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__label__wiki	0.787095	0.787095	1833 Meteor Storm Started Citizen Science Woodcut depiction of 1833 meteor storm. Courtesy of Elsevier/M. Littmann The science of shooting stars owes much to a storied episode of crowdsourcing, a new historical report shows, kicked off by a stunning 1833 meteor shower. Astronomers have increasingly turned to “citizen science” in the Internet era, setting up everyday folks to look for everything from alien worlds to the Milky Way’s galactic gas bubbles. But in a new Endeavour journal report, Mark Littmann and Todd Suomela of the University of Tennessee in Knoxville show that there is nothing new about the practice, with one Yale astronomer pioneering crowdsourced astronomy well over a century ago. The astronomer, Denison Olmsted, was awakened by neighbors on November 13, 1833, and walked into the cold November night to see a sky filled with shooting stars, 72,000 or more per hour. It was the November meteor shower we now call the Leonids, but at the time, no one knew what caused the display or where meteors came from. But because of the number of shooting stars filling the heavens—20 a second—Olmsted saw clearly a pattern that had escaped other astronomers. “Olmsted realized for the first time that they came from one point, one he first called the radiant,” Littmann says. Astronomers today still use the radiant to name meteor showers: The Leonids take their name from their seeming origin in the constellation Leo, the Lion. And the Perseids seen in early August every summer take their name from their origin in the constellation Perseus. Citizen Science Starts But Olmsted didn’t stop with that discovery. “Just as dawn was brightening the sky, causing the meteors to disappear from view, Olmsted rushed inside and dashed off a brief report on the meteor storm for the New Haven Daily Herald newspaper,” says the study. “As the cause of ‘Falling Stars’ is not understood by meteorologists, it is desirable to collect all the facts attending this phenomenon, stated with as much precision as possible,” Olmsted wrote to readers, in a report subsequently picked up and pooled to newspapers nationwide. Responses came pouring in from many states, along with scientists’ observations sent to the American Journal of Science and Arts. “This was a seminal moment in American science journalism, really in science journalism worldwide,” says Littmann, author of The Heavens on Fire: The Great Leonid Meteor Storms. “Until then, the newspapers were mostly political rags, filled with opinion, but here they did a very good job of dispassionately reporting on the meteors, calming people down that it wasn’t ‘The End of Days.'” Astronomer Denison Olmsted, citizen science pioneer. Courtesy of Elsevier/M. Littmann The responses also let Olmsted make a series of scientific breakthroughs, ending the 2,200-year grip of Greek philosopher Aristotle on explanations for meteors, which he saw as bubbles of gas lofted high into the sky and ignited. Olmsted’s contemporaries suspected the bodies were electrified by lightning. Aristotle’s Last Gasp Instead, Olmsted’s crowdsourced observations showed that meteor showers were seen nationwide and fell from space under the influence of gravity. The crowd also noted that the showers had appeared before in yearly cycles, something that had eluded scientists, but not European farmers, for centuries. Olmsted realized that the meteors must be smacking into Earth’s atmosphere from outer space. He estimated their speed at about 4 miles per second (6.4 kilometers per second), which he thought was fantastically fast. If he had been less conservative in the calculation, the observations from the crowd would have suggested their actual speed, about ten times faster. Because he didn’t realize that friction, instead of conventional burning, was firing up the shooting stars, Olmsted calculated their size as very large, up to a mile (1.6 kilometers) wide instead of the pinprick-size comet dust particles they actually are. He did get their altitude nearly correct, triangulating the height of the fireballs with another scientific observer in New York at 30 to 50 miles (50 to 80 kilometers) high. He also surmised they originated from a body in a very elongated orbit around the sun, but it would not be until 1867 that astronomers made the connection between meteors and the dust left behind in comet tails, linking the trail of comet Tempel-Tuttle to the Perseids. “He was ahead of his time, a remarkable guy, not least in using crowdsourcing for the first time, as far as we know, in mass media,” Littmann says. “Meteor astronomy really began with this shower.” Every 30 years or so, particularly in 1966, the Leonids have produced remarkably strong showers as a reminder of the 1833 event, although they have declined overall as the comet-tail cloud spawning the meteors has thinned over time. The Leonids are expected to peak around November 16 and 17 this year. Follow Dan Vergano on Twitter. In Human Journey Tags Dan Vergano Tourism, Not Tuna Northern California Region 2-day UAV Symposium in Nevada	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line626
__label__cc	0.602653	0.397347	Project Juno: Trudy Coe and Women in Physics (interview) March 24, 2001 January 12, 2016 BluestockingOxford Gaia Donati talks to Trudy Coe, Project Juno Officer – Department of Physics, University of Oxford, 26th January 2011. I am very grateful to Carrie Leonard-McIntyre for putting me in touch with Trudy Coe, who is currently working for the Department of Physics at the University of Oxford and whom I fondly thank for having accepted to be interviewed about her work. I meet Trudy at the Clarendon Laboratory. Gaia Donati: What is Project Juno? Trudy Coe: Project Juno is an initiative sponsored by the Institute Of Physics (IOP), and it is thus restricted to the UK. This is a relevant point to make, in that the proportions of women in science and in physics do vary across the EU. That said, Project Juno has got two aims: its overarching goal is to address the under-representation of women in physics in the UK, but at the same time it aims to make physics departments a better place to work for everyone. In fact, the way we have been interpreting it here at the University of Oxford is almost the other way round; we have claimed that we want to make physics a better place for everyone to work in: if we achieve this, we will have addressed the first issue as well. And quite often it is a matter of putting small things in place that do not disadvantage men in any way, but that either individually or taken together, have a beneficial effect on women. A good example of this is mentoring: if you have a mentoring scheme in place it does not disadvantage men, but all the evidence is that women are more likely to take up mentoring and to benefit from it. GD: What about your role in Project Juno? You told me earlier that you do not have a background in physics. TC: I have worked in management and leadership development for the university for about eight years, and this meant collaborating with people who manage or lead other people, and looking at issues such as mentoring or support for staff – which is why I was interested in this role within Project Juno. Previously I had had the opportunity to gain extensive experience by working with the Royal Society of Chemistry and looking at the barriers to women in individual chemistry departments in the UK. GD: Once you became Project Juno Officer, who did you collaborate with, who provided you with useful insights into the department? TC: I am advised by a working group of representatives of academic and research staff – we will be looking for a graduate student and undergraduate student representative as well – together with representatives from the engineering and technical staff for formal advice. One of the first things I did when I took up the role was to go around each of the sub-departments to try and understand the differences in culture between the various sub-departments, and to look at whether these might affect the proportions of women. I am very conscious that I do not have a background in physics – but I have talked to many people in physics. And in a way, I would say that what matters is not the physics in the sense of the science… The issue we are addressing with Project Juno is more related to understanding the culture around it. Even historically, there are subjects within physics which have traditionally attracted more women… A good example is astrophysics. GD: The different distribution of women according to the specific area of research is quite conspicuous. Going back to the Project and its requirements, what does it imply in terms of data collection and analysis? TC: There are two stages to Project Juno. The first is called “Practitioner Status” – this is what we are currently aiming at. Being a “Practitioner” requires three steps: the first one deals with monitoring every stage of what the IOP calls “the pipeline” – i.e. the proportion of women at each stage from undergraduate student through to Professor. This means collecting data from the undergraduate level through the graduate student level and through research staff, lecturers, and professors, then looking at the proportion of women at each stage at Oxford. This data is then compared with figures from other physics departments in the UK and with data from other science departments at Oxford. This step has taken a fair amount of time, as data is not readily available and there hasn’t really been a culture of collecting it at the University. I should add that the IOP is also interested in historic data; for example, where a lecturer post has been advertised, how many female applicants were there, how many female applicants were shortlisted, and how many appointments have been made? GD: So this first part of the process implied the collection of comparative data. TC: Yes. Then the IOP wants each department to show a process of reflection on this data. And what the data seems to be telling us here at Oxford is that we are recruiting slightly below the national average in terms of female students, both undergraduate and graduate. As for research staff, we are above the national average, while for staff in general – although the numbers are obviously quite small – we are in line with the UK average. So it is quite a mixed picture. GD: Why do you think Oxford is below the national average when it comes to female students, both undergraduate and graduate? TC: At the moment, we do not know the reason, and it is one of the big aspects we want to explore. At this point, it is worth saying that physics is different to most other sciences in that the big drop-off in physics in terms of female representation is – thinking of the UK system – from GCSE to A level. We have pretty much equal proportions of boys and girls taking physics exams at sixteen; but when they take their A-levels, at seventeen or eighteen, only one in five students in the UK is female. This is different to other subjects: for example, in chemistry there is now an equal number of male and female students at both A level and undergraduate level. The drop-off in chemistry occurs once women have done academic chemistry. A remarkable statistic: if women choose to study physics for A level, they appear to be really committed and they tend to stay on. Having said that, we still recruit slightly less undergraduates than the average. One possible factor seems to be the physics aptitude test – this is a compulsory test for every student who applies to Oxford, which seems to screen out slightly more females than males – aspect we need to investigate. Crucially, we know it is not Oxford per se, because in other science departments we have equal numbers of undergraduate students; but there does seem to be something about the combination of physics and Oxford. Similarly, at the moment we do not understand why we are getting fewer female graduate applicants and fewer female graduate students. GD: You said that data collection was difficult because of a lack of such a culture. Do you think that in the past the issue of female under-representation was not adequately addressed, not even in gathering information to monitor trends and figures? TC: No, some work has been done: the University of Oxford and the Department of Physics have been very good at looking at academic attainment. Interestingly, when it comes to final honours there is little difference between female and male students. The problem is that work so far has not gone beyond that, to understand the structure and patterns of applications, to address questions such as why people choose to come to Oxford, and most importantly, why some women choose not to apply to Oxford at all. GD: Thinking of what happens at the school level, would it be advisable to put measures in place to address the issue at that early stage? TC: This is a tricky point. It would have to be an initiative at the national level. We need to do some qualitative work: talk to current students, to potential applicants, as well as to those who did not apply. It may turn out that sometimes there is a perceptual barrier more than a concrete one. Another thing I have been doing is this kind of qualitative study; I designed a survey which went out to all staff, including post-doctoral researchers, asking about levels of awareness – for instance, were they aware of promotion opportunities? – and about personal experience. I now need to analyse the responses to see the differences, and if there are discrepancies between male and female staff, and/or between research staff and permanent academic staff. Finally, for the submission, we were asked to come up with a list of action points grounded in the evidence. By the end of March, we will hopefully have moved on to the “Practitioner” stage. GD: You seem to think that qualitative work is in this case more significant than statistical data. TC: A statistical overview is useful for understanding the issues specific to Oxford, but next we must go deeper. It is a work in progress: it is about constantly monitoring the trends, and trying to make very small steps to change the culture; for instance, one of the initiatives we came up with is to make images of prominent female physicists more visible within the Department. A final point about what has changed. The past approach could more often than not be summarised as “Let’s help women, let’s fix women” [i.e. let’s adapt women to the workplace, and not the workplace to women – ed.] – but this can indeed contribute to the problem. There needs to be an atmosphere where everyone is supported, and this is the perspective we wish to work from. Find out more about Project Juno on the Institute of Physics website: http://www.iop.org/policy/diversity/initiatives/juno/ Tagged education, interviews, physics, Project Juno, UK Published by BluestockingOxford View all posts by BluestockingOxford Next postWriting Guidelines	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line631
__label__cc	0.628942	0.371058	Director / Assistant Director, Marketing Job Number: 79456 Title: Director/Assistant Director, Marketing Department: External Relations Reports To: Assistant Athletics Director, Marketing Job Code: 4893Job Grade: I Stanford's Department of Athletics, Physical Education and Recreation (DAPER) supports the nearly 900 student-athletes who compete on the 36 intercollegiate athletic teams sponsored by the university. It also supports the campus physical education, recreation and wellness initiatives. Stanford's intercollegiate athletics department is seen as the premier athletic program in the country, achieving the highest levels of success both in the classroom and on the field. The core tenets of the Athletics Department culture, The DAPER Way are: Embrace Scholar-Athleticism, Pursue and Revere Excellence, Lead with Courage, and Work Cohesively. All department actions and employees are guided by these principles. We are currently accepting applications for the position of either Director, Marketing or Assistant Director, Marketing, depending on the qualifications and experience of the selected candidate. Reporting to the Assistant Athletics Director, Marketing, this position will support all Stanford Athletics marketing efforts to generate revenue, increase attendance and build brand affinity for Stanford Athletics programs. This position will focus on email marketing and digital advertising, while supporting all outdoor and traditional advertising efforts. Successful execution of this role will drive ticket sales, increase merchandise sales, generate new leads and amplify the stories of Stanford's student-athletes and programs. This is a full-time, exempt position. Summary of essential job functions: Create and implement strategic marketing plans for select sports, working closely with the ticket sales and fan experience teams and with support from the marketing team. Manage, build and track marketing automation email campaigns, including nurturing campaigns and other trigger-based emails. Create, optimize and track digital advertising campaigns. Oversee, create and track lead generation campaigns and find ways to nurture new fans. Support development of marketing plans for other sports and initiatives. Conduct ongoing market research (e.g., postgame surveys) to assist with pre and postseason planning and analysis. Write copy for emails, digital ads, postcards, webpages and other marketing collateral. Work with communications and digital teams to leverage social platforms as a marketing tool to help sell tickets, generate leads and support other revenue-generating initiatives. Work with communications, digital and video teams to amplify digital content with marketing resources to build fandom. Assist in oversight and management of interns and help maintain an active project list. Utilize analytics to continually adjust and improve marketing efforts. Be a positive steward and ambassador of the Stanford Athletics brand. Creativity and ability to multi-task in a fast-paced environment Understanding of the college sports landscape and familiarity with Stanford's sports Self-motivated attitude with the ability to work independently Ability to anticipate and/or respond effectively to changing trends and circumstances Attitude that embraces change and welcomes fresh perspectives Ability to learn from past mistakes and adjust accordingly Team player who is willing to get hands dirty and help out where needed Strategic thinker that can drive multiple, concurrent projects to completion Proficiency with Microsoft Office Suite and Adobe Suite Familiarity with marketing automation, Google Adwords, Adroll and Facebook advertising preferred Director: Bachelor's degree and five years of relevant experience (Assistant Director: Bachelor's degree and two years of relevant experience) Stanford is an equal opportunity employer and all qualified applicants will receive consideration without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, disability, veteran status, or any other characteristics protected by law. This position, along with all DAPER coaches and staff, is responsible for the integrity of Stanford's intercollegiate athletics program and for the reputation of Stanford University. This position is responsible for ensuring that his/her involvement with Athletics Department activities maintains the integrity of the University's reputation and does not negatively impact the relationship between the University and its faculty, staff, students and alumni. Additionally, this position must comply with University policies and procedures, NCAA and PAC-12 rules and regulations. * - Consistent with its obligations under the law, the University will provide reasonable accommodation to any employee with a disability who requires accommodation to perform the essential functions of his or her job. Location: Athletics, California, United States Classification Level: To be considered for this position please visit our web site and apply on line at the following link: stanfordcareers.stanford.edu Stanford is an equal opportunity employer and all qualified applicants will receive consideration without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, disability, veteran status, or any other characteristic protected by law. jeid-1eea9aa035ffb74ab9cc5617018e8fed About Stanford University Located between San Francisco and San Jose in the heart of Silicon Valley, Stanford University is recognized as one of the world's leading research and teaching institutions. Leland and Jane Stanford founded the University to "promote the public welfare by exercising an influence on behalf of humanity and civilization." Stanford opened its doors in 1891, and more than a century later, it remains dedicated to finding solutions to the great challenges of the day and to preparing students for leadership in a complex world. The University's thriving diverse community is comprised of nearly 7000 undergraduate students, 9000 graduate students, 2000 faculty members, 1900 postdoctoral scholars, and over 11,000 academic and administrative staff in seven schools including several interdisciplinary research centers and institutes. The campus spreads over 8000 contiguous acres and nearly all undergraduates live on campus. Stanford offers bachelor's and master's degrees in addition to doctoral degrees (PhD, MD, DMA and JD) plus a number of professional and continuing education programs and certifications. More at http://facts.stanford.edu and http://www.stanford.edu. Stanford University is an ...equal opportunity employer and is committed to increasing the diversity of its faculty. It welcomes nominations of and applications from women, members of minority groups, protected veterans and individuals with disabilities, as well as from others who would bring additional dimensions to the university’s research, teaching and clinical missions. Assistant Director, Communications, Marketing, and Events Chicago, Illinois Open Heart Magic Today Assistant Athletic Director for Marketing and Promotions Corpus Christi, Texas Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi Today Assistant Director, Engagement Marketing Notre Dame, Indiana University of Notre Dame 2 Days Ago	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line645
__label__wiki	0.909906	0.909906	Day three: Underdogs impress to knock out more of the top seeds Donna Helmer2018-12-09T08:06:43+00:004th Jan 2017\|Categories: 2017, NEWS\| Three top seeds were eliminated in a day full of shock results at the British Junior Open. Day three also saw two of the most exciting games of the tournament so far with the final rounds still yet to come. Twelve-year-old Denis Gilevskiy of Ireland reached the semi finals of the tournament for the first time after knocking out the favourite for the Boys’ Under-13 title. He and number one seed Omar Azzam (Egypt) both showed extraordinary agility and endurance in a an epic five-game match, full of long and entertaining rallies, in front of a packed crowd. Gilevskiy [17/32] twice went ahead but his opponent fought back on both occasions, before the Irishman eventually won 11/7, 5/11, 11/7, 6/11, 11/6. Reflecting on a hard-fought win, he said: “Every shot I played, I didn’t think he would reach any of them – and even if he did, I thought I’d have an easy shot to win the rally. But still he got them and he was able to hit them up and over me.” He will now face Englishman Jonah Bryant [5/8], who was crowned England Under-11 National Champion last year, in the semi final, with Sam Osbourne-Wylde [3/4] (England) also through to play his first semi final against Kareem El Torky [2] (Egypt). Possibly the most exciting match of the day – and the greatest comeback seen so far – came in the Boys’ Under 19s tournament at Abbeydale Rackets and Fitness Club, where unseeded Abhay Singh of India overturned a 2-0 deficit to beat England’s Kyle Finch 5/11, 6/11, 11/8, 11/7, 11/8. After the win, Singh said: “I lost to Kyle in the World Junior Championships and at 2-0 down that’s all I was thinking about. It helped me push through.” He progresses to play fellow countryman Adhitya Raghavan. Elsewhere, Egyptian favourite Ingy Sherif Hammouda was beaten in four games by 5/8 seed Habbiba Saadallah (Egypt) 11/8, 9/11, 11/5, 11/8 in the Girls’ Under 17s. While Marina Stefano, top seed in the Under 15s draw, also lost to Sin Yuk Chan of Hong Kong [9/16] 11/4, 7/11, 11/6, 11/4 viagra tabletten. Saadallah will face Elise Lazarus [5/8] (England), who reached her first semi final after her win against Aifa Azman [3/4] (Malaysia), the reigning Under 15s champion, 11/6, 12/10, 11/9 in 48 minutes. England’s Nick Wall [5/8] advanced to the semi finals of the Boys’ Under 17s tournament in his home town of Sheffield with a 3-1 win against Egypt’s Mostafa Assal [3/4], 6/11, 11/6, 11/9, 11/4. Next up for Wall is seed one Marwan Tarek (Egypt), who defeated Leonel Cardenas (Mexico) 8/11, 14/12, 11/6, 11/1. The top seed in the Boys’ Under 15s draw, Yahia El Nawsany (Egypt), will play England’s Sam Todd in the last four tomorrow after Dodd dispatched America’s Thomas Roshini in just 23 minutes, 11/4, 11/6, 11/7. Torrie Malik, England’s final hope in the Girls’ Under 13s event, was knocked out by seed one Aira Azman (Malaysia) 12/10, 11/4, 11/7. The match last just 21 minutes but Malik kept a cool head throughout. And the draw went according to seed in the Girls’ Under 19s competition, with number one Hania El Hammamy safely through to the final four. Day FOUR : SEMI-FINALS	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line647
__label__wiki	0.952346	0.952346	Stephon Gilmore on Kelvin Benjamin non-TD catch: 'I think I could've picked it' Kelvin Benjamin’s apparent TD catch in New England still would not be a catch under the proposed NFL rule. (Getty Images) By Staff\|Published Mon, Dec 25, 2017 The call made to overturn Kelvin Benjamin's potential touchdown in the second quarter was the talk among Bills players and fans. It also resonated with the defensive back who was playing Benjamin -- former Bills cornerback Stephon Gilmore. “He had to make a great catch and get his feet down," Gilmore said. "I figured he didn’t get his feet down because he was so close to the sideline. "I should’ve played the ball because I think I could’ve picked it. He’s so big so I tried to knock it out when he came down, but he didn’t get two feet in.” Touchdown catch that wasn't overshadows Kelvin Benjamin's breakout game Patriots linebacker Elandon Roberts lauded Gilmore for his defense. "He (Gilmore) had the outside contained," Roberts said. "It’s his job to contain the outside, and that’s just what he did. He really just did a good job containing the receiver.” Gilmore, who hasn't been shy about many of his comments about his former team, now has two wins against the Bills. “We’re just trying to get better and better every week," he said. "They didn’t score that many, so we didn’t let up many points. We started a little slow, played a little bit better in the second half and that’s how we came out with the win.” Bills get the short end of officiating decision, but that's not why they lost Story topics: Kelvin Benjamin/ New England Patriots/ Stephon Gilmore	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line651
__label__wiki	0.754507	0.754507	Posts Tagged ‘MURDER CITY’ ABC NEWS, CBS NEWS, CHARLES BOWDEN, CIUDAD JUAREZ, CNN, CORRUPTION, DRUG LORDS, FACEBOOK, MEXICAN ARMY, MEXICO, MURDER CITY, NARCOTICS, NBC NEWS, THE CHICAGO SUN-TIMES, THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE, THE LOS ANGELES TIMES, THE NEW YORK TIMES, THE WASHINGTON POST, TWITTER, YANIRA MALDONADO MEXICO: A FAILED NATION-STATE In Bureaucracy, History, Law Enforcement, Military, Politics, Social commentary on June 12, 2015 at 12:24 am On May 22, 2013, Mexican soldiers arrested Yanira Maldonado–-mother of seven-–as she and her husband, Gary, were returning to Arizona after attending a family funeral in Mexico. During a search of their bus at a military checkpoint in the northwestern state of Sonora, soldiers asked everyone to get off. Yanira Maldonado At first, Gary Maldonado was told that marijuana had been found under his seat and found himself arrested. After his father contacted the U.S. Consulate in Hermosillo, authorities said they were mistaken and released Gary. Then they charged his wife, claiming they had found 12 pounds of marijuana under her bus seat. After being detained in Mexico for more than a week on drug charges, Yanira Maldonado was released and returned to the United States. Maldonado met with reporters briefly and said, “Many thanks to everyone, especially my God who let me go free, my family, my children, who with their help, I was able to survive this test.” Gary Maldonado said he believed Mexican soldiers at the checkpoint wanted a bribe. It’s entirely likely that this was the case. Anyone who reads Murder City: Ciudad Juarez and the Global Economy’s New Killing Fields, will certainly think so. Written by Investigative Reporter Charles Bowden and published in 2010, Murder City provides a terrifying–-and almost lethally depressing–-view of what happens when a city–-and a country–-disintegrates. Ciudad Juárez lies just across the Rio Grande from El Paso, Texas. A once-thriving border town, it now resembles a failed state. Notorious as the place where women disappear, its murder rate exceeds that of Baghdad or Mogadishu. It’s so overwhelmed with the violence of drug trafficking that its leading citizens—police, politicians, even the drug lords—find it safer to live in El Paso. Hundreds of millions of narco-dollars flow into Juárez each week, and the violence and corruption that follow yield 200 to 300 murders each year. Among the casualties of that violence: A reporter–who has dared to expose cartel-corrupted members of the Mexican Army–is forced to flee to the United States with his young son. A beautiful woman who became the mistress of one drug cartel leader is gang-raped by members of a rival cartel. A teenage killer for the cartels is now being hunted for having run afoul of his murderous bosses. This is a city–-and a country–-where virtually no one is safe. Mexican policewomen are often snatched off the streets and raped–by members of the Mexican Army. Honest policemen–and even police chiefs–are routinely gunned down by cartel members. If there is any one story in Murder City that symbolizes the total corruption of a society awash with drugs and the profits they produce, it is this: A Mexican priest serves as confessor to drug lords. They, in turn, believe their confessions to be safe, as they are supposed to be heard only by the priest and God. But one of the drug lords wears a large gold crucifix, which the priest secretly covets. So he turns from drug lord confessor to police informer–-and the Mexican police raid the next drug lord gathering and confiscate a large quantity of narcotics. The police don’t intend to turn in the seized narcotics. Instead, they will sell these for their own profit. And as a reward for his cooperation, the priest is given the large gold crucifix–-which he blesses and consecrates to his God. Who, exactly, is behind all these killings? And who, if anyone, is in charge of Juárez–-or Mexico? Bowden states it is difficult to answer such questions because the Mexican press has been thoroughly corrupted by drug cartel monies or terrorized by drug cartel hit squads. Reporters have been murdered–-by the cartels and the army–-for writing anything about killings, the army or the cartels. The world of Murder City is a nightmarish one: Members of drug cartels live like kings. When you leave its pages, you are grateful that you can safely put its evil behind you–-unlike the residents of Juarez who remain trapped in its web. Meanwhile, there is a lesson in this book–-and in the case of Yanira Maldonado–-for anyone with common sense to learn: Stay out of Mexico. During the 1980s, when Americans were being routinely kidnapped in Beirut, still others–-as if bent on suicide–-were getting passports to travel to Lebanon. For residents of this failed nation-state called Mexico, it’s too late. Such endemic corruption can never be fought successfully. But for Americans who do not live there, the message should be clear: “Keep out. Enter at your own risk.” ABC NEWS, CBS NEWS, CHARLES BOWDEN, CIUDAD JUAREZ, CNN, COCAINE, CORRUPTION, DRUG LORDS, FACEBOOK, JOAQUIN "EL CHAPO" GUZMAN, MEXICAN ARMY, MEXICO, MURDER CITY, NARCOTICS, NBC NEWS, THE LOS ANGELES TIMES, THE NEW YORK TIMES, THE WASHINGTON POST, TWITTER, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, WAR ON DRUGS MEXICO: WHERE CORRUPTION IS KING In Bureaucracy, History, Law Enforcement, Politics, Social commentary on March 5, 2014 at 12:00 am The photo says it all. Taken on February 22, it shows Joaquin Guzman, the widely-feared kingpin of the notorious Sinaloa Cartel, in the custody of Mexican Marines. The Marines had launched a surprise, early-morning raid on the condominium where he was staying in Mazatlan, Sinaloa. Taken without a shot being fired, Guzman was paraded before photographers. Yet, even with his hands cuffed behind his back, the fear generated by his name was such that all the Marines in the photo wore black masks over their faces. His nickname might be “El Chapo”, or “Shorty,” owing to his 5’6″ height. But there is nothing aborted about the extent of his power. Guzman became Mexico’s top drug kingpin in 2003 after the arrest of his rival, Osiel Cardenas, head of the Gulf Cartel. Since then, he has been considered the “most powerful drug trafficker in the world” by the U.S. Department of the Treasury. High-ranking officials in the U.S. Department of Justice hailed the arrest and announced they would seek Guzman’s extradition to the United States for trial. There were two solid reasons for doing this: Guzman’s Sinaloa Cartel smuggles multi-ton cocaine shipments from Columbia through Mexico to the United States–the world’s top consumer. Arrested in 1993 and sentenced to 20 years’ imprisonment, Guzman lived like a king in prison–until he bribed his guards to smuggle him out in a laundry cart. In Mexico, such treatment for drug kingpins is typical. But even if Guzman spends the rest of his life in prison, his drug empire will go profitably rolling on. Anyone who doubts this need only read Murder City: Ciudad Juarez and the Global Economy’s New Killing Fields. Written by Investigative Reporter Charles Bowden and published in 2010, Murder City offers a terrifying, and almost lethally depressing, portrait of what happens when a city–and a country–disintegrates. This is a city–and a country–where virtually no one is safe. So he turns from drug lord confessor to police informer–and the Mexican police raid the next drug lord gathering and confiscate a large quantity of narcotics. And as a reward for his cooperation, the priest is given the large gold crucifix–which he blesses and consecrates to his God. And who, if anyone, is in charge of Juárez–or Mexico? Bowden states it is difficult to answer such questions because the Mexican press has been thoroughly corrupted by drug cartel monies or terrorized by drug cartel hit squads. Reporters have been murdered–by the cartels and the army–for writing anything about killings, the army or the cartels. When you leave its pages, you are grateful that you can safely put its evil behind you–unlike the residents of Juarez who remain trapped in its web. ABC NEWS, CBS NEWS, CHARLES BOWDEN, CIUDAD JUAREZ, CNN, CORRUPTION, DAKOTA FANNING, DENZEL WASHINGTON, DRUG LORDS, FACEBOOK, FBI, MAN ON FIRE, MEXICAN ARMY, MEXICO, MURDER CITY, NARCOTICS, NBC NEWS, THE LOS ANGELES TIMES, THE NEW YORK TIMES, THE WASHINGTON POST, TWITTER, U.S. CUSTOMS BUREAU, WILLIAM VON RAAB, YANIRA MALDONADO “MAN ON FIRE” REVISITED In Bureaucracy, History, Law Enforcement, Politics on May 31, 2013 at 8:21 pm Yanira Maldonado has been released from a Mexican jail. She and her husband, Gary, had traveled from Arizona to Mexico to attend a funeral. They were returning to Arizona when their bus was stopped and searched. Mexican soldiers claimed they found 12 pounds of marijuana under her seat. Gary Maldonado believes the soldiers were seeking a bribe in return for letting his wife go free. But then the Mormon mother of seven got an unusually lucky break. On May 30, security camera footage in court showed Maldonado and her husband boarding a bus in Mexico–and carrying a purse, two blankets and two bottles of water. Her defense attorney, Francisco Benitez, argued that the images proved that nothing they were carrying could hold the amount of marijuana that Maldonado was accused of smuggling. The Mexican soldiers who arrested Maldonado didn’t appear in court. They were scheduled to appear on May 29 but didn’t show. Yanira Maldonado said she didn’t think that she was directly targeted: “Someone smuggled those in there, and I probably sat in the wrong seat.” To anyone who has seen “Man on Fire,” the 2004 Denzel Washington movie, the possibility that Maldonado was framed in an extortion attempt does not seem far-fetched. In fact, it’s an everyday occurrence in Mexico, where corruption permeates every aspect of that country’s “war on drugs.” In “Man on Fire,” Washington plays Marcus Creasy, a former Special Forces soldier hired to bodyguard Pita Ramos, the precocious nine-year-old daughter of wealthy parents. But in a shootout with kidnappers, Creasy is gravely wounded and Pita (Dakota Fanning) is snatched. Believing her murdered, Creasy sets out to avenge the child he has grown to love as his own. He draws up a Who’s Who list of criminals engaged in serial kidnapping. And, in doing so, he learns that the biggest criminal gang of all is the Mexican police. It’s called “La Hermandad” (The Brotherhood). Creasy snatches a corrupt cop and tortures him (by cutting off several fingers) into giving up the names of some of his top associates. Then Creasy shoots him in the head and moves on to his next target. Watching all this activity is the Mexican version of the FBI: The Agencia Federal de Investigacion (AFI). Its director, Miguel Manzano, plans to use Creasy to unravel the kidnappers’ network. While Creasy coolly disposes of one kidnapper or corrupt cop after another, Manzano and his agents keep close tabs on the action. They will let Creasy do the dirty work and move in when the time is right. After several grisly action sequences–including one where Creasy ambushes police with a Rocket Propelled Grenade (RPG) launcher–Creasy learns the unthinkable: Pita is actually alive. He kidnaps the brother of the leader of “La Hermandad”–Daniel Sanchez–and offers him a trade: You give me Pita and I’ll give you your brother. Just as he has brutally traded on the love of others for the lives of their snatched relatives, so, too, must Sanchez now accept such an arrangement. The trade-off goes down, with Pita rushing into the arms of her overjoyed mother, and with Creasy surrendering himself to members of the Agencia Federal de Investigacion. Daniel Sánchez is later killed by Miguel Manzano during an AFI raid. “Man on Fire” is an unrelentingly brutal portrait of a thoroughly corrupt nation. Pita’s Mexican father sets up his own daughter for a bogus kidnapping to cheat the insurance company out of the money it’s prepared to pay for “kidnapping insurance.” His attorney cheats the kidnappers of the ransome money they had demanded, intending to keep this for himself. Two Mexican policemen make up the kidnapping gang that snatches Pita. A member of the Mexican Attorney General’s office–who’s assigned to its anti-kidnapping squad, no less–is in on the plot to seize Pita. Other members of the Mexican police routinely assist kidnapping gangs in return for a portion of the ransom money. Even the Agencia Federal de Investigacion, while portrayed as incorruptable, llows Creasy to eliminate cops and kidnappers as he leads the AFI closer to the head of the criminal network. One of the few moments of levity–no doubt unintended–in an otherwise humorless movie comes at the start of its end-credits: “A SPECIAL THANKS TO MEXICO CITY, A VERY SPECIAL PLACE.” “I love Mexico,” Maldonado told reporters after safely arriving in Nogales, Ariz. “My family is still there. So Mexico… it’s not Mexico’s fault. It’s a few people who you know did this to me,” she said. Perhaps a more accurate analysis of the conditions prevailing in Mexico was given by William von Raab, the U.S. Commissioner of Customs from 1981 to 1989. In 1986, testifying before a Senate committee on the extent of narcotics corruption in Mexico, Raab said: “There is an ingrained corruption in the Mexican law-enforcement establishment. “Corruption is so pervasive, that one has to assume every Mexican official is corrupt unless proven otherwise.” Raab’s assessment should be required reading for every American planning to vacation “down Mexico way.” ABC NEWS, CBS NEWS, CHARLES BOWDEN, CIUDAD JUAREZ, CNN, CORRUPTION, DRUG LORDS, FACEBOOK, MEXICAN ARMY, MEXICO, MURDER CITY, NARCOTICS, NBC NEWS, THE LOS ANGELES TIMES, THE NEW YORK TIMES, THE WASHINGTON POST, TWITTER, YANIRA MALDONADO In Nogales, Mexico, a judge is deciding whether to free an Arizona woman–accused of drug smuggling–from a Mexican jail. On May 22, Mexican soldiers arrested Yanira Maldonado–mother of seven–as she and her husband, Gary, were returning to Arizona after attending a family funeral in Mexico. Gary Maldonado said he believes Mexican soldiers at the checkpoint wanted a bribe. It’s entirely likely that this is the case. Written by Investigative Reporter Charles Bowden and published in 2010, Murder City provides a terrifying–and almost lethally depressing–view of what happens when a city–and a country–disintegrates. Meanwhile, there is a lesson in this book–and in the case of Yanira Maldonado–for anyone with common sense to learn: Stay out of Mexico. During the 1980s, when Americans were being routinely kidnapped in Beirut, still others–as if bent on suicide–were getting passpords to travel to Lebanon.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line652
__label__wiki	0.532834	0.532834	OpenMarket: February 2016 RealClear Radio Hour: Millennial Politics & Choice William Frezza Young people, political myths, and curating choice. This week on RealClear Radio Hour we’re dig into a myriad of topics from the democratic socialist fad sweeping millennials to the dysfunction of the two party system that is so entrenched in American politics. My first guest this week is Jared Meyer, fellow at the Manhattan Institute and author of Disinherited: How Washington is Betraying America’s Young. Jared helps us decode capitalism, socialism, and the latest fad—democratic socialism. Meyer argues that while millennials are sympathetic to democratic socialist rhetoric, the realities of the ideology don’t actually align with their beliefs. DC Streetcar Opens as a Monument to Morally Bankrupt Urban Planning On Saturday, February 27, the DC Streetcar finally opened its 2.2-mile stretch on H Street and Benning Road N.E. Years delayed and for a cost of $200 million, this is what we get. The Economist called it “pointless” and a “folly.” Others were blunter. Most D.C. residents accept that their city has wasted a lot of money, but just how wasteful was this sentimental excursion into the mass transit past? The DC Streetcar mirrors the H Street-Benning segment of the 5.2-... UnChartered Cronyism: The FCC's Attempts to Block Cable Merger When you hear about “crony capitalism,” what comes to mind? The Export-Import Bank? The ethanol mandate? Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac? Tax credits and loan guarantees for “green energy”? These are all prime examples of government intervention enriching narrow yet politically savvy corporate interests at the expense of taxpayers and consumers. But many other pernicious forms of crony capitalism slide under the radar. A case in point: the Federal Communications Commission’s (FCC) vetting of media and telecom mergers, a highly politicized process that empowers a few unelected bureaucrats to shape the future of entire markets. Almost a year ago, the cable company Charter made a deal to purchase another cable company, Bright House Networks. Then, after the FCC decided to block another cable deal—Comcast’s attempted acquisition of Time Warner Cable (TWC)—Charter announced that it... CEI's Battered Business Bureau: The Week in Regulation As the 2016 Federal Register passed the 10,000-page mark, new regulations cover everything from salmon to wine. On to the data: Last week, 67 new final regulations were published in the Federal Register, after 45 the previous week. That’s the equivalent of a new regulation every two hours and 31 minutes. With 443 final regulations published so far in 2016, the federal government is on pace to issue 2,914 regulations in 2016. Last year’s total was 3,406 regulations. Last week, 1,415 new pages were added to the Federal Register, after 940 pages the previous week. Currently at 10,036 pages, the 2016 Federal Register is on pace for 66,027 pages. The 2015 Federal Register had an adjusted page count of 81,611. Rules are called “economically significant” if they have costs of... Opening Briefs Filed in Case Challenging EPA Greenhouse Gas Rules for Existing Power Plants The opening briefs (here and here) for the petitioners in West Virginia et al v. EPA—the lawsuit challenging the EPA’s greenhouse gas rule for existing power plants—were submitted to the U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia on 19th February. The list of petitioners and their lawyers is pretty impressive. The two briefs requested by the court each total no more than 42,000 words. A number of amicus curiae briefs have been filed plus one intervenor brief. I haven’t read them all, but one that I have that is definitely worth looking at is the ... Ethanol Mandate Is Immortal Unless Congress Repeals It In last week’s Texas presidential primary debate, one of the candidates opined that he did not need to call for repeal of the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), commonly known as the ethanol mandate, because the program “will phase out . . is phasing out now. By 2022 that program expires by virtue of the existing law. At that point it will go away.” None of the other candidates objected, suggesting they all may subscribe to that popular misconception. The RFS, incorporated into the Clean Air Act in 2007 by the so-called Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA), is the only regulatory program Congress ever enacted that expressly addresses greenhouse gases, albeit with the prudent caveat—inserted at the behest of Rep. Joe Barton (R-Texas)—that the RFS not affect the regulatory... Minimum Wage: The End of Teenage Work Experience? Jack Salmon A new report from JP Morgan Chase & Co. finds that the summer employment rate for teenagers is nearing a record low at 34 percent. The report surveyed 15 U.S. cities and found that despite an increase in summer positions available over a two year period, only 38 percent of teens and young adults found summer jobs. This would be worrying by itself given the importance of work experience in entry-level career development, but it is also part of a long-term trend. Since 1995 the rate of seasonal teenage employment has declined by over a third from around 55 percent to 34 percent in 2015. The report does not attempt to examine why summer youth employment has fallen over the past two decades. If it had, it would probably find one answer in the minimum wage. The One Year Anniversary of Net Neutrality In the pen and phone era, one of the many examples of the descent into arbitrary lawmaking influencing an entire sector of the economy is the Federal Communications Commission’s order on net neutrality. Net neutrality is the FCC’s broad push to control both the infrastructure and content of tomorrow’s Internet. Today is the net neutrality order’s first anniversary, being “celebrated” by some senators with a just-introduced bill to repeal it called the Restoring Internet Freedom Act that, alas, is not the first attempt. With net neutrality, the government would regulate the internet by using unashamedly authoritarian “advisory opinions”—not normal laws... NLRB Undercuts its Own Employees' Rights The National Labor Relations Board has been the thorn in the side of employers nationwide. The federal labor agency has issued decisions and rules that defy common sense and make running a business an unpleasant proposition. Under the Obama administration, all of the agency’s action (much of which are absurd) is done in the name of the worker. But in reality, the NLRB is working on... The Supreme Court Should Hear the Appeal of EPA’s Chesapeake Bay TMDL Rule The Supreme Court will soon decide whether it will hear an appeal to overturn the latest outrageous power grab by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The case, American Farm Bureau v. EPA, deserves much more attention than it has received. At first glance, it appears the issues at stake are merely regional and are only of concern to farmers in the region. But in fact, if the Supreme Court allows the EPA to implement its new Clean Water Act rule to regulate runoff pollution into the Chesapeake Bay, then it can use the ruling as a precedent for creating similar rules that impose strict new land-use controls affecting housing and many industries, as well as agriculture, in watersheds throughout the country. The EPA in 2010 proposed a new comprehensive blueprint to regulate water pollution from...	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line653
__label__wiki	0.861893	0.861893	Etiquette and Manners on Ways to Congratulate the Bride-to-Be By Sabine McKellen ••• Creatas/Creatas/Getty Images Traditional etiquette dictated exactly what to say to a bride to avoid suggesting she had snagged a man. Modern approaches for expressing your happiness to a friend or family member who has recently decided to get married is more open. What you say depends on the age and preference of the bride in question. Traditional Etiquette In 1922, Emily Post advised wedding guests to shake hands with the bride and say “I wish you every happiness!” At the time, the median age for women getting married was 22, according to U.S. Census data. Modern Etiquette Nowadays, the average age for a first-time bride is 27, and women make up 47 percent of the workforce, demonstrating that marriage no longer functions as a necessary rite of passage for women. That is why Post’s great-great-granddaughter Anna Post, herself an etiquette writer, wrote in 2008 that given the modern social climate, saying congratulations to the bride is no longer code for “You finally got one!” "Woman’s Day" also urges readers not to offer unsolicited or negative advice and anecdotes to someone who simply wants to announce her plans to get married. SF Weekly: Social Grace: Engaged Couples Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics and at Home, Emily Post Emily Post: Inside Weddings: Celebrating your Engagement U.S. Census Bureau: Historical Marriage Trends from 1890-2010 Knot Yet: The Benefits and Costs of Delayed Marriage in America Woman's Day: 10 Things Never to Say to Brides Sabine McKellen began her career teaching English as a Second Language to adults from around the world. She has spent the past seven years in journalism, covering social issues, specifically in rural communities. Her work has appeared in community newspapers throughout southern California, and in various trade and educational magazines. Creatas/Creatas/Getty Images What Is the Difference Between Etiquette in the Victorian Age & Present Etiquette? The First Ladies of the 1950s	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line658
__label__wiki	0.980905	0.980905	UPDATE 1-Goldman Sachs CEO apologises for ex-banker's role in 1MDB scandal Jan 16 (Reuters) - Goldman Sachs Group Inc Chief Executive Officer David Solomon on Wednesday apologised to the Malaysian people for former banker Tim Leissner's role in the sovereign wealth fund 1MDB scandal, but said the bank had conducted due diligence before every transaction. Goldman is being investigated by Malaysian authorities and the U.S. Department of Justice for its role as underwriter and arranger of three bond sales that raised $6.5 billion for 1Malaysia Development Berhad. U.S prosecutors last year charged two former Goldman bankers for the theft of billions of dollars from 1Malaysia Development Berhad. Leissner, a former partner for Goldman Sachs in Asia, pleaded guilty to conspiracy to launder money and violate the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. "It's very clear that the people of Malaysia were defrauded by many individuals, including the highest members of the prior government," Solomon said on conference call discussing the bank's fourth-quarter results. Solomon said that Leissner denied the involvement of any of Goldman's intermediaries in transactions with 1MDB. An attorney representing Leissner did not immediately respond to a request for comment. Roger Ng, the other charged former Goldman banker, was arrested in Malaysia at the request of U.S. authorities and is expected to be extradited, according to John Marzulli, a spokesman for the prosecution. The DOJ has said that $4.5 billion was misappropriated by high-level officials of the fund and their associates between 2009 and 2014. As part of Goldman's due diligence efforts, Solomon said the bank sought and received written assurances from 1MDB and International Petroleum Investment Co (IPIC) that no third-parties were involved in the first two bond sales. Abu Dhabi's IPIC had co-guaranteed the 1MDB bonds when they were issued in 2012. In the final offering, the Malaysian government itself, along with 1MDB, represented that no intermediaries were involved, he said. "All these representations to Goldman Sachs have proven to be false," Solomon said. Goldman Sachs did not disclose any other information about its involvement with 1MDB, but said the impact on its client franchise had been "de minimis." Shares of the bank, which reported strong fourth-quarter results earlier in the day, have fallen over 25 percent in the last three months, after headlines about its involvement with the sovereign wealth fund emerged. The Malaysian government said in December it was seeking up to $7.5 billion in reparations from Goldman over its dealings with 1MDB. (Reporting By Aparajita Saxena in Bengaluru; Editing by Arun Koyyur and Saumyadeb Chakrabarty)	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line660
__label__cc	0.541151	0.458849	COC Information Statement Membership Level change You have selected the FREE membership level. Free level access. The price for membership is $0.00 now. Do you have a discount code? Click here to enter your discount code. Account Information Already have an account? Log in here Country Afghanistan Aland Islands Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Bouvet Island Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo (Brazzaville) Congo (Kinshasa) Cook Islands Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Falkland Islands Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern Territories Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Greenland Grenada Guadeloupe Guam Guatemala Guernsey Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Heard Island and McDonald Islands Honduras Hong Kong S.A.R., China Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Isle of Man Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jersey Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macao S.A.R., China Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Norfolk Island North Korea Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestinian Territory Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Pitcairn Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Reunion Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Barthelemy Saint Helena Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Martin (French part) Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands South Korea Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Svalbard and Jan Mayen Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Tokelau Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu U.S. Virgin Islands US Armed Forces Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States United States Minor Outlying Islands Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican Venezuela Vietnam Wallis and Futuna Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe * Community Of Commerce Information Statement INFORMATION STATEMENT 10.2018 Relating to an Offering of Membership Interests In Community of Commerce A Cooperative Association Effective: July 4, 2018, updated August 30, 2018, updated October 1, 2018 Information Statement Community of Commerce ("the Cooperative" or “CoOp” or “C3”), a Cooperative Association organized under Chapter 308B of the Minnesota statutes as Hybrid Producer and Consumer Cooperative, is formed to unite the producer and consumer interests (manufacturing, small businesses, independent contractors, freelancers, resellers, employees, employers, farmers, and entrepreneurs) in the products and services that enable Members to save on goods and services; as well as time, talent and treasure, and to otherwise further their common interests of all Members. As a Chapter 308B Cooperative Association, the Cooperative will initially have two Member Classes called the 1) Free Member – a Patron non-Share Member Class (both Consumer and Producers) and 2) Share Member – a Patron Share Member Class (both Consumer and Producers). The Cooperative may, without necessarily a vote of the Share Member Class create one or more additional classes of Membership; however, if future share classes have voting rights; they shall not be superior to the Share Member Class. It is the goal of the Cooperative to promote collaboration and community; where possible, and as directed by the Manager or the Board of Directors, the Cooperative may issue additional Share Member Classes to identify groups of Members who may have a specific affinity to a “Group Name” Share Class of the Share Member Class above. If so, the Members of that “Group Name” Share Class must first be Share Members and may also be required to pay a “Group Name” Share Fee and may require a minimum number of Members to create such as “Group Name” Share Class. The Cooperative operates on a Cooperative Association basis. It is owned and controlled by its Share Members and its net earnings are returned to the Share Members ONLY each year or sooner if directed by the Board of Directors, in the form of called Patronage Refunds (may also referred to as Revenue Share or Profit Share but means Patronage Refund or Patronage Dividend) paid pro-rata in accordance with Member Patronage and the Bylaws of the Cooperative. The Share Member Class shall be the “voting” Members of the Cooperative. If a “Group Name” Share Class is created, it may have separate Patronage Refunds, but must always contribute to the Share Member Patronage Refund in a mutually agreed percentage of the “Group Name” Share Class. The Membership Interests (of any Patron Share Class) WILL NOT appreciate in value and ARE NOT deemed an Investment Share Class. No investment dividends will be paid on the interests and the interests are non-transferable. Patronage Refunds will only be allocated to qualified Share Members (or possibly “Group Name” Share Members) pro-rata who patronize the Cooperative and only to the extent that the Cooperative is profitable. Members SHALL NOT own more than ONE SHARE and cast more than ONE VOTE in any Share Class. The voting Class is called Share Member (see Class 2 above). Moreover, the Board of Directors (the “Board”), in its discretion, may choose to retain Patronage Refunds if the Board, which is comprised of Share Members, determines that the Cooperative requires additional capital. The only way a Member will obtain an economic benefit from being a Member of the Cooperative is by patronizing the Cooperative. Patronizing is using or engaging the CoOp’s purchase of products and services offered by or to Members of the Cooperative Association. Patronizing is also defined as assisting in a Membership Drive by referring others to join the Cooperative for which NO COMMISSIONS ARE PAID. If a Member fails to patronize the Cooperative for a prolonged period of time the Member may lose his/her/its right to vote, if a voting Member (Share Member), and may cease to be a Member in the Cooperative in good standing or qualify for Patronage Refunds. Please read the remainder of this Information Statement for a more complete description of the CoOp, its plan of operations, insight into the governing documents of the CoOp, and other disclosure regarding purchasing a Membership in the CoOp. This is an information document and not an agreement or brochure about Membership – the Bylaws of the CoOp govern Membership and Member rights. The CoOp does not expect to generate surplus cash flow that will enable the CoOp to redeem stock or allocated equities to anyone, including Members of the Cooperative. Surplus cash that is generated, if any, will be directed first to enabling the Cooperative to continue and expand its operations and next to Patronage Refunds. The CoOp is unlikely to redeem stock or allocated equities unless and until it dissolves, which is theoretically never because the CoOp is organized to exist perpetually. This Information Statement is being provided to assist you in evaluating the business decision to become a Member of the CoOp only. The text of the Information Statement is intended only to provide certain facts and highlights regarding the Cooperative and its Bylaws. It is not intended to be a complete statement of all material facts and features of the organization and is qualified in its entirety by more detailed information contained in the Articles of Organization (the “Articles”) and Bylaws which may be requested from the Cooperative as per the Bylaws. It may contain errors and typos. See “II. CONSIDERATIONS FOR PROSPECTIVE MEMBERS” to read about factors you should consider before becoming a Member of the Cooperative. THE MEMBERSHIP INTERESTS IN THE COOPERATIVE HAVE NOT BEEN APPROVED OR DISAPPROVED BY THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION OR ANY STATE SECURITIES REGULATORY AUTHORITY, NOR HAS THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION OR ANY STATE SECURITY REGULATORY AUTHORITY PASSED UPON THE ACCURACY OR ADEQUACY OF THIS INFORMATION STATEMENT. ANY REPRESENTATION TO THE CONTRARY MAY BE A CRIMINAL OFFENSE. No person has been authorized by the CoOp to give any information or to make any representations concerning the Cooperative Association other than as contained in this Information Statement or the other written materials delivered with this Information Statement or on related websites and platforms or videos created by the CoOp or its Manager and, if given or made, must not be relied upon as having been authorized by the Cooperative. The Cooperative has agreed to make available to representatives of each prospective Member the opportunity to ask questions of and receive answers from the management of the Cooperative concerning the organization and to obtain, to the extent the Cooperative possesses such or can acquire it without unreasonable effort or expense, any additional information which is necessary to verify the accuracy of the information set forth in this Information Statement. Questions, inquiries, and requests for information may be directed to Manager, Community of Commerce (the CoOp) through the CONTACT US page on the CoOp website. Each prospective Member must rely on its own evaluation of the Cooperative, including the merits and risks involved, in deciding to join this organization as a Cooperative Member. EACH PROSPECTIVE MEMBER SHOULD CONSULT HIS OR HER OWN PROFESSIONAL ADVISORS RELATED TO: LEGAL, TAX, AND OTHER MATTERS CONCERNING THE COOPERATIVE. WE DO NOT PROVIDE LEGAL, TAX OR FINANCIAL ADVICE TO MEMBERS UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCE. The Cooperative is a hybrid Cooperative Association business owned and controlled by its Share Members. All Members are considered Consumer or Producer Members. Producers meaning, they are engaged directly or indirectly in the operation of their own businesses, promotion, purchase, and production of products and services for themselves and for the Cooperative. The Cooperative has entered a long-term perennial Management Agreement with Concept Management Company, LLC (“CMC”), as Manager and president of the CoOp, to manage the day-to-day affairs of the Cooperative and ensure quality control of the products and services offered to all Member Classes. Earning of Compensation in Currency or Crypto-Currency or Tokens (earned by Share Members Only) shall be based on patronage of the Cooperative. No compensation is paid on the Share Fee or Dues, if any. Compensation is paid on sales of products and services ONLY purchased directly from CoOp platforms and websites or other methods as specified from time to time which is or maybe owned by CMC or third parties and revenue is shared with the Cooperative per the Management Agreement. This compensation is called a Patronage Refund which is similar to Profit Share or Revenue Share. Patronage Refunds shall be calculated pro-rata, using Patronage Points or any other agreed method, based on the total usage and transactions with the CoOp (patronage) or as determined by the Manager (aka CMC) and the Board of Directors for each qualifying purchase or activity for the patronage period. The Cooperative and/or Manager may earn income from: 1) a portion of any Share Membership and the one- time Share Fees and Dues which are not subject to Patronage Refunds, 2) a portion of marketing allowances or advertising fees from third-party vendors or the Manager, and 3) a portion of the shared profits on certain products and services developed by the Cooperative, or from third-party vendors, or the Manager and then resold through one or more Member Classes or distribution channels as determined by the Manager under the Management Agreement. CMC can change these profit allocations at any time, without written notice, to ensure profitability or stability to the Cooperative Association. At this time, the Board has decided to make distributions of Patronage Refund, as earned, in the form of the U.S. Dollar (USD) or as an approved Crypto-Currency (or Tokens), to Share Members but reserves the right to change the schedule to meet the needs of the Cooperative Association. The prospective Patron Members of the Cooperative are the Share Members; the Free Member Class are not Share Members. The Cooperative may in the future offer additional classes of Membership to become Share Members (i.e. “Group Name” Share Members, which may be Non-Patron or Patron Members. Patron Members are initially located in the states and territories of the United States, but the Cooperative does not restrict international Members. By collaborating their efforts and purchasing power, the prospective Patron and Non-Patron Members of the Cooperative aim to gain better access to business contacts, be socially and environmentally conscious, and enhance the purchasing power or profits for our Members. Loans. As per the Bylaws, except as otherwise provided by applicable law, any Member may, but shall not be obligated to, give or lend money to the Cooperative, act as surety for the Cooperative and transact other business with the Cooperative and have the same rights and obligations when transacting business with the Cooperative as a person or entity who is not a Member. This is often a method of group purchase to obtain discounts, market advantage or increased profits for the Members. Interest may be fixed or variable depending on the loan type. Further, the Cooperative may enter into loans, Promissory Notes, or pre-funded Purchase Orders with Members from time-to-time as approved by the Board of Directors at interest rates or discounts and periods which are commercially acceptable and in compliance with state and federal law. Cooperative Association Objectives for All Members By collaborating (in a Share Economy), the Cooperative provides the Members with products and services that may not be available were they to act alone. Many products or services may be found from other distribution methods; we make no claim as to exclusivity of any product or service as an inducement to become a Member. Principles of operation include: Share Member voting control, (open and voluntary with democratic governance) Return of surplus to Members (also called a Patronage Refund) Group Purchasing Programs for all Members Association with third-party Vendors Cooperation with Members and other Cooperatives, Constant education of Members to include cooperative principles and Other activities to enhance the Member’s life and business. Note: we promote the six Rochdale Principles as promoted by the International Co-operative Alliance website: http://ica.coop/. Fundamentally, the function of the Cooperative is to increase a Member’s quality of life, net income and improve the ability of all Members to share as an effective member of society. We accomplish these objectives by offering quality products and services and commercially reasonable and competitive prices and sharing our successes with others in need around the world. CMC has discretion on how giving might be directed with advice from the Board. The primary activities of the Cooperative include: Operation of a Profit Share Strategy (Patronage Refund), On-Demand, in a Share Economy Expressing a Member’s VOICE by enabling Share Members to VOTE Member Collaboration and Sharing Of Ideas (Crowd-Sourcing) Education for Families and Businesses Savings (Reduce Costs through Group Purchasing Power) Promote Entrepreneurship Promote Unity (Community Development) Membership Drive Campaigns and Membership Services Co-Promotion with Third-Party Vendors Giving to Socially Conscious Programs Direct or Affiliate Distribution of Products and Services to Consumers and Members CONSIDERATIONS FOR PROSPECTIVE MEMBERS The reason for joining this Cooperative is that You, as a Member, may find value in the products and services we offer. There is no inducement, compensation, or reward for encouraging others to become Members of this Cooperative. Only when the purchase of products and services, authorized by this Cooperative, are made, may compensation in the form of Patronage Refunds be considered to be paid. You do not have to be a Share Member of the Cooperative to access products and services; you may join as a Free Member. Members, who wish to earn Patronage Refunds, MUST become Share Members and pay the one-time Share Fee of $297. If joining “Group Name” Share Members, you may have to pay additional fees. You must earn Patronage Points or other criteria to “qualify” for Patronage Refunds. You will be paid pro- rata according to your earning of Patronage Points divided by the total Patronage Points earned for a qualifying period or as the Manager or Board of Directors may decide or modify without a vote of the Share Members. The receiver of a Membership Interest in the Share Member Class SHOULD NOT expect an investment return on this Interest. The Membership Interest is non-dividend bearing, non-transferable, and upon withdrawal or termination from the Cooperative, the share may have no value, if determined that there is a value, the timing of payment, if any, will be fully at the discretion of the Cooperative’s Board of Directors, who are the Share Members. Only those who can afford the loss of their entire Share Fee capital contribution (Membership Interest) should become Share Members of the Cooperative. A prospective Member should consider the following risks and should review carefully this entire Information Statement prior to deciding to become a Member. This list of risk factors is not intended to be complete but is provided for the recipient's reference. The Board, at its sole discretion, may declare a Patronage Refund from the net profits of the Cooperative, but this cannot be guaranteed. You should join the Cooperative on the value of the products and services and NOT based on receiving a Patronage Refund. The products and services should represent value to you and others you might share them with, or DO NOT PURCHASE THEM. Changes in Dues and Fees. The Cooperative, at the sole discretion of CMC or the Board of Directors, may impose other fees, decrease or increase fees and/or dues on Members to provide sustainability of the CoOp. Dependence on Third-Party Vendors. To continue operations, the Cooperative must maintain relationships with suppliers (vendors), which may be other Members and non-member distribution channels. It is possible that the vendors will discontinue participation in its programs or that the vendors will otherwise respond unfavorably to the Cooperative in ways that will make the Cooperative unable to compete in the marketplace. Distribution channels may cease to be effective and thus limit demand on production creating an inventory risk. Your patronage (personal purchase of products and services offered by the Cooperative) is essential to the maintaining of value of this Cooperative to all Members. Your failure to patronize the CoOp could affect its viability. You should shop your CoOp and its Vendors first. Operate at a Loss. The Cooperative may experience a net financial loss from operations. This loss may be retained by the Cooperative and applied towards future earnings or allocated to Members. Additionally, accumulated losses may require the Cooperative to request additional capital investments from Members. You can choose to decline to contribute such capital and terminate your future Share Membership. If you terminate your Share Membership, there will not be a refund of your Share Fee. Insufficient Discounts. The discounts and pricing the Cooperative can negotiate are a function of Member Patronage, the failure of Members to patronize the Cooperative may not be sufficient to maintain its competitive advantage, and this could make the Cooperative of limited benefit to its Members. Dependence on Management. The success of the Cooperative is dependent in a large part on its ability to attract and retain sound management. The Cooperative has entered a Management Agreement with CMC and the Board of Directors does not consider this a conflict of interest. The initial period of this Management Agreement is until December 31, 2038 with automatic 5-year renewable extensions. This Agreement is to be reviewed periodically by the Board of Directors (made up of a majority of Share Members and related third=parties) and their decisions are final. The Cooperative has agreed that employees, officers, directors, agents, consultants, advisors, and shareholders with greater than 10% equity in the Management Company may be Members of this Cooperative and shall not be deemed a conflict of interest, but they may not hold a Board position in the Cooperative. They can be advisors to the Board. Competition. The Cooperative may face competition from organizations that exist today or could develop in the future. Failure to compete successfully against current or potential competitors would have a material adverse effect on the Cooperative. The Board and the Members acknowledge that the Manager and Vendors/Suppliers are not exclusive to the CoOp and may have other distribution channels which do not benefit the Members of the CoOp as to Patronage Refund. The Board deems this not to be a conflict of interest as the aggregate volume has the potential to reduce the overall cost of goods to our Members. Business Cycles. The Cooperative may face declining income in a down market cycle that could reduce its benefit to Members. We cannot predict future market performance. Government Regulation. The Cooperative is subject to local, state, federal, and international laws which may change. These changes may affect your ability to do business with the Cooperative as anticipated. It is our intent to comply with all laws. You should vote for your rights as a Share Member. Unanticipated Risks. The Cooperative is also likely to be subject to risks that have not been anticipated and these risks may affect the value of your Membership with the Cooperative Association. Joining as a Member, you agree to accept these risks. MISCELLANOUS SECTIONS RESELLER PROGRAM. The Cooperative becomes stronger when it increases its Membership and earns a profit from the non-exclusive sale of products and services. The Board has authorized the contracting of Resellers. Resellers, as independent contractors or freelancers may earn a profit when they personally retail one of our products and services. Resellers do not have to be Share Members of this Cooperative to sell for this Cooperative. The Cooperative only recognizes Resellers who have contracted directly with the Cooperative. There is no restriction on Members also being Resellers of the Cooperative. Resellers or Affiliates who are not Share Members, cannot receive Patronage Refunds. MEMBERSHIP QUALIFICATIONS Membership in the Cooperative will be limited to those qualifying under their class of Membership: Free Members: Free Members may be required pay an annual Membership Dues. Free Members are Consumers/Producers and DO NOT participate as Share Members in Patronage Refunds. They are not Share Members (owners) of the Cooperative. (See Bylaws). Share Members: All Share Members own one Membership Share and shall pay a one-time Share Fee of $297. This is not an “Investment Share Interest.” None of the Membership Share Fee is paid as compensation or Patronage Refund to Members; the Manager, will receive a portion of the Share Fee as compensation and expense reimbursement per the Management Agreement. All Share Members can only own one share and may cast only one vote (independent of qualification level) for the election of the Board of Directors and other matters (See Bylaws). Share Members may be Resellers. Future Classes. The Cooperative may, without necessarily a vote of the Share Members and at the discretion of the Manager create one or more additional share classes or incentive bonus of Patronage Points; however, if such share classes have voting rights; they shall not be superior to the Share Member Class. (see references to “Group Name” Share Members). Section 2.2 of the Bylaws provides that Members must: subscribe and qualify to own one Membership Share of Stock at its par value, plus an additional capital amount in excess of its par value as the Board may determine at the time of issuance (Share Member Class only), and; pay Membership Dues or other fees as per Membership Class, if required, and; apply for Membership (which may be online) and be approved (which may be online) for Membership in the Cooperative or by the Board or its designee (the Manager), and; consent to the tax treatment of Patronage Refunds and provide all necessary documents such as W-9 or as required by law, and; execute Membership Agreements (which may be online) with the Cooperative if then required by the Board in the form determined by the Board (which may be online), and be committed to the mission of the Cooperative, and if Member is not a natural person, to designate a Member representative (a business entity) for voting and any other official activities of the Cooperative. The Board may set other Membership Share requirements as are determined necessary or desirable to accomplish the purposes of the Cooperative. Share Member Interest in the Cooperative is represented by one share of common stock which shall not be issued by certificate; but held by the Cooperative in electronic form. It is referred to as Membership Common Stock because it may only be owned by Share Members and is not considered Investment Shares which may also be approved by the Cooperative Board, subject to any registration requirements. Each Share Member must own one and only one share. Since each share of Membership Common Stock is entitled to one vote, each Share Member will have one vote in all matters that come before the Members of the Cooperative. Share Member voting is governed by Section 3 of the Bylaws. There are unlimited shares of Membership Common Stock. Membership Common Stock is not entitled to receive dividends, but holders of this stock are entitled to receive Patronage Refunds, if qualified, on the business (patronage) they do with the Cooperative in accordance with the Articles and Bylaws. Holders of Membership Common Stock (electronic or paper) are entitled to participate in the dissolution and liquidation of the Cooperative as provided in the Bylaws, described below in Section XII. However, because all of the profits of the Cooperative are allocated on the basis of Patronage as directed by the Board, no Member should expect any appreciation in the value of their common stock. Indeed, it is likely to be the case that depreciation in the value of their common stock occurs. These ARE NOT Investment Shares, which might require registration, but qualify under a special exemption with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for cooperatives. Since ownership of Membership Common Stock is reflective of Share Membership in the Cooperative, this stock is not transferable. Section 7.3 of the Bylaws sets forth the restrictions on transferability. If Membership Common Stock is transferred in violation of this restriction, it shall be treated as a withdrawal from Membership, and such stock shall be distributed in accordance with the termination provisions in Section 10.3 of the Bylaws. Membership Common Stock transferred to an ineligible holder shall not entitle such person to do business with the Cooperative or otherwise participate in the organization as a Member. There is no market for Membership Common Stock. MEMBERSHIP CAPITAL REQUIRMENTS AND INITITATION FEES Membership Capital Requirements are one-time payment as follows: Share Member Class: Each Share Member will purchase one share of Membership Interest Common Stock for $297 (See Section IV). There is no requirement of Free Members to become Share Members, but all Share Members must own one share and pay the Share Member Fee. No compensation is paid on the referral of a Free or Share Member, but Members may earn Patronage Points. Compensation is only paid on the purchase and/or resale of products and services. We do track referral of other Members via a referral link. Other Member Classes: As determined by the Board of Directors, currently NONE. MATERIAL RELATIONSHIPS Management Agreement. The Cooperative has entered a Management Agreement with Concept Management Company, LLC (CMC) to provide advice and management services for the Members of the Cooperative. This Agreement term is until December 31, 2038 and is automatically renewable in 5-year periods based on a vote of the Board of Directors. This contract was granted based on the initial capital and time expended by CMC, et al for development of products and services and in setting up the Cooperative for our Members. The Board of Directors allows the principals of CMC and its employees and affiliates to be Members of the Cooperative, but they cannot hold any Board positions. A representative of CMC attends Board meetings as President, Advisor, and Manager of the Cooperative, but does not vote. The Management Agreement specifies compensation to CMC which includes a defined portion of the fees charged to Members (if any), a defined portion of Dues (if any), a percentage of new products and services sold to Members (including Free Members), and certain other compensation and expenses for operation as may be approved by the Board of Directors from time-to-time. Should CMC., Manager, or one of its principals be required to sign signature guarantees for financial services, such as credit card processing, the Cooperative shall indemnify in full Manager, or its principals, for any financial risk associated with these signature guarantees. Member charge backs against credit cards may affect that Share Member’s Patronage Refunds and Share Member’s “qualified” good standing and as such their right to vote or retain membership. Members are therefore requested to not chargeback credit card transactions but to request refunds directly from the Cooperative. Members who cannot resolve dispute among themselves may also be removed from Patronage Refunds until a dispute is settled. The Cooperative and Manager are not a party to any dispute between Members. The CoOp may create one or more Group Buying Programs with its vendors to purchase products and services at preferred pricing to the benefit of the Members. Once such vendor is 7M EGroup (7MEG) which has common but not the same ownership with CMC, the Manager. 7M EGroup (7MEG) has offered Members of this CoOp certain agreements such as Authorized Reseller Agreement - Dynasty and is related to Short Term Promissory Note. The Board of Directors of this CoOp does not deem this a conflict of interest. Also, the president of CMC may be appointed as president of this CoOp or Manager and the Board of Directors of this CoOp does not deem that a conflict of interest either. According to the CoOp’s Bylaws, Section 3.4: Transactions Between a Member and the Company. “Except as otherwise provided by applicable law, any Member may, but shall not be obligated to, give or lend money to the Company, act as surety for the Company and transact other business with the Company and have the same rights and obligations when transacting business with the Company as a person or entity who is not a Member.” It is anticipated that some Members of this CoOp may lend money to this CoOp for the benefit of all Members. Such loans will be as a Short Term Promissory Note, subject to UCC Section 9 et al (Secured Transactions). These are loans between Members of this CoOp and the CoOp shall indemnify and hold harmless any officers, directors, employees, agents, advisors and vendors from any liability to said Short Term Promissory Notes between Members of this CoOp. Community of Commerce is registered with the Secretary of State of Minnesota as a 308B Cooperative Association. It has a registered agent in Minnesota. The President of the CoOp may be an affiliate of Manager and can serve as President under the Management Agreement. Beginning with the third Annual Meeting of the Members, Share Members shall elect Directors to the Board of Directors. The initial Board of Directors, appointed by Manager as Founder and President from Share Members and related third parties, shall serve up to 36 Months before the Board of Directors will hold elections for the replacement of Board Members. Voting Board Members must come from Share Members. This shall provide stability in the decision process in the formative months of the Cooperative. The initial number of Directors serving the Cooperative for the first thirty-six months of operation shall initially be at least three (3). Thereafter, the Board will expand to be no more than twelve (12) according to the Bylaws. After two years of operation, one new director may be added for each 1000 Share Members, until the number of Board Directors is met. These Directors will be elected by the Members at the annual meeting. All Directors must be an elected or appointed representative of a Member that is not a natural person. All Directors will be elected from a Share Member Class ONLY. In the event of an even number of Directors, the elected Chairman shall be able to cast a tie breaking vote. The Chairman is elected by the Board. After the initial three years of operation, at the Cooperative’s annual meeting, at least 1/3 of current Director Positions will be up for vote. Prior to the Annual Meeting, the Board Chairman will identify any Directors not willing to stand for re-election or ineligible for re-election for any reason. If this number is less than 1/3 of the current Board positions, then the remaining Directors will draw lots to determine which Directors will run for re- election at the Annual Meeting. No Director shall serve more than 6 consecutive years on the Board of Directors. After 6 years, a Director is ineligible for re-election until said Director has been off the Board for at least one full year. Advisors: The Board or Manager may appoint or consult advisors at its sole discretion. Advisors are not members of the Board and shall not have a vote in Board deliberations but may attend Board meetings at the direction of the Chairman. Biographies of the Directors are available upon request in writing to the Board. MANAGEMENT OF THE COOPERATIVE The President/Manager will provide for the day-to-day management of the Cooperative. The President/Manager is appointed by the terms of the Management Agreement. In addition to the day-to-day management provided by the President/Manager, the Board or Manager may elect several officers to oversee the interest of the Cooperative. These officers may include a Secretary and a Treasurer, and any other officers and agents that the Board may designate from time to time by resolution. The Secretary and Treasurer need not be members of the Board. If the Board so decides to designate such officers, any compensation due them will be an obligation of the Cooperative and not a liability of the Management Agreement. If paid by the Manager, then the CoOp shall reimburse manager. PATRONAGE REFUNDS Net Patronage earnings of the Cooperative will be returned to the Members each year or sooner in the form of Patronage Refunds in accordance with the Articles and Bylaws. These Patronage Refunds shall be paid in USD or Cryptocurrency or Tokens at the discretion of the Board. A Patronage Refund is an amount paid to the Share Member based on the pro-rata value of business done during the year by the Cooperative. For example, if a Member did up to 10% of the Patronage business with vendors participating in the Cooperative’s program for the fiscal year, the Board may determine that up to 10% of the Patronage Refund for the period be paid to that Member (this is called pro-rata payment of Patronage Refunds). This method of distributing Patronage Refunds can be distinguished from a regular business corporation, in which earnings or profits are paid to investors based on their capital investment, not Patronage qualification. In the Cooperative, Patronage Refunds will be paid based on the amount of business done with the Cooperative Association as determined by the Board, not based on invested capital. The Board or Manager may assign credits or bonuses by any criteria at its sole discretion for the allocation of Patronage Refunds. It is therefore important as a Share Member you put forth your best efforts to promote the success of the Cooperative if you expect to accumulate Patronage Points and receive Patronage Refunds. Patronage values (often called Patronage Points) are assigned as a function of a Member’s engagement with the Cooperative as the Manager may determine from time to time. Payment of Patronage Refunds. Under the Articles and Bylaws, Patronage Refunds must be paid within 8-1/2 months of the close of the fiscal year, and may be paid in cash, cryptocurrency, tokens, property, or written notices of allocation. These written notices of allocation enable the Cooperative to retain certain funds to meet capital needs. Written notices of allocation are redeemed at the discretion of the Board. Currently the Board desires to pay Patronage Refunds “as earned” Monthly, when possible. Federal Income Taxes. From a Federal income tax standpoint, the Cooperative is able to deduct amounts distributed as a Patronage Refund as long as the Patronage Refund is paid in cash, cryptocurrency, tokens, property, or qualified written notices of allocation and otherwise meets the requirements of the appropriate Section of the Internal Revenue Code. A written notice of allocation is a written notice which discloses to the recipient the stated dollar amount allocated to the Share Member by the organization and the portion thereof, if any, which constitutes a Patronage Refund. A "qualified" written notice of allocation is generally a written notice of allocation which the recipient has agreed to take into income at its stated amount in the year in which it is received in accordance with Section 1385(a) of the Internal Revenue Code and which is issued as part of a Patronage Refund at least 20% of which is paid in money, cryptocurrency, tokens, or by qualified check. Under the Bylaws, the Board will determine the amount of the Patronage Refund, if any, which is paid in qualified written notices of allocation. For hypothetical example, if a Cooperative has $150,000 in gross Patronage revenues and $50,000 in expenses of its management agreement and operation for the year, its net Patronage earnings would be $100,000. If it distributes this $100,000 in a Patronage Refund within 8-1/2 months of the end of the fiscal year -- 20% in cash and 80% in qualified written notices of allocation, it will be able to take a Patronage Refund tax deduction for the $100,000. Thus, the Cooperative will have income for the year of $150,000 and deductions of $150,000 ($50,000 in expenses and $100,000 in Patronage Refund), and it will pay no tax. The Share Members, on the other hand, may have pro- rata taxable income of $100,000 on the Patronage Refund they received, and they would take it into income in the year in which it was received. Non-profit Members may have other tax benefits not discussed here and should seek accounting advice separate from this document. Private Inurement and Unrelated Business Income Tax (UBIT). If you are not a non-profit this section does not apply to any for-profit or foreign entity. No part of the Distributions from the Cooperative to the Share Member shall inure to the benefit of or be distributed to its Members, trustees, officers or other private persons, except that the ministry or charity shall be authorized and empowered to pay reasonable compensation for the services rendered and to make payments and distributions in furtherance of its purposes set forth in the purpose clause hereof. If restricted by law, no substantial part of the activities of the receiving organization shall be the carrying on of propaganda, or otherwise attempting to influence legislation, and the organization shall not participate in, or intervene in (including the publishing or distribution of statements) any political campaign on behalf of any candidate for public office. Notwithstanding any other provision of this document, the ministry or charity shall not carry on any other activities not permitted to be carried on (a) by an organization exempt from federal income tax under Section 501(c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code or similar related Section, or corresponding section of any future federal tax code, or (b) by an organization, contributions to which are deductible under Section 170(c) (2) of the Internal revenue Code, or corresponding section of any future federal tax code. Violation of this section may result in the Board terminating Membership. Non-Patronage Business. Earnings derived from non-member business will not be included in the Patronage Refund paid to Members. Earnings of this type are not entitled to the “single tax” benefit of Subchapter T or K, and may be taxed to the Cooperative at a different income tax rates. These taxes could affect net income for Patronage Refunds. CREDIT GUARANTEES The Cooperative Members may be purchasing products and services from vendors directly and the Cooperative does not anticipate that it will provide vendors any credit or payment guarantee for these purchases by its Members. SUSPENSION AND EXPULSION OF MEMBERS Suspension. The provisions for suspension of Members are contained in Section 10.1 of the Bylaws. As set forth in Section 10.1, suspension may occur for nonpayment of amounts due the Cooperative or a vendor participating in the Cooperative’s purchasing program, failure to have as its delegate an officer of the organization (unless excused), failure to submit reports, information requests, and surveys, and failure to abide by the Bylaws, and other undertakings with the organization. Any act, error, commission or omission that the Board solely determines is immoral, unethical, and illegal, in violation of the code of ethics or not in the best interest of the Members or the Cooperative Association may result in Suspension or Expulsion. Upon such suspension, all Membership privileges will cease, and all business transacted with the Cooperative while Membership is suspended shall not be counted in determining Patronage Refund payments for the year. Upon removal of the cause for suspension, the suspension of Membership shall be automatically lifted, and the previously suspended Member shall be entitled to all Membership privileges from that day forward. Expulsion. As set forth in Section 10.2 of the Bylaws, the Board may terminate the Membership of a Member for good cause, after notice to the Member and a hearing. Good cause for termination will include, but not be limited to, the following: (i) failure to take appropriate action in a timely manner to remove the cause for suspension, (ii) failure of the Member to Patronize the Cooperative for a period of twelve months or otherwise not actively support the business of the Cooperative, or (iii) activities of the Member against the best interests of the Cooperative. Before voting upon the termination of the Membership of a Member, the Board will provide the Member with a full statement in writing of the charges against the Member alleged to constitute good cause for termination. Such notice will specify the place, date, and hour of a hearing before the Board of the charges, which hearing will not be less than ten days after service of such notice on the Member. At the hearing, the Member may be represented by counsel and will have the privilege of presenting and cross-examining witnesses on his, her or its behalf. All parties agree to Arbitration and waive their rights to these matters being heard in Court or by a Jury and the decision of the Arbitrator is final and binding. Any act, error, commission or omission that the Board solely determines is immoral, unethical, and illegal, in violation of the code of ethics or not in the best interest of the Members or the Cooperative Association may result in Suspension or Expulsion. Upon termination, all Membership privileges shall cease and all business transacted with the Cooperative will not be counted in determining Patronage Refund payments for the year. There is no refund of Share Fees. Rights Upon Termination of Membership. In accordance with Section 10.3 of the Bylaws, in the case of withdrawal, retirement, death, or expulsion, or other termination of the Membership of a Member: For an amount in cash equal to [the par value thereof], plus the additional capital amount paid for such Stock, if any, more than its par value at the time of issuance, but the payment will be made solely at the discretion of the Board of Directors. Further, the Cooperative may retain the amount of any admission fees or other assessments charged at the time of the Member’s admission which is nonrefundable. Repurchase of Written Notices of Allocation. Any written notices of allocation held by such terminating Member will be repurchased at their stated value, in cash, and the payment will be made at the discretion and terms set by the Board of Directors. Offset. The Board may, in its sole discretion, offset the amount payable for a Member’s stock or written notices of allocation against any indebtedness of such Member to the Cooperative. The Member will have no right to offset the amount of such stock or written notices of allocation against any indebtedness it may have to the Cooperative. At times other than the termination of Membership, the Board may, in its sole discretion, apply to any indebtedness of a Member owing to the Cooperative the amount of all or a part of such Member’s written notices of allocation, as shown on the records of the Cooperative, but this provision will confer no obligation upon the Board so to do, nor any right upon the Member to compel or insist upon such offset. Property Rights. Each Member is received into Membership upon the express agreement on the part of such Member and upon the condition that, in the event of termination, whether by expulsion or otherwise, the Member will not be entitled to be paid anything for the value of his, her or its property interest or other Membership rights, plus the additional capital amount paid for such stock, if any, as well as the stated value of any written notices of allocation issued to such Member. Duty of Member Following Termination. Immediately after the resignation of a Member from the Cooperative or the termination of a Member’s Membership in the Cooperative, the Member will, at Member’s sole cost and expense: cease using the Marks of the Cooperative, and promptly deliver at the Member’s sole cost to the Cooperative or its agents all Cooperative Information and all samples, sales aids, signage, literature, displays, catalogues, bulletins, price information, discount information, purchase orders, micro-film and other similar information or materials supplied to Member by the Cooperative. For purposes of the Bylaws, “Marks” will mean all trade names, trademarks, service marks, logos, insignia, collective service marks, and collective trademarks now owned or used by the Cooperative, and all modifications and enhancements thereto. For purposes of the Bylaws, “Cooperative Information” means the concepts, ideas, know-how and structure of Cooperative, including, but not limited to, marketing methods and concepts, advertising materials (regardless of the communication medium used to create such advertising materials), Cooperative financial information (including, without limitation, any and all financial statements, projections, reports and etc. with respect to any operation of the Cooperative, including revenues, expenses, Patronage Refunds, manufacturers rebates, minimum purchase requirements or any other matter), internal bulletins, correspondence, internal price information, product cross reference information, computer software and hardware developed by or in conjunction with the Cooperative, price discount information, purchasing methods and programs, supply sources, packaging methods and operations, confidential information, books, records, plans, designs, flow charts, drawings, copyrights, techniques, Marks, and any other materials relating to the idea, design, concept, management and operation of the Cooperative, and any and all modifications, improvements, additions and changes thereto. After termination of a Member’s Membership in the Cooperative, the Member agrees to use its best efforts to return all materials bearing Marks of the Company or as the Parties may agree on disposal. DISTRIBUTION OF THE COOPERATIVE’S ASSETS UPON DISSOLUTION AND LIQUIDATION In the event of dissolution, after paying or providing for the debts of the Cooperative, the holders of written notices of allocation shall be entitled to receive cash in the amount of the face amount of such allocations. Thereafter, holders of Membership Common Stock shall receive the par value thereof, plus the additional capital paid for such stock at the time of issuance. Thereafter, the remaining balance of the assets shall be distributed to the holders of Membership Common Stock upon the basis of the previous 10 years, or the total number of years if the Cooperative has operated less than 10 years, of Patronage business conducted by the Member. Your Membership must be active to receive distribution, if not, there is not value to your Membership. The Articles, Bylaws, Management Agreement and other corporate documents are available to be viewed, by Share Members ONLY at the corporate offices with reasonable notice during normal business hours. Each prospective Member must rely on its own evaluation of the Cooperative, including the merits and risks involved, in making a decision to join this organization as a Cooperative Share Member. EACH PROSPECTIVE MEMBER SHOULD CONSULT HIS OR HER OWN PROFESSIONAL ADVISORS AS TO LEGAL, TAX, FINANCIAL, AND OTHER MATTERS CONCERNING THE COOPERATIVE. THE COOPERATIVE DOES NOT RENDER LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, OR FINANCIAL ADVICE. This document may be updated and changed from time-to-time, you will always have access through our website to the latest version; therefore, you waive any right to have this document sent to you. Also, you agree that the latest version of this document will be the version the Cooperative Association and you shall rely upon without notice to either. Any questions should be directed to the Manager or the Board of Directors via the CONTACT US page on the website. We will make every effort to reply on a timely basis (say 24 to 72 hours), please allow up to 30 days for a response before a second inquiry. I agree to the Community Of Commerce Information Statement Get in touch with us in the following ways. +(44) 0234 123 7653 Copyright © 2019 COC CoOp All Rights Reserved. Become a SHARE Member	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line664
__label__wiki	0.92613	0.92613	Tre Campbell Felipe Haase Chris Silva Samir Doughty Austin Wiley Bryce Brown Jared Harper Sports College sports Men's basketball Men's sports Basketball College basketball Men's college basketball NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship SEC Auburn South Carolina No. 22 Auburn beats South Carolina 73-64 in SEC quarterfinal By STEVE MEGARGEE - Mar. 15, 2019 07:12 PM EDT South Carolina guard Tre Campbell (4) looks to pass around Auburn guard J'Von McCormick (12) in the first half of an NCAA college basketball game at the Southeastern Conference tournament Friday, March 15, 2019, in Nashville, Tenn. (AP Photo/Mark Humphrey) NASHVILLE, Tenn. (AP) — Auburn's Jared Harper didn't attempt a single free throw in the first half. South Carolina couldn't keep him off the foul line the rest of the game. Harper scored 19 of his 27 points after halftime as the 22nd-ranked Tigers pulled away down the stretch to beat South Carolina 73-64 in a Southeastern Conference Tournament quarterfinal Friday. "In the postseason, I think these tournament games come down to guard play," said Harper, a 5-foot-11 junior. "I kind of put pressure on myself on being able to perform for my team. My team is going to go as I go. I'm a leader for this team, so if I want to win, I have to make game-winning plays and just lead my team." The fifth-seeded TIgers (24-9) carry a six-game winning streak into a Saturday semifinal against No. 8 seed Florida (19-14). The Gators eliminated the top seed in this tournament Friday with a 76-73 quarterfinal upset of No. 9 LSU. Auburn went 13 of 34 from 3-point range Saturday and broke the SEC record for 3-point baskets in a single season by increasing its total to 368. That surpasses the record that had been held by Arkansas, which made 361 during its drive to an NCAA Tournament runner-up finish in 1995. "Auburn basketball probably doesn't have many records in the history of the SEC," Auburn coach Bruce Pearl said, "but we've got one now." Bryce Brown had 19 points and Samir Doughty added 10 for Auburn. Chris Silva led South Carolina with 27 points and 11 rebounds, while Felipe Haase and Tre Campbell each added 12 points. While Auburn tries to improve its NCAA Tournament seeding, South Carolina (16-16) waits to see whether it merits an NIT invitation, even though its coach believes his team's capable of much more. The Gamecocks went 5-8 in nonconference action this season but earned the fourth seed in this tournament by going 11-7 in SEC play. "Now, are we an NCAA Tournament team today? I say yes," South Carolina coach Frank Martin said. "But the bottom line is we didn't win enough to get into the NCAA Tournament. Me saying that doesn't mean we belong. I'm just saying we're good enough to be in that. We didn't do enough early in the year to put ourselves in that situation." South Carolina beat Auburn 80-77 in the regular season thanks to a career-high 32 points from Silva. The senior forward was nearly as good in the rematch and helped South Carolina lead for much of the first half before Auburn rallied to forge a 36-all tie at the intermission. Auburn pulled ahead early in the second half and stayed in front thanks to Harper, who continually drew fouls driving to the basket and even once while attempting a 3-pointer. Harper was 12 of 14 from the line in the second half. He scored as many points from the foul line in the second half as South Carolina's team did for the entire game. Harper had six assists and six rebounds to go along with his 27 points. "He kind of makes it look easy when it's late in the game, three minutes left, a lot of pressure on the line," Brown said. "When you have a guard that's just able to get past the man at will, like easily, that's not real easy. He makes it look easy." Auburn: The Tigers won their lone SEC Tournament title in 1985 and haven't reached the championship game since 2000, but they have reason to feel confident that could change this year. Auburn beat Florida 76-62 at home on Feb. 9 in their lone regular-season matchup. South Carolina: Depth has been a problem for South Carolina all season, and it showed up again Friday as Auburn outscored the Gamecocks 23-2 in bench points. South Carolina still managed to stay close most of the way, as neither team ever led by more than six points until the final four minutes of the game. KEY STAT South Carolina outscored Auburn by seven points when Silva was on the floor. During the five minutes when Silva was on the bench, Auburn outscored the Gamecocks by 16 points. WILEY'S RETURN Auburn's Austin Wiley made a brief return to action Friday after missing five games with a lower right leg injury. Wiley scored two points in only three minutes. Auburn plays Florida in an SEC semifinal Saturday. South Carolina waits to learn whether it gets an NIT invitation. Follow Steve Megargee at https://twitter.com/stevemegargee	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line667
__label__wiki	0.737334	0.737334	Site Review Policy Kickstarter Policy How to Review Comics How to Get Review Copies How to Make Comics Must-Read Comic Classics Manga Starting Points KC’s Westfield Columns Independent Opinions, News, and Reviews of Graphic Novels, Manga, and Comic Books Books About Comics December 10, 2018 Johanna Comic News One comment IDW Names New Leader With Company Ties This past summer, IDW started changing up its leadership team. The CEO and founder was replaced. The head of the entertainment arm left. Now comes news of more changes: President and Publisher Greg Goldstein is stepping down so that former Editor-in-Chief Chris Ryall can return to IDW Publishing as President, Publisher, and Chief Creative Officer. Ryall “will be charged with ongoing creative expansion efforts within the company, as well as continuing to work closely with partners and licensors.” The chairman of the parent company, IDW Media Holdings, Howard Jonas, has some high expectations: “We are thrilled to have him rejoin our senior team to accelerate IDW Publishing’s growth and success. His creative talents and relationships within the industry are unmatched so we are confident that he will thrive in this new, expanded role. We are extremely grateful for the dedication and hard work that Greg put into the company, and I am confident that he will enjoy great success with his future endeavors.” Ryall started with IDW in 2004 as Editor-in-Chief, adding the title Chief Creative Officer in 2010. He left IDW in spring 2018 for Skybound Entertainment. There was no information provided on what Goldstein will do next… other than possibly defend himself against allegations of sexual harassment. Ryall was at IDW for a long while and a successful run. Hopefully this will turn the financial ship around for the company. Pingback: More IDW Leadership Turnover, Company Lost Millions Last Year – Comics Worth Reading Books About Comics (114) Other Prose (79) Comic News (863) Comic Reviews (1,122) Abrams / Amulet (17) Action Lab (10) AdHouse Books (6) Andrews McMeel (9) Archie Comics (13) Atheneum Books (8) Bloomsbury USA (3) Boom! 