration. Again, this is a traditional election tactic that undoubtedly has its appeal for the fall. It is hard not to see this fall’s contest as an election in wartime; whether or not we think we’re at war, our enemies think and act as though they are. Likewise, the 2006 campaign will transmit important messages to our allies, not only about Iraq and the greater Middle East, but also about the role of the United States in the world and its commitment to continued international leadership. All eyes are always trained on the self-proclaimed sole superpower. It’s also an unprecedented kind of wartime election. We have a second-term, lame-duck commander in chief at the low point of his popularity. The war itself is unique — the long war is indeed already a long war and will be longer than World War II or the Civil War, almost certainly longer than the American Revolution. The war is inconclusive, and will remain so; it will be hard to tell for sure whether we’re winning any time soon, although there is a real and imminent prospect of losing. A divided government under such circumstances is — I speak descriptively, not prescriptively — a potentially grave strategic weakness. To be sure, it is the deep policy difference that matters much more than any partisan difference, but I cannot see the policy divide being closed soon. The imperatives of election strategy will drive the Democrats to make the divide as wide as possible and to make the argument as heated as can be. To be frank, the situation puts the Democrats in a delicate position, where party interest and national interest will be difficult to reconcile. The tension, as Leon Panetta, the longtime House leader who served as President Clinton’s chief of staff, puts it, is between a strategy for winning elections and a strategy for governing. The dilemma will be even sharper should the Democrats reclaim a congressional majority in the fall. No longer simply “outs,” they would be “ins,” although obviously the junior partner to the White House. Obstructionism has been the default mode of divided governments. It was certainly the mode of congressional Republicans during the Clinton years, at least after Newt Gingrich discovered that leading the government from the legislature wouldn’t work. But an obstructionist approach in wartime — and especially in this war — would be irresponsible, damaging to America and dangerous for the world. Don’t construe this as an endorsement of the Bush administration or a partisan position for the upcoming elections. Voting in wartime — to the point of changing parties in power — is a measure of the greatness of the United States, and the Republicans have a lot to account for. This is, however, a plea for the Democrats to adopt the stance of a loyal opposition, to consider their strategy and couch their arguments in the context of the national interest. That would be the measure of a genuinely great political party. The world will be watching.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0010.json.gz/line3
__label__cc	0.731438	0.268562	CONSPIRACIES RISING DEAD 3 The last Chernobyl setting in the Conspiracies series to date was released in September 2012. After more than a year of development, it was time for the last big Conspiracies Chernobyl setting. For the first time in the Conspiracies series, CRD3 brought with it a completely new game world as a stand-alone map. Designed and developed as a co-op game from the beginning, it was able to captivate many old fans. Anomalies, radiactivity, mutants, stalkers, everything your heart desires was there. New features like melee attacks or the ability to jump gave the player new freedom on the completely new 100km² game world. CRD3 was the third biggest success of BAC, but also the last. CRD3 was downloaded more than 16000 times and is still played by some people. It was by far the best Conspiracies with the Chernobyl setting on the technical side until today. In general, the Rising Dead Conspiracies have the largest share of the success of BAC during 2009-2012. But the developer studio BAC has big problems, not least because of the immense pressure to always deliver good mods. Unfortunately, the success story also ends for BAC with CRD3.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0010.json.gz/line8
__label__cc	0.739871	0.260129	oh the places you'll go short summary Next. Not affiliated with Harvard College. We are unable to assist students with other subjects. You can help us out by revising, improving and updating These notes were contributed by members of the GradeSaver community. You'll pass the whole gang and... How did the Bolshevik Revolution give the U.S. an easy way to enter WWI on the side of France and Great Britain? But your kid isn't focused on that right now, and nor is the kid in this book. resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss the novel. The unmarked streets represent those occasions when people have to make some sort of leap of faith, albeit a leap based at least on some evidence that the street is no clearly a bad one to go down. According to the book it says "You won't lag behind, because you'll have the speed. this section. The first stanza about “The Waiting Place” is dedicated to those elements of modern life in which waiting is beyond one’s ability to control: transportation delays, slow communication, weather, etc. will review the submission and either publish your submission or provide feedback. A good path should be considered as a path that makes you happy and you are encouraged to continue this path because you love it. After you claim a section you’ll have 24 hours to send in a draft. Notice the simple rhyme pattern Seuss establishes here right off the bat? this section. Nice, simple, easy and launching us right off into our adventure. GradeSaver, 18 August 2018 Web. Speaking of which, let's stop for a moment and talk a little bit about. We are thankful for their contributions and encourage you to make your own. The narrator is excitedly convinced that “you” will move mountains and, what’s more, that there is some mountain out there just waiting to be moved by you. The narrator situates conformity and groupthink as one of the greatest challenges to fulfilling one’s ambition. Oh, The Places You'll Go study guide contains a biography of Dr. Seuss, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. This shopping feature will continue to load items when the Enter key is pressed. Copyright © 1999 - 2020 GradeSaver LLC. Do you think you have the skills? Stanza 1 summary. Instead, the narrator directly addresses the reader by warning them of the downside of reality, but always with the underlying interjection of advice that maintaining an optimistic outlook is the key to working one’s way through hardship. Because if there's one thing your child should know, it's that the only way to navigate a Technicolor life is in a bright yellow onesie with a matching cap. There is fun to be done! Rhyme it out now. This is essentially a metaphor for making an obviously bad decision. In this case, however, it is not clear from the outset that the street is bad. Brief summary of Stanza 1 in Oh, the Places You'll Go! We are unable to assist students with other subjects. analyzed by PhD students from Stanford, Harvard, Berkeley You, of course, know that this isn't the very beginning. The mountains in this case is a metaphor for any great or difficult task to be accomplished. They're stretching their legs and getting ready to meet their Destiny. Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1 . According to the story, what skills do we need to first choose a path? "Oh, The Places You’ll Go Metaphors and Similes". The freedom to not go along with the crowd enhances the possibility that “things can happen.”, The high fliers is a metaphor for those people who seek places in which “things can happen.” They stand out from the crowd and make their own way, achieving success that extends the metaphor to people who “soar to great heights.”. Stop. Copyright © 1999 - 2020 GradeSaver LLC. $19.99. to warn the reader against the dangers of allowing the forward progression of their ambition to get bogged down by avoidable hazards. We are thankful for their contributions and encourage you to make your own. Oh, the places you'll go! Oh, the Places You'll Go! You've spent the past however many years preparing your child for this very moment. I'm sorry, this is a short-answer "literature" forum desgined for text specific questions. The narrator is complimenting “you” on being intelligent enough to avoid any obviously bad decisions in life. An editor The succeeding stanza, however, are examples of situations in which the waste of time could be addressed in one way or another: fish not biting, no wind for kiting, holding off until Friday to do something, watching a pot boil. resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss the novel. You've been inactive for a while, logging you out in a few seconds... As you might imagine, our story begins at the very beginning, which we here at Shmoop have been told is a. An editor The Oh, The Places You’ll Go Community Note includes chapter-by-chapter summary and analysis, character list, theme list, historical context, author biography and … Oh, The Places You'll Go!, Dr. Seuss The story begins with the narrator, relating the decision of the unnamed protagonist (who represents the reader) to leave town. Unlike the “not-so-good” streets, however, these unmarked streets are not necessarily bad places to go. The narrator goes to great lengths (16 lines of the poem!) It is shorthand for the suggestion that the thing which is done will change the world forever in some way because, after all, what could be more difficult and world-altering than the moving an entire mountain? You can help us out by revising, improving and updating The Oh, The Places You’ll Go Community Note includes chapter-by-chapter summary and analysis, character list, theme list, historical context, author biography and … Do you think you have the skills? Jeans are for the Waiting Place. Sexton, Timothy. The underlying symbolism here is that the more crowded you are, the more likely you are to go along with the crowd. You'll pass the whole gang and... How did the Bolshevik Revolution give the U.S. an easy way to enter WWI on the side of France and Great Britain? Womens Dr. Seuss Oh the Places You'll Go "Oh, the Places.." Balloon V-Neck T-Shirt 4.4 out of 5 stars 28. Customers who bought this item also bought. Oh, The Places You'll Go study guide contains a biography of Dr. Seuss, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. Cloaked within symbolism, the intelligent and industrious reader is urged to seek “wide open air” away from the crowds where these facilities are not hampered by conformity or hamstrung by conventionality. This is a classic ABCB rhyme, with the second and fourth lines matching one another. GradeSaver, 20 August 2018 Web. There are games to be won. Fame! These notes were contributed by members of the GradeSaver community. I'm sorry, this is a short-answer "literature" forum designed for text specific questions. Kidding. I'm sorry, this is a short-answer "literature" forum designed for text specific questions. The “wide open air” refers to anywhere where people who are smart and work hard can be successful because they are given more room to think and express themselves. Not affiliated with Harvard College. We are unable to assist students with other subjects. The Question and Answer section for Oh, The Places You’ll Go is a great This is a metaphor for more of a situation than an actual place. This is another metaphor related to decision-making. According to the story, what skills do we need to first choose a path? How can biological adaptations be used to show relationships between species? This does not mean the story is overly optimistic; it addresses the potential for failure and setbacks in a way that bypasses devolving into a Pollyanna morality play. Read the Study Guide for Oh, The Places You’ll Go…. You'll be as famous as famous can be, with the whole wide world watching you win on TV. The Question and Answer section for Oh, The Places You’ll Go is a great A good path should be considered as a path that makes you happy and you are encouraged to continue this path because you love it. When waiting is not beyond one's control, one should not allow it to obstruct going for the prize on which they have set their eyes. We are unable to assist students with other subjects. The theme of this interval is focus on the peculiarities of every “Waiting Place” and determine if there is any way the waiting can be overcome. There are points to be scored. Read the Study Guide for Oh, The Places You’ll Go…. According to the book it says "You won't lag behind, because you'll have the speed. I'm sorry, this is a short-answer "literature" forum desgined for text specific questions. And the magical things you can do with that ball will make you the winning-est winner of all. Sexton, Timothy. The metaphor here is more complex as an unmarked street could be a symbol of a road one should go down just as well as it could be a symbol of a “not-so-good” street one should avoid. is really about one thing: pajamas. Except when they don't Because, sometimes they won't. Oh, the Places You'll Go! will review the submission and either publish your submission or provide feedback. "Oh, The Places You’ll Go Themes". Dr. Seuss himself described the overarching theme of his book as one that promotes optimism as the key element in overcoming the limitations of ambition. After you claim a section you’ll have 24 hours to send in a draft. How can biological adaptations be used to show relationships between species? Assassin's Creed Odyssey Soldier To Shoulder, Animas River Rapids Map, Mr Mom Vudu Season 2, George Calombaris Restaurant, Fiber One Honey Clusters Cereal Nutrition Facts, The Blind Side Soundtrack Ending Song, Eos Medical Abbreviation, Texas Spousal Maintenance Form, Pr Report Sample, Weather Beijing, China, When Can I Pre Order Ps5, Stunt Island Movies, Bamboo Towels Vs Cotton, Voter List Bhojpur Bihar, Watch Beyond The Walls, Where Was Nancy Hart Born, Jill Krop Net Worth, Words To Describe Yellow, Use Crowned In A Sentence, Best Antidepressant For Ibs-d, German Chocolate Cake Frosting With Regular Milk, Kevin Dog The Proposal, Chobani Creamer Caramel, Assassin's Creed 3 Multiplayer Offline, Peyton Manning First Snl, oh the places you'll go short summary 2020	cc/2022-05/en_head_0010.json.gz/line9
__label__wiki	0.756289	0.756289	Adverse Comments like Militarisation of Kashmir will not be Tolerated It is notable here that the ceasefire has witnessed minimal violations since February 2021, when a decision was taken to revive the protocol established in 2003 January 11, 2022 \| Jasbir Sarai On 1 January, the troops of the Indian Army and the Pakistani Army exchanged sweets along the Line of Control (LOC), at Chilehana - Tithwal Crossing Point, to celebrate the spirit of the new year, share a gesture of goodwill and reiterate the will to maintain peace. It is notable here that the ceasefire has witnessed minimal violations since February 2021, when a decision was taken to revive the protocol established in 2003. This has, however, not put a stop to infiltration attempts by militants from Pakistan. Even as the new year sweets were being exchanged, Pakistan was busy implementing an infiltration attempt or BAT action in the Keran Sector of Kupwara district on 01 January; alert Indian troops successfully foiled the same and killed a militant , later identified as Mohd Shabbir Malik, a Pakistani national who was equipped with weapons, ammunition and warlike stores. A day later, on 02 January, 2022, a group of Pakistani militants was observed trying to attempt infiltration through the Bhimber Gali Sector in Poonch; in this case also the attempt was foiled by alert troops. Such attempts by militants to give an impetus to their operations in the Kashmiri hinterland have elicited a strong response from the Indian security forces in the form of counter-infiltration and counter- militant operations. From the beginning of December 2021,more than 20 militants have been killed in Kashmir in swift, incisive joint operations carried out by security forces on the basis of credible intelligence, mostly provided by the locals. Those killed include local militants from the highest Category A (District commanders and above) to the newly joined Category C and also a fair number of foreign militants . Most of the operations were conducted in South Kashmir. The good tidings are that minimum collateral damage has been reported in these operations and fatal loss to own troops too has been comparatively less than earlier. One sincerely wishes that no brave soldier, policeman or civilian loses his/her life in this mindless violence inflicted upon the region by foreign sponsored vested interests. From the beginning of the year 2022, there has been a marked increase in counter militant operations. On 4 January, two militants of the Lashkar-e-Toiba (LeT) were killed in the general area of Village Okai, Kulgam, they were Category C local terrorists hailing from Shopian and Pulwama and were known for indulging in extortion and other such anti-people activities. The locals were quite relieved by their elimination. The very next day, on 5 January, a swift operation was launched in Chandgam village of Pulwama district leading to the killing of another local, Owasis Amin, of Ashmindor, Pulwama. He had been active since February 2020, as a terrorist; earlier he was an Over Ground Worker (OGW) of the Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM). On 7 January three militants were killed during the course of a joint operation in Budgam. These militants too were a menace for the locals due to their nefarious activities that included coercion of the other locals to join their fold. Their killing will provide reprieve to the local population and mitigate the threat of atrocities committed by them in the area. It is quite apparent that such sustained operations leading to the killing of known militants will go a long way in stymieing the nefarious agenda being propagated by enemies of the country and the region, both foreign based and within the society. It is also quite apparent that Pakistan is unwilling to shed its agenda in Kashmir despite making cosmetic moves like continued ceasefire. It is looking for new and innovative ways, based on better technology and wherewithal, to keep infiltration of militants and recruitment of locals into the fold of militant alive. It is also attempting to send arms, ammunition, war like stores, and most importantly, money into the Valley to keep the local militants and OGWs equipped and motivated. Under these circumstances, "boots on ground" is a prerequisite to carry out physical domination on the basis of a grid system so that pressure is maintained both on the LOC as well as the hinterland. Military presence is also required to counter the threat of a conventional war or an asymmetric conflict in view of the presence of two inimical neighbours (China and Pakistan) in close proximity to the frontier region. Thus, maintenance of adequate military strength and security forces, calculated on the basis of the multiple threat perception is imperative. There are some elements within Kashmir and outside of it who leave no stone unturned to paint the Indian Army as some sort of an extra-constitutional entity that is needlessly militarising the region and indulging in sadistic killing of the people of Kashmir. This false narrative forms a part of the psychological operations of the enemy and has gained momentum in recent times. It is so since the losses being incurred to the militant cadre are unsustainable, leading to an urgent need to reduce the pressure; an Information based attack on the security forces is the methodology that has been conceived by these evil forces to tackle the problem. The fact is that the Indian Army has always been secular and apolitical and has functioned under the civilian authority exercised by the government of the day. It comprises of soldiers who come from villages akin to those found in Kashmir, many Kashmiri’s are also a valuable part of the soldier’s fraternity. These soldiers are no different from those that they are said to be subjugating, the narrative being built is based on misinformation and blatant lies. Peace is fast becoming a reality in Kashmir; unfortunately moving alongside is a wretched attempt to denigrate the very soldiers who are putting their life in danger to make this possible. The Indian nation has the sovereign prerogative to deploy its forces in a manner that is best suited for its security interests. The security forces in Kashmir are doing a wonderful job that is well appreciated by the people. Adverse comments on so-called militarisation of Kashmir will not be tolerated. Author is a social worker and Columnist	cc/2022-05/en_head_0010.json.gz/line10
__label__wiki	0.737133	0.737133	One of the most important decisions made by Delbridge Racing and our owners is working with the right trainers. Delbridge Racing has a small network of quality trainers who work with us to help achieve our goals. We have a network of trainers who operate across Australia. Rob Hickmott Robert Hickmott is a multiple Group 1 winning trainer. His wins include two Melbourne Cups, Caulfield, Sydney and Australian Cups. Through the 90’s and early 2000’s, Rob worked in foreman roles at Caulfield, Murray Bridge and the Gold Coast. In 2003, he commenced working for Lloyd Williams, taking on the Head Trainer role in 2009. But you won’t see him in the publicity shots, Rob is a quiet achiever, a down to earth man who has remained grounded throughout his remarkable career. Rob’s roots are in Regional Victoria. In his teens, he was an aspiring jockey, riding trackwork for his father (John Hickmott) at the family’s property in North Wangaratta. A talented footballer, he was drafted to Essendon and played for Melbourne Football Club before injury cut his AFL career short. While Rob embraced a successful return to country football, his focus was always on racing. For the past 15 years, Rob has trained elite European stayers, accumulating 13 Group 1 wins along with a wealth of experience. At the end of 2017, Rob made the difficult decision to leave his prestigious position at Macedon Lodge. His beloved older brother, Ken, had died and this prompted Rob to reassess his own direction. He has now returned to Caulfield to set up his own training establishment at Neerim Lodge. Rob is delighted with the training facilities and comradery at Caulfield. Neerim Lodge has been the perfect place for him to start out on his own. Rob Hickmott knows what it takes to win big races. In 2018 Rob brings the hands-on-knowledge of a winning trainer back to the starting line. The capacity to apply skills and knowledge acquired from competing at the highest level is a recurring strength in Rob’s life. Friends and family are already celebrating this next exciting chapter in his life. Charlotte Littlefield Hayfields Racing was established in 2016 by Charlotte Littlefield and her now husband Julian Hay. Hayfields has gone from two horses in work to over 25 horses on the books at the start of 2018. As the head trainer, Charlotte Littlefield, has quickly established herself as one of Victoria’s brightest young trainers with her small team of moderately bred horses. She doesn’t conform to standard training techniques and trains her horses using a variety of different approaches developed from her eventing days in England. She is extremely passionate about her horses, prides herself on taking an ethical and transparent approach to her training and forging lasting and honest relationships with her owners.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0010.json.gz/line15
__label__cc	0.583259	0.416741	Dey & Co \| Brookdale, 41 Clarence Road Chesterfield, Derbyshire, S40 1LH 01246 234777, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. , www.dey.co.uk What do we stand for? Partner Profiles / Key Staff Company Secretarial Personal Tax Planning Retail Specialists Construction Specialists Can you claim the Marriage Allowance? Source: HM Revenue & Customs \| \| 02/12/2021 The marriage allowance came into force in 2015 and applies to married couples and those in a civil partnership where a spouse or civil partner doesn’t pay tax or doesn’t pay tax above the basic rate threshold for Income Tax (i.e., one of the couples must currently earn less than the £12,570 personal allowance for 2020-21). The allowance works by permitting the lower earning partner to transfer up to £1,260 of their personal tax-free allowance to their spouse or civil partner. The marriage allowance can only be used when the recipient of the transfer (the higher earning partner) doesn’t pay more than the basic 20% rate of Income Tax. This would usually mean that their income is between £12,570 to £50,270 in 2020-21. The limits are somewhat different for those living in Scotland. The allowance permits the lower earning partner to transfer up to £1,260 of their unused personal tax-free allowance to a spouse or civil partner. This could result in a saving of up to £252 for the recipient (20% of £1,260), or £21 a month for the current tax year. If you meet the eligibility requirements and have not yet claimed the allowance, then you can backdate your claim as far back as 6 April 2017. This could result in a total tax break of up to £1,220 if you can claim for 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21 as well as the current 2021-22 tax year. If you claim now, you can backdate your claim for four years (if eligible) as well as for the current tax year. In fact, even if you are no longer eligible or would have been in all or any of the preceding years then you can claim your entitlement. HMRC agree delay in tax return deadline 13/01/2022 - More... HMRC has announced that late filing penalties will be waived for taxpayers that file their 2020-21 Self-Assessment Delay in implementing late payment penalties In tandem with the announcement that no late filing penalties will be issued for 2020-21 Self-Assessment returns Are you registered for Making Tax Digital for VAT? Making Tax Digital (MTD) for VAT is to be extended to cover businesses with a turnover below the VAT threshold from With our newsletter, you automatically receive our latest news per e-mail and get access to the archive including advanced search options! » Sign up for the newsletter Copyright © 2022 Dey & Co.Chartered Accountants Dey & Co. Chartered Accountants is a trading name of Dey & Co. Ltd, a company registered in England & Wales No. 07124396	cc/2022-05/en_head_0010.json.gz/line16
__label__wiki	0.670683	0.670683	Expect the unexpected: Lian Tanner delivers again… Before we arrived at the Founders’ Room, Salamanca Place, Hobart this morning for Lian Tanner’s launch of Sunker's Deep, the second book in her Hidden series, we had been warned to expect the unexpected and we were not disappointed! But what else would you expect from an internationally acclaimed children's author who has also been a playwright, teacher, professional actor, freelance journalist, editor, and tourist bus driver? Ably assisted by marvellous MC Mel King, puppeteer and actor, the audience was led though games and story teasers that were perfectly pitched to engage and enchant Lian’s besotted fans, little and big! We were also treated to wonderful reviews by some of Lian’s most impartial critics, including Gus and Max, who rated Sunker’s Deep 10/10! And as with the 2013 launch of the first novel in the series, Icebreaker, again the lucky door prize proved to be very less than lucky (for details of last year’s launch http://liantanner.com.au/the-hobart-launch-of-ice-breaker). But luckily our plucky 2014 prizewinner was eventually returned safely to the bosom of her family, despite being forced to walk the plank by the despicable Chief Engineer Albie. And who would have thought that this latest title in Hidden series, aimed at middle- and upper-primary readers who love adventure, suspense and strange worlds, was inspired by Lian’s visit to The Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, where she fell in love with a German submarine known as U-505. She became besotted with the idea of writing a story set in a submarine after joining a tour which enabled her to experience life aboard this sub in the days leading up to its capture, when it was prowling off the coast of West Africa on a hunt for American and Allied ships, terrorising the Atlantic Ocean as part of a massive U-boat campaign that almost altered the outcome of World War II. But enough of the background chat! I’ve got a shiny new copy of Sunker’s Deep waiting to be read… Can the Sunkers and the Ice Breakers put aside their differences and work together? Or will the Devouts finally catch up with them all? When I’m finished will I agree with Gus and Max’s 10/10? If you’ve read it, tell me your score and which Lian Tanner book is your favourite. Jessie Mahjouri The Power of Publication Who Needs to Travel? Book an Adventure Richard Flanagan has won the Man Booker Prize. But...	cc/2022-05/en_head_0010.json.gz/line18
__label__cc	0.549448	0.450552	A NEW CRITICAL EDITION from the Project of Late Classical Period! Risala fi adab al-muftī Abu al-Fayḍ Muhammad Fiqhī al-‘Aynī (d. 1147/1735) ed. by Osman Şahin A new critical edition of one of the famous 18th century Ottoman jurists and the head of the office of issuing fatwas Abu al-Fayḍ Mahmad (Muhammad) Fiqhī al-‘Aynī’s book on the method of issuing fatwas Risala fi adab al-muftī has been published by ISAM. The book critically edited by Prof. Dr. Osman Şahin has been published as part of the project of Late Classical Period. Risala fi adab al-muftī which is one of the four independent books written on methodology of issuing fatwas in Hanafi School is one of the rare books on the methodology of issuing fatwas known by various terms in literature such as adab al-fatwā, adab al-muftī, rasm al-muftī, and ‘uṣūl al-iftā which is about the ways and manners of mufti when issuing a fatwa and the manners required when requesting the issuance of a fatwa. This book which presents an overview of Hanafi methodology of issuing a fatwa is an important book in regards to using more than sixty books as references despite its small size, dealing with issues which had not been dealt with until that time, and shedding light on the methodology of issuing fatwas and the operation of the institution of fatwa at the time. It has been published by Dār Ibn Ḥaẓm Publications in Beirut simultaneously as its publication in Istanbul. 