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__label__wiki	0.50107	0.50107	NINDS CDE Notice of Copyright EuroQoL-5 Dimension Questionnaire-Youth (EQ-5DY) Must register the study in which EQ-5D is to be used by completing the EQ-5D registration form (visit EuroQol-5 Dimension Questionnaire website). The EuroQol Executive Office will then contact by e-mail with information regarding the terms and conditions which apply to use of the EQ-5D, including licensing fees (if applicable). Please allow three working days to receive this reply. Licensing fees are determined by the EuroQol Executive Office on the basis of the user information provided. The amount is dependent upon the type of study, size and/or number of users and requested languages. Without the prior written consent of the EuroQol Executive Office, you are not permitted to use, reproduce, alter, amend, convert, translate, publish or make available in whatever way (digital, hard-copy) the EQ-5D and related proprietary materials. Any and all copyrights in the EQ-5D, its (digital) representations, and its translations exclusively vest in the EuroQol Group. EQ-5D™ is a trade mark of the EuroQol Group. Exploratory: Cerebral Palsy (CP) Supplemental: Chiari I Malformation (CM), Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)-Pediatric (ages 8–16) Short Description of Instrument Construct measured: Quality of Life / Self-reported Patient Satisfaction Generic vs. disease specific: Generic Means of administration: Self-Administered Intended respondent: Patient # of items: 5 # of subscales and names of sub-scales: N/A # of items per sub-scale: N/A The EQ-5DY consists of two parts: the EQ-5DY section and the EQ VAS section. These sections provide a composite picture of the respondent's health status. The EQ-5DY consists of 5 questions (representing 5 dimensions of mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and feeling worried, sad or unhappy) each with a single digit response option. The EQ VAS generates a self-rating of health-related quality of life where the endpoints are labeled “The best health you can imagine” and “The worst health you can imagine.” Comments/Special Instructions Scoring: Each of the 5 EQ-5DY descriptive dimensions has 3 levels: no problems, some problems, severe problems. The respondent indicates his/her health state by ticking in the box against the most appropriate statement in each of the 5 dimensions. This decision results in a 1-digit number expressing the level selected for that dimension. The digits for 5 dimensions can be combined in a 5-digit number describing the respondent’s health state. It should be noted that the numerals 1–3 have no arithmetic properties and should not be used as a cardinal score. Missing values should be coded as ‘9’. Ambiguous values (e.g., the line crosses the VAS twice) should be treated as missing values. Background: EQ-5D is a standardized measure of health status developed by the EuroQol Group in order to provide a simple, generic measure of health for clinical and economic appraisal. Applicable to a wide range of health conditions and treatments, it provides a simple descriptive profile and a single index value for health status that can be used in the clinical and economic evaluation of health care as well as in population health surveys. The EQ-5DY is the child-friendly version of the EQ-5D, with language modifications, such as changing the word “depression” to “sad” (Burström et al., 2011). The main differences between the EQ-5D and the EQ-5D-Y are revisions to domain definitions, introduction of age-appropriate wording and adaptations to layout. The purpose of the adaptation was to clarify the meaning of dimensions for younger respondents and to establish that items referred exclusively to health-related impairment and not to age-related difficulties. For example, “self-care” was modified to “looking after myself” and the usual activities domain listed going to school, hobbies, sports, playing, and doing things with family or friends as the examples of activities (Burström et al., 2014; Wille et al., 2010). EQ-5D, the adult version, can be used for youth over 16 For children aged 4–7 a proxy version can be used. Two proxy versions: a) Proxy 1: The proxy rates how he /she rates the health of the child b) Proxy 2: The proxy rates how he/she thinks the child would rate his/her own state if he/she were asked directly and could communicate it. It is recommended to use Proxy 1 (if applicable) and can be applied to children from 4–7 years and to children over 8 years who are not able to complete the EQ-5DY themelves. Rationale/Justification Administration: EQ-5DY is designed for self-completion by respondents and is ideally suited for use in postal surveys, in clinics, and in face-to-face interviews. It is cognitively undemanding, taking only a few minutes to complete. Instructions to respondents are included in the questionnaire. Feasibility/validity: Feasibility and discriminative validity of the EQ-5D-Y was supported in a Swedish patient sample with children and adolescents with functional disability, but additional studies with more participants are necessary (Burström et al., 2014). It has been translated into several languages. Burström K, Bartonek A, Brostrom EW, Sun S, Egmar AC. EQ-5D-Y as a health-related quality of life measure in children and adolescents with functional disability in Sweden: testing feasibility and validity. Acta Paediatr. 2014;103(4):426–435. Burström K, Egmar AC, Lugner A, Eriksson M, Svartengren M. A Swedish child-friendly pilot version of the EQ-5D instrument--the development process. Eur J Public Health. 2011;21(2):171–177. Noyes J & Edwards RT.EQ-5D for the assessment of health-related quality of life and resource allocation in children: a systematic methodological review. Value Health. 2011;14(8):1117–1129. Wille N, Badia X, Bonsel G, Burström K, Cavrini G, Devlin N, Egmar AC, Greiner W, Gusi N, Herdman M, Jelsma J, Kind P, Scalone L, Ravens-Sieberer U. Development of the EQ-5D-Y: a child-friendly version of the EQ-5D. Qual Life Res. 2010;19(6):875–886.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line669
__label__wiki	0.90968	0.90968	Profile: Teddy Brown, Executive Creative Officer, FCB/RED By April Miller - 03/12/2018 Photos by Brian Morrison In Teddy Brown’s two-decade career, he’s worked with many brands, including Disney, Coca-Cola Co., Kellogg Co. and Procter & Gamble. He also spent 10 years working on – and eventually running – the Taco Bell brand, leading its repositioning from “Think Outside the Bun” to “Live Mas.” “It was both a huge challenge and incredibly rewarding,” Brown says of Taco Bell, noting that everything created had to elicit an action in order for brand survival. “But we were most successful when our ideas made a dent in culture. That experience taught me a lot in terms of creating work that matters and motivates.” All of those experiences come into play today as Brown oversees all creative for FCB/RED, managing a team of about 80 across a host of brands in several categories. He’s particularly inspired by the junior-level talent. “Creative newcomers,” Brown says, “are far more sophisticated than I was in the beginning.” Pride and energy also come from the growth the agency has experienced in the past few years with new clients, talent and categories. “It’s allowed us to build a practice that’s more diverse in terms of everyone’s expertise and backgrounds,” he says. Part of that growth was last year’s acquisition of retail environmental design firm Chute Gerdeman, known for creating physical, branded experiences. While Brown is unable to give specifics, he is excited that in the near future FCB/RED and Chute will launch its biggest integrated effort to date. The partnership shows the agency’s confidence in the importance of physical retail locations. “We believe the strategic and creative marriage of the space and the communications is the future,” Brown says. FCB/RED also experiments heavily with AI and voice. “Voice,” he says, “is the next frontier in terms of communication.” When it comes to shopping himself, Brown says he’s all over the map. He buys things from Alexa and his phone but still shops in-store. “I’m motivated by a good ad, and a good retail experience,” he says. The belief that a consumer can become a shopper at any moment drives the agency. Brown says empathy for shoppers informs the solutions and experiences FCB/RED designs. Regardless of the term you use – shopper marketing, customer experience, service design – at the end of the day, it’s all about ideas that are powerful enough to change behavior, Brown says. Creating seamless experiences between online and offline is where Brown finds CPG clients need the most help. It’s an area he expects to only become more complicated as consumers, shoppers and the path to purchase show no signs of simplifying. “That’s an issue for almost any category,” he says. “When you add a retailer to the mix, you have to be laser focused on ideas and paths with no dead ends.” Cross-agency integration can be a challenge for FCB/RED. Brown says it’s a trend that may be slowing but adds that many clients have spent the last few years using multiple agencies. “That can make work harder for clients, but it can also be challenging for agencies when they’re trying to connect the dots for consumers and shoppers,” he says. When it comes to successful collaborations between an agency and a client, being invested in the same goals matters. “I think the best agency partners are the ones that lie awake at night sweating the same things our clients’ sweat,” Brown says. Looking a decade out, he expects shopper marketing to be nothing like it is today. Those agencies that can own an entire shopper’s journey from end to end will find the most success. And it’s the way FCB/RED already operates. “Our model was built for integration,” Brown says. “Specialists will always be key, but the ability to integrate seamlessly is the magic for clients and brands.” Marketer Profiles Profile: Tina Manikas, President, FCB/RED Path to Purchase Summit Asda Chief Customer Officer to Discuss the State/Future of Retail at P2PSummit Retail is Dead – Long Live Retail! P2PI News Asda’s Andy Murray to Speak on the Future of Retail at P2PSummit Creating ‘Availability’ for Shoppers at Retail	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line672
__label__cc	0.559979	0.440021	Copper Leaf Sign up for the Copper Leaf newsletter. It's the best way to find out about new music, videos, and shows. Your email address will never be shared with anyone. Thank you for being a fan! Copper Leaf is raw, cathartic confessions delivered with a dark wit and lush vocal harmonies. Bridging the gap between Americana and indie rock, this is a project about contrasts: loud vs soft, warm vs cool, sparse vs full. From gentle acoustic guitars to noisy breakdowns, bare vocals to four-part harmony, Copper Leaf wants to make you feel feelings and have fun doing it. Initially a solo project, the now-five-piece band has been playing around Denver since 2017: UMS, Larimer Lounge, Lost Lake, and more, playing with the likes of The Last Bison, Corsicana, and Kinesics. They are releasing their second full-length album in July 2019.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line673
__label__wiki	0.87632	0.87632	> Exclusive Amelia Earhart documentary with rare access to her family and insights into her personal life Exclusive Amelia Earhart documentary with rare access to her family and insights into her personal life A Tale of Two Sisters is a brand new series focusing on the lives of famous sisters, launching tonight (Thursday 18th May) on UKTV's Yesterday channel, with the story of the famous aviator Amelia Earhart and her younger sister Muriel. This documentary has exclusive access to Muriel's daughter and Amelia's niece, Amy Kleppner, who has taken on her mother's mantle of keeping Amelia's memory alive. Amy gives rare insight into Amelia and Muriel's relationship. Amy gives a glimpse into the sister's' childhood and how they didn't do a lot of the usual little girl activities. They were both tomboys and liked sports, they played baseball, and at one point asked for a football for Christmas. She reveals they were very active and went against the norm of the time of what girls should be doing. The film also follows the struggles of their adolescent years, and how they coped with uncertainty. Moving from Kanas to California ignited Amelia's love for flying, which her sister Muriel would be crucial to after lending Amelia money to buy her first plane. Amy describes how difficult it was for Amelia as a woman to get into aviation, the training allowed men to get the job as commercial pilots, and women were not able to do that. Despite this, Amelia managed to become one of the most famous pilots, by being the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic. Amelia - A Tale of Two Sisters documents the build-up to Amelia's flight and the theories about her disappearance. Amy describes the main theories about what people think happened to Amelia. The first is "that they just missed their objective and had to be somewhat off course, they ran out of fuel and crashed and sank." Then the second is "that she had been forced down somewhere and captured by the Japanese" although Amy does state that "there was never any really solid evidence for this". A further third theory is "that they flew on to Nikumaroro, which was at the time called Gardner Island, that they might have survived a few days". Amelia died a month in to her journey in 1937 on a transatlantic flight. They lost contact with the ship that was to meet her to refuel and no trace of her was found. Muriel handled the death by writing about her sister - Amy Kleppner describes the sisters' relationship, that even after Amelia's death, Muriel "continued to feel love and admiration for A.E. as long as she lived". Muriel died in 1998. Of the two sisters' lives, Amy says one relatively ordinary and one was quite spectacular. Preview for the episode is available here Pictures are available here For any more information please contact Annabel Rudden on annabel@plankpr.com or 020 8995 3936 About Yesterday Sky 537, Virgin 206, Freeview 19, BT and TalkTalk 019 and on demand via UKTV Play Showcasing UK premieres series such asImpossible Engineering, Forbidden History, andPrivate Lives of the Tudors, Yesterday provides fascinating factual stories. The channel also features dynamic nature and science programming including David Attenborough's Natural Curiositiesand Wonders of the Universe, as well as classic shows from the past such as Blackadder and Porridge. Ancient history is also featured in series including Medieval Dead, plus seminal war documentaries such as World at War. yesterday.uktv.co.uk \| @yesterdaytweets corporate.uktv.co.uk / press.uktv.co.uk / @uktv_press	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line675
__label__wiki	0.566408	0.566408	Dean's Office Directory Co-op Coordinators Contact the College of Science Jonathan Tilly Email: j.tilly@northeastern.edu Location: 134 MU (Mugar Life Science), Boston, MA 02111 Aging, Germ cell biology, infertility, mitochondrial biology, regenerative medicine, stem cell biology Genetic Fate Mapping Studies of Stem Cells: Scientific Reports 2017; 7: 10011. Clinical Application of Our Research: Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 2015; 33: 410–421. Stem Cell Technology Protocol Development: Nature Protocols 2013; 8: 966–988. Isolation of Human Oocyte Stem Cells: Nature Medicine 2012; 18: 413–421. Prevention of Genetic Defects in Eggs Due to Aging: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 2011; 108: 12319–12324. Studies of Programmed Cell Death: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 2001; 2: 838–848. For over two decades, my laboratory has sought to promote a deeper understanding of the genetic and epigenetic drivers of cell lineage specification, differentiation and death, and to then utilize the information gained from these studies for development of innovative new technologies to improve human health within and across generations. Currently,… For over two decades, my laboratory has sought to promote a deeper understanding of the genetic and epigenetic drivers of cell lineage specification, differentiation and death, and to then utilize the information gained from these studies for development of innovative new technologies to improve human health within and across generations. Currently, we have major research efforts directed at defining the role of biomechanics in germline stem cell differentiation, uncovering the developmental switches that govern oocyte formation in fetal versus postnatal life, mapping the mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dynamics during preimplantation embryogenesis and transgenerational mitochondrial inheritance, testing the feasibility of stem cell-based tissue engineering to construct ‘artificial’ organs for regenerative medicine in aging and disease, and mapping the molecular evolution of cell fate trajectory. My research has been continuously funded by the National Institutes of Health since 1994, with much of our work published extensively in top-tier journals including Nature, Cell, Nature Genetics, Nature Medicine, and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. I am the inventor on 10 issued patents, and have more than 20 other patent applications currently under examination. In 2011, I co-founded OvaScience, Inc., a Massachusetts-based biotech company that focuses on the discovery, development, and commercialization of new treatments for infertility. In 2013, I was named one of the top 12 innovators in science and biotechnology in Massachusetts by the Boston Globe, as well as Champion in Healthcare by the Boston Business Journal. Notably, our research efforts produced a new technology that led to the first baby born with an assist from stem cells—an achievement featured in the May 2015 issue of Time magazine. Chair & Univ Dist Professor Tilly in the news Jon Tilly. Photo by Adam Glanzman/Northeastern University Biochemistry, Biology NIH grant helps scientist revolutionize fertility research for over 20 years Dr. Jonathan Tilly has been working in research in women’s health and fertility for over 20 years. He has received the support of a grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) that has been renewed yet again, with the current period extending the grant to a quarter of a century of unbroken funding. Read on to learn about his past two decades of groundbreaking discoveries. University distinguished professor and chair of the Department of Biology Jonathan Tilly. Photo by Adam Glanzman/Northeastern University Biology, College of Science Reproductive biology: Fertility research brings death of dogma, birth of hope After eight years of work, a new paper by professor Jonathan Tilly, a reproductive and stem cell biologist, “puts the final nail in the dogma coffin,” toppling a long-held belief about female fertility and ovarian aging. His findings confirm that female mammals make new eggs during adult life, that ovarian stem cells are critical to the process, and that the newly formed eggs contribute directly to maintenance of ovarian function… Biology chair creates treatment, world’s first baby born with assist from stem cells Jonathan Tilly's infertility research has led to the birth of a baby born with an assist from stem cells. Tilly is the chair of the Department of Biology. Jonathan Tilly’s research has helped lead to the birth of a baby born with an assist from stem cells. A new era for human fertility research In 2012, Jonathan Tilly's team published research in which it identified that certain cells in adult human ovaries produce viable new eggs. Jonathan Tilly named Chair of Department of Biology Jonathan Tilly comes to Northeastern University from Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line676
__label__wiki	0.97055	0.97055	Vietnamese editor faces anti-state charges for reporting on corruption Bangkok, May 13, 2015--Authorities in Vietnam today levied anti-state charges against a former news editor who published reports on official corruption, according to news reports. The accusations mark a trend of legal harassment against journalists who probe sensitive corruption issues in Vietnam, the Committee to Protect Journalists said. "We call on Vietnam to drop these spurious charges and allow for the media to play a checking and balancing role without fear of reprisal," said Shawn Crispin, CPJ's senior Southeast Asia representative. "Authorities would be wiser to address the well-documented corruption in their ranks than to persecute journalists who do a genuine public service by exposing official abuse of power." Kim Quoc Hoa, former editor-in-chief of the local-language, state-controlled print and online magazine The Elderly, was charged with "revealing confidential information related to national security" and "abusing freedoms and democratic rights in publishing articles that disseminated false information," a criminal offense under Article 258 of Vietnam's penal code, according to news reports. Convictions under Article 258 allow for up to seven years in prison. Police on Tuesday raided Hoa's house in Hanoi, the capital, reports said. He is not in custody, and reports did not say when his trial would begin. The Elderly had in recent months published several reports on official corruption, including one story about wealth amassed through alleged bribery by a former high-level government official, Radio Free Asia reported. Hoa told RFA in December 2014 that his publication had reported over 2,500 cases of official corruption since he took over the paper's editorship in 2007, the report said. In March, the Ministry of Information and Communications ordered Hoa to be removed from his position after an investigation revealed he had published 11 articles between 2013 and 2014 that alleged he "distorted facts and slandered individuals and organizations," according to news reports. Authorities also shuttered The Elderly's website, accusing it of violating licensing and advertising regulations, the reports said. The accusations against Hoa are consistent with previous media crackdowns driven by factional rivalries in the lead-up to sensitive Communist Party Congress meetings held every five years, news reports said. The next congress is scheduled to be held in January 2016. Vietnam's Communist Party-dominated government has increasingly used Article 258 to stifle criticism of its authoritarian rule, according to CPJ research. At least three bloggers have been convicted under the law's punitive provisions, CPJ research shows. Vietnam was holding at least 16 reporters behind bars, according to CPJ's most recent prison census in December. For more data and analysis, visit CPJ's Attacks on the Press. Kim Quoc Hoa Short URL: https://cpj.org/x/60a5 Vietnamese blogger Truong Duy Nhat, who disappeared in Thailand, imprisoned in Vietnam March 21, 2019 11:54 AM ET Bangkok, March 21, 2019 -- Vietnamese authorities must immediately and unconditionally release detained blogger Truong Duy Nhat and allow him to travel freely outside of the country, the Committee to Protect Journalists said today.... Vietnam sentences citizen journalist on second anti-state charge October 15, 2018 10:58 AM ET Bangkok, October 15, 2018--The Committee to Protect Journalists today condemned the second prison sentence handed to Vietnamese journalist Do Cong Duong and strongly reiterated its call for his immediate and unconditional release.... Vietnam jails journalist for four years over coverage of evictions Bangkok, September 19, 2018--The Committee to Protect Journalists today strongly condemned the sentencing of Vietnamese journalist Do Cong Duong and called for his immediate and unconditional release. A court in the northern province of Bac Ninh sentenced Duong on September 17 to four years in prison for disturbing public... Vietnamese videographer beaten and harassed in prison August 20, 2018 11:56 AM ET Bangkok, August 20, 2018--The Committee to Protect Journalists today condemned the recent abuse of imprisoned Vietnamese videographer Nguyen Van Hoa, and called on Vietnamese authorities to stop beating and harassing jailed journalists.... Vietnam suspends local news website on accusation of false news Bangkok, July 17, 2018 - Vietnamese authorities yesterday suspended and fined local news website Tuoi Tre Online on accusations that it published false information, according to news reports. The Committee to Protect Journalists called on authorities to immediately and unconditionally lift the ban....	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line677
__label__cc	0.657478	0.342522	AARP, The Hartford Aim to Assist Low Income Seniors Become Entrepreneurs July 27, 2015 / CTByTheNumbers.info The Hartford has committed $1.4 million to the AARP Foundation to extend the Foundation’s Back to Work 50+ initiative to help low-income older adults assess opportunities to become entrepreneurs and create microenterprises. The three-year sponsorship, which broadens The Hartford's long-standing relationship with AARP, is part of The Hartford’s national philanthropic program. Communities with HART aims to "nurture the well-being of America’s communities by inspiring new generations of business leaders, enabling underserved neighborhood business owners to achieve growth and engaging the community in neighborhood business support," highlights the program description. “We are thrilled to sponsor the Back to Work 50+ program to educate and inspire older Americans who are interested in developing their own small businesses,” said Diane Cantello, vice president of Corporate Responsibility at The Hartford. “By encouraging entrepreneurship among older Americans, this program will help foster small business growth and contribute to the vibrancy of our communities.” “Older adults are redefining traditional approaches to work and careers,” said Lisa Marsh Ryerson, president of AARP Foundation. “While many want to continue to work or advance in their current jobs, a growing number want to generate income by using their talents and skills to start their own business or microenterprise. Through this effort, AARP Foundation stands ready to help by equipping them with the information and skills they need to achieve their goals.” The recent announcement of this new sponsorship follows the one-year anniversary of The Hartford’s Communities with HART Program, a five-year initiative aimed at benefitting small businesses and supporting students through partnerships with the Accion U.S. Network (Accion) and Junior Achievement USA (JA). In its first year, The Hartford announced a $1.25 million partnership with Accion to help small business owners who experience difficulty in accessing the traditional loans they need to sustain and grow their businesses. Accion manages the loan process, which focuses on community-oriented businesses in low-and-moderate income areas that hire and source locally, deliver social value and make a positive difference in their neighborhoods. With an initial focus in four key markets - Chicago, Hartford, San Antonio and San Diego – Communities with HART also provides training and web resources to help small business owners succeed. The Hartford is also helping to inspire the next generation of small business owners as the title sponsor of the JA Company Program®, which includes a new online blended learning model and offers students the opportunity to launch their own small business while learning the basics of entrepreneurship, financial literacy and work readiness. With the help of a $1.5 million investment, JA has already seen more than a 25 percent increase in the number of JA Company Programs being conducted since the new program was rolled out across the country at the end of last year, according to company officials. July 27, 2015 / CTByTheNumbers.info/ Business, Community, Demographics, Education AARP, The Hartford Impacting Public Policy, Local ... 238 Organ Transplants in 2014 in ...	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line683
__label__wiki	0.747096	0.747096	Currently based in Washington, D.C. also traveling frequently to Los Angeles and San Francisco. davidbutow@gmail.com +1-323-646-3947 Instagram @davidbutow Twitter @davidbutow David Butow is currently concentrating on the political climate in Washington, D.C. Previously, he has worked in over two dozen countries including Afghanistan, Burma, Iraq, Peru and Yemen. His news and feature coverage of subjects such as the 2011 Japanese tsunami, the 2008 China earthquake and social issues in the United States have won awards from World Press Photo, Communications Arts, American Photography Annual, Photo District News and others. Butow’s photographs have been exhibited in various venues such at the Asia Society, the United Nations in New York and at Visa Pour L'Image in Perpignan, France. He is a member of Redux Pictures and has been a guest lecturer at many institutions including the Annenberg Space for Photography, Stanford University, and the Otis College of Art and Design. His commercial and editorial clients have included Apple, National Geographic Books and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Butow was born in New York City and grew up in Dallas, Texas where he began shooting professionally while in high school. After graduating from the University of Texas at Austin with a degree in Government, he was a newspaper photographer in Los Angeles before beginning work for magazines in the 1990's.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line691
__label__wiki	0.966496	0.966496	Digital Dress Collection (8) The Henry Ford Historic Costume Collection (8) Firestone, Elizabeth Parke (8) Pumps (Shoes) (8) Buttons (Fasteners) (3) Buckles (Strap Accessories) (2) Creator: Cohen, Edward Shoes, 1925-1935 Mrs. Firestone likely had these custom made to match a specific outfit, now gone. These likely date to the early 1930s.Born in Decatur, Illinois in 1897 Elizabeth Parke married Harvey S. Firestone Jr., son of Firestone Tire and Rubber Company founder Harvey S. Firestone, in 1921.Once described by a friend as, "the most luxurious woman in the history of luxury," Elizabeth Parke Firestone's clothing collection illustrates her impeccable taste in fashion. This style was favored by Mrs. Firestone in the late 1920s and in to the 1930s. Edward Cohen was her preferredshoemaker during this time.Born in Decatur, Illinois in 1897 Elizabeth Parke married Harvey S. Firestone Jr., son of Firestone Tire and Rubber Company founder Harvey S. Firestone, in 1921.Once described by a friend as, "the most luxurious woman in the history of luxury," Elizabeth Parke Firestone's clothing collection illustrates her impeccable taste in fashion. Edward Cohen was Mrs. Firestone's shoemaker in the 1920s. As with most of her shoes, these were likely made to match a specific outfit. Born in Decatur, Illinois in 1897 Elizabeth Parke married Harvey S. Firestone Jr., son of Firestone Tire and Rubber Company founder Harvey S. Firestone, in 1921.Once described by a friend as, "the most luxurious woman in the history of luxury," Elizabeth Parke Firestone's clothing collection illustrates her impeccable taste in fashion. Shoes, about 1930 Mrs. Firestone likely had these custom made to match a specific outfit, now gone. Edward Cohen was her preferred shoemaker in the 1920s and early 1930s.Born in Decatur, Illinois in 1897 Elizabeth Parke married Harvey S. Firestone Jr., son of Firestone Tire and Rubber Company founder Harvey S. Firestone, in 1921.Once described by a friend as, "the most luxurious woman in the history of luxury," Elizabeth Parke Firestone's clothing collection illustrates her impeccable taste in fashion. It is likely that Mrs. Firestone used these shoes for travel, walking or casual wear in the 1920s. Born in Decatur, Illinois in 1897 Elizabeth Parke married Harvey S. Firestone Jr., son of Firestone Tire and Rubber Company founder Harvey S. Firestone, in 1921.Once described by a friend as, "the most luxurious woman in the history of luxury," Elizabeth Parke Firestone's clothing collection illustrates her impeccable taste in fashion. These are comfortable late 1920s-early 1930's pumps used for special occasions. They were surely made to match a specific outfit. Edward Cohen was one of Mrs. Firestone's preferred shoemakers in the late 1920s. Born in Decatur, Illinois in 1897 Elizabeth Parke married Harvey S. Firestone Jr., son of Firestone Tire and Rubber Company founder Harvey S. Firestone, in 1921.Once described by a friend as, "the most luxurious woman in the history of luxury," Elizabeth Parke Firestone's clothing collect… These shoes were custom made to match a turquoise chiffon and satin evening gown (object number 89.492.559), made by Peggy Hoyt for Mrs. Firestone in May 1928. Edward Cohen was a preferred shoemaker for Elizabeth Parke Firestone in the 1920s. Born in Decatur, Illinois in 1897 Elizabeth Parke married Harvey S. Firestone Jr., son of Firestone Tire and Rubber Company founder Harvey S. Firestone, in 1921.Once described by a friend as, "the most luxurious woman in the history of luxury," Elizabeth Pa… Comfortable dress pumps worn by Elizabeth Parke Firestone in the 1920s. They were surely custom made to match a specific dress, now gone. Born in Decatur, Illinois in 1897 Elizabeth Parke married Harvey S. Firestone Jr., son of Firestone Tire and Rubber Company founder Harvey S. Firestone, in 1921.Once described by a friend as, "the most luxurious woman in the history of luxury," Elizabeth Parke Firestone's clothing collection illustrates her impeccable taste in fashion.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line693
__label__cc	0.606722	0.393278	80 Covenant Way, Canal Winchester, Ohio 43110, United States 614.834.4700 (Office and Fax) COMMUNITY/SENIOR OUTREACH DECADES OF CARING SERVICE TO OUR COMMUNITY Aletha Mullins-Director Aletha joined Canal Winchester Human Services in August, 2012 and currently holds the position of Director. Her responsibilities include oversight of the daily operations and staff. Aletha is a graduate of Canal Winchester and brings a financial background from her work in the world of banking. Aside from her dedication to the Organization, she is a successful volleyball coach for Eastside Volleyball Club. Aletha and her husband, Matt, live just outside Lithopolis in rural Fairfield County. Misty Swearingen- Pantry Coordinator Misty has lived in Canal Winchester for nineteen years and is married to Adam Swearingen, an IT specialist and graduate of Canal Winchester High School. She was a stay-at-home mom for the majority of those years, volunteering in the school district wherever and whenever she could as she raised her four children. She is a member of St. John’s XXXIII Catholic Church and she is an avid reader. She feels blessed to step into her new role here at the Organization since May of 2019, and her heart and ability to multi-task and organize the various needs of the Food Pantry makes her an asset to the continued success of Canal Winchester Human services. Jennifer McDonnell- Program Coordinator Jennifer has lived in Canal Winchester for two decades and is married to a Reynoldsburg Police Officer. She served in the USAF for four years before graduating from Ohio State in 2000. She stayed home for many years before getting back into the workforce as a teacher five years ago. As of May 2019, Jennifer decided to reconnect to her community and take a position at Canal Winchester Human Services. She is excited to provide support writing grants and other media that sustain and promote the services of the Organization as a whole. Marion J. Breidenbach - Driver Marion graduated from OSU and served in the US Army in Frankfurt, Germany. He and his wife, Gayle, live near Lithopolis and have three children and two grandchildren. Marion retired from Riverside Methodist Hospital after 36 years. He volunteers for Honor Flight Columbus, the Canal Winchester Food Pantry, and, along with his wife, he has been a puppy raiser for Pilot Dogs, Inc., for ten years. Marion joined the Organization as a Senior Transport Driver in 2010. Don Bellomy - Driver Don has been a resident in Canal Winchester since 1991. He has been married to his wife, Penny, for thirty years. His son, Jordan, is a graduate of Canal Winchester High School. Don retired from Coca Cola after 43 years, and he enjoys golfing and motorcycling in his leisure time. Larry Felts- Driver Larry and his wife of 34 years, Malissa, have had roots in Canal Winchester for three decades. They are members of St. John XXIII Catholic Church, and Malissa is a librarian at the historic Wagnall’s Memorial. Larry retired from a Civil Engineering profession after 37 years, and their son Eric is employed by Kroger. Larry currently serves as a faithful member of the Knights of Columbus and also invests his time driving for Meals on Wheels. Copyright © 2019 Canal Winchester Human Services - All Rights Reserved. Designed by LaurenCampbellMedia.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line696
__label__wiki	0.926934	0.926934	Published: 01:11 AM, 17 July 2018 A Confluence of Global Leaders, Players and Spectators World Cup Football Final 2018 russia Sports Desk Ananda Rahman Russian President Vladimir Putin and FIFA President Gianni Infantino taking a look at the FIFA trophy which has been this time won by France. The final match of the World Cup Football 2018 was held in Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, the capital of Russian Federation on 15 July. Russia hosted this World Cup in a highly impressive way. World Cup football is considered the greatest show on earth. It is the most popular sports event in the whole world. A great number of spectators from Croatia and France and some more countries crowded the galleries of Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow to watch the most exciting match of the tournament. The final match of World Cup football throughout history has been able to grab people's attention. In the present world of satellite channels, online connectivity and worldwide social networks, the biggest football festival was watched by all people with breathtaking suspense. French President Emmanuel Macron expressing exhilarant joy as France wins the World Cup title. Since Croatia and France played in the final match, most of the viewers in the galleries were from these two countries. There were spectators from some other countries too. A lot of Russian football lovers were also seen in the stadium to see the performance of the two toughest teams vying with each other to lift the trophy. Croatia played very well in all the matches and reached the final with flying colors. However, France won the World Cup 2018 title beating Croatia by 4-2 goals in a highly entertaining match. Besides the competitive match between these two countries, another dimension made the World Cup final this time much more interesting. French President Emmanuel Macron presenting FIFA Young Player Award to French striker Kylian Mbappe. That is the presence of Presidents of both France and Croatia through the final match including the closing ceremony. French President Emmanuel Macron and Croatian President Kolinda Grabar Kitarovic saw the whole match from the special gallery in the stadium while the television cameras spotlighted on them a number of times.The presence of the heads of states of both these nations obviously uplifted the spirit of the players and viewers. Gianni Infantino, President of Federation of International Football Associations (FIFA) was present during the final match too. Croatian President Kolinda Grabar Kitarovic looks joyous as her team scores against France. He was seen speaking to Emmanuel Macron and Kolinda Grabar Kitarovic while the match was going on. When the final whistle of the match blew confirming the victory of France, the country's President expressed his joy in an enthusiastic style. July is a deeply significant month for the French people. The French Revolution, the most vital upheaval in the history of France took place on 14 July 1789 while France clinched the World Cup football trophy on 15 July 2018. It is indeed a phenomenal milepost for the French citizens which is why Emmanuel Macron, the French President was found so much excited as his team won. Emmanuel Macron and Kolinda Grabar Kitarovic share feelings after the final match. On the other hand, Kolinda Grabar Kitarovic, the Croatian President was at the hub of attention from millions of people during the entire World Cup 2018. Her appearance in the gallery during the matches of Croatia increased the joy of Croatian players and her motivation to her country's football team has been widely applauded by everyone on social networks, online news portals and on television channels. Kolinda Grabar Kitarovic and Emmanuel Macron congratulated one another after the final match. They shook hands and hugged. Photos showing the Presidents of these two countries embracing and greeting each other have meanwhile gone viral on facebook and throughout internet. Croatian President Kolinda Grabar Kitarovic affectionately speaking to the Croatian captain Luka Modric. Both Presidents felicitated their players too. While the French team lifted the trophy in the closing ceremony, it was a time of unfathomable pleasure and pride for Emmanuel Macron. FIFA President Giovanni Infantino and Russian President Vladimir Putin also gave warm compliments to Emmanuel Macron on the victory of France for the second time in World Cup football. It was very admirable to see that the Croatian President cordially and affectionately congratulated the Croatian footballers for taking the team to the World Cup final by defeating formidable contestants. She would be certainly happier if Croatia won the final match but her glamorous, smiling face despite Croatia's defeat in the final match has touched everyone's heart. Leaders from the whole world have extended compliments to Emmanuel Macron and Kolinda Grabar Kitarovic for the achievements of their football squads. Global stakeholders have profoundly appreciated Russian President Vladimir Putin too for the arrangements of all these matches of this World Cup so smoothly. World Cup football has always been an incomparable source of recreation for billions of people from all corners of the globe. As World Cup 2018 came to an end on 15 July, we will have to wait for another four years till the World Cup 2022 kicks off in Qatar. World Cup football is no longer only a sports contest. It is not just a competition between footballers. It has become a unique place where celebrated world leaders converge on one platform. Thus the arena of global politics got wider through World Cup 2018 and merged with the general football lovers from different countries. It's an evidence of the fact that football can reach beyond the lines of the soccer field to become a part of geopolitics too in an amicable way. This is the universal appeal of football. Ananda Rahman is a sports columnist for The Asian Age. More From Special Supplement	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line698
__label__wiki	0.949702	0.949702	Obama’s Top Intelligence Officers Actually Laid Out Reasons For Refugee Suspension A Year Ago Saagar Enjeti White House Correspondent Former President Barack Obama’s top intelligence officials both agreed that Syrian refugees could pose a national security threat to the U.S. in congressional testimony more than year ago. Former Director of National Intelligence James Clapper said he would not “put it past the likes of ISIL to infiltrate operatives among these refugees,” at a press conference in September, 2015. He further added that it’s a “huge concern of ours,” carefully noting that the vetting procedures were “pretty aggressive.” FBI Director James Comey similarly said that “a number of people who were of serious concern” slipped into the U.S. through refugee programs. Comey reiterated that while the current program is robust, that it is difficult to vet incoming refugees if there is highly limited information about them. “I can’t sit here and offer anybody an absolute assurance that there’s no risk associated with this,” Comey told Congress. Clapper and Comey’s concerns underscore the reasoning behind President Donald Trump’s executive order Friday ordering a 90-day travel suspension from countries rife with terrorism, geographical areas with relatively limited security infrastructure. The order also indefinitely suspended the Syrian refugee program to the U.S., and put a 120-day suspension on refugees from other countries so that new vetting procedures can be put into place. Even Jordanian Prince Faisal bin Hussein told GOP North Carolina Rep. Mark Walker that the Jordanian government could not vet Syrian refugees in a visit by Walker to the country. The U.S. Department of State reportedly tried to tell Walker that the vetting process was thorough, just hours before Hussein told him, “We can’t vet these people.” Trump’s suspension also came just days after news broke that the FBI is re-vetting Syrian refugees previously allowed into the U.S. with possible red flags. The lapse in vetting reportedly stems from a 2015 glitch that prevented U.S. authorities from gleaning possible “derogatory” information about refugees at the time. The glitch prevented relevant personnel from searching CIA databases, which included potentially compromising information on refugees. New investigations encompass several dozen Syrian refugees, and began before President Donald Trump took office. Federal agents speaking to The Los Angeles Times elaborated that one of the admitted refugees may have been in contact with an Islamic State operative, and another failed a polygraph test. Former President Barack Obama’s administration repeatedly emphasized the rigorous nature of the refugee vetting process. Former White House Press Secretary Josh Earnest said in August that the administration was able to increase Syrian refugees in 2015 “without cutting any corners when it comes to security.” Earnest continued, claiming that “significant screening was put in place to ensure that these individuals don’t pose an undue threat to our national security.” Follow Saagar Enjeti on Twitter Send tips to saagar@dailycallernewsfoundation.org Tags : islamic state james clapper james comey refugees Saagar Enjeti	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line699
__label__cc	0.525943	0.474057	Republicans blocked President Obama from telling the public about Russian actions to help Trump By Mark Sumner / Daily Kos Donald Trump asks the question frequently, and always with a sneer: If President Barack Obama knew that Vladimir Putin had intervened in the United States’ election with the direct intention of helping Trump, why did Obama wait so long to say anything? The answer detailed in a new story from the Washington Post turns out to be simple: First, Obama was trying to do the right things. Second, Republicans stopped that from happening. Campaign Action As former Homeland Security Secretary Jeh Johnson testified earlier this week, the Russian activity in the election went beyond just hacking into emails, beyond distributing those emails through Wikileaks, and beyond creating a stream of fake-news stories that were eagerly shared by alt-right websites and social media. Russia took unprecedented “active measures,” attempting to penetrate state databases and alter or delete voter roles. It was tantamount a secret declaration of war by Russia, and the Obama administration treated it the security and care that it deserved. Early last August, an envelope with extraordinary handling restrictions arrived at the White House. Sent by courier from the CIA, it carried “eyes only” instructions that its contents be shown to just four people: President Barack Obama and three senior aides. … The material was so sensitive that CIA Director John Brennan kept it out of the President’s Daily Brief, concerned that even that restricted report’s distribution was too broad. The CIA package came with instructions that it be returned immediately after it was read. To guard against leaks, subsequent meetings in the Situation Room followed the same protocols as planning sessions for the Osama bin Laden raid. At that early stage, they couldn’t tell the full extent of the Russian operations. They didn’t know the scale of the attack. They couldn’t tell who in the United States might be cooperating with the Russians. They could only be certain about one thing. The intelligence captured Putin’s specific instructions on the operation’s audacious objectives — defeat or at least damage the Democratic nominee, Hillary Clinton, and help elect her opponent, Donald Trump. Quietly, the intelligence community went to work as resources were dedicated to the issue and other agencies attempted to confirm or deny the information gathered by the CIA. If Obama had revealed the information, and the intelligence turned out to be false, he would certainly have been guilty of interfering with the election himself. Considering the import of the information, it was possible that simply talking about it openly could move the conflict from cyberspace to the battlefield. So Obama proceeded with caution, working to confirm the CIA’s intelligence and searching for ways to respond to Russian action. He needed to build a case that would hold up in front of both Republican leaders in Congress and the public. It took time for other parts of the intelligence community to endorse the CIA’s view. Only in the administration’s final weeks in office did it tell the public, in a declassified report, what officials had learned from Brennan in August — that Putin was working to elect Trump. Donald Trump throws that delay out there as not just a taunt, but proof that he is somehow “innocent.” Because if Trump had even a hint of information, he would have fired it straight out of his Twitter gun. Trump demonstrated this many times during the election and since, as repeated even the most tenuous and ludicrous rumor as if it were accepted fact. Obama wasn’t going to do that. It wasn’t a matter of “staying classy.” It was a matter of following the law, protecting the nation, and reaching a result that was more than a revenge tweet. Obama was concerned that going public with the information in the early days invited both criticism and speculation. On the most basic leave, President Obama was simply trying to ensure that his actions didn’t make the situation worse. But as carefully and thoroughly as the intelligence community assembled a case, there was one point they couldn’t get past. Obama instructed aides to … seek bipartisan support from congressional leaders for a statement condemning Moscow and urging states to accept federal help. None of that happened. Some Republican leaders in Congress put off even meeting with intelligence officials, delaying the process by weeks. Meanwhile, Jeh Johnson attempted to designate election infrastructure as “critical,” in order to give them the same protection provided to defense contractors. Brian Kemp, the Republican secretary of state of Georgia, used the call to denounce Johnson’s proposal as an assault on state rights. “I think it was a politically calculated move by the previous administration,” Kemp said in a recent interview, adding that he remains unconvinced that Russia waged a campaign to disrupt the 2016 race. “I don’t necessarily believe that,” he said. In short: Republicans were—and are—more concerned with hurting Obama than they were in stopping Russia. In a sense, Republicans as a group colluded with Russia, in that they refused to take action to protect the nation against intrusion. And it wasn’t just random state level officials. When Congressional leadership finally met with the intelligence community for a briefing … “The Dems were, ‘Hey, we have to tell the public,’ ” recalled one participant. But Republicans resisted, arguing that to warn the public that the election was under attack would further Russia’s aim of sapping confidence in the system. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.) went further, officials said, voicing skepticism that the underlying intelligence truly supported the White House’s claims. Through a spokeswoman, McConnell declined to comment, citing the secrecy of that meeting. The answer to why Barack Obama didn’t speak out more strongly and more early about Russian interference for Trump, is because Republicans blazed the trail Trump is still following: They refused to cooperate, placing party above country. VIADaily Kos SOURCEBy Mark Sumner TrumpRussia	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line700
__label__cc	0.545196	0.454804	Nikos Lavranos, Secretary General, EFILA Recently, the UNCTAD Investment Division announced that it had “completed its regular semi-annual update of the Investment Dispute Settlement Navigator, which is now up-to-date as of 1 January 2017”. The Navigator is a useful web-based search tool containing information regarding pending and closed investor-State disputes based on the thousands of investment treaties. According to UNCTAD, the key findings of this update are as follows: “In 2016, investors initiated 62 known ISDS cases pursuant to international investment agreements (IIAs). This number is lower than in the preceding year (74 cases in 2015), but higher than the 10-year average of 49 cases (2006-2015). The new ISDS cases were brought against a total of 41 countries. With four cases each, Colombia, India and Spain were the most frequent respondents in 2016. Developed-country investors brought most of the 62 known cases. Dutch and United States investors initiated the highest number of cases with 10 cases each, followed by investors from the United Kingdom with 7 cases. About two thirds of investment arbitrations in 2016 were brought under bilateral investment treaties (BITs), most of them dating back to the 1980s and 1990s. The remaining cases were based on treaties with investment provisions (TIPs). The most frequently invoked IIAs in 2016 were the Energy Charter Treaty (with 10 cases), NAFTA and the Russian Federation-Ukraine BIT (three cases each). The total number of publicly known arbitrations against host countries has reached 767.” Some of these above key findings are of particular interest and should be put into a broader perspective. First, it is interesting to note that the number of new ISDS cases has fallen. This is a trend that can also be seen for example in the ICSID statistics, which show that the number of ICSID cases has been falling as well (in 2015 52 new cases were registered, while in 2016 48 new cases were registered). UNCTAD does not give any explanation as to the possible reasons for the fall in cases. One could of course think of several reasons: the States have improved their behaviour vis-à-vis foreign investors or investors consider the use of investment treaty arbitration as a less attractive option for dispute resolution and instead prefer to use other options. In this context, it is interesting to note that according to the same UNCTAD Navigator, States continue to win more cases (36.4%) than investors (26.7%), while 24.4% of the cases are settled. Investors/Claimants could perceive this as not such an attractive option to resolve a dispute with a State, in particular in conjunction with the high costs associated with the proceedings. Second, it is noticeable that the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) is the most frequently invoked investment treaty in 2016. This has been a trend of the past years with the explosion of disputes in the renewable energy sector, mainly against Spain but also against several other European States. Moreover, in the past 3 months it has been reported that investment arbitration proceedings – not only based on the ECT – have been initiated against Italy, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Latvia, Greece and Serbia. This suggests that European States have a poor track record when it comes to the protection of foreign investors and their investments. Again, one wonders what the reasons are for the fact that the ECT is so popular and why European States face some many disputes. Whatever the reasons may be, the fact that the ECT and BITs are used so frequently against European States underlines the continued lack of adequate investment protection in Europe, which in turn confirms the necessity of investment treaties. In fact, the World Rule of Law index 2016 indicates very clearly the stark differences among European States regarding their Rule of Law track record. This index ranks Denmark (1), Norway (2), Finland (3), Sweden (4), Netherlands (5), Austria (6), Czech Republic (17), France (21), Spain (24), Romania (32), Italy (35) and Bulgaria (53) out of 113 countries. The Corruption Transparency index 2016 of Transparency International ranks Denmark (1), Finland (3), Sweden (4), Switzerland (5), Norway (6), Netherlands (8), Germany (10), Poland (29), Lithuania (38) Czech Republic (47), Croatia (55), Romania (57), Italy (60), Greece (69) out of 176 countries. The Doing Business Report 2017 ranks Denmark (3), Norway (6), UK (7), Sweden (9), Finland (13), Germany (17), Lithuania (21), Bulgaria (39) and Malta (76) out of 190 countries. Obviously, these rankings have their limitations and must be treated with caution but the emerging general picture is nonetheless very clear. The “Nordic” European countries simply have a better track record than the “Southern” and “Eastern” European countries. In other words, they not only treat foreign investors better but they also have less perceived corruption and less red tape for doing business. It is about time that this reality is generally accepted also in the European institutions living in the “Schuman bubble”. These obvious conclusion from this is that – contrary to UNCTAD’s and European Commission’s repeated call for “reforming” the current system by inter alia also terminating investment treaties – all efforts should be focused on improving the Rule of Law track record in those European countries which clearly show deficiencies. However, in the past decades little progress has been made and there is no reason to believe that things will improve very soon. Consequently, in these circumstance investment treaties are still very much needed – in particular in Europe. 16 February 2017 16 February 2017 adminArticlesBITs, European Commission, international arbitration, investment protection, ISDS, Nikos Lavranos, UNCTAD Previous Post Iran’s Accession to ICSID: What to Expect? Next Post The SIAC Investment Arbitration Rules are Here. And they look Good.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line709
__label__wiki	0.601664	0.601664	Tag Archives: Pierre Garcon Stay Alive and Survive: Five Numbers I Hope to See in the Box Score when Eagles-Redskins Concludes I would be lying to you if I said I was fully confident in the outcome of today’s game. The Eagles have not won in nearly three and a half weeks going back to Thanksgiving. Weaknesses on both sides of the ball (specifically the quarterback and secondary) have been exposed as a rather firm grip on the NFC East slipped away, but there is hopefully light at the end of the tunnel in the form of a 3-11, dysfunctional Washington Redskins team. In three games going back to Week 1 of the 2013 season, Chip Kelly has owned Redskins defensive coordinator Jim Haslett (so much so that we wrote a post specifically about it), averaging 31.3 points per game. Earlier in the week, I had some bad flashbacks to a Week 16 game in D.C. in 2008 between these two teams that the Eagles lost 10-3, making their road to the playoffs a bit more difficult then, but that seemed more characteristic of an Andy Reid coached team. Despite a rough two weeks, the Eagles have been very good against inferior teams under Chip Kelly this season, and that should ideally continue today. Let’s take a look at five numbers I hope to see that should get the Eagles to 10-5. Robert Griffin sacked at least five times — Part of the reason the first Eagles-Redskins game was so close is because of the amount of time Kirk Cousins had to throw. Cousins was not sacked once in the three-point Eagles victory, but Griffin has been dropped 28 times in seven contests this season. While this might seem like a lofty stat, the numbers back it up that it is reachable, and should it happen, it will be a long day for the Redskins offense. Less than 130 combined receiving yards between Pierre Garcon and DeSean Jackson — While neither of these receivers necessarily pose the matchup problem that Dez Bryant did last week, both had strong games in the Week 3 meeting combining for 16 receptions, 255 yards, and two touchdowns. The Eagles secondary has been heavily scrutinized, and rightfully so, over the past few weeks, but they tend to have a decent game when people least expect it. Against a struggling quarterback in Griffin, now would be a good time for one. One or fewer turnovers for the Eagles — Turnovers have been a noted issue all season long for this team. The only turnover free game they played was a Monday night beatdown of Carolina in early November. Zero turnovers is a lot to ask for, but in the first Redskins game, the Eagles limited the giveaways to one and will be in decent shape should they repeat that today. LeSean McCoy averaging more than four yards per carry — Some might say I have become obsessed with this statistic, but the significance cannot be understated. The Eagles are 5-0 when the Pro Bowl running back averages at least 4.1 yards per carry. They are 4-5 in other games. In the 2013 opener when Chip Kelly unveiled his NFL offense on Monday Night Football, McCoy had one of his best career games with 184 yards on 31 carries. A repeat of that today would be awesome. Josh Huff with at least 45 receiving yards — It is a shame Huff Daddy has made some of the rookie mistakes that he has because it is easy to tell that he has potential, and had they not occurred, he would likely be stealing snaps from the ineffective Riley Cooper. I am hoping that occurs today some after the rookie showed explosiveness with with a 44-yard reception against Dallas. Rise again, Huff Daddy. There you have it, folks. We got five, 130, one, four, 45, and hopefully a nice win to move to 10-5, putting some major pressure on the Cowboys tomorrow afternoon. The Chip Kelly fist pump was born in that magical Week 1 game in 2013, and I could use a repeat of it today as we get ready to cheer for Andrew Luck tomorrow. This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged Andrew Luck, Andy Reid, Carolina Panthers, Chip Kelly, Dallas Cowboys, DeSean Jackson, Drew Balis, Indianapolis Colts, Jay Gruden, Jeremy Maclin, Jim Haslett, Josh Huff, Kirk Cousins, LeSean McCoy, Monday Night Football, NFC East, NFL, NFL Playoffs, Philadelphia Eagles, Pierre Garcon, Riley Cooper, Robert Griffin, Thanksgiving, Washington Redskins on December 20, 2014 by drewbalis.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line712
__label__cc	0.744345	0.255655	This is a recording of Garry Winogrand speaking at MIT in 1974. Garry is introduced by Tod Papageorge. [Papageorge]: ...we’re all here, and on behalf of the University of Massachusetts, I’d like to remind those of you that don’t know, that tomorrow night, Walker Evans is speaking in Boston, at the Arlington Street branch of that school. I think that begins at eight-o-clock. I’ll warn you right now that I’m the lecture part of the night, and Garry is the beauty part, and I’m going to read something which I’ve written, which as I reread it now, seems a little too serious in terms of the people who are here, but [CROWD LAUGHTER] but it’s the only thing I’ve written. Photography has always suffered from a facile and generally uninformed criticism, or critical opinion, and those of you who have seen the recent issue of Newsweek Magazine would have to agree. The wonder is that in spite of this, a few photographers, in each generation, have worked to discover and employ the fact and the beauty of photography itself. Which is to say a photography without captions, without metaphysics, a photography without apology. This process of discovery, could I think, be characterized as an act of passion attracting intelligence, or of intelligence attracting passion. That point is that both of these qualities share in what is produced, and that they have in some photographers, who have tried their energies long enough, define, and practice, the discipline that photography demands. I think that Garry Winogrand is one of these photographers, and that an open eye, considering the force and accuracy of his photographs, and the description they contain of our present moment, would have to know that even by Shakespeare’s antique but stringent axiom, they give the very age and body of the time to form an impression. This is to suggest that not only do these photographs attempt to describe the world in a way that a classic tradition of poetry had described it, but also that they are serious and accomplished. If they appear to be casual, it is because they are meant to. Their mastery resides in just such an appearance. The wit, humour, and strangeness that they hold are in some un-analyzable way, the expression of a man, named Garry Winogrand. But that his pictures are clear enough, and precise enough to surprise or possibly instruct us, is a measure of how well a photographer, named Garry Winogrand, has practiced his work. And with that, I introduce to you, Garry Winogrand. [APPLAUSE] [Winogrand]: I don’t have a lecture, so, what I’m going to do, you know… any time anybody… I’m going to be here and if anybody at anytime has anything on their minds, ask a question, or whatever, and we’ll see what happens afterward. [Audience Member]: Why do you take a particular picture? [Winogrand]: Generally, I mean you can answer the question this generally, I probably just take every picture just to see what something looks like photographed. But why I aim at particular things, I haven’t the vaguest idea what. I mean that’s science, that you’ve got to lay down on a couch for. [CROWD LAUGHTER] [Audience Member]: Do you carry your camera around religiously? Or do you... [Winogrand]: Do you mean am I now? I generally have a camera with me, sure. I don’t have one with me now. [Audience Member]: What about the games that you play while you’re shooting? What happens when someone catches you catching them? Ahh… [Winogrand]: Look, I’m not invisible... [Audience Member]: I realize that, but in spite of the question… [Winogrand]: Look, I do it a great deal. And I’d say that it just about never happens that anybody objects. Just about never. [Audience Member]: More than just being invisible though, like you began to talk about those games, uhm… some photographers uhm,… play on the fact that they are quite visible, and the fact that there is a camera between the photographer and the photographed, or subject/object. I don’t know how you want to look at that, but the fact that the photographer does have a camera in his hands, and is photographing it, and how the subject reacts to that is an interesting subject in its own right, and that’s something that rarely shows up there... [Winogrand]: What’s the question? [Audience Member]: Aaah, what’s your. What are your thoughts on those games… [Winogrand]: Which games? [Audience Member]: The games we were talking about… [Winogrand]: You mean when there’s somebody’s looking at…. their reactions to me or not? [Audience Member]: Yeah, yeah [Winogrand]: It depends on what… it depends on specific instances what’s…how it looks, you know? It just depends…. each thing has its own specific problem. [Audience Member]: Did anybody ever grab your camera? [Winogrand]: Excuse me? [AUDIENCE MEMBER]: Did anyone ever grab out camera? [Winogrand]: It’s funny. It happened here in Cambridge a couple of years ago. [Winogrand]: There was. It was one of those moratorium days, and there was a thing down in the commons in Boston during the day, and there was all sorts of action up here. I got gassed, I’m sure I’m not the only one but, I was wearing one camera with a flash and some kid grabbed at it, and wound up holding the flash in his hands with the wires wrapped around his fingers and I just said, “let go or I’ll kill you.” [Winogrand]:And he let go! That’s what happened. He probably figured I wasn’t kidding. [Audience Member]: When are you going to publish all of this as a book? [Winogrand]: (Laughs) I have no plans. Ah,… [Audience Member]: You said you were, the last time you were here that you were working on a book. Is that why you haven’t got a new thing from the last … you said that these slides are… [Audience Member]: How do you make a living? [Winogrand]: I’m teaching. [Audience Member]: Are you working on a book? Or is there a book that might be published? [Winogrand]: There’s a book coming out, I’m not working on it. I’m out of it, in general. [Audience Member]: Who is going to publish it? [Winogrand]: What? [Winogrand]: ? [Audience Member]: How do you feel about your pictures? [Winogrand]: Well, you know… some of them are a bit more interesting than others. [Audience Member]: I mean, do you generally like your pictures that you print? [Winogrand]: The one’s I’m interested in, I’m interested in. If I’m, you know, it’s a funny process. I mean, when I’ve got contacts I enlarge in terms of what I’m interested in seeing bigger. And then I find out when I have… they’re work prints, I make mostly work prints. I mean, I don’t make finished prints for me. Most of these slides are made from work prints. But, when I’ve got work prints, then I can find out what I’m interested in, that’s all. [Audience Member]: How do you feel about your old pictures? Like, you know… [Winogrand]: That’s what I’m talking about. [Audience Member]: Alright. Aah, do you still like them?. [Winogrand]: The one’s I’m interested in, I’m interested in. That’s “all” I can say. [Winogrand]: You know, we were talking about… talking about that business of. I said something about “games,” you know, when you’re shooting, in terms of people seeing you, whatever, however. There are all kinds of games you can play. I do, when I’m shooting. Aah, I sort of take advantage of… people, generally, are innocent about how a camera operates. I can aim a camera at people, and if I look like I’m giving my attention over there, they don’t think that I’m taking their picture. It’s fascinating. There’s a lot of things, you know, that you can do. You work out methods. I’m sure anybody would. [Audience Member]: When you see something that you photograph, do you often take more than one exposure? [Winogrand]: I exploit a thing as much as I can. [Audience Member]: When you first started taking pictures, did you try to emulate anybody’s style? [Winogrand]: No, that’s not the way it works. You do find out who you learn from, you know, you do learn from somebody’s works. Somebody asked me about Robert Frank. I think I learned a great deal from his work. It’s not a question of trying to make Robert Frank’s pictures, but it sort of like it can be a key to dealing with your own headaches, what you learn from somebody else. [Audience Member]: Who is it you were influenced by the most? [Winogrand]: Well, I, like, you know, there’s just too many. First there’s Walker Evans, and then there’s Robert Frank. I mean, very immediately. [Audience Member]: You talk about taking a number of frames sometimes of a given thing. Do you find yourself sometimes experimenting with different angles? As I see, you know, you often take things at a lot of angles. Do you work at that? Or is it just how it happens? [Winogrand]: No, not really. Aah, there’s reasons why I do things like that, but, you know, when you have a situation that’s in flux, you know, things start happening. Basically, the real problem it to try to, in a sense, to try to show it as well as you can. You can only know so much of what you’re getting while you’re shooting. At least, I’m talking about me. [Audience Member]: You used the word, “interesting,” to describe the way you felt about the pictures. That’s a little vague. I’d like to… [Winogrand]: The next thing I would say, is what I mean by that is, if there’s something in a photo, let’s say if I can learn in a photograph something about photography, that’s what makes it interesting. Don’t ask me what that is precisely. [Audience Member]: So it’s different from liking it. [Winogrand]: It’s not a question of liking…. [Audience Member]: I’m saying it’s different.. [Winogrand]: Really, its not a question. [Audience Member]: Yeah, it means what I said… [Winogrand]: It just doesn’t occur to me, the word. Ok. [Audience Member]: Ok, no, that’s just fine. [Audience Member]: How much time do you usually spend on a final print? [Winogrand]: What do you mean? When I make a finished print? [Audience Member]: Yeah [Winogrand]: As long it takes. I mean it could be 2 or 3 pieces of paper. You know, it doesn’t take long. [Audience Member]: Do you sell many photographs? [Winogrand]: Anybody want to buy? [Winogrand]: I don’t sell a lot of prints, no. [Audience Member]: Do you ever have other people do your printing for you? [Winogrand]: As often as possible. [Winogrand]: Well, I don’t know about other photographers. I know Bresson does it, and I don’t think it makes any difference. As far as myself goes, all I want is an open print. Any competent printer can print for me. There’s not a game of interpretation. There’s no. The only decision is to, is to try to keep it as open as possible. Yeah, if I could afford it. I enjoy printing, but I’m always behind. I shoot a lot, and if I could afford it, I would have somebody printing for me. It’s only collectors, you know, that make a deal out of the photographer getting his hands on the tray, or whatever. [Winogrand]: If you want it signed, twenty gain. Seriously, it has very little to do with a lot of things. [Audience Member]: Do you do much experimenting with films and developer combinations, or is it kind of standardized at this point? [Winogrand]: No, I mean ahh, I use a 76, and I spray with a replenisher. I use Tri-X, an excellent film. Aah, I learned, aah, I’ve doctored a 76 somewhat. I don’t fool around much. [Audience Member]: What is the role of accident and chance in your work? [Winogrand]: Maybe 99%. [Winogrand]: You know, I mean there are a lot of surprises in the frame. God bless them! I mean, you know, let’s face it, a surprise functions in a lot of ways. You can, aah, if I were taking pictures of this room, at any given time, or you know, or any time I make an exposure, where’s my attention? My attention isn’t all-over, really. You know, if my attention is there, I don’t know what you’re doing, I’ll find out when I see the print. No? I mean I can make a decision, let’s say, as to where the edges are, but at some, you know at any point in shooting, I can know what’s going in. but I find out, you know, you win/you lose. [Audience Member]: Are you doing any (something) photography? [Winogrand]: I photograph, it’s all the same. I photograph where I am, that’s what it amounts to. [Audience Member]: How do you get somewhere? [Winogrand]: I mean, I go! [Winogrand]: No, I mean, most of the time I’m in cities. [Audience Member]: Do you have a favorite place? [Winogrand]: Where I am! [Winogrand]: No, the question is funny. Look, I’m a New Yorker, and when I’m not in New York, it turn out that I’m always in another city. [Winogrand]: You know, I just saw some pictures where. Oh what is it? There’s some seagulls and some fish tails and what. You know, I’m up to a point. You know, what do you do? [Audience Member]: What percentage of your exposures do you find interesting? [Winogrand]: It depends again on what you shoot. [Audience Member]: No, I mean like how many out of a roll? [Winogrand]: You’ve got to deal with a specific situation. You know, you saw some slides, I said it was the Metropolitan Museum of Arts, and you only saw about 5 slides. I can show 20 slides. It was a very productive evening. You’ve got to deal with a specific situation. That’s the only way I could answer the question. [Audience Member]: You don’t feel that the photographs that you make, aah, make statements about the subjects which could be dishonest? Or do you think that the camera never lies? [Winogrand]: Ahh, I don’t know. Again, I don’t know what the truth is. [Audience Member]: Well, do you have a sense that you’re being unfair? [Winogrand]: Let’s put it this way. Coming right down to it, a photograph is its own reality, it has no relation. You know, really, once the photograph exists, it has no relation to what was photographed. [Audience Member]: How long is it since…? [Winogrand]: This is 74, so at least 20-years, something like that. At least, I mean more, I’m sure. [Audience Member]: When you go out shooting, about how many exposures do you make? [Winogrand]: Once again. It’s really the same question she asked. Saturday, I photographed at the SMU Texas game. I shot 15 rolls of film! I don’t do that every day. Again, you’ve got to talk about a specific day. [Audience Member]: Can you say anything about how your book, The Animals, came about? You know, there was a theme that developed…How did that come about? [Winogrand]: …It’s a funny business. It’s a compulsion. I wind up, I’m weak, you know, if I see an attractive woman, Ill try to take a picture. It’s the same way really, it’s funny. Is that… compulsions? Did I answer your question at all? [Audience Member]: A little bit, yeah. [Audience Member]: Does your work clarify your compulsions? [Winogrand]: No, you just wind up with pictures, that’s all you do. [Winogrand]: I’m talking at least for me. I wind up with pictures. [Audience Member]: Nothing more? [Winogrand]: Huh? That’s all there is. That’s why I take pictures, no? [Audience Member]: Do you feel you don’t have much to tell? Ahh… [Audience Member]: What I’m trying to say is, I mean would you just rather show the pictures and answer what film you use and what camera, and then go? [Winogrand]: No, I mean, well, not necessarily. [Audience Member]: I mean, I assume you are getting paid. [Audience Member]: I assume you are getting paid. [Winogrand]: Of course. [Audience Member]: I mean when… [Audience Member]: I mean, when you are answering these questions. I get the impression that you’re, that you’re answering as if the questions weren’t too important to you. [Winogrand]: No, I mean, I think I’m giving every question. I’m trying to understand the question and answer the question as clearly as possible. [Audience Member]: Ok. [Winogrand]: You know, its no problem to me. [Audience Member]: I mean I realize it’s not a problem. It’s a matter of interest thing I mean. [Winogrand]: I am interested, I mean, to be here, really. [Winogrand]: Beyond, err, I mean I could very well read something. Write something then read it, and that would be it. [Audience Member]: Yeah, [Audience Member]: …. Now, as a photographer, the back-level of a photograph, I mean the reality of what’s being photographed is important top me. Not to say that there are not other things going on as well, but that’s very important to me and I have a sense from looking at your work that it’s important to you too. If you could speak about that a little bit I would appreciate it. [Winogrand]: There’s all kinds of diction. [Audience Member]: Well if the photograph has no relationship to what’s being photographed, uhm, what does the information… [Winogrand]: A photograph, in the end has to be rational. [Audience Member]: Ok [Winogrand]: Just simply that. It doesn’t necessarily. You know, it doesn’t necessarily have to mimic the light, contrast, etc. in what was photographed, but it does have to be rational in itself. It has to be rational and complete. You know… [Audience Member]: Does that mean it does not have to have a relationship with what was in front of the camera? [Winogrand]: It has no relationship. There is a seeming paradox functioning. There is a seeming paradox functioning, because while it is the illusion of a literal description, of what was photographed, you know, you can’t know anything… [Audience Member]: No it’s not, literally…. [Winogrand]: It’s the illusion of a literal description of let’s say, ok let’s say complete it…. [Audience Member]: That doesn’t have anything to do with…. [Winogrand]: Wait a minute. Let me, let me finish now. It’s the illusion of a literal description that the camera saw. That’s what you get. While it is that, from it, you can know very little. It has no narrative ability. You don’t know what happened, not from the photograph. [Audience Member]: I know exactly…. [Winogrand]: You don’t know what happened. You know how a piece of time and space “looks,” to a camera. But it has to be rational. It has to compel you to dispel your disbelief, because it’s a lie! It’s reduced, it’s black and white, it’s two dimensional, and it’s a lie. If there is such a thing as truth, it’s a lie. [Audience Member]: At what point in your photographic career did you become fascinated with this lie. I mean, I recall for example, in the Family of Man, you have a photograph I think of a girl being held up at the beach, in which I sense… [Winogrand]: No, carried! “Held up,” sounds, you know… [Audience Member]: … there’s a sense in that picture of what….you seem to be more fascinated with the lie, or the reality, or whatever by itself, without any preconceptions. I’m just curious at what point in your life does that change come. Do you recognize? Am I pointing out something that you think you could...? [Winogrand]: I don’t know. With the picture you are talking about, I don’t; know of what you’re saying about it is so really. That’s not the point though. I don’t know at what point I began to understand anything about what actually was going on, about why photographs were interesting. I don’t really know when I started giving any of it thought. You don’t really have to, you know. You don’t have to understand anything about, in these terms, to make photographs. But I don’t know when I started trying to be articulate about “why” photographs are interesting, why anything happens, if it’s of any interest. I just don’t know. [Audience Member]: When you take photographs, do you find yourself staying n one place, studying what is going on around you, or do you find yourself more or less moving with what’s going on? [Winogrand]: Both. Let’s say if I have to make an appointment with somebody, to meet, I almost always make appointments to meet outdoors, with a contingency it it’s raining. Mainly because I don’t want to be bothered if anybody is late. And s if I’m hanging around a place, I can photograph. I mean, it works a million different ways. [Audience Member]: So you don’t find yourself sitting back and studying situations and waiting for a particular moment. [Winogrand]:.Rarely, rarely. I mean, I really don’t have an imagination, you know, it comes down to that. I really don’t, so I can’t work that way, as a rule. [Audience Member]: What do you mean by imagination? [Winogrand]:. Well, you know, I could be looking at this wall, ok? And in terms of what he’s discussing, maybe I think that aah, this apropos, that if somebody was sitting there, if I wait until somebody is sitting there, then it is going to be interesting, I don’t know! I don’t think, I don’t function that way. I think that’s what you’re talking about. I don’t function that way. [Audience Member]: Well, if you see something interesting, and you happen to miss it, and you think it might occur again, do you wait around? [Winogrand]: I would, certainly. I would want to try a shot, if there was a chance, and I had time and whatever. Sure. [Audience Member]: What do you think of Friedlander’s photographs? [Winogrand]: I think he’s doing some good work. He’s a very good photographer, and he seems to be getting better and better. [Audience Member]: What are your favorite TV shows? [Winogrand]: I don’t have any. [Audience Member]: Do you think color can do what black and white is doing in terms of impact? [Winogrand]: Certainly. Why not? [Audience Member]: Have you shot much in color? [Winogrand]: Yeah. I don’t do much now, but I have. [Audience Member]: Frank went from black & white to do films. Do you intend to… [Winogrand]: No, I have no ambition. [Winogrand]: If that’s what that it. I think that’s the way the question sounds, usually. None. [Audience Member]: What are you trying to do with your photography? [Winogrand]: What do you do with it? [Winogrand]: What’s your question? [Audience Member]: Ok, let me think of a better way to put it. What are you trying to express with your photography? [Winogrand]: I’m only trying to learn about photography, that’s all, that’s all. [Audience Member]: So if you take pictures and people like them, that’s fine. [Winogrand]: It has nothing to do with people liking them, it has to do with what I can learn. [Audience Member]: I mean, are you trying to say something with them? [Winogrand]: Did you hear what I said? I answered your question. [Winogrand]: I have nothing to say, you know, and with pictures, certainly. Am I making any sense to you at all? [Audience Member]: Say it again. [Winogrand]: I’m trying to learn about photography. The thing itself fascinates me. [Audience Member]: Do you find it strange that there are all these people here admiring what you’re doing? I mean, presumably we like your work. [Winogrand]: Why should that be strange? [Audience Member]: Then what you’re implying then is that you don’t do it for an audience, you do it for your own knowledge? [Winogrand]: Well, this is a by-product, it is. It’s a by-product. It is. [Audience Member]: So mainly you’re doing it for your own… [Winogrand]: Well you know you take pictures; you don’t know what is going to happen to them. [Audience Member]: Some people take pictures for an audience, you know? They want photographs that people would like. [Winogrand]: How do you know that? [Audience Member]: People have said it. [Winogrand]: Alright. [Audience Member]: That’s how I know. [Winogrand]: That’s how you know, ok. That sounds, like a big burden, really. [Audience Member]: To do it for.. [Winogrand]: I’ve got a hunch that you better enjoy just doing it. [Audience Member]: Yeah, I agree. [Winogrand]: I think you’ve got a lot of headaches if you don’t. [Audience Member]: Do your student, submit work to you which is, aah, radically different in style from your own, and what part, assuming that they do, on occasion, how do you criticize? [Winogrand]: There’s only one thing. You know, there’s only photography. [Winogrand]: It doesn’t matter what camera it was done with. [Audience Member]: Well, I don’t mean, aah, from a technical stand point. Maybe a student of your is trying to, is aah, sentimental, for instance, in his photographs, he’s trying to express, aah, what, you know, maybe he’s trying to express an emotion or something, or convey a feeling that you might consider, aaah, that you might disagree with, or… [Winogrand]: What, disagree with a feeling? What do you mean? [Audience Member]: Well, you see, well, this is my impression with (?). I don’t think they, that there is an emotional content, or you, aah, it’s there, but it’s not something that you’re trying to impose on the viewer…. Ok now, there are photographers I’m sure who do try to do that, they’re going to try and impose a feeling on me, they want me to react in a certain way, and do you criticize that kind of approach to photography? [Winogrand]: It’s not photography, period. [Winogrand]: It’s illustration! You’re discussing, you know, you’re discussing advertising. You’re discussing maybe the use of photographing means. One might, I can safely say, you know, that every photograph is a picture, but every picture isn’t necessarily a photograph, whether it’s done with a camera or not. [Audience Member]: If that isn’t photography, what is photography? [Winogrand]: Well what is a photograph? Do you want to ask that question? Well, let me say it in another way. You know, let’s say that still photography is the clumsiest way to exercise imagination, to illustrate literary ideas. Anybody with a pencil, beats you, period. You know, what I mean is you just want to take a very simple illustration of the point, if you wanted a melted watch, how do you get it? Dali can have one anytime he wants. You see? It is the clumsiest way to exercise imagination. It is tantamount to driving a nail in with a saw, when you can use a hammer. [Audience Member]: Do you feel turned off by things like, you know, the multiple image kind of school… [Winogrand]: It not a matter of being turned off, their work is not discussable as photographs, period. [Winogrand]: You know, it’s just not discussable as photographs. [Audience Member]: What is it discussable as? [Winogrand]: I don’t know, print making, you know… [Audience Member]: How about Ralph Gibson’s stuff? [Winogrand]: How about it? [Audience Member]: Have you considered those photographs? I think they are very imaginative. [Winogrand]: I think they’re very dull. Go find an interesting photograph in his book, any of his books. They’re boring, on any terms. On their own terms! And god forbid you should miss the point, there’s a title! [Winogrand]: That’s what I mean “on their own terms.” They’re no place. Photography is much more interesting than doing that, much more. [Audience Member]: What is a photograph then? [Winogrand]: A photograph is an illusion of a literal description. [Winogrand] A hammer, a saw, a piece of time and space. That’s what a photograph is, nothing else. Alright? [Audience Member]: Would you say that the means to come by what you describe doesn’t matter? [Winogrand]: It’s always the same, just about. [Audience Member]: the point that you push the button. [Winogrand]: The process is perception, seeing, and then you operate the machine to make a record. That’s the way you take a picture, I don’t care what camera you use. [Audience Member]: Oh, I wasn’t talking about what camera.. [Winogrand]: Of course you can put it on a tripod and remote and leave it go, too. And then the camera does it all. [Audience Member]: Oh, what if somebody came out with what you thought was a good photograph. Would that matter to you that he stuck his camera on a tripod? [Winogrand]: I don’t ask questions. [Audience Member]: So a good photograph is a good photograph. [Winogrand]: I don’t really care how anything happens. I mean the guy could have it in a pocket with a hole, I don’t know. [Audience Member]: What you’re saying though is a good photograph is a good photography. You see it… [Winogrand]: I didn’t say anything about a “good photograph,” I just said what a photograph is. [Audience Member]: Do you think film is a good way for someone to show their imagination? Like you said, when someone with a pencil beats us… [Winogrand]: Yeah, film has a lot more possibilities of being “creative,” let’s use that word. But you know, it’s a funny business, that whole business is funny. Even with a movie camera, you know. The problem, you know, you could set a stage, and get things going, but you’ve still got the problem of photographing. Because once the thing is going, it exists like anything else. But probably, you know, its two different things really. Once it exists, you’ve got to photograph it, but where does the imagination come in, even then? It’s interesting, the question. I don’t know what imagination is, in the end. [Audience Member]: So how could you say you don’t have it, or you do have it? [Winogrand]: Well, as I understand the, generally, its connotations when it’s used, I say no, for me. [Audience Member]: Well, I would say you have something that could be parallel to imagination. [Audience Member]: Is there such a thing as a good photograph, as distinguished from just a photograph. And if so, what is this? [Winogrand]: Sure, all photographs aren’t equal. [Audience Member]: Ok, what makes one better than another. [Winogrand]: You have to start to discuss the quality of the problem that’s conceived off of the medium, the quality of the degree of contention in the photograph. You know, there’s only sleep, without contention, in the end. There’s got to be contention, it has got to come from some place… If you know Diane Arbus, for instance, the cover of her book. The point of contention is, you know, the form is on the verge of overwhelming the content. It does it. A problem is stated, a severe one. But what separates that photograph let’s say from other photographs? That’s the point of contention there. Because, what did I say? There’s only boredom without contention. It’s got to be there. Am I making any sense? [Audience Member]: Yeah. [Audience Member]: You talked earlier about how you were dodging and burning to get an open photograph, and I’m not sure exactly what that…. [Winogrand]: It simply means that in the shadow areas there should be information, it shouldn’t be dead, a hole in the picture, black. In the highlights there should be information, it shouldn’t be chalk-white. [Audience Member]: Why not? [Winogrand]: You know. I mean. You know, that’s what we’re talking about. Were talking about, an “open print.” [Audience Member]: Why do you say that though? I mean there are tons of people that consider themselves photographers who elect to have blacks with nothing in it and like it. [Winogrand]: Everybody is responsible for their own foolishness, and their own misunderstandings. [Audience Member]: In other words, you don’t allow that point of view? [Winogrand]: It’s not up to me to allow, or disallow. I don’t run the show. [Audience Member]: But you are in the profession. I’m not saying that you’re controlling anything. You’re not controlling anything, but you’re making a judgment just the same. [Winogrand]: One the basis of what I understand, that’s all. I mean, just take a look in this room, ok? Who is wearing anything black? Take a look at somebody who is wearing black. There’s light on it, what color is it, is it black? Or is it grey? Is there a black in nature? [Audience Member]: Yeah? [Winogrand]: No, sorry. When the lights are out, when there’s no light, it’s black. Take pictures then, be my guest. [Audience Member]: Isn’t there a point when something becomes interesting because of its relationship to black around it? [Winogrand]: I don’t know what that means. [Audience Member]: Suppose you… [Winogrand]: You know, you have to have something specific to discuss, to begin with. [Audience Member]: Ok, suppose you’ve got an object in a dark room, a black room, and that object was lit, would that have any interest to you in those surroundings? Or would you…. [Winogrand]: You have to bear with the picture. In the end, you have to talk about a specific picture, because it does work, at times. The whole problem, the whole problem, you know when I talk about a print being “rational,” etc, a photograph being rational. It has to compel you to suspend your disbelief, does it, or doesn’t it? [Audience Member]: If a photograph… [Winogrand]: In other words, if what you see is compelling enough for you to suspend your own disbelief about that black, ok,.a broken rule works. Who knows what’s impossible? I mean you’ve seen plenty of pictures where there is black, and it works. [Audience Member]: Not many though. I was wondering whether you thought it worked. [Winogrand]: It will at times, certainly. That problem is, what you do see has to compel a suspension of disbelief. [Audience Member]: You say you’ve done a lot of color. How come you don’t do it any more? [Winogrand]: Well that’s a long story. [Winogrand]: You know, it aaah, the materials are very limited, leave it at that. And so is my pocket book, considering what the materials cost, and that’s on top of them being very limited. [Audience Member]: Do you ever work with large format, or at least larger than 35? [Winogrand]: No. [Audience Member]: Presumably, some number of years back, you were a person just happily taking pictures, and you know, just for yourself, and that was the limit of your cares. Now you’re pretty-well, a very well-known photographer. Can you comment on, like, did that happen more or less despite your efforts, or did you actively do a lot of hustling, and can you talk a little about the hustling part of it? [Winogrand]: No, I haven’t been doing any hustling. [Audience Member]: In other words, how did your photographs, can you talk a little but more about how your photographs got known? Other than, I mean, you don’t keep them in a closet, right? You did something with them, presumably. [Winogrand]: What’s your problem? [Audience Member]: I’m trying to figure out what, you know, where. This is a real problem, right? Where everybody would like to be, would like to get known, you know, produce books. [Winogrand]: I don’t know how to do it. [Audience Member]: But you have, so that implies you know something that I don’t know. [Audience Member]: I mean obviously it has to do with the pictures first, but once you’ve got the pictures, what do you do with them? [Winogrand]: You know, I really don’t want to write a biography here, you know, because that’s what you’re really asking. I mean, it’s not simply stated. The whole thing is funny, in the end, it really is. You know, because politics exists, in the end. There are political people. I mean were not talking about me, I can talk about somebody whose name I won’t mention, who was studying in some place, for a Masters, and I mean this is roughly what I mean by politics, and he thought it was a lot of nonsense, and he just told them, “give it to me, because I’m not going to hang around,” and they just figured that he might produce something, and they wanted him to have a Masters from there. That’s political. Things work that way, it’s a lot of foolishness. You know, it’s a game, at some point. [Audience Member]: How do you want to be remembered? [Winogrand]: Oh look, what? I didn’t hear. [Winogrand]: How do I answer? [Audience Member]: I guess, I don’t know, but today you see a lot of people like running around like trying to do street photography with a single lens reflex camera. Do you think, like this is a valid approach, you know, to do like the traditional photography on the street, period? [Winogrand]: Follow your nose, you knows? [Audience Member]: What? [Winogrand]: Follow your nose. [Audience Member]: Uhuh. [Winogrand]: You know, I had a student where I teach, she happens to be very talented, but she can look for headaches where there aren’t any. And she says that she has got a compulsion, now and then compulsions to photograph particular things, it’s that bad. I think she should thank God for her compulsions, in the end. [Audience Member]: Yeah, but I mean that they are really loud. I mean they are the loudest thing in the room… [Audience Member]: They are loud, and I mean part of the canned thing is almost like, you know, a secretive kind of thing, in a way. No? [Winogrand]: No, that’s nonsense, if you ask me. The only time you’ve got to worry about launching a camera is if you’re shooting at a recording studio. [Audience Member]: Has anyone ever asked you to not photograph them, when you were going to take a picture of them? [Winogrand]: Sure. [Audience Member]: I mean, have you ever gone ahead and done it? [Winogrand]: They usually ask me after it’s done. [Audience Member]: Nobody’s ever thought you were going to take a picture of them, and then asked you not to? [Winogrand]: Yeah that’s happened, I don’t then. You know, it’s a funny answer, in a way, because if it’s interesting enough, I may very well go ahead anyway, I don’t know. That has happened, but, generally, the whole thing is over by the time, I hear anything. [Audience Member]: Have you been in any circumstances where you can’t photograph, or you’ve lost control? [Winogrand]: What do you mean I’ve lost control? [Winogrand]: In those situations I don’t have a camera in the first place. What? [Audience Member]: When something happens that just takes you completely away from where you want to be at the time and dealing with the image you are trying to form? [Winogrand]: I don’t understand that. I mean I’m where I want to be. [Audience Member]: All I’m trying to say is, do you ever get emotionally overtaken by any subject matter at any point in time, that you want to photograph, and you can’t, so you miss it? [Winogrand]: The only experience I’ve had that could relate to that, years ago, a long time ago, I did a lot of things, prize fights actually. And I stopped doing it because I, you know, at some point I started flinching when I should have been shooting. That’s all, I mean, if that’s what you’re talking about. [End of Recording]	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line718
__label__cc	0.558737	0.441263	Tag: Chas’n’Dave Rue Britannia Ok. So. Here we go. 1984. The year I have to try and wax lyrical about. And as you will have guessed from my intro to the last post, a year I’ve been struggling with. Let me add some context. 