2018, 41+159 pgs. Istanbul – Beirut: İSAM Publications Click here for Turkish generics page, preface and foreword Click here for Arabic generics page, preface and foreword Yayım Tarihi 04/10/2018	cc/2022-05/en_head_0010.json.gz/line27
__label__wiki	0.676074	0.676074	Study In United State Of America Study In United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland called the United Kingdom, GB or UK. It is a constitutional monarchy that is made up of four separate countries. It is a member of the European Union, United Nations, The Commonwealth NATO and the G8. It has the fifth largest economy in the world. They can be divided into four big nationalities based on the countries where they live. Names of the people and language they spoken in these countries are as follows: ENGLAND is a biggest country and the one where most people in the UK live. People who live in England are called English. Their native language is English, which is spoken by almost everyone in UK. SCOTLAND is in the north of England, and it’s the second biggest country. People who live here are called Scottish and some speaking languages called Scottish Gaelic, a Celtic language which is a lot like English but is different from it. WALES is in the west of England. Its people are called welsh and have their own Celtic language which is also called welsh. But not everyone in Wales can speak welsh though. NORTHERN IRELAND is on the Island of Ireland, which is west of Great Britain where the other three countries are, on some Irish peoples live here and speak Irish, another Celtic language or a dialect of the language spoken in Scotland. The UK has many cities. England is home to London, the biggest city in the UK and also its capital city. There are also many smaller cities in England including Manchester, Bristol, Liverpool, Birmingham, Preston, and York. Scotland has Edinburgh and Glasgow. Cardiff and Swansea are in Wales and Belfast is in Northern Ireland. Why Study In United Kingdom? The UK education system is flexible so you can study in a way that suits your lifestyle and career aspirations. When you study in the UK you meet peoples from different nationalities they sharing their backgrounds and discovering new perspectives. UK institutions consistently rank among the best in the world and qualifications are internationally valued and recognized. UK undertakes 5% of the world’s scientific research and produces 14% of world’s most frequently cited papers. UK institutions offer flexibility of choice and enable you to blend academic and vocational courses of your choice. The teaching and study methodology used in the UK give you the freedom to be creative and develop skills sets and confidence. As a student you get the opportunity to be taught by the world’s leading academics and experts, you also benefit from their constant academic support. UK degrees can be tailored to your interests and often include specialized modules. The UK is the home of English hence an ideal place to develop language skills and enhance employment prospects. Education System In Uk : The education system in the UK is divided into four main parts, primary education, secondary education, further education and higher education. Children in the UK have to legally attend primary and secondary education which runs from about 5 years old until the student is 16 years old. Primary: Primary or elementary education is the first years of formal, structured education that occurs during childhood. Primary Education generally beings when children are four to seven years of age. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about twelve years of age. Typically primary education is provided in schools, where the child will stay in steadily advancing classes, until they complete it and move on to secondary schooling. Secondary: The purpose of a secondary education can be to prepare for either higher education or vocational training. The exact boundary between primary and secondary education varies from country to country and even within them, but is generally around the seventh to the tenth year of education, with middle school covering any gaps. Secondary education occurs mainly during the teenage years. Further Education: Further education may be used in a general sense to cover all non-advanced courses taken after the period of compulsory education. It is most compulsory education that distinct from the education offered in universities. It may be at any level from basic skills training to higher vocational education such as City and Foundation Degree. Higher Education: Higher education is education provided by universities and other institutions that award academic degrees, such as university colleges, and liberal arts colleges. Higher education includes both the teaching and the research activities of universities, and within the realm of teaching, it includes both the undergraduate level and the graduate level. Higher education differs from other forms of post-secondary education such as vocational education. However, most professional education is included within higher education, and many postgraduate qualifications are strongly vocationally or professionally oriented. We are driven by our core values ethics, expertise and leadership. We believe that honesty paves the way for true success. In sync with our values, we strongly discourage students to use any fraudulent means for pursuing their studies overseas. Our vision is to help aspiring students to make the right overseas education decisions. To be the global leader in the field of international student recruitment. We are committed to our customer centric philosophy. Our mission is to help our clients achieve their goals by providing them world class customer service that is both reliable and competitively superior. “To remain market leader through consistent delivery of quality, ethical and professionally sound service to its clients. EEC will continue setting challenging standards leading to an overall development in the industry.” Let's Go To Abroad For Higher Studies. For Admission Related Queries: admissions@eacongroup.in For General Information Queries: info@eacongroup.in You Can Call Us Phone : +91-1763-228-000 Mobile : +91-7452-928-000 Fax : +91-1763-228-001 Copyright © 2022 Eacon Education Consultants Powered by Eacon Education Consultants Query Form For Admission Dropdown * MBAMBBSMaster DegreeNursingBachelor Degree	cc/2022-05/en_head_0010.json.gz/line32
__label__cc	0.577394	0.422606	Three Visions of the Good Life: Paul Initial Difficulties Any attempt to place Paul's vision of the good life next to Aristotle must deal with several complicating factors. The first is the dramatically different vocabulary of the two authors: like England and America in Shaw's quip, Paul and Aristotle are two writers divided by a common language. The single most important word in Aristotle's ethical vocabulary, ἐυδαιμονία, does not occur in the New Testament, and Paul uses other critical terms like λόγος or ἀρετὴ either infrequently or with dissimilar meanings. Any comparison of the two must focus on the concepts they communicate, and not on the words they use to express them. The second difficulty is that Paul was not a philosopher, nor even a theologian in anything like the modern sense. If the typical form of an Aristotelian argument was a syllogism, Paul's writings were closer to a diatribe (Stowers 1992). Paul saw himself as an apostle, an envoy with an assigned mission, and even his most systematic writings are occasional in both form and substance. To put it in Aristotelian terms, the τέλος of Paul's letters was not clear exposition of a system of categories, but rather the edification and expansion of the body of Christ. Comparisons between the Aristotelian and Pauline worldviews will thus remain somewhat inexact, and must depend to a great deal on inference and sympathetic extrapolation. Nevertheless, the two writers are not incommensurable, and a discussion of their similarities and differences is possible. A third difficulty is that, apart from the letters which are undoubtedly Pauline (1 Thessalonians, Galatians, Romans, 1-2 Corinthians, Philippians, and Philemon), there is little agreement on the authorship of the remainder of the Pauline corpus. My current view is that the evidence, on balance, favors Pauline authorship even for the so-called deutero-Pauline letters, but addressing that question is somewhat beyond our current scope. For the purposes of this paper "Paul" means simply "the individual or individuals who stand behind the letters traditionally thought to be authored by Paul." Not surprisingly, Paul would have found a great deal to affirm in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics and Politics . For Paul as for Aristotle, the good life is bound up tightly with community and fellowship (see Rom. 12:9-21; 1 Cor. 16:1-4; and many other places). Furthermore, Paul would agree with Aristotle's critiques of naked hedonism (NE III.11; X.2): while Paul has nothing against physical pleasures in the right context (1 Cor. 7:1-9), he would deny that they define the good life. "Let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die", Paul quotes, with obvious disapproval (1 Cor. 15:32; see Is. 22:13). Virtue is the result of practice and self-discipline (1 Cor. 9:24-27; NE II.1). Both shared an appreciation for σωφροσύνη (Titus 2:12; NE III.10-12) and disapproved of homosexuality (Rom. 1:26-27; NE 1148b30). Nature is often the standard in Aristotle, as "nothing that is contrary to nature is noble" (Politics 1325b10), and Paul periodically employs φύσις in a similar fashion. Homosexuality is wrong because it abandons "τὴν φυσικὴν χρῆσιν τῆς θηλείας" (Rom. 1:27), and "ἠ φύσις αὐτὴ" teaches us that long hair is dishonorable for men (1 Cor. 11:14). While Paul only sometimes shares Aristotle's teleological vocabulary, it's clear that his ethical standards are oriented towards normative goals. "Having been enslaved to God, your fruit is sanctification, and your goal [τέλος] is eternal life" (Rom. 6:22). "Through the Spirit, and by faith, we await [ἀπεκδεχόμεθα] the hope of righteousness" (Gal. 5:5). Eschatological Happiness Nevertheless, the "infrastructure" supporting Paul's vision of the good life differs dramatically from Aristotle's. How Aristotle arrives at his eudaimonism is quite typical for an Aristotelian treatise: he surveys the common views, discusses the difficulties to which they give rise, and then provides an overarching, a-historical account which preserves as much common sense as possible and yet solves the noted difficulties. In contrast, Paul's account is profoundly historical in character, and takes its cue directly from the narrative structure of the life of Christ. As a Jew, Paul's theological vision presumes the narrative of the Hebrew Bible: creation, fall, covenant, exodus, law, kingdom, exile, and restoration. But Paul rereads each of these narrative events through the lens of Jesus Christ. All things were made through Christ (Col. 1:16). The human race is now represented by Christ in redemption, as it was once represented by Adam in failure (Rom. 5:12-21). Christ's sacrifice initiates a "καινὴ διαθήκη" (1 Cor. 11:25) which supersedes the covenant at Sinai (Jer. 31:33ff). Jesus is the "τέλος νόμου" (Rom. 10:4), the anointed son of David (Rom. 1:3), and Israel's hope in exile (Rom. 10:16-21). In Jesus, the messianic age, the age of the Spirit, has been inaugurated (Rom. 8:1ff). Crucially, Paul applies this narrative framework to the life of each Christian. Christians are, of course, "in Christ" , and as such, they participate in his life, death and resurrection. We have been baptized into Christ's death, Paul says, and will be united with him in his resurrection (Rom. 6:1-10). "Χριστῷ συνεσταύρωμαι", Paul reiterates in Galatians 2:19, and seems to mean it. Thus the cosmic narrative which backgrounds Jesus' history corresponds to the personal narrative of each Christian. As the human race first sinned then found redemption in Christ, so each of us has a story which begins in sin but may be followed by repentance and membership in the body of Christ. Both the cosmic and personal narratives find their fulfillment, their τέλος and their ἔσχατον, in Christ: not only Christians, but all of creation, longs for this final redemption to be achieved (Rom. 8:23). Thus if Aristotle's account is primarily teleological, it may be said that Paul's is ultimately eschatological: the good life is to be united with Christ in his death, to experience proleptically in this life the power of the Spirit, and to live in the new creation with the full power of Christ's resurrection. The specific content of this apocalyptic narrative of divine action accounts for many of the differences in detail between Paul and Aristotle. Because Jesus humbled himself and assumed the form of a slave (Phil. 2:7), not only craftsmen (1 Cor. 4:12; Eph. 4:28) but even slaves are full members of the body of Christ (Gal. 3:28; Philemon 15-16). Because participation in Christ's life, death and resurrection is sheer gift, the haughtiness Aristotle praised in the μεγαλοψυχός (NE 1124a19) is excluded entirely (Eph. 2:8-9; Rom. 3:27). Because we share in the death of Christ, and will one day share in His resurrection, Christians rejoice even in their sufferings (2 Cor. 11:16-12:10), and count external goods as worthless in comparison to the glory that they will one day share (Phil. 3:2-11; Rom. 8:18). Because Christ loved us and gave himself for us, love is the ultimate virtue: it is more valuable even than σοφία or γνώσις (1 Cor. 1:18-2:16; 8:1-2), and is the closest we may approach to the divine (1 Cor. 13). Ecclesiastical Justice Paul's apocalyptic theology also leads him to understand justice, and the good life which arises from its application, in a dramatically different fashion from Aristotle. Unlike Aristotle, Paul never provides a precise definition of this critical term, nor does he use it in an entirely consistent fashion. Nevertheless, certain key aspects of what Paul intends when he uses δικαιοσύνη and its cognates may be discerned and elaborated. In Paul's writings, God possesses δικαιοσύνη in an exemplary fashion, and because of His justice He will necessarily judge the sinful human race (Rom. 3:9-20), both now (Rom. 1:18) and in the age to come (1 Cor. 3:12-15). Nevertheless, because of the sacrificial death of Christ, God's justice has been made available to all who believe (Rom. 3:21-26), and in this sense, God's justice is revealed not simply in His judgment, but also in the mercy proclaimed by the Gospel: "δικαιοσύνη γὰρ θεοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ ἀποκαλύπτεται ἐκ πίστεως εἰς πίστιν" (Rom. 1:17). Indeed, Jesus Christ is our justice (1 Cor. 1:30). When Paul uses δικαιοσύνη in these contexts, it's clear that he doesn't mean "a fair distribution of goods" as in Aristotle, or even "righteousness" as many English translations have it, but rather something like "right standing before the righteous judge". When we possess this justice, we are "justified" (δικαιοῦσθαι, Rom. 3:28), or as Calvin phrases it, "clothed in righteousness" (Institutes, III.11.2). On the day of wrath, when God's righteous judgment is revealed, those who have accepted this justice will be shown to be truly just. For Paul as for Aristotle, justice is the basis for community. However, the ἐκκλησία is composed not of those who have contributed something of value, as in the πόλις Aristotle describes, but rather, consists of those to whom God has given δικαιοσύνη as an unmerited gift. Consequently, those who have received this gift are obligated to live a life characterized by self-giving love (Gal. 5:13-26; 1 Cor. 12-13; Eph. 2:19-21; 5:28-32), and the members of the Church are to use the gifts they have received from God for mutual edification (Eph. 4:1-16). Similarly, because slaves and masters alike, women and men, Jews and Greeks have all received this gift, participation in the community is extended to all impartially (Gal. 3:28; Col. 3:9-11), and even slaves deserve "justice and equality" (τὸ δίκαιον καὶ τὴν ἰσότητα, Col. 4:1). It should be acknowledged that Paul never makes an explicit effort to undermine the institution of slavery. On the contrary, he encourages slaves to be obedient to their masters (Eph. 6:5; Col. 3:22), and once even sent a runaway Christian slave back to his Christian master (Philemon 8-18). But his inclusion of slaves as full members of the Christian community undercuts any conceivable justification for one human being to own another. Paul addresses slaves as much as their masters as full moral agents, and there is nowhere any hint of Aristotle's φύσει δουλος, a human being who lacks a moral or deliberative capacity. "Any slave called by the Lord is the Lord's freed man, and any free man called by the Lord is Christ's slave" (1 Cor. 7:21-24). Paul believed that the time until the day of judgment was short, and from this eschatological perspective, even slavery was of secondary concern (1 Cor. 7:29-31). Like Aristotle, Paul is concerned with ἰσότης, but the form of this concern becomes clear in his second letter to the church at Corinth. Paul had long encouraged Gentile Christians to donate to famine relief in Jerusalem (1 Cor. 16:1-4; Rom. 15:25-28; cf. Acts 11:27-30), but after a promising start, contributions from the Corinthian Christians had been underwhelming. Their lackluster response was apparently due to a perception that they were being expected to contribute unfairly, and in 2 Cor. 8:13-14, Paul addresses this concern: "Our desire is not that others might be relieved while you are hard pressed, but that there might be equality [ἰσότης]. At the present time your plenty will supply what they need, so that in turn their plenty will supply what you need. Then there will be equality [ἰσότης]." In this light, Paul's account of justice can perhaps be summarized with an equation similar to Aristotle's: , i.e., the value of the gifts [g()] given by God to A stands to the value of the gifts given to B as the response [r()] from A should stand to the response from B. Two key claims are included in Aristotle's account of political justice: (1) The benefits of political participation should be restricted to classes which contribute appropriately to the community, and (2) fairness is maintained when members of that class receive the rewards of citizenship according to their individual contribution. Paul's theory, however, turns Aristotle on his head: (1) The benefits of participation in the community should be extended universally to anyone who has received the gift of justification from God, and (2) each member of the church should contribute according to how they have received. In other words, for Aristotle, the logical order of distributive justice is giving followed by receiving; for Paul, it is receiving and then giving. The Redeemed Life One way to summarize these differences is to imagine Paul's response if he were presented with Aristotle's definition of the good life. As noted above, Aristotle defined happiness as "an action of the soul in accordance with virtue." Paul would likely be satisfied with this definition only if he could add substantial qualifications: "The good life," one can imagine Paul insisting, "is an action of the redeemed soul in accordance with virtue, as a response to God's free and loving gift of salvation in Jesus Christ, and oriented towards the Spirit's actualization of the New Creation in the Church." Thanksgiving at Yachats Recent Caedmon Activities Online Greek Text of Aristotle’s Physics Three Visions of the Good Life: Aquinas Three Visions of the Good Life: Aristotle Perseus Running Locally Emails to a Skeptic #4: The Fall Emails to a Skeptic #3: Taking the Bible Literally	cc/2022-05/en_head_0010.json.gz/line37
__label__wiki	0.971676	0.971676	anne rice tv series After Rice wrote the first sequel book, The Vampire Lestat, and its follow-up The Queen of the Damned, interest in what was now “The Vampire Chronicles” gained even more traction. The movie was directed by Neil Jordan, and starred superstar Tom Cruise as Lestat, and then up-and-comer Brad Pitt as Louis, the titular interviewed vampire. It's been almost a year since the television series based on Anne Rice's beloved Vampire Chronicles found a home with Hulu. Among the books in the two series are “Interview with the Vampire,” “Queen of the Damned,” “The Vampire Lestat,” and “The Witching Hour.”, “It’s always been my dream to see the worlds of my two biggest series united under a single roof so that filmmakers could explore the expansive and interconnected universe of my vampires and witches,” said Anne Rice. “All the members of Team Anne, including my long-term producing partner, New York Times Bestselling novelist Eric Shaw Quinn, are both thrilled and comforted to know that some of our most cherished kin, from the vampire Lestat and the witch Rowan Mayfair, to the paranormal investigators at the Order of the Talamasca and the powerful spirit Lasher, are now safely in the hands of these vastly accomplished innovators who possess both global reach and deep reservoirs of experience.”, The acquisition marks AMC’s latest investment in independently owned intellectual property, including “The Walking Dead.” The company also has a majority stake in Agatha Christie Limited through Acorn TV, which manages the IP and publishing rights to Christie’s famed mystery fiction. According to a new report. Episodes, Never-Before-Seen THE OFFICE Cold Open Puts Dwight in THE MATRIX, Netflix Is Releasing COBRA KAI Season 3 a Week Early, FX Orders Taika Waititi Comedy Series RESERVATION DOGS, Nicolas Cage to Explore the HISTORY OF SWEAR WORDS in New Series. Trailer Teases a New Curse, These CHILLING ADVENTURES OF SABRINA Bloopers Are Magical, David Hasselhoff Auctioning ‘Big Dave’ Replica from SPONGEBOB, THE OFFICE Was 2020's Most Streamed Show by Far, David Hasselhoff Auctioning 'Big Dave' Replica from SPONGEBOB, Alex Trebek Shares Heartfelt Message in Final JEOPARDY! Unlimited movies sent to your door, starting at $7.99 a month. Anne Rice and Christopher Rice are repped by CAA, Janklow & Nesbit Associates, and attorney Christine Cuddy. AMC Networks has acquired the rights to Anne Rice's two iconic supernatural book series, The Vampire Chronicles and The Mayfair Witches, the company announced Wednesday. When the author initially shared the news with fans, she explained, "Over the years you all have … Back in 2014, Universal Pictures and Imagine Entertainment acquired the rights to author Anne Rice's novel series The Vampire Chronicles, which included the iconic novels Interview With the Vampire, Queen of the Damned and The Vampire Lestat.A film adaptation of Interview With the Vampire came together quickly, with Josh Boone coming aboard to write and direct. The planned series based on Anne Rice ’s “ The Vampire Chronicles ” is no longer in the works at Hulu, Variety has confirmed. Here is everything we know about Anne Rice’s Gothic world coming to the small screen. Everything We Know About Anne Rice’s VAMPIRE CHRONICLES TV Series, Alpha will be closing on March 31. According to a report in Variety however, Lestat and company have also found a home there with Rice’s other beloved supernatural series, The Lives of the Mayfair Witches. Though it was a big hit, no follow-up film was ever pursued. Anne Rice and her son Christopher Rice will serve as executive producers on all series and films developed under the deal. The second novel in the series, The Vampire Lestat, will be adapted first. Interview with the Vampire was originally published in 1976 and almost immediately the movies rights were sold. The streaming service has picked up the author’s “Vampire Chronicles” TV series, an individual with knowledge of the deal tells TheWrap. In a statement, the celebrated Gothic writer said, “It’s always been my dream to see the worlds of my two biggest series united under a single roof so that filmmakers could explore the expansive and interconnected universe of my vampires and witches. 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They have been trying to get a new adaptation of The Vampire Chronicles off the ground for years.Anne Rice says “It’s always been my dream to see the worlds of my two biggest series united under a single roof so that filmmakers could explore the expansive and interconnected … AMC now controls the "comprehensive" rights to the works of Anne Rice. Although the series is still in the earliest stages, here’s everything we know so far about the upcoming historical fantasy drama. In November of 2016, Rice announced that the rights to the entire series of novels had reverted back to her, and it was her plan to produce a television series based on several of the novels, with herself and her novelist son Christopher Rice producing. Her first novel, “Interview with the Vampire,” was published in 1976 and has become one of bestselling novels worldwide A New York Times Bestselling and award-winning novelist in his own right, Christopher Rice has collaborated with Anne on multiple novels. Variety and the Flying V logos are trademarks of Variety Media, LLC. Before Twilight, True Blood, The Vampire Diaries, and even Buffy the Vampire Slayer, the most popular bloodsuckers around were found in the pages of author Anne Rice’s epic series of novels collectively known as The Vampire Chronicles. There are no TV airings of Anne Rice in the next 14 days. Series Begun: 2004-05-26 Series Updated: 2020-07-06 Description: When Lestat chances upon Vin Tanner and makes him a vampire, he sets in motion events that will see The Magnificent Seven ride forever. The home of The Handmaid’s Tale will now be the home of Anne Rice ‘s TV series based on The Vampire Chronicles, the … As seen above, Rice tweeted the cover for the script in May of 2018. Golden Globes Predictions: Best Supporting Actress (Film) – Can Nicole Kidman ‘Zazz’ Her Way to the HFPA? That dream is now a reality, and the result is one of the most significant and thrilling deals of my long career.”, Fellow executive producer Christopher Rice added “All the members of Team Anne, including my long-term producing partner, New York Times Bestselling novelist Eric Shaw Quinn, are both thrilled and comforted to know that some of our most cherished kin, from the vampire Lestat and the witch Rowan Mayfair, to the paranormal investigators at the Order of the Talamasca and the powerful spirit Lasher, are now safely in the hands of these vastly accomplished innovators who possess both global reach and deep reservoirs of experience.”. Anne announced in 2016 on Facebook that she had re-acquired the theatrical rights to the books with plans to develop them as a TV series. Good Morning America 4 Episodes (2000-2012) Between the Lines with Barry Kibrick 1 Episode (2008) Tavis Smiley 2 Episodes (2005-2008) The Tony Danza Show 1 Episode (2006) The journey from book to films to television for Anne Rice’s legendary series of novels has been a long and winding one. According to Rice, the Vampire Chronicles TV series will - unsurprisingly - center on Lestat, and begin by telling his origin story as written in Rice's second Chronicles novel The Vampire Lestat. The author has revealed on Facebook that the theatrical rights to the series have returned to her. Now, these beloved vampires are coming to TV in a new series that will soon be on AMC, along with Rice’s celebrated clan of Mayfair Witches from New Orleans. The Vampire Chronicles is a series of novels and a media franchise created by American writer Anne Rice that revolves around the fictional character Lestat de Lioncourt, a French nobleman turned into a vampire in the 18th century. In 2014, Universal Pictures gained the film rights to the series, and a reboot was announced from Ron Howard’s Imagine Entertainment. For several months, the fate of the series was uncertain, but now AMC has announced that they are producing both of Rice’s most celebrated supernatural series as one large package. After years of ups and downs—including a brief time at Hulu—the rights to Anne Rice’s Vampire Chronicles novels have now landed at AMC Studios. It may debut as late as 2023 if the coronavirus pandemic pushes production for this even further. Stats: Words: 84,029 Works: 16 Complete: Yes Bookmarks: 25 While all this was happening, it was becoming clear to the fans, and Rice herself, that the small screen would be a far better place in this day and age for a property like The Vampire Chronicles than movies would ever be. As vampire mania spread throughout the world thanks to several other fangtastic movies and shows, the rights to The Vampire Chronicles remained somewhat in limbo. Anne Rice is adapting her book series, The Vampire Chronicles, for TV.The first book in the series, Interview with the Vampire, was made into a … Christopher Rice has completed work on the pilot script for the series, whose title “Wolf Killer” suggest the show starts right where book two begins. Join for a free month. News of Rice moving forward with a TV series came as a surprise, as last May director Josh Boone shared a photo of the script for an Interview with the Vampire reboot, signaling that a film was in the works.. “Interview with a Vampire” was adapted into a feature in 1994 starring Tom Cruise, Brad Pitt, Kirsten Dunst and Antonio Banderas. “Queen of the Damned” was then adapted into a film in 2002 starring Stuart Townsend and Aaliyah. Rolin Jones, who recently signed an overall development deal with AMC Studios, will be directly involved in developing projects based on the Rice catalog for television. Since 1998, DVD Netflix has been the premier DVD-by-mail rental service. Hulu just scored its next big drama series. The Sleeping Beauty Trilogy Box Set: The Claiming of Sleeping Beauty; Beauty's Punishment; Beauty'… The second book is long enough to comprise up to two seasons of television, so viewers may not meet fan favorite vampires Louis and Claudia until season three…or even later! Back in 2017, Hulu had the rights for The Vampire Chronicles series. Like the novels, the vampires and the witches will live in a shared universe. From The Lives of The Mayfair Witches series: The Witching Hour, Lasher, and Taltos are all part of the deal. AMC Networks today announced that it has entered into an agreement to acquire Anne Rice’s major literary works, The Vampire Chronicles Series and The Lives of the Mayfair Witches Series, encompassing 18 titles, including such beloved and celebrated works as “Interview With The Vampire,” “The Vampire Lestat,” “The Queen of the Damned,” and “The Witching Hour.” This will mark the first time either book series has been adapted for television but not film. Hulu is sinking its teeth into Anne Rice. Focusing on the vampire called Lestat, an aristocratic Frenchman from the 18th century, as well as several other ancient vamps, the books have sold over 100 million copies since the first novel in the series, Interview with the Vampire, was published over 40 years ago. What are you most exited about in regards to Lestat and company making their long awaited live-action comeback? Nope. This includes all 18 books between the two series, which have sold more than 150 million copies worldwide. After years of development, it looks as though the TV series based on Anne Rice’s The Vampire Chronicles novels has finally found a home at Hulu, now the potential series just needs to find a showrunner. Also included are The Vampire Chronicles/The Lives Of The Mayfair Witches crossover novels: Merrick, Blackwood Farm and Blood Canticle. AMC has acquired both series of novels in perpetuity, for both television and film. The deal encompasses 18 of Rice’s novels in total, spanning over 45 years of supernatural storytelling. Let us know your thoughts down below in the comments. The deal encompasses 18 titles between the two book series, which together have sold more than 150 million copies worldwide. 