1984. The year that Thatcher won her second General Election, I think it’s fair to say (though it sticks in my throat) trouncing Labour’s Michael Foot. Foot did not look like your common-or-garden politician, and was a true left-winger (and I don’t mean in the Ryan Giggs kind of way. And when. I make a reference to Ryan Giggs, I don’t mean in that kind of way, either. Well not on this occasion, anyway). Foot is as relevant today as he ever was, for he is the current yard-stick for those who want to keep the Labour Party in the centre ground – which they so shamefully currently occupy – rather than on the left, where they should be, by making comparisons between his annihalation in this General Election and that which, they say, awaits the Labour Party if Jeremy Corbyn wins (they’re wrong). And whilst I’m at it: Tony Blair, keep your fecking nose out. You led us into an illegal war and now milk the after-dinner speech circuit for all its worth. You are a Tory in everything but name. Your opinion means nothing. Ahem. Off my chest now. Where were we? Oh yes..: 1984. The year the Miners Strike started. I’m going to assume you know at least something about this. If you don’t, well a) you’re annoyingly young, and b) may I suggest a bloody tidy jumping on point is to watch the excellent “Pride” (It has Paddy Considine, Bill Nighy and Dominic West in it, the latter with a fabulous 80s haircut. What more can you want from a film??) Just watching those two clips makes me want to watch it again. Hope it does you too. 1984. The year of Frankie Goes To Hollywood. I wish I could put my hand on my heart and say I bought any of their records at the time – particularly “Relax” and “Two Tribes“, but I didn’t. However, I did stand back, watch and admire the way they capitalised on the whole Mike Read situation (he was playing “Relax” one morning, and took it off, mid-record, branding it “obscene”). And if there’s one thing we now know, it’s that Mike Read is the very epitome of rational thought. (I give you two words: UKIP Calypso) (For Gawd’s sake, sense my tone…) 1984. The year of Band Aid, when a group of “current” (has Jody Watley ever been current???) pop stars (has Jody Watley ever been a pop star?????) were pulled together by ex-Boomtown Rat Bob Geldof and current-if-knackered (see, this is where I start to doubt my own sanity. In the video for “Love’s Great Adventure”, there was definitely a bit where Midge asks the film crew to stop while he has a breather. Right? Right????) Ultravox frontman Midge Ure to record “Do They Know It’s Christmas?” in an effort to help starving millions in Ethiopia, after seeing Michael Buerk‘s report on the news, a record which everybody in the UK seemed to buy, and which you know, so I won’t bother posting a link to it here. Which seems a convenient jumping off point for not the first record I bought in 1984, but the record which somehow got attached to the whole Band Aid campaign, seemingly solely because of the lines “You can’t go on, thinking nothing’s wrong”. The Cars – “Drive” I’m sure they were delighted, or at least pretended to be, when “Drive” got re-released with “all proceeds” going to the Band Aid charity. And was a bigger hit than it was the first time around (I think…) Me? I cannot hear this song without thinking of one thing, and sadly that one thing I can find no reference to anywhere on t’internet, other than one other person insisting it happened: Kevin Webster, drunk, singing an a capella version of it on Coronation Street. Seriously, you have no idea how much I wish I could post a link to it right here. Feel free to tell me you remember it too. Ok, here’s a confessional Guilty Pleasure (No, there is no such thing as a Guilty Pleasure!!) record. Please bear in mind that in 1984 I was just 15 and didn’t know any better, and if I did, I thought it involved Status Quo, so you can choose which is worse: Philip Bailey & Phil Collins – “Easy Lover” In my defence, in 1984 we knew very little about Phil Collins. All we had to go on was that he used to be/still was in Genesis, popped up with alarming regularity on Swap Shop or Saturday Superstore or whatever incarnation of Saturday morning TV on the BBC was on (regularly enough to make you think he was the new BA Robertson) and had a fairly succesful solo career doing Diana Ross covers. We did not know that “Sussudio” – the song with the most 80s bassline in the world. Ever…! – would earn extra brownie points for being mentioned (ironically, I think/hope) in American Psycho. We had no idea he was such a douchebag he would fax his wife to thrash out details of their divorce. But props for the use of a very 80s mode of communication. Nor did we know that that gorilla would boff the heck out of some drums on that Cadbury’s advert. It was just Phil Collins. He seemed harmless enough. I cannot hear this song without thinking of the (slightly amended) “He’s a greasy lover…” introduction Mark Lamarr used to get on Shooting Stars, and which again, I can find no evidence of. So to make up for that, here’s him – at the end of the clip, and sadly cut short – doing “Mr Boombastic” on said kind-of-game show. The other thing I remember most about owning this single is that shortly after purchase, a blob of what appeared to be raspberry jam appeared on the front cover, which I have never been able to explain (I’m more of a blackcurrant man, myself), and which frankly made storing my 7″ singles a bit of a nightmare from hereon in. Unable to remove the saccahrine splodge, I had to proceed to select which single I liked least and place that next to this in my ever growing singles box. This is what you come here for, right? Anecdotes about singles I’ve absent-mindedly spilled preservatives on….? No….? OK, well how about I give you the top two candidates to be the bread around the Phil Collins jam sandwich? Yeh, see? Now you’re interested, right? (Although the idea of a “Phil Collins sandwich” is kind of ewwwwwwwwwwww-y….) Well, it must have been in 1984 that I abandoned any pretence of just buying records that I liked, and, in a fairly obvious attempt to ingratiate myself to members of the opposite sex, I started buying records that they liked, and which I hoped they would like me for also buying. What a dasterdly master-plan. That is the only explanation I have for the inclusion of the next two records: Nik Kershaw – The Riddle I Know, I know. There’s no excuse is there? It’s not as if this is a single from his famous, but still not actually very good, “Human Racing” album. I have always found this to be an utterly ludicrous record, with clunky 6th form, Tolkien-esque nerdo lyrics like this (trust me, I’m doing this so you don’t have to click that last link) : “Near a tree by a river There’s a hole in the ground Where an old man of Aran Goes around and around And his mind is a beacon In the veil of the night For a strange kind of fashion There’s a wrong and a right But he’ll never, never fight over you” What a load of old horseshit. And speaking of old horseshit, there was this: Duran Duran – The Wild Boys Yes. I bought this. Actually, I think I stole it from a reputable vendor of 7″ singles no longer with us. but either way, I possessed a copy, and the only justification I can think of, other than trying to impress girls (it didn’t work, by the way; they all just assumed I was gay, I was later told) was that I hoped that with enough plays on Top of the Pops, Simon Le Bon might actually fucking drown whilst tied to a windmill in that video. Which leads me on to the other two significant episodes in my pop history which just so happened to occur in 1984. Firstly, Britannia Music. Anyone of a certain age will remember Britannia Music: firstly, because The Brits are named after them (like that’s a recommendation….) and secondly because in the 1980s you could not open a magazine without a “3 for £10” introductory offer falling out into your lap. And I fell for it. Here was the deal: you could pick 3 albums and have them for £10; then you stayed as a member for as long as you liked, but had to purchase at least one album a month. And to help you keep your end of the contractual bargain, they would send you a little brochure each month, telling of their wares, and featuring an “Album of the Month”. If you didn’t want the “Album of the Month”, you had to tick a box on a form and send it back to them, pronto. Otherwise you got lumbered with whatever their Album of the Month was and had to pay for the privilege. I was often a little tardy, and consequently ended up with a lot of records I really didn’t want, more of which later. That’s my excuse, and I’m sticking to it. Anyway, what this did do was allow me to indulge in my love of Greatest Hits albums, which led me to buy the next three: Dusty Springfield – “I Close My Eyes And Count To Ten” I can’t pretend this song is the reason why I bought this album – that distinction has to go to either “I Only Want To Be With You” or “You Don’t Have To Say You Love Me” But if I absolutely had to name my favourite 10 songs ever, “I Close My Eyes…” would be right in there, an absolute gem, all slow building breathiness followed by more glorious camp strings than a cub scout jamboree. Speaking of camp….. Little Richard – “Tutti Frutti” (Suddenly realises why the girls may have thought I was gay at school………) Buddy Holly – “It Doesn’t Matter Anymore” A song I was aware of through my father’s record collection, for he owned the Linda Rondstadt version. (That Don Kirschner chap is just the dictionary definition of charisma, isn’t he?) Anyway, that’s the records I intentionally bought via Britannia, and here’s another, an actual record from your actual 1984: Alison Moyet – “Invisible” See, “electronic” music had at least crossed my radar, not that I would describe this as falling in that genre. But, as I’m sure you know, chicken-rearing Alison (a remembered Smash Hits fact, that) had been one half of Yazoo with Vince Clarke, ex-of Depeche Mode, soon-to-be of Erasure, and in-between jointly responsible for this. So, y’know, it wasn’t all about the guitars with me, even back then. Just mostly. Invisible was the third single from the album, and I could have just as easily posted “All Cried Out”, but Invisible deftly sums up my appeal to the opposite sex at this point in my life. And for much of it afterwards, if I’m being honest. Which I am, of course. As I write this now, I’m suddenly struck with how I much I love songs about either failed or unrequited love. It’s an empathy thing, I think. It would also explain why, two years earlier, in an example of what can only be described as the most optimistic thinking ever, I had told my best friend that when the situation arose that I had to finish with a girlfriend, I would simply quote the lyrics to this song to her: Chas. Dave. Anyway, the second significant episode was my brother going to stay with relatives in America, and coming back tooled up with loads of records popular in The States but which had no impact on this side of the pond. Records which I listened to with growing interest: Cheap Trick – “If You Want My Love” Rick Springfield – “Jessie’s Girl” The Call – The Walls Came Down The Fixx – One Thing Needs to Another He also bought me this, a band I assumed were American, but turned out to be from Sheffield. A band who had a drummer with one arm. (Actually, he still had two arms when this album was recorded; it was when their next album, “Hysteria”, post arm-loss, came out in 1987 that they went truly stratospheric). But I was there first, UK rock fans. Although I’m not so sure this is something to be proud of.. Def Leppard – Photograph But of all the records my brother brought back from the U S of A with him, there was one band that I totally fell for: The Go-Go’s. Featuring Belinda Carlisle and Jan Wiedlin, they became my pop star crushes to supercede Debbie Harry, five girls who so Google tells me, were the recipents of the 2,444th star on the LA Walk of Fame. Should have got there earlier, ladies. If only you didn’t take so long getting ready, eh lads? The Go-Go’s – Vacation And then there’s this, another contender for my Top Ten of Greatest Records Ever……! The Go-Go’s – Our Lips Are Sealed And if I’m going to post that link, then, since it was co-written by Terry Hall, ex-Special and (at the time) current one of the Fun Boy Three, I have to post this too: Fun Boy Three – Our Lips Are Sealed And finally on a Go-Go’s theme, allow me to nudge you in the direction of “Freedom of Choice”, an album of punk and new wave covers including Yo La Tengo, Sonic Youth and this, by Redd Kross, a band whose own output I’m not a fan of, but by God they know how to knock out a cover version: Redd Kross – How Much More Considering I could think of nothing to say, I don’t half go on, don’t I…..? Like anything I’ve posted today? Then go buy it here: the internet. Posted on August 15, 2015 August 15, 2015 Categories A History of Dubious Taste, Rue BritanniaTags Alison Moyet, Buddy Holly, Chas'n'Dave, Cheap Trick, Def Leppard, Duran Duran, Dusty Springfield, Fun Boy Three, Little Richard, Nik Kershaw, Redd Kross, Rick Springfield, The Assembly, The Call, The Cars, The Fixx, The Go-Go'sLeave a comment on Rue Britannia	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line720
__label__wiki	0.744092	0.744092	On vacation in the Alps, two friends on the verge of turning 80 look to each other for support as both rush to face potentially momentous career landmarks, realizing that time is no longer on their side. Michael Caine, Harvey Keitel, Rachel Weisz, Paul Dano, Jane Fonda Drama, Foreign Comedies Parents need to know that Youth is a quiet, thoughtful drama about characters reflecting on their lives and learning to accept loss. It's from director Paolo Sorrentino, whose 2014 film The Great Beauty was an Oscar winner for Best Foreign Language Film. Given that the main characters (played by Michael Caine and Harvey Keitel) are in their golden years, the drama may not appeal to teens -- which is fine, since it includes both male and female full-frontal nudity, as well as graphic sex and additional sex talk. Language is likewise strong (but not frequent), including uses of "f--k," "s--t," and "a--hole." A character commits suicide by jumping to his death (nothing graphic is shown), and there's some background smoking. Full-frontal female nudity, brief full-frontal male nudity. Graphic sex scene. Sex references. A character jumps from a balcony to his death (only the jump is shown, not the fall). A character has a hysterical fit. Some arguing. A character dresses as Hitler to prepare for a movie part. Fairly infrequent use of words including "f--k," "s--t," "a--hole," "ass," "whore," "bitch," "piss," "idiot." The movie's message is mostly about learning how to accept loss and regret. Background smoking.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line721
__label__cc	0.517657	0.482343	Brexit: The Facts EA Birmingham Political WorldView EA in the Media “Zero Tolerance”: Federal Officials Take Daughter Away as Immigrant Mother Breast-Fed Her Posted by Scott Lucas \| Jun 14, 2018 \| 0 Federal officials took a daughter away from a breast-feeding mother as part of the enforcement of the Trump Administration’s “zero tolerance” policy over undocumented immigrants. The immigrant from Honduras told the story to an attorney on Tuesday about the seizure as she was feeding her child in a detention center, while awaiting prosecution for entering the US illegally. When the woman resisted, she was handcuffed, according to Natalia Cornelio, the attorney with the Texas Civil Rights Project. Since Attorney General Jeff Sessions announced last month that all border-crossing parents would be taken to court and their children separated from them, about 500 juveniles have been put into centers, according to Miguel Nogueras, an assistant federal public defender for the Southern District of Texas. Some parents under arrest have told public defenders that they do not know what happened to their children. Some claim they have been told their children are being taken to be bathed or cleaned up, but then never see them again. Earlier this week, Health and Human Services officials confirmed that they are looking at setting up “tent cities” — detention camps — for thousands of children on three military bases in Texas. And Attorney General Sessions withdrew asylum provisions for domestic violence and gang violence victims, potentially affecting tens of thousands of immigrants. See Trump Administration Withdraws Asylum Protection from Domestic Abuse and Gang Violence Victims TrumpWatch, Day 509: Trump Administration Considering Detention Camps on Military Bases for Immigrant Children In a statement on Wednesday, US Customs and Border Protection spokesman Carlo Diaz denied the parents’ accounts: “Nothing could be further from the truth and these allegations are unsubstantiated.” But Nogueras says: It depends on who the agent is on that day. They’ll be told, “We’re going to separate your kids so they can bathe.” And that’s not true. It’s really hard to look in the eye of a mother or father who would plead to you — help me get my child back…. I’m outraged about it. I’m angry. It should never happen. I don’t think that this represents the values of the American people. PreviousTrumpWatch, Day 510: Trump — Trust Me, North Korea’s Nuclear Threat is Over NextSyria Daily: Inspectors Point to Another Sarin Attack by Assad Regime Scott Lucas Scott Lucas is Professor of International Politics at the University of Birmingham and editor-in-chief of EA WorldView. He is a specialist in US and British foreign policy and international relations, especially the Middle East and Iran. Formerly he worked as a journalist in the US, writing for newspapers including the Guardian and The Independent and was an essayist for The New Statesman before he founded EA WorldView in November 2008. TrumpWatch, Day 510: Trump - Trust Me, North Korea's Nuclear Threat is Over - EA WorldView - […] See also “Zero Tolerance”: Federal Officials Take Daughter Away as Immigrant Mother Breast-Fed Her […] Advertise with EA Join the EA WorldView Mailing List Subscribe to our email list to receive a weekly selection of stories published by EA WorldView during the previous week. Support EA WorldView You can support our work by donating here:	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line726
__label__cc	0.571364	0.428636	You are here: Home → Dissertation → Engineering Geometry in Architecture Research Assignment Paper (Dissertation Sample) Geometry in Architecture Studentâ€™s name Professorâ€™s name Architectural geometry is the study of a combination of geometry and architecture. It particularly tries to assess the designs, manufacture, and analyze processes. While designing a building, architects use different shapes which they combine, modify, repeat and repeat combinations (Janson & Janson 1997). There are two areas that geometry is applied in architecture which include the development of the architectural forms and representing architecture. The importance of geometry is that if provide the system in order to describe the design through the fundamental geometrical forms. Geometry therefore plays a critical role in the development of the architectural structures and forms. Descriptive geometry helps architectures to produce a two-dimensional representation of three-dimensional object through various projection methods. Geometry also gives the communication foundation about the architecture when in the planning stage or drawing. Architectures choose appropriate projection methods which include orthogonal parallel projection, central projection and oblique projection, which only serve as a communication about the design reflection (Hamlin 2010). Since geometry is the understanding of forms, transformation and creation of forms, the architectures use this as their starting point of understanding. Hence, geometry has been used as a formative idea in architecture as a designing tool. The architectures have been using various forms and spaces that are complex using the geometric elements and form language. Therefore, geometry consists of the point, line, plane basic shapes which include triangle, square, circle through a mathematical aspect (Moore 1968). It is these abstract elements that have given the foundation of a variety of geometries. These elements are utilized in architectural building. The elements have significantly affected or influenced the formation of space and architectural forms to either the conceptual or constructional meaning. Therefore, these geometric elements have added the aesthetic, symbolic, and conceptual aspects of the architectural designs. As a result the architects have widely used these elements in the architectural space organization and in the relative generation of the architectural forms in discipline (Janson & Janson 1997). The architects use the geometric elements for replying varied requirements which include the philosophic, aesthetic and economic in a variety of steps through design. The conceptual process of building form is only explained through geometric elements as either pure or processed with elements in the principle of organization. In the architectural basic element are enlarged and utilized both in the two dimensional planar elements and in the three dimensional volumetric elements. Therefore the geometric elements and the organization principals enable the architects to utilize geometry more effectively and gives more value to designs by adding richness and developing new designs. Consequently, the geometric elements are utilized as the most important determinants that help the character of the composition of the architectural form and space. Therefore, the generation of form and space by using basic geometric elements enable them to be critical imputes in the architectural designs. The generation of the architectural form and space is based on the geometric rules and abstracting these with the basic geometric elements which make the resulting form more understandable and easy to recognize (Hamlin 2010). The architects through history have always been on the lookout for the ideas that would give form to their worked and direct their design. The geometrically determined definition of the form and arrangements of part has made it possible for the architects to express their architectural ideas and allow for the development of the sub themes and variations that enable understanding of the strong underlying formal order. The geometric ideas have become the ground rules in the directing complete understanding of the previous architectural designs. Therefore, the basic geometric elements are important in the generation of the architectural form a space (Hamlin 2010). In the historical perspective, the Greek orders determined the kind of architectures they have which means the masons geometric expertise which determined the Gothic cathedral, the projective geometry which influenced Renaissance man's conception of space architecture. Others, such as the Brunelleschi, Alberti, and Leonardo Da Vinci were the architects that relied on geometry concepts. Christopher Wren who was the architect of the St. Paul cathedral used the elements of geometry. Lobachevski was among the founders of the non-Euclidean geometry was a great architect. Recently, the works of Buckminster Fullerâ€™s domes are architectural structures that are purely based on the geometric and topological theories (Janson & Janson 1997). Geometry therefore performs double roles for the architects, which include helping in the formal and the technical sense. It means that geometry influences the structural and the visual aspects of the design. Vitruvius understood clearly the role of geometry when he presented the three requirements for an architectural structure which included firmitas that is structure, Utilitas that is function and Venustas that is beauty. Therefore, the building constructed should be able to accommodate certain functions, be able to stand on its own securely and have some aesthetic value or visual stimulation. It implies that any structural system should be consistent with its appearance and should also be able to reflect the function of the building (Hamlin 2010). Hence, geometry has always been the determinant of proportions of buildings, hence influencing its appearance. The structure of the historical buildings was arrived at through the empirical means and sometimes through the structural system and geometric proportions combines as is the case of the Gothic cathedral whose work has a powerful visual impact. Therefore, from the Renaissance, on to more theoretical works, the builders relied on the residual geometry also referred to as intuition especially in the 17th century. In the 19th century, things started changing, adopting the empirical approach and by the end of the industrial revolution, there was an enormous transformation as man had gained more knowledge on the use of materials and structural theory. The principles of organization of the architectural form are recognized by architects because it helps them to design and analyze their building. Geometry is the mathematical system that is concerned with the points, lines, solids, and surfaces (Moore 1968). All the mathematical system is usually based on these undefined elements, u... Assessment Of The Integrative Roles Of The ERP Systems: A Case Study Of Al-Burhan Group In I. . . Description: Assessment Of The Integrative Roles Of The ERP Systems: A Case Study Of Al-Burhan Group In Iraq... 70 pages/≈19250 words\| 40 Sources \| Harvard \| Engineering \| Dissertation \| Evacuation And Life Safety Strategies For Occupants In Super Tall Buildings Description: According to the definition presented by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA, 2012)... 11 pages/≈3025 words\| 5 Sources \| Harvard \| Engineering \| Dissertation \| Social Housing: Addressing The Housing Supply Crisis In London Description: The main aim of the research is to address the housing supply crisis which is witnessed in London. Hence This dissertation is well crafted to enable one be able to understand the concept of housing demand in London and England as a whole....	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line728
__label__wiki	0.521709	0.521709	The Environment of Qatar (Environment Essay Sample) / Samples / Environment / The Environment Of Qatar ← Gas Issues Mgmt 4650 Case Project → Check Out Our The Environment of Qatar Essay The environment of Qatar plays a big role in shaping the people's way of life. Similarly, people play a major role in influencing or preserving the environment. Qatar is located in the Arabian Gulf and has some beautiful beaches and warm water, which attracts swimmers and tourists from all over the world. Qatari sea is one of the most important features for tourism and recreation today. The undersea life is valued and respected, but because of the growth in population, sea life is endangered. Many people from all over the world come to Qatar to work and live, yet there are no awareness programs about sea life protection to assist their connection to the environment. Likewise, the desert of Qatar has many different wild trees and other plant species. Trees and wild plants were one day used as an important source of food and medicine. Some of the wild animals living in the desert are also part of the ecosystem. Nonetheless, the past few decades have seen a major imbalance of environment structure, due to the scarcity of rain, and human intervention in nature. This caused great damage to the environment in the country of Qatar and some neighboring countries, as well. These environmental problems and damages call for serious urgency to provide up-to-date studies and researches on the importance of preserving the environment in Qatar. The waters of the Arabian Gulf surround Qatar on three sides, whereas the country’s south is connected to Saudi Arabia by land. The landscape is more or less flat to wavy with a number of prominent hills. The country’s land elevation varies from about 6 to 103 meters above the sea level. The southern part of the country features sand dunes and rocky hills. The coastal areas have mud flats that are saline and swampy. As a consequence of the country’s climate and geographical location, Qatar is categorized as a sub-tropical desert. From June to August, the weather is hot and muggy; whereas between November and February, it is pleasant. Annually, the country receives about 81mm of rainfall. The average, maximum temperature in Qatar is 31 degrees Celsius, whereas the minimum is 22 degrees Celsius. Occasionally, the country is hit by sandstorms, but wind-blown dust is more common. Qatar has neither rivers nor lakes, and other than rainfall ground water is the main source of water. Surface water is limited, and it can only be seen after the winter rains; water may accumulate in wadis, runnels and depressions for a short time (Qatar). The global energy demands, on one hand, have played a major role in what is seen as the deterioration of the environment. The country has seen a huge influx of expatriates and other people, who have come to work on the oil industry, as well as other sectors of the economy. The huge profits that the country get from its huge oil reserves has seen the country develop at an astronomical pace, and the environment, unfortunately, has borne the brunt of these changes. The need for coming up with policies and programs to improve the management of environmental resources cannot be overstated, because failure to take care of the surrounding environment can have disastrous consequences. The Qatari government has seen the need to put in time, as well as commit resources for this noble endeavor. Given the changes that the globe is experiencing, as a result of global warming, many environments are vulnerable, and the environment in this country is no exception. Because many of the causes of the degradation of the Qatari environment are a result of human activities, it is only fair for all the people in this country to take proactive steps that are aimed at preserving this delicate eco system not only for themselves but the future generations, as well (Qatar). Objectives of the research and Technology Center The main objective of the research and technology center will be to work to preserve the environment of Qatar. It will also provide a database that can offer valid information about the Qatari environment for institutions, universities, schools, and individuals inside and outside Qatar. The center should prepare questionnaires, reports, researches and studies on the changes and developments of the environment in Qatar on monthly and yearly basis. This will aid agencies and institutions concerned to get a clear picture of the progress made, if any, and any negative changes that may require urgent attention. Initiate environment information centers to direct people, distribute knowledge and attract tourists to these centers; this will also play a critical role in coordinating all efforts that may be geared at environmental preservation. Discover new methods and ways, as far as contributing in preserving the Qatari environment is concerned. These methods may include carrying out exchange programs to see and learn how different countries are tackling the issue of environmental preservation. Raise awareness among people about the importance of preserving the environment; this will go a long way, inculcating the feeling of responsibility for the environmental conservation concerns. Motivate individuals and encourage their participation in the preservation of the environment. Attract students in schools and universities to participate in supporting an environmental research and preparation of reports and studies on Qatari environment. Provide training and education to members, schools, universities and institutions. Area of Interests, Concerns and Development Marine Biology are divided into many groups, which are marine plankton (microscopic organisms), fish (small, medium, and large), and sea birds. The presence of a number of islands makes Qatar a destination locality for birds that are migrating. The lives of these birds have, however, been positively and negatively impacted by a combination of civil and industrial life. As a result of effluents that cause pollution, some species, for instance the sturthio camelus, have become extinct. On the flip side, areas that are cultivated, for example, public gardens and palm farms, and the presence of sewerage ponds have worked to attract even more migratory birds into the country. (Qatar). Genuine efforts, aimed at the preservation of the delicate eco systems, Marine plants and fungi, are numerous and have multiple forms. A survey conducted in 2002 by UNESCO found that there were 402 species of marine flora and 142 species of marine fauna in Qatar (Discover Qatar); they are the main source of food for many species of fish and other marine life. The delicate marine eco system can be significantly affected by industrial and domestic effluent that may find its way into the sea. Seabed is the bottom of the Sea or the floor of the sea. This presents the platform, on which plankton grow and is also a serene habitat for a number of marine life. Experts have recorded close to 150 species of fish in Qatar in the north eastern part of the country, providing one of the best fishing grounds. Some of the fish found include sweet lips, rabbit fish, thread fins, lizard fins, sharks, snappers and emperors, as well as a number of carangids (Qatar). The green sea turtles, which are endangered, are also found in Qatar, and they mostly nest in the north east coast and the off shore islands nearby. The Desert Environment (Land Environment) A number of protected areas have been set up in Qatar to breed species that are endangered for the purposes of re-introduction into the wild. The Qatar Arabian Oryx Breeding Center has been successful in breeding Oryx in captivity, and the population was later relocated to three reserves. The Arabian Fox can also be seen on occasion; these animals live in burrows that have been dug in the desert sand. The cape hare resides in Qatar’s small islands. The Ethiopian hedgehog, as well as a number of bat species, can be spotted at night. Scorpions and lizards can also be found in the desert sand. Wild plants and fungi: being part of the Arabian dwarf woody perennials, peninsula, perennial grasses annuals, ephemerals and a few tree species are the most common types of vegetation. Land and soil: the soil in Qatar has a coarse texture, is low of soluble substances, has a low retention rate and has a shallow depth. The country has depression soils (Rowda), saline soil deposits (Sabkha), rocky soil (Lithosol) and sandy soil. These areas all form part of delicate eco systems and have to be adequately protected to save these plants and animals from extinction. Attractions and recreations: marine tourist sites, land-based tourist sites, historical monuments and archaeological sites. Marine sites for tourism are a great way not only of generating revenue, but they also play an integral role in the preservation efforts of marine life. The presence of premium hotels adjacent to the beach provides an excellent place for visitors to relax. Desert wilderness sites for tourism also help in preserving the environment through eco system. In addition to the sand dunes, the tourists can also see the various species of Oryx, hares and other small mammals in the reserves that have been established. Being part of Mesopotamia, where agriculture is said to have started, there are numerous archeology sites that historians, as well as archeologists, will find useful. These areas also need to be preserved, as, in addition to enhancing knowledge on past agricultural practices; they are also part of the heritage of Qatar (Qatar Tourism). Qatar Environment Today Today, there is a great need to preserve the environment of the country. The environment has suffered many changes and direct damage that caused the extinction of many of the natural plants and species. The Qatar Sea has been dramatically affected over the last few decades. In addition, some sea plants, some fish and species have become rare or even extinct. Qatari Desert is also damaged in many parts of the country. The damages include the soil, desert animals, and desert trees and plants. The population of Qatar used these plans and trees for their food and medicine in the past, and their dwindling numbers have become an issue of great concern. The government of Qatar has taken some steps to conserve the environment; in fact, February 26th has officially been set aside as the country’s environment day. The environment faces a myriad of challenges, ranging from greenhouse gases, which are a result of the country’s industrialization process, to rapid population growth with occupation of lands, which were bare previously and inhabited by wild plants and animals; these lands being converted into residential, farming and even industrial areas. Such a center will go a long way in ensuring that the damage that has been inflicted on the environment can be stopped and, if possible, reversed. The success witnessed by the Qatar Oryx Breeding Center is testament to the fact that environmental conservation is not only necessary, but also possible. The Qatari government has shown tremendous commitment towards environmental conservation by setting up award schemes that seek to recognize institutions, as well as individuals, who play a role in this field. The delicate balance in the environment of Qatar needs to be adequately protected, so as to ensure that people can continue to reap maximum benefits from the area around them. The government has also taken steps to ensure that the hunting of endangered species is done away with; thus, saving them from extinction. Such a center will provide a great opportunity to address the issue of environmental conservation. For these reasons, environmental studies and researches are crucial to the country. The studies must include/present all important aspects, such as new projects and constructions. In addition, researches must take into account awareness among people about the importance of preserving the environment. The reports and studies must attract students in schools and universities to participate in supporting environmental research and preparation of reports and studies on Qatari environment. This is vital so as to ensure that the country does not lose the environment in the process of trying to achieve industrialization and modernization. No country has to sacrifice its environment for the purpose of being industrialized; Qatar is no exception because this is too high a price to pay. Apart from providing research and other related materials and opportunity, the research and technology center should also facilitate civic education on the importance of environmental conservation. The center may also be tasked with the responsibility of formulating guidelines that can form part of the curriculum in schools and other learning institutions. This is important because innovations and advances in technology can play a critical part in environmental conservation. This center will also empower the youth, who will be the future custodians of the environment with the necessary skills and experience that is necessary for them, to be able to handle this issue later into the future. The success of the research and technology center will not only positively impact the environment of Qatar, but also that of her neighbors and the entire Arabian Peninsula. It may also inspire other countries to do the same. When this happens on a global scale, humanity as well as the biotic environment will be the greatest beneficiaries. So far, the government, as well as the people of Qatar, are taking steps and placing their efforts in the direction of utilizing the resources in their environment, and even though this is commendable, more still has to be done. Need more Environment Essay Examples? Mgmt 4650 Case Project Global Warming Solutions Gas Issues The Use of Energy	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line729
__label__cc	0.556713	0.443287	alnap-provention-lessons-urban.pdf Uploaded by Phyu Zin Aye saveSave alnap-provention-lessons-urban.pdf For Later Effectiveness Review: Community-based Disaster Risk Management and Livelihoods Programme, Pakistan 2007 Proyecto Unesco-dipecho Tsunami Preparedness Advertising Case Study 2014 The Four Priorities for Action art_10.1007_s13753-013-0019-5-1.pdf World Health Day 2009 Save lives. Make hospitals safe in emergencies, brochure Phl 2009 Detailed Advt Barangay DRRMC Checklist 2017 Desastres e Instituciones Olivert ALNAPLessons No5 Responding to urban disasters Learning from previous relief and recovery operations Contents Lesson 5 Engagement and partcipation of local actors Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 3 are essential for a relevant and effective response ................................................................................................................................ 14 Lesson 1 Community consultation and ownership .............................................. 15 Comprehensive assessment of needs, Expanding the capacity of communities to manage capacities and vulnerabilities is essential for disaster risks ............................................................................................................................ 15 appropriate targeting ........................................................................................ 5 Assessing urban needs ................................................................................................... 5 Lesson 6 Targeting assistance ........................................................................................................... 7 Re-establishing local economies and livelihoods is fundamental for Lesson 2 recovery efforts ........................................................................................................... 17 Ensure safety of affected population Local economic development ............................................................................... 18 and operational staff in the Food security in urban environments ....................................................... 19 immediate aftermath ........................................................................................ 9 Innovative methods of delivery .......................................................................... 20 Lesson 3 Lesson 7 Response and recovery efforts should start on Focus on moving beyond the provision of day one, and effective coordination, shelter to the construction of settlements .......... 22 partnerships and communications Addressing land issues and displacement ........................................ 22 are paramount ............................................................................................................. 10 Avoiding relocation and resettlements .................................................... 23 Communication ...................................................................................................................... 11 Rebuilding better homes ............................................................................................ 24 Linking infrastructure and services in settlement Lesson 4 planning ................................................................................................................................ 25 Effective multi-stakeholder planning is essential both before and during disasters, Lesson 8 and requires investment of time and Effective risk reduction is the key to resources ................................................................................................................................ 12 overcoming persistent cycles of Updating national regulatory frameworks .......................................... 12 vulnerability ..................................................................................................................... 26 Collecting and sharing information ............................................................. 13 Sustainable cities and disaster-risk reduction ............................ 26 Risk transfer and insurance .................................................................................. 27 Key resources ........................................................................................................................... 28 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................ 29 ALNAPLessons RESPONDING TO URBAN DISASTERS PAGE 2 www.alnap.org Learning from previous relief and recovery operations Disaster response in an urban environment presents a wide variety of challenges. Humanitarian organisations often have more experience of disaster response in rural settings, and local authorities and community organisations may have little experience of planning and executing large-scale activities in response and recovery. This paper draws on experience from the responses to number of urban disasters, including earthquake responses in Bam (Iran); Bhuj (India), Izmit (Turkey), and Kobe (Japan); storm and hurricane in Gonaives (Haiti) and New Orleans (United States), and conflict responses in Angola and Mostar (Bosnia-Herzegovina). The paper highlights key lessons to guide local authorities, national governments, international agencies, the private sector, learning centres and community organisations in approaching the specific challenges of addressing and responding to disaster risks in urban environments. ALNAP SECRETARIAT PROVENTION CONSORTIUM SECRETARIAT Overseas Development Institute IFRC 111 Westminster Bridge Road PO Box 372 London SE1 7JD, UK 17, chemin des Crts Tel: + 44 (0)20 7922 0300 CH-1211 Geneva 19 Fax:+ 44 (0)20 7922 0399 Switzerland Email: alnap@alnap.org Email: provention@ifrc.org Website: www.alnap.org Website: www.proventionconsortium.org Please send any feedback and comments on this paper to alnap@alnap.org According to the United Nations, the worlds population first became more urban than rural between 2007 and 2008 with more than 50% of the worlds people now living in urban areas. As Figure 1 illustrates, much of the increase in urban populations over the coming years will be in less developed regions1, because of natural population growth and rural-to-urban migration. Figure 1. Urban and rural populations, by development group, 19502050 Less developed regions, urban population Less developed regions, rural population More developed regions, urban population 0 More developed regions, rural population This shift is more than a transmission of population from one place to another it is also involves a transformation of lives and livelihoods. Cities and urban centres are highly diverse in terms of the forms they take, the social and political structures that emerge within them, and the range of needs and interests of their constituent communities. This variety is as marked within as across different urban centres: there may be as much variety within Dhaka and Delhi respectively as there is between them. Urban centres are typically strongly interconnected with peri-urban and rural areas within nations and regions, through common markets or trade links, and with wider globalised communities through remittances. Urban populations are very dynamic, with high rates of migration in and out of urban centres. Urban economies reflect this interconnectedness and diversity, and often making a vital contribution to the national economy. As a result of all of this diversity, interconnectedness and size, urban governance often requires sophisticated social and political mechanisms. Effective urban governance draws on both formal and informal processes, and requires engagement of a broad range of stakeholders from local to national levels. Of particular interest to the constituencies of ALNAP and Provention is how these shifts impacts on the need for and context of humanitarian response and disaster risk reduction work. As urban growth continues unabated in many parts of the world, the vulnerability of those living in urban areas is also increasing. This is for two main reasons: failure to address The UN Population Division categorises less developed regions as all regions of Africa, Asia (excluding Japan), Latin America and the Caribbean plus Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. safety and sustainability adequately in current growth patterns; and changing hazard patterns, especially those beyond the experience of local coping mechanisms. Poorly built urban environments, and the low incomes of many urban dwellers, significantly increase vulnerability to natural hazards. In many poor urban communities, homes, businesses and community facilities are sited on hazard-prone land, with un-regulated and unsafe construction and inadequate or non-existent services. The poor communities living in these conditions cannot afford insurance, savings or asset accumulation, and their vulnerability is immense. This increases the risk that disasters will devastate both the built environment and the social economy, resulting in longer- term and more extensive setbacks to development. Changes in climate risk in particular imply that urban areas may face hazards in the future which are outside their past experience. But while disaster events are often triggered by natural hazards, the real driver of urban disaster risk is weak governance and systems that fail to manage risks in the course of development processes. Recovery and reconstruction provide an opportunity to redress these failings, but only if prevention is made an explicit priority (Dind 2006). Experience has shown that the failure to incorporate disaster-risk reduction into all stages of a disaster response increases the likely impact of future disasters. Any disaster response should reduce future vulnerability by improving both the urban built environment and the resilience of urban social and governance systems. The concept of building back better connects risk reduction, mitigation, equity, human rights, gender, housing and land and property rights by enabling smooth transitions from relief and recovery into long-term development (UN-HABITAT 2006). On the positive side, most urban environments have considerable strengths in terms of economic production and distribution, human resources, social capital and civil society. Cities by definition are resource-rich the wealth of human and social capital in cities is part of what draws people to them, and should be used to support humanitarian response, recovery and development throughout disaster-response efforts (ALNAP interview with David Sanderson, 19 November Increasing urban vulnerability means an increasing role for efforts in urban humanitarian responses and urban risk management. This role is distinct from that required in rural settings (see Box 1).When urban disasters do occur, a robust, coordinated, multi-hazard approach is crucial to ensure quick recovery, sustained development and reduced risk. Response agencies need planning and service-delivery solutions which are distinct from those used in rural areas, and which are appropriate to the wider governance systems and processes alluded to above. And approaches to disaster risk in urban centres need to move beyond a technical focus and the assumption that issues and problems can be addressed through straightforward planning. Box 1. What is an urban disaster and how is it distinctive from the rural? An urban disaster is unique in that it occurs in a dense and highly complex (physical and non- physical) environment that has adapted, formally and informally, to absorb large populations and a range of economic activities, leading to distinctive features of: economic systems and livelihood strategies resource availability governance and public expectations large informal settlements likelihood for compound and complex disasters potential for secondary impacts on rural or regional producers The work undertaken for this paper highlights the need for much greater effort to understand the distinctive nature and potential of urban response and risk reduction. Issues related to urban risk, preparedness and response are typically debated and addressed within particular specialisations and silos development planning, emergency management, humanitarian response, environmental management or climate change with little cross-disciplinary dialogue This paper represents an initial attempt by ALNAP and Provention to help to bridge some of these divides by relating issues of urban risk and response to longer-term development, providing eight evidence-based lessons on what has worked in previous efforts. Together, these lessons present a synthesis of what is currently out there, and it is hoped that they will prove useful both for informing ongoing and new efforts, but also for generating and focusing dialogue on this increasingly important area of work. As such, the paper raises a challenge to the international community. If the overarching goals of humanitarian response and risk reduction work are to save lives and protect livelihoods, then much more work is needed to ensure these goals can be achieved in a rapidly urbanising world. At the present time, in the words of one senior leader, neither the NGO community nor the donor community has co-evolved in the direction of facing urban poverty as rapidly as urban poverty has occurred (IRIN, 2007). In order to address this in the context of disaster response and risk reduction, we would strongly advocate for partnerships to be forged between operational agencies, academic groups and think tanks to do more applied research to understand what works well in urban disaster contexts. Real-time analysis and learning in urban responses may be especially useful for strengthening collective understanding. Donors should prioritise the support of such work in their research and capacity development agendas. This collective effort needs to practically focused, and help to develop new innovative tools and techniques that are relevant for undertaking disaster-related work in urban settings. If, as the 2006 UN State of the World Cities reports concluded, living in an overcrowded and unsanitary slum is now more life-threatening than living in a poor rural village, this may be one of the most important tasks the international humanitarian community faces today. Satterthwaite, D (2007) Tomorrows crises today: The humanitarian impact of urbanization, http://www.irinnews.org COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF NEEDS, CAPACITIES AND VULNERABILITIES IS ESSENTIAL FOR APPROPRIATE TARGETING Disasters have a wide range of impacts on different groups of people. This is especially the case for disasters affecting the diverse and fluid populations typical of cities and towns. To meet the different needs of these groups, it is necessary to understand the vulnerability of children, men, women, the elderly, recent migrants and any other groups that may have special needs after a disaster. Response organisations can track ongoing needs and gaps in services across all groups by using extensive assessment and by collecting disaggregated data - for example, by gender, age, ethnicity and income group. Assessing urban needs The challenge of identifying the affected population in a large disaster is complicated by several factors characteristic of urban settings (Kelly 2003). Cities are demographically fluid and therefore hard to represent in a static picture Cities can absorb large numbers of people unnoticed, and often without formal registration. This is in contrast to refugee camps, where the arrival of people into camps is more readily apparent. Geographic segmentation of poverty and food security and therefore targeting of response can be difficult given that urban areas often include a wide range of people from very wealthy to very poor living in close proximity. Wealth ranking is often complicated by the higher costs of living in urban areas compared with rural settings, affecting typical ratios such as income relative to costs of food and other necessities. Informality in the recording of land and property rights, or destruction of records, can also cause difficulties in identifying the social distribution of loss and rights claims. Cities are usually host to a wide variety of inhabitants who inhabit and use the city in different ways, at different times of the day or in different seasons. Many may live outside the city but commute in for work. Others may live and work in the city but depend on trade with those on the periphery for food and other basic commodities. Still others depend on the urban economy through remittances but live at great distance. Some people can be overlooked, particularly after a disaster when humanitarian aid is being delivered to as wide a section of the population as possible. In particular, the needs of households with chronically ill, elderly and/or disabled members are often forgotten, or temporarily put on hold during disaster recovery and response (Box 2). USAID (2008) Emergencies in Urban Settings: A Technical Review of Food-Based Program Options, http://www.aed.org Feinstein International Famine Center (2008) Profiling Studies of Urban IDPs in KhartoumSudan, AbidjanCote dIvoire and Santa MartaColombia UNHCR (1997) Urban Policy on Refugees in Urban Areas critique of this policy has also resulted in the Obi and Crisp (2001) UNHCR Policy Development and Evaluation Service Unit report, Ignored displaced persons: The plight of IDPs in Landau, L (2004) FMO Research Guide: Urban Refugees, Forced Migration Online, www.forcedmigration.org Targeting assistance Guidelines from the World Food Programme (WFP) and US Agency for International Development (USAID) on targeting urban populations with food aid suggest the value of self-targeting programmes, in which people choose to participate or not in particular programmes. This can save costs financial and time related to data collection and selection, and if done effectively avoids the risk of excluding certain vulnerable groups. However, such programmes are feasible only if benefits are set low enough to attract only the poorest among those who have been affected by the disaster (Kelly 2003; WFP 2002), which does call for a degree of contextual understanding and local knowledge. The advantages and disadvantages of other targeting approaches presented in the USAID guidelines are outlined in Table 1. Considerations in selecting a targeting approach include (USAID 2008): proportion of beneficiaries within the wider population type of distribution programme balance between the affordability of a programme and accuracy in reaching the affected population feasibility, depending on scale, of a targeting approach. Community-based targeting, often used in the rural delivery of humanitarian aid, may not work as well in urban areas because poverty and malnutrition may be widely dispersed in pockets across the city. Geographic targeting may also be Box 2. Tips for addressing needs of vulnerable groups during disaster response Chronically ill Assessing the disasters impact on behaviour, family structures and access to treatment will highlight potential changes in the patterns of transmission and treatment. After Hurricane Katrina many of those with HIV who were dispersed to new areas had trouble accessing comparable health benefits and experienced disruption to their anti-retroviral treatments. The care of those who stayed or returned rapidly was also affected as many healthcare workers left the area (IFRC 2008). In addition to priority medical interventions after a disaster, it is also important to maintain ongoing health programmes, such as HIV/AIDS prevention programmes to supply condoms, provide counselling and testing, and organise school and media campaigns. Involving the chronically ill and support organisations in emergency and response planning will ensure needs are articulated and addressed effectively in the response. Elderly and The response to the Kobe earthquake highlighted the need to assess existing community disabled support networks. This will improve understanding of the support lost to the elderly and disabled from the deaths of family members or others in their social networks, and how these social communities can best be supported (Nakagawa and Shaw 2005; Shaw and Goda 2004). Street Orphans and street children in urban areas may be invisible to agencies focusing on children damaged houses and displaced households. Coordination with local community-based organisations already working with orphaned and street children will ensure that these children are included in relief programmes (WFP 2002). Recent Assistance to recent migrants (including urban refugees) targeting long-run integration migrants and sustainability strengthens their livelihoods and resilience in robust ways that will serve them in their current communities or their areas of origin should they return (Feinstein International Famine Center 2008; Obi and Crisp 2001). People-orientated planning principles will allow migrants themselves, as well as community-based organisations and development agencies, to contribute their own detailed knowledge of their population to programme planning. IDPs Internally displaced people (IDPs) and refugees in urban areas often receive less support than their rural counterparts from international and domestic IDP and refugee aid systems. The ongoing perception of local authorities of IDPs as a temporary phenomenon has meant that there has been little incentive to extend infrastructure support and services or social protection to IDPs (Hamid 1992). Research shows that a range of individuals and families are displaced in urban areas and often need dedicated community support. As Hurricane Katrina in the U.S. demonstrated, survivors from urban centres may also be displaced back to rural areas or other towns. The rights and livelihoods of refugees can also be promoted, but ths must be done without compromising the perceived well-being of the host population (Jacobsen and Landau 2005). Organisations can play a strong role in this by advocating for refugees right to work, the opening of labour markets and the reduction or relaxation of administrative barriers (such as identification requirements) alongside advocating for the rights of the poor and any host populations into which survivors are relocated so as not to add new dimensions to inequality, dependency and social tension in local communities. Table 1. Advantages and disadvantages of various targeting approaches in urban emergencies Targeting Definition Advantages Disadvantages Programme approach examples Geographic Beneficiaries are selected on Easy and quick Low targeting Targeted household targeting basis of geographic location by accuracy if distribution poorest or most vulnerable vulnerable districts. households are widely dispersed Self-targeting Beneficiaries self-select to Avoids time Risk of significant Food for work participate. Aspects of and resource leakage of Wet feeding (e.g. programme design encourage expenses resources to those soup kitchens) target group to participate and who are less Market assistance others not to. vulnerable programmes Administrative Beneficiaries are selected from Simple to use Risk of exclusion Targeted household targeting a population list; the criteria when accurate if lists are distribution used for selection differ by lists are available incomplete or out of programme. date (marginalised/ new arrivals) Community- Distribution list is identified Community Prone to Targeted household based through community leaders engagement exclusion if distribution targeting knowledge and criteria pre- Not restricted community leaders determined by community. to a small favour one group number of proxy over another targeting criteria Proxy targeting Beneficiaries are selected on Easy to use if Risk of exclusion Targeted house- basis of observable selection traits and inclusion error hold distribution characteristics (e.g. gender of are obvious when using single Market assistance household head, unemployed, Multi-proxy proxy targeting programmes adolescent). targeting Proxies may be Community-based increases difficult to observe management accuracy but may objectively Supplementary aid be costlier than single proxy Means-testing Beneficiaries are selected on High potential Time-/resource- Targeted household basis of income, expenditures, targeting intensive, requires distribution wealth, or assets. accuracy census of all Food for training Institutional Beneficiaries are selected based Relatively easy Excludes people School feeding and targeting on affiliation with a selected beneficiaries who would be aid distribution institution. already attend eligible but are not selected registered with institutions targeted Source: Adapted from USAID 2008 of limited use, as communities in cities may be defined by family and social networks rather than geographic proximity (WFP 2002). CAREs Kabul Shelter and Settlements (KASS) programme demonstrates good practice in relation to these challenges. The programme began with a land-usage survey to identify shelter opportunities, and then established community councils to select beneficiaries in clusters rather than individually. The selection was done through a participatory process with trained community mobilisers conducting door-to-door surveys to assess needs, which helped to build trust and strengthen local governance. The programme emphasised the role of women as critical mobilisers in this process (CARE 2007). ProVentions Community Risk Assessment Toolkit http://www.proventionconsortium.org ENSURE SAFETY OF AFFECTED POPULATION AND OPERATIONAL STAFF IN THE IMMEDIATE AFTERMATH The high density of urban environments, and lack of effective policing during disasters, can increase safety risks to the disaster-affected population and operational staff following a disaster. A Red Cross Red Crescent evaluation of the humanitarian response to the 2004 earthquake in Bam, Iran, highlighted the importance of quickly restoring law and order. Many people moved into Bam from rural areas during the earthquake response, and the looting of supplies from relief trucks during the first three days demonstrated that effective distribution was highly dependent on existing law and order (IFRC and Iranian RCS 2004). The looting of property of those affected by the disaster also presents a threat to the coping and recovery of communities. However, there have also been many instances where crime and looting did not emerge in post-disaster situations, despite pessimistic predictions. Good communication and community outreach by local authorities and community organisations in the post-disaster setting are critical to maintaining a stable environment and enabling progress in relief and recovery. Evacuation to shelters away from the most damaged areas of the city may also be necessary. The chaotic and congested evacuation during Hurricane Katrina shows the need to plan for orderly evacuations and to give special consideration to the needs of patients in hospitals, residents without their own means of transportation, and others who may have difficulty evacuating (Gray and Herbert 2006). In Santo Domingo after Hurricane George, a community group in the Los Manguitos barrio (municipality) helped vulnerable people go to local shelters and organised security. The police and Red Cross were not able to offer assistance a week or more after the disaster despite the affected area being just a few miles from the city centre. The key to the successful community intervention was strong and networked social capital: youth-led, locally independent and legitimate in the eyes of the community (Pelling 2003). Even in the most built-up urban environments, most life-saving search-and-rescue (SAR) activities are undertaken by affected communities themselves, or by neighbouring national SAR teams. The process of search and rescue is often virtually finished by the time that international SAR teams arrive, despite their high-profile media coverage. International teams may provide experience and equipment to assist in specific, highly demanding rescue situations. However, damage in narrow streets may also limit access for emergency-response equipment, and effective use of low-tech transport options ALNAPLessons RESPONDING TO URBAN DISASTERS PAGE 10 www.alnap.org can be more important. The relative costs and benefits of using international SAR teams in urban settings need careful consideration, and such teams must be quickly deployed if they are to contribute significantly. One ALNAP member the Swiss Development Cooperation agency, has had its SAR function subjected to ISO9000 standards, and may be a useful good practice example for others to draw upon2. One of the main lessons from the earthquake in Kobe, Japan in 1995 was that: Even the most affluent and sophisticated of societies has difficulty coping with major disasters. Reliance on costly technology rather than people, machines rather than peoples capacities, can leave developed societies especially their crowded cities vulnerable to catastrophe. After Kobes earthquake, it was the resilience and initiatives of the affected families in the face of cold weather, water shortages and poor communications that provided the basis for the initial response, not the pre-planned emergency systems (IFRC 1996). RedR safety and security materials http://www.redr.org.uk/ FEMA (2003) Urban Search and Rescue Field Operations Guide, http://www.fema.gov/emergency/usr/resources.shtm International Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG), http://ochaonline.un.org/?TabId=1436 RESPONSE AND RECOVERY EFFORTS SHOULD START ON DAY ONE, AND EFFECTIVE COORDINATION, PARTNERSHIPS AND COMMUNICATIONS ARE PARAMOUNT Because of the urgency and scale of efforts, and the invisibility of vulnerable urban groups, response and recovery activities in urban environments are difficult to manage. Numerous and diverse teams are typically working at a scale and speed beyond the day-to-day experience of local authorities and civil society organisations. Many humanitarian organisations face considerable challenges, primarily due to staff turnover and the difficulty in maintaining institutional capacities between large disaster responses (Ozcevik et al 2008). Effective coordination and project management among responders is therefore especially critical in the early stages and in urban environments where damage to buildings and infrastructure may hamper communication. Individual agencies might have good internal systems and planning, but overall unified coordination between agencies tends to be lacking. Effective recovery requires the coordination of initiatives to support livelihoods/employment, shelter/ housing, and urban services such as water and sanitation systems, power, communications and transport. Links to environmental planning are necessary to assess the impacts of reconstruction, and wider impacts from the disaster (and primary impacts in the case of a technological or industrial disaster). Environmental impacts are quite common in urban areas with industrial sites that may have been damaged by the disaster. An effective coordination mechanism can help to ensure that all relevant needs are considered across both departmental divides and diverse stakeholder interests. Such coordination and collective decision making can be strengthened by the use of community liaison officers and cross- organisational operational response systems, such as those mobilised in Mozambique after Cyclone Favio in 2007: For more details visit http://www.sdc.admin.ch/en/Home/News/Close_up?itemID=161263 ...the most technically impressive of Mozambiques innovations was a series of operation rooms the government opened in the disaster zones... During the emergency, these rooms were occupied by all participating agencies, significantly improving communications and coordination... The idea for these centres was taken from Guatemala, which was badly damaged by hurricanes Stan and Mitch ... (Foley, 2008, p. 199.) In the response to the 2004 tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia, the Indonesian government developed a dedicated agency to oversee the recovery and coordinate government ministries. Donors supported this initiative by seconding staff to the agency to strengthen capacities quickly. Reflecting on the response to Tropical Storm Jeanne in Haiti, a CARE evaluation identified the need for an accepted and enforced code of conduct among NGOs for information sharing, coordination and collaboration. The sharing of a regularly updated emergency organisational chart was also recommended for the agencies active in the response. The evaluation highlighted the potential for CAREs ongoing partnerships and relationships with key government agencies responsible for health, water and public works, as well as with other development organisations in the area, to serve as the foundation for efforts to mitigate future disaster risks (CARE 2005). The response in Bam was the first test of a new government disaster-response programme, and resulted in overlap as well as competition between aid agencies and government ministries. Some needs, such as for hospital beds, were oversupplied, while others went unaddressed. The Iranian Red Crescent Society (IRCS) was also faced with a difficult challenge in facilitating coordination among both Red Cross Red Crescent partners and other aid organisations. The sheer volume of relief and response activity was beyond the capacity of the IRCS, and probably of any single organisation (IFRC and Iranian RCS 2004). By enabling more intensive partner engagement in problem-solving, multi-partner initiatives are often better suited to ensuring sufficient capacity to manage the response and to support clear communication, partnership and coordination between responding agencies. Response organisations also benefited from partnership with private-sector businesses and reaching beyond their typical recruiting pools to access individuals with relevant experience managing large- scale and complex projects of construction and urban development. In India, the Gujarat Urban Development Company (GUDC) is a special development authority established by the government before the 2001 Bhuj earthquake to conceptualise and implement urban development projects. After the earthquake, the Gujarat state government designated the GUDC as the implementing agency for overseeing recovery plans. The state government also outsourced significant tasks to planning consultants. These tasks included infrastructure planning and review of building-permit applications (Balachandran 2006). Publicprivate development authorities can also play a critical role. The Bhuj Development Council brought a broad vision and long-term stake in the citys development and was a strong advocate on behalf of citizens to the government and vice versa (Balachandran 2006). Development authorities may also be able to use tools such as betterment charges. This is a common method for funding development investments in non-disaster times by taxing improvements in the value of private property arising from public investment. This can facilitate investments in infrastructure and services as part of the recovery process. There is a profound need in post-disaster responses for clear communications that can convey complex scientific and technical knowledge simply, and reach the affected population through local channels. In urban environments, local advertising and marketing firms can help to convey key messages and reach target groups (D Sanderson, ALNAP interview, 19 November 2008). After the 1995 Kobe earthquake, the failure of information systems resulted in delayed relief. Many people evacuated to whatever shelter they thought fit or went to stay with relatives, and did not go to the officially planned shelters. This led to difficulty in registering beneficiaries, demonstrating the reliance of relief delivery on timely and accurate information (IFRC 1996). Following Tropical Storm Jeanne in 2004 in Haiti, there were huge lines and considerable tension at relief-distribution points. CARE used radio to broadcast public information to dispel rumours and reduce the tension and queuing at distribution points (CARE 2005). Radio was used quite successfully in Aceh after the Indian Ocean tsunami to update affected communities on reconstruction progress and to enable community members to ask questions. A variety of call-in programmes focused on both reconstruction assistance and psycho-social support. A key lesson here is the value of using familiar and established media outlets (CCP-I 2009). UN-HABITAT (2007a) Sustainable relief and reconstruction Synopsis from World Urban Forum II & III, Rethinking Emergencies, UN Human Settlements Programme, Nairobi, Kenya, http://www.unhabitat.org Leitmann, Joseph (2007) Cities and calamities: Learning from post-disaster response in Indonesia, Journal of Urban Health 84 (Supplement): 144-153, http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov EFFECTIVE MULTI-STAKEHOLDER PLANNING IS ESSENTIAL BOTH BEFORE AND DURING DISASTERS, AND REQUIRES INVESTMENT OF TIME AND RESOURCES Experiences in recent disasters have highlighted the importance of shifting the focus of response from relief to recovery at the earliest feasible point. A Harvard University study of 30 efforts in disaster relief and recovery concluded that initial actions were never neutral they either support longer-term development or undermine it (Anderson and Woodrow 1989; UN-HABITAT 2007b). Recovery after a disaster is often seen as an opportunity to rebuild in safer, more secure ways. One example often mentioned is the re-plotting of urban centres to allow for wider roads accessible by emergency vehicles. Yet the complexity of urban environments can make building back better a significant challenge. Having effective plans in place before a disaster makes a difference in speeding up recovery and minimising risks after a disaster. However, the reality is that many local governments give little attention to disaster recovery and mitigation planning in local development plans (Berke and Campanella 2006). Even if disaster scenarios and potential recovery options have not been developed before a disaster, a disaster-recovery plan is an important resource afterwards. A recovery plan can enable consideration of long-range resiliency in short-term recovery actions, to promote redevelopment that is socially just, economically viable, environmentally compatible, less vulnerable to hazards, complemented by adequate infrastructure investment, and aligned to long-term urban development plans (Berke and Campanella 2006). The plan needs to be realistic about the timing and resource requirements for reconstruction, but the critical step is to start planning early with the engagement of all important stakeholders in the community. Experience in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina shows engagement in the planning process is more important that the presence of plans themselves. Involvement of local residents, public officials, business people and all relevant agencies in local government were most important in quickly considering the range of recovery options, and guiding the development of a broader multi-stakeholder recovery plan. As part of such plans, national regulatory frameworks and information systems often require drastic improvements and reforms each of these areas is looked at below. Updating national regulatory frameworks National policy can be critical in mandating, enabling and resourcing proactive planning at local levels to avoid and reduce risks. However, in many cases national planning standards are not adequate to guide recovery. In addition political processes and corruption can delay or impede effective recovery efforts. In such situations it can be useful for all stakeholders to advocate with and support national and local governments to establish specific recovery standards. After the Bhuj earthquake, the Gujurat state government found itself searching for an appropriate regulatory framework that could respond quickly to the earthquake and the complex challenges of reconstruction. Balachandran (2006) has suggested that the national Town Planning Act could have been amended to introduce special provisions for disaster- affected areas, changing laws, rules, procedures and conventions to increase speed and flexibility. Similarly, reconstruction after the 1999 earthquakes in Turkey was often characterised by the lack of coordination with city housing and development plans (Akinci 2004). In contrast, after the Kobe earthquake in Japan in 1995, the Japanese government enacted a Special Act for Disaster Afflicted Urban Areas with special provisions for urban planning. These included designation of specific roles for neighbourhood committees called machizukuri, for land-readjustment projects. Machizukuri planners led micro-level planning with residents and public agencies as neutral advocates to promote neighbourhood planning and restoration (Balachandran 2006; Supporters Network for Community Development Machizukuri). In many cases there is also room to adapt existing regulations and integrate performance standards to catalyse reconstruction in innovative ways. Special development districts and local development authorities have been used this way in the Bhuj response (as described below in this section). In conflict contexts the governance structure itself may be a victim of the crisis. At the end of the Bosnian conflict in the mid-1990s, the European Union Administration of Mostar (EUAM) attempted to establish a transitional administration towards joint governance of the city. This effort failed to galvanise short-term transition to effective governance. By focusing on restoring the pre-conflict social and political balance, EUAM failed to acknowledge the demographic change in Mostar caused by in-migration from surrounding towns and villages. Seeking to isolate the transitional administration from the factions in the conflict, EUAM also missed opportunities to build on pre-exiting planning systems and capacities to ensure the continuation of the reconstruction agenda beyond its own mandate (Narang-Suri 2008). Through its International Disaster Response Law programme, the IFRC is currently promoting common regulatory measures to support all aspects of disaster management. This is intended as a resource for national governments (see under Further information, at the end of this section). Collecting and sharing information In rapidly developing cities, effective relief and recovery can be hindered by a lack of up-to-date city maps and low levels of information on the unplanned areas of the city. One of the first steps in the reconstruction in Bhuj, India after the 2001 earthquake was the creation of an Atlas for Post-Disaster Reconstruction. The atlas was shared publicly and formed the basis for reconstruction planning and broader public awareness campaigns on disaster risk. Making the maps publicly available also proved helpful in improving them, because members of the public were able to point out mistakes and shortcomings. These maps were then matched with damage-survey data as the basis for drafting a development plan to guide reconstruction and ongoing development (Balachandran 2006). The development of a common information clearinghouse for redevelopment and recovery is another critical step. By combining information from different local government agencies to create a unified base map, investments in additional surveying and analysis can be streamlined and shared among all organisations, avoiding problems of both duplication and under-investment in information gathering. In the response to the Yogyakarta earthquake in Indonesia in 2006, the World Bank and IFRC worked with the national government to collect summary information from a variety of response organisations. This information was combined with pre-existing data on poverty and population, to provide an early but detailed view of the broader social and livelihoods impacts of the earthquake. In Kabul, Afghanistan during a post-conflict shelter project, CARE worked with the local community to combine hand-drawn maps made by community members with global positioning system (GPS) maps. This created an up-to-date city map that was shared with the Kabul Municipality and community members, and enabled the selection of reference points for shelters, drainage, road improvement and well locations. The maps also provided a spatial analysis of the programme beneficiaries and surrounding areas, and were used by beneficiaries to advocate with the Kabul municipality for land tenure (CARE 2007). IFRCs site on international disaster response law http://www.ifrc.org/what/disasters/idrl UN-HABITAT (2006) A new start: The paradox of crisis, Habitat Debate, UN Human Settlements Program, http:// www.unhabitat.org/pmss ENGAGEMENT AND PARTCIPATION OF LOCAL ACTORS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR A RELEVANT AND EFFECTIVE RESPONSE Responsibilities for urban planning and development are often shared across a wide range of municipal departments. In addition, civil society organisations and the private sector are significant players in development decision-making. However, there is often a gap in coordination between civil society (non-governmental and community-based organisations) and municipal governance in cities. This hinders the understanding of vulnerable urban groups and of ways to protect those groups from urban disasters (Wisner, in World Bank 2003). It also hinders the sense of ownership by the community that is necessary for the sustainability, resilience and long-term effectiveness of recovery activities. Many urban residents, especially those living in informal settlements, are largely excluded from formal governance processes and services. Many communities also have a distrust of publicprivate partnership, fearing the influence of private-sector actors on public planning and priorities. By seeking to close these gaps and deal with these issues of power and trust, participatory approaches to recovery can tap the wealth of knowledge and experience in civil society organisations to design and implement disaster-response programmes that both meet current needs and effectively reduce future risks. However, many recovery strategies are based on a strategy of assistance rather than participation. Dind (2006) contrasts examples of these two models in the response to Hurricane Stan which heavily damaged the town of Tapachula in Chiapas, Mexico in 2005. A government-backed rebuilding programme used construction companies from outside the region, and focused on reconstructing houses at a large scale with centralised decision-making and limited opportunities for affected households to influence the reconstruction. Caritas-Mexico, in contrast, undertook several smaller projects that put the residents in charge of managing the reconstruction of their homes and strengthened community networks and solidarity in addition to rebuilding houses. Such participatory approaches can help to balance the challenges of scale and quality, using a broader set of community resources and enhancing capacities and resilience. The following strategies can help to use civil society capacities to strengthen participation in disaster response (World Bank 2003): develop stakeholder partnerships, clearly outlining roles and responsibilities and exit strategies assess and remove obstacles to collaboration between vulnerable community groups and local governance provide incentives for increased cooperation and participation by the local community. Community consultation and ownership Early and ongoing consultation with community groups and local development organisations throughout the recovery process is an important factor in influencing better outcomes. Public consultation is an important element of local governance and is especially critical in post-disaster decision-making to ensure public ownership of the recovery plan and to anticipate and raise critical issues before decisions are agreed. The greater the range of participants, the greater the opportunity for public officials to educate a wider array of stakeholders about poorly understood problems and potential solutions (Berke and Campanella 2006). Consultation also gives community members an opportunity to contribute their local knowledge and capacities, and can help to address governance weaknesses. Ongoing community feedback ensures a better fit between recovery plans and community decision-making, helping communities to avoid the cycles of complacency and weak governance. Community involvement can also directly address the differences in interests among community groups that often trap poor and vulnerable residents in risk-prone environments. In the response to the 1999 earthquakes in Turkey, limited consultation with affected communities led to housing reconstruction being based on a common standard applied to different cities affected by the earthquake. This resulted in lost uniqueness and character in the different cities, and limited fit to the full needs and expectations of residents, affecting long-term sustainability (Akinci 2004). After the Bam earthquake, Irans Housing Foundation led the rebuilding of damaged homes based on a process of consultation between firms and households, emphasising household preferences and community involvement in all phases of reconstruction. Community consultation led the programme to recognise the importance of land and date trees for city residents, and to preserve land-ownership as part of heritage, rather than simply maximising physical housing solutions. One lesson from this programme was the need for consultation to be enabled with streamlined decision-making processes to avoid the greatest cause of delay in reconstruction the considerable paperwork required (Fallahi 2007). In the reconstruction in Bhuj, more than 150 public consultation meetings were held to ensure broader participation on a variety of aspects of the recovery. An important lesson from the Bhuj response was that public consultation should focus on effective consensus-building and not just opinion-seeking (Balachandran 2006). CAREs Kabul Shelter and Settlements (KASS) programme developed a memorandum of understanding with the Kabul Municipality, which established mechanisms for regular communication between