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However, Hulu allowed the rights to lapse in late 2019. Anne Rice's 'Vampire Chronicles' TV series: Author gives interview and reveals dream cast this link is to an external site that may or may not meet accessibility guidelines. Anne Rice is a New York Times Bestselling author of over 30 novels. Although Anne Rice has frequently gone on her Facebook page and solicited the fans advice when it comes to who should play the vampires in the series, no casting decisions have been made so far. The potential series has been in a holding pattern for years, until it finally landed at Hulu in 2018. Josh Boone was set to direct, and even completed a script. “The Walking Dead” franchise now includes three shows on AMC — the flagship series, “Fear the Walking Dead,” and the upcoming “Walking Dead: World Beyond.” AMC has also found success with other horror franchises, including “NOS4A2” and “The Terror.”. “There is no shortage of content in today’s competitive environment, but proven IP that has captivated millions of fans around the world is something very special and rare, and that is what Anne Rice has created,” said Sarah Barnett, president of AMC Networks Entertainment Group and AMC Studios. Image via Penguin Random House. The Young Messiah. MORE NEWS: Paramount Options Anne Rice's Vampire Chronicles TV Series 0 comments. The transgressive novel, which had pansexual erotic overtones, proved to be too controversial for the studios of the time. Anne Rice's book series has sold over 100 million copies since Interview With A Vampire was first published in 1976, and many people still love the … Only the late singer Aaliyah, who played the titular Queen Akasha, really left any kind of impression. Both TV shows and new movies are on the table, as AMC looks to capitalize on a major win in the intellectual property department. Finally, Warner Bros produced Interview with the Vampire as a big budget film in 1994. The film combined elements of the second and third novels in the series, but ultimately resembled neither book, leaving most of the fans bitterly disappointed. Rice is set to develop a pilot script and overall creative outline for the series alongside her son Christopher, who is at this point a successful author in his own right. At one point, Hannibal producer Bryan Fuller was even involved in the project. “That dream is now a reality, and the result is one of the most significant and thrilling deals of my long career.”. If you are not a current Alpha, THE OFFICE Was 2020’s Most Streamed Show by Far, ARE YOU AFRAID OF THE DARK? The new deal with AMC studios cover a whopping 18 books in both The Vampire Chronicles and The Lives of the Mayfair Witches series. Interview with the Vampire. However, that version never got off the ground either. Despite the fact that Hollywood seemed too scared to make this movie accurately, many attempts were made and several different scripts were written. None of the original cast returned, and actor Stuart Townsend replaced Tom Cruise as Lestat. Anne Rice first hinted that she may be adapting her Vampire Chronicles book series into an open-ended TV series “of the highest quality” at end of 2016. The project has been bouncing around for a while now, with the rights being acquired by Paramount TV and Anonymous Content just a few months ago, ready to head to the streaming service … Anne Rice movies and TV shows. Included in the AMC deal are Interview with the Vampire, The Vampire Lestat, The Queen of the Damned, The Tale of the Body Thief, Memnoch The Devil, The Vampire Armand, Pandora, Vittorio the Vampire, Blood and Gold, Prince Lestat, Prince Lestat and the Realms of Atlantis, and Blood Communion: A Tale of Prince Lestat. The new deal with AMC is focused on television, but will also include movies and internet content. “These remarkable stories and characters are massive in their appeal and we are privileged to take over stewardship of these legendary works and collaborate with a talent like Rolin Jones to find ways for new generations of fans to experience these worlds.”. © Copyright 2021 Variety Media, LLC, a subsidiary of Penske Business Media, LLC. “AMC Studios is responsible for creating some of the most iconic television series of the modern era and has, at times, single-handedly defined this era we call ‘peak TV,’” added Christopher Rice. Bryan Fuller then signed on as showrunner in January 2018 but exited soon after. The Queen of the Damned. The Rices have been trying for years now to develop a series based on “The Vampire Chronicles” books. Back in 2017, Paramount Television and Anonymous Content optioned the rights to 11 books from Anne Rice’s Vampire Chronicles series, of course led by the iconic character Lestat de Lioncourt. Nevertheless, this is the news fans of these series have been eagerly awaiting. Now, it looks like production … Author Anne Rice and her son Christopher will executive produce both series. Terms of the deal were not disclosed, but Variety reported in December that the Rices and their team were seeking between $30-40 million for the rights in perpetuity to both book series along with a $2.5 million payment to former rights holder Warner Bros. The film also famously also introduced Kirsten Dunst as the child vampire Claudia. Still unknown. 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__label__cc	0.710239	0.289761	Remediation Expenditures to Increase in Proportion to the Scarcity of Water The multibillion dollar market for remediation of groundwater and soil will continue to grow. Fueling this growth is a reduction in available water per capita. This is the prediction of the McIlvaine Company in its Site Remediation and Emergency Response Newsletter. By the year 2030, the world population will rise to 8.3 billion from 7.1 billion today. Demand for water will increase 40 percent between 2011 and 2030. The population across the globe will need 6,900 billion cubic meters (BCM) of water in 2030. This total exceeds current sustainable water supplies by 40 percent. By 2030, the OECD estimates that nearly one-half of the world population will live in areas of severe water stress. The remediation of contaminated soil and water will assume even greater importance as the stress on resources grows. The biggest rate of growth will be in developing countries such as China. In countries where much has already been spent on remediation, the rate of growth will slow. In the U.K. over the five years through 2017, site remediation industry revenue will continue to increase but at a lesser rate than in the previous five-year period, which benefited from the spike in activity devoted to preparing sites for the 2012 Olympic Games. The outlook for the remediation industry is positive because housing and commercial developments across the U.K. will continue to need soil and groundwater remediation services. A greater number of abandoned industrial sites are being remediated in preparation for building construction. The scarcity of available land is a driver in much of Europe. The U.S. remains a strong market for groundwater cleanup. It will cost between $110 billion and $127 billion to clean up the 126,000 sites that have contaminated groundwater. Approximately 10 percent of the groundwater sites are considered complex. They will not be cleaned up in the next 50 to 100 years, because innovative technologies to treat them successfully to drinking water standards do not yet exist. Many sites considered remediated and "closed" still have contamination requiring oversight. China will be among the top markets over the next ten years. The country has lower rainfall per capita than the average country. Much of the water supply is contaminated. There is a dedication to cleanup but past investment has been meager. Remediation will not be limited to sites which are already contaminated. The Fukishima power plant catastrophe is an example of the continuing contamination. Military activity in the last century has caused considerable contamination which has yet not been addressed. The conflicts in Africa and the Middle East continue to add new contamination sites. For more information on Site Remediation and Emergency Response Newsletter. http://home.mcilvainecompany.com/index.php/component/content/article?id=74	cc/2022-05/en_head_0010.json.gz/line45
__label__wiki	0.590407	0.590407	My Dinner with Karsten Huck – January 2008 Posted by admin \| 2008 articles \| 0 \| No Geoff Young The best stories are told over a good meal with a good bottle of red, and that is what I was anticipating as I drove to the restaurant where I would be meeting Karsten Huck. Huck built his reputation for handling difficult horses, and with an Olympic medal to his credit, this German showjumping champion would make an excellent dinner companion. Huck has been decorated with ribbons and medals from nearly every major competition in the world. Recently, he was awarded the German Equestrian Federation’s most prestigious honor – the title of “Reitmeister”(Riding Master). Karsten had just finished holding a clinic at Plum Creek Hollow Farm, and I was looking forward to hearing what he had to say about his duel with Greg Best for a medal in the 1988 Seoul Olympics. I was also interested in what Karsten had to say about the state of our equestrian sports here in the U.S. “I’ll have the shrimp cocktail,” Karsten said to the waiter. “I’m starting with the wine,” I said smiling. “You hold clinics all over the world and I understand you’re teaching the Chinese now.” “Yes, I teach the Chinese riders on the horses that they have bought. They want to learn everything about the horse.” “How did this teaching partnership come about – more wine?” “Yes, it started four years ago when I made contact with the Shanghai Equestrian Club. The Holtsteiner Verband in Germany had been selling horses to the Chinese, and they would send the Chinese riders to me to learn on the horse they had bought. The rider would come and stay at my farm for six months, then go back to China with the horse. The Chinese have really grown up with regards to riding in the last three years. I went over to the Shanghai Equestrian Club to help instruct them, and they won the team championship and the individual championship at the National Games. It gave notice to the other riding clubs in China that they need to get better education and acquire better horses.” “We need a couple of more minutes,” I said to the waiter, as he lurked waiting to take our order. “I really enjoy the more relaxed pace of Europe, especially when it comes to eating. Here in the U.S. everyone is in a hurry – order, eat, get going.” “Yes, it’s very fast paced here,” said Huck, as he finished off his shrimp cocktail. “Let’s talk about our horse industry here in the U.S.” I said. Karsten looked at me intently, “You could change the horse world with the possibilities available here in the U.S.” “I think having the World Cup in Las Vegas on a permanent basis would be a good start. It would create more visibility and greater presence for our horse sports,” I said, looking for the now vanished waiter. Karsten nodded. “I think it is difficult for U.S. riders to go to the finals, whether it’s in Kuala Lumpur or Vegas, because it’s always indoors and there aren’t many indoor shows in the states. Just because one rides under a roof doesn’t make it an indoor show. It’s very hard for the horse to go from an outdoor show to an indoor show, and the arena in Las Vegas is really small, and I think it makes it very difficult for the riders from the states – it’s too small for a World Cup Final, but I do think that Las Vegas is a good place for the finals because it attracts people from all over the world. I think that half of them come for the World Cup and the other half come to see Las Vegas, so it’s a good partnership.” “I’ll let my guest, the Olympic medalist from Germany order first,” I said to the now vaguely interested waiter. “I’ll have the salmon,” said Karsten. ”And I’ll have the filet, medium English, as they say in Germany.” Huck laughed. “What is that?” asked the waiter. “Medium rare and don’t rush the food,” I said. I refilled our wine glasses and returned to our discussion regarding the U.S. “What do we need to do to improve our riding?” I asked the Individual Bronze Medalist in Showjumping. “I can only speak for the jumpers, but my feeling is that very often riders in the states think that they are good enough but the horses aren’t good enough. For example, when you are in a competition and you have one, two, or three down, you should think about what was the mistake of the rider and not the horse. I don’t mean to say it so directly and of course it doesn’t apply to every rider but…” “That’s a good point and needs to be said directly,” I concurred. “The horse is only doing what we ask of it.” “Yes, when I was watching my first show in the states many years ago, a rider was coming out of the ring and had three or four down. In Europe that would be catastrophic, but here the rider comes out and the trainer came up and was saying ‘well done, well done, very good.’ I thought I was in the wrong movie – on another planet. To praise somebody for a four down round – what could be the reason?” “We could learn something from the discipline and ‘no excuse’ attitude that is a trademark of the German system. If you want to be the best you can’t worry about hurting someone’s feelings,” I said. Karsten nodded, “In Europe, if you want to be successful you have to be very strong. You don’t see golf carts at the shows in Germany.” “God forbid you should walk from the ring back to the stables,” I said laughing. “In Germany you work hard because there are opportunities to succeed and make a living, plus there are so many more shows. The difference is the size of the U.S. There is so much distance between shows that you have to have one show that lasts seven weeks. I think this is a problem because there is no atmosphere for the horses. It is always the same show, the same grounds and the same rings. In Germany there is no show that goes longer than five days and then you go to another place, another city, another showground, and the horses see other fences. To jump the same fences for seven weeks is not an education for the horse, and at the end of the show they are tired mentally and physically.” “That’s a good point,” I said. “The size of the U.S. presents a huge obstacle to travelling to many shows.” “Yes,” said Karsten, “all of that travel is not good for the survival of the horse. The top U.S. riders know this, and that is why they come over to Europe during the summer.” “I can’t believe all of the equipment I see at shows here, especially the stables,” said Huck. “It looks like their home. Furniture, flowers, tables and chairs, and ribbons everywhere. It’s unbelievable.” “You know why they do that?” I asked. “It’s because they’re stuck at a show for seven weeks and so they make the stable area their home away from home.” “Yes, that’s got to be the reason,” Karsten said laughing. “If you were only going to be at a show for three days you wouldn’t bother to bring the sofa,” I said chuckling. “I showed my friends back in Germany pictures of the stables and they couldn’t believe it, but it’s another world.” “Before we move on to your Olympic experience, I want to ask you one more question concerning the U.S. Do you think we are ready for a woman president like you now have in Germany?” “Why not?” said Karsten. “It could be a good thing.” “How old were you when you went to the 1988 Seoul Olympics?” I asked. “I was 43. I had never had a chance to compete for the Olympics – it came very suddenly. I had a chance in ’84, when I was the German Showjumping Champion with Calandro. There was a problem with my amateur status – they considered me a professional. It was my mistake because everyone was making money but I was the only one to declare it. Then I changed my status and the FEI changed the rules, but nothing changed really.” “Back in ’85 I was looking for a horse and found this nine-year old with no show experience. He was a Bavarian horse with Trakehner blood on the mare’s side. I heard that and went, ‘ugh,’ I’ll look elsewhere. A year later I run into the man who owned the horse and he tells me that in its first show the horse won the 1.10-meter class, and in the last show of the year the horse had won the 1.45-meter class. I said where is this horse!” “I tried him but it was not love at first sight. The man was willing to sell me a share of the horse but the horse had to stay with the man. I wasn’t going to move my family to be close to that horse so I said goodbye. Here is where the story gets really good.” “It was a Friday night and I was talking with my fiancé about what to do – conducting clinics, riding again, and looking for a young horse. She mentioned the last horse I had tried, and I said that is the horse that the owner refuses to let leave his stable. The next day, Saturday, the phone rings and it is the wife of the owner of the horse. I hadn’t heard from them in over three months. She said that they were having trouble with the horse’s rider and would I be interested in him…again!” “I said I would have to try him again and she said I could ride him in a show near Stuttgart in two weeks. I thought, I have nothing to lose so I rode him relaxed and easy going in the 1.45-meter class and we won. My first start on this horse and we win! On the Sunday there was a grand prix with a jump off and we went clear through and won the grand prix. It was a good beginning.” Karsten chuckled at the memory. “I had drinks with the owner and he finally decided to let me take the horse.” “How many drinks did it take?” I asked. “A lot,” laughed Karsten. “That horse became my Olympic horse, Nepomuk.” “How did you end up getting to the Olympics?” I asked, after surveying the desert cart. I could see Karsten’s eyes light up as he started recalling the journey to those Olympic Games, a story he had probably not told in quite some time. “In the spring of ’88, I got married for the first time, and this being an Olympic year I said to my wife, ‘instead of a honeymoon, let’s go to watch the Olympic Games.’ Then I won the first Olympic qualifier in May on Nepomuk. I wasn’t even considering the Olympics.” “You beat Ludger Beerbaum and Paul Shockemohle in that qualifier, didn’t you?” “Yes, then they announce the German Team and I am the third alternate, the seventh rider. Four riders plus one alternate would go to Seoul, Korea. The horses had to go into three weeks of quarantine before going to the Games. This was August, and I wanted to compete in the German Derby in Hamburg but the Federation said no, Nepomuk must go into quarantine. I was really disappointed, I didn’t think there was anyway I was going to the Games as the seventh rider and I had always dreamed of winning the German Derby.” “But then the sixth horse is pulled by Shockemohle and I move up. Then, in the last week of quarantine, another horse is pulled because of health reasons and now I am the fifth rider. I’m going with the team to Seoul. I couldn’t believe it. The only problem was telling my wife that I would be busy riding during our honeymoon!” “We get to Seoul and suddenly another team horse, Beerbaum’s horse Landlord, pulls up lame, but I wasn’t in yet. Schockemohle arranges for Beerbaum to ride Dirk Hafemeister’s reserve horse, The Freak. That pair won a team gold.” “How did you get a medal if you weren’t riding on the German Team?” I asked. “In these Olympics, unlike any others, there was a qualifier for the Individual Jumping competition. I went clear the first round and Paul Schockemohle helped me warm up and relax before the second round and I qualified to ride for a medal in Individual Jumping.” “Tell me about the medal ride.” I asked. “Pierre Durand from France had gone clear, and Greg Best from the U.S. had one down. I’m clear coming to the second to the last fence and I made a fault. On the rail outside of the ring next to that fence the Frenchman is cheering my fault because he knew he had just won gold. I had to clear that last fence to get in the jump off with Best for a medal and I did.” “So, you and Greg Best are in the jump off and you have a medal, you just don’t know what color it’s going to be. Were you nervous, excited, focused?” “Yes, all of it! Greg Best went before me and he was very fast, unbelievably fast, and then he makes a fault in the combination. I couldn’t go at his tempo so I knew I had to go clear with maybe a time fault. Everything was going good until that same combination. We both ended up with four faults but he was faster and won the silver.” “So you won a medal as the fifth rider on the four man German Team. Not bad.” “The nice thing was that every German rider won a medal – dressage, eventing, and jumping. Normally, I would have been the only person not to win a medal as a reserve rider, but it turned out really good. Unbelievable really.” “Where is Nepomuk these days?” “Nepomuk is now retired at my farm, and at 31 years old, he still looks very good. I turn him out in the field with the young horses and young children still ride him occasionally.” “Wow, 31, that’s impressive. Greg Best’s Olympic mount, Gem Twist died not too long ago.” “Nepomuk might just be the last surviving horse from those Olympics,” said Huck. “When did you stop competing?” I asked. “About six years ago after numerous Nations Cups and Grand Prix. I did try to go back to Hamburg and win the German Derby but it wasn’t to be.” “The one show you wanted to win so badly. Will you ever give it one more try?” “Yes, in my dreams.” We were the only ones left in the restaurant and the waiter was waiting for us to leave. “Did you enjoy dinner?’ I asked. “Yes,” said Karsten, “and you?” “The dinner was good, but the company was excellent and the stories were fascinating. Thank you for an entertaining evening and have a good trip back home to Germany.” “I hope to see you again,” said Karsten as we left the restaurant. “I hope so too, my friend.” Tags: 2008, dinner, geoff young, Germany, january, Karsten Huck, olymipcs	cc/2022-05/en_head_0010.json.gz/line46
__label__cc	0.745907	0.254093	Hot Springs Village People Properties, Inc. > Hot Springs Village Areas > Desoto Area Desoto Area Amenities DeSoto Golf Course was the first course built here and opened in 1972. In 2001 the course and clubhouse were updated with a $1 million renovation. The course plays 6,733 yards and 5,562 yards from the back and forward tees respectively and is a par-72 layout. Beautiful and stately the course sports bent and Bermuda grasses. Many charity tournaments and golf association events are held here. The complex houses a pro shop, the 19th Hole Restaurant and Club Pegasus @ DeSoto, offering a fine dining restaurant with space available for private parties and meetings. DeSoto Golf Course Golf Shop Phone (501) 922-0001 Restaurant(Pegasus) Phone: (501) 922-1100 (19th Hole) Phone: (501) 922-9919 Handicap Men 7 3 17 13 15 9 1 5 11 4 10 8 6 16 2 14 18 12 PAR 4 4 4 3 4 5 4 5 3 4 3 4 4 3 4/5 5 4 5 72/73 Gold 226 300 241 97 275 422 287 370 105 240 127 282 299 97 290 337 231 409 4635 Handicap Women 13 5 9 15 11 1 7 3 17 16 10 12 6 18 4 8 14 2 Professional: Rick Ross (501) 922-5505 Manager: Judy Johnson (501) 922-0001 Superintendent: Travis Speers – (501) 922-5053 Men C.R. 72.8 71 70.3 67.8 63.7 Lake DeSoto Covers approximately 200 acres Located off of DeSoto Boulevard Located off of DeSoto Boulevard Marina offers fishing boats, canoes, paddleboats, and party barges for rent. Fishing equipment, bait and fuel are also available. Stat fishing licenses may be purchased at the marina. Boat slips are available. Summer hours of operation are 7:00 am until 8:00 pm. Winter hours are posted at the Marina. (501) 922-1500 Lake DeSoto offers fishing, swimming, and water skiing. Lake Segovia Lake Segovia offers fishing and swimming. Desoto Pool Summer officially begins when the DeSoto Outdoor Pools open. The DeSoto Pool Complex is made up of three seperate pools. The dive tank is 11 feet deep and features two diving boards, a one-meter, and a two-meter. The swim tank is three to five feet deep and the wading pool is available for babies and toddlers. Children six and under must be with an adult at all times. Children seven and older may be dropped off, but will be required to take a swim test before they are allowed to swim alone or use the dive tank. Arm floaties and life jackets are allowed at the pool. Ring tubes with seats are also allowed. Ring tubes without seats, tubes, rafts, noodles, and toys are not allowed because they obstruct the view of the lifeguards. The pool area feautes a sun deck, lounge chairs, tables with umbrellas, and shaded areas. Food can be brought in but is allowed only on the top deck. Alcohol is not allowed. Vending machines are available. The DeSoto Pool Complex is within walking distance of the DeSoto Golf Course and the 19th Hole Restaurant. 19th Hole Restaurant Dining, Dancing, Live Music Desoto Town Center (Shopping, Service & More) Desoto Games Area This area offers an array of activities for every member of your family. The DeSoto Pool area includes a diving pool, a children’s pool, and a 3,000 square-foot swimming pool. The playground features swings, slides, and other activities for children. The outdoor game courts include badminton courts, shuffleboard lanes, lighted tennis courts, basketball courts, Frisbee golf, a miniature golf course, and horseshoe pits. The DeSoto Games Area ensures that there will always be entertainment for your family. 12.6 Miles of Cart Paths Gravity Fed Sewer System Manned Gate to Hwy 7 & Jessiville, Wal-Mart Supercenter (open less than 6 months)	cc/2022-05/en_head_0010.json.gz/line50
__label__cc	0.610999	0.389001	« Casino Craps – Simple to Comprehend and Easy to Win Why Not wager on Craps on the Internet? » Master Craps – Tips and Schemes: The History of Craps May 17th, 2021 at 7:25 Be cunning, play brilliant, and discover how to play craps the correct way! Dice and dice games date back to the Middle Eastern Crusades, but modern craps is only about a century old. Current craps developed from the old Anglo game referred to as Hazard. No one absolutely knows the birth of the game, although Hazard is said to have been made up by the Anglo, Sir William of Tyre, around the 12th century. It’s presumed that Sir William’s soldiers wagered on Hazard through a siege on the castle Hazarth in 1125 AD. The title Hazard was derived from the citadel’s name. Early French colonists imported the game Hazard to Canada. In the 18th century, when driven away by the English, the French moved south and found sanctuary in the south of Louisiana where they after a while became known as Cajuns. When they left Acadia, they brought their favorite game, Hazard, along. The Cajuns streamlined the game and made it fair mathematically. It’s said that the Cajuns changed the name to craps, which is derived from the name of the losing throw of 2 in the game of Hazard, recognized as "crabs." From Louisiana, the game migrated to the Mississippi river boats and throughout the country. Most consider the dice builder John H. Winn as the father of modern craps. In 1907, Winn designed the modern craps setup. He added the Don’t Pass line so gamblers could bet on the dice to not win. Afterwords, he invented the boxes for Place wagers and added the Big 6, Big 8, and Hardways.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0010.json.gz/line51
__label__cc	0.568061	0.431939	[15th December 2013] KENYA @ 50 CELEBRATIONS WITH KENYANS IN JAPAN H.E. Mr. Benson H.O. Ogutu, Kenya's Ambassador to Japan (left) poses for a photo with Dr. Emmanuel Mutisya, Chairman of the Kenyans in Japan Association – KIJA, on 14th December, 2013. Kenyans in Japan celebrated 50 years of independence in a colourful ceremony that was held at Shinagawa Prince Hotel in Tokyo on 14th December, 2013. The event, which was organized by the Embassy in collaboration with a Committee of Kenyans in Japan Association – KIJA, was attended by more than a hundred Kenyans from various regions in Japan. The first segment of the event was dedicated to a Diaspora Symposium while the second segment was utilized for the Kenya @50 celebrations. H.E. Mr. Benson Ogutu, Kenya's Ambassador to Japan, graced the occasion. Among the speakers at the Diaspora symposium were; Dr. Emmanuel Mutisya, Chairman of the KIJA; Ms. Sandra Maungu from Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation; Dr. Kennedy Okeyo, Assistant Professor at University of Tokyo; Nancy Mwihaki,Vice President of Kenya Friendship Association; Mr. Sammy Kiriru, President of Loxera Advisory Services; Mr. Dick Olango, Architect, Social Design Group; Mr. Stephen Kanyiva, Researcher at University of Tokyo; Mr. Tom Waruinge, Director, Zipang Carz; and Mr. Joseph Karanja, MSc Student at United Nations University. The speakers outlined how their work/ activities in Japan were contributing to Kenya's national development. During the symposium, Kenyans resolved to hold the next Kenya Diaspora Investment Conference (KDIC) in April, 2013. In his remarks, the Ambassador shared with the Diaspora the message delivered in Nairobi by H.E. the President during the Kenya's Golden Jubilee. He updated on various initiatives by the Government aimed at engaging and mainstreaming the Kenya Diaspora into country's national developmental agenda. These include the recent establishment of the Digital, New Media and Diaspora Directorate at State House to coordinate issues of the Diaspora on a regular basis. The Ambassador also acknowledged with profound appreciation personal contributions by the Kenyans in Japan towards a better Kenya, saying there were a couple of investments and new businesses ventures in Kenya, courtesy of the Diaspora. He asked Kenyans to register with the Embassy.