the community and the municipality and linked housing to broader issues of land tenure, occupancy rights and housing security. An additional agreement with each beneficiary outlined the location, type of shelter and roles and responsibilities of all parties during construction and post-construction phases. This created accountability in both directions to donors and also to project participants and dignified participants (CARE 2007). Expanding the capacity of communities to manage disaster risks One priority of disaster response should be to expand community capacity to respond to future disasters and protect livelihoods. In examining the recovery experience from the 1995 Kobe earthquake, Nakagawa and Shaw (2004) found that community volunteers and community organisations played the most important roles at every stage of the disaster response. While natural disasters can create social divisions between communities, social capital is crucial for mobilising individual members of the community in collective recovery action and in advocating effectively for sustained governmental investment in risk reduction. In urban environments, social capital is often based less on location than on dispersed social networks. This can present challenges for local preparedness and response which benefit from strong social links within neighbourhoods. Strengthening social capital in cities can be seen as a political process and may threaten the status quo locally and nationally. Aid organisations need to assess and understand the strengths and weaknesses of local governance processes in order to balance both engaging local government and assisting affected communities to advocate strongly and act on their own behalf. Recovery plans need to recognise the roles of diverse actors and multi-faceted aspects of local and national governance systems. Experience from Kobe shows that community social capital and leadership are the most effective elements in supporting collective action and disaster recovery. Communities with existing social capital and a history of community activities are well positioned to participate proactively in reconstruction (Nakagawa and Shaw 2004). Damage from the Kobe earthquake was concentrated in low-income inner-city communities with large concentrations of elderly people. Shaw and Goda (2004) found that the Kobe earthquake and specifically the civil society response to the earthquake engendered an increase in volunteering and enhanced cooperation between local governance and residents associations. This led to both an emerging sense of self-governance and a stronger sense of community solidarity. Pre-existing community-based organisations (CBOs) helped fill the gap between government support and peoples immediate and long-term needs. Consequences of this included stronger civil society, better relationships between communities and local government, and a more efficient post-disaster response (Shaw and Goda 2004). However, the Peoples Rehabilitation Plan (PRP 1998) found that recovery in Kobe had stagnated after several years while infrastructure had fully recovered, victims lives and livelihoods had not. Moving out of communities into separated temporary shelters had shattered important community links. This weakened the community assistance which was such an important coping strategy, particularly for the elderly (Shaw and Goda 2004). The Kobe Action Plan (KAP) was created in 2001, six years after the earthquake, in response to this gap in recovery. KAP focused on bringing communities into the decision-making process through the active participation of residents associations and other community organisations. The aim was to reach collective decisions and enable the community collectively to keep pace with and manage unseen factors during the reconstruction (Shaw and Goda 2004). The response to the earthquake in Bhuj highlighted the poor as investors in their own coping and recovery, with slum dwellers making quick cash investments in homes and restoring livelihoods. A survey by the All India Disaster Mitigation Institute of 9,800 families found that in the two years following the earthquake these families invested 13 million rupees (US$289,000) in recovery, with half spent on shelter improvements and the rest on livelihoods. In addition, residents of 14 surveyed slums were also willing to pool resources for community infrastructure recovery. Residents of Bhuj didnt want aid in the narrow sense they wanted to rebuild their businesses and livelihoods. These family-level initiatives demonstrate that, even in the midst of a disaster, communities retain the ability to target investments, helping to alleviate long-term poverty and stimulate the local economy (Nakagawa and Shaw 2004; IFRC 2004). Any incoming humanitarian and development assistance should seek to build on these capacities, and not to replace them. Sphere standards and Humanitarian Charter http://www.sphereproject.org Humanitarian Accountability Partnership http://www.hapinternational.org UN-HABITAT (2007b) Enhancing Urban Safety and Security: Global Report on Human Settlements 2007 http:// www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=555&cid=5359 RE-ESTABLISHING LOCAL ECONOMIES AND LIVELIHOODS IS FUNDAMENTAL FOR RECOVERY EFFORTS Livelihood analysis has traditionally been applied to rural areas, and has been increasingly adapted to explain and understand the livelihoods of urban households and the connection between urban poverty and urban disasters. The dynamism of urban livelihoods provides an opportunity for innovative humanitarian and development work for aid delivery, recovery and reconstruction, potentially with lower costs and wider benefits. However, this would require efforts to establish a good understanding of urban economic and livelihoods systems is necessary to inform the design of such urban-livelihoods initiatives. It is also important to recognise the livelihood links between urban and peri-urban areas. Disruptions to urban economies due to disasters may (positively or negatively) affect the demand for goods and services from peri-urban areas and reduce the flow of remittances to rural areas. On the other hand, disasters in peri-urban and rural areas may stimulate an increased influx into urban areas (including small urban centres), as rural people who were already experiencing livelihood stress chose to rebuild where they see better prospects for their children. The livelihoods framework emphasises household-level assets as the basis of coping and recovery of the poor. This view also focuses on the impact of disaster on former livelihoods. By connecting livelihoods with urban disaster response, humanitarian aid supports households in rebuilding their livelihoods and in developing protection against future disaster risks for long-term livelihood sustainability. CAREs model of household livelihood security, adapted by Sanderson as a model for urban livelihoods, is a good method of understanding these relationships (Figure 2). Methods of incorporating a livelihoods approach into a humanitarian response include: working with or through organisations of long standing in the area, which already have an understanding of livelihoods and the measures needed to protect and support them post-disaster in the response to Tropical Storm Jeanne in Haiti, Figure 2. Adaptation of CARE household livelihood security model for urban settlements SHOCKS, e.g. FIRE FLOOD STRESSES, e.g. for example, CAREs relationship with the government and community institutions in Gonaives was critical to the success of relief and recovery programmes there (CARE 2005) supporting aid delivery that uses and builds on local capacities, thereby limiting the use of external personnel, and reducing costs taking time to understand how the urban poor are coping, and designing aid programmes to support these household initiatives to build ownership using participatory approaches in all stages of programming assessment, design, implementation, and monitoring and recognising the importance of ruralurban linkages in providing opportunities to deal with disasters in either locale. CARE (2002) Household Livelihood Security Assessments, http://www.proventionconsortium.org/themes/default/pdfs/CRA/ HLSA2002_meth.pdf Seaman, J (2000) The Household Economy Approach: A Resource for Practitioners, Save the Children, http:// www.savethechildren.org.uk/foodsecurity/publications/manual.htm Local livelihoods are reliant on the local labour market and local economic dynamism. In addition most local development is driven by decision-making within economic spheres by households and private- and public-sector businesses. Yet these basic facts are often forgotten in the rush to assist after a disaster. UN-HABITAT recommends that pro-poor market recovery making markets work for the poor should be a standard aspect of disaster relief and recovery efforts. Suggestions on how to implement a pro-poor response include rapidly assessing pre-existing markets, supply and value chains, re-establishing foundation markets which deliver products and services that underpin the development and participation of crisis-affected populations, and buying locally whenever possible (UN-HABITAT 2006). In the response to the Bam earthquake in 2003, local authorities and aid agencies collaborated to establish a construction bazaar in the centre of Bam. This served as a source of local building materials for reconstruction efforts and also provided some employment opportunities. The programme sought to involve local capacities more substantially in the rebuilding process. While this programme was successful in making beneficiaries more aware of safe rebuilding techniques, local residents were ultimately less involved in the physical reconstruction of Bam than anticipated, and generally did not develop new skills on a broad scale (Fallahi 2007; Ghafory-Ashtiany and Hosseini 2008). Urban growth in many areas is built around the development of a core of large-scale enterprises and integrated market activity, even if many of the citizens are employed in small enterprises or in the informal economy. In the conflict recovery in Mostar, efforts to redevelop the economy focused primarily on piecemeal small-business approaches, ignoring the industrial sector which had been the base for many jobs before the conflict. Without an economic development strategy, there was little economic activity driving other aspects of the recovery plan (Narang-Suri 2008). The impact of disaster damage and losses on municipal revenues is another important consideration, as these revenues often fund essential services. This was a tremendous challenge in the response to Hurricane Katrina in the USA. Losses from the initial damage and slow recovery reduced tax revenues necessary to operate school, police and fire-protection services, further threatening a downward spiral in economic recovery (Popkin, Austin Turner and Burt 2006; Hill and Hannaway 2006). Local recovery can also be negatively affected by the flow of reconstruction funding out of the local economy through over- reliance on national and international contractors. For aid agencies, working within existing economic systems by locally sourcing aid delivery, aid supplies, reconstruction labour, and information collection and distribution can have a number of benefits. For humanitarian agencies, approaches that leverage local markets can reduce costs, streamline logistics requirements and enable greater autonomy for beneficiaries in decision-making for their own recovery. Communities benefit as well, from the increased support to local livelihoods, greater community ownership of disaster relief and recovery assistance, and increased support for generating and sustaining new market activity. UN-HABITAT (2006) A new start: The paradox of crisis, Habitat Debate, UN Human Settlements Program, Nairobi, Kenya (includes articles by Mark Pelling, Gabrielle Iglesias, Ian Davis, Charles Setchell, Scott Leckie, Chris Huggins, Kevin Billing, Heinz Kull and Eric Schwartz), http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss Food security in urban environments Food insecurity has often been seen as a rural issue but the recent food-price crises have also highlighted the vulnerability of urban communities, which often rely on domestically or internationally imported foods such as maize and rice. Food may remain readily available in cities after a disaster, but the urban poor often cannot afford to buy it. In addition, when food stocks run low, people on the urban periphery often flood cities in search of work, adding to the strain. This also affects rural populations, who can no longer depend on urban relatives or on finding work in urban areas in difficult times (CARE Cities, unlike rural areas, depend on the urban periphery for food and therefore have constrained food-supply systems with limited urban stocks (Kelly 2003). Most urban populations, particularly the poorest, survive by buying and cooking food daily with limited storage for maintaining longer-term food supplies. Given the constraints on urban food systems, any disruption to supply or distribution from a disaster causes immediate consumer shortages. There is also the possibility that a food shortage in a city will disrupt food supplies to surrounding rural areas, as demand and prices of food increase in the city. Box 3. Key differences between urban and rural food insecurity Urban households often rely on a more varied diet. Urban households pay more for food in both time and financial costs, particularly the urban poor for whom food is their largest expense. The dependence of urban livelihoods on insecure employment (often informal) decreases the ability to protect against future food insecurities. Urban social networks can be important in meeting basic food needs, and may be positively or negatively impacted by geographic positioning in a city. Urban households are smaller in average size, but have higher proportions of children to adults and higher proportions of non-family members. Urban womens participation is greater in income-generating activities. Food insecurity is enhanced by inadequate infrastructure and social services in urban areas. Distribution methods commonly used in disaster response include family rations, school feeding programmes and food- for-work programmes. Such programmes often need to be combined with other activities such as health, nutrition and sanitation interventions to ensure consistency in outcomes (WFP 2002). For example, WFP cites examples of food-for- work programmes that improved the environment of low-income urban communities but which also led landlords to raise the rents of housing in the area. A WFP programme in Addis Ababa took steps to protect against rental increases by negotiating with local landlords and the government before the start of the programme (WFP 2002). Similarly with food- for-work programmes targeting women, it is important that the programme is coupled with child care so that women with young children can participate. Market-based methods such as aid-backed food stamps or price subsidies are less common because of perceived fears about their impact on markets and in causing aid dependency, and because of a general lack of capacity or experience among NGOs in implementing large-scale food programmes in urban areas. However, these methods can provide a cost- effective and accurate way of targeting low-income populations, as the case study below demonstrates. In Jakarta, Indonesia, as food security came under pressure from drought and reduced rice production during the 1997/ 98 El Nio event, a novel programme was established to use commercial markets for aid delivery. Imported wheat was milled into flour by Indonesian flour mills, and Indonesian companies produced pre-packaged noodles, providing jobs for some of those recently made unemployed in the city. In addition the noodles could also be used by street-side cafes as well as households, ensuring that small food traders and vendors were not adversely affected by the provision of food aid. By using existing commercial networks to deliver the noodles, the programme avoided the costs of establishing parallel logistics systems. The programme also used commercial marketing firms to identify clients and provide advice on targeting and prices that would appeal most to the target beneficiaries and less to others who might have more discretionary income. A key element was allowing each level in the production/delivery chain to make a profit while maintaining incentives and penalties based on performance. However while the Jakarta noodle project addressed the difficulties of moving food into the mega-city market, it did not overcome the delays inherent in moving food to a mega-city from a distant source. Ultimately it was the delays in getting the wheat from international suppliers that proved to be the main challenge to success (Kelly 2003) and which represented the only link in the programme not managed by private-sector businesses. Kelly, Charles (2003) Acute Food Insecurity in Mega-Cities: Issues and Assistance Options, Benfield UCL Hazard Research Centre, Disaster Studies Working Paper 7, http://www.benfieldhrc.org WFP (2002) Urban Food Insecurity: Strategies for WFP Assistance to Urban Areas, http://www.wfp.org/policies/ introduction/policy Innovative methods of delivery A number of innovative approaches have been developed to strengthen livelihoods in vulnerable communities. These include initiatives to increase access to credit and financing and to utilise existing markets in ways that recognise that livelihoods are often multi-faceted and both depend on and help create robust local economic activity. In many ways strengthening urban livelihoods often depends as much on social capital as on financial assets for poor families (Cain 2007). Over the past 30 years microfinance has emerged as an effective means of increasing access to credit, savings and other financial services in poor and vulnerable communities. It has also changed perceptions of the poor, and women in particular, as unbankable (Chatterjee 2005). Microfinance can strengthen coping and increase resilience to disasters by providing access to credit and other financial services to enable investment in higher-yield livelihood strategies, to diversify livelihood strategies, and to enable investment in risk-reduction measures. Solidarity group lending programmes can enhance social capital by encouraging mentoring and joint problem-solving among borrowers. Housing microfinance has emerged as a logical development of microenterprise lending. However, microenterprise loans are usually relatively small and quite short term, are so not well suited to housing expenditures. Because investments in housing do not produce immediate returns, loan repayment needs to be over a longer period to allow the borrower time to raise the necessary income to repay the loan. However, microlending can fill a gap here, as banks are usually reluctant to lend for owner-driven housing projects phased over the long periods needed by poorer people. An NGO called Development Workshop initiated a programme of housing loans in post-conflict Angola where less than 2 per cent of households investment in housing comes from banks. Banks rejected 82 per cent of housing-loan applications because insecurity in land tenure interfered with application of the mortgage models used for housing loans elsewhere. Development Workshops solution through its KixiCasa programme was to ensure that there were no major redevelopment plans for the land in question, and then to make small phased loans (less than US$ 2,500) with relatively short repayment periods of 10 to 12 months (Cain 2007). Social funds provide block grants for projects to build up community assets such as community facilities, infrastructure or improved services, including microfinance and microinsurance services to build livelihood security and resilience for poor and vulnerable households. While many humanitarian-assistance or disaster-recovery programmes target either individual households or national governments, there is also a need to provide assistance for physical, social and economic infrastructure at community levels. Social funds represent an innovative approach to community-driven development, allowing local stakeholders to prioritise activities and guide decision-making. While typically coordinated by autonomous government agencies, in some cases supported by international donors, it is the community role that distinguishes social funds from other approaches. The communities themselves submit proposals and the localised administration allows quite specific geographic targeting and the potential for encouraging proposals from poor and vulnerable communities (ProVention Consortium 2009). The use of local marketing and advertising firms to relay messages can also have multiple benefits in a disaster response. These include supporting local economies, reducing humanitarian aid costs, enhanced ability to reach target groups, and strengthening the sense of community ownership of recovery activities. Similarly, advocacy for rights claims and legislation can also be quite effective ways of supporting livelihoods, especially in addressing broader issues of poverty alleviation. Recognizing and enhancing the rights of individuals is a critical part of expanding the roles and responsibilities for [urban safety and] security beyond simply the state itself (UN-HABITAT 2007b). HPN (2008) Community-Driven Reconstruction: A New Strategy for Recovery, Lizanne McBride and Alyoscia DOnofrio, http://www.odihpn.org/report.asp?id=2909 World Bank Social Protection and Labor Sector website http://www.worldbank.org/sp World Bank Community Driven Development toolkit http://www.worldbank.org/socialfunds MicroFinance Gateway http://www.microfinancegateway.org CGAP website http://www.cgap.org FOCUS ON MOVING BEYOND THE PROVISION OF SHELTER TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF SETTLEMENTS Successful recovery is ultimately about rebuilding settlements, complete with infrastructure and land tenure, through a participatory planning process that incorporates the demands of risk reduction and low-carbon development. With dense patterns of development, frequent use of multi-story buildings and often large slum areas with little access to infrastructure and services, urban environments typically require their own shelter solutions. Urban areas almost require solutions other than the simple application of rural shelter strategies in which so much past humanitarian experience has been concentrated. Even basic emergency sheltering strategies like the use of temporary camps away from disaster-destroyed homes and land may fail to meet the needs of urban populations. This was the case after the Bam earthquake in Iran, where there was low occupancy of camps set up to house affected populations as households preferred to stay close to their homes (Fallahi 2007). Failure to consult with affected communities may also lead to reconstructed housing inadequate for beneficiaries needs. In the housing response to the earthquake in Turkey a lack of initial consultation led to delays and distrust, and dissatisfaction with the location and infrastructure of new settlements (Akinci 2004). Addressing land issues and displacement Disasters almost always have a large impact on housing, land and property, particularly in cities and towns where there is high demand and competition for housing and land. Land-specific risks following conflict or disaster include: difficulty finding appropriate land for temporary living centres and long-term resettlement powerful individuals taking advantage, leading to land-grabbing displaced people unable to return to their former homes (especially renters, squatters and the landless) uncertainty of tenure and land rights because of a lack of records and failure to identify heirs in an authoritative manner (for example in the absence of wills). These issues are further complicated in situations of sudden-onset disaster, where there can be more extreme shocks to land systems, and limited time to plan and prepare for displacement and resettlement. However, localised impacts may mean that there is sometimes surplus housing stock nearby to absorb the displaced (UN-HABITAT 2008). A recent scoping study conducted by UN-HABITAT (2008) on land issues and responses following eight recent disasters[2] found a set of common challenges that apply to any disaster in which land issues and displacement are concerns. These poor systems of land governance, which national governments may need support in addressing establishment of the necessary time for integrating robust community-based planning and consultation, which can best reflect local needs and are most likely to produce quick responses, into formal planning processes delays in assessment and planning, which can lead to the exposure of vulnerable groups to rights violations, livelihood risks, over-dependence on humanitarian assistance and inhibited access to appropriate social services lack of access to land and housing for landless groups who may end up settling again in hazard-prone areas, especially in urban centres where access to affordable land may be severely limited establishment of alternative dispute-resolution mechanisms to help in particular to protect the housing, land and property rights of widows and orphans who may be denied access to these rights through inheritance mechanisms and land titling protection of windows for measures to mitigate future risks, especially through land-use and spatial planning, which are often complicated by the direct restoration of pre-disaster land and housing areas. To address issues of land tenure in urban areas, flexible approaches to land-titling and land-pooling have been developed. Intermediate land-titling has been used in post-disaster contexts to enable rebuilding to start, as many land claims are ultimately recognised once a review process has been fully established. Another potential solution is land-pooling and reallocation, which has been used in a variety of contexts to accommodate changes in land use while recognising residents land rights (Cain 2007). Land-pooling reorganises individual parcels of land while retaining a small portion of each parcel for infrastructure, open space or new housing. Based on experience in Kathmandu, land-pooling is particularly effective for improving urban infrastructure and services without requiring external investment: the costs of planning and providing infrastructure are covered from the land contributed by each landowner (Oli 2003). UN-HABITAT (2008) Scoping Report: Addressing Land Issues after Natural Disasters, http://www.gltn.net Avoiding relocation and resettlements To mitigate against future disasters it may be necessary to relocate communities away from high-risk areas, but this should be only a last resort. Although the vulnerability of relocated families is almost always reduced, relocation sites are often unsuccessful because of the distance created between the original and new settlements (World Bank IEG 2006). Even in temporary housing programmes, beneficiaries prefer to stay near their own destroyed homes rather than in locations further away (see Fallahi 2007, on the Bam 2003 earthquake; Delap 2000 and Rashid 2000 on the Bangladesh 1998 cyclone). In the long term, failure to recognise the importance of location results in families moving back to the same high-risk areas. In the urban context, this is especially critical with informal settlements, whose residents often value proximity to urban centres despite the increased risk of living in the hazard-prone areas which are often the only central areas available and affordable to them. Careful attention must also be paid in both temporary housing programmes and relocation programmes to maintaining existing community networks and social systems. As with work on livelihoods (discussed in Lesson 5 above), social capital is a critical resource for the urban poor, and particularly for potentially vulnerable groups such as those highlighted in Box 2. When relocation is necessary, careful consideration should be given to providing compensation for land and housing that is lost. Without receipt of equivalent value for the property they are losing, many residents may refuse to leave. When the intent of the relocation is to evacuate high-risk areas, this leaves the situation in a stalemate, with the residents of those areas still vulnerable to the next hazard event. Resettlement is likely to become more prominent in the future, given projections of likely increased flooding in urban areas due to sea-level rise. Massive relocations may therefore be an unavoidable feature of urban recovery in the future, despite the risks. Rebuilding better homes Where people are traditionally involved in building their own dwellings, owner-driven housing supported by government or NGOs has been shown to have a number of advantages over contractor-driven housing, and leads to higher levels of beneficiary satisfaction. Given adequate financial and technical support, many households have the capacity to construct houses that are more likely to respond to their needs and preferences than houses provided by outside agencies (Duyne Barenstein 2006). Where self-build is common, immediate and long-term shelter needs can be linked by (Ian Davis, in UN-HABITAT 2006): emphasising the role of surviving community members in meeting their own shelter needs supporting the creation of transitional shelter using salvaged or reusable building materials preventing survivors and officials from destroying building rubble, especially timber, which can be reused giving families tools, materials and building expertise to rebuild their homes providing cash grants for rebuilding, where materials and tools can be purchased making skilled expertise available enabling a range of supportive interventions by assisting groups insisting that safety is a priority and promoting the right to safe shelter and decent housing. The provision of technical assistance through one-stop centres or information kiosks has also significantly aided owner-builders in drawing up plans, integrating risk-reduction features, estimating construction costs and supervising construction labour. One example of this (as mentioned above in Lesson 5), is the construction bazaars supported in Bam after the earthquake in 2003. These bazaars also helped to support the local economy through reconstruction (Fallahi 2007; Ghafory-Ashtiany and Hosseini 2008). While the above strategies are relevant in urban environments for single-family dwellings, apartment blocks require other types of joint development for reconstruction. The Flat Ownership Law in Turkey enables those living in jointly owned and occupied buildings to use a majority decision for building maintenance and upkeep. This law has been expanded to cover mitigation investments, and community organisations have explored the possibility of further expanding the scope of the law from single buildings to community districts to provide a broader mechanism for citizens management of risk reduction and infrastructure development (Balamir 2006). Delayed return of residents to crisis-affected areas can also bring challenges, especially when conflict or security concerns discourage return. For a self-help reconstruction programme for multi-unit apartments on the outskirts of Sarajevo, Caritas provided support for repairing individual apartments. If 75 per cent of the tenants/owners returned, Caritas also provided support for reconstructing common stairways and facades. Apartments that were not being renovated because their owners had not yet returned were sealed with wooden sheets over the doors and windows. To maintain equity, the Caritas programme provided a family of two with all materials for two persons: bathroom, kitchen, and one room, although doors and windows were fitted for every room in the apartment (SIDA 2005). Insurance protection is another service that can help households to improve their management of risks. More details are included in Lesson 8 below, under Risk transfer and insurance. Shelter Centre (2008) Transitional Settlement and Reconstruction after Natural Disasters, http://www.sheltercentre.org/library World Bank, (2009), Post-Disaster Housing and Community Reconstruction Handbook, http://www.housingreconstruction.org Linking infrastructure and services in settlement planning The need for effective links between shelter and infrastructure services is well noted in evaluations of past urban disaster responses. Especially in urban areas, successful reconstruction is based on solid settlement planning rather than simply the reconstruction of housing. Lessons from development programming show the need to explore combinations of private, public and informal systems of service distribution to reconstruct and maintain infrastructure systems. Examples like the Orangi Pilot Project in Pakistan show that vulnerable communities working together have considerable skills and resources to contribute to local infrastructure development. In reconstructing sanitation systems after a disaster, the focus should be on building systems that can survive future hazards. The ability to maintain proper operation of water and sanitation systems in the aftermath of a disaster is fundamental for the protection and recovery of health of the affected population (PAHO 2006). Maintenance of sanitation infrastructure is often even more critical in urban areas. Reconstruction projects therefore need to identify the failures in the damaged systems and design around those failures to reduce vulnerability. CAREs evaluation of its water and sanitation programme in the response to Tropical Storm Jeanne in Haiti in 2004 noted that more attention was needed to advocacy and community mobilisation regarding waste disposal, which is usually via drainage structures. This was a contributing factor to the flooding in the first place, as drainage systems and waterways were blocked with waste (CARE 2005). Service delivery is as important as physical infrastructure, and urban areas often have high population concentrations dependent on community service facilities such as hospitals, health clinics and schools. Experience after disasters has shown the value of efforts to support existing health infrastructure, and to protect and expand its capacity by ensuring the provision of sufficient relief and medical stocks, transport and communications. It is also important to meet the basic needs of health care professionals, so that they can continue working effectively (IFRC 2000). Dependent on modern supply chains and just in time delivery and inventory practices, hospitals and health clinics in urban centres immediately after a disaster are particularly vulnerable to transportation disruptions which may threaten their abilities to resupply critical The availability of schools and health facilities also often determines the ease with which displaced residents can return after any immediate evacuation from a disaster. The response to Hurricane Katrina has shown the complex linkages in urban environments between the rebuilding of the economy and housing and the re-establishment of education and health services. Without sufficient services, people are unlikely to return to rebuild, and without sufficient reconstruction there will not be enough demand to operate the services. Coordinated planning and consistent communication of government commitment to re-establish key services are necessary to ensure these linkages for recovery (Hill and Hannaway 2006). PAHO (2006) The Challenge in Disaster Reduction for the Water and Sanitation Sector: Improving Quality of Life by Reducing Vulnerabilities, http://www.helid.desastres.net WEDC (2007) Excreta Disposal in Emergencies, http://www.unicef.org/eapro/activities_7081.html Oli (2003) Land Pooling: The Public Private Participatory Urban Development in Nepal, http://www.fig.net/pub/morocco/ proceedings/TS22/TS22_3_oli.pdf Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies (2004), Minimum Standards for Education in Emergencies, Chronic Crises and Early Reconstruction, http://www.ineesite.org The Urban Institute (2007) Shared Challenges for Rebuilding Communities, After Katrina, http://www.urban.org/ publications/311440.html EFFECTIVE RISK REDUCTION IS THE KEY TO OVERCOMING PERSISTENT CYCLES OF VULNERABILITY Risk reduction is a valuable and necessary investment in protecting local development gains, and not an expensive luxury that interferes with supporting a quick recovery. However, disaster-risk management is often not adequately addressed before reconstruction starts. It is vital to reinforce the importance of risk reduction throughout relief and recovery efforts. In some settings, this has happened effectively. For example, the response to the Bam earthquake in 2003 led to both physical and non-physical improvements in disaster-risk reduction. Improvements to the built environment included new housing that is more resistant to earthquakes and easier to maintain, because the quality of materials and construction standards were monitored throughout the recovery. Capacity improvements included the experience gained in the provision of cash programmes to enable those affected by disasters to guide their own recovery and sustain disaster resilience at the local level (IFRC 2004). However, such progress does not always take place: since the 1999 earthquakes in Turkey, unregulated building there has continued, as it has in many other parts of the world. This has increased the stock of unsafe structures and threatens sustainable redevelopment by maintaining extremely high vulnerability to future disasters (Akinci 2004; Ozcevik et al. 2008). Sustainable cities and disaster-risk reduction Vulnerability can be a constant feature of urban life for low-income households, but disaster response can help to reduce vulnerability and to support the creation of sustainable cities. Response efforts can do this by focusing on livelihoods, building community resilience by strengthening civil society and participatory governance, and ensuring that ecological management and rights issues are proactively addressed in recovery. Evaluating the reconstruction six years after Hurricane Mitch in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, Rhyner (in Wamsler 2006) concluded that housing had been redeveloped in the same high-risk areas and with same risky structures as before. This was largely as a result of the failure to address the underlying problems of poverty and the failure to provide suitable land away from hazard-prone areas. Suitable land was available for reconstruction in the Tegucigalpa area but it was controlled by vested interests and therefore not used (World Bank 2004). Rhyner suggests that the primary recovery strategy should therefore be to empower inhabitants of high-risk areas by improving their access to information, advice and appropriate low-cost construction materials. Coordination and advocacy with government to provide housing options needs to be prioritised quickly to keep people from returning to slum and squatter settlements in their old high-risk and devastated communities. Alternative housing in low- risk areas should include proactive environmental management and forward-looking climate proofing, with access to appropriate infrastructure and services, and close proximity to livelihoods opportunities. At the same time, a back-up plan is needed to address the constraints on land availability and political will that undermine most efforts to turn recovery into an opportunity for risk reduction. Often, the only way to achieve a real reduction in the vulnerability of poor households is by concentrating on the education, awareness, and advocacy skill sets of the poor themselves (Rhyner in Wamsler 2006). The possibilities for effective risk reduction are well illustrated in the improvements in disaster preparedness made in Bangladesh between the 1970s and the late 1990s. The main reasons for this effective progress in risk reduction appear to be the growth of civil society and of the role of NGOs. As both service providers and advocates, Bangladeshi NGOs have argued for a more democratic society, and for economic growth and reduced poverty. They have also contributed to the investment in evacuation planning, including the construction of cyclone shelters and protection of roads from flooding. While many of these improvements have taken place in rural areas, the increased awareness and vigilance in relation to disaster preparedness are also relevant in urban areas of Bangladesh, which are now exposed to the same cyclone and flood threats as rural areas, as climate risks continue to increase (World Bank 2005). ProVentions Community Risk Assessment Toolkit http://www.proventionconsortium.org/?pageid=39 ADPC, Community-Based Disaster Risk Management, http://www.adpc.net/projects/cbdrm.html Risk transfer and insurance While there are many ways to mitigate or prevent disaster risks, some aspects of the risk are too costly or too difficult to mitigate effectively. While the developed world has access to a range of mechanisms such as insurance to help manage these risks, effective risk-transfer mechanisms are often not available to the poor in low- income nations. Innovative risk-sharing mechanisms like catastrophe pools and microinsurance have emerged as ways of extending the benefits of insurance to groups otherwise underserved by insurance markets. After the 1999 earthquakes in Turkey, the government established the Turkey Catastrophe Insurance Pool (TCIP) to provide affordable insurance to homeowners, especially those in urban areas, to share portions of the risk within the country and to transfer other portions of the risk to international reinsurance and capital markets. As of July 2008, TCIP covered 2.8 million households, approximately 21 per cent of the overall target market in Turkey and 31 per cent in the Marmara region surrounding Istanbul (www.dask.gov.tr). While participation in the scheme has increased more slowly than expected, this example has shown that it is feasible for governments and development organisations to work proactively with the private sector to address market gaps in insurance coverage. The government of Mexicos FONDEN programme includes a risk-sharing scheme set up to support the programme through the sale of catastrophe bonds on the commercial market. A lesser known feature of the programme is the provision of insurance to local and state governments to protect local infrastructure investments (de la Garza Reyna 2005). At the community level, microinsurance has emerged as a potential solution for extending insurance coverage in poor communities. It can provide relatively fast, reliable and predictable access to post-disaster financial resources, allowing the poor to protect their assets and retain their financial gains in the face of disasters. Microinsurance increases access to finances after shocks, thus strengthening coping and reducing the likelihood of disastrous impacts. It can also provide greater discretion to households and small businesses in pursuing coping and recovery strategies, and serves as an incentive to reduce future disaster risk (ProVention 2009). Shortlist of Key Lessons for Specific Audiences Local authorities National governments International agencies 1 Allow municipal agencies to lead 1 Establish systems to accept 1 Provide support for capacity in specialised activities where mutual assistance from other building to local authorities and appropriate. countries and international community organisations. 2 Increase awareness of disaster organisations. 2 Prioritise information sharing risks and preparation. 2 Support temporary staff among actors. 3 Integrate recovery planning into assignment from other parts of 3 Provide flexible funding to longer-term local development the country to help meet short- support longer-term recovery planning. and medium-term professional requirements and sustainable 4 Upgrade building codes and staffing needs (e.g. for teachers, programming. enforcement practices as planners, police). needed. 3 Update regulatory frameworks 5 Provide incentives for private- and ministerial roles to expedite sector engagement. recovery and redevelopment 6 Engage community stakeholders processes. in participatory governance 4 Support local authorities with processes. additional competencies and (Leitmann 2007) resources. Private-sector Academic and learning centres Community organisations 1 Ensure continuity of key services 1 Partner with other stakeholders to 1 Support community members to provided by the private sector. extend assessment, research and advocate and engage with local 2 Encourage establishment of local planning capacity. governance processes. development councils, with 2 Explore opportunities to establish 2 Establish partnerships with participation from private-sector outreach and community education other stakeholders. firms and local business programmes. 3 Lobby for the establishment of associations. community resource centres. For additional resources see Cain, Allan (2007) Housing microfinance in post-conflict UN ISDR, Linking Disaster Risk Reduction and Poverty Angola: Overcoming socioeconomic exclusion through Reduction, http://www.unisdr.org land tenure and access to credit, Environment and Urbanization 19: 361, http://eau.sagepub.com World Bank, Global Good Practices in Earthquake Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction, http:// CARE (2005) Independent Evaluation of CAREs web.worldbank.org Humanitarian Response to Flooding Resulting from Tropical Storm Jeanne in Haiti, CARE International International Recovery Platform, http:// (ALNAP ERD) www.recoveryplatform.org/ CARE (2007) Delivery of humanitarian shelter in urban areas: The case of KASS, http://www.sheltercentre.org/ This lessons paper was written by Ian ODonnell and Kristin Smart with Ben Ramalingam. Thanks are due to CARE (2008) Living on the edge of emergency, http:// Karen Proudlock and John Mitchell; and for comments to www.reliefweb.int Margaret Arnold, Yasemin Aysan, Fouad Bendimerad, Mihir CCP-I (2009), Final Report IRCS Mid-Term Evaluation (of Bhatt, Mohamed Boussraoui, Ian Christoplos, Raimond recovery programmes in Aceh, Indonesia), unpublished Duijsens, David Sanderson, Anshu Sharma, Rajib Shaw, and Martin Suvatne. Chatterjee, Mirai (2005) Microinsurance a note on the State of the Art, http://www.sewainsurance.org Akinci, F (2004) The aftermath of disaster in urban areas: de la Garza Reyna, J (2005), The Educational Sector An evaluation of the 1999 earthquake in Turkey, Cities Action Plan for Natural Disasters in Mexico, published 21(6): 527536, http://www.sciencedirect.com in OECDs Lessons in Danger, http://www.oecd.org Andersen, M and P Woodrow (1989) Rising from the Ashes: Delap, E (2000) Urban childrens work during and after the Development Strategies in Times of Disasters, 1998 floods in Bangladesh, http:// Westview Press, Boulder, CO www.ingentaconnect.com Balachandran, BR (2006) The Reconstruction of Bhuj, The Dind, J (2006) Reconstruction, rduction de la Role of Local Government in Reducing the Risk of vulnrabilit et dveloppement durable: La Disasters, World Bank reconstruction de lhabitat en milieu urbain aprs louragan Stan au Mexique, Universit de Lausanne, Balamir, Murat (2006) Local administration and risk http://doc.rero.ch management, The Role of Local Government in Reducing the Risk of Disasters, World Bank Duyne Barenstein, Jennifer (2006) Housing reconstruction in post-earthquake Gujarat: A comparative analysis, Berke, P and T Campanella (2006) Planning for ODI Humanitarian Practice Network, Network Paper postdisaster resiliency, ANNALS of the American Number 54, http://www.odihpn.org Academy of Political and Social Science 604(1), http:// ann.sagepub.com Fallahi, Alireza (2007) Lessons learned from the housing reconstruction following the Bam earthquake in Iran, C-SAFE (2004) Market Assistance Pilot Program (MAPP), The Australian Journal of Emergency Management Zimbabwe, Consortium for the Southern Africa Food 22(1), http://www.ema.gov.au Security Emergency, VEDMA Consulting Group (ALNAP ERD) Feinstein International Famine Center (2008) Internal Nakagawa, Y and R Shaw (2004) Social capital: A missing displacement to urban areas the TuftsIDMC Profiling link to disaster recovery, International Journal of Mass Study Marta, Colombia: Case 3 Tufts University Emergencies and Disasters 22(1): 534, http:// IDMC Profiling Studies, MA, USA, http:// www.iedm.ges.kyoto-u.ac.jp/publi_e.htm www.reliefweb.int Narang-Suri, S (2008) Two Cities with No Soul: Assessing Ghafory-Ashtiany, M and M Hosseini (2008) Post-Bam the long-term impact of short-term reconstruction earthquake: recovery and reconstruction, Natural efforts in the divided city of Mostar (Bosnia & Hazards 44: 229241, http://www.springerlink.com Herzegovina) Gray B and K Herbert (2006) Hospitals in Hurricane Obi, N and J Crisp (2001) Evaluation of the implementation Katrina: Challenges Facing Custodial Institutions in a of UNHCRs policy on refugees in urban areas, United Disaster, After Katrina, The Urban Institute, http:// Nations High Commissioner For Refugees, Evaluation www.urban.org And Policy Analysis Unit, http://www.unhcr.org Hamid, GM (2007) Livelihood patterns of displaced Oli, P.P. (2003) Land Pooling: The Public Private households in Greater Khartoum, Disasters 16(3), Participatory Urban Development in Nepal, published http://www3.interscience.wiley.com in the proceedings of the 2nd FIG Regional Conference, http://www.fig.net/pub/morocco/ Hill P and Hannaway J (2006) The Future of Public Education in New Orleans, After Katrina: Rebuilding Ozcevik, O, S Turk, E Tas, H Yaman and C Beygo (2008) Opportunity and Equity into the New New Orleans, The Flagship regeneration project as a tool for post- Urban Institute, http://www.urban.org disaster recovery planning: the Zeytinburnu case, Disasters, August, http://www3.interscience.wiley.com IFRC (1998) World Disasters Report 1998: Cities and Crisis, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent PAHO (2006) The Challenge in Disaster Reduction for the Societies, Geneva, http://www.ifrc.org/publicat/wdr Water and Sanitation Sector: Improving Quality of Life by Reducing Vulnerabilities, http:// IFRC and Iranian RCS (2004) Operations Review of the Red www.helid.desastres.net Cross Red Crescent Movement Response to the Earthquake in Bam, Iran (ALNAP ERD) Pelling, M (2003), The Vulnerability of Cities: Natural Disaster and Social Resilience, Earthscan Publications IFRC (2008) World Disasters Report 2008: Focus on HIV and AIDS, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Geneva, http://www.ifrc.org/ Popkin, S, M Austin Turner and M Burt (2006) Rebuilding publicat/wdr affordable housing in New Orleans: The challenge of creating inclusive communities, After Katrina: Jacobsen, K and L Landau (2005) Recommendations for Rebuilding Opportunity and Equity into the New New urban refugee policy, Forced Migration Review 23, Orleans, http://www.urban.org http://www.fmreview.org ProVention Consortium (2009) Practice review on Kelly, Charles (2003) Acute Food Insecurity in Mega-Cities: innovations in finance for disaster risk management, Issues and Assistance Options, Benfield UCL Hazard contribution to the UN/ISDR Global Assessment Report Research Centre, Disaster Studies Working Paper 7, to be published in June 2009. www.benfieldhrc.org Rashid, S (2000) The urban poor in Dhaka City: Their Landau, L (2004) FMO Research Guide: Urban Refugees, struggles and coping strategies during the floods of Forced Migration Online, www.forcedmigration.org 1998, Disasters 24(3): 240253, http:// Leitmann, Joseph (2007) Cities and calamities: Learning www.ingentaconnect.com from post-disaster response in Indonesia, Journal of Urban Health 84 (Supplement): 144153, http:// www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov Sanderson, D (2000) Cities, disasters and livelihoods, UN-HABITAT (2008) Scoping Report: Addressing Land Environment and Urbanization 12(2): 93102, http:// Issues after Natural Disasters, http://www.gltn.net eau.sagepub.com UNHCR (2001) Evaluation of the Implementation of Sanderson, D (2009) Integrating development and disaster UNHCRs Policy on Refugees in Urban Areas, UNHCR management concepts to reduce vulnerability in low Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit (EPAU), income urban settlements, PhD Switzerland (ALNAP ERD) Shaw, R and K Goda (2004) From disaster to sustainable USAID (2008) Emergencies in Urban Settings: A Technical civil society: The Kobe experience, Disasters, 28(1): Review of Food-Based Program Options, http:// 1640, http://www3.interscience.wiley.com www.aed.org SIDA (2005) Returning Home: An Evaluation of SIDAs Wamsler, C (2006) Managing Urban Disasters, Open Integrated Area Programmes in Bosnia and House International 31(1) Herzegovina, http://apps.odi.org.uk/erd WFP (2002) Urban Food Insecurity: Strategies for WFP Supporters Network for Community Development Assistance to Urban Areas, http://www.wfp.org/ Machizukuri, http://www.gakugei-pub.jp/kobe/key_e/ policies/introduction/policy index.htm World Bank (2003) Building Safer Cities: The Future of UN DESA (2007) World Population Prospects: The 2006 Disaster Risk, Washington DC, http:// Revision, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, www.proventionconsortium.org Population Division World Bank (2004) Learning Lessons from Disaster UN-HABITAT (2006) A new start: The paradox of crisis, Recovery: The case of Honduras, Working Paper Series Habitat Debate, UN Human Settlements Program, No. 8, http://www.proventionconsortium.org Nairobi, Kenya (includes articles by Mark Pelling, Gabrielle Iglesias, Ian Davis, Charles Setchell, Scott Recovery: The Case of Bangladesh, Working Paper Leckie, Chris Huggins, Kevin Billing, Heinz Kull and Series No 11, http://www.proventionconsortium.org Eric Schwartz), http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss World Bank (2006) Earthquake Insurance in Turkey: UN-HABITAT (2007a) Sustainable relief and History of the Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool, reconstruction Synopsis from World Urban Forum II & http://books.google.com/books?id=FJsyapLefv4C III, Rethinking Emergencies, UN Human Settlements Programme, Nairobi, Kenya, http://www.unhabitat.org World Bank IEG (2006) Hazards of Nature, Risks to Development: IEG Evaluation of WB Assistance to UN-HABITAT (2007b) Enhancing Urban Safety and Security Natural Disasters, http://www.worldbank.org/ieg Global Report on Human Settlements 2007, http:// www.unhabitat.org Internally Displaced Person Documents Similar To alnap-provention-lessons-urban.pdf Hellspawn.Geo kimeroonis yabaeve Nikos Papaxristou Kristine Agustin Arun Prakash Franklin Tamayo Pedro Alejandro Abreu DRR- Conceptual Discussion Sagor Reza Nadia[1][1].WEb shiloxiri CPG 201 1e 2012 Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Guide Comprehensive Preparedness Guide - Supplement 1 Toolkit.pdf ducuh Gender and Disaster Manual Anthony Rupac Escasinas brigada book Noel Polaron 2018 Recommended Reading List Basil Oguaka Africa Research Bulletin January 2013 Ben Gill Report from the Field-Ongoing accounts of village-level resistance Jutta Pflueg businesscontinuityanddisasterrecoveryplan editted Managing Disaster Risks in Emerging Economies Ken Takahashi More From Phyu Zin Aye Phyu Zin Aye Displacement_in_urban_areas_new_challeng.pdf 4b278e4f9.pdf art%3A10.1186%2F1744-8603-10-24.pdf 4.1.2016-12.pdf 22-23.pdf 550a9eb99.pdf UA015.012.DO.00055.archival.pdf Fleay&Hartley_2015_I feel like a beggar.pdf 0310_urban_displacement.pdf Forced Migration Issue 34 - Adapting to Urban Displacement Jeffrey Marzilli Urban Refugees Mike Shakespeare 4cf775222.pdf Hidden and exposed: Urban refugees in Nairobi, Kenya UNHCR Cash in Hand - Urban Refugees, the Right to Work and UNHCR‟s Advocacy Activities 2.1.2016-5.pdf 2.1.2016.pdf 4fbf4c469.pdf Popular in Emergency Management ISO_14971_8-B2017065 Mircod Sense TMC DMP bombonde_797469 911 in Libraries, Archives and Museums: disaster response and recovery Joseph Marmol Yap Factories Act sid_quirky Gabay at Mapa Efren Jr Megio High Level Cyber Security Assessment - Detailed Report dobie_e_martin FEMA_P-320_2014_508.pdf Mateus Azevedo The Concept of Fully Integrated Information NickNudell Proposal-North-East Flood Response-Plan BGD (31 07 2016).docx Explosao Industria Quimica hazopman Gender, Disaster Risk Reduction, and Climate Change Adaptation: A Learning Companion nistgcr10-917-7 sansarep Dnvgl Ru Ship Pt1ch3 budi azis Earthquake Geology, Geomorphology and Hazard Scenario in Northeast India Sujit Dasgupta Appendix F - Additional Sources of Information Adam Thimmig 252wiegel2 Ilam Parithiyan Asset Integrity Engineer - JD -2.doc Hooman Takhtechian Structured to Partner: School District Collaboration with Nonprofit Organizations in Disaster Response Afteraction Report Fll Airport 2015 2020 strategic plan LDRRF Urban Schemes in Chittagong, Chuadanga, Jhenaidah, Netrokona, Rajbari, CDMP Bangladesh Socio-Economic Impacts of Mobile Phone in BD Siddiqur Rahman தினேஷ் குமார் Living With Volcanoes - The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach for Volcano-Related Opportunities Lubabun Ni'am National Disaster Management Plan, 2016, NewsBharati UNOPS - Rebuilding Haiti - One Year On vatsalewb DRRM Orientation to Punong Barangays Rommer Gonzalez Chemical Disaster Unep Vasant Kumar Varma Beyond Shelter Radim Tkadlec	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line731
__label__wiki	0.995065	0.995065	How The Song “Seven Nation Army” Conquered The Sports World Filed to: Deadspin ClassicFiled to: Deadspin Classic Deadspin Classic Jock jams Seven nation army sporting events Song played at sporting events This post was originally published on January 13, 2012. How The Song "Seven Nation Army" Conquered The Sports World The march toward musical empire began on Oct. 22, 2003, in a bar in Milan, Italy, 4,300 miles away… The Ravens are headed to the Super Bowl, and anyone who watched any of their home games this year probably noticed a familiar and haunting riff-turned-anthem reverberating throughout the stadium. Here's how those simple notes became so ubiquitous in the world of sports. The march toward musical empire began on Oct. 22, 2003, in a bar in Milan, Italy, 4,300 miles away from Detroit. Fans of Club Brugge K.V., in town for their team's group-stage UEFA Champions League clash against European giant A.C. Milan, gathered to knock back some pre-match beers. Over a stereo blared seven notes: Da...da-DA-da da DAAH DAAH, the signature riff of a minor American hit song. By normal pop-music expectations, the White Stripes' "Seven Nation Army" had already passed its peak. Released in March of that year, the single reached No. 1 on Billboard's alternative rock chart in early July, stayed there for three weeks, then had begun to fade out. But the members of the Blue Army, a Brugge supporters group, liked what they were hearing and began to sing along. "It's a very catchy tune," Blue Army spokesman Geert De Cang wrote in an email. Eight years later, the riff-turned-anthem is ubiquitous and seemingly inevitable, an organic part of global sports culture. On Thanksgiving night in 2012, 71,000 fans at M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore chanted the riff in unison. But in Milan, at the beginning, it was purely spontaneous and local. Kickoff was coming. The visiting Belgians moved out into the city center, still singing. They kept chanting it in the stands of the San Siro—Oh...oh-OH-oh oh OHH OHH—as Peruvian striker Andres Mendoza stunned Milan with a goal in the 33rd minute and Brugge made it hold up for a shocking 1-0 upset. Filing out of the stadium, they continued to belt it out. The song traveled back to Belgium with them, and the Brugge crowd began singing it at home games. The club itself eventually started blasting "Seven Nation Army" through the stadium speakers after goals. Then, on Feb. 15, 2006, Club Brugge hosted A.S. Roma in a UEFA Cup match. The visitors won, 2-1, and the Roma supporters apparently picked up the song from their hosts. "I had never heard the song before we stepped on the field in Bruges," Roma captain Francesco Totti told a Dutch newspaper later. "Since then, I can't get the 'Po po po po po poo pooo' out of my head. It sounded fantastic and the crowd was immediately totally into it. I quickly went out and bought one of the band's albums." So "Seven Nation Army," having gone from Milan to Bruges, marched back to Italy again. Italians call it the "po po po po" song. By the time the World Cup kicked off in Germany that June, it had become the Italian national team's unofficial theme. Sports Illustrated reported that fans had serenaded Totti with the song during Italy's group-stage win over Ghana. The Azzurri beat France in the final on July 9, and amid the ensuing celebration, "Seven Nation Army" chants popped up on the streets of Rome. On July 11 in Milan, Italian soccer stars Alessandro Del Piero and Marco Materazzi—the victim of Zinedine Zidane's head butt—led a crowd rendition of "Seven Nation Army" from the stage at a Rolling Stones concert. Soon, Jack White himself weighed in: "I am honored that the Italians have adopted this song as their own," White said. "Nothing is more beautiful than when people embrace a melody and allow it to enter the pantheon of folk music." "It's still hard for me to digest," said Ben Swank, an executive at Third Man Records, White's label, on the phone from his office in Nashville. Swank was present at the birth of "Seven Nation Army," in January 2002—a moment whose significance was notably lost on him. "[H]e was with us on tour in Australia when I wrote that song at soundcheck," White told Rolling Stone in 2009. "I was playing it for Meg and he was walking by and I said, 'Swank, check this riff out.' And he said, 'It's OK.' [Laughs]." "Weirdly enough," Swank said, "I didn't like it. I said, 'I don't know man, you can do better.'" But the finished product, the opening track on Elephant, made him a believer. "It's the directness and simplicity of it," he says. "That's the appeal of their band across the board. I feel that way about all my favorite music of theirs. It's more emotion-based than thought-out or planned." What makes "Seven Nation Army" different from most stadium anthems is that it actually has replay value. In February 2004, it won a Grammy for Best Rock song. The Grammys aren't the ideal barometer of cool, but "Who Let the Dogs Out?" never won a little gilded gramophone, did it? [CORRECTION: "Who Let the Dogs Out?" won Best Dance Recording in 2000. Deadspin regrets overestimating the Grammys.] It's not syrupy like "Sweet Caroline," or melodramatic like "We Are the Champions," or gimmicky (or performed by a horrible, horrible person) like "Rock and Roll Part II." A few years ago, The Guardian wondered if it was "the indiest football anthem of all time." "Seven Nation Army" made a beachhead in American sports in State College, Penn. According to a 2006 story in the Harrisburg Patriot-News, Penn State spokesperson Guido D'Elia—who is still the director of communications and branding for the embattled football program—was inspired by hearing a Public Radio International story about A.S. Roma's use of the song. D'Elia, who also introduced the now unavoidable German techno track "Kernkraft 400" to Nittany Lions fans, had found something new: D'Elia had the Blue Band try it out during the soggy Blue-White scrimmage. And he's preparing a dubbed version of Jack White's seven-note guitar lick from the song in hopes the students will start in with their own wohhh-oh-oh-oh-oh-ohhh-ohhh. If they don't, he'll scrap it. If they do, he'll keep it. By the middle of the 2006 season, "Seven Nation Army" was a Beaver Stadium staple. (This year, as Penn State students gathered on Nov. 8 outside the university administration building, they began singing Joe Paterno's first name over the riff.) At the same time, Arrangers' Publishing of Nashville had begun selling "Seven Nation Army" sheet music for marching bands, turning the angry one-guitar song into ensemble music. The hypnotic riff—which White reportedly produced by feeding his guitar through an effects pedal to make it sound like a bass—fit the new arrangement nicely. "The doom of it," Swank says, "makes it perfect for a marching band." The Boston College band picked it up immediately, and the song has kept spreading. "It was very simple to play, angry, very loud, and kind of aggressive," Arrangers' Publishing vice president Jeff Hearington said. "The minute I heard it I said, ‘We need to try to license this.'" The company has sold about 2,000 copies, Hearington said. Today, there are few athletic venues the song hasn't invaded. "Seven Nation Army" has appeared at both Michigan and Ohio State, and also at obscure schools (check out this rendition by St. Cloud State's band). At Euro 2008, it was played and chanted incessantly at stadiums in Austria and Switzerland. It's popped up in NBA arenas and at NFL stadiums, competing with standbys like "Hells Bells," "Welcome to the Jungle," and "Crazy Train" for time on the endless loop. This past summer, the Ravens polled fans about what song should rally the crowd into the fourth quarter at home games. "Seven Nation Army" beat out "Enter Sandman" and Joe Satriani's "Crowd Chant," among others, in the final balloting, and it is now a ritual. The Detroit Lions joined in, too, playing the song at Ford Field. In October, coach Jim Schwartz mentioned it on Twitter. "I rarely notice music during timeouts," he wrote, "but I did enjoy #WhiteStripes 7 Nation Army last night. Great response by crowd." Swank is still bemused by the song's all-conquering success. He glimpsed the extent of its reach more than five years ago, while vacationing on the island of Formentera during the 2006 World Cup. There, on a 32-square-mile dot in the middle of the Mediterranean, he heard a group of Italians chanting the riff White had composed at that Australian soundcheck. "He accidentally wrote a folk song," Swank said. "You do the best you can, but you can't predict where it's going to go." Alan Siegel is a writer in Washington, D.C. Contact him at asiegel05@gmail.com; follow him on Twitter @alansiegeldc. Image by Jim Cooke.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line732
__label__wiki	0.762828	0.762828	DEEP POLITICS FORUM > War on Workers and Labor Unions and Students > Jobseeker, 21, commits suicide after two year search for work View Full Version : Jobseeker, 21, commits suicide after two year search for work Jobseeker, 21, commits suicide after two year search for work (http://graduatefog.co.uk/2010/738/young-jobseeker-takes-life-year-search-work/) Published: April 28, 2010Posted in: Uncategorized http://graduatefog.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/big-sunset-150x150.jpgNOW WILL POLITICIANS TAKE YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT SERIOUSLY? It’s with great sadness that Graduate Fog (http://graduatefog.co.uk/) has learned of the death of 21-year-old Vicky Harrison, who took her own life after a two-year struggle to find work. Vicky, from Darwen in Lancashire, had no history of mental illness. And she was bright – she had ten GCSEs (at grade A-C) and three A levels (at grade B-D). Yet her parents say she took an overdose of pills because she felt “humiliated” that she could not get a job after dropping out of university in her first year. Vicky had applied for about a dozen jobs a week, including shop work, waitressing and being a school dinner lady. Her death came just a day after she received yet another letter saying she had failed in her application and interview for a job, this time at a nursery. Vicky’s mum and dad – who described their daughter as “wonderful and bubbly” – said she was struggling to get by on Jobseeker’s allowance and felt she was losing touch with her friends because she could not afford to go out with them. “She was humiliated that she couldn’t find work,” said Vicky’s mum Louise. “It was an embarrassing situation for her.” Her dad Tony added, “In the end it obviously got her down to such a point that she felt she had no future. It shouldn’t have been like that. “She had a lot to give and was very determined. She was clever, too. There was no reason why she shouldn’t have been able to find a job.” New figures show that there are more than 4,000 young people claiming Jobseeker’s allowance in East Lancashire – up about 48% since the country went into recession. But Vicky’s family – and boyfriend, Nathan Haworth – believe her situation is echoed all around the UK. They now hope to raise awareness about the emotional support that’s needed for young people who find themselves unemployed for long periods of time. As regular readers will know, I have been campaigning for years for greater recognition of the psychological toll of being out of work. Unemployment is enormously damaging emotionally – particularly for young people. Having been there myself, I know how quickly you lose your confidence when you’re not working and what a lonely business job-hunting can be. Whatever your financial circumstances, it is extremely difficult to cope with – even more so if you’re surviving solely on JSA and find yourself isolated because you can’t afford to go out and meet friends. Vicky’s death underlines the fact that tackling the UK’s growing youth unemployment crisis is not just about launching more schemes or yet another ‘initiative’. It requires care and sensitivity. This is not just about numbers – it is about individuals. Despite the many headlines about ‘dole scroungers’ and ‘benefits thieves,’ I have always believed that most people want to work – and that includes the young. Unfortunately, our society has begun to stigmatise the unemployed. And I fear we’re witnessing a disturbing trend towards normalising the attitude that being out of work is something that should be punished. When I covered the Tories’ proposal of making people earn the dole (http://graduatefog.co.uk/2010/706/cameron-unemployed-earn-dole/), your reactions were strong but mixed. Your views depended on whether this proposed ‘community work’ is designed to give ‘good’ jobseekers some helpful structure and a way of feeling useful – or whether it’s intended as a stick with which to beat those considered lazy just because they’re out of work. Clearly we do not want a nation of young people who would prefer to sit back and take hand-outs than get out there and find a job. But when a bright young girl like Vicky Harrison feels her best option is to take her own life, it’s clear to me that something is very, very wrong with our current priorities. If we do not act fast to help the thousands of young people sharing Vicky’s struggle, I fear her death may not be the last of its kind. *What do you think? Is the government taking youth unemployment seriously enough? Were you prepared for the emotional and psychological impact of being out of work? What sort of support is available for people in your shoes? Do we need a service that bridges the gap between careers advice and psychological counselling? Dawn Meredith This is so sad. I did not realize it was that bad in the UK.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line734
__label__wiki	0.90322	0.90322	About Dementia Help Dementia Help was launched in February 2017 by Christina Neal after caring for her late mother Hazel, who had vascular dementia, for almost a decade. Christina launched Dementia Help as a friendly and helpful Facebook page for dementia carers. Such was the success of the page that Dementia Help has grown into an established brand with a significant audience. The Facebook page has an average monthly reach of over 500,000. There is very little help and support available to carers who often feel isolated, alone and overwhelmed. Dementia Help offers ongoing tips, advice and support for carers via its website and social media platforms. Our practical advice is always from the heart and based on our personal experiences. Christina is a writer and editor who spent ten years caring for her late mother Hazel, who had vascular dementia. She is the author of the highly-acclaimed book, Dementia Care: A Guide. She has appeared on the BBC’s Victoria Derbyshire Show speaking about dementia care and also took part in the BBC documentary, Food Truth Or Scare with Gloria Hunniford, about diet and dementia. She is the former Editor-in-Chief of Women’s Running and Women’s Fitness magazines. Her first book, Run Yourself Fit, was published by Summersdale in January 2016. Angelina Manzano Angelina is a writer and digital editor who has 15 years experience writing and editing food, fitness and health titles. Her mother was diagnosed with early onset vascular dementia with Alzheimer’s after a series of suspected mini-strokes over ten years ago. Angelina feels passionately about the importance of social interaction for those affected by dementia and their carers and wants to encourage people to overcome the stigma attached to dementia. Dave Collison Adept at handling all things tech that baffle the rest of the team, Dementia Help’s resident computer genius Dave Collison manages our website, creates GIFS and films video interviews with those living with dementia. A former computer programmer, Dave has a keen eye for design and a talent for problem-solving. We’d be pretty lost without him! He’s also a talented singer who performed at the 2017 Alzheimer’s Show at London Olympia and also appeared on London Live talking about the positive benefits of music for those living with dementia. Claire Chamberlain Claire has worked across a range of consumer and trade titles and has vast experience of creating commercial content for e-newsletters and websites. She is the former Deputy Editor of Women’s Running and previously worked as freelance Sub-Editor for Good Homes, Best, Company, Cosmopolitan, Eve, Glamour and Harper’s Bazaar. She worked closely alongside our Founder Christina Neal when Christina was caring for her mum, so fully understands the challenges of dementia.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line737
__label__wiki	0.753476	0.753476	Euro zone sees economic outlook worsening amid uncertain U.S. trade policy The European Commission lowered its forecast on Wednesday for the euro zone economy next year, saying that uncertainty over U.S. trade policy posed a major risk to the bloc, AzVision.az reports citing Reuters. In its quarterly economic forecasts, the European Union’s executive arm also lowered its estimate for inflation in the bloc, predicting that it would be further off the European Central Bank’s target of close to but less than 2%. The commission confirmed its prediction that economic growth in the euro zone would slow this year to 1.2% from 1.9% in 2018. It also lowered its estimate for next year’s growth, which is now seen at 1.4% instead of the 1.5% forecast in May. Risks for the bloc have increased, the commission said, and mostly come from “the elevated uncertainty” around U.S. trade policy, as Washington keeps threatening punitive tariffs on a broad range of EU products. The weaker economic outlook contributed to a downward revision of inflation expectations, the commission said, cutting its estimate to 1.3% for this year and next from the 1.4% it previously estimated for both years. This year’s forecast matches the ECB’s projection, but for 2020 the commission’s estimate is lower than the 1.4% rate forecast by the central bank in its latest projections, released in June. That could give the ECB a reason to push ahead with fresh stimulus. ITALY, GERMANY LAG BEHIND The commission confirmed the economic slowdown in the euro zone was mostly caused by slower growth in Germany, the euro zone’s largest economy, and Italy, its third largest. German growth will slow to 0.5% this year, it predicted in May, after reaching 1.4% in 2018. Growth is expected to return to 1.4% next year, less than the 1.5% the commission predicted earlier. Forecasts for Italy remained unchanged, reiterating its economy will see the worst growth rate in the whole 28-country EU. Next year’s growth is expected to accelerate to 0.7% but remain the slowest in the bloc. The commission maintained unchanged its forecasts for Britain, whose economy is foreseen growing 1.3% this year and next. However, the projection does not take into account possible trade disruptions caused by a no-deal Brexit. More about: European-Commission United-States trade	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line738
__label__wiki	0.840709	0.840709	20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film) Walt Disney (uncredited) Earl Felton by Jules Verne Joseph S. Dubin (orchestration) Franz Planer Buena Vista Distribution $5 million[1] $28.2 million[1] 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea is a 1954 American Technicolor adventure film and the first science fiction film shot in CinemaScope. The film was personally produced by Walt Disney through Walt Disney Productions, directed by Richard Fleischer, and stars Kirk Douglas, James Mason, Paul Lukas, and Peter Lorre.[2] It was also the first feature-length Disney film to be distributed by Buena Vista Distribution. The film is adapted from Jules Verne's 19th-century novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea. It is considered an early precursor of the steampunk genre.[3] The film was a critical and commercial success, being especially remembered for the fight with a giant squid, and Mason's definitive performance as the charismatic anti-hero Captain Nemo. It won two Academy Awards for Best Art Direction and Best Special Effects. 4.1 Upon release 4.2 Critical opinion 4.3 Awards and nominations 5 Record albums 5.1 Official soundtrack 6 In Disney resorts 8 Comic book adaptation 9 Remake Plot[edit] In 1868, rumors of a sea monster attacking ships in the Pacific Ocean have disrupted shipping lanes. The United States invites Professor Pierre M. Aronnax and his assistant, Conseil, onto a Navy expedition to prove the monster's existence. On board with them is the cocky master harpooner Ned Land. After months of searching, the "monster" is spotted shortly before it rams the warship. Ned and Aronnax are thrown overboard, and Conseil goes in after Aronnax. The helpless, crippled frigate drifts away, and no one aboard responds to the overboard passengers. The three find a strange-looking metal vessel, and realize the "monster" is a man-made "submerging boat" that appears deserted. Aronnax finds a large viewport and witnesses an underwater funeral. Ned, Aronnax, and Conseil attempt to leave in their lifeboat, but the submarine crew stops the castaways. The captain introduces himself as Nemo, master of the Nautilus. He returns Ned and Conseil to the deck while offering Aronnax, whom he recognizes for his work, the chance to stay. After Aronnax proves willing to die with his companions, Nemo allows Ned and Conseil to remain. Nemo takes them to the penal colony island of Rura Penthe. Nemo was a prisoner there, as were many of his crew. The prisoners are loading a munitions ship. The Nautilus rams it, destroying its cargo and killing the crew. An anguished Nemo tells Aronnax that his actions have saved thousands from death in war; he also discloses that this "hated nation" tortured his wife and son to death while attempting to force him to reveal the secrets of his work. Ned discovers the coordinates of Nemo's secret island base, Vulcania, and releases messages in bottles, hoping someone will find them. Off the coast of New Guinea, the Nautilus becomes stranded on a reef. Ned is surprised when Nemo allows him to go ashore with Conseil, ostensibly to collect specimens, while strictly admonishing them to stay on the beach. Ned goes off alone to explore avenues of escape. While drinking from a pool, he sees human skulls on stakes. Ned runs for his life and rejoins Conseil, and they row away, pursued by cannibals. Aboard ship, the cannibals are repelled by electrical charges through its hull. Nemo is furious with Ned for disobeying his orders, confining him to the brig. A warship approaches, firing upon Nautilus, which descends into the depths, where it attracts a giant squid. After a similar electric charge fails to repel the monster, Nemo and his men surface during a storm to dislodge it. Nemo is caught in one of its tentacles. Ned, having escaped from captivity, saves Nemo from drowning. Nemo has a change of heart and claims he wants to make peace with the world. As the Nautilus nears Vulcania, Nemo finds the island surrounded by warships whose marines are converging on his base. As Nemo goes ashore, Ned tries to identify himself as the author of the bottled messages. Aronnax is furious, recognizing that Nemo will destroy all evidence of his discoveries. Nemo enters the base and activates a prearranged time bomb, but is mortally wounded on Nautilus's deck from a slug to the back. After navigating the submarine away from Vulcania, Nemo announces he will be "taking the Nautilus down for the last time". The crew declare they will accompany their captain in death. Aronnax, Conseil, and Ned are confined to their cabins. The Nautilus's crew also retreat to their cabins at Nemo's instructions. Ned escapes and manages to surface the Nautilus, hitting a reef in the process and causing the sub to flood. Nemo staggers to his salon viewport, watching his beloved sea as he dies. Aronnax tries retrieving his detailed journal, but the urgency of their escape obliges Ned to knock him unconscious and carry him out. The three companions and Nemo's pet sea lion, Esmeralda, witness Vulcania explode and a billowing mushroom cloud rise above the island's destruction. Ned apologizes to Aronnax for hitting him, and the Nautilus disappears beneath the waves. Nemo's last words to Aronnax echo: "There is hope for the future. And when the world is ready for a new and better life, all this will someday come to pass, in God's good time". Dinner aboard the Nautilus. From left to right: James Mason, Kirk Douglas, Peter Lorre, and Paul Lukas. Kirk Douglas as Ned Land James Mason as Captain Nemo Paul Lukas as Professor Pierre Aronnax Peter Lorre as Conseil Robert J. Wilke as Nautilus's First Mate Ted de Corsia as Captain Farragut Carleton Young as John Howard J. M. Kerrigan as Billy Percy Helton as Coach driver Ted Cooper as Abraham Lincoln's First Mate Fred Graham as Casey Laurie Mitchell as Hooker In 1950 Sig Rogell announced he had bought the rights to the novel as well as to an adaptation prepared by Robert L. Lippert's production company. He was going to make the film independently.[4] The rights eventually went to Disney. 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea was filmed at various locations in The Bahamas and Jamaica, with the cave scenes filmed beneath what is now the Xtabi Resort on the cliffs of Negril.[5] Filming began in spring of 1954.[6] Some of the location filming sequences were so complex that they required a technical crew of more than 400 people. The film presented many other challenges, as well. The famous giant squid attack sequence had to be entirely re-shot, as it was originally filmed as taking place at dusk and in a calm sea.[7][Note 1] The sequence was filmed again, this time taking place at night and during a huge gale, both to increase the drama and to better hide the cables and other mechanical workings of the animatronic squid.[8] With a total (and greatly over-run) production cost of $9 million,[9] the film was the most expensive in Hollywood to that date and presented a serious financial risk to the studio should it flop.[10] Upon release[edit] Upon the film's original release, The New York Times film critic Bosley Crowther gave it a generally positive review by stating that, "As fabulous and fantastic as anything he has ever done in cartoons is Walt Disney's 'live action' movie made from Jules Verne's '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea.' Turned out in CinemaScope and color, it is as broad, fictitiously, as it is long (128 minutes), and should prove a sensation—at least with the kids."[11] In his 1967 biography The Disney Version, the critic, Richard Schickel, stated that James Mason was "superbly cast as the mad inventor Captain Nemo".[12][better source needed] The film was also praised for the performances of the leading actors.[13] This was the first time that major international stars such as Kirk Douglas, James Mason, and Peter Lorre had appeared in a Disney film, although Robert Newton, a well-known actor in British films, had played Long John Silver in Disney's Treasure Island (1950), and Richard Todd, another well-known British actor, had appeared in Disney's Technicolor live-action version of The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men (1952). Mason especially was singled out for his performance of Captain Nemo. Many people who had first seen him on-screen in the film identify him most strongly with this role.[14][15] 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea received positive reviews from critics, was the second highest-grossing film of the year (behind White Christmas), earning $8 million in box office attendance in North America.[16] Critical opinion[edit] Modern-day film critic Steve Biodrowski said that the film is "far superior to the majority of genre efforts from the period (or any period, for that matter), with production design and technical effects that have dated hardly at all." Biodrowski also added that the film "may occasionally succumb to some of the problems inherent in the source material (the episodic nature does slow the pace), but the strengths far outweigh the weaknesses, making this one of the greatest science-fiction films ever made."[17] Audiences remember it primarily for its giant-squid battle sequence as well as the Nautilus itself and James Mason's portrayal of Nemo.[18] The film currently holds an 89% approval rating at the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, with the consensus being: "One of Disney's finest live-action adventures, 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea brings Jules Verne's classic sci-fi tale to vivid life, and features an awesome giant squid."[19] Awards and nominations[edit] The film won two Academy Awards and was nominated for one more.[20] Academy Awards (1954) Won: Best Art Direction – Color (John Meehan, Emile Kuri) Won: Best Special Effects (John Hench, Joshua Meador) Nominated: Best Film Editing (Elmo Williams) The film's primary art designer, Harper Goff, who designed the Nautilus, was not a member of the Art Directors Union in 1954 and therefore, under a bylaw within the Academy of Motion Pictures, he was unable to receive his Academy Award for Art Direction.[21] Record albums[edit] Rather than an authentic soundtrack recording of the film's score or dialogue, two vinyl studio cast record albums were released to coincide with the film's first two releases. Both albums contained condensed and heavily altered versions of the film's script without the usage of any of the film's cast for character voices. In addition, both albums were narrated by Ned Land as opposed to Aronnax, who narrated the film and the original novel. Neither album mentioned Nemo as actually being "cracked" (i.e. insane), as the film does, and considerably sanitized the character by omitting any mention of him killing anyone and even having him sing sea chanties with his crew. The albums also had Nemo surviving at the end and releasing Ned, Arronax, and Conseil out of gratitude for their saving his life.[22] In this version, Ned, Aronnax and Conseil were not shipwrecked because the Nautilus rammed the ship they were on, but because a hurricane came up.[23] The first album was issued in 1954 in conjunction with the film's original release, and starred William Redfield as the voice of Ned. This album, a book-and-record set, was issued as part of RCA Victor's Little Nipper series on two 45-RPM records.[24][better source needed] The second album, released by Disneyland Records in 1963 in conjunction with the film's first re-release,[25] was issued on one 331⁄3 RPM 12-inch LP with no accompanying booklet and no liner notes – the usual practice with most Disneyland label albums. It contained much more of the film's plot, but with many of the same alterations as the first album, so this recording was technically a remake of the earlier one. The cast for the 1963 album was uncredited. Neither album listed the film's credits or made any mention of the film's cast. A single for the film's most memorable song "A Whale of a Tale", written by Norman Gimbel and Al Hoffman and sung by Kirk Douglas, was also released in 1954 under the Decca Children's Series label. The song "And the Moon Grew Brighter and Brighter", which Douglas had sung in the movie Man Without a Star (written by Lou Singer and Jimmy Kennedy), was the B-side. Both songs can be found on the 2008 digital release of the film's soundtrack.[26] In the film, Johann Sebastian Bach's Toccata and Fugue in D minor is played by Nemo on the Nautilus's organ, but James Mason's playing is actually dubbed by an anonymous organist. Official soundtrack[edit] 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Soundtrack) Soundtrack album by Randy Thorton On January 29, 2008, Walt Disney Records released a 26-track digital album containing the music of Paul Smith's original soundtrack score to 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea plus both sides of the "A Whale of a Tale" single, as well as a digital booklet companion that explores the music of the film. This was the first official release of the film score and was initially available only through the iTunes Store.[26][27] Intrada released the same soundtrack on CD in 2011.[28] 1. "Main Title (Captain Nemo’s Theme)" Paul Smith 2:26 2. "Street Fight" Paul Smith 1:04 3. "Aboard the Abraham Lincoln / Hunting the Monster" Paul Smith 2:28 4. "A Whale of a Tale" Kirk Douglas 2:09 5. "The Monster Attacks" Paul Smith 2:21 6. "Deserted Sub / Burial / Captured" Paul Smith 9:14 7. "Fifty Fathoms / The Island of Crespo" Paul Smith 8:45 8. "Storm at Sea / Nemo Plays" Paul Smith 2:25 9. "Strange Man of the Seas" Paul Smith 4:04 10. "Nemo’s Torment" Paul Smith 0:59 11. "Justified Hate" Paul Smith 1:29 12. "Searching Nemo’s Cabin" Paul Smith 4:02 13. "Ned’s Bottles" Paul Smith 0:43 14. "Ashore at New Guinea" Paul Smith 2:54 15. "Native Drums / Back to the Nautilus" Paul Smith 3:08 16. "Submerge" Paul Smith 1:45 17. "The Giant Squid" Paul Smith 6:53 18. "Ambush at Vulcania" Paul Smith 4:47 19. "Nemo Wounded" Paul Smith 2:43 20. "Escape from Vulcania" Paul Smith 3:41 21. "Finale / Deep Is the Mighty Ocean" Paul Smith 0:56 22. "A Whale of a Tale (Single)" Kirk Douglas 2:11 23. "And the Moon Grew Brighter and Brighter (Single B-Side)" Kirk Douglas 2:35 24. "A Whale of a Tale" Bill Kanady 2:24 25. "A Whale of a Tale" The Wellingtons 2:07 26. "A Whale of a Tale (Reprise)" Kirk Douglas 0:11 Total length: 1:18:23 In Disney resorts[edit] Disneyland used the original sets as a walk-through attraction from 1955 to 1966. Walt Disney World Resort's Magic Kingdom also had a dark ride named 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage from 1971 to 1994 which consisted of a submarine ride, complete with the giant squid attack, and an arrangement of the main theme from the 1954 film playing on Captain Nemo's organ in the background. For this ride, voice artist Peter Renaday stood in for James Mason in the role of Captain Nemo.[29] In 1994, a walkthrough attraction at Disneyland Paris, named Les Mystères du Nautilus, opened,[30] and a dark ride at Tokyo DisneySea was created in 2001.[31] The exterior to The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure contains a silhouette of the Nautilus in a rock wall[32] and the tiki bar Trader Sam's Grog Grotto at Disney's Polynesian Village Resort serves a cocktail called the "Nautilus"[33] which is itself served in a stylized drinking vessel resembling the submarine,[34] and features a dive helmet and a mechanical squid tentacle that pours liquor behind the bar.[35] The film has been released on VHS and DVD. An HD version was released on iTunes.[36] Comic book adaptation[edit] Dell Four Color #614 (February 1955)[37][38] Remake[edit] On January 6, 2009, Variety reported that a remake titled 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Captain Nemo was being planned with Joseph McGinty Nichol, known as "McG", attached to direct. The film serves as an origin story for the central character, Captain Nemo, as he builds his warship, the Nautilus.[39] McG has remarked that it will be "much more in keeping with the spirit of the novel" than Richard Fleischer's film, in which it will reveal "what Aronnax is up to and the becoming of Captain Nemo, and how the man became at war with war itself." It was written by Bill Marsilli, with Justin Marks and Randall Wallace brought in to do rewrites.[40] The film was to be produced by Sean Bailey with McG's Wonderland Sound and Vision.[41] McG once suggested that he wanted Will Smith for the Captain Nemo role, but he has reportedly turned down the part.[42][43] As a second possible choice, McG had mentioned Sam Worthington, whom he worked with on Terminator Salvation, though they did not ever discuss it seriously. The project was later shelved in November 2009 with McG backing out of directing.[44] During the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con, director David Fincher announced plans of directing 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea for Walt Disney Pictures based on a script by Scott Z. Burns.[45] While Fincher was wrapping up The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011), it was speculated that 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea would enter principal photography by late 2012.[46] In the meantime, Fincher began courting Brad Pitt to play the role of Ned Land while the film was kept on hold.[47] However, in February 2013, it was announced that Pitt had officially turned down the role.[48] In April 2013, it was announced that the Australian government will provide a one-off incentive of $20 million in order to secure the production.[49] Despite this, the film was put on hold again the following month due to complications in casting a lead.[50] On July 17, 2013, Fincher dropped out of the film to direct the adaptation of Gone Girl.[51] Fincher revealed in an interview that he left the film because he wanted Channing Tatum for Ned Land, but Disney wanted Chris Hemsworth for the role.[52][53] Additionally, the money originally allocated for the production of this film was redirected towards Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales.[54] In February 2016, Disney announced that it was planning a film titled Captain Nemo, with James Mangold directing.[55] Mysterious Island, a 1961 film by Columbia Pictures, based on Verne's 1874 novel, The Mysterious Island, which was a sequel to two of Verne's earlier novels: In Search of the Castaways (also known as Captain Grant's Children) (1867) and Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1870) In Search of the Castaways, a 1962 Disney film, based on Verne's 1867 novel, In Search of the Castaways (a.k.a. Captain Grant's Children) Atlantis: The Lost Empire, a 2001 Disney animated film that would share much of the same design language as 20,000 Leagues Under The Sea ^ Footage of the original, rejected giant squid attack sequence shows details of the filming. ^ a b "Box Office Information for '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'." The Numbers. Retrieved: April 15, 2013. ^ "Walt Disney filmography." Film Reference. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ Higham, William. "What The Hell Is Steampunk?" Huffington Post, February 17, 2012. Retrieved: February 15, 2012. ^ By THOMAS F BRADY Special to THE NEW,YORK TIMES. (1950, Nov 25). COURT DISMISSES FILM UNIONS' SUIT. New York Times (1923-Current File) Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.sl.nsw.gov.au/docview/111435082?accountid=13902 ^ "Movie location information: 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea." IMDB. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ "In a league of its own." The Walt Disney Company, December 3, 2009. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ Sunset Squid Fight– 20,000 Leagues – unused monster sequence on YouTube ^ Bourne, Mark. "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Special Edition DVD." The DVD Journal, 2003. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ " Home » Program » The Reel Thing XXVII: Program Abstracts The Reel Thing XXVII: Program Abstracts" Reel Thing, July 8, 2011. Retrieved: April 4, 2018. ^ "The Making of '20000 Leagues Under the Sea' (Young, Mark (writer) and John Rhys-Davies, (narrator)." IMDb, May 20, 2003. Retrieved: August 18, 2010 ^ Crowther, Bosley. "Movie Review: 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954); The Screen in Review; '20,000 Leagues' in 128 Fantastic Minutes." The New York Times, December 24, 1954. ^ Schickel 1997, p. 300. ^ Erickson, Glenn. "'20,000 Leagues Under The Sea: Special Edition'." DVD Talk, May 12, 2003. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ "Overview: '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'." Solar Navigator (Max Energy Limited), 2013. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ "Overview: '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'." Eccentric Cinema, May 26, 2003. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ "All Time Domestic Champs." Variety, January 6, 1960, p. 34. ^ Biodrowski, Steve. "Hollywood Gothique: Captain Nemo Double Bill." cinefantastiqueonline.com, August 25, 2007. ^ "The CinemaScope Wing 3." Widescreen Museum. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ "Movie Reviews: '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'." Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved: July 30, 2010. ^ "Academy Awards: 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea." The New York Times. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ "Spotlight: 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea." Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ Video on YouTube ^ "More Golden Age Classics: 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea." Kidde Records, July 15, 2011. Retrieved: May 31, 2013. ^ "Walt Disney's 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Little Nipper Story Book Album)." Amazon. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ "Label: Disneyland Records." Rate Your Music. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ a b "Soundtrack Details: '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'." Soundtrack Collector. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ "Soundtrack: '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea' by Various Artists." iTunes Store. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ "Soundtrack Details: '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'." Intrada. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea". 20K Ride. Retrieved January 9, 2015. ^ "Les Mystères du Nautilus". Photos Magiques. Retrieved January 9, 2015. ^ Wilson, Shellie (June 10, 2012). "Review: Tokyo Disneyland and DisneySea – Part 2: Tokyo DisneySea". Craft Gossip. Retrieved January 9, 2015. ^ Sanders, Savannah (April 20, 2016). "Walt Disney World Relics and Tributes: The Magic Kingdom". TouringPlans.com. Retrieved February 24, 2019. ^ "Trader Sam's Grog Grotto menu". Disney World. Disney. Retrieved February 24, 2019. ^ "Trader Sam's Nautilus cocktail vessel". secure.cdn1.wdpromedia.com. ^ Fillmen, Travis (March 29, 2015). "Trader Sam's Grog Grotto: Drinking You 20,000 Leagues Under The Table". Central Florida Aquarium Society. Retrieved February 24, 2019. ^ "20,000 Leagues Under The Sea - iTunes HD Review - Not on Blu-ray". Not on Blu-ray. ^ "Dell Four Color #614". Grand Comics Database. ^ Dell Four Color #614 at the Comic Book DB ^ Fleming. Michael. "McG to direct Disney's 'Leagues'." Variety, January 6, 2009. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ "Randall Wallace to Rewrite 'Captain Nemo'." Comingsoon.net, July 8, 2009. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ Graser, Marc. "Justin Marks rewriting 'Nemo'." Variety, February 11, 2009. ^ Vejvoda, Jim. "Finding McG's Nemo." Archived February 21, 2009, at the Wayback Machine IGN, January 15, 2009. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ Morris, Clint. "Exclusive: Sam downplays 'Nemo'." Archived June 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Moviehole.net, August 21, 2009. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ Goldman, Eric. "McG Talks T5." Archived August 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine IGN, August 7, 2009. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ Rosenberg, Adam."Exclusive: David Fincher Confirms That Work Continues On '20,000 Leagues Under The Sea'." MTV Movies Blog. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ Davis, Edward."Sony Officially Plans To Make 'Dragon Tattoo' Sequels, But David Fincher Is Looking To Direct '20,000 Leagues' Instead." Archived June 5, 2013, at the Wayback Machine IndieWire, January 9, 2012. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ Sneider, Jeff. "Director courts frequent collaborator for role of harpoonist Ned Land." Variety, October 18, 2012. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ Dibdin, Emma. "Brad Pitt 'turns down David Fincher's '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'." Digital Spy, February 12, 2013. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ Bullbeck, Pip. "Disney’s ‘20,000 Leagues Under the Sea’ Confirmed For Australia Shoot'." The Hollywood Reporter, April 2, 2013. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ Child, Ben. "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea remake put on hold." The Guardian, May 20, 2013. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ Davis, Edwatd. "Exclusive: Andrew Kevin Walker Rewriting ‘Dragon Tattoo’ Sequel; David Fincher's ‘20,000 Leagues’ Is Dead." Archived July 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine IndieWire, July 17, 2013. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ Jagernauth, Kevin. "David Fincher Says Differences Over Casting And Disney's Corporate Culture Stalled '20,000 Leagues Under The Sea'." Archived September 18, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Indie Wire, September 15, 2014. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ Jagernauth, Jenkins. "David Fincher." Archived April 15, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Indie Wire, September 16, 2014. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ Child, Ben. "Pirates of the Caribbean 5 gets green light to shoot in Australia." The Guardian, September 1, 2014. Retrieved: January 9, 2015. ^ Ford, Rebecca (February 25, 2016). "'Wolverine' Helmer James Mangold to Direct Disney's 'Captain Nemo'". The Hollywood Reporter. Schickel, Richard. The Disney Version: The Life, Times, Art and Commerce of Walt Disney (Third ed.). Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1997. ISBN 978-1-56663-158-7. Warren, Bill. Keep Watching the Skies: American Science Fiction Films of the Fifties, 21st Century Edition. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2009 (First Edition 1982). ISBN 0-89950-032-3. Wikimedia Commons has media related to 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film). Wikiquote has quotations related to: 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film) 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea on IMDb 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea at DBCult Film Institute 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea at the TCM Movie Database Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea David Farragut Captain Nemo Under the Seas (1907) Captain Nemo and the Underwater City (1969) 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Village Roadshow) (1997) 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Hallmark) (1997) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) Tales of Adventure (1952) Captain Nemo (1975) The Undersea Adventures of Captain Nemo (1975) The Return of Captain Nemo (1978) Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water (1990) The Secret Adventures of Jules Verne (2000) Journey Through the Impossible (play) 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage (attraction) The Secret of the Nautilus (video game) Captain Nemo (manga) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (graphic novel) The Wreck of the Titan (audio) Legend of the Cybermen (audio) "Captain Nemo (song)" List of adaptations Films directed by Richard Fleischer Child of Divorce (1946) Banjo (1947) So This Is New York (1948) Bodyguard (1948) The Clay Pigeon (1949) Follow Me Quietly (1949) Make Mine Laughs (1949) Trapped (1949) Armored Car Robbery (1950) The Narrow Margin (1952) The Happy Time (1952) Arena (1953) Violent Saturday (1955) The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing (1955) Bandido (1956) Between Heaven and Hell (1956) Compulsion (1959) These Thousand Hills (1959) Crack in the Mirror (1960) The Big Gamble (1961) Fantastic Voyage (1966) Doctor Dolittle (1967) The Boston Strangler (1968) Che! (1969) Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970) 10 Rillington Place (1971) The Last Run (1971) See No Evil (1971) The New Centurions (1972) Soylent Green (1973) The Don Is Dead (1973) The Spikes Gang (1974) Mr. Majestyk (1974) The Incredible Sarah (1976) The Prince and the Pauper (1977) Ashanti (1979) Tough Enough (1983) Amityville 3-D (1983) Conan the Destroyer (1984) Million Dollar Mystery (1987) Works by Jules Verne extraordinaires Five Weeks in a Balloon (1863) From the Earth to the Moon (1865) The Adventures of Captain Hatteras (1866) In Search of the Castaways (1867–68) Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1869–70) Around the Moon (1870) A Floating City (1871) The Adventures of Three Englishmen and Three Russians in South Africa (1872) The Fur Country (1873) Around the World in Eighty Days (1873) The Mysterious Island (1874–75) The Survivors of the Chancellor (1875) Michael Strogoff (1876) Off on a Comet (1877) The Child of the Cavern (1877) Dick Sand, A Captain at Fifteen (1878) The Begum's Fortune (1879) Tribulations of a Chinaman in China (1879) The Steam House (1880) Eight Hundred Leagues on the Amazon (1881) Godfrey Morgan (1882) The Green Ray (1882) Kéraban the Inflexible (1883) The Vanished Diamond (1884) The Archipelago on Fire (1884) Mathias Sandorf (1885) The Lottery Ticket (1886) Robur the Conqueror (1886) North Against South (1887) The Flight to France (1887) Two Years' Vacation (1888) Family Without a Name (1889) The Purchase of the North Pole (1889) César Cascabel (1890) Mistress Branican (1891) The Carpathian Castle (1892) Claudius Bombarnac (1892) Foundling Mick (1893) Captain Antifer (1894) Propeller Island (1895) Facing the Flag (1896) Clovis Dardentor (1896) An Antarctic Mystery (1897) The Mighty Orinoco (1898) The Will of an Eccentric (1899) The Castaways of the Flag (1900) The Village in the Treetops (1901) The Sea Serpent (1901) The Kip Brothers (1902) Travel Scholarships (1903) A Drama in Livonia (1904) Master of the World (1904) Invasion of the Sea (1905) The Waif of the Cynthia (1885) The Lighthouse at the End of the World (1905) The Golden Volcano (1906) The Chase of the Golden Meteor (1908) The Danube Pilot (1908) The Survivors of the "Jonathan" (1909) The Secret of Wilhelm Storitz (1910) The Barsac Mission (1919) Backwards to Britain (1989, written 1859) Paris in the Twentieth Century (1994, written 1863) Doctor Ox (1874) Yesterday and Tomorrow (1910) "A Drama in Mexico" (1851) "A Drama in the Air" (1851) "Martin Paz" (1852) "Master Zacharius" (1854) "A Winter amid the Ice" (1855) "The Count of Chanteleine" (1864) "The Blockade Runners" (1865) "Dr. Ox's Experiment" (1872) "An Ideal City" (1875) "The Mutineers of the Bounty" (1879) "Ten Hours Hunting" (1881) "Frritt-Flacc" (1884) "Gil Braltar" (1887) "In the Year 2889" (1889) "Adventures of the Rat Family" (1891) "Mr. Ray Sharp and Miss Me Flat" (1893) "The Eternal Adam" (1910) The Broken Straws (1850) Mona Lisa (1852) Blind Man's Buff (1853) The Adoptive Son (1853 Knights of the Daffodil (1855) Mr. Chimpanzee (1858) The Inn in the Ardennes (1860) Eleven Days' Siege (1861) A Nephew from America (1873) Around the World in 80 Days (1874) The Children of Captain Grant (1878) Journey Through the Impossible (1882) Kéraban the Pigheaded (1883) The Thompson Travel Agency by Michel Verne (1907) Aouda Tom Ayrton Phileas Fogg Lord Glenarvan Jacques Paganel Jean Passepartout Cyrus Smith Leyden ball HMS Sword Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=20,000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_(1954_film)&oldid=903336060" 1950s adventure films 1950s science fiction films American science fiction films CinemaScope films Films adapted into comics Films based on Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea Films based on science fiction novels Films produced by Walt Disney Films set in San Francisco Films set in the Pacific Ocean Films shot in Jamaica Films shot in the Bahamas Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Sea adventure films Underwater civilizations in fiction Walt Disney Pictures films Films scored by Paul Smith (film and television composer) Use mdy dates from March 2012 Articles lacking reliable references from October 2018 Album infoboxes lacking a cover	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line741
__label__wiki	0.762869	0.762869	(Redirected from University of Nebraska-Lincoln) University of Nebraska at Lincoln Latin: Universitas Nebraskensis Literis Dedicata et Omnibus Artibus (Latin) Dedicated to Letters and All the Arts Land grant February 15, 1869 (1869-02-15)[1] APLU BTAA $1.475 billion (2016)[2] Ronnie D. Green Hank Bounds 1,397 (Fall 2018)[3] 25,820 (Fall 2018)[4] Urban, 613 acres (248 ha) 42,562 acres (17,224 ha) total throughout state Scarlet, Cream[5] Cornhuskers Sporting affiliations NCAA Division I FBS – Big Ten Herbie Husker Lil' Red www.unl.edu The University of Nebraska–Lincoln, commonly referred to as Nebraska, UNL, or NU, is a public research university in Lincoln, Nebraska.[6] It is the state's oldest university and the largest in the University of Nebraska system. The state legislature chartered the university in 1869 as a land-grant university under the 1862 Morrill Act, two years after Nebraska's statehood into the United States. Around the turn of the 20th century, the university began to expand significantly, hiring professors from eastern schools to teach its new professional programs and conducting groundbreaking research in agricultural sciences. The "Nebraska method" of ecological study developed during this time pioneered grassland ecology and laid the foundation for research in theoretical ecology for the rest of the century.[7][8] The university is organized into eight colleges on two campuses in Lincoln with over 100 classroom buildings and research facilities.[9] Nebraska's athletic programs, known as the Cornhuskers, compete in NCAA Division I and are a member of the Big Ten Conference. NU's football team has won 46 conference championships and claims five national championships, with an additional nine unclaimed. The school's volleyball team has won five titles and appeared in the national semifinal nine other times.[10] NU plays its home football games at Memorial Stadium and has sold out every game since 1962. The stadium's capacity of 91,585 people is famously larger than the population of Nebraska's third-largest city.[11][12] 2 Administration and organization 2.1 Organizations 2.1.1 Governing bodies 2.1.2 Faculties and schools 3.1 Major campus expansion 3.2 Unions 3.3 Performing arts venues 3.4 Other points of interest 4 Academics 4.1 Admissions and demographics 4.2 University libraries 4.3 Museums and galleries 4.4 Digital Research 4.5 Big Ten Academic Alliance 5 Sustainability 8 Student life 8.1 Residence halls 8.2 Student government 8.3 Student organizations 8.4 Greek organizations 9 Notable alumni, faculty, and staff The University of Nebraska was created by an act of the Nebraska state legislature in 1869, two years after the State of Nebraska was admitted into the U.S. The law passed in 1869 creating the university described its aims: "The object of such institution shall be to afford to the inhabitants of the state the means of acquiring a thorough knowledge of the various branches of literature, science, and the arts."[13] The school received an initial land grant of about 130,000 acres (53,000 ha) and the campus construction began with the building of University Hall in its first year. By 1873, the University of Nebraska had offered its first two degrees to its first graduating class.[14] The school remained small and suffered from a lack of funds until about 20 years after its founding, when its high school programs were taken over by a new state education system. From 1890 to 1895 enrollment rose from 384 to about 1,500. A law school and a graduate school were also created at about this time period, making it the first school west of the Mississippi to establish a graduate school.[15] By 1897, the school was 15th in the nation in total enrollment.[16] Through the turn of the 20th century, the school struggled to find an identity as both a pragmatic, frontier establishment and an academic, intellectual institution.[17] It also developed a competitive spirit in the form of a debate team, a football team (first called the Cornhuskers in 1901), and the arrival of fraternities and sororities.[18] In 1913–14, a fierce debate ensued over whether to keep the University in downtown Lincoln or to move it out of town. The issue was not resolved until a statewide referendum sided with the downtown plan. After purchasing property downtown, the school experienced a building boom, both on the new property and on the farming campus. The school would not experience another boom until the late 1940s, when the sudden arrival of thousands of soldiers returning from the war for an education forced the school to seek further expansion.[19] In 1908, Nebraska was inducted as a member of the Association of American Universities, an organization of research universities.[20] In recent years, Nebraska had been at or near the bottom of the AAU's statistical criteria for members, a ranking attributed in part to the university's extensive agricultural research funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which is not included in the AAU's rankings because it is not awarded by peer-reviewed grants; and because Nebraska's medical school is a separate institution whose research funding is not under UNL's auspices. Nebraska successfully retained its AAU membership after a 2000 challenge. This provided Nebraska with an advantage when the Big Ten was looking to expand in 2010, as all of its members at that time were AAU members. Nebraska Chancellor Harvey Perlman said. "I doubt that our application would've been accepted had we not been a member of the [AAU]."[21] However, in 2011, after an extended campaign to retain its membership and a close, contentious vote, Nebraska became the only institution to be removed from the AAU membership by a vote of the membership (a few other institutions had voluntarily resigned.)[22][23][24][25] In June 2018, the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) voted to censure the university for violations of academic freedom. In 2017, an adjunct instructor was filmed by a student as the instructor expressed a political opinion about the student's activist activities. State lawmakers demanded that the university hold the instructor accountable and the university subsequently fired her, a move the AAUP contends was a violation of her academic freedom.[26] Administration and organization[edit] Nebraska current chancellor, Ronnie Green Organizations[edit] Governing bodies[edit] University of Nebraska is governed by the Board of Regents. The board consists of eight voting members elected by district for six-year terms, and four non-voting student Regents, one from each campus, who serve during their tenure as student body president. The board supervises the general operations of the university, and the control and direction of all expenditures. Faculties and schools[edit] The university today has nine colleges which offers more than 150 undergraduate majors, 20 pre-professional programs, 100 graduate programs and 275 programs of study.[27] College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources College of Education and Human Sciences Hixson-Lied College of Fine and Performing Arts College of Journalism and Mass Communications UNL also offers programs at its campus from other University of Nebraska institutions, including the University of Nebraska at Omaha College of Public Affairs and Community Service, the University of Nebraska Medical Center colleges of Dentistry and Nursing, and the Peter Kiewit Institute managed in partnership with the University of Nebraska at Omaha.[27] Campuses[edit] Hamilton Hall In 1869, the original University of Nebraska campus was laid out on four city blocks and comprised one building called University Hall. Currently, the university has three campuses, totaling 2,815 acres (1,139 ha): City Campus, to the north of downtown Lincoln, Nebraska Innovation Campus, northeast of City Campus on the old Nebraska State Fair grounds, and East Campus, one mile east of Innovation Campus. Both City and East campuses include academic and research facilities, libraries, recreation centers and residential buildings. They also include various support buildings for power, networking, as well as in-ground infrastructure supporting advanced computing, power distribution and energy-efficient heating and cooling from central plants. Both campuses are invitingly-landscaped, and the grounds function as well as a research mission of the university; they are administered as the UNL Botanical Garden and Arboretum;[28] major plantings include Cather Garden on City Campus and Maxwell Arboretum on East Campus. Nebraska Innovation Campus, situated between City and East campuses, is a public/private research park. Constructed on the former Nebraska State Fairgrounds, its buildings include several thoroughly-modernized former fair buildings with significant architectural features.[29] Major campus expansion[edit] In January 2010, the university acquired a 249-acre (101 ha) property north of city campus that had been used to host the Nebraska State Fair. Plans for redevelopment include an US$800 million expansion called the Nebraska Innovation Campus to house agricultural biotechnology and other life science research.[30][31] The grand opening of Adele Coryell Hall Learning Commons was on January 11, 2016. Named in honor of alumna Adele Coryell Hall (Class of 1953), this $10 million, 30,000 square foot project was made possible from nearly $7 million in private donations. This addition is located on the first floor of Love Library North and is open 24 hours per day, 7 days per week. It features 18 private study rooms that are all equipped with wall-to-wall whiteboards and smart TVs.[32][33][34] Unions[edit] Nebraska Union UNL has student union facilities on both City and East campuses. The Nebraska Union is the located on the southern part of City Campus, northeast of 14th and R Streets. The Nebraska East Union is located to the east of East Campus Mall. The Unions offer many services to students, including dining, banking, computer labs, and recreational activities. University Bookstore locations are available at each facility. The Nebraska Union also provides meeting space for student organizations, events, and speakers. The Nebraska Union also includes offices for The Daily Nebraskan, student government, Greek Affairs and the Women's Center. The East Union offers the Loft Gallery, providing space for community and student artwork. The East Union also offers a full-service bowling alley, which is the home facility for the five-time national champion Nebraska Bowling team. Performing arts venues[edit] The Lied Center for Performing Arts is a performing arts venue used primarily for orchestra concerts and theatre performances. The Mary Riepma Ross Media Arts Center is a two screen theater on the UNL City Campus. It features primarily arthouse and independent films, and documentaries. The Howell Theatre, Studio Theatre, and Lab Theatre are home to the performances of the Johnny Carson School of Theatre and Film. Other points of interest[edit] International Quilt Study Center and Museum Architecture Hall, formerly the university's library and now home of its architecture program, is the oldest building on campus. This historic structure is linked to the old law building via a glass connecting space, known as "The Link." The Kruger Collection of miniature furniture and decorative arts is on display.[35] Since 1928, UNL has been the headquarters of the National Society of Pershing Rifles, a military fraternal organization for college-level students. John J. Pershing, an 1893 NU law school graduate and professor of Military Science and Tactics, created "Company A," a competitive drill team, for the University of Nebraska's Cadet Corps in 1891. The drill team won the National Competitive Drills in 1892, changed its name to the "Varsity Rifles" when it became a recognized fraternal organization in 1894, and changed its name again to the "Pershing Rifles" in 1895 in honor of Pershing. The Mueller Tower, named for alumnus Ralph S. Mueller is an 84-foot (26 m) carillon built in 1949.[36] The International Quilt Study Center is on East Campus and will be LEED certified. The Maxwell Arboretum on East Campus is part of the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum. There are several research centers on Physics like the Brace Laboratory, Center of Materials and Nanoscience, High equipped laboratories are provided in Hamilton Hall which is the department as well and Chemistry institute. Othmer Hall houses the College of Engineering Dean's Office, the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and the Biological Process Development Facility (BPDF). Research in Othmer Hall's Mesoscale Engineering Laboratory has received attention in Science. Some highly equipped laboratories such as the Genetic research and Biotechnology laboratory are on East Campus. University is renowned also in Robotics. It has a well-equipped robotics laboratory. East Campus also has a wireless telecommunication system on remote sensing of Satellites. Academics[edit] ARWU[37] Forbes[38] Times/WSJ[39] U.S. News & World Report[40] Washington Monthly[41] QS[43] Times[44] Admissions and demographics[edit] Admission to the University of Nebraska–Lincoln is rated "more selective" by U.S. News & World Report.[46] For Fall 2015, UNL received 9,724 freshmen applications; 7,425 were admitted (76.4%) and 4,628 enrolled. The high school grade point average (GPA) of enrolled freshmen was 3.65, while the middle 50% range of SAT scores were 500-630 for critical reading and 500-660 for math. The middle 50% range of the ACT Composite score was 22-28. In terms of class rank, 26% of enrolled freshmen were in the top tenth of their high school class and 52% in the top quarter.[47] As of 2018[update], 74% of UNL's undergraduates were classified as "white, non-Hispanic"; 53% of the undergraduate population was male and 47% female.[4] University libraries[edit] The Don L. Love Memorial Library is the main library in the University of Nebraska-Lincoln library system. The University Libraries are the only set of comprehensive research libraries in Nebraska. 3.5 million volumes reside in the UNL Libraries. The Don L. Love Memorial Library is the main library on the city campus and houses collections on social sciences and humanities.[48] Other academic disciplines are housed in six branch locations on campus: C.Y. Thompson Library, serving the College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, the College of Dentistry and Special Education & Communication Disorders. Geology Library Mathematics Library The Marvin and Virginia Schmid Law Library serves the UNL College of Law. Museums and galleries[edit] The University of Nebraska State Museum is on campus in Morrill Hall. The museum holds several collections and exhibits particularly featuring natural history and famously houses Mammoth bone fossils. Because of these fossils, and a large bronze Columbian Mammoth statue located in front of the building, it is popularly known as "Elephant Hall." The Sheldon Memorial Art Gallery and Sculpture Garden is home to more than 12,000 works of art in all media and is a comprehensive collection of American art with prominent holdings in 19th century landscape and still life, American Impressionism, early Modernism, geometric abstraction, Abstract Expressionism, pop, minimalism, and contemporary art. The museum has the largest collection of 20th Century North American art in the world; it includes works by such well known artists as Edward Hopper, Andy Warhol, Jackson Pollock, Mary Cassatt, Wayne Thiebaud and Georgia O'Keeffe. The Great Plains Art Museum is home to the Christlieb Collection, and features American western art and Americana.[49] The Lester F. Larsen Tractor Museum is on the university's East Campus. It houses 40 historical tractors, an antique auto and various types of farm tools. In addition it documents Nebraska's tractor testing law examinations that to this day requires testing of all tractors to be sold in Nebraska, ensuring performance is as advertised. The Robert Hillestad Textiles Gallery is located on the second floor of the Home Economics building on the university's East Campus. It features exhibitions of textiles and clothing, both historic and contemporary.[50] The Kruger Collection is a display of miniature furniture and decorative arts that is located within the College of Architecture.[51] Other university art galleries include the Eisentrager-Howard Gallery and the student-run MEDICI Gallery in Richards Hall.[52] The Lentz Center for Asian Culture is no longer open to the public. Its collection of Asian ceramics, paintings, prints, sculpture, textiles has been digitized for online viewing. Digital Research[edit] The Center for Digital Research in the Humanities (CDRH) carries out numerous digital humanities projects funded by institutes like the National Endowment for the Humanities. The CDRH works with multiple departments across campus including Modern Languages, Anthropology, Art & Art History, and History. Several digital history projects,[53][54] including Civil War Washington[55][56][57] Railroads and the Making of Modern America,[58] and O Say Can You See Early Washington D.C Law & Family.[59] The University's English Department has an active program in the digital humanities, with digital projects such as the Walt Whitman Archive,[60] the Willa Cather Archive,[61] and the international collaboration Livingstone Online. Projects are also underway for the production of a free online Native American Omaha-Ponca language dictionary.[62] In addition, the Center for Digital Research in the Humanities hosted the annual conference of the Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations in 2014. Big Ten Academic Alliance[edit] The University of Nebraska is a participant in the Big Ten Academic Alliance. The Big Ten Academic Alliance (BTAA) is the academic consortium of the universities in the Big Ten Conference. Engaging in $10 billion in research in 2014-2015, BTAA universities provide powerful insight into important issues in medicine, technology, agriculture, and communities. Students at participating schools are also allowed "in-house" borrowing privileges at other schools' libraries.[63] The BTAA uses collective purchasing and licensing, and has saved member institutions $19 million to date.[64] Course sharing,[65] professional development programs,[66] study abroad and international collaborations,[67] and other initiatives are also part of the BTAA. Sustainability[edit] The University of Nebraska has adopted LEED certification for all new construction projects. UNL's Sustainable Food Project, started in 2005, is designed to serve meals on campus that feature locally and sustainably produced foods. The university's motor pool includes vehicles fueled by soy biodiesel as well as gasohol (85% ethanol, 15% gasoline blend). The University of Nebraska received a grade of C on the College Sustainability Report Card 2011.[68] The University of Nebraska established a separate Office of Sustainability in 2014[citation needed] with projects such as EarthStock and Bugeater Student Organic Farm. Main article: Nebraska Cornhuskers A football game at Memorial Stadium Nebraska's sports teams are nicknamed as the Cornhuskers (or simply the Huskers). They participate in Division I (Division I FBS for football) in the NCAA as members of the Big Ten Conference. The Huskers have 21 varsity teams that compete in 14 different sports and claim all or part of 23 National Championships across five sports, including volleyball, football, and gymnastics. In football, the Huskers have had three Heisman Trophy winners: Johnny Rodgers, Mike Rozier, and Eric Crouch, along with five national championship victories in 1970, 1971, 1994, 1995, and 1997.[69] Song[edit] Notable among a number of songs commonly played and sung at various events such as commencement and convocation, and athletic games are Dear Old Nebraska U (There is No Place Like Nebraska) and the University of Nebraska–Lincoln fight song, Hail Varsity. In Nebraska, the lyrics and music to Dear Old Nebraska U are attributed to Harry Pecha, a 1924 Nebraska graduate.[70] However, other schools and locales across the United States – including the University of Chicago, the University of Florida, and the Toledo, Ohio public school system – sing similar tunes, often with similar lyrics.[71] Student life[edit] About 78 percent of UNL students are from Nebraska, while the rest are from all forty-nine other states and 114 foreign countries. On-campus students are also members of the UNL Residence Hall Association, which serves as the governing body for the residence halls. Select honorary seniors include the Nebraska-only Society of Innocents and the Black Masque chapter of Mortar Board. Residence halls[edit] The Esther L. Kauffman Academic Residential Center. Approximately 40% of the student body lives on-campus in 15 traditional residence halls, two on-campus apartment-style halls, and three on-campus suite-style halls. There are 9 traditional residence halls on the City Campus: Cather (demolished on December 22, 2017) Husker Hall Kauffman Center Pound (demolished on December 22, 2017) Neihardt Selleck There is one residential hall and one residential center on East Campus: Massengale Residential Center, which contains both traditional, and apartment-style housing and Love Memorial Co-op. Two on-campus apartment-style halls are located on the City Campus: The Courtyards, and The Village. Three on-campus suite-style halls are located on the City Campus: Eastside Suites, Robert E. Knoll Residential Center, and University Suites. Student government[edit] The governing body for UNL students is the Association of Students of the University of Nebraska (ASUN). Every year students vote for a president, two vice presidents, and a senate that is composed of representatives from each college. The president also acts as the student regent to the NU Board of Regents. Student organizations[edit] UNL has around 400 student organizations on campus that represent a variety of interests.[72] Organizations are supported by Student Involvement. Greek organizations[edit] UNL has a significant Greek population, with about 5,200 students being members of 30 fraternities (28 chapters and two colonies) and 16 sororities. There are numerous events on campus throughout the year such as decorating "Greek Row" for the homecoming parade and various philanthropy events. Lambda Theta Nu Pi Alpha Chi Sigma Lambda Gamma Sigma Psi Zeta Acacia Fraternity Alpha Gamma Nu Alpha Gamma Sigma Beta Sigma Psi Chi Phi Delta Chi Delta Tau Delta Delta Upsilon Kappa Sigma Lambda Chi Alpha Lambda Phi Epsilon Phi Delta Theta Pershing Rifles Phi Gamma Delta Phi Kappa Theta Pi Kappa Alpha Pi Kappa Phi Sigma Alpha Epsilon Sigma Alpha Mu Sigma Chi Sigma Lambda Beta Sigma Nu Theta Xi Triangle Fraternity Media[edit] The Daily Nebraskan, known to students as the "DN", is UNL's student newspaper. It was established in 1901 and was published every weekday during the fall and spring semesters and weekly during the summer until fall 2017, when the paper will publish in print once a month.[73] UNL operates a Class A FM radio station, KRNU, which broadcasts on 90.3 FM and has a range of approximately 20 miles (32 km). The station plays mostly alternative and modern rock as well as running sportscasts of Nebraska's home events, news, live public affairs broadcasts of campus speakers and forums. In February 2008, The Publications Board recognized The DailyER as an affiliated publication and approved the printing costs of the first three issues of the satirical paper.[74] Further information: Backyard Farmer Notable alumni, faculty, and staff[edit] Main article: List of University of Nebraska–Lincoln people Many UNL alumni have had considerable success in scientific research, public service, education, and business. Notable Alumni include: Warren Buffett (Entrepreneur, investor, philanthropist) Gene Okerlund (Professional wrestling interviewer, announcer, and television host) Evan Williams (Twitter co-founder) Tyronn Lue (Former head basketball coach of Cleveland Cavaliers, former NBA player) Johnny Carson (Television personality) Ndamukong Suh (NFL player) Alex Gordon (MLB player) Jeff Zeleny (CNN correspondent) Willa Cather (Author) Ted Kooser (U.S. poet laureate) Joel Sartore (Photographer) John J. Pershing (Military) Ted Sorensen (Politics) Tommy Lee (Drummer) Jordan Burroughs (wrestler) (Olympic gold medalist) Scott Frost (Football coach) As of 2012[update], 3 alumni have won the Nobel Prize, 8 have won the Pulitzer Prize, 22 have been selected as Rhodes Scholars, 1 has been selected as a Marshall Scholar, 29 have been selected as Goldwater Scholars and 15 have been selected as Truman Scholars. In 2010 UNL was named a Truman Scholarship Honor Institution.[75][76][77][78] In the area of creative writing, the department has as a member of its faculty former United States Poet Laureate, Ted Kooser.[79] Willa Cather, a Pulitzer Prize recipient, is a notable literary alumna. The school's University of Nebraska Press is the second-largest public university press in the United States.[80] ^ "University of Nebraska Administration - History & Mission". Nebraska.edu. Retrieved December 23, 2015. ^ As of June 30, 2016. "U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year (FY) 2016 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2015 to FY 2016" (PDF). National Association of College and University Business Officers and Commonfund Institute. 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017. ^ "Common Data Set 2018-2019, Part I" (PDF). University of Nebraska–Lincoln. ^ a b c d "Common Data Set 2018-2019, Part B" (PDF). University of Nebraska–Lincoln. ^ "Colors". University of Nebraska–Lincoln Communications & Strategic Marketing. Retrieved June 26, 2019. ^ "Carnegie Classifications – University of Nebraska". Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Retrieved September 6, 2010. ^ Vandervoort, Frances (1999). "A Green Centennial". The American Biology Teacher. University of California. 61 (9): 648–659. doi:10.2307/4450796. JSTOR 4450796. ^ Merchant, Carolyn (2005). "Chapter 9: The Rise of Ecology 1890–1990". The Columbia Guide to American Environmental History. Manhattan, NY: Columbia University Press. pp. 163–164. ISBN 978-0-231-11233-8. Retrieved September 9, 2010. ^ "UNL Historic Buildings – Historical Overview". Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska–Lincoln. 2005. Retrieved September 5, 2010. ^ "Nebraska volleyball history". NU Athletics. Retrieved September 5, 2010. ^ "Husker Football History" (PDF). Huskers.com. Retrieved September 5, 2010. ^ "Memorial Stadium – Home of the Huskers". Huskers.com. 2010. Retrieved September 5, 2010. ^ Pound, Louise. Semi-centennial Anniversary Book. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 1919. p. 14. ^ Pound, Louise. Semi-centennial Anniversary Book. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 1919. pp. 11–19. ^ This does not mean that UNL was the first school west of the Mississippi to issue a graduate degree. That honor belongs to the Washington University in St. Louis. UNL was, however, the first school in the region to formally organize a school for graduates. [1] "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2010. Retrieved September 6, 2010. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2010. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2010. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) "Archived copy". Archived from the original on June 9, 2010. Retrieved September 6, 2010. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 19, 2010. Retrieved September 6, 2010. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) ^ Luebke, Frederick. Nebraska: an Illustrated History. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005. pp.172–3 ISBN 0-8032-8042-4 ^ Knoll, Robert. Prairie University. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995. pp. 38–39. ISBN 0-8032-2717-5 ^ Knoll, Robert. Prairie University. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995. pp. 43–44 ISBN 0-8032-2717-5 ^ "UNL Historic Buildings - Historical Overview". Historicbuildings.unl.edu. Retrieved May 20, 2012. ^ Knoll, Robert E. (August 1, 1995). "The Pattern of the Modern University". Prairie University: a History of the University of Nebraska. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 47–54. ISBN 978-0-8032-2717-0. Retrieved September 6, 2010. Excerpt available at Google Books. ^ Hine, Chris (June 13, 2010). "Nebraska has it all to attract Big Ten, most importantly AAU membership". Chicago Tribune. ^ Abourezk, Kevin (April 29, 2011). "Research universities group ends UNL's membership". Lincoln Journal Star. Retrieved May 4, 2011. ^ Reed, Leslie (April 30, 2011). "Academic group drops UNL". Omaha World-Herald. Archived from the original on January 27, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2011. ^ Lewin, Tamar (May 2, 2011). "American Universities Group Votes to Expel Nebraska". The New York Times. Retrieved May 4, 2011. ^ Selingo, Jeffrey J.; Jack Stripling (May 2, 2011). "Nebraska's Ouster Opens a Painful Debate Within the AAU". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved May 4, 2011. ^ Flaherty, Colleen (June 18, 2018). "AAUP Censure for Nebraska". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved June 18, 2018. ^ a b "UNL \| Colleges and Departments A-C". Unl.edu. July 23, 2009. Retrieved May 20, 2012. ^ "Botanical Garden and Arboretum". University of Nebraska. Retrieved June 26, 2017. ^ "University of Nebraska Innovation Campus". University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Retrieved June 26, 2017. ^ "University of Nebraska Board of Regents approve Innovation Campus". JournalStar.com. Retrieved August 2, 2011. ^ "Nebraska Innovation Campus". University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Retrieved August 2, 2011. ^ "UNL celebrates opening of Adele Hall Learning Commons". ^ Fedderson, Troy (January 5, 2016). "Learning Commons to include Dunkin' Donuts location". University of Nebraska- Lincoln. ^ Bowling, Chris (January 12, 2016). "UNL unveils $10 million renovation to library learning commons, 'a different kind of space'". Omaha World Herald. ^ "Kruger Collection". University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Retrieved September 20, 2017. ^ "Tradition-Inspiring Symbol Becomes New Landmark on N. U. Campus". The Lincoln Star. October 30, 1949. p. 35. Retrieved May 22, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2018: USA". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Retrieved November 19, 2018. ^ "America's Top Colleges 2018". Forbes. Retrieved November 19, 2018. ^ "U.S. College Rankings 2019". Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education. Retrieved May 7, 2019. ^ "Best Colleges 2019: National Universities Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. November 19, 2018. ^ "2018 Rankings - National Universities". Washington Monthly. Retrieved November 19, 2018. ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2018". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2018. Retrieved November 19, 2018. ^ "QS World University Rankings® 2020". Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 2019. Retrieved June 24, 2019. ^ "World University Rankings 2019". THE Education Ltd. Retrieved November 19, 2018. ^ "Best Global Universities Rankings: 2019". U.S. News & World Report LP. Retrieved November 19, 2018. ^ "U.S. News Best Colleges Rankings: University of Nebraska–Lincoln". U.S. News & World Report. 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2016. ^ "Common Data Set 2015-2016, Part C" (PDF). University of Nebraska–Lincoln. ^ "About UNL Libraries". University of Nebraska-Lincoln Libraries. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved September 22, 2008. ^ "Great Plains Art Museum". Center for Great Plains Studies official website. The Great Plains Art Museum opened in 1981 after a generous donation from Dr. John and Elizabeth Christlieb of Bellevue, Nebraska. The Christlieb Collection… consists of approximately 170 bronze sculptures, 140 paintings and drawings, 100 other works on paper and several hundred photographs, and includes artwork by Albert Bierstadt, William de la Montagne Cary, Robert Fletcher Gilder, William Henry Jackson, Frederic Remington, Charles M. Russell and Olaf Wieghorst. The library donated by the Christliebs is an impressive 4,000 volumes, which consists of several Western novels and many other fiction and nonfiction books about the West and the Great Plains. ^ "Robert Hillestad Textiles Gallery". UNL. Retrieved September 20, 2017. ^ "Kruger Collection". UNL. Retrieved September 20, 2017. ^ "Eisentrager-Howard Gallery". UNL. Retrieved September 20, 2017. ^ "BTN LiveBIG: Nebraska, Maryland historians uncover fascinating details of American slavery ". Big Ten Network. ^ " $300,000 grant will help UNL researcher digitize archaeological records". March 23, 2015 By Chris Dunker \| Lincoln Journal Star ^ "150 Years Ago: Compensated Emancipation". National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH). ^ "Civil War Washington". civilwardc.org. ^ Howard, Jennifer (April 12, 2011). "In Electric Discovery, Scholar Finds Trove of Walt Whitman Documents in National Archives" – via The Chronicle of Higher Education. ^ "Railroads and the Making of Modern America". railroads.unl.edu. Retrieved November 15, 2016. ^ "O Say Can You See: Early Washington, D.C., Law & Family". earlywashingtondc.org. Retrieved November 15, 2016. ^ "The Walt Whitman Archive". www.whitmanarchive.org. Retrieved November 15, 2016. ^ "Willa Cather Archive". cather.unl.edu. Retrieved November 15, 2016. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved November 21, 2009. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) ^ "Reciprocal Library Borrowing". Big Ten Academic Alliance. Retrieved July 1, 2016. ^ "Purchasing and Licensing". Big Ten Academic Alliance. Retrieved July 1, 2016. ^ "Sharing Access to Courses". Big Ten Academic Alliance. Retrieved June 30, 2016. ^ "Leadership Development". Big Ten Academic Alliance. Retrieved June 30, 2016. ^ "Global Collaborations". Big Ten Academic Alliance. Retrieved June 30, 2016. ^ "University of Nebraska–Lincoln Report Card 2011". Sustainable Endowments Institute. 2010. Retrieved November 2, 2010. ^ Remembering Nebraska's historic three championships in four years - NCAA Football - SI.com. Sportsillustrated.cnn.com. Retrieved on 2014-04-12. ^ "UNL Band fight songs". University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Retrieved December 2, 2007. ^ "F-L-O-R-I-D-A, or is it T-O-L-E-D-O? – The Gainesville Sun". Gainesville.com. October 9, 2005. Retrieved May 20, 2012. ^ "UNL \| Student Involvement \| Student Organizations \| Resources and Tools". Retrieved December 10, 2010. ^ Editor-in-Chief, Lani Hanson. "Letter from the editor: Smell ya later, DN". The Daily Nebraskan. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) ^ Dailyer Nebraskan receives approval – News Archived May 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ "UNL Profile" (PDF). University of Nebraska–Lincoln. May 19, 2005. Retrieved July 21, 2011. [permanent dead link] ^ "Prepare for Your Future". University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Retrieved October 14, 2012. ^ "UNL named honor institution for supporting Truman Scholar". University of Nebraska–Lincoln. July 7, 2010. Retrieved October 14, 2012. ^ "Ted Kooser Biography". American Life in Poetry. Retrieved May 20, 2012. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on June 20, 2006. Retrieved October 11, 2008. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) Wikimedia Commons has media related to University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Nebraska Athletics website "Nebraska, University of" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921. "Nebraska, University of" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905. Located in: Lincoln, Nebraska College of Business Administration Hixson–Lied College of Fine and Performing Arts Crew Club academic honors and awards Bob Devaney Sports Center Haymarket Park Bowlin Stadium Nebraska Coliseum Innovation Campus Behlen Observatory Howell Theatre Lied Center for Performing Arts Don L. Love Memorial Library Maxwell Arboretum Midwest Roadside Safety Facility Mueller Tower Jeffrey S. Raikes School Ross Media Arts Center University of Nebraska Press Prairie Schooner Sheldon Museum of Art University of Nebraska State Museum Cornhusker Marching Band The Daily Nebraskan "Dear Old Nebraska U (There Is No Place Like Nebraska)" "Hail Varsity" Innocents Society KRNU Endowment: 1.538 billion Technical Agriculture East Division West Division Johns Hopkins Blue Jays (men's and women's lacrosse) Notre Dame Fighting Irish (men's ice hockey) Former team Championships & awards B1G Super Saturday Big Ten Academic Alliance Colleges and universities in Nebraska Nebraska-Kearney Nebraska-Lincoln Nebraska Medical Nebraska-Omaha Peru State Private institutions Doane Nebraska Christian Nebraska Methodist Nebraska Wesleyan Summit Christian Cotner Hiram Scott Central CC Little Priest Metropolitan CC Mid-Plains CC Nebraska Indian CC Northeast CC Southeast CC Western Nebraska CC Universities Research Association Urbana–Champaign Boston U Illinois Tech UPenn BNF: cb12086102h (data) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Nebraska–Lincoln&oldid=905484810" Land-grant universities and colleges Universities and colleges in Nebraska Education in Lincoln, Nebraska Buildings and structures in Lincoln, Nebraska Tourist attractions in Lincoln, Nebraska Flagship universities in the United States 1869 establishments in Nebraska Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line742
__label__cc	0.617474	0.382526	How to make a sheet for drawing How to make a frame in the document What is the format of the paper How to read drawings and process documents How to make a BOM 24 messages.month.January 2012 Advice 1: How to make a sheet for drawing Previously charted on the drawing boards, now for this there are special programs. But before you can use the professional approach, it is necessary to master elementary level. And learn how to properly execute the drawing. How to perform framing table How to draw a frame in Word How to draw a frame A sheet of drawing paper of any standard size, t-square, a long straightedge, squares, sharpened pencil Place a A4 sheet vertically. Drawing paper of a larger size can be used in this, and in a horizontal position. There are five main formats: A0 sizes 841х1189 mm; A1 - 594 x 841 mm A2 - 420 x 594 mm A3 - 297 x 420 A4 210 x 297 mm. you Can take and additional formats, if the shorter side of any of the major increase in multiples of its size. Make frame. To do this, start from the edge of the sheet by 20 mm on the left side and 5 mm on other three sides. Put points on the measured distance, in the middle of each side and in the corners and slide through them straight lines. The frame should be made continuous main line. In terms of drawing, it means a more bold and brilliant than the rest. Use hard-soft pencil. Draw your titleblock. It is called "stamp" because its size and performance are regulated by state standards. Measure on the bottom side of 145 mm and with the straightedge from this point draw a line upward at right angles. Put on it is 22mm and the right frame of the sheet. Connect the resulting points, and slide the border and a solid main line. Create the internal structure of the sheet. Put on the right and left side of the stamp to 8 mm from the bottom line. Connect the intended point horizontal. From the left corner of the stamp, measure 70 cm lower and upper border of the stamp. Draw a vertical main line. Other parts follow a more subtle. Aside from the left corner of the stamp at the upper boundary, alternately 25 and 30 mm. Measure the same cuts on the second from the bottom horizontal line. Connect the dots vertical. On the left frame of the stamp from top edge back down 7 mm and the Central vertical line. Swipe horizontal. Now from the bottom right corner of the frame set aside for each other by 20 mm and draw a vertical line up to the next horizontal. The main inscription is prepared. Complete the stamp according to the requirements of the standards. School works has its own rules. In the upper right column, specify the name of the product, under it left-to-right material, size and markings according to GOST. To the left on the top line write: "Features" - and then name and the date of manufacture of the drawing. Below the word "Checked". A neighboring cell, leave blank. On the last line, specify the school and class. Students indicate their group. Advice 2 : How to draw a frame for the drawing To make it convenient to store and file drawings, they make the frame and the table with the basic information according to certain standards drawing. They are all described in the Standards. Building the framework runs the main by a thin line. Always when holding a frame with three sides of the sheet retreat from the edge of 5 mm and 20 mm on the plane of the sheet inside the frame is called the field of the drawing. The widest part of the frame, the width of which is 20 mm, used in the binder. There is enough space to pierce the holes for the folder. In the lower right corner of the sheet draw sheet is a table with information about the drawing. Its size is also strictly described in the standards. Students draw a sheet with a size of 145 mm in length and 22 mm in height. In the production of a A4 sheet vertically, so the frame is draw vertically. The school sometimes allowed to place the sheet horizontally. On sheets of A3, on the contrary, the frame is always horizontal. This is done in order to be able to sew in the same folder as sheets of different format, because the big side of an A4 sheet is equal to the smaller side of A3 sheet. Advice 3 : How to draw a flowchart The block diagram is a variant of the formal record of the algorithm or process. Each step of the algorithm, in the representation depicted in the form of blocks of various shapes that are connected by lines. In the block diagram, you can display all steps of the solution of any tasks starting with data input, processing operators, implementation of cyclical and conditional functions, and finishing operations output the resultant values. First, any block-schema check element entering the program. It is indicated with a rectangle with rounded edges, inside it write the command "Start". This will be the starting point of your flowchart. After the initial draw shapes straight line to continue down the flowchart. Generally, the first algorithm is the input data for the task. Draw a parallelogram below the line so that it was an uninterrupted continuation of the scheme. In the parallelogram produced by the write action, this is usually operation of reading data from the screen (Read nInp) or other devices. It is important that you enter the names of the variables in this step will be used throughout the body of a block diagram. Executing one or group of operations, any data processing (the change in the value or form of representation is in the form of a rectangle. Draw this figure in the algorithm in the preparation of a block diagram. Inside the rectangle, write down actions with variables, for example, the assignment operation can be written as follows: mOut = 10*nInp b + 5. Further, as to continue a block diagram draw a line down. An important part of any algorithm and therefore the flowcharts are conditional and cyclic operators. Data operators have one input and two or more alternative exit. After calculating the conditions specified by the operator, a further transition is performed only in one path. Draw the input element in the form of a line included in the top vertex of the element. To set the condition statement to draw from this line rhombus. Inside the shape, specify the condition itself and draw lines indicating a further transition depending on its implementation. The condition is set in the General case, by comparison operations (>, <, =). The transition line down is when the true condition, ago – when about. Indicate approximately the output lines of the figure the results of the conditions (true, false). Failure to comply with condition (false) returns to a specific step above the body of the algorithm. Draw lines at a right angle from the exit terms and to the right of the operator. The cyclic operator is denoted by the rectangles with beveled corners. And to draw this operator uses two edge pieces. The beginning of a cycle is given by figure with beveled upper corners, the end of the cycle – shape with a beveled bottom corners. In the figure the beginning of the cycle specify the operation condition of the cycle and between the perimeter figures to draw the inner loop operator. At the end of the flowchart must contain the output data to the media or on screen. The operator o is drawn similarly to the input statement. Draw a parallelogram and inside it an output operation using the output variables. At the end of a block-diagram draw element-terminator – a rectangle with rounded edges. Inside it write the word "End". The block diagram is complete. Advice 4 : How to draw drawings design documentation Drawing and design document, so when the design requires strict adherence to established Standards of regulations. There are many Standards that relate to ESKD – unified system for design documentation. They specify the sizes of sheets, the thickness of the lines, the order of registration. They should be guided to properly execute drawings and design documentation. Drawing dimensions should be of the set format from A0 to A4, all formats are multiples of each other and their length and width are determined with millimeter precision. Format A0 has a size of 841х1189 mm A4 – 210x297 mm. A mandatory condition of a properly executed drawing are the frame and the main inscription. Top, bottom and right margin of the frame is 5 mm. the Left margin of the frame is 20 mm, so that the drawing can be filed in a shared folder. The thickness of the frame line is 0.5 mm. the drawing is performed using different types of lines. They depend on the thickness of the main thick line, which may have a thickness from 0.5 to 1.4 mm. In the lower right corner locate the sheet format which is also called stamp. Its shape and dimensions are set in the GOST 2.104-68. On the production drawing, its length should be 185 mm and a height of 55 mm. Field, the size of rows and columns in the sheet have a strictly fixed size. The sheet format contains information about the name of the product, the material from which a manufactured part, made in the drawing, their weight in kilograms, the scale of the drawing. In addition, the stamp put information about the character encoding of the drawing, its manufacturer and the officers who carried out the control and acceptance. General rules of dimensioning and inscriptions refer to GOST 2.307-68. But you should know that is used for the application of special drawing font. If you still do not know how to write them, I suggest you practice on a rough draft before you write the numbers and letters on the drawing. Sometimes to cause the inscription, beautifully and correctly set the size, you can spend time not less than the drawing itself. All drawings are made in accordance with the established scale, so it can be represented as large objects: building, car, and small – detail of the clock circuit. Whatever the scale, the dimensions of the parts are put in the drawing only valid. What will be the schedule of school holidays in the 2016-2017 school year In recent years, the schedule of school holidays has become "floating": they have no precise... 10 tricks in learning foreign How you can use magnetic boards Easy to draw! Why the need for seminars	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line744
__label__cc	0.561148	0.438852	Contextual Healing: What to Do About Scandalous Trademarks and Lanham Act 2(a) In this Article, I answer the fundamental question: Given the problems that my previous research has identified, what should be done about the 2(a) bar on registration of scandalous trademarks? This Article argues, as a preliminary matter, that the registration bar on scandalous marks should be removed from the Lanham Act because morality is outside the function and purpose of trademark law. Furthermore, removal of the bar would be in line with other forms of intellectual property, which have moved away from regulating morality. Finally, removing the bar would resolve concerns about the constitutionality of section 2(a). However, if the 2(a) bar remains part of the Lanham Act, it should be applied in a way that is fair and effective within in the legal framework of trademark law. Specifically, this Article argues that trademark examiners should evaluate offensiveness in the same way other bars to registration — and content in broadcast media — are evaluated: by considering the context of the marketplace. Carpenter, Megan Hastings Law Journal Journal In re Tam Lanham Act 2(a) disparaging	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line746
__label__wiki	0.766269	0.766269	Louis Vuitton files suit against alleged counterfeiters MIAMI – A luxury goods maker is suing several websites over allegations they sell counterfeit products. Louis Vuitton Malletier SA filed a complaint on March 17 in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida louisvuittonreads.com, supersoutlets.co, buy-bags.co.uk, cheapbagsstore.top, John Does 1-10, et al., citing alleged trademark infringement, false designation of origin, unfair competition and cybersquatting. According to the complaint, the plaintiff alleges that it has suffered and will continue to suffer damages until a decision is rendered in its favor. The plaintiff holds the defendants responsible because they allegedly promoted, distributed, sold and offered for sale goods bearing counterfeit and confusingly similar Louis Vuitton’s trademarks and illegally hacked the domain names of legitimate businesses. The plaintiff seeks the following: temporary, preliminary and permanent injunctions enjoining defendants from manufacturing, importing, advertising, distributing and selling counterfeit Louis Vuitton marks; temporary, preliminary and permanent injunctions enjoining defendants from creating maintaining and operating their Web marketplace of non-genuine goods bearing counterfeits of the Louis Vuitton marks; compensation for all profits and damages resulting from defendants’ violations; reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs; prejudgment and post-judgment interest; and any further relief that the court may deem just and proper. It is represented by Stephen M. Gaffigan, Virgilio Gigante and T. Raquel Rodriguez-Albizu of Stephen M. Gaffigan PA in Fort Lauderdale. U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida Case number 0:16-cv-60561 Want to get notified whenever we write about U.S. District Court Southern District of Florida Key West Division ? Sign-up Next time we write about U.S. District Court Southern District of Florida Key West Division, we'll email you a link to the story. You may edit your settings or unsubscribe at any time. U.S. District Court Southern District of Florida Key West Division	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line749
__label__cc	0.614728	0.385272	Other flight sim related news Announcing Combat Air Patrol 2 Last updated Mon, 25 Mar 2019 15:48:03 GMT Originally posted on Tue, 04 Aug 2015 19:00:00 GMT Although flight simulators have been incredibly popular and have collected a huge amount of users and fan over time, it has been something that many people can get involved with due to the fact that the simulation can be so varied. From the typical civilian air patrols that let you take in the world at your own pace to the madness and enjoyment provided by the more high octane combat simulators, you will find that using a flight simulator with the right planning and style for you can be perfect. For those with a military frame of mind, then, this package might be just what you were looking for – it’s a total recreation of what a typical dogfight can be like for like a pilot. The latest introduction to the genre, then, is the hugely well-received Combat Air Patrol 2. Taking control of the AV7B Harrier II, you will be able to tear through the skies in the most stunning detail and quality of realism possible, hitting everything as you go and making sure that you have the firepower and the wits needed to really make a telling difference. Given that the project here comes with a stunning predecessor, Combat Air Patrol 2, there is a huge amount of expectation on what Combat Air Patrol 2 might be able to bring to the table in comparison to its older version. At the time, Combat Air Patrol was hugely well received and people had a lot of time for it, so the hope is that Combat Air Patrol 2 can make a big difference and follow on in the same fashion from the highly-acclaimed first Combat Air Patrol that was released. What is Combat Air Patrol? When you first start up Combat Air Patrol 2, you will be taken into a full training scenario that will have you taking on both land, sea and air enemies. This will be a lot of fun for you to undertake as you need to take on a large amount of objectives and aims depending on what you are dealing with and what the objective is. Once you pass this training mission you will be able to take on a new range of scenarios and projects that will put you in large dogfights, have you supporting the ground troops and even taking on the enemy fleets to try and lower their naval numbers – it’s all very exciting and will, typically, be a very enjoyable part of the flight simulation genre for those who enjoy the combat side of things. You’ll be tasked with taking on a huge range of different decisions, and this differs from other flight simulators in that you need to learn some basic combat tactics and training to succeed here; the learning curve is incredibly steep so therefore you will spend a fair amount of time just going back and forth. You’ll be dealing with objectives like taking on the enemy defenses and forcing them to capitulate or perhaps even supporting your own allies as you try and get the enemy to fall back or retreat. The decisions that you make will play a big part in deciding the overall outcome of your missions – will you go in with all guns blazing and try to end it all quickly? Or will you need to start looking at different plans to get yourself in the back without getting noticed? Whatever you decide upon, you will find that the outcome can change entirely! The main aim of Combat Air Patrol is to give you an idea of what the power that comes with being a military pilot can be; you have great power but you also have incredible responsibility! Comes fully equipped with a track IR to make sure that you can have full navigational control, making it much easier to fly the aircraft comfortably and securely A huge amount of planning and reparation has gone into making the 3D cockpit as detailed as realistic as possible on both the AV8B and the Harrier II. This makes it a whole lot easier to fly the aircraft and feel safe behind the cockpit as it really manages to help you integrate into the cockpit and feel as secure as you possibly could Articulated controls are fully selectable within the cockpit, making it much easier to find the kind of control that you can feel at ease with, ensuring that you can fly the aircraft and make it look and feel as comfortable as it possibly can along the way More than 1msq km of geographically accurate terrain that has been built using intense research and planning; everything that is going to be included in here will make an absolutely staggering difference to the future and development of your flight experience, as this realistic texture will make it so much easier to fly around the location that you are based in – this really does add to the whole experience and makes the aircraft a whole lot more enjoyable Lighting has been built creating a very specific star map that is based on our own; likewise, it uses various features like the date and the time, the latitude of the overall area and the longitude to create a hugely recreation of how light can be worked within the simulator for the most effective performance that you are likely to get. It makes a huge difference Stunning attention to detail on the environment and the way that it integrates with the audio. This allows for chatter and radio communication to sound far more authentic and makes you feel like you are genuinely involved in a proper military exercise! Makes it much easier to take off the aircraft and fly it with ease when you have this consistent and detailed response coming back to you at all times Graphical support for each of the widescreen aspect ratios so those with more sleek monitors or mobile monitors such as laptops can find that the screen will stretch accordingly without reducing the overall level of output in any way, shape or form Make sure that you have total control over your flight and air assets with a detailed control system, as well as guarantee that you can easily plan and prepare the right mission waypoints throughout with pinpoint accuracy. The entire design has been built around the idea that people will be able to get themselves into the right position moving forward; you’ll be able to fly together in flight formations with the rest of the squadron, too, matching their route and their speed perfectly to really feel as if you are part of an elite fighting unit, as this simulator can so accurately portray Awesome controller support that makes the whole thing so much easier to fly, including MFD panels, HOTAS, flight sticks an gamepads so that you have as much choice to pick from as you possibly can along the way. This makes it a whole lot easier to manage your flight in the manner that appeals to you the most as you fly – whether it’s with a mad, the keyboard and mouse or a fully professional flight stick you will have the full choice to pick from when you first start flying this The creators of this series, Sim155 Ltd, are an independent games firm who have grown rapidly and created a large and loyal following for themselves in the last few years. Their development team, based in the North East of England, is one of the most respected Indy flight development teams out there due to their attention to detail and their overall knowledge of what makes a flight simulation game come to life for you. It’s managed and headed up by veteran programmer Ed Scio, who has been involved in titles like Shadowman, Airball, Breed, Armour-Geddon and the original Combat Air Control. Ian Humblin is in charge of the stunning visuals that you see before you, and comes with over a decade of experience within the industry, having helped people mold and plan their visual creations for a long time until he finally joined up to be part of the excellent Combat Air Patrol 2 team in recent years. David Scouller, or Scoots as he is affectingly known by his colleagues, is the Audio expert. A classically trained musical expert, Scoots has been involved in audio for video games for over three decades and is without a doubt one of the most skilled at his art that there is out there on the market today. Faye Scio is the marketing guru behind the series, and has been involved in the progression and development of video games and marketing them effectively for more than 15 years, helping to make the industry feel far more robust and projects to appear entertaining. Once released, you can download Combat Air Control from the official website – just had over to HERE for more information about the project and how you can get it installed. Don't forget... We have a huge selection (over 24,000 files) of free mods and add-ons for FSX, P3D & X-Plane in the file library. Files include aircraft, scenery, and utilities All are free-to-download and use - you don't even need to register. Browse on down to the file library here. About Ian Stephens Ian Stephens is a flight simulation enthusiast also with a keen interest in aviation and technology. Ian spends a lot of his time experimenting with various simulator packages but has a love for Microsoft Flight Simulator X because of the huge selection of add-ons available. However, Ian also has copies of Prepar3D and X-Plane installed. Ian has been writing for Fly Away Simulation for over 9 years. Should you wish, you can contact Ian via email at ian.stephens@flyawaysimulation.com. CLS' Boeing 747-200/300 HD for FSX Released Aerosoft Antarctica X Review for FSX Introducing Combat Air Patrol 2 Radio Comms New Livery for Air New Zealand Project Opensky Atlas Air B747-400F Announcing FS SELCAL Just Flight Air Hauler Demo Now Available	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line751
__label__wiki	0.782981	0.782981	Pedro Munhoz Get Hit With $2,500 Fine for Jumping Octagon at UFC 235 Brazilian Pedro Munhoz received a $ 2,500 fine for jumping the octagon grids after his UFC 235 victory. The decision was made at a hearing last Wednesday. These type of penalties are generally imposed by the Nevada Athletic Commission to promote the athletes’ physical integrity. In addition to the initial cash punishment, Pedro will still have to pay a value of US $ 327.06 for the fee that must be paid for the fighter to be eligible again in the organization. According to members of the Nevada Athletic Commission, the fighters were previously given clear warnings that, in the event of any such incident, all those involved would be properly penalized. The judging panel had considered punishing the Brazilian similar to that received by Khabib Nurmagomedov who jumped from the Octagon in order to hit one of Conor McGregor ‘s team members after the end of UFC 229 main fight in October last year. The athletic committee, however, realized that Peter’s intentions were not malicious, therefore only imposing a cash fine. After the excellent victory over the former champion of the cocks, Cody Garbrandt the Brazilian already has a new appointment in sight Munhoz will face North American Aljamain Sterling at UFC 238 in June. Pedro currently occupies the fourth position, one behind his next opponent. Munhoz, 32, has a record of 22 fights, 18 wins, three defeats. Dustin Poirier to Khabib Nurmagomedov: “I’m going to stop his body from working” Chito Vera Face-off Sean O’Malley at UFC 239	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line755
__label__wiki	0.640525	0.640525	Immunization awareness: Focus on dog vaccines August is National Vaccination Awareness Month, an event designed to raise awareness about the importance of pet immunization. Most dog owners understand the value of timely vaccinations and booster shots to keep their furry companions safe from diseases such as rabies, heartworm, and distemper. However, knowing what vaccines are needed and when to have them administered can be confusing. To help you make heads or tails of basic vaccines and immunization schedules for dogs, we’ve got the details in this blog. Pet immunizations are divided into two basic groups: core and non-core vaccines. Core vaccines are those recommended by veterinarians for every dog, while non-core vaccine administration depends on your dog’s lifestyle (ex. you board your dog often at a kennel with other animals). Core Vaccines for Dogs Rabies (1 year). Rabies is 100% fatal to dogs, and rabid animals pose a significant public health hazard to humans. For these reasons, the 1-year rabies vaccine is considered a core vaccine. It can be administered in a single dose to animals as young as 3 months of age. Annual boosters are recommended. According to veterinarian Dr. Lee Pickett, side effects from the rabies vaccine are rare. Editor's Note: The rabies vaccine may be a state or city requirement for dog ownership. Rabies (3-year). Like the 1-year vaccine, the 3-year rabies vaccine is administered in a single dose beginning when the animal is about 3 months of age. A single booster is recommended after 1 year and boosters at 3-year intervals thereafter. Distemper. Distemper is a viral disease that results in fever, watery eyes, loss of energy, decreased appetite, vomiting, and in severe cases, brain damage. The distemper vaccine is typically administered in 3 doses, given when the animal is between 6 and 16 weeks old. Puppies should receive a booster after 1 year, and adult dogs at 3-year intervals thereafter. Parvovirus. “Parvo,” as it’s commonly called, is a contagious virus (among dogs) that can result in vomiting, severe bloody diarrhea, and even death. Like the distemper immunization, the parvo vaccine is typically administered in 3 doses, given when the animal is between 6 and 16 weeks old. Puppies should receive a booster after 1 year, and adult dogs at 3-year intervals thereafter. Adenovirus Type 1 (Canine Hepatitis). Viral hepatitis in dogs is a contagious illness spread by contact with urine or feces from infected animals. If untreated, canine hepatitis can result in severe liver damage or even death. The vaccine is typically administered in 3 doses, given when the animal is between 6 and 16 weeks old. Puppies should receive a booster after 1 year, and adult dogs at 3-year intervals thereafter. Adenovirus Type 2 (“Kennel Cough”). Spread by coughs and sneezes, kennel cough is commonly seen in animals that spend significant time being boarded with other dogs. The vaccine is typically administered in 3 doses, given when the animal is between 6 and 16 weeks old. Puppies should receive a booster after 1 year, and adult dogs at 3-year intervals thereafter. Non-Core Vaccines for Dogs Canine Influenza. The vaccine is administered to puppies in two doses—the first at 6–8 weeks of age and the second 2–4 weeks later. Parainfluenza. Different from canine influenza, parainfluenza typically presents as cough and fever. The initial vaccine is administered to puppies 6–8 weeks old, then every 3–4 weeks until 12 weeks of age. Bordetella Bronchiseptica. A bacterial illness, Bordetella is usually not dangerous to adult dogs but can be severe in puppies. Show dogs and pups boarded with other animals are at greatest risk. Vaccine schedules and forms vary; and both intranasal and injected forms of the vaccine are available. Booster frequency depends on risk for exposure. Lyme Disease. Most dog owners are familiar with Lyme disease, an illness carried by deer ticks. Symptoms include joint pain ad inflammation, stiffness, lethargy, and loss of appetite. The vaccine is recommended for dogs that spend lots of time outdoors in wooded areas and is administered to puppies in two doses, the first around 9 weeks of age, with the second dose 2–4 weeks later. Leptospirosis. Leptospirosis is associated with exposure to rodents and standing water. Symptoms include sudden fever, joint stiffness, lethargy, and loss of appetite. The vaccine is administered to puppies in two doses, 2–4 weeks apart, with the final dose no later than 12 weeks of age. We hope this information on canine immunizations will help your dogs living healthier, longer lives!	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line756
__label__wiki	0.507734	0.507734	EU citizen's rights in the UK after Brexit (in light of the recent news) I am an EU citizen with a non-EU spouse, currently expecting a long-term job offer from the UK. Therefore I am quite concerned about the potential effects of Brexit on us (especially my spouse). The situation became somewhat more clear in the past days after the news about a UK-EU deal on citizens rights, see e.g. Brexit: The rights of EU citizens in the UK and Britons in the EU However, the articles about this topic also raise several questions. Anyone who arrives before Brexit day will have the right to stay. The latest deal also includes reunification rights for relatives who do not live in the UK, to join them in the future. But then there seem to be contradictory statements in the same article: Nicolas Hatton, chairman of the3million, a campaign group representing EU citizens living in the UK, expressed concerns about the deal. He said: "Our rights should not have an expiry date. More worryingly, there is still no clarity around the registration criteria for these rights. There are a huge number of people still in the dark about whether they will qualify or not. Hundreds and thousands of them might get a letter that they have to go" he added. While it still doesn't seem to be a given that this deal will be honoured, I do not understand the concerns of Hatton. My reading of the article was that if I and my non-EU spouse were to move to the UK in 2018 (we are not currently there), both of us would be guaranteed the right to stay even after Brexit, in the same manner as we could go there today. (I am aware that there are limitations even under the current EU rules, such as sufficient income to support a non-EU spouse.) Hatton contradicts this with his claim that many people still do not know if they will qualify. Given that our expected rights and visa situation after Brexit is a significant factor in my accepting or declining this offer, I am looking for clarifications on the above. GemGem This question is different from earlier Brexit-related ones because it concerns recent news about citizen's rights. – Gem Dec 9 '17 at 15:43 Unfortunately, until there is an actual 'deal' that is signed sealed and delivered, it's very speculative what will actually be the final rules, how they will be implemented, and how the details concerning very specific situations will drawn out. There will only be clarification when the matter if finally settled. – ouflak Dec 9 '17 at 20:15 The current EU rules do not require you to have sufficient income to support a non-EU family member. If you are employed, your family can join you in the UK regardless of your income. – phoog Dec 10 '17 at 2:46 @phoog Thanks for the clarification. It was a wrong assumption based on the fact that currently I need to show payslips whenever my spouse needs to renew their residence card. – Gem Dec 11 '17 at 14:51 @Gem under EU rules, you need to be a "qualified person," and one way of being qualified is to be employed. Presumably that's why they want your pay slips. – phoog Dec 11 '17 at 20:01 The official joint report from the negotiations released on Friday states in relevant part (emphasis in original): The overall objective of the Withdrawal Agreement with respect to citizens' rights is to provide reciprocal protection for Union and UK citizens, to enable the effective exercise of rights derived from Union law and based on past life choices, where those citizens have exercised free movement rights by the specified date. The specified date should be the time of the UK's withdrawal. Irrespective of their nationality, the following categories of family members who were not residing in the host State on the specified date will be entitled to join a Union citizen or UK national right holder after the specified date for the life time of the right holder, on the same conditions as under current Union law: a. all family members as referred to in Article 2 of Directive 2004/38/EC, provided they were related to the right holder on the specified date and they continue to be so related at the point they wish to join the right holder; ... If this gets reflected in the final deal, then you would be entitled to have your current spouse join you in the UK and remain there with you indefinitely, as long as you have moved to the UK before the "specified" date somewhen in 2019. One part of what the campaign groups are dissatisfied with is that this deal will not allow EU citizens in the UK to be joined by non-EU partners that they meet only after the UK leaves. (There are also other points of dissatisfaction -- most prominently that it is felt to be unclear which bureaucratic hoops EU citizens in the UK will have to jump through in order to secure their future status. The UK government concurrently released an unilateral technical note about their high-level goals for the still-to-be-specified procedures, which doesn't look all that scary to me -- but I suppose the protests stem from fear of loopholes in the rather generic language there, by the "once bitten, twice shy" principle). Henning MakholmHenning Makholm For example, there was a post by a British / Japanese couple, and your quoted point (a) would seem to include children born before Brexit, to not include children conceived after Brexit, and be very dubious for children conceived before and born after Brexit. Now imagine a couple living in the UK, they have a baby, and they are told "you can stay, but get rid of that kid". – gnasher729 Dec 11 '17 at 21:39 @gnasher729: Item (b) just after the part I quoted provides that children born after the specified date would also be covered. – Henning Makholm Dec 16 '17 at 13:29 News today was that the UK has agreed to pay major amounts of money to the EU, and has agreed to keep the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland open. That's two out of three, rights for EU citizens in the UK is the third one. The position of the UK government so far can be characterized by utter cluelessness. There was some stuff coming out of Boris Johnson's mouth during a visit to Poland, which should be ignored like anyone he says. With today's news, I would bet that anyone who has Indefinite Leave to Remain on the day the UK exits the EU will have no problems. However, for new arrivals, what was said is: There will be a "cut-off date". When the cut-off date will be is up to negotiations. But it will not be before the day the UK declared it will leave (March 2017) and not after the day the UK actually leaves (planned March 2019). Everyone before that cut-off date should be allowed to stay, everyone afterwards probably not. If you move to the UK today, nobody knows right now if your move will be before or after the cutoff date. I would assume that when that cut-off date is announced, it won't be in the past (so if there was news say 1st March 2018 "cut-off date is today", that wouldn't surprise me too much. If they said "cut-off date is 1st March 2018" in December 2018, that would be surprising to me). It's based on speculation, but I'd say: If you want to move, move quick. Make sure your job offer is good. Life in the UK is expensive, especially in London. Make sure that having to go back is an inconvenience, not a desaster. gnasher729gnasher729 By "permanent leave to remain" did you mean to indicate people with a right of residence under the EEA regulations? In precise terms "leave to remain" seems not to be used for them. – phoog Dec 10 '17 at 2:49 Sorry - should have been "Indefinite leave to remain". – gnasher729 Dec 11 '17 at 21:34 But EU/EEA/Swiss citizens generally don't have indefinite leave to remain under the immigration rules; they have a right of permanent residence under the EEA regulations. Furthermore, anyone who does have ILR under the rules will be unaffected by the UK's departure from the EU, regardless of nationality. – phoog Dec 12 '17 at 4:33 Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged brexit or ask your own question. EU Citizens living and working in the UK, and current / pre-existing rules for permanent status? Dual Citizenship and Brexit Could we face problems when coming back to the UK after Brexit? UK national with Belgian wife post Brexit Will a child born to two bulgarian citizens in the UK after Brexit be an EU citizen? Will the EEA directives still apply in the UK after Brexit?	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line758
__label__wiki	0.55906	0.55906	You are here: Home \| News \| Pope’s feet kissing could be a blessing or curse Pope’s feet kissing could be a blessing or curse Author: Koang Pal \| Published: 2 months ago The Head of the Catholic Church, Pope Francis kneels to kiss the feet of South Sudanese President Salva Kiir at the Vatican in April, 2019. PHOTO: Vatican Media A church leader says the kissing of the feet of leaders by the Pope could be a blessing or a curse to the individuals or to the entire country. South Sudan Pentecostal Church General Overseer, Bishop Dr. Isaiah Dau, says he was present when the Pope kissed the feet of leaders in Rome in April. Earlier last month, four prominent leaders, accompanied by some officials traveled to the Vatican to meet Pope Francis. These are President Salva Kiir, Dr Riek Machar, First Vice President Taban Deng Gai, Eminent personality Rebecca Nyandeng. Pope Francis kissed their feet and asked them to implement the new peace accord. Bishop Dr. Dau says what the Pope did to South Sudanese leaders has never been done to any leader in the world. He was addressing the mourners at the funeral prayer for the late veteran journalist Alfred Taban on Saturday in Juba. “I was there when the pope went down on his knees and kissed the feet of our leaders, I was there. We all cried in that room, an 83 year old man with one lung kneeling down and breathing heavily and kissing the feet of leaders of this republic. That kiss can mean a blessing if we do what he told us, but if it’s not done be careful, it’s going to be a curse and it’s going to be personal before it’s national. Let us change, South Sudan is loved by God. There is no country in the world where the pope ever did that, not even in his own country. It’s because God loves this country, and God would like to bless this country. Let our political leaders put their act together.”	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line759
__label__cc	0.601218	0.398782	Love Island S05E32 HDTV x264-PLUTONiUM EZTV Love Island TV Show S05E32 Air Date: 9 July, 2019 Torrent File: Love.Island.S05E32.HDTV.x264-PLUTONiUM[eztv].mkv Torrent Hash: ACF8C0D283B912A83659692D02A90ECBC7E50F2D Released: 8th Jul 2019 Love Island S05E32 720p HDTV x264-PLUTONiUM 7 7 Love Island S05E32 480p x264-mSD 11 10 Love Island S05E32 - Episode 32 Love Island S5E32 Screenshot ____ __ __ __ ______ ____ _ __ _ __ __ __ ___ \| / __ \ / / / / / / /_ __/ / __ \ / \| / / (_) / / / / / \|/ / \| / /_/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / \|/ / / / / / / / / /\|_/ / \| / ____/ / /___ / /_/ / / / / /_/ / / /\| / / / / /_/ / / / / / \| /_/ /_____/ \____/ /_/ \____/ /_/ \|_/ /_/ \____/ /_/ /_/ \| _____________________________________________________________________________\| \| rls info: \| rls: Love.Island.S05E32.HDTV.x264-PLUTONiUM \| General: 2019.07.08, Reality, 44mn 44s @ 269 MiB \| Video: x264, 720x404, 50fps, CRF 21 @ 713 Kbps \| Audio: AAC, 2 Channels @ 128 Kbps \| Subs: English SubRip \| iNFO: https://www.itv.com/loveisland \|____________________________________________________________________________ epg info: \| As week five continues on Love Island so does the flirting as \| the islanders continue their stay in the nations most talked \| about villa. S5 Ep32 \| \| grp info: \| PLUTONiUM is a group of TV enthusiasts from across the globe. We \| Pre what we like, How we like, When we like. Now with over 20000 \| releases. Would you like to join our awesome GRP? well you can't	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line760
__label__cc	0.572388	0.427612	Riots and Research: What a 1968 Report on Urban Unrest Has to Do With Ferguson Criminalization & Incarceration “Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white—separate but unequal.” It’s the most famous line—and likely the only line you’ve heard—from the 1968 National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders report about the riots that wracked U.S. cities such as Detroit, Los Angeles, and Newark in the 1960s. Popularly known as the Kerner Commission (after its chair and then-Illinois Gov. Otto Kerner), the group of law enforcement professionals, elected officials, and leaders of national organizations were appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson to examine the root causes and possible remedies for the unrest that plagued Detroit even as the commission began its research. We’re still asking the Kerner Commission’s questions, but this time about Ferguson, Missouri, and the August 9 police killing of the unarmed, college-bound 18-year-old Michael Brown: “What happened?” “Why did it happen?” “What can be done to prevent it from happening again?” Read more at RH Reality Check	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line765
__label__wiki	0.924095	0.924095	By Amber Butchart The Artificial Divide Between Fine Art and Textiles is a Gendered Issue With the current Anni Albers show at Tate Modern marking a resurgence in textiles, charting the changing perceptions of fabrics throughout art history An imposing wooden structure bisected with lines of thread greets visitors head-on at the entrance of the current Anni Albers show at the Tate Modern. The contraption – a shaft countermarch loom – is echoed at the end of the exhibition, with a Structo Artcraft loom that was used by Albers herself. As the UK’s first major retrospective of Alber’s work, the galleries are filled with over 350 objects, ranging from her geometric wall hangings to textiles for interiors and architecture, her writing, and prints and drawings. Bookending the exhibition with the tools of her trade ensures the method of creation is kept at the very heart of the show: this is unapologetically about a textile artist. Anni Albers, Intersecting, 1962, pictorial weaving, cotton and rayon, 400 x 419 mm. Courtesy: The Josef and Anni Albers Foundation, Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York, DACS, London Anni Albers marked a momentous step for fibre arts when the former Bauhaus student became the first weaver to have a significant solo show at the Museum of Modern Art in 1949. Nearly 70 years later there has been a resurgence of textile arts on gallery walls, and the Albers exhibition is part of the Tate Modern’s commitment to showing artists working in this medium. In 2015 they held a retrospective of abstract artist Sonia Delaunay who worked across a number of areas including textiles and clothing. Around the country there has also been an increase in the display of textiles. In 2017 ‘Entangled: Threads and Making’ at the Turner Contemporary challenged the classifications of fine art, design and craft through the work of more than 40 female artists whose work included disciplines ranging from embroidery and weaving to wood carving. Artforms using textiles have existed for millennia but have not always been held in such high esteem in the art world. The artificial divide that exists between fine art and textiles (or applied/decorative arts, or craft) is a gendered issue. ‘Textiles have always suffered as an art media because of their association with domesticity and femininity,’ says Hannah Lamb of The 62 Group of Textile Artists, an artist-led pressure group that has been promoting textiles as a fine art for nearly 60 years. Historically, textiles have been labelled ‘women’s work’, and dismissed as inferior to pursuits such as painting and sculpture. But this has not always been the case. Sonia Delaunay, ‘The EY Exhibiton: Sonia Delaunay’, 2015, installation view, Tate Modern, London. Courtesy: Tate Modern, London; photograph: Tate Photography Medieval English embroidery known as Opus Anglicanum was prized around the world for its skill and artistry. Made by both women and men, it signified the pinnacle of luxury in medieval Europe. Enjoying an international reputation, it was prized at royal courts and was commissioned by ecclesiastics for use on liturgical vestments. It was during the Renaissance that the separation of art and craft became more apparent, and a hierarchy developed that saw fine art – with its masculine associations – prized over the craft of stitching. This was accelerated in the 18th century with the academization of the art world. The Royal Academy was founded in 1768, and less than 18 months later a rule was passed that regulated what could be admitted for exhibition. Needlework was banned, outlawed from the realm of high art along with shell work and artificial flowers. Competence with a needle had become a marker of fashionably refined middle and upper-class femininity by the 19th century, something the feminist art historian Rozsika Parker made clear in her book The Subversive Stitch (1984), one of the first studies to examine the marginalization of women’s work in the hierarchy of art and craft. ‘To know the history of embroidery’ she wrote, ‘is to know the history of women.’ At the time Parker was writing, this notion was being challenged by Second Wave feminist artists who attempted to reclaim stitch away from its associations with oppression, showing it could instead be used as a tool to fight the patriarchy, and to give a voice to previously voiceless groups. Judy Chicago’s ‘The Dinner Party’ (1974-79) is an epic retelling of women’s history in a stitched installation that was dismissed as ‘kitsch’ by the male critic of The New York Times. Bayeux Tapestry. Courtesy: Wikimedia In a documentary airing on BBC Radio 4 this week, I explore a current wave of contemporary artists who are again transforming the image of embroidery, challenging historical and cultural preconceptions and making progressive, often political work. Textile and performance artist Raisa Kabir was trained as a weaver and incorporates sound and video into her work. She highlights how the gendering of embroidery in European history not only marginalizes the practice through sexism, but also ignores global histories and experiences of people of colour, turning it into a radically political artform. ‘The notion that it’s inherently about white feminism and embroidery is this Victorian white, Western phenomenon – I don’t resent it, I just think that’s a misconception … politics and textiles for me are intertwined, they’re not separate.’ Political stitching also has historical precedent. Pre-dating Opus Anglicanum, the Bayeux Tapestry (technically an embroidery, not a tapestry) is arguably the most celebrated example of Anglo-Saxon art. There is political ambiguity throughout the piece, at times it appears sympathetic to King Harold, although it’s likely meant to function as a form of Norman propaganda. The embroidery was long believed to have been the work of Queen Mathilda, William the Conqueror’s wife. But this has been superseded by the argument that it was produced by English needleworkers – likely women, possibly nuns in Canterbury – as there was already a tradition of embroidery that would flourish in following centuries. Anni-Albers in her weaving studio, 1937, Black Mountain College. Courtesy: The Josef and Anni Albers Foundation, Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York and DACS, London In the mid-16th century Mary Queen of Scots was seen as a threat by Elizabeth I as she had a strong claim to the throne, and was championed by Catholic subjects during Elizabeth’s Protestant rule. She was kept under house arrest and spent much of her time embroidering, threading covert symbols that were her only means of expression. A phoenix to represent immortality and regeneration, and a cat and mouse that hinted at the relationship between herself and the English queen. Her needle allowed her the only means of resistance while she was under constant surveillance. The time invested in hand embroidery lends a permanence and gravitas to messages conveyed in this way, and it became a medium of choice for political banners. The Artists’ Suffrage League, founded by Mary Lowndes in 1907, created embroidered banners for the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies that were carried in some of the earliest large-scale demonstrations held in support of women’s enfranchisement. Embroidered banners were also used by Trade Unions and the cooperative movement. Judy Chicago, The Dinner Party, 1974–1979, mixed media, Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art, Collection of the Brooklyn Museum. Courtesy: © Judy Chicago The subversion of embroidery for political purposes belies its dominant purpose within fashion history as an expensive and decorative marker of the wealthy and elite. Yet exploring hidden histories and questioning the established hierarchy of art and craft is also reaching fashion ateliers. Hand & Lock is an embroidery brand which has roots tracing back to 1767. Based in London, they produce embroidery for the British military, the Royal Family, Savile Row tailors and European fashion houses. In 2000 they initiated an embroidery prize to support new generations of stitchers, and in 2016 introduced a Textile Art category which now receives more submissions that the Fashion category. ‘This increasing trend continues to blur the line between craft and art’ says Sophie Carr, the Prize Co-ordinator at Hand & Lock. ‘We often see submissions that contain meaningful messages about the transient state of the modern world conveyed through stitch.’ ‘In Stitches’ explores contemporary radical embroidery, and airs on BBC Radio 4 at 11.30am on 15th November. Presented by Amber Butchart, it’s A Curtains For Radio production produced by Louise Morris and Andrew McGibbon for BBC Radio 4. Main image: Anni Albers, Wall Hanging, 1926, mercerized cotton, silk, 2 x 1.2 m. Courtesty: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Purchase, Everfast Fabrics Inc., Edward C. Moore Jr. Gift, The Josef and Anni Albers Foundation, Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York and DACS, London Amber Butchart Amber Butchart is a fashion historian, author and broadcaster who specializes in the historical intersections between dress, politics and culture. She was the presenter of BBC4’s six-part series ‘A Stitch in Time’ that fused biography and art to explore the lives of historical figures through the clothes they wore. Her latest book is The Fashion Chronicles: style stories of history’s best dressed. Find her on Twitter and Insta @AmberButchart Olafur Eliasson at Tate Modern Review: Spectacle in an Age of Climate Crisis Peter Strickland’s Demon Dress Horror ‘In Fabric’ and the History of Killer Fashion What’s the Ecological Cost of Olafur Eliasson’s Lunch? 