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0010.json.gz/line57
__label__cc	0.576997	0.423003	[6th October 2016] THE SENATE COMMITTEE ON ICT VISIT TO JAPAN The Embassy coordinated the visit to Tokyo by the Standing Committee on Information &Technology of the Senate of the Republic of Kenya. The committee which will be in Japan from 2nd to 7th October, 2016 on ICT exchange programme led by Sen. Mutahi Kagwe, Chairperson of the Senate Information, Communication and Technology (ICT) Committee. Other members of the delegation are Sen. Mutula Kilonzo Jr, Vice Chairperson; Sen. Boy Juma Boy; Sen. Aaron Cheruiyot and Mr. Christopher Gitonga, a Parliamentary staff who is Secretary to the delegation. On 3rd October, 2016 the Committee paid a Courtesy Call on the Embassy where they were briefed extensively on Kenya/Japan relations by Amb. S. K. Maina. The Kenyan Delegation and the Embassy's Official (second from the right) with the Director (third from the left) and Official (left) of the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation of Japan On 4th October, 2016 the Committee was hosted to a working Luncheon by the Japan–AU Parliamentary Friendship League, led by the Chairman, Hon. Ichiro Aisawa. Hon. Aisawa who led a delegation of five (5) Members of Parliament to TICAD VI, appreciated the successful hosting of TICAD VI by Kenya. The working luncheon expounded on issues of mutual cooperation between Kenya and Japan. On the same day, the Kenyan delegation also paid a Courtesy Call to the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication of Japan where they were received the State Minister, Mr. Jiro Akama. The Minister expressed Japan's willingness to cooperate with Kenya on security matters especially as it pertains to ICT utilization. The Kenyan Delegation and H.E. Amb. S.K. Maina (right) with State Minister, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (third from the left) During their stay in Tokyo, the Kenyan delegation will also have a meeting with Chairman of the Nippon Electric Company (NEC Corporation), Dr. Nobuhiro Endo and his top Management team. The Senators will also visit the Panasonic Center, Tokyo so as to familiarize themselves with emerging technology that could be useful to Kenya. And finally met with the Diaspora.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0010.json.gz/line58
__label__wiki	0.643647	0.643647	Ideas for the struggle #8 - The left should avoid allowing the right to set its agenda for struggle By Marta Harnecker, Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal 1. In the previous article, I stated that a large section of the political left has found it very difficult to work with social movements and develop ties with the new social forces in recent decades. This has been due to several factors. 2. While the right wing has demonstrated great political initiative, the left tends to be on the defensive. While the former uses its control of state institutions and the mass media, as well as its economic influence, to impose its new model that is subservient to financial capital and monopolies, and has precipitated privatizations, labor deregulation and all the other aspects of the neoliberal economic program to increase social fragmentation and foment anti-partyism, the political left—on the other hand—has almost exclusively limited its work to the use of the existing institutionality, subordinating itself to the rules of the game imposed by the enemy, hardly ever taking it by surprise. The level of absurdity is such that the calendar of struggle of the left is set by the right. 3. How often have we heard the left, after discovering that its electoral results were not what it was expecting, complain about the adverse conditions it had to face during an election campaign? Yet the very same left seldom denounces the rules of the game imposed on it, nor does it propose electoral reforms during its electoral campaigns. On the contrary, what tends to occur is that—instead of carrying out an educational, pedagogical campaign that serves to increase the organization and awareness of the people—the left uses the same techniques that the ruling classes uses to sell its candidates and seek votes. 4. On the other hand, the current rules of the game imposed by the dominant classes hinder the unity of the left and foment personality-based politics. In some countries, the left is forced to work to support its own party instead of a broader front, because if it does not, its party tends to disappear from the political sphere. 5. This means that when electoral defeats occur, the frustration, tiredness and debts incurred during the campaign are compounded by the fact that the electoral effort does not translate into political growth, leaving a bitter sense of having wasted time. The situation would be very different if campaigns were conceived from a pedagogical point of view, where election campaigns are used to deepen awareness and popular organization. Then, even if the electoral results are not the most favorable, the time and effort invested in the campaign are not wasted. 6. It is not surprising that some argue that the cult of the institution has been the Trojan horse that the ruling system has been able to introduce into the fortress of the revolutionary left, thus attacking the left from inside. 7. The work of activists is progressively delegated to people who hold public and administrative positions. Majority effort stops being directed towards collective action and are redirected towards parliamentary action or building a media presence. 8. Militant action tends to be reduced to activities on election day, putting-up posters and other such trivial public acts. 9. And, even worse, party financing is increasingly relying on the participation of party cadres in state institutions: parliament, local government, election boards, etc., with all that this entails in terms of dependency and undue pressure. 10. The political activity of the left cannot be reduced to the conquest of institutions; it must be directed towards changing those institutions in order to be able to transform reality. A new correlation of forces must be created so that the necessary changes can be implemented. We have to understand that we cannot build a political force without building a social force. 11. At the same time, we must also avoid “partyising” all initiatives and the social movements we relate to; on the contrary, effort must be made to articulate their practices into a single political project. 12. Additionally, the political left has had a hard time adjusting to the new realities. On many occasions it has remained firmly locked into rigid conceptual frameworks that prevent it from appreciating the potentiality of the new social forces, instead exclusively focusing efforts on forces that have traditionally mobilized, such as trade unions, but that today are much weaker due to a variety of factors. 13. Lastly, one of the greatest difficulties for the political left in terms of working with the social left has been the viewpoint that sees social movements as conveyor belts for the party. The leadership of the movement, positions in leadership bodies, the platform of struggle, everything is decided by party leaders and the line of march is imposed to the social movements, thereby not allowing them to participate in the process of deciding upon the matters that directly affect them. 14. Summing up, in order for the political left to develop strong bonds with the social left, the political left must renew itself ideologically, change its political culture and work methods, and incorporate into its arsenal the innovative forms of struggle and resistance utilized by the social left. This is the eighth in a series of twelve articles that were first published in 2004 and have been updated and revised for publication in a second edition the pamphlet Ideas for the struggle. Ideas for the struggle revolutionary organisation	cc/2022-05/en_head_0010.json.gz/line60
__label__cc	0.503879	0.496121	A Half-life of Burch Emergence of a Heretic The Essence of Burch Burch on cancer Burch on lung cancer Burch on heart disease Burch on Doll Confrontation at Hammersmith Julian Peto Burch-Fletcher correspondence Royal Statistical Society Doll curve Kristein Repace and Lowrey Doll in context Hamilton on smoking Reproducing Burch 2. Burch on lung cancer The arrow of causation Burch often begins his papers on smoking with the well-worn truth that correlation need not be causation. If smoking and lung cancer are correlated it may be that smoking causes cancer cancer causes smoking a third factor causes both or a combination of all three (for instance genes and smoking might both be required to produce the disease). He expected a serious analysis to consider all three possibilities and estimate their relative contribution to the observed facts. In the 1970s he held that smoking causes at most 10% of lung cancer, that lung cancer does not cause the uptake of smoking, and that genes and misdiagnosis account for around 90% of reported cases of lung cancer. Further work in the 1980s eliminated smoking as a cause of lung cancer and his estimate of the genetic contribution to actual lung cancer was pretty much 100%. He generally spoke of the “association” rather than the “correlation” between smoking and lung cancer, because different populations (male and female, white and non-white) have such different rates of lung cancer that the correlations with smoking do not even approximately overlap. Does lung cancer cause smoking? It is clear that the physiological processes which result in most forms of cancer, including lung cancer, unfold over decades. It is therefore a real question whether the onset of those processes results in an increased desire to smoke. Burch’s conclusions on this matter invoke a study by the smoking sceptic Richard Passey of 499 cases of lung cancer in men at two London hospitals in 1948-56 (the study was published in 1962). Among other things, Passey’s data seemed to show that the age at which the men started to smoke was uncorrelated with the age at which lung cancer was diagnosed. The data on the extremes was particularly striking: the 13 men who started smoking youngest, at 10 or younger, were diagnosed at an average age of 61.4±2 and the 14 men who started smoking oldest, at 26 or older, were diagnosed at an average age of 61.3±2.4. To Burch, this was strong evidence that there is no correlation either way between the onset of smoking and the onset of lung cancer. The death rate Ultimately the death rate is 100%, but what that phrase usually means is so many deaths per 100, 000 people per year or some such measure. That is how you compare deaths reported in populations of different size such as Greece and China or baby boomers and millennials. The death rate is a probability: the chance of dying in, say, the next year, for a given age, time and place. Specific diseases have their own death rates – the death rate from lung cancer, the death rate from heart disease and so on. Some diseases strike in youth or mid-life, but the death rate for the major killers, cancer, heart disease and degenerative disease, rises with advancing age, and so does the overall death rate. The need thus arises for a general measure which can be cited as the death rate from each disease regardless of age. The death rate at the average age of death is good enough for many purposes, but an analysis of the pattern of disease requires a finer-grained approach. Data and description Burch’s work on lung cancer relies in large part on two data sets: lung cancer rates among British men and women at five-year intervals from 1890 to 1970 (taken from publications of the Registrar General, the official record of births, marriages and deaths) and lung cancer rates in 24 national populations in 1960, taken from the work of Segi and Kurihara. These data sets present reported totals of lung cancer deaths adjusted for population size. It is not a simple matter to devise a matching measure of lung cancer rates at different ages at one time and place, and Burch’s solution was to use his parameter S, explained here. This stuck in the throats of his critics. S is part and parcel of the autoaggressive theory of disease in general, a hypothesis to be tested rather than established fact. In citing a hypothetical quantity as if it was data, surely he was assuming what he set out to prove? The answer is no. In his work on autoaggressive disease, the Weibull distribution is a prediction of some causal hypotheses and not others and its role is hypothesis testing. In the lung cancer papers, on the other hand, it is being used as descriptive statistics. Burch found that his curve gave a good enough fit to the data for him to use it as a mathematical description of the data, independently of its origin in his general theory of disease. It would not greatly matter if Burch had used other measures to describe the data: for instance, he showed that an important calculation using S as a standardised death rate gave the same result when he used the better known standardised mortality/death rate (SMR/SDR). This would have been a wiser presentational strategy if his primary aim had been to refute Doll, but it was not: he wanted his research to be considered on its own merits. In Burch’s theory, S represents the percentage of the population seemingly (the qualification is crucial) at risk from lung cancer and k the rate at which the events producing cancer occur, and he discusses the matter in those terms. However, the curves would still fit the data if S and k had some other interpretation. The papers are furnished with diagrams (the names given to them here are mine, not Burch’s) illustrating the main points of his argument. They are plotted logarithmically in the vertical scale and sometimes also in the horizontal scale for reasons involving the exponential decay function. The Four Tides Fig. 2.1: The Four Tides diagram, after Burch, The Biology of Cancer, fig.. 10.13. This is a plot of male and female lung cancer rates and male and female smoking rates in England and Wales from 1890 to 1970. The lung cancer rates seem to rise in tandem to 1930 and then diverge slightly while continuing to rise. But as for smoking, female smoking rates are negligible to 1920 and thereafter rise to converge with male rates. The Twin Peaks Fig. 2.2: The Twin Peaks diagram, after Burch, The Biology of Cancer, fig. 10.14. This diagram presents the same data on lung cancer as the previous one in a different and very striking way. It shows the difference between successive data points rather than their absolute values. Where the Four Tides diagram shows absolute rates changing over the decades, the Twin Peaks shows the changing rate of change. The difference is like that between the speedometer and accelerometer of a car. The one shows speed at any one time, now 40, now 50, now 60 miles an hour. The other shows whether speed is increasing or decreasing at any one time as the car accelerates and decelerates on its way forwards. The astonishing thing is that male and female rates of lung cancer accelerate and decelerate in tandem, falling, rising, falling, rising and falling, with turning points in 1915, 1930, 1940 and 1945. This bears no resemblance to the usual story that female rates tracked male rates on a 30 year time delay. A replot with female rates shifted 30 years to the right showed no visible correlation at all. The Burch Curve is the graph of the Weibull distribution with two parameters (n and r) assigned the values which best characterise the data for lung cancer in men and, separately, in women. Its shape resembles the path of a rocket at a fireworks display, a steeply rising arc suddenly cut off just after its descent begins. Its basis in Burch’s biological theories is explained here. The diagrams consist of the curve superimposed on actual data plotted as points. Three features are important. The steeply rising left hand limb, representing death rates up to the age of 50, indistinguishable from a straight line. The highest point of the arc, always distinct in the data points as well as the superimposed curve. Burch terms this the modal age of onset (modal as in mode, one statistical measure of the average). The brief but unarguable falling limb, cut short by lack of data on age groups above 85. Both the rising limb of the curve and the modal peak distinguish between Doll’s analysis of the data and Burch’s. Doll’s model of the relationship of smoking and cancer can be plotted as a straight line on the same scale, but with a different slope and no modal peak. Movement without change Fig. 2.3: The Burch curve, seven decades, England and Wales: adapted from Burch, The Biology