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Two centuries of portraits’ Neue Galerie Graz, Universalmuseum Joanneum Maureen Paley Latest Magazines June - July - August 2019 Subscribe now and save up to 40% SubscribeDownload the app	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line769
__label__wiki	0.783409	0.783409	future endeavoured Wishing them all the best of luck in the future! Mr/Mrs Future Endeavoured Posts Tagged ‘Endeavoured’ Jane Geddes Posted: August 14, 2012 in Current, Mr/Mrs Future Endeavoured Tags: Endeavored, Endeavoured, Future, Jane Geddes Jane Geddes became the VP of Talent Relations in WWE in September after working for the LPGA Tour since 2007, first as Senior Director of Tournament Business Affairs then as Vice-President of Competition, and later promoted again to Senior Vice President of Tournament Operations and Players Services. She was also a talented professional golfer in her 20 year career winning two major Tour Championships; U.S. Women’s Open in 1986 and the Mazda LPGA Championship in 1987. Since John Laurinaitis resigned as EVP of Talent Relations it has been had to pinpoint who is in charge of hiring and firing, but it as it’s been reported that Geddes made the phone call to tell AW that he was being let go that Geddes is definitely in charge of firing. Gene Snitsky Posted: April 26, 2012 in 2008, December Tags: Endeavored, Endeavoured, Future, Gene Snitsky, It wasn't my fault, Released, WWE Snitsky made his debut on Raw on September 13, 2004, when he faced Kane. At the end of the match Snitsky hit the ‘Big Red Machine’ with a chair, this resulted in Kane falling on top of a pregnant (kayfabe) Lita and the loss of her baby. This made Snitsky a main heel on the roster as he entered a storyline with Kane which culminated in a ‘Weapons of Choice’ match at Taboo Tuesday. During this time Gene became well-known for his catchphrase ‘It wasn’t my fault’. He was a small part of the ECW invasion storyline in the lead up to ECW One Night Stand 2005 as part of Eric Bischoff’s hired guns to try to ruin Paul Heyman’s reunion show, to no avail. Snitsky resumed his feud with Kane when he aligned himself with Edge and Lita. The Queen of Extreme reconciled with Snitsky after thanking him for not having to give birth to Kane’s birthday. Edge used Lita’s feet as a reward for helping them attack Kane after he found out about Snitsky’s foot fetish. His push began to slow soon after and he found himself largely competing on Heat every week. He formed a brief tag team with Tyson Tomko which ended after a losing effort to claim the Tag Team titles from Big Show and Kane. In early 2007, Snitsky debuted on ECW with a new look. His head and eyebrows was shaved, and his teeth where coloured yellow. He also adopted a more psychotic persona, similar to that of Psycho Sid. Snitsky attacked Bobby Lashley on his re-debute an went on to have many short feuds with the likes of Hardcore Holly, Rob Van Dam, Balls Mahoney and CM Punk. Later that year in June, he was drafted back to Raw, and in his final run with the company his only major appearance was in a defeat to John Cena. Shortly after he was sent back to Heat. On December 11, 2008, Snitsky was released from his contract. Lance Storm Posted: April 20, 2012 in 2004, March Tags: Alliance, Endeavored, Endeavoured, Future, Lance Storm, Released, Un-American, WCW, WWE Before debuting in the WWE, Storm cut his teeth in the business all over the world, wrestling in Canada, Mexico and Japan. He then returned to America with ECW and then WCW. Lance debuted in WWE in 2001 after Vince McMahon’s acquisition of WCW interfering in a match between Perry Saturn and Steve Blackman, as part of the Alliance. During this storyline he captured the Intercontinental Championship from Albert. After the Invasion angle had finished he joined a heel stable known as The Un-Americans along with William Regal, Christian and Test. They garnered a lot of animosity from American fans and it was with Christian that he won the Tag Team Championships from Hulk Hogan and Edge at Vengeance. “The Perfect Storm” would go on to have three more Tag Team Title runs, two with William Regal and one with Chief Morley. As he entered into a singles career, Stone Cold Steve Austin would be to come out during his matches and ridicule for being a boring wrestler and for having no personality. As General Manager, Austin would force Storm to team with Goldust in an attempt to make him more entertaining. He eventually turned face by teaming with Val Venis, dancing to the ring while being accompanied to the ring by women. However, this was short lived as he turned heel before a losing effort against Rhyno at the 2004 Draft Lottery. This would be his last appearance on WWE television as he was released from his contract. Kenny Dykstra Posted: April 20, 2012 in 2008, November Tags: Endeavored, Endeavoured, Future, Ken Doane, Kenny Dykstra, Released, Spirit Squad Ken Doane debuted in WWE in January 2006 as part of the Spirit Squad, known simply as ‘Kenny’. They aligned themselves with Vince and Shane McMahon as they feuded with DX. Although largely used as ‘enhancement talent’ when competing against DX they did manage to capture the then World Tag Team Championships when Kenny and Mikey defeated Kane and Big Show. Under the ‘Freebird Rule’ any of the five members of the stable could defend the titles. During their title run they successfully defended the tag team championship against the teams of Charlie Haas and Viscera, Jim Duggan and Eugene and Snitsky and Val Venis. After the break-up of the Spirit Squad in July 2007, Kenny was transferred to Smackdown, upon his arrival he became known as Kenny Dykstra and formed a relationship with Victoria, competing in many mixed tag team matches. His last appearance in WWE was in a losing effort to then WWE Champion Triple H in August 2008. In November 2008, Dykstra was released from his contract. In June 2012, Doane has made claims that the reason he was fired was because his then fiance Mickie James was having an affair with married wrestler John Cena. When he and management found out about this he claims he was sent to Smackdown with James and left to sit there until his contract ran out. Al Snow Posted: January 25, 2012 in 2008, February Tags: Al Snow, Avatar, Endeavored, Endeavoured, Future, Head, Leif Cassidy, Shinobi Al Snow’s original two year run in WWE saw him compete under numerous forgettable gimmicks such as Avatar and Shinobi. He got his first break as one half of ‘The New Rockers@ with Marty Jannetty. It wasn’t he left to join ECW that he started to enjoy real success with his ‘Head’ gimmick, it was from this that he was brought back to WWE in 1998. During his second stint with WWE Snow had several memorable feuds with the likes of the Big Boss Man which involved his supposedly pet dog Pepper, and also his real life friend Mick Foley. He also formed a popular tag-team with Steve Blackman called Head Cheese and had a memorable run as European Champion in which he mimicked a different stereotype of a European country each week. Snow had many championship reigns as Hardcore Champion, but his last came when he lost the title to Tough enough series one winner Maven. He starred as a trainer on the show and eventually took up the role full-time at WWE’s former development territory Ohio Valley Wrestling. After WWE ended their partnership with OVW, Snow was released from the company. Sim Snuka / Deuce Posted: January 25, 2012 in 2009, June Tags: Deuce, Endeavored, Endeavoured, Future, Sim Snuka When Jimmy Reiher Jr. signed for WWE in January 2005, he debuted as ‘Deuce Shade’ in their developmental territory OVW defeating Brent Albright in his debut match. A year later he started teaming with Dice Domino as part of a team called ‘The Throw-Backs’. They were soon joined by Cherry Pie, and dropped the ‘Shade’, ‘Dice’ and ‘Pie’ part of their names. Soon after Deuce defeated Mike Mizanin to win the OVW Southern Tag Team Championships for his team. In January 2007, they were called up to the Smackdown! roster, going by the name of ‘Deuce ‘n Domino’. Now with Cherry as their manager they went on to defeat a series of jobber teams in the first few weeks. Their big chance came soon when they won a non-title match against the then Tag Team Champions, Brian Kendrick and Paul London. This earned them a title shot at No Way Out but it ended up being a losing effort. However, in April 2007, at the third time of asking they finally captured Tag Team gold from Kendrick and London on an episode of Smackdown!. They successfully defended the title on two occasions. The first in a triple threat Tag Team match against the teams of London and Kendrick, and William Regal and Dave Taylor, and the second was a special moment for Sim Snuka as they defeated Sgt. Slaughter and his real life Dad, Jimmy ‘Superfly’ Snuka at Vengeance. Their run came to a halt in June when Domino suffered a genuine broken nose during a match with Cryme Tyme, which kept him sidelined for a month. After Domino’s return they entered into a short feud with Evolution’s Ric Flair and Batista. Then a storyline with MVP and Matt Hardy saw them lose their Tag Team titles to them on Smackdown! and then fail to regain the at Unforgiven. Deuce ‘n Domino’s push came to an end with this this loss and they began to appear less and less on Smackdown!. On the few occasions they did appear they faced the likes of Jesse and Festus, Jimmy Wang Yang and Shannon Moore, and Finlay and Hornswoggle. The last notable incident that happened betwwen them came when they replaced their manager Cherry with Maryse. But after more losses, Deuce became frustrated and punched Domino in the face, thus ending their team in June 2008. In June 2008, Deuce was sent to Raw as part of the supplemental draft, but it wasn’t until September that he debuted. When he did he acknowledged that his Dad was Jimmy Snuka and that he wanted to be known as ‘Sim Snuka’. In the weeks that followed he became involved in a storyline that involved several young 2nd and 3rd generation wrestlers such as Cody Rhodes, Ted DiBiase Jr and Manu. They were all looking to prove themselves worthy of becoming a part of Randy Orton’s new stable known as ‘The Legacy’ by passing tests that he set for them. Snuka was failed his task, but Manu and DiBiase were also angry with Orton for the way they were treated so decided to confront Orton and Rhodes. When they the two groups met in the ring, DiBiase turned on Manu and Snuka, and became the third member of ‘The Legacy’. Snuka’s last appearance in WWE came as a camerman during the The Undertaker v Shawn Michaels match at Wrestlemania 25, where he failed to catch The Undertaker when he dived over the top rope. He was released from his contract in June 2009. Posted: January 25, 2012 in 2008, April Tags: Balls Mahoney, ECW, Endeavored, Endeavoured, Future, Original, Released, Xanta Claus Balls debuted WWE’s ECW One Night Stand in June 2005 when he and Axl Rotten assisted ECW wrestlers fight off Smackdown and Raw superstars who gatecrashed the event. He joined the roster full-time when he became a member of the new ECW brand that was launched in June 2006. In the build up to the launch he and several other ECW wrestlers appeared on Raw and attacked John Cena. The following week he competed in a team battle royal as part ECW’s team against WWE’s team. At the second ECW One Night Stand pay-per-view Mahoney defeated Masato Tanaka. After several vignettes were aired, “The Chair Swingin’ Freak” was placed in a rivalry with Kevin Thorn after he cost him some matches against Rene Dupree and Stevie Richards. During a match with Kevin Thorn in January in 2007, Mahoney had his front teeth kicked out. Balls had a shot at the ECW Championship when he, Tommy Dreamer and Sandman faced Bobby Lashley in a hardcore handicap match, but they were still unable to win. He then entered gained an unlikely love interest in Kelly Kelly as she began to show sympathy for him after he was beaten by The Miz. In the next few weeks, he was constantly stopped when he tried to express how he felt about Kelly by The Miz, Brooke and Layla. When Kelly eventually asked him out they became an item. This never materialised into anything serious and over the next coming months was barely seen on television. On April 28, 2008, the ECW Original was released from his contract.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line771
__label__wiki	0.949387	0.949387	Education CIO to leave By Mary Mosquera Education CIO Bill Leidinger announced today that he would be leaving the department as of July 31. He was appointed CIO in 2003 but was confirmed as assistant secretary for management in 2002. No successor has been named, but Leidinger said he would participate in the search. He added that he had no immediate plans for the future. Under Leidinger, Education has completed certification and accreditation of all its major IT production systems, built up an internal IT security program, and developed and matured its IT investment management program. Education also has developed its enterprise architecture in the last 1 1/2 years. OMB last scored Education's EA at 2.8 out of 5 points, and it scores over 3 now, meaning the department has an effective enterprise architecture, Leidinger said. 'We're looking at our EA not as a requirement to meet, but [something that] helps us understand what our business needs are,' he said. Previously, Leidinger was a government consultant at PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP and served as county executive in Fairfax County, Va., from 1992 until 1996. He also served on the Richmond, Va., City Council for 10 years. Leidinger earned his bachelor's degree at Loras College in Dubuque, Iowa, and a master's degree from the University of Iowa in Iowa City. Mary Mosquera is a reporter for Federal Computer Week. USPS awards mail automation deal GSA hopes to cuts costs, paperwork of schedules IHS practices for pandemic	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line774
__label__wiki	0.900909	0.900909	TechPriceline Priceline CEO Says People Trump Tech in Dealmaking Phil Wahba Priceline.com (PCLN) has turned itself into a $95 billion Internet travel behemoth in large part thanks to deft dealmaking. But that success has been predicated on targeting M&A prospects for their people as much as for the tech at those companies, Priceline CEO Glenn Fogel told the Fortune Brainstorm Tech conference in Aspen, Colo. on Monday. The company, whose shares have risen 32% since Fogel took the reins as CEO on January 1, owns Booking.com, KAYAK, agoda.com, Rentalcars.com, and OpenTable—in addition to its namesake brand. “IP (intellectual property) is great, but the fact is everything changes so rapidly,” Fogel told Fortune‘s Adam Lashinsky on stage. “You’ve got to be making sure you’re getting the great people with that IP.” He added: “You spent all this money to buy these companies and then what, you’re going to let them go?” Fogel, a 16-year Priceline.com veteran credited with landing some of the travel company’s most valuable brands, got the nod after the company fired previous CEO Darren Huston in 2016 for having an affair with an unidentified employee. (Executive chairman Jeff Boyd, a former CEO, stepped back into his old job on an interim basis.) A longtime dealmaker, Fogel said it was also important that such people be good fit, beyond their tech prowess. “A cultural conflict is one of the biggest reasons M&A transactions fail,” he said. Priceline.com’s business is firing on all cylinders; in the first quarter, gross travel bookings for company rose 24%. And Fogel sees Priceline as still having a lot of untapped potential in top markets like the U.S. and China. Without giving specifics, he said he wants to further integrate the capabilities of his company’s different brands, pointing, for example, to long lines at check-ins at hotels in Las Vegas and the absurdity of having to wait to have a key made when registering. He wants travel to become “frictionless.” As for the prospect of changing the name of the company to reflect the growth of its other brands, Fogel gingerly sidestepped the inquiry while acknowledging that the idea has come up. “We are willing to experiment,” Fogel said. “We kill sacred cows.” After all, he pointed out, the company had long since de-emphasized the “name-your-price” air travel booking model that made it prominent in its first years. Correction (July 19, 4:50 pm): An earlier version of this article mistakenly said that Fogel was previously a banker at Morgan Stanley. In fact, he was a trader at Morgan Stanley and a banker at Kidder Peabody.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line776
__label__wiki	0.502621	0.502621	5 ideas about a movie: Borg vs. McEnroe Sometimes, I go to the cinema without any prior knowledge of a film. This was exactly the case this weekend, when, after watching the other UK wide release – Kingsman 2 – on Thursday, I chose to see Borg vs. McEnroe on Saturday, just because I saw it advertised at the box office. IMDb summary: The story of the 1980s tennis rivalry between the placid Björn Borg and the volatile John McEnroe. Borg vs. McEnroe is a Scandinavian movie (more specifically a Swedish one), written by Ronnie Sandahl and directed by a Janus Metz Pedersen (who is Danish rather than Swedish). This is where my level of knowledge ends: I haven’t seen a lot of films from Scandinavia (have seen a couple so that’s something) nor any of the previous pictures by these filmmakers. Pedersen has directed some episodes of the second season of True Detective, though, but I’ve also yet to watch it. No matter how unfamiliar I was/am with these filmmakers, I have always/universally enjoyed the genre of sports dramas, especially its entries who make me appreciate a sport that I had no prior interest in or make me root for athletes whose names I didn’t know before. I rarely watch tennis on TV and I have maybe played it for fun once or twice in my life. Not surprisingly, I didn’t know anything about Bjorg or McEnroe (I barely know the tennis stars of today). And yet, this film made me care about and also educated me about both the sport and the people involved. The narrative had an effective structure: at the center of it was the 1980’s Wimbledon tournament, while the scenes from the athletes’ personal lives and flashbacks from their childhoods were interspersed throughout the runtime of the movie. Thematically, Borg vs. McEnroe touched upon the pressure of the high-level professional sport (the pressure from family, friends, coaches, the public or the pressure that one puts on oneself), the fame that comes with it, the emotions that runt through it, and, lastly, its pillars of sportsmanship and friendship. The film also mentioned a very interesting idea about tennis being a sport exclusive only for a certain cast/elite group. Later in the fall, Battle of the Sexes will explore how tennis is a gendered sport. My only critique of the script is the fact that I wish they would have situated tennis in a context of all sports, rather than put it on a pedestal as the ‘it/best’ sport. The directing of the picture was really good. The emotions as well as the intensity were palpable throughout the whole movie, but especially in the 3rd act recreation of the final match. The fact that the movie used a lot of dialogue in the Swedish language (rather than just English, like so many films do in order to reach a wider audience) added a level of authenticity too. The 80s setting was also well-realized and highly appreciated somebody who does wear a headband to gym and has a few color-blocked sweatshirts in her wardrobe. The two leads: Sverrir Gudnason and Shia Lebouf did a very good job both with the dramatic scenes as well as with the sports scenes (or they had amazing body doubles). Lebouf’s real-life eccentric personality fit his character perfectly. Stellan Skarsgård (one of the few Swedish actors that I know, mostly because he works in Hollywood more than in his native Sweden) was as good as he always is. Tuva Novotny also had a small role in the film, for the first half of it, I mistook her for Noomi Rapace. Robert Emms also cameoed as Lithuanian-American tennis player Vitas Gerulaitis, who I’m only mentioning because of the shared heritage between him and me. In short, Borg vs. McEnroe was an entertaining, informative, and emotional sports drama, with a neat message about rivalry and friendship in a sport: ‘Former Rivals, Best Enemies’. Trailer: Borg vs. McEnroe trailer September 24, 2017 September 24, 2017 Lou Tagged 80s, art cinema, battle of the sexes, biography, bjorn borg, borg, cinema, cinema review, drama, emotions, film, film festival, film review, film reviews, filming, films, foreign cinema, foreign film, former rivals best enemies, independant film, indie, indie film, janus metz pedersen, john mcenroe, kingsman 2, kingsman the golden circle, london, mcenroe, motion picture, motion picture review, motion pictures, movie, movie film, movie preview, movie review, movie reviews, movies, noomi rapace, rivalry, robert emms, ronnie sandahl, scandinavia, scandinavian cinema, shia lebouf, sport, sport film, sport movie, sports, sports drama, stellan skarsgard, sverrir gudnason, sweden, swedish film, tennis, tennis movie, true detective, tuva novotny, vitas gerulaitis, weekend release, wide release, wimbledon 4 Comments	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line778
__label__wiki	0.713134	0.713134	Local Rocks Rock-forming Minerals Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Scottish Fossils Lecture Programme Day Excursion Programme Residential Excursion Programme Field Safety Fieldwork Code Excursion Reports Geoconservation Scottish Geoconservation Strathclyde Geoconservation Argyll Geoconservation James Croll Arthur Holmes Society Presidents T.N. George Medal Fossils are the remains of once living organisms. They can be anything from the original shells and bones to their burrows and footprints. Scotland has a long and fascinating geological story. It has taken almost 3000 million years and a journey around the globe, welding together parts of several of the Earth’s tectonic plates, to become what we know today as Scotland. Throughout this time, it has witnessed many of the significant changes in life on Earth, from the smallest microbes to the mighty dinosaurs, many of which are now extinct. In the past, Scotland has been a desert, a tropical swamp, a mountainous landscape with volcanoes, and an ocean floor, all of which have been witness to several ice ages. We know this from the rocks, and the fossils they contain, that are all around us and beneath our feet. Geologists (who study rocks) and palaeontologists (who study fossils) have divided time into manageable chunks separated by extinctions, climatic change and other world changing events. Cambrian (541-485 Ma) Scotland was part of an ocean floor that existed far south of the equator during the Cambrian. The shallower waters of this ocean produced sediments that are still preserved in northern Scotland. A sequence of sandstones, limestones and mudstones around Assynt, south of Durness and on the Isle of Skye contain the fossils of strange shelled and segmented animals called trilobites. Spatangopsis, a Cambrian trace fossil from the Northwest Highlands Ordovician (485-443 Ma) Life teemed in the shallow ocean (named the Iapetus Ocean) of the Ordovician period. Scotland lay far to the south of the equator not far from the southern edge of a huge continent called Laurentia. The fine-grained muds, now shales, of the Southern Uplands formed in the deepest water of the ocean’s basin. In the deeper parts of the ocean, serrated stick-like animals called graptolites thrived. Graptolites are extinct today, but their fossils are commonly found in the shales of the Southern Uplands. In rocks near Girvan, where the sediments were being deposited on the ocean’s outer shelf, biodiversity was greatest. Many different forms of trilobites, starfish, bivalves and brachiopods, as well as some other stranger animals were all part of a fauna that came together as a result of undersea landslips. Scotland’s largest trilobite comes from here. Isotelus, an Ordovician trilobite from Girvan Silurian (443-419 Ma) The Iapetus Ocean disappeared by the end of the Silurian period. The great continent of Laurentia collided with another continent called Baltica. What is now England was on the northern coast of Baltica. The closure of this ocean brought England and Scotland together for the first time during Silurian times. Before the ocean had finally closed, northern Scotland lay above sea level and southern Scotland constituted the ocean floor. Sand and mud was washed into the ocean from the land and formed very thick layers of shale and muddy sandstones (known as greywackes). The youngest Silurian rocks show the change from sedimentary rocks formed in a marine environment, through to rocks formed on land, in rivers and lakes – as the land emerged from the sea. Silurian rocks form a large part of the Southern Uplands. The fossil remains found include trilobites, shellfish, huge sea-scorpions (known as eurypterids), pod-shrimps and early jawless fish. The earliest animal to have walked on land was a millipede that was found in rocks near Cowie, near Aberdeen. Hughmilleria, a Silurian eurypterid from Lesmahagow Silurian graptolite from the Southern Uplands Devonian (419-359 Ma) Scotland was still south of the equator during the Devonian period, but was steadily moving northwards. All of Scotland was above sea level at this time and the environment was almost like a desert with some northern mountains as high as the Swiss Alps today, and perhaps even as high as the Himalayas. Nearly 400 million years of erosion has reduced these mountains to the hills we know today. Ephemeral lakes trapped fish that are preserved in ancient dried-up pools where they died at Dura Den in Fife. Fish flourished in the rivers and lakes from Shetland, Orkney and Caithness, Moray, and south into the Midland Valley of Scotland. It is from rocks of this age that the first lungfish are known although it is another few million years after the Devonian before the first land living amphibians are found. Scotland was volcanically active at this time with hot springs around Aberdeen that have preserved, in exquisite detail, some of the earliest land plants and animals at Rhynie. Pterichthyodes, a Devonian fish from Caithness Carboniferous (359-299 Ma) During the Carboniferous, Scotland moved from the equator to just north of it. It was a time that saw lush forests in an equatorial to tropical climate. The northern parts of Scotland were upland areas and the southern parts of Scotland were lower lying. During the Carboniferous, the sea level rose and fell several times. Scotland was frequently inundated by warm shallow seas, producing sediments of thick fossiliferous limestones. At other times it was blanketed by tall trees and plants, which produced much of the coal we mine today. The shallow tropical seas and lakes of Carboniferous Scotland, were full of life. Some of the world’s most spectacular fossils of this age are found here. The Bearsden Shark is the best preserved shark of its kind ever found and is associated with shrimps that still preserve their muscles and blood vessels! The land was covered by tropical swamps where forests of large fern trees and club-mosses flourished. Giant centipedes, dragonflies and spiders ruled the landscape along with amphibians and early reptiles, the forerunners of the dinosaurs. Akmonistion, the Bearsden Shark (Carboniferous) Pederpes, an Early Carboniferous tetrapod from Dumbarton Permian (299-252 Ma) By the early Permian, all the continents of the world were joined together in one vast super-continent called Pangaea. Scotland lay ‘sandwiched’ between America and Europe and moved further north into the arid climates of the sub-tropics. Fossils are very rare from this period, but the footprints of animals crossing the sand dunes have been found in places such as Hopeman, Elgin, and Dumfries. The hollowed-out skeletons of early mammal-like reptiles have been found near Elgin that are very similar to animals found in rocks of the same age in South Africa. Triassic (252-201 Ma) Desert conditions continued into the Triassic period in Scotland although the climate was becoming wetter towards the end of the Triassic. Sea level also began to rise inundating some of the flat lying areas of Scotland. Fossilised salt crystals in mudstones suggest that sea-water covered parts of Arran at different times although it evaporated too fast for shelled animals to colonise. Footprints from the Isle of Arran of a precursor to the dinosaurs, called Chirotherium, have recently been found. Footprint of Isochirotherium, a Triassic chirotherium, from Arran Jurassic (201-145 Ma) Shallow warm seas surrounding the fringes of Scotland were full of life. Shellfish, corals, ammonites, belemnites and marine reptiles such as ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs, were common in the shallow seas and lagoons. Many of these Jurassic sea creatures are now extinct. More mountainous regions of the Highlands remained well above sea level. Scotland at this time was about 40° north of the equator (where Greece is today). Dinosaurs and small primitive mammals roamed the landmasses of Scotland. A few fossilised dinosaur bones and footprints have been found in Scotland. A Jurassic dinosaur footprint from Skye photographed in natural light (left) and a false colour image of the same footprint, created with a laser scanner, showing relief (right) Cretaceous (145-66 Ma) During the Cretaceous Scotland was mostly covered by a shallow, warm sea producing a blanket of white chalk (made from the skeletons of tiny marine animals). Most of the Cretaceous rock has since been eroded during the Palaeogene, Neogene and Quaternary periods. Today, only very small exposures of Cretaceous rocks remain. Palaeogene (66-23 Ma) & Neogene (23-2.6 Ma) Before the Palaeogene, there was no Atlantic Ocean as Europe and America were part of the same vast continent. Because of to the movement of the Earth’s tectonic plates at the beginning of the Tertiary, America began to move westwards and Europe eastwards. As the continents continued to separate, the split between them continued to grow wider and eventually became the Atlantic Ocean. Scotland was very active volcanically at this time, especially in the west. As a result, there are not many fossils of this period known except where sediments have deposited between lava flows allowing leaves of trees to accumulate. A leaf of Rhamnus, a Palaeogene shrub, from Skye Quaternary (2.6 Ma - present) The story of Scotland during the last 2.6 million years is one of ice sheets, glaciers and warmer periods. It is dominated by the erosive power of the ice rather than the deposition of sediments. This activity has shaped mush of the landscape of Scotland that we see today. Ice ages have come and gone repeatedly with the last major ice age in Scotland peaking around 18000 years ago. Ice up to 1km thick flowed across the country, scraping rock, gouging U-shaped valleys and eroding mountains. Rarely are there pockets where sediments are deposited that contain the fossil (or near-fossil) remains of the animals and plants that lived in these hostile environmental conditions. Woolly mammoths, rhinos and other large mammals roamed the Scottish tundra in areas now covered in sea to the northwest of Scotland. These animals have also been found in Ayrshire. Some incursions by the sea deposited shell banks that include snails, bivalves crabs and the bones of other marine animals in Dunbartonshire and elsewhere. A mammoth molar tooth from Bishopbriggs Scotland is currently still heading north and it is predicted that it will continue to do so over the next 200 million years or so. Over this period, much can happen, but it may be that the mountains will erode further and the future potential for the formation of fossils will diminish, especially if Scotland is further eroded by glaciers from further ice ages. Neil Clark is curator of palaeontology at the Hunterian. All the images in this article are from the Hunterian collection. Lecture/Excursion/Event Search Event Type: All Event TypesLectureExcursionEvent Event Timescale: 2019 - July2019 - August2019 - September The Geological Society of Glasgow, c/o School of Geographical & Earth Sciences, Gregory Building, University of Glasgow, Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland. contact@gsocg.org \| www.geologyglasgow.org.uk Website Design by Red Paint	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line782
__label__wiki	0.645938	0.645938	Director: Andrew Adamson, Vicky Jenson Cast: Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz, John Lithgow Screenplay: Ted Elliott, Terry Rossio, Joe Stillman, Roger S.H. Schulman 90 mins. Rated PG for mild language and some crude humor. Academy Award Winner: Best Animated Feature Academy Award Nominee: Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material Previously Published or Produced. It isn’t easy to pull off a family film that stands tall years later. It is tougher to make that film a satire and to have to comedy still funny. Shrek did it. Shrek did it wonderfully. Shrek (Mike Myers, TV’s Saturday Night Live, Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me) is a simple ogre. He has a swamp and a boulder and he likes it that way. The local villagers leave him alone and in turn he keeps to himself. It isn’t until he runs into a talking donkey (Eddie Murphy, Beverly Hills Cop, A Thousand Words) and is sent on a mythical quest to save a princess (Cameron Diaz, There’s Something About Mary, Sex Tape) from a dragon-guarded castle at the behest of the powerful Lord Farquaad (John Lithgow, TV’s 3rd Rock From the Sun, Interstellar) that Shrek truly learns what companionship can do to an ogre. Shrek is a masterpiece and truly cemented Dreamworks Animation as being a powerful competitor to Disney’s Pixar. The voicework from Myers and Murphy is very strong here. They have a terrific chemistry (or lack thereof) during their scenes together. Lithgow really menaces here; until this movie, I hadn’t really seen anything from him proving that he could be villainous in nature. Directors Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson created a wonderful enthusiasm that both satires and homages classic fairy tales. This was a precursor to shows like Once Upon a Time and Penny Dreadful, where we are treated to an alternate version of classic characters. Shrek is a master stroke of genius for family films and just comedies in general. I wish more films targeted at children had the boldness to provide laughs for all ages instead of pandering the way most of them do. For my review of Puss in Boots, click here. 2001, 3rd Rock from the Sun, A Thousand Words, Andrew Adamson, Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me, Best Animated Feature, Best Writing, Beverly Hills Cop, Cameron Diaz, Eddie Murphy, Interstellar, Joe Stillman, John Lithgow, Mike Myers, Once Upon a Time, Penny Dreadful, Puss in Boots, Roger S.H. Schulman, Saturday Night Live, ScreenplayBased on Material Previously Published or Produced, Sex Tape, Shrek, Ted Elliott, Terry Rossio, There's Something About Mary, Vicky Jenson X2: X-Men United (2003) [Happy 30th Birthday!] Silent Night, Deadly Night (1984) 4 thoughts on “Shrek (2001)” Pingback: Puss in Boots (2011) \| AlmightyGoatman Pingback: Kung Fu Panda (2008) – AlmightyGoatman Pingback: Shrek (2001): As Entertaining for Adults as It is for Kids \| MovieBabble Pingback: Eddie Murphy to Appear in Grumpy Old Men-Inspired Film Directed by Tim Story? – AlmightyGoatman	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line786
__label__wiki	0.594582	0.594582	Brick Mansions (2014) Director: Camille Delamarre Cast: Paul Walker, David Belle, RZA Screenplay: Luc Besson 90 mins. Rated PG-13 for frenetic gunplay, violence and action throughout, language, sexual menace and drug material. Remakes are really not worth it. Brick Mansions is a remake of the earlier film District 13, and suffers from being just like everything else. It stars the late Paul Walker (The Fast and the Furious) in his final finished role as Damien Collier, an undercover detective in future Detroit who wishes to take down criminal kingpin Tremaine Alexander (RZA, Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai, G.I. Joe: Retaliation). Along the way, he meets Lino (David Belle, District 13, The Family), whose girlfriend has been taken by Alexander. The two form an unlikely partnership to take down the notorious crime boss. Also there is parkour. So yeah. The thing that made District 13 so great was that it has a unique visual style and some great action. Brick Mansions has neither. It has a badly derived plot that seems to get lost in itself before realizing that nobody is really paying attention to it. It has Paul Walker as a lead, who can’t do much with this poorly outlined character. His dialogue wouldn’t be realistic no matter what Walker had done. David Belle just plain can’t act. Yes, he can parkour, but should that mean sacrificing a lead performer for some action? Then there is RZA. I actually like RZA for the most part, but not in this movie. He isn’t likable. He isn’t menacing. He just isn’t anything. I know a lot of people see a movie like Brick Mansions for the action, and the fact that most of the action here is without CGI is pretty cool. What doesn’t help is constantly playing with the edit and slowing down or speeding up the action and fights so that it seems less real than it actually is. All director Camille Delamarre (The Transporter Legacy) needed to do was capture it on film, but he fiddled. He fiddled hardcore. This film just feels uninspired. The ending to it was so laughably stupid that I actually had to rewatch it to make sure that I didn’t miss something really grand that made the whole thing worth it. It didn’t. I didn’t have much fun watching it at all. I know it is perhaps wrong to think on an actor’s last films after they die, but you hope an actor can leave this life with something strong to cap it off. Brick Mansions was a disappointing fare, and I really hope that Furious 7 will be a strong finale to Walker’s legacy, because I liked him. I just didn’t like this. So what did you think of Camille Delamarre’s Brick Mansions? Did you leap in or drop out? Let me know. 2014, Brick Mansions, Camille Delamarre, David Belle, District 13, Furious 7, G.I. Joe: Retaliation, Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai, Luc Besson, Paul Walker, RZA, The Family, The Fast and the Furious, The Transporter Legacy Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009) 100 Posts! Thank You! 5 thoughts on “Brick Mansions (2014)” Pingback: The Fast and the Furious (2001) \| AlmightyGoatman Pingback: 2 Fast 2 Furious (2003) \| AlmightyGoatman	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line787
__label__wiki	0.672068	0.672068	Spring, 1896, Page: 9 Title: Is the modern stage elevating? Inscription: 1 page of text. Part of 9 pages of text. Keywords: theatre; women; feminism Commentary: Aitken argues that the theatre has an educational function because it holds a mirror up to life. “The Tragedy Man” is a reference to the poem “The Conqueror Worm” (1843) by Edgar Allen Poe (18091849) in which Poe portrays human life itself as a tragedy set on a stage with angels as its audience. “The Case of rebellious Susan” by Henry Arthur Jones (18511929) was a comedy staged in October 1894 at London’s Criterion theatre. It addressed the contemporary debate surrounding the ‘New woman’ and the evolving position of women in society. It was particularly controversial in highlighting the double standards which could accept marital infidelity in men but not in women.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line788
__label__wiki	0.672839	0.672839	Spiders Fly using the Earth’s Electrical Field A new study published by scientists at the University of Bristol proves that spiders can sense the Earth’s electric field and use it to fly through the air. The process, known as “ballooning,” allows the arachnids to use strands of silk to float up to three miles above the Earth’s surface and 1,000 miles out to sea. Charles Darwin first observed the flight of spiders aboard the HMS Beagle in 1832. While at sea, he noticed the ship was covered in webs, and found tiny spiders throughout. “I caught some of the Aeronaut spiders which must have come at least 60 miles,” he wrote in his diary. Darwin suspected the “aerial excursions” could be propelled through electric force, but the theory had never been proven. Most scientists assumed spiders simply sail on the wind, but this didn’t explain how the arachnids traveled so far in light winds. The new study, published Thursday in Current Biology, proves the use of electricity in spiders’ travel. Erica Morley, a sensory biophysicist at the University of Bristol, led the study that finally closed the centuries-old debate. With captured spiders in an enclosed box, Morley and her team observed how the spiders reacted to certain electric fields. Spiders were placed on a cardboard strip in the center of the box. When the team generated electric fields similar to what spiders would experience outdoors, they noticed tiny hairs on the spiders’ legs, called trichobothria, stood on end. It’s a sensation similar to when you rub a balloon and hold it to your own hair — the electricity lifts it. This proved spiders can detect electric fields. The electric fields also prompted the spiders to start “tiptoeing,” or standing on the ends of their legs with their abdomen in the air. According to Morley, this behavior is only seen before ballooning. Some spiders actually managed to take off, but dropped as soon as the electric field was cut. When spiders tiptoe, lift their abdomen, and release silk, the strands pick up a negative charge. This repels the negative charge from the surface on which the spider stands, providing enough lift for ballooning. Air currents can still play a role in the flight of spiders, but Morley and her team proved the arachnids could fly solely through the light of electric fields. The phenomenon is possible because the Earth’s upper atmosphere has a positive charge, while the ground has a negative charge. In stormy weather, this electric field can reach thousands of volts per meter above the ground. In 2013, Peter Gorham, a physicist at the University of Hawaii, published a study providing a theoretical background for the possibility of electricity-propelled ballooning. Morley’s study is the first to prove the theory in the laboratory. ~ Renae Reints, FORTUNE, July 6, 2018 How a Fly Flies An insect's ability to fly is one of the greatest feats of evolution. Michael Dickinson… Earth's magnetic field used to date rocks rich in dinosaur fossils Lara Sciscio, Postdoctoral Research Fellow in Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town Covering two thirds… Enter your email address and receive notifications of all new GoSouth posts.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line790
__label__cc	0.692824	0.307176	Holwell Neighbourhood Plan Consultation 2018 Meeting Notes 2018 Meeting Notes 2013 – 2016 Plan Timeline May Pre submission Plan May Pre-Submission Response Form March Informal Consultation March Pre-Submission Questionnaire Consultation Feedback 2017 Holwell Parish Council Home / August 2016 This is our first newsletter since the Neighbourhood Plan process got under way again at the end of last year. Since then we’ve held several open events at the village hall – two for residents to come and give us their views on how they’d like to see the village and, most recently, for residents to come and see the comments that had been made and to add to them if they wished. We’re now at the stage of gathering evidence to support the proposals we’ll be developing for the plan, which will be consolidated from all residents’ input. As part of this process, you may have come across members of the Neighbourhood Planning team taking advantage of a few warm summer evenings to walk Holwell’s lanes. Since the village is spread over such a large area, exploring on foot has helped us to familiarise ourselves with parts of the village away from our own home areas. We’re also planning to meet with local landowners including Sherborne Estates and Magna Housing Association, and are setting up small groups to work on specific topics such as housing, transport and amenities such as the village hall. Several of you have volunteered to help us with this work which is really appreciated. We’re also receiving advice and support from the Neighbourhood Planning teams at Loders and Buckland Newton, as well as groups such as Dorset Community Action, West Dorset’s Housing Enabling team who came and talked about affordable housing at July’s Parish Council meeting, and the Community Development team who assisted us with our application for a grant from Locality. We’ve just heard that our application has been successful, which will allow us to appoint a planning consultant to help us with the next stages in the plan’s development. The response from the village to our first open meetings was good, but we need more of you to tell us how you feel about Holwell and its future. So we’re planning a more detailed survey for September which will be delivered to every home in Holwell. We need each and every one of you to respond, so that we can ensure the policies we deliver for the plan truly reflect what the village wants. If anything is unclear, please contact one of the Neighbourhood Planning team or a member of the Parish Council, who will be happy to help. The Neighbourhood Plan Working Group Website developed and maintained by Bell Computing Solutions LTD Designed by Vela Themes. All Rights Reserved.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line792
__label__cc	0.689083	0.310917	Financial Advisor in Rock Island, Illinois Huiskamp Collins Investments, LLC’s roots are in Rock Island and Heidi Huiskamp Collins is a Rock Island girl who loves partnering with her neighbors when it comes to giving financial advisory and planning services. With over 38 years of active investment experience, Heidi brings a lot of expertise to the table. If you live in Rock Island and need an investment advisor near you, please know that the team at Huiskamp Collins Investments, LLC would love to guide you towards your goals. Whatever financial success means to you, whether it’s funding a child’s or grandchild’s college education, living retirement to its fullest or leaving a legacy, we’re here to help. As an investment advisor serving Rock Island, Huiskamp Collins Investments, LLC believes in giving back to the community. Heidi mentors a little girl at The Rock Island Academy through Big Brothers/Big Sisters, serves on the Finance & Audit Committee of Friendship Manor and counts herself as a proud Rock Island Kiwanian. She also is a Board member of the Martin Luther King Center. Heidi also is on the Board of the Rock Island / Milan 1st Day Fund which distributes free school supplies to children in the school district whose families cannot afford to purchase such supplies. Last year, the group supplied over 4,500 at-risk children.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line797
__label__cc	0.684459	0.315541	A Baha'i Perspective on the Environment and Sustainable Development Submitted by admin on 30. May 2011 - 23:06 Richards, Michael A BAHÁ'Í PERSPECTIVE ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Overseas Development Institute, London Paper presented at the inaugural Conference of the International Environment Forum de Poort, Netherlands, 24-26 October 1997 [This paper is as presented at the Conference, and has not been subject to editorial review by the IEF] This paper aims to define the main spiritual principles at the root of the causes and potential solutions of the environmental and sustainable development crisis facing humanity. Five main interrelated principles or themes are highlighted here: 1. Unity and interdependence (from which all the other principles stem) 2. Economic and social justice (the equity dimension). 3. Education (especially spiritual education). 4. The integration of scientific and spiritual viewpoints. 5. New structures and systems of governance (allied to new models of consultation and the concept of 'world citizenship'). It is argued that spiritual education and a spiritual perspective must be developed to overcome the paralysis of will facing humanity, to develop a more holistic analytical basis for decision making, to develop a global ethic for sustainable development, for the evolution of society towards more democratic and effective systems of global and local governance, and above all to counteract and reverse the materialistic value system at the heart of the problems. The 'missing link' in the environment and development debate has therefore been the spiritual dimension. UNITY AND INTERDEPENDENCE 'Even as the human body in this world, which is outwardly composed of different limbs and organs, is in reality a closed integrated, coherent identity, similarly the structure of the physical world is like unto a single being whose limbs and members are inseparably linked together.' The environment performs a number of biological, economic and social functions. Firstly it provides life-sustaining biological services (eg climate stability, water regulation, soil conservation, etc.); secondly it provides the raw materials for economic development (fossil fuels, minerals, timber, etc.); thirdly it acts as a sink or dumping ground for the waste (often toxic) of the economic system; and fourthly it supports human (and animal) habitats, cultures and livelihoods. The problem is that the more it contributes to the two economic functions (raw material inputs and waste absorption), the more the biological and social functions suffer. The interdependence of the environment, society and the global economy becomes immediately clear. Economic development has occurred primarily through running down the environment - in particular the stock of renewable and non-renewable natural resources. Our national accounting systems purposefully disguise this depreciation in our 'natural capital'; whereas depreciation of man-made capital appears as a cost in the national income accounts, exploitation of natural resources appears as a positive entry in the form of increased economic activity, eg increased timber processing and exports, or increased fish extraction. Global warming, the thinning of the ozone layer, ground, water and air pollution, and the loss of forests and wetlands are all very serious consequences of the economic growth process as experienced, at an accelerating pace, over the last century. These problems are made worse by what economists call market failure. Since there are no markets for environmental services, unless governments intervene there is no mechanism for people to pay the social costs of profitable private actions - like soil erosion and flooding caused by deforestation, or pollution from industrial processes - just as there is no means of remunerating the social benefits which arise from private actions, eg sustainable forest management by rubber-tappers in the Amazon Basin. Market forces therefore do not favour sustainable natural resource management - the sine qua non of sustainable development. Rather they reward the opposite - the mining of natural resources. We return to this theme later in the paper. The Bahá'í understanding of the threat posed to the future of humanity by environmental degradation is not unlike that of the influential 'GAIA hypothesis' - that the world is a single organic unity. The Bahá'í writings therefore liken the environment to the human body, as in the opening quotation. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC JUSTICE This picture is made infinitely more complicated, and the interdependencies further heightened, when we introduce the issue of equity. The growth process has been accompanied by an increasing division of wealth due to a host of historical factors such as the technological, educational and military dominance of some countries over others, the inequities in the system of international trade, lack of redistributive land reform, and many others. About a quarter of the world's population live in 'absolute poverty'. This process is still continuing, and may still be accelerating: a United Nations study found that in 1990 the top 20% of the world's population earned 150 times more than the bottom 20%, whereas in 1960 the richest quintile was 'only' thirty times better off. This situation is exacerbated by the net capital outflow from developing to industrialized countries - for example, in 1993 the former paid some £170 billion in interest payments on their national debt, while receiving only about £50 billion in financial aid. Apart from the moral unacceptability of this situation, extremes of wealth also increase environmental degradation. At the poverty end of the spectrum, many countries are forced to mine their natural resources to pay the interest on their debt, and landless people cut down forests to grow subsistence food crops; at the richer end, over-consumption of energy and material goods directly contributes to environmental decline, for example through global warming and excess demand on the world's natural resources. Bahá'u'lláh, Prophet Founder of the Bahá'í Faith, warned humanity over 100 years ago of the dangers of over-consumption: 'if carried to excess, civilization will prove as prolific a source of evil as it has been of goodness when kept within the restraints of moderation'. These problems are further compounded by an annual population increase of 80-100 million people a year. Yet another example of the interdependence of the problem is the link between population growth and equity - economic historians have shown that population growth declines only when living standards rise. The interdependent and politically highly charged relationship between growth, the environment and poverty is what led to the clash between poorer and richer country viewpoints at the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development, or Earth Summit, in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. The poorer nations argued that only when their economic problems and poverty are seriously tackled can environmental decline be reversed, while the richer nations preferred to focus on the biological issues - thereby dodging the need to consider a fundamental restructuring of the world economic order, and the economic sacrifices implied. Indeed any such move has always been blocked in the past by powerful national vested interest groups. Although Rio was a historic meeting of heads of state, it was disappointing in its impact on the problems - it resulted only in a few non-binding international agreements, and some new commitments to fund projects with environmental benefits (for example, the Global Environment Facility). Among the criticisms were that indigenous peoples were hardly represented. The main positive product of Rio was Agenda 21 - a blueprint for sustainable development in the twenty-first century which correctly diagnosed many of the interdependencies between the environment, society and economy discussed above. 'Man is the supreme talisman. Lack of proper education hath, however, deprived him of that which he doth inherently possess ..... regard man as a mine rich in gems of inestimable value. Education can alone cause it to reveal its treasures.' It is clear that a materialistic and ego-centred value system underpins all the above-mentioned problems. Materialistic values provide the essential fuel for high rates of economic growth (industrial economic growth rates in Western Europe are currently a very unsustainable 8-10% per annum) . The basic economic problem is demand not supply. Therefore we are bombarded by the media with messages to consume. It hardly seems necessary to point out that for genuine and effective action to tackle the problems of poverty and over-consumption, a major change in the value system is essential. Box 1 provides a case study of the way that ethical or value problems are contributing to one specific aspect of environmental degradation - tropical deforestation. BOX 1. THE ETHICAL CAUSES OF TROPICAL DEFORESTATION Analysis of the underlying causes of deforestation makes it clear that unsound ethics are bad for the environment. Firstly, market failure raises the question of WHO should be paying the costs of deforestation and other forms of environmental degradation. Currently society pays in terms of a reduced level of human welfare - for example people affected by periodic flooding due to upstream deforestation. Similarly, the consumers of environmental services do not pay the producers (eg, the rubber tappers of Amazonia) as there is no market mechanism for them to do so. Market failure also explains the problem of what economists call 'cross-border externalities': this is where a country, or several countries, lose out as a result of environmentally damaging activities in another country. For example, soil erosion from deforestation in one country often causes the build up of sedimentation, damaging wetland (and sometimes coral) ecosystems, and causing the loss of fishing benefits in downstream countries (an example of this is from West Africa where upstream deforestation in Cameroon results in downstream costs to Nigeria). An even more obvious example of this is acid rain. Ethically unsound policies invariably contribute to policy failure (which is both the failure of governments to intervene in the market to correct for market failure, and the pursuit of policies, like subsidising agro-chemical inputs, which provide disincentives for sustainable management) and thereby increase environmental degradation. For example, the inequitable distribution of land in Latin America and elsewhere, and failure to ratify and defend the constitutional rights of indigenous nations, are clear ethical and policy failure areas. Failure to tackle the extremes of poverty and wealth, or pursuance of policies that accentuate them, as has tended to be the case with structural adjustment programmes, is another issue. Inequitable policies have forced the urban and rural poor into forested and hilly areas in search for land for subsistence farming and woodfuel for cooking. In turn, deterioration of the forest resource has a negative effect on rural livelihoods, with women, children and indigenous people generally suffering most. Many of these problems are linked to injustices in the current world economic order - for example in the system of international trade. The erosion of indigenous societies by economic globalisation, and the intellectual property rights of forest dwellers are other ethically highly charged issues. A related problem is the distribution of the costs and benefits of forest conservation between the local, national and international levels. The benefits of forest conservation are usually lowest for local people, higher at the national level and highest at the global level, whereas the costs of protection or management are usually highest for local people (including the foregone benefits of not being allowed to exploit the forest), and lowest at the national and international levels. Again the question is raised of WHO should pay. Human ethics or values on another level also contribute importantly to deforestation. The tropical timber industry is riddled with problems of corruption and political patronage as loggers and politicians join forces against the real resource owners (the general public) - as well as more straightforward dishonesty in the public sector. Many tropical nations like Brazil and Papua New Guinea have adequate forest management regulations, but these are rarely implemented due to a lack of will or resources, and thus are not respected by loggers - in many tropical countries, over half the timber is extracted illegally. This depresses local and international timber prices, contributing to excess demand on the forest resource (when something is cheap, people demand more of it!). Just as ethical problems are behind environmental degradation, ethically-based policy solutions can be devised to rectify the situation. In fact it can be argued that the policy solutions to most of the problems pointed out in Box 1 are self-evident. There is, for example, an obvious role for governments to use taxes and subsidies to reduce the difference between private and social profitability, ie taxing the people causing the environmental costs (eg. a carbon tax on private car use). This is what environmental economists call 'true cost pricing' or 'the polluter pays principle'. This would result in environmentally harmful products being more expensive (due to the tax) than 'greener' products on the market place, and the latter would gradually replace the former. In other words the 'green' market would take over. Governments should also stop subsidising unsustainable land uses, sanction and defend the property rights of indigenous and other forest communities, redistribute appropriate farming land to the landless, enforce forest management regulations, and make efforts to tackle the poverty problem. However, many of these actions require financial resources beyond most poorer countries, and national level actions, on their own, would have a limited impact. Just as the causes and effects of deforestation clearly transcend national boundaries, any proposed solutions must do so too. Thus international transfer payments are urgently needed from consumer (of environmental services) countries to producer countries and groups, as argued at Rio in 1992. Sadly, most donors have cut back on foreign aid since then. Another idea being promoted by environmental economists is for the development of a system of carbon offset payments - industries and countries with carbon deficits would finance reforestation projects which 'recapture' the lost carbon. If the solutions to the problems of deforestation are self-evident, why have they not been implemented? A major cause has been the inertia in contemporary society. This brings us back to the problem of values and the importance of spiritual education. The Bahá'í Peace Statement sent to world leaders in 1985 described this as a 'paralysis of will' rooted in a 'deep-seated conviction of the inevitable quarrelsomeness of mankind'. In other words people are inherently selfish or egotistical, and therefore as a society we are incapable of developing the altruism and other qualities necessary to overcome the problems. However a spiritual viewpoint would challenge such a viewpoint, and provide the key to overcoming the paralysis of will. It can be argued that the pessimistic view of human nature, which is at the root of the problem, is fundamentally mistaken. Evidence from many indigenous societies shows that it is possible to develop community-orientated values and behaviour. For example, in some Amerindian groups it is regarded as anti-social to accumulate wealth - the pressure is therefore to give it away. Values are therefore principally a product of education and culture. One of the eternal truths of divine revelation is that all human beings have a latent or potential spiritual capacity. To awaken this capacity is the real (divine) purpose of all religions. The Bahá'í Peace Statement goes on to point out that 'there are spiritual principles, or what some call human values, by which solutions can be found for every social problem. Any well-intentioned group can in a general sense devise practical solutions to its problems, but good intentions and practical knowledge are not usually enough. The essential merit of spiritual principle is that it not only presents a perspective which harmonizes with that which is immanent in human nature, it also induces an attitude, a dynamic, a will, an aspiration, which facilitates the discovery and implementation of practical measures.' A similar point is made by the historian Arnold Toynbee who said that 'apathy can only be overcome by enthusiasm, and enthusiasm can only be aroused by two things: first by an ideal which takes the imagination by storm, and second, a definite intelligible plan for carrying that ideal into practice.' Even an institution like the World Bank admits the need for 'spiritual' values. In the Proceedings of the First Annual International Conference on Environmentally Sustainable Development, the conclusion was that 'finally, changing hearts and minds is as important as changing policies. Indeed it is only through a much deeper appreciation of the urgency of the needs of today's poor and the potential threats facing the citizens of tomorrow that the required policy changes will be formulated, sustained and enforced. Economic values can help direct the needed change in course, but ethical and moral values must provide the motivation.' (However secular analysis stops short of being able to explain how such a change could be achieved). The education of women and girls has a particularly important role to play. The Bahá'í writings state clearly that if family income is limited, priority should go to the education of girls as the primary educators of the next generation. Among others there are important Bahá'i projects in Guatemala and India focusing on the education of indigenous or tribal girls or young women. There are also a number of Bahá'í projects around the world attempting to promote integrated (spiritual/material) education programmes, among them a programme of non-formal rural education being developed in several Latin American countries, following some 25 years of experimentation and consolidation in Colombia. INTEGRATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND RELIGIOUS VIEWPOINTS Any balanced analysis of the problems facing the environment and sustainable development will reflect a bewildering complex of biological, economic, social, political, ethical, spiritual and psychological problems. At present these problems are being assessed mainly from the 'scientific' or 'western rational' viewpoint. It is clearly essential to understand the physical and socio-economic relationships involved. But many aspects of the problem, like prejudice in all its various forms and corruption, relate more to the human psyche; materialistic analysis does not really touch these. A partial analysis of the problem can only lead to a partial solution. Unfortunately, environmental and development problems are currently being mainly analysed from a narrow, reductionist, and 'western' perspective, and decisions made on this basis. This is what Denis Goulet refers to as the 'one-eyed giant' problem - he argues that most development 'specialists' derive their concepts from European ideologies of social change and the cognitive systems which grew out of the industrial revolution. Thus development strategies emphasise the pursuit of material well-being, and appear to ignore, or even deny, non-material influences and needs - as if 'man lives by bread alone'. This also stems from the unfortunate polarisation of science and religion, due partly to an understandable prejudice against institutionalised religion (which has often confused spiritual with material and political objectives), and which threatens to 'throw the baby (a spiritual perspective) out with the bathwater'. It is argued here that the fundamental problem is one of human motivation and values. Introduction of the spiritual dimension not only enables us to adopt a more holistic analysis of the problems, but also introduces a complementary subjective and intuitive element into the equation. For example we are now able to observe (through science) the perfect harmony and interdependence of complex eco-systems. For someone with spiritual beliefs, an intuitive conclusion might be that the unity we observe in the environment reflects a spiritual principle or law. Or in other words our (temporal) material reality reflects an eternal spiritual reality. When a spiritual law is broken the consequences are likely to be severe. It is clear that many indigenous groups, who are often the real super-ecologists, have always realised this. There is an interesting parallel between the widespread Amerindian belief in indwelling spirits in plants and animals, which acts as a vital check on their extractive practices, and Bahá'u'lláh's statement that 'upon the inmost reality of each and every created thing He hath shed the light of one of His names, and made it a recipient of the Glory of one of His attributes.' But in practice the spiritual dimension has been almost systematically excluded from the development and environment debate; this also reflects the very limited levels of consultation and genuine participation of the 'beneficiaries' of development. As a result the necessary human energy and enthusiasm has not been harnessed. A statement by the Bahá'í International Community comments that 'for the vast majority of the world's population, the idea that human nature has a spiritual dimension - indeed that its fundamental identity is spiritual - is a truth requiring no demonstration .....Why then have spiritual issues facing humanity not been central to the development discourse? Why have most of the priorities - indeed most of the underlying assumptions - of the international development agenda been determined so far by materialistic world views to which only small minorities of the earth's population subscribe? How much weight can be placed on a professed devotion to the principle of universal participation that denies the validity of the participants' defining cultural experience ...... ignoring the deepest roots of human motivation is a self-evident delusion.' More recently this rhetoric seems to have been picked up in the secular world. Remarkably, the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) in Canada now has a research programme to try and answer the question Why have the most fundamental questions of human life - the spiritual, religious, ethical and cultural - been so systematically ignored (if not undermined) by the conventional development models imposed by the North or the South. NEW STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS OF GOVERNANCE Any student of development will these days confirm that the grass-roots institutional basis, as well as supportive institutions at other levels, is critical for a sustainable development process. There is even a growing branch of economics, called institutional economics, devoted more or less to this theme. It is also widely recognised that countries acting on their own are incapable of solving environmental and economic problems which transcend national boundaries, like global warming, acid rain and the thinning of the ozone layer. Thus the need for global partnership and cooperation features strongly in Agenda 21. A Bahá'í viewpoint is that an unbridled nationalism in which each country pursues an aggressive economic policy to secure as much as it can of the world's limited (economic) cake only succeeds in weakening the stability of the overall system upon which the welfare of each country ultimately depends (a problem of the apparent rationality of the parts, but irrationality of the whole). One consequence of this is the fragility of the world's financial system in the face of a combined third world debt of over £1,000 billion. In response to the problems of nationalism, the Bahá'í writings point out the need to take certain areas of control beyond the nation state - for example, a global legislature and judiciary body to deal with conflicts arising from economic, social and environmental abuses. The Bahá'í community also offers society a new model of governance based on democratically elected institutions at the local, national and global levels and in which political propaganda and other divisive aspects of the party political system play no part. Power is not vested in individuals in the Bahá'í system. Allied to the need for new systems of governance is the necessity for a new approach to consultation that moves away from the adversarial model. True consultation can only take place when individuals become emotionally detached from their ideas, and is essential for the effective functioning of the Bahá'í (or any other) model of governance. Bahá'u'lláh described true consultation as 'the maturity of the gift of understanding'. Agenda 21 correctly identified the need for global cooperation, but does not really say how this will come about. This is why the Bahá'í community's response to Agenda 21 has been a campaign for 'World Citizenship' as a global ethic for sustainable development. Bahá'ís believe that only when personal commitment broadens from family, ethnic and national concerns to a wider loyalty to the whole human race, will it be possible to effectively apply the principles of sustainable development contained in Agenda 21: 'world order can be founded only on an unshakeable consciousness of the oneness of mankind, a spiritual truth which all the human sciences confirm'. Many prominent thinkers also now realise this, as for example Dharam Ghai, Director of the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development: 'the time has come to give formal recognition and substance to the concept of world citizenship.' Bahá'ís believe that the scientific principle of the oneness of mankind should be taught in schools and proclaimed at every possible level if we are serious about tackling the underlying problems. For the Bahá'í, the problems of the environment, like the other problems besetting humanity, are a reflection of the 'world encompassing sickness of the human spirit'. Since the main problems are interdependent, involving the interplay of spiritual and material factors, it follows that the solutions are also interconnected, and must centre around a spiritual perspective (an attempt to summarise the main interconnected problems and solutions is attempted in Box 2). Thus the best analogies for the environment are the human body and the family. Love is the essential force that maintains the unity of the family. The view of Abdu'l-Bahá, the son of Bahá'u'lláh, was that 'in the hearts of men no real love is found and the condition is such that unless their susceptibilities are quickened by some power so that unity, love and accord may develop within them, there can be no healing, no agreement among mankind.' Abdu'l-Bahá further points out the need 'to consider the welfare of the community as one's own ..... to regard humanity as a single individual, and one's own self as a member of that corporeal form, and to know of a certainty that if pain or injury affects any member of that body, it must inevitably result in suffering for all the rest.' Although such statements may sound idealistic, anyone who looks for solutions to the problems of the environment and sustainable development without such profound changes is under a far greater delusion. BOX 2. INTERCONNECTED PROBLEMS AND INTERCONNECTED SOLUTIONS INTERCONNECTED PROBLEMS Materialistic, partial and reductionist analysis/decision-making basis in development Nationalistic policies, control and allegiances Paralysis of will (pessimistic view of human nature) Unsustainable development is driven by the ethics of the prevailing 'free market' economic system - individual welfare/materialism/ nationalism (encouraged by the media and education) INTERCONNECTED SOLUTIONS Holistic and consultative analysis and decision making, including world view of 'beneficiaries' Global/multilateral policies, controls and allegiances Recognise and utilise the creative energies of the human spirit to find and implement solutions Sustainable development requires the guiding ethic of WORLD CITIZENSHIP based on the oneness of humanity (use of media and education) Return to Papers List Last updated 26 August 2001	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line799
__label__cc	0.736212	0.263788	Country Snapshot: Colombia In Colombia, decades of armed conflict, civil strife, and internal displacement have crippled the nation’s social services and left vulnerable children, adolescents, and families without the help they need. In 2016, the country was named a priority country under the U.S. Government Action Plan for Children in Adversity (APCA), a partnership aiming to improve the well-being of children. The APCA worked with the government of Colombia and determined that building upon current efforts led by the Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar (ICBF) would be the most effective approach to address issues facing children living in adversity in Colombia. ICBF provides violence prevention and protection services for children, adolescents, and families through a decentralized system that allows them to reach more than eight million people across the country. HRH2030 in Colombia HRH2030 Colombia supports ICBF’s efforts and works to strengthen the accessibility, availability, acceptability, and quality of their social service workforce. By working on the planning and implementation of a national strategy that establishes the appropriate processes and procedures, as well as by training the social workers, HRHR2030 Colombia looks forward to increasing ICBF’s national and local capacity, improving and expanding social service programs, and ultimately benefiting the well-being and protection of children, adolescents, and families throughout the country. 3 Questions with Juan Barco: Addressing the Needs of Children in Adversity in Colombia Colombia, News, News - Leadership and governance, News - Performance and productivity, News - Skill mix and competency, Strengthening the Social Service Workforce in Colombia 3 preguntas con Juan Barco: Atendiendo las necesidades de niños y niñas en adversidad en Colombia Addressing the Needs of Children in Adversity by Strengthening Colombia’s Social Welfare Workforce News - Performance and productivity, News - Skill mix and competency, Strengthening the Social Service Workforce in Colombia	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line801
__label__wiki	0.688766	0.688766	N.B. Filmmaker Stepping Into Webinar Market With ‘Filmpreneur’ by Cherise Letson Greg Hemmings (Image: Filmpreneur, Facebook) SAINT JOHN– A New Brunswick filmmaker plans to break into the booming webinar market with his new venture. Greg Hemmings, founder of Saint John-based Hemmings House Pictures, is currently beta testing Filmpreneur, a webinar course and community geared towards not just filmmakers, but creative entrepreneurs in all fields. Related: How Hemmings House Pictures Became a Production Company with a Conscience Hemmings said the idea to create an online course came from his experiences mentoring. “Filmpreneur is the result of a number of years of me mentoring other filmmakers from all over North America. I spend four or five hours a month just getting on the phone with people just saying ‘hey, how do you do this?’” he says. “Everybody is asking the same questions, so why don’t I make a course?” Hemmings doesn’t consider himself a teacher, but what he could do was share his experiences and the lessons he learned while building up Hemmings House. “What I can do is create a series of modules of me telling these people how I started my businesses, how I grew it, where I failed, how they can avoid falling down and how we’ve been able to find a niche with Hemmings House in a more global market being a local company,” he says. The Filmpreneur course has 12 modules, but Hemmings realized he would need more content and more contributors to justify charging money for it. He decided to do this on a recent trip to Mexico, where he first tested his course material. “I want live footage of me teaching, [and] of other people teaching this content. So we went to Mexico,” he said. “So we said for a Beta price of this much money, you get to go to Mexico for three or four days of really intense co-learning, but everybody who participated as learners were also teachers.” The trip had other professionals hosting presentations on things like social media, bitcoin, blockchain, marketing and more. “There are all these different streams of learning and we filmed it all. That all goes back into the course,” says Hemmings. I’m still in Beta, so once it launches full-on, we’re going to have a nice little collection of learning elements that people can get into the community and learn from or continue to have events, continue to roll out more and more content. We’re also going to have monthly webinars with industry.” Despite the name, Hemmings says Filmpreneur is not just for filmmakers, but for creative entrepreneurs of all stripes who are looking to take their business to the next level. “It’s really for creative entrepreneurs who are trying to figure out how to make a business. Artists who say ‘ok I’m a filmmaker’ or ‘I’m a writer and I really want to take this to the next level but I don’t know how to incorporate a company’ or ‘should I start this company with my best friend?’” he says. “These are pretty entry-level 101 entrepreneurship issues that are relevant to everybody. It’s just that creative practitioners often times don’t have the foundation of starting a business that I’ve chopped my way through for many years.” Filmpreneur doesn’t just offer great content, Hemmings says, it also offers a strong network. Participants are added to an active private Facebook group where they can interact, ask questions, share ideas and give input on future webinars and programming. He says this is what makes Filmpreneur different from other online courses and programs out there for entrepreneurs. “It’s the network of learning that I think is the biggest value right now,” says Hemmings. “Because the content I create is just one part of the puzzle, there are so many other participants adding great content.” Before officially launching Filmpreneur’s next cohort this November, Hemmings is planning another “beta” trip to Mexico. The details on that will be revealed in the coming weeks. “What we’re doing with these first few betas is having a cool location to go to so we can keep filming more content,” he says. “Soon after that, we’re going to put a trip attached to it, it’s just going to be an online course.” The cost to take the course will be around $500, with the option to add additional things like one-on-one coaching for an extra cost. The webinar market is booming right now, with organizations, businesses and individual entrepreneurs making money by offering their expertise. Though the market is global, in order to succeed you need to have a strong business and personal brand. With Hemmings House’s focus on using business and filmmaking for good and positive social change, Hemmings says he sees Filmpreneur being successful. But he doesn’t just want it to be all about him. “There’s a whole industry wrapped around this where the personal brand of someone who has some sort of expertise is able to create a business out of it, and that’s what I want,” he says. “But I don’t want it centred around me . . . Pretty soon, you’re going to see courses from all the Hemmings House people and beyond as well.” Long term, he hopes Filmpreneur will help put Saint John on the map. “I want to make Saint John the storytelling hub of changemakers. That’s my global vision,” he says. “Sure, we’ll still do events elsewhere, but let’s bring it to the centre here.” Filmpreneur Greg Hemmings Hemmings House Hemmings House Pictures Online Learning Five Hot Commercial Spaces On The Market In Greater Moncton Right Now A Quick Look At Some Of The Major Issues In The N.B. Election Campaign	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line802
__label__wiki	0.80237	0.80237	David Milliband, Labour leadership. Ed Milliband Who will lead Labour’s Star Trek convention? Spock or Sulu Watching the five Labour leadership candidates enter the final straight this week, I couldn’t help remembering David Cameron’s wicked quip about a Star Trek convention. There is indeed a hint of the Starship Enterprise with David Miliband as Mr Spock – austere, rational, borderline autistic, and Ed Balls as Captain Kirk – bumptious, over-promoted, lacking emotional intelligence. Diane Abbott is of course Uhura, interjecting every now and then from left field and being largely ignored. I see Ed Miliband as navigator Lieutenant Sulu, who knows the way ahead but sometimes has difficulty explaining it.. Andy Burnham, like Ensign Pavel, is the one whose name no one can remember. The Labour hopefuls shouldn’t be too bothered – the creator of Star Trek, Gene Roddenberry, always regarded it as a political allegory. Nevertheless, the sense that the entire leadership cadre of New Labour are not on the planet is something of a handicap in an election race before a very down to earth media. But what is it about the Labour leadership candidates that makes them seem just a little other-wordly? I think it stems from the fact that all five are essentially policy wonks, career politicians who’ve risen to prominence in a party that has lost touch with any kind of mass popular movement. This is a contest between professional politicians from identical backgrounds. The leadership contenders were all groomed at Oxbridge, after which they ascended the Labour career ladder: researcher/journalist, special adviser, safe seat, minister. Diane Abbott is the only one who has held no ministerial office but has her media career as consolation. With their fridge-magnet policy-speak, their regulation suits and haircuts, the Labour boys are increasingly difficult to tell apart. Perhaps Labour should just elect them as a job lot, and let them take turns as leader. Well, it would help prevent burnout. If they all seem a little staring-eyed it is because the candidates are forever calculating their next move, constantly overhearing themselves, as they try to gauge how their words will go down with the media and elements of Labour’s electoral college. They have all become expert at positioning themselves on the Blair/Brown axis pursuing an instrumental, courtier style of politics. You could see it last week as David Miliband paid extravagant praise to Ed Balls’s economic policies – signalling to the latter that he has the job of shadow chancellor if he goes a bit tougher on brother Ed. Balls was left wondering whether or not this endorsement by Tony Blair’s “Wayne Rooney” was the kiss of death. They are all young, and in terms of life outside the Westminster village, inexperienced. Of course, Labour has always attracted careerists. But in the days of Denis Healey, a beach master at Anzio in World War 2, and James Callaghan, a former naval seaman, you had a sense of real politicians connected to genuine political movements speaking authentic politics. They had that mysterious quality that used to be called “bottom”. Even with the generation of Tony Benn, Roy Hattersley, young Gordon Brown there was a sense that politics actually meant something and wasn’t just about looking and sounding right and not giving offence. It was Tony Blair who turned the Labour Party into a vehicle for projecting a presidential leadership campaign rather than a participatory democracy. Conference doesn’t matter any more because votes don’t matter. The plethora of affiliated organisations from the trades unions to the co-op have very little influence – though the big trades unions remain important paymasters. Labour Party membership stood at barely 150,000 before the 2010 election, an historic low. Indeed, Labour’s ‘base’ now is really the six million public sector workers in the UK,who look to Labour to protect their jobs and pensions – but they are more of a client group than a political party with a belief-system and a programme for changing society. Yes, the media is partly to blame and, yes, the Labour leadership contest has thrown up a few interesting policies. Andy Burnham’s call for a land values tax is long overdue and would help stabilise the economy as well as bring sanity to the housing market. Ed Miliband has called for a national minimum “living” wage of £7.60 and a high pay commission. Ed Balls is looking for a long overdue return to mass house building. Even Diane Abbott can legitimately claim that her candidacy prevented Labour slipping into a neo-Powellitte approach to immigration, blaming migrants for unemployment. Nevertheless, there is very little fundamentally that differentiates them – except their relationship to the Great Brown Blair Fault Line. Personally, I find it hard to choose. Ed Miliband is the most original and gifted candidate in his attempt to reinvent socialism in the guise of “capitalism for the people”. But he is very young, and very inexperienced only having been an MP for five years. His brother, David, is the heir to Blair, which is a massive handicap, but at least I could see him at Prime Minister’s Question Time. Ed Balls – well, the name says it all, unfortunately, and like his mentor Gordon Brown, he is too awkward to make a good prime minister. Andy Burnham is an also ran and Diane Abbott is comic relief. No one who calls themselves socialist could send their child to a private school and retain a shred of credibility. Who’ll win? Well, it may come down to how close they were to Tony Blair. The former leader’s astonishing intervention , publishing his memoirs on the very day the ballot papers were posted, has made this almost a single issue campaign. Blair’s bid to desecrate the political grave of Gordon Brown has lacerated Labour – forcing it to confront the truth that it remains deeply divided. Ed Miliband is likely to gain most among Labour members, since his USP is that is that, unlike his brother, was too young to have been contaminated by working under Blair. But David Miliband commands majority support among the wider British electorate, according to the polls, and I suspect this will count in a party desperate to return to offiiece. However, the bookies favourite in the dying days seems to be with Ed Milliband who has won the hearts of the party membership with his promise of a clean break from Blairism.Both Eds will serve under David, and the entire crew will get consolation prizes on the front bench after 25th September. Then with brothers at the helm, the Labour Party will boldly go where no party has gone before – into an electoral black hole. « Vince is about as Marxist as Adam Smith Iraq: Labour need a truth and reconciliation commission » One thought on “Who will lead Labour’s Star Trek convention? Spock or Sulu” That about sums it up… Posted by tris \| September 27, 2010, 8:07 pm	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line803
__label__cc	0.676087	0.323913	UPDATE 1-Premier Oil raises output guidance for 2019 LONDON, May 16 (Reuters) - Britain’s Premier Oil increased its 2019 production guidance on Thursday, saying output had been boosted by efficiency measures and a late sale from its now-divested Pakistan oil fields. The company said it now expects output to reach 75,000 to 80,000 barrels of oil equivalent per day (boed) this year, from up to 75,000 boed previously. Premier’s output has been buoyed in the past year by its flagship Catcher field in the British North Sea, where it expects to approve an expansion project later this quarter. The firm, which has a market capitalisation of around 750 million pounds ($963 million), sat on net debt of $2.25 billion at the end of April. It sees that shrinking by the upper end of a $250 million to $350 million range by the end of the year at current oil prices. “With Brent (crude oil futures) trading above $70 a barrel, we anticipate sustained interest in Premier,” RBC analyst Al Stanton said. The market remains focused on Premier’s Zama discovery in Mexico, where it expects gross output to eventually reach as much as 175,000 boed. Results for a third appraisal well there are due in June. In March Premier flagged a plan to submit a formal application for $800-$900 million in senior debt for its Sea Lion projects off the Falkland Islands in early May. On Thursday it said the preparation of documents needed to secure funding for the project was “well advanced”. Premier has hedged around 4 million barrels of oil at about $69 a barrel for the second half of 2019 to guard against sudden oil price drops, and around 1.6 million barrels at $66 a barrel for next year. ($1 = 0.7788 pounds) Reporting by Shadia Nasralla; Editing by Mark Potter and Jan Harvey	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line806
__label__wiki	0.948603	0.948603	Official apathy ‘robs’ athletes of records at Delhi state meethttps://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/official-apathy-robs-athletes-of-records-at-delhi-state-meet-5208762/ Official apathy ‘robs’ athletes of records at Delhi state meet With the official time-keeper complaining of 'payment problems' and not turning up, the races were decided by stop-watch timings, not the most reliable or scientific method. Written by Andrew Amsan \| New Delhi \| Updated: June 8, 2018 9:36:49 am Indian athletics to get High Performance Director three years after first one resigns ‘Dope’ past makes Yuri Ogorodnik return unlikely Ukrainian coach, sacked in 2011 after dope scandal, may return as Athletics coach An official working with the Athletics Federation of India confirmed to The Indian Express that Pankaj Bhalla, the official timekeeper of AFI, had not received his dues for last few events. Last weekend when over 600 athletes reached the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium for the Delhi State Championships, they weren’t aware that their efforts wouldn’t count. The absence of a photo finish camera robbed them off an opportunity to get their timings officially registered. They knew that even if they broke a record, it wouldn’t make it to the books since it wouldn’t be rectified. With the official time-keeper complaining of ‘payment problems’ and not turning up, the races were decided by stop-watch timings, not the most reliable or scientific method. An official working with the Athletics Federation of India confirmed to The Indian Express that Pankaj Bhalla, the official timekeeper of AFI, had not received his dues for last few events, including the previous edition of the Delhi State Championship. “For how long will I do charity? I have to pay my staff. I had quoted a subsidised rate because I do it for the love of sports. But they have stopped paying that too,” Bhalla said. He went on to claim that he hadn’t got paid for the last four years with the dues amounting to lakhs of rupees. The president of Delhi State Athletics Association Sunny Joshua said he wasn’t aware of any “payment dues” and agreed it was a huge setback for the athletes. “I am not aware about the payment issues. Sandeep Mehta (secretary of the state association) takes care of it. But even if there were payment dues, they should have come. They had promised us they would turn up but backed out at the last moment. Payment dues is just an excuse,” said Meanwhile, the athletes feel cheated because of this vendor-official blame game. They complained about the lack of basic facilities at the tournament which was also the trials for this month’s Inter-State Meet at Guwahati. Interestingly, the performance at the Guwahati event will decide the Asian Games squad. “I didn’t even give it my best because I knew handheld timings are not considered for any records. It’s at events like these that you get to know where your performance stands. We get hand clock timings at practice sessions itself. This is sorely disappointing,” said a winner of a sprinting event. India win four medals Gifu: Indian track and field athletes clinched four medals, including a gold, as they got off their campaign at the 2018 Asian Junior Championships to a strong start at Gifu, Japan. Ashish Jakhar was the star among the Indians on the opening day as he set a junior national record en route to winning a gold medal in the men’s hammer throw event. Jakhar, a former gold medallist at the 2016 Asian Junior Championships, threw the 6kg iron ball and chain to a distance of 76.86m at the Gifu Nagaragawa Stadium to shatter the previous mark of 75.04m that he himself had set at the Junior Federation Cup in April. Jakhar began strongly with a throw of 74.97m in his first attempt before managing to set a new national mark in his second effort. He was joined on the podium by compatriot Damneet Singh who also managed a personal best of 74.08m to clinch the silver medal. Singh, the 2017 World Youth silver medallist, bettered his previous best effort of 70.37m recorded at the Junior Federation Cup earlier this year. After the hammer throwers opened India’s account, Priyadarshini Suresh and long distance runner Poonam Sonune added to the tally with bronze medals in women’s triple jump and women’s 5000m race respectively. Priyadarshini leaped a personal best of 13.08m in her second jump of the competition. The gold went to Vietnam’s VU Thi Ngoc Ha who cleared a distance of 13.22m while China’s Youqi Pan was second with a best jump of 13.21m. PTI Athletics Federation of India Sport Others 1 IOA forms panel to pick gymnastics team for Asian Games 2 Vishwanathan Anand loses to Fabiano Caruana in Norway Chess 3 Sports Ministry doubles pension amount for international medallists	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line807
__label__wiki	0.899678	0.899678	Photos: Razorlight at O2 Forum in Kentish Town Tobias Henley 16/12/2018 Since their debut over 10 years ago, Razorlight have dipped in and out of the British music scene. With a brand new album and massive tour, Razorlight’s return is nothing short of incredible. At the O2 Forum in Kentish Town they played to a sold out venue. Lead singer Johnny Borrell is a natural born performer. He entirely captured the crowd, thrashing and dancing about the stage all while sounding pitch perfect. I’ve never seen an act sound so close live to the records they produce, and yet Razorlight were almost note for note perfect. Of course there was flair and some crowd work to make the songs and show more dynamic, but on the whole Razorlight were spot on sound wise. Razorlight’s return is triumphant, bombastic, and explosive. They deserve every praise they can get from these shows. The O2 Forum in Kentish Town is great. There’s no way around it. It puts on some of the best shows in London each year, always has incredible crowds, and you can buy a double pint so that you don’t have to leave your space. I’d even say its got some of the best ventilation of most London venues, unlike the Electric in Brixton which feels like a humid hell. The crowd at Razorlight’s show were good. I can’t say the best, but they weren’t bad and to me that’s important. There was a lot of dancing, a lot of jumping, and a couple people on shoulders. One of the few shows where I didn’t see a crowdsurfer, but one of the few shows where there was no clear majority demographic. Plenty of people in their 30s and above, plenty of people at the middle front who were teenagers. By all accounts it was a diverse crowd and no one was seriously hurt so it seems like a great success! © All photos taken by Tobias Henley for IndieCentralMusic. Tobias Henley 21 year old filmmaker, photographer, musician, writer, actor, and journalist. I do too many things. Based just outside of London. Photos: Hey Charlie at Heartbreakers Photos: Pretty Vicious play Reading and Leeds Warm-up Photos: You Me At Six at O2 Academy Sheffield	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line809
__label__cc	0.703503	0.296497	The Tent of Meeting A Sermon by Rev. James P. Cooper And it came to pass, when Moses entered the tabernacle, that the pillar of cloud descended and stood at the door of the tabernacle, and the Lord talked with Moses. (Exodus 33:9) Our text for today refers to a time when the children of Israel had just arrived in the wilderness and Moses was meeting with Jehovah on Mt. Sinai. Moses received the Ten Commandments, rules instituting the priesthood, and the design for the ark of the Covenant and the Tabernacle to house it. When Moses came down from Mt. Sinai, he told the people all the things he had heard, and set them on the task of collecting the materials to build the Tabernacle and the ark. In the meantime, it was essential that there be some kind of symbolic center of worship and government, so Moses set up an ordinary tent outside the camp and called it the tent (or tabernacle) of meeting. There he met “face to face” with Jehovah, and he also met with there with the leaders of the people to pass on Jehovah s commands, and settle disputes. The tent that he set up was in itself unremarkable. What is important about it is where it was placed, and the things that happened within its walls, for these details tell us many things about the state of the Jewish church at that time, and by analogy and study of the regenerative series in the internal sense, we can see that the things that occurred at the tent of meeting can tell us some important things about our own development from historical faith to a true, saving faith in the Lord. In the Word, a tent represents the things that are holy in worship, in the church, and in the Word itself. The reason that tents have this meaning is because the people of the Most Ancient Church lived and worshipped in tents. Because this church was, more than any other church that followed it, in love to the Lord, and because the Lord dwelt with them in tents, therefore in memory of all these things the Tabernacle, or Tent of meeting was constructed with the children of Israel to represent the holiness of worship with them (See AC 10545). While the tent of meeting signified the most holy things of worship, in contrast the camp of the children of Israel represented quite the opposite, for by “the sons of Israel,” who formed the camp, are signified all truths and goods in the complex. But when they were in a state of disorder, as when they worshipped the calf instead of Jehovah, then by their “camp” was signified the opposite, thus infernal order, and also the containant of falsity and evil, which make hell. The children of Israel had the external form of a church, but they were unable or unwilling to look within for the spirit of charity that characterizes a true church, thus they had the external shell, but the heart was missing. Whether you say “the external of worship and of the church without the internal,” or “hell,” it is the same thing; for they who are in the external of worship without the internal are in the loves of self and the world, and the loves of self and of the world are from hell (See AC 10546). Since the tent of meeting itself represented the Lord s presence, and the camp represented the disorder of hell, the tent had to be placed far outside the camp. At the same time, it was to be a place of meeting, for by “meeting” is meant where the external forms of the church, the truths, meet with the internal forms, the good loves that enliven them and give them meaning. We all know that at times we follow the ritual of the church without thought or feeling because our attention is focused elsewhere and when that happens, we do not feel any affectional response to the service. But when our affections are stirred, when we feel the service is particularly suited to our states, when it is the baptism of a sweet baby, or the marriage of a handsome young couple, then there is in us a meeting of the goods and truths of worship, there is a meeting of the internals and externals of the church. Once the tent was set up distant from the camp, we are told that everyone who wished to inquire of Jehovah went out to the tent. This was a privilege unique to that nation permitted only for the sake of the representation. Today if we wish to inquire of the Lord we must go to that which corresponds to the tent of meeting, that is, we must approach the Word, for to inquire of the Lord is to consult the Word; for in the Word the Lord is present (See AC 10548). When Moses when out to the tent, the people stayed in their places and watched until he entered into the tent of meeting and disappeared from their sight. This represents the limited interest they had in the things of the church, for when Moses went into the tent and the cloud descended, it stood for the dense obscurity about the things of the church of those who are only in the externals of the Word, of the church, and of doctrine. But while most were in dense obscurity, Moses was in the tent speaking to God, face to face, thereby representing that for some it was possible to have a clear internal perception of the truth. This clear perception comes to those who acknowledge that the Word is Divine because it is from God Himself, and who go to the letter of the Word seeking to find the Divine truth itself in a form suitable to the particular circumstances of their own life. This happens through enlightenment, which comes when someone who loves to know truth for the sake of truth and for the sake of the good of life, reads the Word; for to live according to Divine truths from the Word is to love the Lord, and all enlightenment comes from the Lord when He is loved. When anyone looks to the Word as the source of truth, there is an internal acknowledgment of the Lord and His Divine authority which opens the internal degrees of the mind, and when the internal is open, the light of heaven itself shines in and illuminates the truths that had been hidden in the sense of the letter which then shine forth like hidden jewels when light shines upon them (See AC 10551). As we have now seen in the historical series, the main idea focuses around the fact that the children of Israel were totally external, and could not tolerate knowing anything internal about the Word, thus the tent was placed outside the camp to represent this state with them, and there was a thick cloud to obscure their view even further. On the other hand, we have to remember that the pillar of cloud by day and the pillar of fire by night stood as a sign that the Lord could be present with them, even though they were an external people, if only they would keep themselves in a state of reasonable obedience which leads us into the main idea of the regenerative series of these passages, for it is dealing with the early states in a person s spiritual development, a time when there is awe and respect for the things that are holy and from the church, but as yet there is no understanding as to why they are holy, or how they should then affect the daily life. It is a time of “historical faith,” that faith which every one has at first from his parents and teachers, but is useful because it forms the foundation for the genuine or “saving” faith which is to follow. We all begin with a very simple faith in the Lord, perhaps believing only that the Lord is the Creator of the universe, and able to do great miracles of Himself. We notice Him at first because of His power, His miracles, the stories of the Old Testament where He protects His friends and destroys His enemies. These stories make us want to be on His side, even if we do not know anything more about Him. Such worship is purely external, and it contains elements of fear, but it is acceptable in the Lord s eyes because such a belief can serve as the foundation of a genuine faith which can follow when a person, because of his external awe and fear of the Lord, learns a few truths from the Word, and begins to guide his life by them (See AE 8153,4). It could be so simple as to begin to obey the Ten Commandments in the letter simply because there is the fear of hell! Perhaps we feel that we should be moved to worship and to true faith by something more elevated and spiritual, but we must deal with the simple fact that we all begin as external people who can only see the internal, spiritual things of life with great difficulty. And since we are external people, we must then further deal with the revealed truth that external people are moved to Divine worship only by the things of the external world, for example, by the stories of the great miracles that were performed by Jehovah in the presence of the children of Israel. The Heavenly Doctrines also reveal that the Christian church was also begun and based upon a “miraculous” faith, a faith in Jesus based not on the spiritual power that came from the application of His teachings to life, but rather on the power that He showed over disease, over storms, and over the evil spirits who plagued the men of that time. In fact, because these stories and miracles are the basis of the New Testament, and since children and others are first introduced to Jesus Christ through these stories, it is still true that the miraculous faith is the basis for faith among all those who are Christians even to this day. But the big question is, “how do we turn our miraculous or historical faith into saving faith?” The first thing we have to do is to be rational that means that we cannot have a “saving” faith until we have entered the adult state. Then, once we have become rational, we have to use our rationality to collect spiritual truths from many sources, to weigh them in our minds, to think about what the consequences would be if we were live according to these truths, and then to make decisions to keep the truths that we believe will lead to a good life, and throw away the others. In the last analysis, this is the only way that anyone can discover what “truth” is. To weigh it with other truths, and to live it. If in the living, it brings good to self and to the neighbor, then we can safely say that it is true. This process can take many years, and usually at the same time that we are just beginning our adult lives, finding married partners, getting established in our careers, beginning our families. It is a very busy time. The pressure of life in the world distracts from spiritual things, and some externals, such as church attendance, fall away for a time. But if the rational is working, the simple, external truths of religion which were learned in childhood are for the first time applied to life situations in freedom, that is, not because of what parents or teachers say, but because they are for the first time seen to be actually just what is needed to bring satisfaction and happiness in life. When the truths of the Word are brought into life freely, and lived, then for the first time, they begin to have life in themselves, for the internal degree of the mind is opened to heaven, and the spiritual power within the external truth can enter the mind. When the spiritual is conjoined to the external in the mind, the Lord is present, and brings genuine, “saving” faith. “To believe in the Lord” signifies not only to adore and worship Him, but also to live from Him, and one lives from Him when he lives according to the Word which is from Him; therefore “to believe in Him” is to believe that He regenerates man, and gives eternal life to those who are regenerated by Him (AE 81512). When adult saving faith takes hold in the mind and heart through living experience, then it reaches out and begins to reorder the externals of life so that they correspond to the genuine, spiritual loves within. Just as one cannot imagine being in love without embracing the loved one, the person who is becoming spiritual looks for ways to show his love to God through acts of worship and charity to the neighbor. Faith is no longer borrowed and external like the tent outside the camp, instead our faith is genuine and internal, a sign of the Lord s intimate presence in our lives. This relationship is better described by the passage in Revelation And I heard a great voice out of heaven saying, “Behold, the tabernacle of God is with men, and He will dwell with them, and they shall be His people, and God Himself shall be with them, and be their God” (Rev. 213). Amen. 1st Lesson EXO 337-11 Moses took his tent and pitched it outside the camp, far from the camp, and called it the tabernacle of meeting. And it came to pass that everyone who sought the LORD went out to the tabernacle of meeting which was outside the camp. {8} So it was, whenever Moses went out to the tabernacle, that all the people rose, and each man stood at his tent door and watched Moses until he had gone into the tabernacle. {9} And it came to pass, when Moses entered the tabernacle, that the pillar of cloud descended and stood at the door of the tabernacle, and the Lord talked with Moses. {10} All the people saw the pillar of cloud standing at the tabernacle door, and all the people rose and worshipped, each man in his tent door. {11} So the LORD spoke to Moses face to face, as a man speaks to his friend. And he would return to the camp, but his servant Joshua the son of Nun, a young man, did not depart from the tabernacle. 