of Cancer, figs.10.5-11. The full set of Burch Curve diagrams show the curve superimposed on points representing seven decades of British data and data on 24 countries in 1960. The curve slices through one panel of data points after another, fitting them impressively while never changing its distinctive shape. What does vary greatly is the size of the arc and, to a much lesser extent, its position on the charts. In Britain in the early 1930s the rocket peaked at around 50 deaths per 100, 000 a year, but in the late 1940s the corresponding figure is not 50 but 120. Something had happened in those two decades. It is well known that Japan has low lung cancer rates, but the rates for other, mostly western, countries in 1960 also varied enormously and showed no very strong correlation with smoking rates: yet the Burch curve fits the data excellently and the modal peak and decline in old age is always apparent. Fig. 2.4: The Burch curve, 24 countries: adapted from Burch, The Biology of Cancer, figs. 10.17-24. Burch describes the decade on decade change and national differences in terms of S and k: a rise in the reported lung cancer death rate is an increase in S and a rise in the modal age of onset is a decrease in k (changes in the two are not entirely independent because of the invariant shape of the curve). Though Burch’s parameters are hypothetical, the facts he describes are real: it is his way of talking about the actual data. The main objective of his work on lung cancer is to test various explanations of the increase in S. Initiator, promoter and precipitator Fig. 2.5: Initiator, promoter and precipitator: left panel after Burch, The Biology of Cancer, fig.10.12. Right panel: actual change 1921-1970 looks like precipitator. The obvious explanation of the rise in S is the increased consumption of cigarettes over the same period. However, Burch had already shown reasons to question the obvious, and he had more. Any plausible mechanism for the development of lung cancer involves a process with several stages, and he identified three classes of causal theory in which smoking acts as an initiator, promoter or precipitator of disease: Initiator: a causal factor is required to kick the process off. Promoter: a causal factor is involved in the transition between stages. Precipitator: a causal factor at the end of the process triggers the transition to malignancy. Two of Burch’s publications – chapter 10 of The Biology of Cancer and the Zurich presentation Smoking and Lung Cancer: a Causal Connexion? – illustrate the predictions of each type of mechanism. Initiator should lower the modal age and raise the death rate (shift the curve left and upwards). Promoter should lower the modal age of onset (shift the curve left). Precipitator should raise the death rate (shift the curve upwards). To Burch, these three changes translated into rising S and k, rising k and rising S. Since the British data shows a huge increase in S and a small decrease in k over the twentieth century to 1970, Burch regarded Precipitator as the only kind of causal theory worth further testing. The Doll-Hill-Peto theory of smoking and lung cancer is a Promoter theory. Burch twice tested its predictions against the data and found it wanting for reasons discussed later. Diagnosis and misdiagnosis Burch thought that lung cancer was in large part a genetic disease. However, the startling rise in the lung cancer rate, as recorded on death certificates, could not possibly be the result of a lung cancer gene spreading through the population. It would be as if blue eyes were a rare phenomenon in 1900 and seen everywhere by mid-century. His explanation was that the true rate of lung cancer had scarcely varied in the course of the twentieth century and that the rocketing increase in lung cancer diagnosis was actually an artefact of misdiagnosis. This was not a welcome suggestion and it was one reason why the medical profession was ill-disposed towards him. They had invested their considerable prestige in the decades-long campaign against smoking and naturally resented the idea that the whole thing was based on an enormous mistake. Yet Burch had evidence to support his views. Specialists a century ago had reason to suspect that the then rare disease was much commoner than was appreciated at the time. The introduction of X-rays undoubtedly made a huge difference to diagnostic standards, and comparison of death certificates with necropsy results in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s uncovered startling rates of both false positive and false negative diagnosis. There was also an increasing tendency over that period to overdiagnose lung cancer in smokers and underdiagnose it in non-smokers. Midiagnosis and tuberculosis Misdiagnosis of a disease must necessarily be misdiagnosis as some other disease. Metastasis of cancer from other sites to the lungs is common and is frequently misdiagnosed as primary cancer of the lung. In the USA, lung cancer did not appear in death records until 1923, and at that time lung diseases were mostly classified as pleurisy, pneumonia or tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is a prime candidate for misdiagnosed lung cancer in the earlier datasets, and became rare during the twentieth century inversely to the apparent rise of lung cancer. What is more, it was once common for actual tuberculosis to develop on top of actual lung cancer, and a diagram in The Biology of Cancer shows the Burch curve for lung cancer emerging in the later age groups in a plot of tuberculosis rates from youth to age. Burch did not make a big issue out of tuberculosis in the work which went into The Biology of Cancer, but it comes to the fore in his investigations of the Precipitator hypothesis in the 1980s. Smoking genes and cancer genes Misdiagnosis aside, much lung cancer is real, and for all the reasons given so far Burch thought that the main cause of it is that genes for lung cancer have a strong tendency to crop up with genes for a love of smoking. Is this just a logical possibility, or is there any actual evidence? Indeed there is. Genetic diseases run in families, and even in the age of genomics studies of families remain important. Burch often refers to a study by Tokuhata and Lilienfeld of 270 pairs of people chosen for general similarity between the pairs (age, sex, race…) but different in one crucial respect. The 270 individuals who had that characteristic were similar in other respects: more of them were smokers, they had a higher general death rate and a higher death rate from lung cancer even if they did not smoke. The characteristic that they were selected for was that they were a parent, sibling or child of a lung cancer patient (the closest degree of relatedness after identical twins). Obviously, close relatives share a similar environment as well as genes, but husbands and wives share one too, and the same pattern was not observed in the spouses of those 270 individuals. Smoking and non-smoking twins Studies of twins are in principle an even better test of the genetic contribution to smoking and lung cancer, but twins are few and studies tracking a large group over a lifetime cost a lot of money. The biggest study available when Burch wrote in the 1970s was Friberg and Cederlöf’s Swedish study, and the main conclusion it supported was that smoking is strongly influenced by genes. ‘Smoking discordant’ pairs of twins were few, and lung cancer is not a particularly common cause of death. As of 1977, there had been 16 lung cancer deaths in such pairs. Twins are either monozygotic (‘identical’) or dizygotic (‘fraternal’), the difference being that monozygotics are (with qualifications which interested Burch greatly) genetically identical and dizygotics are not. This means that a pair of monozygotic twins either both have smoking genes or neither does and both have lung cancer genes or neither does. What if a smoker is a monozygotic twin of a non-smoker? The implication is that he or she is a social smoker who, like his or her twin, lacks the genes for smoking. If a smoker is a dizygotic twin of a non-smoker, there is no such implication either way. For what it is worth, the 16 lung cancer deaths broke down like this: Dizygotic Monozygotic Non-smoker/light smoker Heavy smoker Non-smoker/light smoker Heavy smoker The point is not that heavy smokers had more lung cancer than light smokers, but that dizygotics as a group were different from monozygotics. A sample of 16 deaths is too small to draw firm conclusions but such facts as there were supported the genetic hypothesis. Fisher and methodology The first smoking sceptic was Sir Ronald Fisher, the eminent statistician and geneticist. He did not question the association of smoking with lung cancer but dismissed the early work of Doll and Hill, proposing an explanation which they had overlooked, that people who are genetically prone to lung cancer are genetically prone to smoking as well. Then, the usual story goes, Fisher’s purely logical quibble was discredited as an increasing mass of evidence vindicated Doll and Hill’s view that smoking is the cause of lung cancer. This is simply not what happened. Causation became orthodoxy in the years from 1956 to 1965. 1956, according the the Doll legend, was the year in which it was proved that smoking causes lung cancer. In Britain, results from five years of the Doctors’ Study convinced the medical establishment that Doll and Hill were right, and that soon became the view of the political class. An important victory occurred around 1957, when the industry-funded Tobacco Research Council embraced the causal theory and embarked on a programme of anti-smoking research. In other countries, research on similar lines began to appear. This accumulating body of work furnished the material for the first official reports by the Royal College of Physicians in 1962 and the Surgeon General in 1964. Fisher was no longer alive to comment on them (he died in 1962), but a critique of the 1964 report for the American Statistical Association by K. A. Brownlee identified the same flawed reasoning as before: correlation hastily identified with causation, and a strategy of confirmation not refutation. Brownlee’s arguments fell on deaf ears, for Doll and Hill had taught medicine a novel scientific methodology. The Surgeon General’s report briefly set out five principles by which a factor could be identified as a cause of disease (they were consistency, strength, specificity, temporal relationship and coherence). The same list in expanded form was the substance of a lecture by Hill in 1965 (he added items such as plausibility and analogy). Hill and the Surgeon General both claimed that a strong association is more likely to be causal than a weak one. Hill asserted that tests of significance were superfluous when the evidence was “clear-cut” and that lower standards of evidence applied in occupational medicine because “our object is usually to take action”. Burch examined the Surgeon General’s methodology in a paper of 1982 and easily showed that it was vague, subjective and incompatible with the principle of falsification established by Sir Karl Popper. But this came far too late: epidemiology had decided to turn itself into a soft science with political aims, and that is what it had become. Precipitator Burch was a Popperian who aimed to falsify hypotheses not confirm them. At the close of the 1970s he considered that cigarettes could only possibly cause lung cancer as ‘precipitators’, acting at the end of the long process of carcinogenesis to precipitate malignancy. He also held that the only tenable dose-response relationship was linear. This meant that his tests of the Precipitator hypothesis, like those of Doll’s Promoter theory, used data on the entire population, not the sub-population of smokers. In evaluating the Promoter hypothesis, he had started with the increase in the number of cigarettes smoked and arrived at a roughly twofold expected increase in lung cancer deaths. In assessing Precipitator, he calculated the number of cigarettes required to double the number of lung cancer deaths and compared the result with actual changes in smoking rates and death rates. Smoking and lung cancer: tests of a causal hypothesis (1979) presents the calculation and compares it with actual data on changes in the smoking rate and changes in the lung cancer rate between the early 1950s and early 1960s, separately for men and women. The diagrams in this and the other Precipitator papers plot change against change, accelerometer reading against accelerometer reading and track the trend over time. Smoking and mortality in England and Wales 1950 to 1976 (1981) applies the same mathematics and reasoning to death from all causes over a longer period of time. Smoking was supposed to be one of the main causes of death overall, so why not just study the death rate and sidestep the issue of misdiagnosis. Burch shows, more or less in passing, that the main reason for increasing lifespans over the twentieth century was the near elimination of tuberculosis. Period and cohort trends for mortality and cigarette consumption in England and Wales, 1946 to 1980, with an emphasis on sex ratios (1987) applies the same procedure to 35 years worth of data, and instead of analysing male and female trends separately studies the ratio between them. In each study, no clear pattern appears. Plots of smoking rates against death rates over time have the appearance of a drunken walk, and as for the rate of smoking required to double the death rate, there is no sign of it. At times, cigarettes would have to have had anti-carcinogenic properties to account for the facts. To quote the conclusions of the last paper: Either the fatal consequences of smoking are fortuitously concealed by counter factors or few if any consequences exist to be hidden. In either eventuality, factors other than smoking had a large influence on mortality and hence doubt must arise as to whether “smoking is the largest preventable cause of death”… Anti-smoking evangelists, on the other hand, have converted a difficult scientific problem into a simple moral issue. I can only regret and deplore their current triumph. Burch died in 1987 and the paper was published posthumously. That was his last word on the matter. The Burch Curve: seven decades, full set of graphs Fig. 2.6: Lung cancer deaths in England and Wales, 1901-10, male and female. Fig. 2.7: Lung cancer deaths in England and Wales, 1911-1930, male. Fig. 2.10: Lung cancer deaths, England and Wales, 1911-30, female. The Burch Curve: twenty-four countries, full set of diagrams Fig. 2.13: Lung cancer deaths around 1965, England and Wales, Scotland, Norhtern Ireland and Republic of Ireland. Top panel male, bottom panel female. Fig. 2.14: Lung cancer deaths around 1965, Federal Republic of Germany, Austria, Switzerland. Top panel male, bottom panel female. Fig. 2.15: Lung cancer deaths around 1965, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland. Top panel male, bottom panel female. Fig. 2.16: Lung cancer deaths around 1965, Italy, France, Portugal. Top panel male, bottom panel female. Fig. 2.17: Lung cancer deaths around 1965, Belgium, Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand. Top panel male, bottom panel female. Fig. 2.18: Lung cancer deaths around 1965, United States whites, United States blacks, Canada. Top panel male, bottom panel female. Fig. 2.19: Lung cancer deaths around 1965, Chile, South Africa, Israel, Japan. Top panel male, bottom panel female.	cc/2022-05/en_head_0010.json.gz/line69
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