2nd Lesson REV 211-7 Now I saw a new heaven and a new earth, for the first heaven and the first earth had passed away. Also there was no more sea. {2} Then I, John, saw the holy city, New Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband. {3} And I heard a loud voice from heaven saying, “Behold, the tabernacle of God is with men, and He will dwell with them, and they shall be His people. God Himself will be with them and be their God. {4} “And God will wipe away every tear from their eyes; there shall be no more death, nor sorrow, nor crying. There shall be no more pain, for the former things have passed away.” {5} Then He who sat on the throne said, “Behold, I make all things new.” And He said to me, “Write, for these words are true and faithful.” {6} And He said to me, “It is done! I am the Alpha and the Omega, the Beginning and the End. I will give of the fountain of the water of life freely to him who thirsts. {7} “He who overcomes shall inherit all things, and I will be his God and he shall be My son. 3rd Lesson AC 105515 [5] It shall also be briefly stated how the influx from which comes enlightenment is effected. Equally with men, the angels also perceive the Word when it is read; but the angels perceive it spiritually, and men perceive it naturally. The man whose internal is open also perceives the Word spiritually; but while he lives in the world he is unaware of this, because his spiritual thought flows into the natural thought in the external man, and there presents itself to view. Nevertheless it is this interior thought which enlightens, and by means of which the influx from the Lord is effected. By looking into their thoughts, and by reflections thereon, some of the learned have noticed that there is in man an interior thought which does not appear, and therefore they have called the ideas of this thought immaterial and intellectual, and they have made a distinction between these ideas and those of the exterior thought which appear; and they have called these latter natural and material. But they have not known that the ideas of the interior thought are spiritual; and that when these flow down they are turned into natural ideas, and appear under a different shape, and under a different condition. From all this it can in some measure be seen how the influx through which comes enlightenment is effected. O Lord, our Strength, help us to go forward in the path which you have established for us, inspire us by Your Holy Spirit to learn from the Word continually; and as we come more and more into the understanding of the truth, fill us, O Lord, with the spirit of heavenly life; make us worthy to be Your children who walk in the light of Your truth; for You are our Father, our Guide, and our Savior. AMEN. O Lord our Savior, forgive the infirmities of Your children and help us overcome them. Help us to learn Your truth, put evil aside through strenuous resistance, and to do good by daily effort in the uses of charity; looking not for reward nor honor, but only for the right to be called Your servants, and to do Your will. AMEN. Posted on October 20, 2016 by havau22 \| Leave a comment A Sermon by the Rev. James P. Cooper Toronto, May 24th, 2009 And Moses said to Pharaoh, “Accept the honour of saying when I shall intercede for you, for your servants, and for your people, to destroy the frogs from you and your houses that they may remain in the river only.” (Exodus 8:9[5]) Our text is taken from the story of the confrontation between Moses and Pharaoh as recorded in the book of Exodus. We remember that although Jacob and his sons were welcomed into Egypt and invited to live there as Pharaoh’s guests when Joseph was in favour, in the years that followed, Joseph’s wise leadership that saved Egypt from a terrible famine was forgotten. After a time, the Hebrews were no longer seen as guests, but as foreigners – enemies. Without the protection of Pharaoh they were soon made into slaves. Hundreds of years later, God spoke to Moses from the burning bush and sent him to challenge the authority of the most powerful king on earth; to lead the children of Israel out of their Egyptian slavery. Pharaoh was difficult to convince, a stubborn man representing evils that are difficult to remove requiring 10 states of vastation before they are removed – the 10 plagues of Egypt which broke Pharaoh and resulted in freedom for the Hebrews. Our text is taken from a portion of what Moses said to Pharaoh after Pharaoh asked that the second plague of frogs be removed, and was selected because of the image of the king standing at the head of his servants, his people, his nation; for through the science of correspondences, this brief passage gives us the key to understanding many things about the Lord’s Kingdom in the Heavens, the Lord’s Kingdom on earth, and their relationship to each other. We read in our third lesson that the universal heaven represents one man, and the societies therein his members (AC 7396). This doctrine is known as that of the Grand Man, and receives a full treatment in the inter-chapter material of the Arcana Coelestia. But more to the point, we found in the lesson that the Lord’s kingdom also exists on the earth with those who are in love to the Lord and in charity toward the neighbour, and these people do not belong to any particular church or organization, but are scattered throughout the whole world. And finally, our lesson told us that all those in heaven, and those in love to the Lord and the life of charity, taken together are called a “communion.” It is this doctrine that forms the basis of that brief and frequently misunderstood statement in our creed where we confess our belief in the “communion of angels and people.” If this idea is important enough to be included in such a brief statement as the creed, it should be clearly understood. It is our intention today to look into the doctrine of the communion of angels and men, and to see what are its implications to our daily life. In order to do so, it is necessary to take a moment to define our terms, to discover what is meant by “communion” and other closely related terms. The word “communion” has to do with sharing thoughts and emotions, and is often used to refer to a group of persons having a common religious faith. It was interesting to discover that the “Communion of Saints” is defined as “The spiritual fellowship existing among all faithful Christians, both living and dead.” It was interesting because of the use of the word “saint,” and because the definition was very close to that which we would use to explain the New Church concept of the communion of angels and men. Further investigation showed that although we of the New Church seem to avoid speaking or thinking about saints, the Heavenly Doctrines frequently teach and speak about saints in a very positive way! Usage in the Old and New Testaments always has to do with being “Kind,” “Pious,” “Set apart,” and “Holy.” The Heavenly doctrines use the word in a number of different ways, but with the common theme that the saints are those who acknowledge God and live the life of charity. A few examples will make the point clear: “Men of holiness” are those who are led by the Lord; for the Divine which proceeds from Him is the Holy itself. Hence, they who receive it in faith and also in love are called ‘saints.’ (AC 9229) They are called ‘saints’ who live according to the truths of the Word; not that they are saints, but that the truths in them are holy; (AR 586:3) ‘The saints’ are those who from the Lord through the Word are in Divine truths; and, abstractedly, the Divine truths of the Lord, of the Word, and thence of the Church. (AR 730) (The saints are) those who are in truths of doctrine from the Word, and in a life according to them. (AE 695) From this we should be able to see that although the word “saint” has been flavoured by its usage in other churches, it is in fact a word commonly used in the Old Testament, the New Testament, and in the Heavenly Doctrines, and in each Testament, it carries the meaning of something or someone who is holy, someone who loves the Lord, and each day strives to live a life of charity towards the neighbour. If we think “regenerating man,” or “angel” when we hear the word “saint” we can perhaps get around the problem and arrive at the intended meaning. In the creed, we say that we believe in the “communion of angels and people,” which is just another way of saying the “Communion of Saints” without saying the word “saint.” It was said earlier that the dictionary definition of “communion” was the intimate sharing of thoughts and emotions. If we change one word from “emotions” to “affections,” we arrive at the same definition that the Heavenly doctrines would use, and most people would understand and agree with this definition: an intimate sharing of thoughts, experiences, and affections. The Heavenly Doctrines tell us that there are many, many levels of communion, and that such communication exists both between people on earth, and also between men and spirits. To lay the foundation, let us first reflect on a communion that is possible for us to experience in this world, the special communication that exists between a husband and wife. There is a certain communion between married partners which is implanted in both from the first covenant of marriage … as a communion of possession, in many things a communion of uses, of various necessaries of the house, and thence also of thoughts, and sometimes of secrets; there is also a communion of bed, and a communion of the love of little children (CL 277:2). Marriage causes a miraculous transformation in people. A man and a woman begin their life together through mutual consent. With their love as a basis they get down to the business of making a home and a life together. They begin to build up a collection of common memories and experiences of trips taken, projects done, decisions made. Slowly, because of their communion, their common life, they become no longer man and woman, but husband and wife. And when new life enters the picture, when the children are born and bring with them all their tender states of celestial innocence, feedings in the middle of the night, sickness and laughter, the husband and wife slowly but surely become not only husband and wife, but also father and mother, sharing things in their marriage that no one else would ever understand or appreciate – and it binds them together. This is communion. This is an intimate sharing of thoughts and affections where through years of common experience a personal language is formed so that all that is needed is a word or a glance to communicate a whole world of meaning. This is a bond between people that is cemented by common interests, delights, and uses. Now if that can happen between two people in the world, what kind of communion might be possible between the angels in heaven, between heaven and earth, and between the church in the heavens and the church on earth? The Heavenly Doctrine tells us that in the Heavens there is a communion of all goods; the peace, intelligence, wisdom, and happiness of all are communicated to everyone there, and those of each are communicated to all. (AC 10723) And they teach further that there is such a conjunction of each with all in Heaven, that everyone speaks from the communion, although an Angel is not conscious of it. (AR 5) The Heavenly Doctrine also speaks of the Communion between Earth and Heaven: He who in faith acknowledges and in heart worships one God, is in the communion of saints on earth, and in the communion of Angels in the Heavens; they are called communions, and are so, because they are in one God, and one God is in them. (TCR 15) Every person is in communion with angels of heaven or with spirits of hell because he is born to become spiritual; and this is not possible unless he is in some kind of conjunction with those who are spiritual. Every person, as to his mind, is in both worlds, the natural and the spiritual; but men, angels and spirits do not know of this conjunction because men, during their life in the world, are in a natural state, and angels and spirits in a spiritual state. On account of the distinction between the natural and the spiritual they are invisible to each other. The conjunction of men with angels and spirits by means of their love’s affections is so close that without it, people on earth would no longer have conscious though – and in fact would soon die. As everyone lives continually in communion with the inhabitants of the spiritual world, therefore, when he dies, he is immediately received by those like himself, with whom he has been associated while in the world; for he then enters the company of those who are ruled by the same loves. These he greets in the same way as relatives and kinsfolk greet each other in the world. This is the meaning of what is said in the Word concerning those who die, that they are gathered to their own. It should be evident from this that a regenerate man is in communion with angels of heaven, and an unregenerate man with spirits of hell. (TCR 607) If a husband and wife can build such a tender and powerful bond as marriage based on the common experience of the joys and sorrows of life in this world, how much deeper, how much more powerful must be the bond that is based on a common love and understanding of God – or as it is sometimes called, a “similitude of religion.” There is peace and happiness in a home when there is agreement. That peace may actually only be a temporary truce resting on the surface of a unresolved difference, but the peace and happiness of heaven rest on agreement that reaches to the very depths of the mind, to the farthest resources of character. Such profound agreement or communion in the most essential areas of life is the basis for the foundation of heavenly societies which are organized first of all according to their understanding of and belief in God. This is why the Heavenly Doctrines teach that your place in heaven is determined by your belief in God. While we live in the natural world, even though we are not conscious of it, we attract those spirits who are in the same spiritual state as ourselves. Our spiritual state creates a sphere that is perceived in the spiritual world, that attracts those of a like spirit who then strengthen our state. This means that if we are in an evil state, we attract more of the same evil which strengthens and encourages that evil. If we are doing good, we then attract good spirits who then strengthen that state. Everything we say, do, think, or feel has its effect in the spiritual world – which in turn has its effect on us. But there is one essential difference between us and the spirits with us that we must remember and use to our advantage. We can be of two minds. We can want to do something evil and yet not do it because we know we should not. We are free in spiritual things. We are free to choose our spiritual companions. We can freely choose to do what is right, to attract the spheres of heaven, to feel heaven’s joy, and gain strength and resolve from the angels. We are free to begin a communion with the angels of heaven right now which will endure forever. AMEN. First Lesson: Exodus 8:1-15 And the LORD spoke to Moses, “Go to Pharaoh and say to him, ‘Thus says the LORD: “Let My people go, that they may serve Me. {2} “But if you refuse to let them go, behold, I will smite all your territory with frogs. {3} “So the river shall bring forth frogs abundantly, which shall go up and come into your house, into your bedroom, on your bed, into the houses of your servants, on your people, into your ovens, and into your kneading bowls. {4} “And the frogs shall come up on you, on your people, and on all your servants.”’ “ {5} Then the LORD spoke to Moses, “Say to Aaron, ‘Stretch out your hand with your rod over the streams, over the rivers, and over the ponds, and cause frogs to come up on the land of Egypt.’” {6} So Aaron stretched out his hand over the waters of Egypt, and the frogs came up and covered the land of Egypt. {7} And the magicians did so with their enchantments, and brought up frogs on the land of Egypt. {8} Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron, and said, “Entreat the LORD that He may take away the frogs from me and from my people; and I will let the people go, that they may sacrifice to the LORD.” {9} And Moses said to Pharaoh, “Accept the honour of saying when I shall intercede for you, for your servants, and for your people, to destroy the frogs from you and your houses, that they may remain in the river only.” {10} So he said, “Tomorrow.” And he said, “Let it be according to your word, that you may know that there is no one like the LORD our God. {11} “And the frogs shall depart from you, from your houses, from your servants, and from your people. They shall remain in the river only.” {12} Then Moses and Aaron went out from Pharaoh. And Moses cried out to the LORD concerning the frogs which He had brought against Pharaoh. {13} So the LORD did according to the word of Moses. And the frogs died out of the houses, out of the courtyards, and out of the fields. {14} They gathered them together in heaps, and the land stank. {15} But when Pharaoh saw that there was relief, he hardened his heart and did not heed them, as the LORD had said. Amen. Second Lesson: Rev. 13:1-10 Then I stood on the sand of the sea. And I saw a beast rising up out of the sea, having seven heads and ten horns, and on his horns ten crowns, and on his heads a blasphemous name. {2} Now the beast which I saw was like a leopard, his feet were like the feet of a bear, and his mouth like the mouth of a lion. The dragon gave him his power, his throne, and great authority. {3} And I saw one of his heads as if it had been mortally wounded, and his deadly wound was healed. And all the world marvelled and followed the beast. {4} So they worshipped the dragon who gave authority to the beast; and they worshipped the beast, saying, “Who is like the beast? Who is able to make war with him?” {5} And he was given a mouth speaking great things and blasphemies, and he was given authority to continue for forty-two months. {6} Then he opened his mouth in blasphemy against God, to blaspheme His name, His tabernacle, and those who dwell in heaven. {7} It was granted to him to make war with the saints and to overcome them. And authority was given him over every tribe, tongue, and nation. {8} All who dwell on the earth will worship him, whose names have not been written in the Book of Life of the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world. {9} If anyone has an ear, let him hear. {10} He who leads into captivity shall go into captivity; he who kills with the sword must be killed with the sword. Here is the patience and the faith of the saints. Amen. Third Lesson: Heavenly Secrets (Arcana Coelestia) 7396 7396 ….Empires and kingdoms are represented in heaven as a person, and the communities within them are represented as the parts of that person’s body, the monarch being so to speak its head. The reason why they are represented in that way traces back to this: The whole of heaven represents one human being, and the communities there represent the parts of his body, in accordance with the functions they perform. From this one may see how beautiful and delightful the representation in heaven of an empire, kingdom, or community would be if its citizens were linked to one another by charity and faith to form a body like that. Whenever possible the Lord also links communities together into that kind of body; for Divine Truth itself, which emanates from the Lord, introduces that state of order wherever that order is accepted. This is the origin of the state of order that exists in heaven. It exists on earth took, but the communities constituting it are scattered all over the earth and are made up of those who are governed by love to Him and charity towards the neighbour. But those scattered communities have been drawn together by the Lord in order that they too, like communities in heaven, may represent one human being. These communities exist not only within the Church but also outside it; and when taken all together they are called the Lord’s Church, drawn together from the good scattered throughout all the earth. That Church is also called a communion. This communion or Church is the Lord’s kingdom on earth linked to the Lord’s kingdom in heaven, and so to the Lord Himself. Amen. Posted on October 3, 2016 by havau22 \| Leave a comment THE WISDOM OF OLD AGE A Sermon by Rev. Thomas L. Kline Preached in Bryn Athyn August 9, 1992 “Thus says the lord of hosts: Old men and old women shall again sit in the streets of Jerusalem, each one with his staff in his hand, because of great age. The streets of the city shall be full of boys and girls playing in its streets” (Zechariah 8:4,5). What a beautiful picture this is: old men and old women filling the streets of Jerusalem. Because of their great age it says they are carrying staffs in their hands. And then the picture goes on: alongside of these old men and women are boys and girls playing in the streets elderly people and young children together in the streets of Jerusalem. And the Lord looks at this picture and says it is marvelous in His sight. It is marvelous in His sight because it is a picture of a community that is whole and well, a community that is alive. And why? Because all ages are present and valued. This morning we want to talk about the blessings of old age, the fact that the period of human life known as old age is a crowning step for our lives, the fact that old age is a state of life to be valued for its wisdom and enlightenment, the fact that old age is an essential part of a healthy community, church or society. It is interesting that the Writings of the New Church divide our lives into four stages: our childhood, our youth, adult age, and finally, the last step is said to be old age. Our childhood is said to be a time of instruction (that’s when we learn); adulthood is said to be a time of intelligence; but old age is said to be a time of wisdom. Old age is a time of wisdom, a wisdom that comes from innocence. It is a willingness to be led by the Lord. But why is wisdom associated with the final years of our lives? First of all, we are told that true wisdom is not just a matter of learning, but a matter of life. True wisdom is not up here (in our head), but wisdom is down here (in our heart). True wisdom comes from the life-long journey of walking hand in hand with the Lord. It is the life-long journey of discovering who the Lord is the journey of finding that we can trust Him to be with us every step of the way. That’s the wisdom of old age. True wisdom is the life-long journey of seeing the truths of the Lord’s Word down here in the uses and activities of our lives. In that process of bringing truth into our lives, over a lifetime we make that truth our own. Finally, the wisdom of old age is the magnificent realization that we can’t do it alone, the realization that without the Lord we are nothing. In old age we look back over our life and see that the Lord has been there all the while. What do the Writings of the New Church teach us about old age? Just listen to this passage from the Writings: “Old age is the last age, when earthly and corporeal things begin to be put off and the interiors of a man begin to be enlightened” (AC 3492). So in the last stage of our life the Lord allows the things of our body to wane gradually and grow dim. We find that our physical bodies are not what they used to be. The Lord does this on purpose, so that during the last stages of our lives our minds can be elevated toward more interior things. The Lord, in His wisdom, provides a gradual giving up of the things of this world as a preparation for the eternity of heaven. It is interesting to ask elderly people what things they value most. How often they respond with memories of friends, family, and human relationships. In old age a transition is taking place. It is a time of uplifting our lives toward heaven. Another beautiful teaching in the Heavenly Doctrines: We are told that the body grows old but the spirit itself does not age. The body grows old, but if anything the spirit grows younger. This is why we all find ourselves in the unusual situation where as years are put on, we still feel the same. The body may feel older, but the person inside that body is still the same. We still feel just as young as we ever did. And in this sense we are all young. It is the timelessness of the human spirit. The Writings teach us: “To grow old in heaven is to grow young” (HH 414). In relation to eternity we are all in our spiritual infancy. A final teaching from the Writings of the New Church (an unusual teaching): The Writings say that old age begins at the year sixty. This is an unusual teaching because we don’t often think of ourselves as being old as we approach sixty. At sixty we are often still involved in our day-to-day uses. The events of our natural life don’t suddenly change at sixty. But still the Writings suggest that this is the beginning of old age because it is a time when subtle changes are taking place in our spiritual attitudes toward life. At age sixty, even though we are still involved in our life-long occupations, we see those uses in a new light. Gradually we are willing to accept the limitations of the human spirit. We begin to have the humility that we may not accomplish everything we set out to accomplish in life. We begin to see the reality that this life is not forever. We begin to face the reality of the next life. The things of this world are not as important as they once seemed. Our values change and are uplifted. We not only believe but we actually feel and see that there are higher realities worth reaching for. It is the beginning of an uplifting in the growth of our spirit. Old age need not be a time of decreasing usefulness. If anything, as age advances, the uses of life can become higher and more heavenly in their form. Retirement sometimes can be feared and seen as a time of uselessness. But retirement can also be a new opportunity to pursue the real loves of the heart. So often, because of life’s circumstances we are forced into careers and occupations that we do not truly love. Yet in the autumn of our lives, the opportunity is there to find our ruling loves, to pursue those dreams we always held to, to find those uses that more match our eternal character. Old age is also a time of reflection reflection on life in the light of the Lord’s Word. Those approaching old age may not think of themselves as theologians or scholars, but they need to realize that even a simple understanding and reflection on the Lord’s Word in the light of that period of life known as old age can bring about a wisdom not known in any other period of life. A person reading the Word in the wisdom of old age brings about a conjunction with the heavens that is essential both to the individual and to society as a whole. The power of the heavens to one reading the Word in the light of a lifetime of experiences is the very heart of the church on earth. Every age has blessings and it also has its challenges and hardships. And this can be especially true with old age. It can be a time of physical decline, a time of extreme loneliness. It can be a time of seeing lifelong friends pass on and apparently leave. It can be a time of loneliness when a spouse has already gone to the other world. It can be a time of depression, physical pain, a time of wondering, “What is my use in this world? Am I merely a burden on society?” We may not fully understand the working of the Lord’s providence and permission. At times we may have to trust that uses are being performed in old age that are greater than we can see and understand. We may have to trust that at times the uses accomplished by prolonging life in this world are greater than the individual. The Lord may extend life in this world to provide a plane of innocence here on earth innocence that is more far-reaching than the individual can consciously know. Or the Lord may be secretly implanting heavenly remains and memories as a final blessing on a long life of use. We need sensitivity, love and care for those in the hardships of old age the courage to trust in the Lord’s will. The Psalmist said, “Cast me not off in the time of old age; forsake me not when my strength fails” (Psalm 71:9). I would like to end with a picture of Moses. This picture is from the 34th chapter of the book of Deuteronomy. It is that beautiful picture of Moses, in the last hours of his life on earth, standing on the top of Mount Nebo, looking over the promised land of Canaan. For forty years Moses had led the people through the wilderness. He had led them out of their captivity in Egypt, and now he had led them up to the very border of the promised land. And now we see that glorious moment when Moses, now an old man 120 years old, is ready to die. The Lord allows him to see the promised land before He dies. That picture of Moses’ viewing the expanse of the promised land, the land where the Children of Israel would now live, is a picture of true wisdom, the wisdom that comes in old age, that wisdom that comes when we have walked long enough through the journey of lives to really know and see that the Lord is with us. The wisdom of old age: it is a wisdom that comes when we begin to put off the captivity of earthly and corporeal things and are truly willing to see and accept the reality of heaven and the next life. That picture of Moses viewing the promised land before him and at the same time remembering the long journey that was behind him (both sides of the mountain) is a picture of true spiritual enlightenment. In the book of Zechariah we have a picture of old men and women sitting in the streets of Jerusalem with the streets of the city full of boys and girls playing. It is a picture of the spiritual ages of our lives from childhood to old age. And the Lord looks at this picture, and His response is that it is marvelous in His eyes. Amen. Lessons: Zechariah 8:1-11; Luke 2:22-38; AC 10225:1,5,6 Arcana Coelestia 10225:1,5,6 “From a son of twenty years and upward.” That this signifies the state of the intelligence of truth and good is evident from the signification of “twenty,” when said of a man’s age, as being a state of the intelligence of truth and good. That “twenty” denotes a state of the intelligence of truth and good is because when a man attains the age of twenty years, he begins to think from himself; for from earliest infancy to extreme old age a man passes through a number of states in respect to his interiors that belong to intelligence and wisdom. The first state is from birth to his fifth year; this is a state of ignorance and of innocence in ignorance, and is called infancy. The second state is from the fifth year to the twentieth; this is a state of instruction and of memory-knowledge, and is called childhood and youth. The third state is from the twentieth year to the sixtieth, which is a state of intelligence, and is called adolescence, young manhood, and manhood. The fourth or last state is from the sixtieth year upward, which is a state of wisdom, and of innocence in wisdom … [5] But the third is called a state of intelligence, because the man then thinks from himself, and discriminates and forms conclusions; and that which he then concludes is his own and not another’s. At this time faith begins, for faith is not the faith of the man himself until he has confirmed what he believes by the ideas of his own thought. Previous to this, faith was not his but another’s in him, for his belief was in the person, not in the thing. From this it can be seen that the state of intelligence commences with man when he no longer thinks from a teacher but from himself, which is not the case until the interiors are opened toward heaven. Be it known that the exteriors with man are in the world and the interiors in heaven; and that in proportion as light flows in from heaven into what is from the world, the man is intelligent and wise; and this according to the degree and quality of the opening of his interiors, which are so far opened as the man lives for heaven and not for the world. [6] But the last state is a state of wisdom and of innocence in wisdom, which is when the person is no longer concerned about understanding truths and goods, but about willing and living them; for this is to be wise. And a person is able to will truths and goods, and to live them, just insofar as he is in innocence, that is, insofar as he believes that he has nothing of wisdom from himself but that whatever he has of wisdom is from the Lord; also insofar as he loves to have it so; hence it is that this state is also a state of innocence in wisdom. GIVING SIGHT TO THE BLIND A Sermon by Rev. Daniel W. Heinrichs Preached in Boynton Beach, Florida, April 28, 1991 “Then they reviled him, and said: `You are His disciple, but we are Moses’ disciples. We know that God spoke to Moses; as for this fellow, we do not know where He is from.’ The man answered and said to them, `Why, this is a marvelous thing, that you do not know where He is from, and yet He has opened my eyes'” (John 9:28-30). Walking along with His disciples on the Sabbath day, the Lord noticed a man who had been blind from birth. The disciples asked the Lord whose fault it was that he was blind the man’s or his parents’. The Lord replied that it was neither. He then announced that He must do the works which He was sent to do, and proclaimed Himself the `light of the world.’ “When He had said these things, He spat on the ground and made clay with the saliva; and He anointed the eyes of the blind man with clay, and He said to him: `Go wash in the pool of Siloam’ … So He went and washed, and came seeing” (John 9:6,7). When the neighbors and acquaintances of the man saw him, they questioned whether it was indeed the same man, for a miracle such as this was unknown at that time. But the man did not leave them in any doubt. He told them that he was the one who had been born blind. They then wanted to know how he had received sight. He told them how a Man named Jesus had made clay with His saliva, anointed his eyes, and told him to wash in the pool of Siloam. They then brought the man to the Pharisees, and he was again questioned concerning this amazing miracle. Upon hearing his recital of what had taken place, the Pharisees concluded that the Man who did the miracle must be a sinner since He had done it on the Sabbath day. They therefore asked the man, “`What do you say about Him because he opened your eyes?’ He said, `He is a prophet'” (John 9:17). But the Pharisees doubted whether he had indeed been born blind. They therefore called the parents of the man and began to interrogate them. The parents claimed him as their son and affirmed that he had been blind from birth; but, knowing the hostility of the Pharisees toward Jesus, they refused to say how he had been cured, saying that he was of age and could answer for himself. The Jews therefore called the man again, telling him that Jesus was a sinner, and that he should give the praise to God. They then began to question him again, pressing him to make some statement of which they could accuse him. When he asked them whether they also wanted to become Jesus’ disciples, they reviled him, saying that they were Moses’ disciples, for they knew that Moses spoke with God but they did not know where Jesus was from. Then “the man answered and said to them, `Why, this is a marvelous thing that you do not know where He is from, and yet He has opened my eyes … Since the world began it has been unheard of that anyone opened the eyes of one who was born blind. If this man were not from God, He could do nothing'” (John 9:30,32,33). Then the Pharisees, in anger, expelled him from the synagogue saying, “You were completely born in sins, and are you teaching us?” (John 9:34) When the Lord heard that the man had been expelled, He came to him and asked him if he believed in the “Son of God.” The man inquired who He was, expressing a desire to believe in Him. Then the Lord told him that it was He who was speaking to him. Upon hearing this the man declared his belief in the Lord and fell down and worshipped Him. The Lord then declared that He had come into the world to give sight to the blind, and make blind those who could see. The Pharisees then inquired whether they were among the blind. To this the Lord replied, “If you were the blind, you would have no sin, but now you say `We see’; therefore your sin remains” (John 9:41). This story of the Lord’s miracle of giving sight to the man born blind is dramatic and deeply touching. We sense in it the joy and wonder of the man who received sight after so many years of utter darkness. We are warmed by the compassion and mercy which the Lord showed toward the blind man. We are amazed, astonished and dumfounded by the hostility and antagonism which the Pharisees exhibited toward the man who had been blind and his benefactor, and by their fanatical desire to discredit Him. Instead of rejoicing at this man’s good fortune, and marvelling at this wonderful miracle, they rebuked and persecuted the man and his family, and finally expelled him from the synagogue. Dramatic as this story may be, and wonderful as the miracle was in itself, this story is not mere history. It is not an event done and finished. The miracle of giving sight to the blind is one which the Lord is continually effecting with all people who genuinely desire it. Remarkable as all the Lord’s miracles were in themselves, they were not the fulfillment of His mission on earth. Because the Lord is infinite, everything He did while on earth looked to spiritual and eternal ends. The Lord did not come on earth to heal people’s bodies. The body lives for only a few short years and then it is discarded, like clothing that has served its use. He came to heal the spirits of people their minds, which live on in the spiritual world when the body has been put off. All the miracles which the Lord performed were ultimate representations of spiritual things things that pertain to the hearts and minds of people (see AE 475:19). All the diseases which the Lord healed while on earth have their spiritual correspondents (see AE 815:5). The man born blind whom the Lord healed represents all those people who are ignorant of Divine truth, and who, through a genuine desire to know the truth, are enlightened by the Lord at His coming. We would recall here our lesson from Isaiah. We read there of a closed book that none could understand, neither the learned nor the simple. This book was the Word. The Jews, through their refusal to obey the Lord’s precepts, closed their understanding to the truth revealed by the Lord in His Word. Thus the book was closed to them; and because it was closed to the leaders and teachers of the Jews the learned they closed it to the simple who depended on them for instruction from the Word. Instead of teaching genuine truths from the Word they taught man-made precepts: “their fear toward Me is taught by the precept of men” (Isaiah 29:13). They “make a man an offender by a word … and turn aside the just for a thing of naught” (Isaiah 29:21). Because of this situation the Lord prophesied that He would do a marvelous work when He came on earth. “In that day the deaf shall hear the words of the Book, and the eyes of the blind shall see out of obscurity and out of darkness … Those also who erred in spirit will come to understanding, and those who murmured will learn doctrine” (Isaiah 29:18, 24). Here we see described one of the purposes of the Lord’s coming: to open the understanding of people their spiritual sight so that they could see Divine truths in the Word. He came to open the closed “Book” so that people could learn doctrine from it doctrine applicable to life Divine doctrine, not man-made doctrine, the precepts of men which turn aside a person for a thing of naught. This is the interior meaning of the miracle which the Lord performed for the man born blind. And the means by which He healed the man describe the means by which He may open the interior understanding of each individual, and impart to him a genuine rational faith. The clay which the Lord used to anoint the man’s eyes represents good the good affections which a person has acquired by a life according to truth (see AC 6669:6). After anointing the man’s eyes, He told him to wash in the pool of Siloam. This represents a cleansing by repentance from what is evil and false, for all the ceremonial washings of the Jews represented repentance, as did the baptism of John in the fords of the river Jordan. The Lord healed the blind man on the Sabbath day a thing which caused the Pharisees to condemn Him. When the Lord came on earth the Sabbath day took on a new meaning. The representatives of the Jewish Church were abolished, and the Sabbath became a day for instruction and meditation on spiritual things and for the worship of God. The Lord, in this and many other instances, healed people on the Sabbath because people are cured of their spiritual diseases by instruction from the Word, meditation upon its teachings, and the resulting internal worship of the Lord (see TCR 301). All this is represented by the Sabbath day. We would also note the fact that when the Pharisees asked the man what he thought of the Man who healed him, he said he thought Him a prophet. By prophets in the Word are meant those who teach truths which lead to the good of life, thus, in an abstract sense, the truths of doctrine themselves. The Lord was therefore frequently called a “prophet” because He was the Divine truth itself. In this particular instance He is called a “prophet” to signify that spiritual blindness ignorance of spiritual truth is healed by genuine truths of doctrine from the Word (see AE 624:18, 23). We read in the Apocalypse Explained: “The faith by which spiritual diseases are healed by the Lord can be given only through truths from the Word and a life according to them” (AE 815:5). We would draw your attention to the fact that the man first acknowledged the Lord as a prophet. Later, after he had been expelled from the synagogue by the Pharisees, the Lord asked if he believed in the Son of God. The man asked: “Who is He, Lord, that I might believe in Him?” The Lord replied, “It is He who is talking with you.” The man then said, “`Lord I believe,’ and he worshipped Him” (John 9:35-38). We see here the natural progression of the faith of a person whose understanding has been opened who was been given spiritual sight. When the understanding is first opened, the person acknowledges that it is truth which has given sight to the understanding. But after the person has lived the new truth which he sees, when he becomes a disciple of the truth the prophet’s disciple a judgment is produced. He cannot remain any longer in the former church; he is expelled from the synagogue, for he no longer adheres to their man-made precepts. Then it is that he is asked if he acknowledges the Son of God the Lord in His Divine Human revealed anew to mankind. And by further questioning and study of the newly revealed truth the person is led to make the final acknowledgment, that this same truth which opened the understanding is the Lord Himself in His advent (see AC 2628). This miracle represents the fulfillment of one of the Lord’s purposes in coming on earth. He prophesied in Isaiah that He would come to open the human understanding so that people could see the inner contents of the “Book” which was closed by their spiritual blindness. He was going to teach them doctrine so that they would cease to err. He proclaimed again this purpose immediately before and after He had healed the blind man, saying, “I am the light of the world … For judgment I have come into this world that those who do not see may see, and those who see may be blind” (John 9:5,39). Those who think they see are blinded, because they see from self-intellegence rather than from the Lord who is the “light of the world” their self-illumined understanding in an illusory light. They see what is false as the truth, and what is true they see as false. They close their eyes against the genuine light of Divine truth. The purpose of the Lord’s Second Coming is the same as that of the First Coming. In the book of Revelation we read of a “Book” sealed with seven seals, which nobody was worthy to open except the Lord Himself. This was a prophecy of how, in the Christian Church, the Word would again become a closed Book a book no longer understood by the learned or the simple, a book which only the Lord Himself could open in His Second Advent. And it is opened! The spiritual meaning of the Word is now revealed! It gives spiritual understanding spiritual sight to those who receive and acknowledge it. We see in this story of the healing of the blind man that the Word is not just an historical record of the Israelites, of the Lord’s life on earth and the wonders He performed during the three short years of His ministry. We see that the Word contains within it living truth which can heal our spiritual blindness and cleanse our minds and hearts from what is false and evil. In the revelation of His Second Advent the Lord has opened the Book that was closed. He has revealed Himself anew so that those who err in spirit may come to understanding, and those who murmur may learn true doctrine. May the Lord, through His open Word, heal us who have been born in ignorance. As we apply these revealed truths to our lives, and repent of our sins, may our understandings be opened so that we come seeing. And when the Pharisee within us raises doubts as to the origin of our new light, may we be led to acknowledge, as did the man born blind, that only the Lord Himself can open the interior sight of our minds and illumine their darkness, so that we may say of the truth when it is presented to our minds, “Lord, I believe.” Amen. Lessons: Isaiah 29:9-24, John 9 Posted on July 30, 2014 by havau22 \| Leave a comment THE AFFIRMATIVE AND THE NEGATIVE A Sermon by A Sermon by Rev. Daniel W. Heinrichs Preached in Boynton Beach, Florida October 21, 1990 “And the people contended with Moses, and spoke, saying: `If only we had died when our brethren died before the Lord! Why have you brought up the congregation of the Lord into this wilderness that we and our animals should die here?” (Numbers 20:3,4). Our text records one of the many instances of the Israelites’ adopting a negative attitude toward the leading of the Lord through His appointed leaders during their forty years of wandering in the wilderness. In spite of the fact that they had frequently witnessed great miracles done by the Lord through them, such as the plagues in Egypt, and the dividing of the Red Sea, and had daily proof of His loving care in the manna given them from heaven each morning, they still persisted in doubting the power of the Lord and the wisdom of those chosen by Him to lead them. As each hardship and inconvenience arose, they complained against the Lord and argued with Moses and Aaron. They were willing to accept these men as their leaders only as long as things were going well with them and were in accord with their wishes, but they had no steadfast confidence in the Lord’s promise of guidance and protection, nor in the judgment of Moses and Aaron the men appointed by the Lord to lead them out of bondage, to the land promised them by the Lord. Their resentment at every hardship they suffered was so great that they forgot the cruelty of their slavery in Egypt, and mistakenly supposed that they would have been happier if they had remained there. Their attitude toward the leadership which the Lord had provided for them through Moses and Aaron was so negative that the Lord literally had to lead them with a “strong hand.” He had to perform open miracles continually in order that they might be persuaded to continue on their journey and not return to their former state of bondage. It is obvious, if one stops to reflect, that no worthwhile achievement can ever be realized as long as a group of people adopts such a negative and distrustful attitude toward their leaders. If every apparent shortcoming or action or policy is called into question and criticized, then that unity which can lead to progress and achievement is lacking. In the eyes of Israel everything that did not please them every hardship was the fault of Moses and Aaron. They kept asking themselves when things were not to their liking: “Why did we choose to follow them? Why did we accept their leadership? Things were better with us before they came into our lives.” “Because there were no graves in Egypt, have you taken us away to die in the wilderness? … Is this not the word that we told you in Egypt, saying, `Let us alone that we may serve the Egyptians’? For it would have been better for us to serve the Egyptians than that we should die in the wilderness” (Exodus 14:11,12). As one reads the record of Israel in the wilderness, as recorded in the Scriptures, it becomes obvious that the difficulties that they encountered and the hardships they suffered were not the result of Moses’ and Aaron’s poor leadership, but rather their failure to follow the Lord wholeheartedly and to accept the leadership which the Lord provided. The history of Israel in the wilderness testifies to the fact that the success of any worthwhile endeavor can be achieved only where there is an affirmative attitude on the part of all toward the goal itself, and confidence in those whose responsibility it is to lead to that goal. This is true spiritually as well as naturally. Our spiritual goal is heavenly life a life of charity and use. The Lord’s Divine Providence ever leads us toward this goal through the Word (Moses) and the teaching and leading of the priesthood (Aaron). If we wish to attain the goal of heavenly life, then we must trust in the Lord’s Divine Providence. We must believe in His Word and be obedient to its teachings. We must have confidence in the teaching and preaching from the Word, for these are the Divinely provided means leading to that goal. If we approach the means with a negative doubt, calling into question every teaching that does not agree with and harmonize with our preconceived ideas and proprial inclinations, we cannot reasonably expect to achieve the end in view a life of charity in the kingdom of the Lord. It is important, therefore, that we approach the things pertaining to spiritual life with an affirmative attitude, with confidence that the Lord is actively guiding us along the way, and providing for us those circumstances and situations which will promote our happiness and success. If we approach our spiritual journey toward the heavenly Canaan in this spirit, then we are assured of reaching our destination, and we will experience ever-increasing delight in the way that leads to it. The Writing tell us that there are two principles, one of which leads to all folly and insanity, and the other to all intelligence and wisdom. The former principle is to deny all things, or to say in one’s heart that we cannot believe before we are convinced by what we can grasp and feel. This principle leads to all folly and insanity, and is called the negative principle. The other principle is to affirm those things which are of doctrine from the Word, or to think and believe within oneself that they are true because the Lord has said them. This principle leads to all intelligence and wisdom and is called the affirmative principle (see AC 2568). This teaching makes it clear that our whole life, both here and hereafter, depends upon the principle from which we begin, and on our attitude toward life and its various problems. It is pertinent that we inquire into these things with ourselves. What is our basic attitude toward life? Do we tend to approach things with a negative, doubting attitude? Or do we approach things positively, with trust in the Divine Providence? As we focus our minds on these things, we should bear in mind the great importance of formative childhood states when the tender vessels of the mind are soft and pliable. The attitude which a child gradually develops toward parents, teachers, the Word and the church are the formative force in later attitudes in adult life. From angelic remains every infant and small child begins with a completely affirmative attitude toward parents, and it is the responsibility of parents and later, teachers to foster and preserve this innocent trust and confidence of the child. As the child grows older and develops a greater independence of thought, his affirmative should be gradually bent away from the person of his parents and teachers to the office or use of the person, and ultimately to the Lord and the truth of His Word, which are the origin of all uses and the source of all authority. This formative period has a profound effect upon a person’s development. We read: “Man is in a varying state, and thus in the world of spirits up to adult age; afterward, he is, as to his soul, either in heaven or hell, since his mind is then constant and rarely changed, although this does occur with some” (SD 5167). The force of this passage is that when a person reaches adulthood, his basic character and attitude toward life has been established and is unlikely to be radically changed in later life, although it is admitted that this is possible. This surely indicates that we must make a serious effort during a child’s formative years to instill and establish an affirmative attitude toward the Lord, His Word and the church, an attitude which, if properly established, we can reasonably hope will remain throughout life. The principles and attitudes that we as individuals have are essentially those which have been instilled in us by our parents and teachers, but they have yet to be made our own. Upon reaching adulthood a person either develops and enters interiorly into the good attitudes of childhood, so that they become part of his character, or rejects them and allows a spirit of self-centeredness and self-confidence to determine his general attitude and approach to life. In early adult life there is a strong appearance that a person’s deepest thoughts and principles are the result of his own study, investigation and experience. A person regards them as rational conclusions based upon his experience and reflections upon it. Actually, however, within and guiding the person’s reasoning are the affections of his life’s love. And these affections, unknown to the person, turn his thoughts to favor that which is in agreement with them. Thus it is the affections of man’s love which are gradually developing within him an affirmative or negative attitude toward the authority of Divine truth. We read: “Those who are in doubt before they deny are they who incline to a life of evil; and when this life carries them away, then insofar as they think of the matters in question, they deny them. But those who are in doubt before they affirm are they who incline to a life of good; and when they allow themselves to be bent to this by the Lord, then insofar as they think about these things, they affirm” (AC 2568, emphasis added). A person whose affections are centered in self becomes, in time, interiorly arrogant. Such a person tends to think, in whatever situation, that his perceptions and views of things are right, and he is intolerant of those who see things differently. In this state it is very difficult for the person to see what is true, either in the Word or as manifested in life’s situations; for this requires humility and a willingness to be taught and led, which, in such a state, the person does not possess. This is especially the case in regard to those truths which disclose the person’s evils. But when there is an effort in the will to place the neighbor’s good on the same plane as one’s own, that is, when there is an inclination to a life of charity and good will toward the neighbor, then there is a ready disposition to see and understand truth, even when it is contrary to one’s previous conception of things. It is this affection the affection of charity which makes it possible for one to confirm with oneself an affirmative attitude toward all that the Lord reveals, and which enables a person to see the truth in ever-increasing light, and to be willing to follow it into a life of charity toward his fellow men. Let us hope that such a sound foundation has been laid during the early years of our lives. And let us always strive to adopt an affirmative attitude toward the truth of the Word and the leading of the Lord through His church Moses and Aaron for these are the Divinely provided means by which the Lord leads us away from slavery to our selfish loves, and the fallacious appearances engendered by them, represented by Israel’s slavery in Egypt. It is through persistent effort throughout life that the Lord can instill such an affirmation of truth that we willingly follow the Lord even when the way is difficult and things are not as we conceived that they should be in our former states of ignorance and self-centeredness. When life does not unfold as we would have it, when our perceptions of truth differ from the way in which the Lord is apparently leading us, the spirit of negative doubt tends to raise its head. Like the Children of Israel in the wilderness, we are apt to chide with the Lord (Moses and Aaron), query the teaching of the Word and the leading of the church, and ask why following the truth should lead us into states of conflict and deprivation of joy. Confidence in the Lord’s leading is weak at such times, because our loves have not been made firm by a life of obedience to Divine law. When life’s situations confront us that are not to our liking, we are apt to rebel; we are tempted to depart from a spirit of affirmation to one of negative doubt. We need to renew continually our hope and trust in the Lord’s Providence and leading. If we do not, then we, like the Children of Israel, are in danger of losing our spiritual heritage the happiness that comes from a life of charity toward the neighbor. We read: “The evil spirits who are with people during temptation and induce it, strongly inspire negation, but the good spirits and angels from the Lord in every possible way dispel this state of doubt, and keep the person in a state of hope, and at last confirm him in what is affirmative” (AC 2338). If our hope is fixed in the Lord with confidence that He can and will lead us, then our faith in Him is so confirmed and interiorly implanted in our lives that the attacks of the hells, seeking to inspire negative doubt, cannot shake it. Just as the Lord miraculously gave His people water out of the rock, so may we have confidence that He will ever give us understanding and strength from the rock of Divine truth, that we may enter into the security and blessings of heavenly life. “Show me Your ways, O Lord; teach me Your paths. Lead me in Your truth and teach me, for You are the God of my salvation” (Psalm 25:4,5). Amen. Lessons: Numbers 20:1-11, Matt. 8:1-13, AC 2689:3,4 Arcana Coelestia 2689:3,4 That it may be known who those are that can be kept by the Lord in the affection of good and truth, and thus be reformed and become spiritual, and who those are that cannot, we will briefly state that during childhood, while being for the first time imbued with goods and truths, everyone is kept by the Lord in the affirmative idea that what he is told and taught by his parents and masters is true. With those who can become spiritual, this affirmative is confirmed by means of knowledges (scientifica et cognitiones); for whatever they afterwards learn that has an affinity with it insinuates itself into this affirmative and corroborates it, and this more and more, even to affection. These are they who become spiritual in accordance with the essence of the truth in which they have faith, and who conquer in temptations. But it is otherwise with those who cannot become spiritual. Although during their childhood these are in the affirmative, yet in the age that follows they admit doubts, and thus trench upon the affirmative of good and truth; and when they come to adult age, they admit negatives, even to the affection of falsity. If these should be brought into temptations, they would wholly yield; and on this account they are exempted from them. But the real cause of their admitting doubts, and afterwards negatives, is to be found in their life of evil. They who are in a life of evil cannot possibly do otherwise; for as before said, the life of everyone is his affection or love; and such as is the affection or love, such is the thought. The affection of evil and the thought of truth never conjoin themselves together. With those in whom there is an appearance of this conjunction, there is really no such conjunction, but only the thought of truth without the affection of it; and therefore with such persons truth is not truth but only something of sound, or of the mouth, from which the heart is absent. Such truth even the worst can know, and sometimes better than others. With some also there is found a persuasion of truth, of such a nature that no one can know but that it is genuine; and yet it is not so if there is no life of good: it is an affection of the love of self or of the world, which induces such a persuasion that they defend it even with the vehemence of apparent zeal; nay, they will even go so far as to condemn those who do not receive it or believe in the same way. But this truth is of such a quality as is the principle with each person from which it starts, being strong in proportion as the love of self or of the world is strong. It indeed attaches itself to evil, but does not conjoin itself with it, and is therefore extirpated in the other life. Very different is it with those who are in the life of good. With these, truth itself has its own ground and heart, and has its life from the Lord. NUMBERING THE PEOPLE Preached in Boynton Beach, Florida August 5, 1990 “And the Lord spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the tabernacles of meeting, on the first day of the second month, in the second year after they had come out of the land of Egypt, saying: ‘Take a census of all the congregation of the children of Israel, by their families, by their fathers’ houses, according to the number of names, every male individually, from twenty years old and above, all who are able to go to war in Israel. You and Aaron shall number them by their armies ” (Numbers 1: 1 – 3). Numbers is the fourth of the books commonly known as the “Five Books of Moses.” It recounts a variety of things which befell the Children of Israel during their wanderings in the wilderness. The second book of Moses, called Exodus, takes the Israelites as far as Mount Sinai and includes the giving of the Ten Commandments and many other laws and statutes which were given from Mount Sinai, concluding with the building of the Tabernacle. The third book, Leviticus, follows. It contains a collection of ritualistic and other laws, especially as they relate to the Levites and priests. It contains no historical events. The fourth book, Numbers, again takes up the history of Israel when they were about to leave the plains of Sinai. Since the first thing mentioned in the book of Numbers, in preparation for their journeying in the wilderness, is a census of the people, and since a second census is recorded at the end of the book when they were encamped on the plains of Moab in preparation for entering the promised land, we have, in English translations, followed the Greek translations in calling the book “Numbers.” The Hebrews, on the other hand, following their custom of designating the name of each book by the first word or words occurring in it, or by some distinguishing word in the first verse, call it Bemidhbar, meaning “in the wilderness.” This, too, is an appropriate name, since it is an account of the Israelites’ wandering in the wilderness. In the internal sense it is an account of the obscure groping of the human mind in its search for heaven. The immediate purpose of this census was to determine the military strength of the Israelites – counting the males from twenty years old and above, all that were able to go to war. It was natural that they should do this before undertaking the hazardous journey in the wilderness, where they were likely to meet many enemies far more powerful than themselves. In addition, it would help them to determine the order of their marching, and the organization of their encampment around the tabernacle. The number of men, not counting women and children, was 603,550. We would recall here the Lord’s promise to Abraham over 400 years earlier that his seed would be as the stars of the heaven for multitude. If the women and children were included in this census there would have been over a million people. This census was permitted in the law given through Moses with the stipulation that each one numbered should give “an offering to the Lord. The rich shall not give more, and poor shall not give less, than half a shekel, when they give an offering to the Lord, to make an atonement for your souls” (Exodus 30:15). In numbering the people who could go to war the Israelites were thinking of physical warfare and of their military power. In the spiritual sense it relates to spiritual combats, and the conquering of evil desires and false ideas which occupy the natural mind of man. The beginning of this long difficult journey in the wilderness represents the state of an adult beginning the spiritual journey along the pathway of regeneration. The person knows, in a general way, the Lord’s commandments – the law had already been given from Mount Sinai – but many evil desires arising from selfish loves and many false ideas arising from proprial conceits must be removed before the person can be prepared to dwell in the heavenly Canaan. The particular states of good and truth which alone can conquer these evils and falsities are represented by the numbers of the various tribes recorded in this chapter. The people were counted by their tribes before setting out on this journey. This means that the Lord, at the beginning of every person’s regeneration, orders the interiors of the mind – arranges it in heavenly order in preparation for the combats that the person will inevitably face along the way. The Lord foresees all the spiritual trials which will beset a person in the course of regeneration, and so disposes the interiors of the mind from earliest infancy that the person may have the ability to withstand every trial that he may encounter; and He provides that the person will not undergo any trial greater than he can bear. For to number is to bring into order – here to bring into heavenly order -the interior things of a person’s spirit. By ordering the spiritual mind of man the Lord also provides that He may have a dwelling place within the person, so that by His presence He may sustain the person and overcome the evil spirits who attack. No one can conquer the forces of hell by and of himself; their malignant power is so great and their secret operation so subtle that a person has nothing of his own to withstand them. Left to himself, the person would be completely overwhelmed. But we can cooperate. We can order our external minds and lives according to Divine laws of order so that the Lord can form the interiors of our minds into a heavenly order, and then the presence of heaven within us can repel the attacks of the hells. The acknowledgment that the order and arrangement of the goods and truths which a person receives are from the Lord alone is represented by the half shekel which every individual man, rich and poor alike, had to offer to the Lord at the time of the census. This acknowledgment is a prerequisite to regeneration, for the denial of it involves a person’s claiming for oneself the power to overcome the hells and to merit heaven from one’s own strength and goodness. Such an attitude obstructs the influx from heaven and leaves a person at the mercy of the hells. This is what was involved in the sin of David. He numbered the people without the payment of the half shekel. He did this at the end of his reign when he had conquered all the surrounding nations and Israel occupied a prominent place among the nations. The implication in the literal sense is that in counting his valiant warriors and in wishing to enumerate the great strength of his army, he was taking credit for his victories rather than humbly acknowledging that it was the Lord’s presence with Israel which had made them a mighty nation. This is the sin into which we all may fall if we do not acknowledge in our worship and in our lives that we receive power from the Lord alone to overcome the hidden evils of our inheritance. Such an acknowledgment, however, means nothing unless we, as of ourselves, use the power which the Lord freely gives us. That is, we must make a constant and continuing effort to live according to the Lord’s commandments so that our minds may be brought into harmony with Divine order. If we do this we will repel, reject and overcome those natural desires and thoughts which are contrary to Divine order. We see an illustration of this in the story of Gideon. He was not permitted to go against the Midianites with the 32,000 men who had been counted, lest Israel claim the victory for itself instead of attributing it to the Lord, saying: “My own hand has saved me” (Judges 7:2). Gideon finally had to reduce his force to 300 men, for the Lord said: “By the 300 men who lapped I will save you, and deliver the Midianites into your hand” (Judges 7:7, emphasis added). The Lord chose this spectacular way to conquer the far superior force of Midian in order to show the Israelites, and indeed us, that it was solely by His presence with them, and His power, that they were able to exist among the far more powerful nations surrounding them. The spiritual lesson here is that if from our trust in the Lord we intelligently cooperate with Him by observing His laws of order, His church will prevail against all foes, both in the world and in the life of every individual member. This Divine forming and ordering of the mind from within begins in infancy and continues throughout life. The heavenly states which the angels impress upon the infantile mind remain to mitigate and soften the hardness of selfish loves; it is these remains which are meant by census of those 20 years old and upward. The fact that the first census took place in the wilderness means that this Divine work is done before we can have any consciousness of it. It is on a plane above our consciousness. This is a wonderful provision of the Divine Providence. It is the way in which the Lord provides that every person, prior to reaching adulthood, may be prepared for regeneration. Furthermore, because of this Divine work, the stubbornness and persistence of our selfish loves, which later become so active, are finally able to be overcome. While acknowledging that regeneration is the Lord’s work, we must always bear in mind that He can accomplish it with us only by our complete willingness and active cooperation. We must as of ourselves bring our external minds and lives into a state harmonious with, and corresponding to, that inner order which the Lord has established within our spirit, for only then can this Divine operation descend to the plane of consciousness and be effective in our lives. In this spirit we should humbly pray to the Lord that He will “number our days that we may gain a heart of wisdom” (Psalm 90:12). Amen. Lessons: Numbers 1: 1 – 3, 17 – 19, 44 – 46; 2 Samuel 24:1 – 17; AC 10219:5 Arcana Coelestia 10219:5 For by “famine’ is signified a lack and scarcity of the goods and truths of faith and love, because these are signified by bread, food, wheat, barley, oil, and wine, which are lacking while the famine lasts. By “fleeing before enemies” in the internal sense is meant to be pursued by evils and falsities, for those who attribute goods and truths to themselves cannot fight against the evils and falsities which are from hell (n. 9978), and which in the spiritual sense are the enemies before whom is the fleeing, and by whom they are pursued. But by “pestilence” is signified the vastation and consumption of the goods and truths which have been received from infancy (n. 7505). That David chose the pestilence, and that seventy thousand died of it, signified that every truth and good of faith and love would perish with the Israelitish and Jewish nation, which also came to pass, for they did not acknowledge the Lord, from whom nevertheless are all goods and truths. “Three days’ signified to the full, and the same was also signified by the “seventy thousand” men who died. I AM: THE LORD’S DIVINE PRESENCE WITH US A Sermon by Rev. Frederick M. Chapin Preached in Charlotte, North Carolina, March 24, 1996 “And God said to Moses, `I AM who I am.’ And He said, `Thus you shall say to the children of Israel, “I AM has sent me to you”‘” (Exodus 3:14). One of the most basic of human needs is to feel worthwhile. Our lives would become unbearable if we felt there was nothing we could accomplish. We need to be assured that we can make a difference. The more we recognize how we can benefit others, the more we will value ourselves and the services we can provide. Many who are in a state of depression feel as if their lives are of no value. It is not clearly evident to them how they can be a positive influence toward others. They see more of their negative faults than their opportunities and abilities that are good. For example, many of the elderly today feel an isolation and low self-worth. They are not able to do the things they once were able to do. Because they don’t see anything they can offer, nor do they feel appreciated, they just linger and become lonely, without hope. It can easily be seen that the more we recognize what our abilities are, and whom we can have a positive influence upon, the more appreciation and enjoyment we will have about ourselves and the services we are able to perform. The Lord intends for every person to feel a sense of self- worth. We need the assurance that we can make a positive contribution to our neighbor, country, the church, and even the Lord’s kingdom in the heavens. We are to have the confidence that the Lord has created us with unique gifts that can support the efforts of others and add to the effectiveness of the Lord’s church upon the earth. In short, all of us can do wonderful things for others. Our reading about the call to Moses gives us the teachings on how the Lord makes an individual call to each one of us. The more we are faithful to our call, the more we are able to display the loves and the wisdom that exists in heaven. When we are able to display heavenly states in our lives, we will appreciate what the Lord has enabled us to do. The story begins with Moses watching the sheep of his father-in-law, Jethro. One day Moses saw a bush burning with fire but not being consumed. He soon recognized that it was the Lord and had to take his shoes off his feet because he was standing upon holy ground. The Lord then revealed to Moses that he was to go to Egypt and lead the Israelites to the promised land. This seemed like an impossible task for Moses to accomplish. To assure Moses that he could do these things, the Lord spoke the words of our text that “I AM” has sent you. We do know that Moses did eventually lead the Israelites out of Egypt and he guided them to the promised land. Like Moses, when we first hear what we are to do we may have doubts concerning our abilities to carry it out. We may feel unqualified to perform the task that the Lord has set out before us. How often do we convince ourselves that we are not able to perform a service when we are presented with an opportunity to do so? Quite often when we are confronted with an occasion to do something good there is a fear of taking a risk to do that good. We convince ourselves that we are hopelessly trapped in the results of our failures, with no hope of emerging out of them. Like Moses, we will remain stuck, watching sheep because of the murder he committed in Egypt, and Israel will forever remain in slavery in Egypt. Nevertheless, we are given the same words as were given to Moses: I AM is with you. When the Lord referred to Himself as the I AM, He was alluding to His Divinity. He was telling Moses that His full infinite power would be with Moses as he set out upon his task. Likewise, the Lord gives us the same assurance. If we make the effort to take advantage of performing good services when the opportunities present themselves, the Lord will be with us in His full Divinity. The Lord’s infinite love and wisdom will be present with us as we perform our unique gifts. The Writings for the New Church teach clearly that the Lord is in every detail of creation. This includes that the Lord is personally present with all of us. If all of a sudden you were the only person alive upon the earth, He would not be any closer to you than He is right now. The Lord is fully aware of our concerns and challenges. For the most part, we are not consciously aware of the Lord’s presence at every moment. This is so that we are in freedom which allows us to enjoy the life the Lord is providing for us. However, the Lord is intimately aware of our state, and how we can be of use to His kingdom. The Lord looks and regards each of us for what we can provide in making heaven more wonderful, more perfect, and more effective. While we are upon the earth, the Lord works in us so that we are able to manifest heaven and further establish heavenly principles. And the Lord unceasingly provides what we need to accomplish our task, which is so precious in His sight. The Lord’s operation in our lives is the Holy Spirit. The teachings about the Holy Spirit reveal how the Lord works within us. It is because the Lord is unceasingly working within us that we can not only enter heaven, but make it better from our presence there. Everyone’s abilities and contribution are of equal value in the sight of the Lord. Yet just having the Lord’s unceasing love and wisdom present with us does not automatically mean we will accomplish our God- given task. We also must cooperate with Him. The Writings teach that we cooperate with the Lord when our lives are in order. We have the proper loves and the proper priorities established in our lives when we simply comply with the teachings from the Word. As we obey the Word and remove the disorders in our lives that disagree with what the Word teaches, our lives are becoming more and more established in Divine order. This produces a living conjunction with the Lord. And the more our lives are in order, the stronger the bond with the Lord. It is then that we accomplish and enjoy the calling the Lord is leading us into. It is then that we escape from the consequences of our past evils and journey toward a state of freedom in the Lord’s kingdom. There are three things to be aware of if we are to be motivated by a confidence that the Lord’s power is with us. First, we must recognize that it is the Divinity of the Lord that allows good services to be done. Just as Moses was powerless of himself to lead the Children of Israel out of Egypt, so too are we powerless to perform services that truly accomplish good and bring heaven to earth. Secondly, we must be willing to face reality. If we are to have the discipline and the ability to perform services that help other people and bring heaven to the earth, we must be able to face reality. When we accept truth, we are dealing with realty. New Church doctrine teaches that the most fundamental reality is that all things are from the Lord. The more we are sincerely in that confession and cooperating with it, the more we are able to face and respond to what is real. The more we are able to face reality and not try to hide from it or cover it up, the more we are equipped to help others and provide services for them. Heaven is a state where we function in what is real. On the other hand, hell is a state where we fantasize what is real so that we can indulge in selfish desires or intentionally delude ourselves that a disorder is not really present. Facing reality prevents us from going through denial. Loving truth allows us to enjoy reality. The more we are content with what is real, the more we will find contentment with our lives on earth and what we will do in heaven. And third, we must realize that it is the Lord that establishes the church. It was the Lord that led Israel out of Egypt. He accomplished it through Moses, but it was from the Lord’s power. Likewise, when we are able to display heavenly loves before others, the church is being established by the Lord through us. The good that we do is really the Lord’s work. We can make the church on earth more effective by our obeying the Lord’s commandments. However, it is the Lord that is making the church more prominent upon the earth. The Writings are clear that the Lord does not need the help of people or angels to bring good and peace upon the earth. However, he uses us so that we can find delight and fulfillment in this awesome work. The Lord can make our married partner happy and useful, but He works through us to make our partner content and spiritually effective. The Lord can guide our children to eternal life without our assistance, but He works through us to instruct each child in what is right and holy. The same is true of our friends, fellow workers, and others we come in contact with. The Lord has allowed us to have an integral part in bringing heavenly loves and truth to the world so that we can find heavenly contentment and peace in what the Lord is accomplishing on the earth. When we receive the Lord, we can do marvelous things. When the Lord guides our lives, we can “cast the mountains into the sea.” A clear awareness is being developed of what is right and wrong, and we have the discipline and the strength to cast away that barrier to heaven. Also, we will have a sense of the Lord’s power present with us. We will be like Elisha’s servant who saw a host of fiery chariots surrounding him when a band of Syrian raiders was about to attack him. When we are confronted with the attacks from the hells, if we continue to look to the Lord our eyes will be open and we will see from within that we were always under the Lord’s protection and have the power to achieve great spiritual victories. Whenever we do something that is good and honorable from a desire and intent to obey the Lord, the Lord is conjoined to that good and can use it to bring heaven to the earth. For us to accomplish our calling, we must allow the Lord to establish in us a conscience of good. We must allow Him to establish in us a conviction that we want good and true principles to be accomplished within us and by us. Because the Lord is not limited to natural properties, He can be with us with His full and infinite Divinity in the minutest details of our lives. We can rejoice that when we are conjoined with the Lord, we are having an important and valuable role in the most important and wonderful work that we can be a part of. And we can rejoice in our opportunities where we can make the Lord’s church more visible upon the earth. We can do wonderful things in the name of the Lord. For the Lord tells each one of us: “Greater love has no one than this, than to lay down one’s life for his friends” (John 15:13). Amen. Lessons: Exodus 3:1-14, John 8:48-59, AC 6880 I AM WHO I AM. That this signifies the Being and Coming- forth of all things in the universe is evident from the fact that “I am” is Being, and because He alone is Being, it is said in the nominative case. That it is twice said “I AM,” that is, “I AM who I AM,” is because the one signifies Being and the other Coming- forth; thus the one signifies the Divine Itself, which is called the “Father,” and the other the Divine Human, which is called the “Son”; for the Divine Human comes forth from the Divine Itself. But when the Lord as to the Human also was made the Divine Being (Esse) or Jehovah, then the Divine truth, which proceeds from the Lord’s Divine Human, is the Divine Coming-forth from the Divine Being. From this it can be seen that the Divine Being cannot communicate Itself to anyone except through the Divine Coming- forth; that is, the Divine Itself cannot communicate Itself except through the Divine Human, and the Divine Human cannot communicate itself except through the Divine truth, which is the Holy of the Spirit: this is meant by its being said that all things were made by the Word (John 1:3). It appears to man as if the Divine truth were not such that anything can come forth by means of it; for it is believed that it is like a voice, which being uttered with the lips, is dissipated. But it is altogether otherwise: the Divine truth proceeding from the Lord is the veriest reality, and such a reality that all things have come forth from it, and all things subsist from it; for whatever proceeds from the Lord is the veriest reality in the universe; and such is the Divine truth, which is called the “Word,” through which all things were made. Posted on July 4, 2014 by havau22 \| 2 Comments	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line813
__label__cc	0.587396	0.412604	Infrastructure improvements in six Ottawa neighbourhoods October 30, 2018 Written by a HealthBridge guest blogger Accessibility, Advocacy, Cars, Cities, Cycling, Impact, Livable Cities, Public Transit, Walking Post a comment! Since 2015, we have been working with residents in six lower-income neighbourhoods to identify improvements needed to make them better places for pedestrians, cyclists and public transit riders. This has involved door-to-door outreach, sharing circles, active transportation audits, the formation of resident-led working groups, dot-mocracy to prioritize the top needed improvements, and pop-up projects intended to demonstrate how the neighbourhood would improve if the needed improvement were implemented. As a follow up to all these activities, we have then worked with the local city councillor to seek their support, and the support of the City, to make the improvements permanent. Bayshore: residents indicated two main priorities: i) the need for a better pathway connection from the community to the nearby Trans Canada Trail; and ii) their desire for a safe pedestrian crossing on Woodridge Crescent north of the Bayshore Transitway Station. We worked with the property owner, Ferguslea, to have them pave and widen the pathway connection to the TransCanada Trail so that it avoids two large dumpsters. And, we’re presently working with the City, the local City Councillor Mark Taylor, and residents to hold a pedestrian crosswalk pop-up project in September 2018. By attending consultations related to pedestrian and cycling connectivity to Phase 2 of the City’s Light Rail Transit Project, we were able to secure a commitment from the City that it will provide a safe pedestrian crossing at the location by the time Light Rail Transit starts operating at Bayshore, currently scheduled for 2023, and we hope the pop-up project will demonstrate the need for the safe pedestrian crossing to be implemented more quickly than that. Heron Gate: residents prioritized the need for safe cycling infrastructure on Heron and Walkley Roads, and on Bank Street; in addition, they wanted a pathway paved that runs through Sandalwood Park connecting residential buildings to the Herongate Square shopping centre and the closest grocery store. We received media coverage (in the Metro newspaper; 23 May 2016) of the residents’ desire for the safe cycling infrastructure on Heron Road, spoke with the City Councillor Jean Cloutier, and City cycling staff, and in August 2016 the federal government provided $275,000 in funding for the design and construction of an eastbound cycle track on the south side of Heron Road. The cycle track segment runs about 790 metres eastbound from the Colbert Pathway and the shopping centre entrance opposite Jefferson Road. And, in June 2018, the pathway through Sandalwood Park was paved with asphalt, following a related pop-up project we held in the park in 2016, and work with Councillor Cloutier’s office and City Parks staff. Vanier: residents indicated one main priority, which was the need for more bus shelters and benches in Vanier, including on Montreal Road. Working with local residents, City Councillor Mathieu Fleury, and City staff, we held a pop-up bus shelter and bench in Vanier on Montreal Road in September 2018. We surveyed approximately 171 people throughout the day, which included people either waiting for the bus or walking on the sidewalk. In some cases, people were biking on the sidewalk because Montreal Rd. currently lacks safe cycling infrastructure. The vast majority of respondents indicated overwhelming support for bus shelters and benches along Montreal Road and throughout Vanier. Among those 171 who answered the survey, 169 indicated they would like more bus shelters and benches on Montreal Rd., and throughout Vanier in general. In addition, 158 respondents said they would prefer a smaller, less protective bus shelter if there were space constraints compared to having no bus shelter at all. Although the City has not yet made a firm commitment, and space constraints may make things challenging, we are confident that we have adequately demonstrated to the City that the neighbourhood needs more bus shelters and benches. As a result, as part of the Montreal Road reconstruction project, the City is planning to install six additional bus shelters, for a total of 13. Cummings: residents indicated a desire for safe cycling infrastructure on Donald St. from Cummings Ave. to the Vanier Parkway. We met with Councillors Tim Tierney and Tobi Nussbaum to discuss the priority and learned of the City’s plans to build a protected intersection that will improve it for pedestrians and cyclists at St. Laurent Blvd. and Donald Street. Responding to the community’s needs, Councillor Tierney secured a commitment to add painted bike lanes on Donald to be completed during a scheduled road resurfacing between Cummings and St. Laurent to occur in Sept. 2018. Councillor Tierney also had staff fix a badly damaged sidewalk on the south side of Donald near the Q Residential apartment towers. Bells Corners West: working with residents and City Councillor Rick Chiarelli, we put in pop-up bike lanes on July 22, 2018. One hundred people attended the event and more than 500 people signed a petition addressed to the City asking it to add safe cycling infrastructure on Moodie Drive and to reduce the speed limit from 60km/h down to 50km/h. The event received extensive media coverage (including on CBC News, CBC Radio’s All in a Day, CTV News, CTV Ottawa, and Radio-Canada) and Councillor Chiarelli is now planning to add the residents’ formal request to City Council’s meeting agenda in August 2018. He’ll also speak to Transportation Committee Chair Keith Egli to seek his support for the improvements. Hawthorne Meadows–Sheffield Glen And, in Hawthorne Meadows–Sheffield Glen, a curb extension and crosswalk pop-up will hopefully occur in September or October. Thanks to our members, supporters, and funders We have been able to make this progress thanks to the support of residents of Ottawa, our members (who live around the world, including in the National Capital Region), our volunteers, and important funding from the Ontario Trillium Foundation, the Sweanor Family Fund, the Ottawa Community Foundation, Safer Roads Ottawa, and the Ottawa Sustainability Fund. A New Vision for Hanoi’s Wet Markets Celebrating 10 Years at HealthBridge: A Q&A with Phaeba Abraham “I am proud to be an Ethnic Minority Midwife!” ← A New Vision for Hanoi’s Wet Markets Promoting gender equality in the digital age →	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line814
__label__cc	0.696433	0.303567	That's actually scary Watch this boy save his baby brother from a near-death fall Bradleigh-Ann Walker A little boy was caught on camera saving his younger brother when the infant fell from a changing table a few weeks ago in South Florida — and now, we have the video as a reminder to always keep a close on our little ones. Their mother was changing the infant, one-year-old Eitan, and turned away for perhaps a mere second or two. According to CBS, the mom turned her attention to one of her five children right before this near-tragedy occurred. It’s terrifying to watch as the baby crawls his way to the edge of the changing table and falls, but his nine-year-old brother runs across the room and is just in time to keep him from hitting the floor. If that’s not a true hero, we don’t know what is! All of this reminds us just how important and difficult it is to keep your eyes on babies at all times, especially when it comes to to changing table safety. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mGlNzqfWeQ To moms everywhere, we know your job is tough and we respect all of the time and love you put into it! By Bradleigh-Ann Walker Lena Headey had a better idea for Cersei’s ending on Game of Thrones, and we’d watch that scene a million times Justin Bieber's ex-choreographer Emma Portner says the way he treats women is an "abomination" Manslaughter charge has been dropped against pregnant woman who lost her baby after getting shot Sandra Bullock called for equal pay for the U.S. women's soccer team, and she's not alone Gina Rodriguez will play the POTUS in a new TV show, and that's an America we can get behind AOC called out a violent and sexist private U.S. Border Patrol Facebook group, and now it's being investigated Amy Klobuchar had the best response to this male candidate claiming to be the only one “advancing the ball” for reproductive health Trump tried to discredit E. Jean Carroll's rape allegation by saying "she's not my type," and Twitter is calling him out Opinion: Media needs to pay more attention to the migrant children suffering under American custody	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line818
__label__wiki	0.960381	0.960381	Bernard Segal SEGAL, BERNARD (1907–1984), U.S. Conservative rabbi, administrator. Segal was born in Lipno, Poland, and immigrated to the United States in 1922. He received a B.S. from Columbia University in 1931 and was ordained at the Jewish Theological Seminary in 1933, earning a D.H.L. there in 1950. He served briefly as rabbi of the Patchogue Jewish Center on Long Island, N.Y. (1933–34), before becoming rabbi of Queens Jewish Center (1934–40). He was the first Jewish chaplain in the United States to be called to active duty in World War II, serving as chairman of the Chaplaincy Availability Board (1943–46) and co-chairing the Conservative movement's Wartime Emergency Commission (1944–45). He was discharged in 1945 with the rank of lieutenant colonel, staying on in the Army reserves as founding president of the Association of Jewish Chaplains of the Army and Navy of the United States (1945–47). Returning to civilian life, Segal assumed the first of a series of leadership positions in the Conservative movement, becoming the first executive director of the Rabbinical Assembly (1945–7) as well as director of the Joint Placement Commission of the Rabbinical Assembly and the Jewish Theological Seminary. In 1947, Segal was appointed executive vice president of the Rabbinical Assembly, where he continued to oversee placement of rabbis during the post-war growth years. In 1949, he moved from the Rabbinical Assembly to JTS, first as assistant to the president (1949–51) and then as executive vice president (1951–53). Recognizing the need for Jewish educators, he encouraged graduates to pursue careers in Jewish education. He also directed the National Ramah Commission (1950–54). In 1953, Segal was appointed executive director (executive vice president from 1970) of the United Synagogue of America, now the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism, where he spent the next 23 years, until his retirement, supervising the expansion of the organization, creating new departments, and hiring more professionals. He emphasized education, creating programs for synagogue members of all ages, developing curricula for congregational schools, publishing educational materials, establishing Solomon Shechter day schools in numerous communities, launching the Burning Bush press as the imprint of the National Academy of Adult Jewish Studies, and distributing the El Am Talmud. Striving always to foster unity in the Conservative movement, he led the United Synagogue into joining with the Rabbinical Assembly and the National Women's League in forming the Commission on Social Action (1954). In 1957, he was instrumental in founding the World Council of Synagogues and implementing uniform standards for synagogue practices. He also brought the United Synagogue into the membership fold of umbrella organizations of American and world Jewry, such as the Conference of Presidents of the Major American Jewish organizations and the *World Zionist Organization. Outside of the Conservative movement, Segal was a member of the Board of Directors of the Committee on Religion in American Life (1954–56), the New York City Mayor's Commission on Housing (1954–58) and the New York Association for Middle Income Housing (1960–68). Following his retirement in 1977, he moved to Jerusalem, Israel. P.S. Nadell, Conservative Judaism in America: A Biographical Dictionary and Sourcebook (1988).	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line820
__label__wiki	0.658043	0.658043	The Good, the Bad and the Gossip Mac Miller Breaks Silence On Ariana Grande Breakup & Her Engagement Mac Miller had a major Monday, dropping a new song, announcing a new tour--and breaking his silence for the first time on his April split from Ariana Grande. "Life is stressful, so of course there were stressful times. It’s not that unique," the 26-year-old rapper said in a radio interview. "I was in love with somebody. We were together for two years. We worked through good times, bad times, stress and everything else. And then it came to an end and we both moved on. And it’s that simple." Speaking of moving on, Miller will be hitting the road in October on his North American Swimming tour alongside Atlanta rapper J.I.D. and Thundercat. Swimming's also the name of his forthcoming album, which arrives August 3. On Monday, he dropped his latest track off that LP, "What's the Use?" The Good, the Bad and the Gossip on Johnjay and Rich! JohnJay & Rich On Demand I wish they all could be California Bills. Johnjay and Producer Bill are in San Diego this week! Johnjay seems a little...less than impressed with his studio. TODAY ON THE SHOW: Delaney kind of gets married!... Johnjay & Rich Presents: BREAKING BAD NEWS Sierra has been sitting on some bad news for her Dad for a couple weeks. She reached out to Producer Bill to help her break it to him! Let's find out what it is! This show is full of psychopaths. Rich has the most extensive teeth routine, Delaney tries on wedding dresses when she isn't engaged... and that's just two of us! TODAY ON THE SHOW: Dutch hangs out... 2nd DATE UPDATE Tyler and Alyssa have known each other a while. Kind of, at least through mutual friends. They went out, had a good time, got drunk, and hooked up! In the middle of...	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line822
__label__cc	0.707397	0.292603	Home Reclaiming Our Humanity Reclaiming Our Humanity Nov 8, 2018 10:00 AM Overture Center 201 State St., Madison, Wisconsin 53703 press release: Join us for Reclaiming Our Humanity: A Talk with Fania Davis on November 8, 2018, from 10:00AM - 12:00PM at the Overture Center for the Arts. Fania Davis is a leading national voice on restorative justice, a quickly emerging field which invites a fundamental shift in the way we think about and do justice. Restorative Justice is based on the desired set of principles and practices to mediate conflict, strengthen the community, and repair harm. She is a long-time social justice activist, Civil Rights trial attorney, restorative justice practitioner, writer, and scholar with a Ph.D. in Indigenous Knowledge. In the United States, the school-to-prison pipeline (SPP), also known as the school-to-prison link or the schoolhouse-to-jailhouse track, is the disproportionate tendency of minors and young adults from disadvantaged backgrounds to become incarcerated, because of increasingly harsh school and municipal policies. YWCA Madison focuses on Restorative Justice because it has been shown to interrupt the school-to-prison pipeline by improving school engagement, reducing teacher bias, and providing an alternative to punishment that cultivates empathy, social awareness, and true accountability to the community. We know that this is deeply counter-cultural work that requires ongoing education and a significant shift in beliefs and values in order to make real change. In her address, Fania Davis will layout What Restorative Justice is and What It Is Not. Tickets for this event are $25. This event is made possible through a partnership with Briarpatch Youth Services, Dane County TimeBank, and Madison Metropolitan School District. If you have additional questions or concerns regarding the Reclaiming our Humanity Talk, group registration or other Restorative Justice training please contact Eugenia Highland, Restorative Justice Director at 608.257.1436, option Location Overture Center 201 State St., Madison, Wisconsin 53703 View Map Community Calendar Lectures & Seminars Date & Time Nov 8, 2018 10:00 AM	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line825
__label__wiki	0.871296	0.871296	Elder Watson Diggs Elder Watson Diggs (1883 - 1947) is known to the many brothers of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity as The Dreamer. On January 5, 1911, he cofounded, along with nine other men, the first black fraternity at Indiana University in Bloomington, Ind., and one of the earliest black national social fraternities. Elder Diggs was born December 23, 1883, in Hopkinsville, Ky., the seat of Christian County. He later left his home state and graduated from college in 1908 from Indiana State Normal in Terre Haute, Ind., now Indiana State College. He entered Howard University in Washington D.C., in 1909, but transferred to IU a year later. In 1916, Diggs became the first African American graduate of the Indiana University School of Education. Diggs believed he could establish an African American fraternity on the largely white IU campus. He envisioned this would help give black men support and sanctuary. He felt a strong, dignified, permanent body could change perceptions and enable future generations to attend the university. During this challenging time, African American students were not allowed to participate in social and other functions, they were denied use of school entertainment and recreational facilities, and the Ku Klux Klan, which was very active in Indiana, was headquartered just down the road from campus. Earlier attempts to form an African American fraternity were unsuccessful, but Diggs was determined. On the night of January 5, 1911, his dream of what was to become Kappa Alpha Psi became a reality. Originally chartered and incorporated as Kappa Alpha Nu, it officially became the Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity in December 1914. Kappa Alpha Psi is a collegiate Greek-letter fraternity with a predominantly African American membership. Since the fraternity’s founding, however, Kappa Alpha Psi has never limited membership based on color, creed or national origin. The fraternity has over 150,000 members with 700 undergraduate and alumni chapters in every state of the US, and international chapters in England, Germany, Korea, Japan, the Caribbean, Saint Thomas, Saint Croix, the United States Virgin Islands and South Africa. An educator by profession, Diggs taught in public schools in Indianapolis, Ind., where he became a principal. He left his job to serve in World War I and was made a lieutenant at the nation’s first Officer’s Training Camp at Fort Des Moines, Iowa. He served with the 368th Infantry in Europe. Later, he became a captain in the Reserve Officer’s Training Corps. He was instrumental in having the Indiana Constitution amended to permit Negro enlistment in the Indiana National Guard. Diggs returned to his job as principal after the war and later earned his master’s degree in education from Howard University in 1944. After his death on Nov. 8, 1947, the name of the school where he served as principal for 26 years was changed to Elder W. Diggs Elementary. The public school is still in operation. The motto of Kappa Alpha Psi is Achievement In Every Field Of Human Endeavor. The president of the national organization is called the Grand Polemarch, and Diggs served in this position for the first six years of the fraternity’s existence. In 1924, his Kappa Alpha Psi brothers awarded Elder Watson Diggs with its first Laurel Wreath, its highest honor, for his incessant efforts to improve and expand the fraternity and commitment to the fraternity’s ideals. He is buried in Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line837
__label__wiki	0.516598	0.516598	MPCC Raffle Car Headed to Valentine The 2018 Mid-Plains Community College raffle car will be on display in Valentine on Friday. The 1932 Ford Roadster will be set up at the Cherry County Fair beginning at 9 a.m. About the car The Roadster was built by students in MPCC’s Classic Car Restoration, Automotive Technology and Auto Body Technology programs and is the result of a partnership with Lincoln-based Speedway Motors. “The partnership with Speedway has been a wonderful experience,” said Bryan Herrick, MPCC’s first-year Automotive Technology instructor. “We built the car from scratch using mainly Speedway parts. Ninety-five percent of the project came straight from the Speedway catalog. The remaining five percent involved our construction of the interior.” It’s the first time MPCC has undertaken such a project. The past 13 years, the students restored and modified classic cars. Many of the lessons they learned through that process also applied to building a new car. For the Roadster, Automotive Tech students were charged with building a new chassis, creating electrical systems and designing and building a new drivetrain. Auto Body students were tasked with fitting the various body components together, painting the exterior and interior surfaces and designing and constructing the seats and upholstery. “There wasn’t a book of step-by-step instructions,” said Don Wilson, MPCC Auto Body instructor. “Our students had to learn each process before they could make the various systems work properly and look amazing.” The goal was to create a car anyone could drive. The Roadster’s drivetrain consists of a 327 GM small block engine with three two-barrel carburetors coupled to a Turbo 350 automatic transmission and a Ford 9” rear end. Four-wheel disc brakes with Rocket racing wheels were added. The entire car is either painted, chromed, stainless or fabric. “It turned out amazing,” said Brandon McElwee, Auto Body student. “To see it come together from start to finish was unbelievable.” The car will tour the state over the summer, making appearances at car shows, parades and cruise night events. A total of 10,000 raffle tickets will be available at a price of $10 each. Proceeds will be used for scholarships for students in the college’s transportation programs and to help offset the cost of producing the next raffle car project. Tickets will be sold everywhere the vehicle is displayed. A schedule is posted on the college’s website, mpcc.edu. Tickets can also be purchased in the welcome centers at any of MPCC’s campuses in McCook, North Platte, Broken Bow, Imperial, Ogallala and Valentine.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line839
__label__wiki	0.632882	0.632882	EPA to Deploy Mobile Air Monitors to WIPP Within Two Weeks Submitted by Bonnie J. Gordon on March 26, 2014 - 9:42am U.S. Senate News: WASHINGTON D.C. - U.S Senators Tom Udall and Martin Heinrich announced Tuesday that within the next two weeks, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will deploy mobile environmental monitoring units to the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in Carlsbad. In a Feb. 27 letter to EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy, the senators had asked the EPA to send the additional air monitors to conduct independent tests and help respond to questions that have arisen from the community about safety following the Feb. 14 radiation leak at WIPP. For a copy of the senators' letter, click HERE. For a one-page summary of EPA’s actions regarding the recent incident at WIPP, including more information about the mobile environmental monitoring units, click HERE. Udall and Heinrich issued the following statement: “It’s critical to ensure the public has access to accurate, timely information about health and safety while the recovery efforts at WIPP continue. As a public health agency, the EPA can provide independent monitoring and analysis about the safety of the air at WIPP and in the Carlsbad community. EPA has made it clear that it does not believe that the radioactive releases from WIPP are a public health danger, and we fully expect these additional monitors will provide extra support to help ease any concerns that the public may have. We appreciate EPA’s ongoing assistance to the Carlsbad community.” The EPA is a key public health agency responsible for setting standards for acceptable levels of public exposure to both natural and man-made sources of radiation in air, water, and soils. It is the federal environmental regulator of WIPP and it has authority over external radiation releases. EPA has assisted in a similar way in the past – for example, the agency deployed radiation monitors to the Los Alamos area during fires in 2000 and 2011. For background on EPA’s role in WIPP oversight, click HERE.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line842
__label__wiki	0.524579	0.524579	A Project of National Paralegal College Foundations of Law Video-Courses Business Operating Agreements Governing Agreements Affected By Business Legal Disputes: Module 4 of 5 Take self-test Module 4: How Governing Agreements Can Affect Business Legal Disputes Imagine playing in a sporting event with a player on your team who injures his own teammates. Worse, you suspect he’s doing it on purpose, so he can boost his own scoring opportunities. You check the rulebook, but it is silent on what to do about this. Some of the injured players are already threatening to sue not just the “bad apple” but the franchise for letting him play. Can the team survive? In a way, creating a business that has no governing agreement is similar to participating in this frustrating and even dangerous activity. The people who get together to create a profit venture might start out believing they are in harmony with each other and the enterprise, all focused on a common goal, but over time, misunderstandings or disagreements about their respective rights and responsibilities, or perceived unfair or illegal conduct of one or more of the participants can challenge or extinguish their hopes and expectations and turn them against one another. Although some business forms may not require governing agreements (particularly LLCs and partnerships in many states), in the first three modules, we have considered factors weighing in favor of having one in place and why the agreement should be in writing. In this module, we’ll take a closer look at some of the ways entrepreneurs use governing agreements to anticipate potential conflicts and provide means to resolve them. A company’s owners and managers can be subject to many kinds of legal liability claims, such as breach of contract, wrongfully discharging an employee, engaging in behaviors that trigger antitrust laws or tort liability to third parties. We will confine our analysis to claims of intra-company malfeasance that a business can attempt to head off or resolve through appropriate provisions in its governing agreement. As a general rule, those who work together to create and run a business owe each other basic duties including loyalty, fair dealing, good faith and full disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. These duties originated as common law court decisions even in the absence of any written laws requiring them. Today, state and, in some cases, federal statutes have codified much of the common law. Fiduciary Duties in Corporations A corporation’s board of directors (collectively and individually), officers, and shareholders who have controlling interests in the business all have fiduciary duties of care and loyalty to each other, to the company and to the shareholders. Section 8.30 the American Bar Association’s Model Business Corporation Act, on which most states have based their corporation statutes, requires corporate directors in the performance of their duties: · To act in good faith and in a manner the director reasonably believes to be in the best interests of the corporation; · To discharge their duties with the care that a person in a like position would reasonably believe appropriate under similar circumstances; and · To disclose material information in their possession to other board members who do not know that information.[1] Section 8.42 requires corporate officers who have discretionary authority to act on behalf of the company to observe effectively the same fiduciary duties as those of directors. Corporate stakeholders also owe each other and the company the duty of loyalty, which manifests itself most often in actual and potential conflicts of interest. Conflicts that raise duty of loyalty concerns are often ones in which a director, officer or controlling shareholder participate in both side of a transaction, or if that person expects to receive personal financial benefit from a transaction instead of the transaction benefitting the corporation or its stockholders as a whole. Examples of activities that can lead to accusations of breach of the corporate duty of loyalty include: · A director’s sales to or purchases from the corporation; · Transactions between a parent company and its subsidiary; · Unfair treatment of minority shareholders by majority shareholders; · Using corporate monies to improperly retain control over the company; · Excessive compensation; · Usurpation of a corporate opportunity; · Competition with the company on the part of directors or officers; · Insider trading; and · Sale of control over the company. Note that not all of these are prohibited, but many require “entire fairness” to the corporation. The parameter of the duty and its attendant rules are taken up in other LawShelf courses. Fiduciary Duties in LLCs Section 409 of the Revised Uniform Limited Liability Company Act, which is the foundation for LLC law in nineteen states,[2] imposes variable duties of loyalty and care on LLC members, depending on whether the company is governed by its members (a “member-managed” LLC) or whether it uses managers (“manager-managed”). The Act defines these duties as follows: The duty of loyalty requires: · Accounting to the company and to fellow members for properties, profits and benefits that a member gains while performing LLC business (including winding up the company), or from use of LLC property, or from appropriating an LLC business opportunity; · Not dealing with the LLC while having an adverse interest to it, personally or while acting on behalf of someone else with an adverse interest; and · Not competing with the LLC in the performance of its business.[3] Similar to the duty of care for corporate directors under the Model Business Corporations Act, members must act with the same degree of care as another reasonable person would in the same position and in similar circumstances. The RULLCA duty of care goes one step further than the Model Business Corporations Act to require members to act in a manner they reasonably believe will be in the best interests of the LLC.[4] Duties of good faith and fair dealing: The RULLCA applies contract law-based duties of good faith and fair dealing on members and managers in the performance of their duties of loyalty and good faith. For manager-managed LLCs, the duties of loyalty and care apply to the managers but not to non-manager members; as Section 409(g) of the Act states, in a manager-managed company “A member does not have any fiduciary duty to the company or to any other member solely by reason of being a member.” Although the duties of loyalty and care don’t apply to ordinary members, though, the duties of good faith and fair dealing do still apply to all members.[5] Fiduciary Duties in Partnerships For partnerships, Section 409 of the Revised Uniform Partnership Act- variations of which form the basis of partnership law in 49 states- requires partners of a general partnership to uphold the duties of loyalty and care to one another and to the partnership. The Act has built-in definitions for these two duties: Duty of loyalty: The partnership duty of loyalty parallels that of LLCs, down to the same section number and terms.[6] Duty of care: · Not engaging in purposeful or willful misconduct in the performance of partnership business; and · Not engaging in reckless or grossly negligent behavior while performing partnership business. Ultra Vires Actions Another source of potential conflict involving management and control over a company, especially a corporation, is an act by a member of the business that is outside of the company’s scope of authority. This means actions taken on behalf of the company that are not allowed under the company’s organizing documents (such as articles of incorporation, bylaws, partnership agreement, etc.). Such unauthorized actions are called “ultra vires” activity and can create breach of contract disputes and legal violations. The sources of ultra vires claims are often shareholders who file lawsuits against the offending individual, the company or both. Examples of ultra vires activities include corporate directors entering into contracts without obtaining approval of the board of directors when the governing agreement requires such approval, the company president selling significant parts of the company’s assets without first securing shareholder approval and the board of directors approving a loan to a corporate officer when the bylaws prohibit it. Ultra vires used to be a more significant source of business litigation and liability than it is today, mainly because most state business entity laws now permit company owners and managers to engage in activities that used to be disallowed as long as they can demonstrate that the actions were undertaken in good faith and used sound business judgment. Still, engaging in acts prohibited by the company’s organizational documents or governing agreement can result in an ultra vires claim, so it remains important to understand how governing documents can help mitigate the risks. How Governing Agreements Can Reduce Liability Risks Forward-thinking business creators and owners can use the company’s governing agreement to provide guidance on what to do when foreseeable events like rogue members, disgruntled shareholders or conflicts of interest occur. Properly drafted bylaws, operating agreements and partnership agreements can prevent or resolve intra-company disputes while remaining in compliance with state laws. Although acting contrary to a company’s governing agreement can result in exposure to claims of legal liability, the agreement can also serve as a shield for the organization’s senior personnel. What follows are a few of the ways that governing agreements can anticipate and preclude some sources of vulnerability. Indemnification and Ratification Provisions Corporation, LLC and partnership laws allow for “escape hatch” provisions in the governing agreements that authorize the company to ratify some activities that might otherwise constitute breaches of fiduciary duties or ultra vires acts. For example, a corporation’s bylaws can contain a clause allowing the board of directors to indemnify an individual director from having to pay legal fees, court costs and monetary damages arising from lawsuits against that director based on actions she took in her capacity as a director. In a partnership setting, although Section 105(b)(5) of the Revised Uniform Partnership Act prohibits a partnership agreement from altering or eliminating the duty of loyalty,[7] Section 409(f) states that “All the partners may authorize or ratify, after full disclosure of all material facts, a specific act or transaction by a partner that would otherwise violate the duty of loyalty.”[8] Indemnification and ratification provisions in a partnership agreement can be effective as long as the behavior in question is not “manifestly unreasonable,” but it is also good practice to identify in the agreement specific behaviors that do not violate the duty of loyalty. Frivolous Lawsuit Barriers Corporate shareholders can file lawsuits against a corporation if they believe that the board of directors or officers have done something that violates their obligations to the company and the shareholders. Some of these lawsuits can be well-grounded, but on occasion, shareholders may file lawsuits that are meant more to interfere with or harass the board or officers, or to engage in a power struggle, than for any protective or restorative purpose. Some corporations have sought to insulate the board of directors from the possibility of frivolous shareholder lawsuits by crafting corporate bylaws that limit the circumstances under which shareholders can sue. The enforceability of such restrictions depends on factors including whether the shareholders approved of them in advance after full disclosure and review, or – if the board of officers acted without such prior approval – whether the restrictions are reasonable and whether they interfere with vested shareholder rights. Restrictive Clauses Many kinds of contracts require the parties to interpret agreements in accordance with one state’s law, and some go further to restrict the legal mechanisms the parties can use against other parties to enforce the agreement. Governing agreements are no exception to these practices and are sometimes platforms for novel provisions designed to preclude frivolous, multi-state jurisdictional and class-action lawsuits. Not all of the restrictions are allowable in all states, but in the context of corporations, some of them include: · Minimum party numerical thresholds: Some bylaws might include a requirement for a minimum number of shareholders (such as at least 3 percent of them) to consent to a derivative lawsuit against the corporation before it can commence.[9] Some provisions even attempt to preclude class action lawsuits. · Choice of forum clauses: These restrictions can require a party – regardless of where she resides – to use a given state’s court system to resolve claims against the company (typically the state where the business legally exists).[10] A variation of this is a requirement to resolve disputes through alternative means, like mandatory arbitration. · Fee-shifting clauses: In Delaware, courts have permitted bylaw provisions requiring the losing party in a lawsuit to pay the prevailing party’s legal fees and costs.[11] In Oklahoma, state law requires such “loser pays” fee shifting in shareholder derivative lawsuits.[12] Other fee-shifting examples include securities-related class action lawsuits under federal law and in private agreements among stockholders. Aside from corporations, an LLC operating agreement can determine whether one member can sue another member in her individual capacity to do things like enforcing reimbursement of contributions to the company, or to force another member to withdraw from the LLC in accordance with a membership agreement provision. Agreements can also determine how to value that member’s interests when they are forced to withdraw or are bought out. All such provisions should be explicit in the agreement to have any chance to be enforced in court. Partnership agreements can also include terms and conditions that affect how to resolve partner claims against each other or the partnership, such as requiring majority or unanimous consent of all partners to commence a claim. The partnership agreement can also be instrumental in authorizing the removal of a partner without triggering the dissolution of the partnership or provide for particular remedies for breach of the partnership agreement, such as liquidated damages or specific performance. The best business contract may be the one you never need to refer to after signing it. The next best contract is the one that, when you need it to cover a critical issue, does so. Business governing agreements can go beyond simply fulfilling a state’s requirement to have one. To the extent those writing a governing agreement can anticipate sources of disputes and understand the pertinent state contract and business laws, they can build in dispute avoidance and resolution measures that offer more control-certainty compared to relying on statutory language or generic agreement forms. Having this control and certainty when a dispute arises among the people who own and direct the company can be the deciding factor in whether they resolve that dispute amongst themselves or need the governing agreement as evidence in court. [1] Model Business Corporation Act § 8.30(2010). [2] http://www.uniformlaws.org [3]Revised Uniform Limited Liability Act §409(b) (2006). [4] Revised Uniform Limited Liability Act § 409(c) (2006). [5] Revised Uniform Limited Liability Act § 409(g)(5) (2006). [6]Revised Uniform Partnership Act § 409(b). [7] Revised Uniform Partnership Act § 105(b)(5). [8] Revised Uniform Partnership Act § 409(f). [9] Robert Brown, “Delaware and the Consequences of an Excessively Management Friendly Approach to Corporate Governance (Part 2),” RacetotheBottom.org, (Nov. 13, 2014), http://www.theracetothebottom.org/home/. [10]Boilermakers Local 154 Retirement Fund v. Chevron Corporation, 73 A.3d 934, 939 (Del. Ch.2013). [11] ATP Tour, Inc. v. Deutscher Tennis Bund, No. 534, 2013, slip op. at 10, 13 (Del. May 8, 2014). [12]Oklahoma Senate Bill No. 1799 (approved into law May 23, 2014). Loading Quiz... ©2019 National Paralegal College	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line844
__label__cc	0.674505	0.325495	Law School Disruptor of the Week: University of Maine to Merge Law and Business By Erika Bethmann \| June 10, 2014 Both business and law school students across the country will almost undoubtedly learn about mergers and acquisitions inside the classroom. However, some students at the University of Maine are about to get some real world experience with these concepts. Plans to merge the university’s law and business degree programs were leaked last week in a report created by a group of concerned professors. The details are still tentative. It’s unclear whether the university will simply consolidate the schools under one roof, or go so far as to have teachers and students from both schools combine to form an independent school with one dean. Despite these muddled, yet crucial specifics, Maine’s motivation to bring together these two schools is quite clear. With law school applicants dwindling amid high student debt and the depressingly crowded job market, schools are doing whatever they can to keep their law programs alive; even if that means being unconventional in an industry that prides itself on its traditional nature. Admittedly, there are areas of overlap between law and business that could definitely be acceptable and beneficial to both. With the globalization trend that has continued to grow in the twenty-first century, it is no surprise that employers strongly desire the most well-rounded student. After all, the more skills and knowledge a student possesses, the more inherently valuable they are. Chief Executive Officer at the Bernstein Shur law firm in Portland, Pat Scully, showed his support for this initiative saying, “It will be easier for students to draw on the best of both offerings.” Working with business-minded faculty would allow future lawyers to gain insight and better relate to clients in ways that law professors simply aren’t accustomed to teaching. But that is not the part with which the teachers find problems. They are concerned that during this planning process the teachers and students that will actually have to put the plans in motion are being ignored. This worry stems from the fact that the planning is being conducted by a third party, the Parthenon Group. Moving forward, it will definitely prove crucial how involved the educators are in this merger because they are the ones that will either accept it with open arms, or coldly reject and challenge this new system. In essence, however they are treated and react could either create a successful precedent and help remedy the current law school crisis, or just add to the list of ill-fated solutions already offered. For example, the Charleston School of Law found itself in a similar crisis when it was discovered that their founders took out profits totaling $25 million in 2013. Recently, a presumed angel in the form of a company called the InfiLaw System, stepped in and offered to purchase the school. This would add to the other three for-profit law schools they have acquired. While many argue that InfiLaw is the only option to keep Charleston’s doors open, it seems in many ways the lesser of two evils. InfiLaw, like Charleston, is a for-profit company that builds other for-profit law schools; a characteristic that makes many students and community members wary of supporting the sale. They are are understandably skeptical of the school being handed off to another money-hungry group that will just put them back into the same situation. Other concerns stem from allegations that claim InfiLaw is a “diploma mill” with admission standards lower than normal because they are a profit driven organization. These two solutions for keeping law school programs alive during this ongoing crisis provide insight on what seems to be a step in the right direction. The University of Maine has found a feasible resolution that actually predicts a positive outcome for students and may even help to set them ahead of the undeniable competition, especially from Ivy Leagues. On the other hand, schools like Charleston seem to be haphazardly throwing their programs into the hands of whomever will leave the school’s remaining founders with the optimal profit. Unfortunately, it seems in both cases the teachers and students are not being awarded the consideration they deserve as the heart of the system itself. This oversight that could prove fatal in both situations. Erika Bethmann (@EBethmann) is a New Jersey native and a Washingtonian in the making. She is passionate about travel and international policy, and is expanding her knowledge of the world at George Washington University’s Elliot School of International Affairs. Contact Erika at staff@LawStreetMedia.com. Featured image courtesy of [Jesse Michael Nix via Flickr] Erika Bethmann Erika Bethmann is a New Jersey native and a Washingtonian in the making. She is passionate about travel and international policy, and is expanding her knowledge of the world at George Washington University’s Elliot School of International Affairs. Contact Erika at staff@LawStreetMedia.com. Related ItemsCharleston School of LawDownsizingInfiLawLawMergersSchoolUniversity of Maine Top 10 Schools for Environmental and Energy Law	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line845
__label__wiki	0.761618	0.761618	Review: From Straight To Bizarre Posted on : April 24, 2014 By Matt Keeley From Straight To Bizarre Sometimes with documentaries, length can be a hinderance. There’s such a thing as too much depth, and they can tip from fascinating to boring. Other documentaries, like From Straight To Bizarre about the other acts on Frank Zappa’s labels in the late 1960s and early 1970s, keep the interest up all the way through — in this case, through almost three hours. In fact, when I saw how long it was, I was a little worried — but I needn’t have. The release from Sexy Intellectual is very highly recommended to any Zappa fans, loaded with original music (and not weirdly lame knockoffs like the otherwise awesome David Bowie: Rare and Unseen) and interviews with the particulars. From Straight to Bizarre talks to all sorts of people — Jeff Simmons, members of Alice Cooper, Drumbo and Zoot Horn Rollo from Captain Beefheart & His Magic Band, two of the GTOs and many Zappa biographers and journalists to provide the whole contextual picture. The doc focuses most on five albums: An Evening With Wild Man Fischer, Pretties For You by Alice Cooper, Permanent Damage by the GTOs, Trout Mask Replica and Jeff Simmons’ Lucille Has Messed My Mind Up. These aren’t the only albums talked about: Others, like the ill-fated debut of Essra Mohawk (under her real name, Sandy Horvitz) Sandy’s Album is Here at Last, the first from Bizarre, and the Lenny Bruce and Lord Buckley albums for Bizarre are also brought up — as are the acts shepherded by Zappa’s business partner, Herb Cohen, like Tim Buckley’s album Starsailor. The film doesn’t whitewash either — Zappa’s failings as a producer and label head are brought up often. The documentary depicts a man who would get really into something, then have a falling out with the act, abandoning the production to be picked up by Ian Underwood, who despite his great talent as a musician, didn’t really have the interest or ability in production. It happened to Sandy Horvitz (who was even briefly a Mother of Invention), and it kept happening. Of course, to be fair to Zappa, he had an increasing amount on his plate from his own music career — and it’s pointed out several times that the man could be very encouraging for new artists, despite his public persona. The albums on Straight and Bizarre generally ended up being more influential than they were commercially successful, though the same could be said for Zappa’s own output. The sociological aspects of the albums was another theme of the doc — Zappa was as much trying to make good records as he was trying to capture a scene not being documented by anyone else at the time. The GTO’s album in particular is pointed for being much more interesting as a document of the time rather than as a pop record — the non-musical segues are the most talked about pieces. The documentary also puts to bed the erroneous assumption that Zappa signed Wild Man Fischer as a freak show exploitation piece. Fischer’s given his due as a songwriter (particularly for the amazingly catchy “Merry-Go-Round”), but also his role in that scene and that idea of Zappa as audio documentarian. The recording of An Evening With Wild Man Fischer is one of the most interesting segments; it’s the album that Zappa was most hands-on with. Despite promising backing from the Mothers to a few different artists, it was this that actually got the most Mothers time and energy; often when Zappa’d leave a project in a huff, he seemed to take the bulk of the Mothers with him. Tensions were raised with some of the other acts about this — they couldn’t figure why a record with absolutely no commercial potential would get so much time and money where more traditional bands were being ignored or shoved into rush recording jobs. Still, the results were worth it — even though An Evening With certainly cost Zappa more than it ever made. The album might be overstuffed and meandering — a common problem with Zappa, to be perfectly honest — but it’s still great to listen to and without it, we likely wouldn’t have the outstanding (not to mention slightly more traditional) albums produced by Barnes & Barnes, Pronounced Normal and Nothing Scary. It’s amusing that the biggest commercial success from Zappa’s choices was Alice Cooper — who only had their first huge hit (“I’m Eighteen”) on their last album for Straight, and had their contract and albums picked up almost immediately by Warner Brothers, who’d been handling distribution for Straight. Still — every act on Straight/Bizarre had some high level of quality (even the GTOs, as a cultural document), and it’s a tragedy the saga only lasted as short as it did. I’d love for more artists to have this kind of control to get such odd records into stores nationwide. Of course, I wish that Zapple Records had released more than two things, so, I suppose my wishes might be a little suspect. Still — if you’re a Zappa fan, you need to see From Straight To Bizarre. I’m certain you’ll find out stuff you didn’t know before… and at the very least, you’ll get to hear some of the music from some notoriously hard-to-find albums. DVD Review: From Straight to Bizarre – Zappa, Beefheart, Alice Cooper and LA’s Lunatic Fringe From Straight To Bizarre – ZAPPA, BEEFHEART, ALICE COOPER and LA’s Lunatic Fringe Documentary Available DVD Review: From Straight to Bizarre: Zappa, Beefheart, Alice Cooper and LA’s Lunatic Fringe Frank Zappa as record label honcho in ‘From Straight to Bizarre’ From Straight to Bizarre Explores Frank Zappa’s Freak Indies Voracious Stylistic Promiscuity: Frank Zappa Reissues 1966 – 1972 Zappa family trust announces the release of three Frank Zappa albums all on vinyl Scientists name bacterium for Frank Zappa Frank Zappa 1963 TV appearance “Ray Collins, we love you!” Review: The Great Dictator Review: Street Fighter – The Legend of Chun-Li	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line848
__label__wiki	0.766417	0.766417	United States v. John Joseph Frank, 494 F.2d 145, 2d Cir. (1974) Filed: 1974-02-25 Precedential Status: Precedential Citations: 494 F.2d 145 Docket: 578-581 saveSave United States v. John Joseph Frank, 494 F.2d 145, ... For Later Eileen M. Thournir v. Natalie Meyer, Secretary of State for the State of Colorado State of Colorado, 803 F.2d 1093, 10th Cir. (1986) Common Law Community Training Manual 101817 216-1-Consent Judgment and Decree Charlie Benson Bowen v. Ralph Kemp, Warden, Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Center, Respondent, 769 F.2d 672, 11th Cir. (1985) McDonald v. West Branch, 466 U.S. 284 (1984) United States v. Marco Salazar, 149 F.3d 1192, 10th Cir. (1998) United States v. Maurice Malcolm Dillon, 566 F.2d 702, 10th Cir. (1977) 1S CivP Robert D. Hamm, Alice Hamm, William H. Williams, and Kathryn Williams, Cross-Appellants v. Sheriff James A. Powell, Etc., Dennis Norred, Individually and in His Capacity as Sheriff Deputy of Santa Rosa County, Florida, Bruce Johnson, Individually and in His Capacity as Sheriff Deputy of Santa Rosa County, Florida, Cross-Appellees, 874 F.2d 766, 11th Cir. (1989) Lolita Parker v. James Michael Williams, Individually and as Chief Jailer, MacOn County, Alabama, Lucius Amerson, Individually and as Sheriff, MacOn County, Alabama and MacOn County, Alabama, 855 F.2d 763, 11th Cir. (1988) Bluefield Community Hospital, Inc., a Not-For-Profit West Virginia Corporation v. John A. Anziulewicz, M.D., 737 F.2d 405, 4th Cir. (1984) Galderma Laboratories Inc. v. Amneal Pharmaceuticals, LLC, C.A. No. 11-1106-LPS (D. Del. Sept. 7, 2012). Bates v. Preble, 151 U.S. 149 (1894) United States v. Moreno-Rodriguez, 10th Cir. (2000) John C. Shaffer v. Seas Shipping Company, Inc, 218 F.2d 442, 3rd Cir. (1955) Paul T. McNamara Administrator of the Estate of John Grigel, Deceased v. Ernest P. Dionne, 298 F.2d 352, 2d Cir. (1962) Ellicott MacHine Corporation v. Modern Welding Company, Incorporated, 502 F.2d 178, 4th Cir. (1974) Curtis Johnson v. Frederick Rosemeyer, Warden, of the State Correctional Institute--Greensburg the District Attorney of Philadelphia County the Attorney General of the State of Pennsylvania, 117 F.3d 104, 3rd Cir. (1997) United States v. Morton Brilliant, 274 F.2d 618, 2d Cir. (1960) UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, John Joseph FRANK et al., Defendants-Appellants. Nos. 578-581, Dockets 73-2384, 73-2425, 73-2495, 73-2408. United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit. Argued Dec. 20, 1973. Decided Feb. 25, 1974. W. Cullen MacDonald, Asst. U.S. Atty. (Paul J. Curran, U.S. Atty. for the Southern District of New York, and S. Andrew Schaffer, Asst. U.S. Atty., of counsel) for appellee. Louis Bender, New York City, for defendant-appellant Frank. Arthur Karger, New York City, for defendant-appellant Hemlock. Herald Price Fahringer, Buffalo, N.Y., for defendant-appellant Hoffer. John M. McGillicuddy, New York City, for defendant-appellant Borgman. Before FRIENDLY, HAYS and OAKES, Circuit Judges. FRIENDLY, Circuit Judge: Count 1 of this indictment in the District Court for the Southern District of New York charged the four appellants1 with conspiring, 18 U.S.C. 371, to violate the statutes relating to mail fraud, 18 U.S.C. 1341-1343, and interstate or foreign transportation of stolen money, 18 U.S.C. 2314. Counts 2 through 5 charged appellants with the substantive offense of interstate or foreign transportation of two certified checks in violation of 2314. Counts 6 and 7 charged them with violating 18 U.S.C. 1342 by using fictitious names in carrying out a scheme to defraud by mail. Counts 8 through 16 charged them with unlawful use of mail and wire communication facilities in violation of 1341 and 1343.2 The jury returned guilty verdicts against all appellants on the conspiracy and fictitious name counts. Frank, Hemlock and Hoffer were found guilty on the unlawful transportation counts. Hemlock and Hoffer were found guilty on two of the mail fraud counts. The jury acquitted on the remaining counts. The judge imposed substantial prison sentences on all defendants and a $10,000 fine on Hemlock. I. The facts The case concerns a fraud allegedly perpetrated on Mrs. Marie Dominguez, the then 28-year-old daughter of former President Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic. Since appellants all challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to warrant submission to the jury, it is necessary to summarize the evidence presented against each defendant. Taken in a light favorable to the Government the facts are as follows: In the summer of 1967, Mrs. DeLeon, as Mrs. Dominguez then was, left her husband's home in Madrid and came to this country with two of her children. Apparently because her property was the subject of confiscation decrees by the Dominican government, she had placed it in the name of a number of corporations in countries with bank secrecy laws. One of these, a Luxembourg corporation called Plaininvest, held a $2.4 million certificate of deposit in the London offices of the Bank of London and South America. When she arrived in this country, Mrs. Dominguez was met at the airport by defendant John Joseph Frank, an attorney with an office in Washington, D.C., and a former agent with the F.B.I. and the C.I.A. Mrs. Dominguez' husband had engaged Frank to obtain an entry visa for her, apparently because he had provided security services for the Trujillo family in the past. Frank was accompanied by defendant Borgman, whom he introduced as 'Steve Miller,' the name we shall also use. Shortly thereafter, Frank and Miller introduced Mrs. Dominguez to defendant Hemlock, a New York attorney with whom defendant Hoffer was associated. Hemlock agreed to participate in a ruse for the benefit of Mrs. Dominguez whereby, under the pretext of a business negotiation, he would divert her previous husband, Mr. DeLeon, from Madrid to Barcelona, while she took possession of certain of her belongings in the family home in Madrid. The plan succeeded. In September Hemlock and Hoffer began to advise Mrs. Dominguez on a property settlement with her husband, from whom, with the aid of Frank and Miller, she had obtained a Mexican divorce. In the course of this, they learned of Plaininvest. Hemlock and Mrs. Dominguez instructed the London bank to transmit interest payments to her personal account at the Bank of New York and to send all communications relating to the Plaininvest account 'in care of Hemlock, List, Hoffer & Becker, Esqs.' at their New York office. In October, on the advice of Frank and Miller, she opened a second account, at the New York branch of the Bank of London and South America. That account was opened in the name of Plaininvest, 'c/o John J. Frank, 1500 Massachusetts Avenue, Washington, D.C.' Mrs. Dominguez signed one signature card for the account, and Frank and Miller signed a second card to enable them to request statements, deposit slips, checks or a balance relating to the account.3 During the fall of 1967, Frank and Miller largely took over the conduct of Mrs. Dominguez' day-to-day financial affairs. They had custody of her checkbook, they prepared batches of checks for her signature, and they cashed checks for her at the banks. Sometime during that fall, Frank and Miller began to recommend that Mrs. Dominguez invest in foreign land, avowedly to avoid loss in the devaluation of the dollar-- advice that proved to be wise, although premature-- and to avoid high United States taxes. After an adverse reaction from Mrs. Dominguez' brother, Frank and Miller returned to the charge with a recommendation specifically suggesting that she buy Canadian land. According to Mrs. Dominguez, Miller insisted that Canada was booming and that a land purchase there 'would be a wonderful investment.' Mrs. Dominguez agreed to consider any specific property that they might suggest, but specified that in no event was she willing to spend more than $200,000. Mrs. Dominguez' limited acquiescence provided an entry for the Danadian land manipulations through which the fraud was sprung. On January 9, 1968, a Dr. George C. Hori sold a parcel of land in the northeastern part of Montreal. The price of the land was $79,000, of which $22,000 was to be paid him in cash and the balance was to be used to clear existing mortgages. The deed, executed in the office of a notary, Maitre Elie Solomon, named as the purchaser A. Arthur Kay, one of the two unarrested co-defendants named in the indictment. The parties instructed the notary to hold the deed pending payment into his trust account for disbursement to Dr. Hori and the mortgagees. The notary asked Kay for the names of the Bahamian company to which Kay was planning to resell the land and of the European company to which it would be resold again; Kay said the information would come in a call from New York. Several hours later, Mtre. Solomon received such a call; he was not sure whether it was from Hoffer or Hemlock.4 The caller said the first name of the Bahamian corporation was 'Columbia'; the rest of the information would be supplied the next day in the Bahamas. The notary in turn requested that the caller procure a resolution from the ultimate purchaser authorizing the purchase. He dictated a proposed resolution that would meet the requirements for effecting the transfer. On January 10, Mtre. Solomon, Kay, co-defendant Maurice S. Hebert, and an attorney, Irving L. Adessky, flew from Montreal to Kennedy Airport in New York City. At the same time Miller had the New York branch of the Bank of London and South America certify a Plaininvest check for $778,500 to Columbia Corporation Ltd.5 Hemlock, inferably with the check in hand, joined the Montreal party at the airport, whence they flew to the Bahamas, where Hoffer was awaiting them. The next day the entire group met with a Bahamian attorney, Anthony Hepburn, and his secretary, Celia Neill. Kay signed a deed transferring the property to Columbia, which was represented by Hepburn and Neill, its vicepresident and assistant secretary. The further transfer from Columbia to Plaininvest was delayed because neither Hemlock nor Hoffer had brought a Plaininvest resolution authorizing anyone to execute the deed of purchase. While the group was waiting for the arrival of the resolution, Hoffer, in Hemlock's presence, informed Mtre. Solomon that Plaininvest would be represented by one Herbert M. Lefkowitz as agent but that the deed should refer to Plaininvest in care of Frank at his Washington, D.C. office; Hoffer also promised to send Solomon certified copies of the charters of Columbia and Planinvest. A man identified as Lefkowitz appeared at around 1:30 p.m. He produced a resolution which the notary said was substantially what he had dictated to either Hoffer or Hemlock in their telephone conversation two days before. The resolution recited that at a meeting in New York on January 9, Plaininvest had authorized the purchase of the property from Columbia for $1.00 and other good and valuable consideration and had designated Lefkowitz to sign the deed; the document purported to be certified by Mrs. DeLeon as President and Secretary. The notary thereupon authorized execution of the deed from Columbia to Plaininvest. However, since he had not received the $79,000 required to clear the initial transaction, the notary refused to release the certified copy of the deed from Columbia to Plaininvest. The meeting then adjourned pending the arrival of the funds. During the same day, January 11, Hemlock and Hoffer met with the Nassau branch manager of the First National City BankCB, Michael Latvis. They opened accounts for Columbia and for Splindian Investments Limited, another Bahamian corporation. The accounts provided that withdrawals could be made only with the authorization of Hemlock, Hoffer and Frank. Hemlock and Hoffer signed the signature card at that time; Frank's signature was obtained later. Hemlock and Hoffer then presented the $778,500 check from Plaininvest to Columbia and arranged for a portion of this to be kept in a time deposit.6 Notwithstanding the certification, FNCB would not extend immediate credit until the check had been accepted for clearance at the Federal Reserve Bank at New York, a procedure which would normally take eight days. Hoffer and Hemlock suggested the dispatch of a messenger to expedite clearance of the check. Latvis' secretary, Miss Elizabeth Reilly, volunteered for the trip, for which Hoffer and Hemlock made the arrangements. Miss Reilly presented the check for processing at FNCB in New York around 10:30 a.m. on July 12. That same morning Hemlock, Hoffer, Kay and Hebert met with the notary and Adessky in Nassau; either Hemlock or Hoffer gave adessky and the notary $500 apiece as compensation for their services. The two lawyers then left for New York. Later Kay took the notary to the Nassau branch of FNCB, where the transfer of $79,000 to the notary's trust account in Montreal was arranged. The notary flew the next day to New York; by prearrangement Hoffer met him at the airport and received a 'special copy' of the deed from Columbia to Plaininvest.7 On January 15 Hoffer sent Solomon a copy of Columbia's charter, showing it had been incorporated on November 27, Shortly thereafter, Miller told Mrs. Dominguez she had purchased land in Canada. After she protested taht she had authorized only inquiry and not action, Frank came into the room. Miller asked if she remembered signing 'the check'; she did not. Frank then advised her not to worry and assured her that 'everything is all right.' In answer to a question concerning the cost of the property, he answered that it was 'within the limits' she had previously set. Sometime later, Miller showed her some clippings from U.S. News & World Report and the Wall Street Journal that reported new mineral explorations in various parts of Quebec. Miller told her that the discoveries had already caused her tract of marshy, swampy land near Montreal to appreciate. About a week after the first transaction, Kay inquired whether the notary would be interested in arranging for the sale of some 150,000 square feet of a farm owned by a corporation in which the notary held a minority interest, for no more than $8,000. When Solomon expressed reluctance to proceed with the transaction before hearing from Hemlock or Hoffer, Kay paid him $500 to cover the notarial fees and the preliminary costs of subdivision. The notary thereupon began making arrangements for the sale. Kay subsequently told the notary that the scenario for the second transaction would resemble that for the first, save for a few changes in names. This time Denise Comeau would take Kay's place as the first purchaser and Splindian, whose charter he delivered to the notary, would be the second. Meanwhile, Mtre. Solomon received a copy of the Plaininvest charter from Hoffer; he was disturbed to discover that Plaininvest was not expressly empowered to buy and sell land as required by Canadian law, and asked for a copy of the Luxembourg laws that might aid in implying the requisite power. Hoffer never supplied the Luxembourg statutes or any other proof that Plaininvest could engage in Canadian real estate transactions. Miller told Mrs. Dominguez around this time that a very good piece of land in Canada was being sold for tax reasons at less than its worth. She at first demurred, saying that she was unwilling to buy any more land in Canada. Miller then telephoned Frank in her presence and said, 'John, she doesn't want to buy the land.' After that conversation, Miller once again urged her to consent to the purchase. Finally, she agreed to consider the land, but she insisted that Miller first send a letter to the Bank of London and South America requesting three different bank appraisals. Miller typed the letter as instructed, but Mrs. Dominguez testified that she never received any response from the bank. On February 2, 1968 Miller presented to the New York branch of the Bank of London and South America a Plaininvest check in favor of Splindian in the sum of $361,500, which the bank certified in consequence of a prior transfer of that sum from London. Two days later the notary, Adessky, Kay and Denise Comeau flew to New York. Hemlock joined them, inferably with the certified check in hand, and the group flew on to Nassau where Hoffer was awaiting The following morning the group met with Hepburn, Miss Neill and Lefkowitz for the second closing. The deeds from Solomon's corporation to Miss Comeau and from her to Splindian, acting through Hepburn and Neill, were promptly executed. Although Hoffer supplied no evidence that plaininvest was empowered to purchase foreign real estate, as the notary had requested, the deed from Splindian was executed by Hepburn and Neill, and accepted for Plaininvest by Lefkowitz. Hemlock and Hoffer went on to the FNCB, made a time deposit in Splindian's account, and arranged for Miss Reilly to make another trip to New York to expedite the clearance of the Plaininvest check. Shortly thereafter Kay paid Solomon $10,856 for the land; $2,856 of this was rebated to Kay upon their return to Montreal. In February or March, 1968, Arcadio Santana, a former family accountant, left the employ of Mrs. Dominguez' former husband and joined her in New York. She asked him to ascertain from Frank and Miller the precise amount of money that Plaininvest had spent on the one acquisition of which she was then aware. Apparently Santana learned that $778,000 had been paid; when Mrs. Dominguez taxed Frank with this, he once again urged her not to worry and assured that it was 'a good piece of land' and that it was worth the price she had paid for it. Shortly thereafter, Hemlock, Hoffer and Frank went to the FNCB in Nassau and asked Latvis to break the time deposits and pay them out in cash, which he did. Since the bank records were not available at the trial because of the Bahamian bank secrecy laws, he could testify only that they withdrew 'a large amount, perhaps from 300 to $600,000, $300,000 to $600,000.' Also during March, 1968, Frank gave Mrs. Dominguez the special copy of the deed to the Hori tract, see note 7; when she asked him to explain the nominal consideration of one dollar, he called in Miller, who told her that such recitations were usual in Canada. Unsatisfied with Frank's explanation of the large expenditure, Mrs. Dominguez and her new husband met with Hemlock that June at her home in Queens. The couple gave Hemlock the special copy of the deed and requested that he investigate the transaction. Mrs. Dominguez testified that she thought Hoffer was present at that meeting but could not be certain.8 Further meetings were held through the summer, primarily for the purpose of discussing Mrs. Dominguez' tax returns which were being prepared by a tax specialist recommended by Hemlock and Hoffer. At one meeting Mrs. Dominguez expressed concern about the Canadian property being in the name of Plaininvest, which she thought was not supposed to own land directly. Neither Hoffer nor Hemlock revealed their previous exposure to this problem or the purchase from Maitre Solomon. As time passed without the receipt of a report on the initial purchase from Hemlock and Hoffer, Mrs. Dominguez dispatched Santana to Montreal. Early in September, 1968, at a meeting attended by Hemlock, Hoffer and others, she told Hemlock she had learned that he had been in Canada several times making arrangements for the purchase of the lot; he replied 'I smell a rat' and 'I think somebody has been using my name,'9 but did not reveal what he in fact knew. She also told Hemlock she had been informed that the lot wasn't worth what was paid for it; Hemlock responded by proposing to set up a meeting with Frank and Miller. This meeting occurred on September 24 at Hemlock's office. Its first phase was attended by Mrs. Dominguez, Frank, Miller and Hemlock. 10 This time Frank and Miller admitted that the land was not worth what had been paid, but they explained that the difference had been used to pay off the C.I.A. because she had been involved in activities to kill one of her father's assassins. Miller and Frank then left. Mr. Dominguez entered and Hemlock repeated what they had said. In the course of the meeting, Hemlock told Mr. and Mrs. Dominguez nothing about the many other circumstances of the two transactions of which he was aware. Subsequently, Mrs. Dominguez obtained other counsel who began a civil action on her behalf in the District Court for the Southern District of New York against Frank, Miller and Hemlock. II. Sufficiency of the Evidence Putting aside for the moment defendants' legal attack on the charges relating to the fictitious name statutes, 18 U.S.C. 1342, we think Frank's and Miller's claims of insufficiency are so palpably devoid of merit as not to warrant extended discussion. They were the instigators of the scheme to expend $1,140,000 of Plaininvest's funds for land that had been purchased for a total of $89,000, and one or the other or both participated in every phase of the plot. all this is crowned by their admission at the final meeting with Mrs. Dominguez that, contrary to their prior assertions, the land was not worth what they paid for Hemlock and Hoffer claim that the evidence is consistent with their having simply engaged in professional activities and that any wrongdoing was solely Frank's and Miller's. Hoffer makes the further argument that he was acting in a subordinate capacity and thus was even farther than Hemlock from the odoriferous stream of guilty knowledge. But too many red flags were flying to make these contentions plausible. It is useful to recall Judge Learned Hand's observation that 'the cumulation of instances, each explicable only by extreme credulity or professional inexpertness, may have a probative force immensely greater than any one of them alone.' United States v. White, 124 F.2d 181, 185 (2 Cir. 1941). We repeat also that lawyers cannot 'escape criminal liability on a plea of ignorance when they have shut their eyes to what was plainly to be seen,' United States v. Benjamin, 328 F.2d 854, 863 (2 Cir.), cert. denied, 377 U.S. 953, 84 S.Ct. 1631, 12 L.Ed.2d 497 (1964). See also United States v. Sarantos, 455 F.2d 877, 880-882 (2 Cir. 1972), and cases there cited. If Hemlock and Hoffer were acting as attorneys, their client was Plaininvest, which they knew to be simply Mrs. Dominguez in an incorporated form. Yet there is no indicaion that they ever advised her about the seemingly needless interposition of Columbia and Splindian, that they ever made the slightest inquiry concerning the relationship between the large Plaininvest certified checks and the modest price which they knew was paid to the Canadian owners, or that they ever notified Mrs. Dominguez that the second transaction had occurred at all. Perhaps the most damaging evidence against them was their personal participation with Frank in the breaking of the time deposit just after Frank had learned that the jig might be beginning to be up. Whether or not they received any portion of the proceeds, they had beheld Frank walking out of the FNCB in Nassau with $300,000 to $600,000 in cash generated by the Plaininvest checks to Columbia and Splindian. Six months later, and three months after Mrs. Dominguez had instructed them to investigate the first transaction, they had revealed nothing. Their silence throughout the summer, in light of their intimate familiarity with many of the details of the two purchases, makes their claim of innocence highly implausible. Hemlock's efforts to prevent Mr. Dominguez from attending the showdown on September 23 and his bland reaction to a revelation by Frank and Miller that would have caused an honest lawyer to erupt in fury are the final straws as far as he is concerned. In passing on the sufficiency of the evidence, the court had only the prosecution's case, the defense having offered none. To be sure, the defendants were not required to testify or to present any case at all, and the jury could not permissibly draw an adverse inference simply from their failure to take the stand. But the self-incrimination clause does not elevate a defendant's silence, much less the failure to present any defense case, to the level of a convincing refutation. When a defendant has offered no case, it may be reasonable for a jury to draw inferences from the prosecution's evidence which would be impermissible if the defendant had supplied a credible exculpatory version.11 The test of sufficiency in criminal cases is 'whether upon the evidence, giving full play to the right of the jury to determine credibility, weigh the evidence, and draw justifiable inferences of fact, a reasonable mind might fairly conclude guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.' Curley v. United States, 81 U.S.App.D.C. 389, 160 F.2d 229, 232-233 (Prettyman, J.), cert. denied, 331 U.S. 837, 67 S.Ct. 1511, 91 L.Ed. 1850 (1947), approved in United States v. Taylor, 464 F.2d 240, 242-245 (2 Cir. 1972). That test was met here not only as to Frank and Miller but also as to Hemlock and Hoffer. III. The 'fictitious name' statute The fictitious name statute, originally adopted in 1889, 25 Stat. 873, and codified as part of Chapter 63 of Title 18 relating to Mail Fraud, reads as Whoever, for the purpose of conducting, promoting, or carrying on by means of the Postal Service, any scheme or device mentioned in section 1341 of this title or any other unlawful business, uses or assumes, or requests to be addressed by, any fictitious, false, or assumed title, name, or address or name other than his own proper name, or takes or receives from any post office or authorized depository of mail matter, any letter, postal card, package, or other mail matter addressed to any such fictitious, false, or assumed title, name, or address, or name other than his own proper name, shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. It is not entirely clear what advantage the Government derives from invoking this statute, particularly in a mail fraud case where there is a conspiracy charge, since it applies only when the prosecution has established a 'purpose of conducting, promoting, or carrying on by means of the Postal Service, any scheme or device mentioned in section 1341 of this title or any other unlawful business.' Be that as it may, the Government did invoke it here and, if it did so erroneously, there would have to be a reversal not only of the convictions under Counts 6 and 7 but perhaps also of the conviction on the conspiracy charge, Count 1, since the judge instructed that a finding of a conspiracy to violate 1342 would warrant a conviction on the conspiracy count.12 Defendants say there was no evidence that any participant used or assumed or requested to be addressed by any fictitious, false or assumed name. Not disputing the literal truth of this,13 the Government contends that the statute should not be read so narrowly but should be construed to cover a situation where persons having no substantive interest, e.g., Kay, Miss Comeau, Columbia, Splindian, Hepburn and Miss Neill, are inserted into a fraudulent transaction for the sake of concealing the identities of the true beneficiaries of the scheme, even though the individuals and corporations are using their actual names. This construction seems reasonable. It was essential to the fraud that the purchasers on the second round should not be Frank and Miller, or even corporations in which they appeared to have an interest. In that sense the defendants did utilize an identity other than their own to conceal their role in the fraud.14 Such meagre case law as exists seems to support the application of 1342 to facts such as these, in result if not in discussion. See e.g., United States v. Kyle, 257 F.2d 559 (2 Cir. 1958), cert. denied, 358 U.S. 937, 79 S.Ct. 327, 3 L.Ed.2d 308 (1959); United States v. Baren, 305 F.2d 527 (2 Cir. 1962); Atkinson v. United States, 344 F.2d 97 (8 Cir.), cert. denied, 382 U.S. 867, 86 S.Ct. 141, 15 L.Ed.2d 106 (1965); cf. United States v. Ellicott, 336 F.2d 868 (4 Cir. 1964). IV. Alleged receipt of inadmissible hearsay Two complaints are made with regard to the receipt of allegedly inadmissible hearsay. The first, relating to certain statements of Kay to the notary, need not detain us long. Apart from the point that there may well have been sufficient evidence to link Kay with the conspiracy under the standard prescribed in United States v. Geaney, 417 F.2d 1116, 1119-1120 (2 Cir. 1969), cert. denied, 397 U.S. 1028, 90 S.Ct. 1276, 25 L.Ed.2d 539 (1970),15 our attention has not been called to any statement of Kay's that was received to prove the truth of a matter asserted in the statement. Instead, his remarks served only to prove his knowledge of facts otherwise established or to shed light on his several transactions with the notary. See United States v. Annunziato, 293 F.2d 373, 376-377 (2 Cir.), cert. denied, 368 U.S. 919, 82 S.Ct. 240, 7 L.Ed.2d 134 (1961); United States v. Costello, 352 F.2d 848, 853-855 (2 Cir. 1965), rev'd on other grounds sub nom. Marchetti v. United States, 390 U.S. 39, 88 S.Ct. 697, 19 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968); McCormick, Evidence 249 (Cleary ed. 1972). No matter how often appellate courts and commentators seek to explicate the true nature of the rule, the notion that any reference to a conversation constitutes hearsay, inadmissible unless within an exception, dies exceedingly hard. A more troubling question concerns the admissibility against Hemlock and Hoffer of the admissions by Frank and Miller at their final meeting with Mrs. Dominguez. The serious argument here is not that there was inadequate proof aliunde of the conspiratorial relation among the four men but that the admissions were not in furtherance of an on-going conspiracy.16 We have little difficulty in holding that despite Krulewitch v. United States, 336 U.S. 440, 69 S.Ct. 716, 93 L.Ed. 790 (1949), Lutwak v. United States, 344 U.S. 604, 73 S.Ct. 481, 97 L.Ed. 593 (1953), and Grunewald v. United States, 353 U.S. 391, 77 S.Ct. 963, 1 L.Ed.2d 931 (1957), the conspiracy to defraud Mrs. Dominguez was continuing as late as September 24. The basis of Krulewitch was 'that the central aim of the alleged conspiracy-- transportation of the complaining witness to Florida for prostitution-- had either never existed or had long since ended in success or failure when and if the alleged coconspirator made the statement attributed to her,' 336 U.S. at 442, 69 S.Ct. at 718; the Court rejected the argument 'that even after the central criminal objectives of a conspiracy have succeeded or failed, an implicit subsidiary phase of the conspiracy always survives, the phase which has concealment (from the government) as its sole objective.' 336 U.S. at 443, 69 S.Ct. at 718. Lutwak and Grunewald added nothing more, although Mr. Justice Harlan's opinion in the latter is useful for its explication, 353 U.S. at 402, 77 S.Ct. at Sanctioning the Government's theory would for all practical purposes wipe out the statute of limitations in conspiracy cases, as well as extend indefinitely the time withen which hearsay declarations will bind co-conspirators. Here the conspiracy could well be regarded as not simply to perpetrate the two frauds here described. The evidence suggests that the conspirators thought they had a good thing in Mrs. Dominguez and would defraud her further if the opportunity arose. More important, the conspiracy even as to the two parcels was not complete so long as Mrs. Dominguez was threatening to get the money There is more of a problem in holding that the declaration was in furtherance of the conspiracy, a requirement to which we have adhered, United States v. Annunziato, supra, 293 F.2d at 380. If Frank and Miller had simply admitted the overpayment, we would see no basis for such a ruling. However, they went beyond this and offered an explanation which they apparently thought, with however little basis, would turn away Mrs. Dominguez or at least diminish her ire and the consequent zeal of her pursuit. In any event, although no one has made the point, we do not see why the admission of the diversion of Plaininvest's funds to an unauthorized purpose was not a declaration against pecuniary interest by a declarant unavailable to testify, see McCormick, Evidence 276, 277, 280 (Cleary ed. 1972). V. Receipt of testimony concerning Bahamian bank transactions The Government's case rested heavily on the testimony of Latvis, former manager of the FNCB Nassau branch who is no longer with the Bank, and his secretary, Miss Reilly, now employed at its branch in Tarrytown, N.Y. Appellants contend that because of the Bahamian Bank Secrecy Act, the court should not have permitted Latvis or Miss Reilly to testify about the various banking transactions at the FNCB Nassau branch. The Bahamian Bank Secrecy Act provides, under penal sanction, that Except for the performance of his duties or the exercise of his functions under this Act or when lawfully required to do so by any court of competent jurisdiction within the Colony or under the provisions of any law, no person shall disclose any information relating to the affairs of a bank or of the customers of a bank which he has acquired in the performance of his duties or the exercise of his functions under this Act. The district court authorized the submission to a Bahamian court of an International Request for Judicial Assistance, contemplated by the Bahamian Act, for the disclosure of the records here relevant. Jestice J. A. Smith granted the request on May 31, 1973, but his order was stayed pending an appeal but not later than June 30. Before that date the trial here was concluded. We do not read our decisions dealing with the application of bank secrecy laws to American banks whose foreign branches are governed thereby, First National City Bank v. I.R.S., 271 F.2d 616 (2 Cir. 1959), cert. denied, 361 U.S. 948, 80 S.Ct. 402, 4 L.Ed.2d 381 (1960); Application of Chase Manhattan Bank, 297 F.2d 611 (2 Cir. 1962); United States v. First National City Bank, 396 F.2d 897 (2 Cir. 1968), and Trade Development Bank v. Continental Ins. Co., 469 F.2d 35, 39-42 (2 Cir. 1972), to go as far as appellants urge. In Application of Chase Manhattan Bank, supra, the case most favorable to the appellants, we simply declined, on the facts there presented, to use the process of our courts to force an American bank doing business in a foreign country to take action in that country which would constitute a crime. It is not at all clear that under the principles normally applied in the interpretation of criminal statutes, the revelations by Mr. Latvis and Miss Reilly in New York would constitute a crime under Bahamian law. Even if it would, no principle of accommodation requires the United States to seal the lips of American citizens testifying to facts within their knowledge concerning activities of other Americans in a foreign country as part of a scheme to violate American criminal law, simply because that country chooses to throw a veil of secrecy around bank accounts except insofar as their courts may see fit to lift it. We thus have no occasion to consider the Government's contention that the balance struck in the cited decisions requires reconsideration favorable to it because of enactment of The Bank Secrecy Act, 84 Stat. 1114. VI. The use of an interpreter The question of Mrs. Dominguez' need for a Spanish interpreter had been discussed at a pretrial hearing. The Government represented that it would establish such a need at the trial. Counsel for one of the defendants objected on the ground that Mrs. Dominguez was fluent in English and that permitting her to have the services of an interpreter would give her an undue advantage in cross-examination. The judge refused to conduct an evidentiary hearing on Mrs. Dominguez' proficiency in English, saying that in all probability he would permit an interpreter to stand by and allow Mrs. Dominguez to use her when and if needed. Over objection an interprater was sworn at the beginning of the trial. After satisfying himself that Mrs. Dominguez spoke and understood English, the judge decided to take her testimony in that language but advised her to communicate with him if she needed a Spanish interpreter. The direct examination was conducted almost entirely in English. However, on crossexamination the witness on several occasions resorted to the interpreter without prior authorization from the court. Over repeated objection by defense counsel, the interpreter answered roughly a dozen questions for her during her day-long cross-examination. We are not altogether happy about the manner in which this matter was handled. The reason initially given by the Government for having an interpreter, that Mrs. Dominguez speaks Spanish 'nearly 70 per cent of the time,' seems to backfire; if the Government meant that she spoke English 30 per cent of the time, this is quite a lot. Its argument that 'as early as the fifth page of direct examination, it was clear that an interpreter would be periodically required' is rather disingenuous. The interpreter was there required only to help Mrs. Dominguez explain that a bank account opened by her mother on her attaining 21 was a 'savings account.' She went on for 40 pages without requiring further assistance. On the second occasion she relied on the interpreter simply to help her describe Frank and Miller's 'assassination' explanation at the final meeting. She then concluded her direct examination without further need of the interpreter's aid. We assume defendants would have raised no objection to the use of an interpreter solely for technical terms or five syllable words. Certainly such limited use of an interpreter would have been perfectly proper. The defendants' point is different. They claim that if Mrs. Dominguez could do that well on direct examination, there was no need for the more extensive reliance on the interpreter that occurred on cross. The argument is not quite so strong as it seems. Mrs. Dominguez had appeared before the grand jury and had doubtless gone over her testimony with the prosecutor. Her relative familiarity with the lines taken on direct examination almost certainly enhanced her ability to understand the questions and respond in English. The surprise of corss-examination is a different matter. Still, we are disturbed by her occasional resort to the interpreter when a cross-examiner seemed to approach at least a minor success. Here again, see note 16, the judge may have been the victim of his ground-rule forbidding counsel to state the basis for their objections without special permission; counsel might have suggested such courses as a slackening of speed, rephrasing of questions by the interrogator or the court, or enforcement of the judge's directive that Mrs. Dominguez request permission to use the interpreter on each occasion when the need arose. On the other hand, the jury observed what was going on and defense counsel were free to comment on it in their summations, as one of them did. Counsel have cited no case where a conviction has been reversed because of the improper use of an interpreter, although, despite Perovich v. United States, 205 U.S. 86, 91, 27 S.Ct. 456, 51 L.Ed. 722 (1907), there have been some reversals for refusal to appoint one, obviously a stronger case. See 3 Wigmore, Evidence 811, at 277-78 & n. 2 (Chadbourn rev. 1970); United States v. Desist, 384 F.2d 889, 901-903 (2 Cir. 1967), aff'd without discussion of this point, 394 U.S. 244, 89 S.Ct. 1030, 22 L.Ed.2d 248 (1969); United States ex rel. Negron v. New York, 434 F.2d 386, 389-390 (2 Cir. 1970); United States v. DiazBerrios, 441 F.2d 1125, 1127 (2 Cir. 1971). All things considered, we find no abuse of discretion by the judge sufficiently prejudicial to require a reversal. VII. The instructions and refusal to instruct concerning the effect of a conviction on Mrs. Dominguez' civil suit At the conclusion of his charge to the jury, Judge Pollack asked the parties to submit exceptions to the instructions he had given. After the defendants had raised several objections, he commented, 'You know, I am a little disturbed over the fact that you are sitting here with these things that you had for some days.' The Government, he pointed out, had submitted elaborate requests to charge, and a supplementary request relating to the relationship between a criminal conviction and a subsequent civil suit. He noted that the defendants had neither submitted requests to charge nor objected to any of the Government's requests prior to his delivering the charge. Nor surprisingly, the judge's instruction on the effect of a conviction on Mrs. Dominguez' civil suit was heavily influenced by the Government's request. The judge began by pointing out, quite correctly, that 'The pendency of a private civil lawsuit referring to the transsctions mentioned here is no defense to this indictment' and by explaining the different functions of criminal prosecutions and civil suits. He went on, however, to say: Thus, a conviction in a criminal action does not support a subsequent civil judgment in a case of this sort based on the same transactions because each of such proceedings has totally different object. In addition, they are dissimiliar in terms of parties, rules and procedures. Where defendants in a criminal prosecution of this kind are sued in a civil trial based on the same transactions, the two proceedings are completely unrelated, except only in respect of whether the civil matter may bear on the issue of credibility. That is to say, if the defendants are convicted in the criminal action, the plaintiffs in the civil suit will still have to prove their entire case for damages before a new jury or judge and could in no way rely on defendant's prior conviction to sustain their claim. He later gave a fairly detailed 'interest' charge with respect to credibility, instructing the jury as follows: In weighing the testimony of the witness, you can consider their relationship to the Government or to the defendant, as the case may be, and any bias or interest in the outcome of the case . . .. Interest creates a motive for false testimony. The greater the interest, the stronger the motive for false testimony. In appraising credibility you may take that fact into consideration. However, it by no means follows that simply because a person has a vital interest in the end result, he or she is not capable of telling a truthful, candid and straightforward story. It is for you to decide to what extent, if at all, any interest of the witness has affected or shaded the testimony. When the time came for making objections, trial counsel for Hoffer excepted 'to what was the Government's supplementary charge with respect to the civil lawsuit and the language used by the Court.' While this alone would have been too general, counsel for Frank amplified it, saying that I think that the outcome of the criminal case is definitely a matter that can be related to the civil case in the sense that if there is a conviction, the jury's verdict could be deemed to be res judicata in the civil suit even though you have different parties on the same subject matter and where the evidence whould be identical. After counsel elaborated further on this point, the judge noted that he had given 'a very strong interest charge.' Counsel conceded this and on that account withdrew 'any exception to the statement that the civil suit will be no defense-', at which point the judge interrupted. It may be that if he had not, counsel would also have withdrawn the objection to the remarks that 'a conviction in a criminal action does not support a subsequent civil judgment in a case of this sort based on the same transactions,' that 'the two proceedings are completely unrelated, except only in respect of whether the civil matter may bear on the issue of credibility,' and that Mrs. Dominguez 'could in no way rely on defendants' prior conviction' in her civil suit; but we cannot find that any such withdrawal occurred. The issue is academic in any event since counsel for Hemlock then requested that the judge charge, 'in connection with the civil suit . . . that the jury may consider the question of motive or interest of such witness or party because she stands to gain something in the event of a conviction in this case.' In response to this, the judge gave an additional instruction17 which does not seem to have added or subtracted anything. Defendants' claim is that, in a diversity action in the Southern District of New York, the court would be bound to follow New York law on the collateral estoppel effect of a criminal conviction in a subsequent civil suit by a private person. The highest court of New York, they note, has recently held that under modern principles a criminal conviction is conclusive in any subsequent civil action as to any issues necessarily determined against the defendants in the criminal case, S. T. Grand, Inc. v. City of New York, 32 N.Y.2d 300, 344 N.Y.S.2d 938, 298 N.E.2d 105 (1973) (federal judgment convicting plaintiff corporation and its president of bribing City Water Commissioner precludes relitigation of validity of ensuing contract), and that the quoted instructions were thus in error. The Government challenges defendant's legal position.18 Relying on Kern v. Hettinger, 303 F.2d 333, 340 (2 Cir. 1962), it argues that the question of the effect of convictions in this case in a civil suit in a federal district court is one of federal law and, implicitly, that it should be decided in the negative. We do not accept either branch of the Government's argument. Kern v. Hettinger, supra, held only that whether a dismissal in a diversity action by a federal district court in California was to be read as being with or without prejudice must be determined in accordance with F.R.Civ.P. 41 rather than by the California state rule. Citing Byrd v. Blue Ridge Rural Electric Cooperative, Inc., 356 U.S. 525, 78 S.Ct. 893, 2 L.Ed.2d 953 (1958), the court ruled that in a clash between state law principles and the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the Federal Rules would prevail. See Hanna v. Plummer, 380 U.S. 460, 85 S.Ct. 1136, 14 L.Ed.2d 8 (1965). The Kern case would be relevant if, but only if, some competent federal authority had decreed that a federal criminal conviction should not have collateral estoppel effect in private civil litigaion. Since we know of no such decree, we see no reason why the district court seized of Mrs. Dominguez' diversity action should not endeavor to reach the same result as would a New York court sitting 'a block away'. Guaranty Trust Co. v. York, 326 U.S. 99, 109, 65 S.Ct. 1464, 89 L.Ed. 2079 (1945). See Berner v. British Commonwealth Pacific Airlines, Ltd., 346 F.2d 532, 539-540 (2 Cir. 1965) cert. denied, 382 U.S. 983, 86 S.Ct. 559, 15 L.Ed.2d 472 (1966); Breeland v. Security Insurance Co. of New Haven, 421 F.2d 918, 921 (5 Cir. 1969). Even if the question of the effect of a conviction on relitigation of the fraud in Mrs. Dominguez' civil suit were to be determined by federal law, our abandonment of the mutuality requirement in Zdanok v. Glidden Co., 327 F.2d 944 (2 Cir.), cert. denied, 377 U.S. 934, 84 S.Ct. 1338, 12 L.Ed.2d 298 (1964); see also United States v. Webber, 396 F.2d 381 (3 Cir. 1968); James Talcott, Inc. v. Allahabad Bank, Ltd., 444 F.2d 451 (5 Cir.) cert. denied, 404 U.S. 940, 92 S.Ct. 280, 30 L.Ed.2d 253 (1971); Bernhard v. Bank of America National Trust & Savings Ass'n, 19 Cal.2d 807, 122 P.2d 892 (1942), now approved by the Supreme Court so far as concerns defensive use of collateral estoppel, Blonder-Tongue Laboratories, Inc. v. University of Illinois Foundation, 402 U.S. 313, 91 S.Ct. 1434, 28 L.Ed.2d 788 (1971), would lead us to hold that a conviction here will operate as collateral estoppel in favor of Mrs. Dominguez in her civil suit, although neither Zdanok nor Blonder-Tongue involved the criminal-civil interplay. It is true, as the Government suggested at argument, that such a holding may subject complaining witnesses in federal criminal trials to more severe attacks on credibility than would otherwise be the case. Arguably, and perhaps more seriously, it provides too tempting a reward for overstatement or even perjury. While such fears are not utterly without basis, we think they are overcome by the desirability of a rule that a fact once established, after full and fair trial, beyond a reasonable doubt, should not have to be relitigated in a context where a preponderance of the evidence is all that is required. As the Fifth Circuit noted in Breeland v. Security Insurance Co. of New Haven, supra, 421 F.2d at 922, citing many cases, in attempting to predict a decision by the Supreme Court of Louisiana, 'The number of jurisdictions holding that a criminal conviction precludes litigation of the same issue in a civil suit is ever increasing.' We see no reason why federal courts should not follow the general trend-- a trend which they have played a not inconsiderable part in bringing about. It does not follow, however, that a judge must deliver a lecture on the law of issue preclusion in charging a jury with respect to the credibility of a complaining witness who has instituted a civil suit. A full statement of the conditions on the application of collateral estoppel and the limitations on its scope would be more likely to confuse than to enlighten. It would suffice to say that a conviction could operate to the advantage of the plaintiff in the civil suit, or, as counsel for Hemlock requested, that the witness 'stands to gain something in the event of the conviction in this case.' In determining whether the charge as given not only was error but requires reversal, instructions like these afford the appropriate benchmark. While the distance between the benchmark and the instructions that were given was still substantial, we do not think this single slip requires reversal under the principles with respect to errors not of constitutional dimensions laid down in Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 761-765, 66 S.Ct. 1239, 90 L.Ed. 1557 (1946).19 The judge did not misinform the jury as to the elements of the crimes or as to anything relating to the defendants themselves. His error related only to the degree of discount to be applied in evaluating the testimony of an adverse witness, albeit an important one, with respect to whom he had already given a full 'interest' instruction. The jury had surely gotten the idea that Mrs. Dominguez was no longer a friend of the defendants and that she wished them ill. The degree of difference a charge like that sought by Hemlock's attorney would have created in weighing Mrs. Dominguez' credibility, let alone in determining the defendants' guilt, is too small to warrant a reversal. Our conviction 'is sure that the error did not influence the jury, or had but very slight effect.' 328 U.S. at 764, 66 S.Ct. at 1248. Although content to rest decision on that basis, we add a word from which counsel could profit in the future. The course that defense counsel pursued in raising this objection to the court's charge seriously weakens their claim of prejudicial error. While counsel can 'protect the record' for appellate review simply by objecting to instructions at the conclusion of the judge's charge, that is a poor way to proceed in a matter such as that here under discussion. The judge might reasonably be reluctant to submit a supplemental instruction or correct what he perceives to be minor inaccuracies in his earlier charge for fear that doing so would draw undue attention to the new instruction, or that the jury might be confused in attempting to determine what was withdrawn and what was left of the original charge. This case provides a good illustration of the dilemma in which the deferral of defense objections on a point raised by the Government's requests to charge can place a trial judge. With the jury ready to retire, he was suddenly forced to make a quick determination on a difficult point of law without the aid of any authority except that cited in the Government's request. Even if he had felt that there was merit in the defendants' point, he would still have to decide on the spot how much of their suggested charge to adopt and how to deliver the supplemental charge in a manner that would convey its proper weight to the jury. Here, for example, a strong supplemental charge indicating that Mrs. Dominguez had a great deal to gain from the conviction of the defendants might well have suggested to the jury that the judge had had second thoughts about Mrs. Dominguez' credibility and now deemed her testimony likely to have been seriously distorted. If we thought the error more serious than we do, we would have to consider whether defendants should be allowed to secure a retrial bcause of an error which, though they did not invite, they had failed to take effective measures to prevent. We have considered the few other points raised by defendants but do not believe them to have sufficient merit to warrant discussion. The convictions are affirmed. The indictment also named as co-conspirators A. Arthur Kay and Maurice S. Hebert, who are unarrested fugitives Judge Pollack did not submit counts eight, eleven and sixteen to the jury but dismissed them at the close of the Government's case On the Government's theory of the case, this account served no purpose save as a vehicle for subsequent frauds Solomon testified on direct examination that the call from New York had come from 'a gentleman who identified himself as Mr. Harry Hoffer.' The court subsequently struck out his direct testimony concerning the telephone call for lack of foundation, but counsel for Hoffer on Cross-examination elicited from Solomon that before the grand jury he had testified that he had received a call from 'either Mr. Hemlock or a member of his firm.' The check is signed in the name of Angelita De Leon (the name Mrs. Dominguez used during her first marriage), as President of Plaininvest; the Government did not dispute that the signature was hers. The basis for the certification was a telexed transfer of $780,000 from the main office in London. The record is silent on who directed the transfer Latvis testified that time deposits were available on a 30- and 90-day basis and that to the best of his memory, the deposits in question were placed on a 90-day The 'special copy' differed from the deed that was delivered in that it did not contain a copy of the resolution but merely referred to a duly authorized Mrs. Dominguez testified that although she could not recall which of the summer meetings Hoffer attended, she was certain that he had been at most of The record contains no evidence that Hemlock had made such trips Hemlock had endeavored to persuade Mrs. Dominguez to come without her husband. After this failed, he did prevail on the husband to wait outside his Appellate counsel for Hoffer suggests that the decision of trial counsel not to call this defendant was based simply on a belief that, despite the contrary ruling of the trial judge, the Government had not presented a sufficient case to warrant that course. Perhaps so, but the defendant is bound by the strategy that was We say 'perhaps' because a conviction of conspiracy to violate 1342 under the circumstances of this case arguably would include a finding of conspiracy to violate 1341. United States v. Jacobs, 475 F.2d 270, 282-284 (2 Cir. 1973); United States v. Alsondo, 486 F.2d 1339, 1347 n. 5 (2 Cir. 1973) (on rehearing) The Government does not urge that defendant Borgman's use of the name Miller satisfies the statute; apparently Borgman had been calling himself Miller for some time and Mrs. Dominguez was in no way deceived by this. It does urge that the jury could properly have found that 'Lefkowitz' was not that shadowy individual's real name. We doubt there was sufficient evidence of this The fact that the name used by the defendant belongs to a real person has long been held insufficient to avoid the reach of 1342. It is the defendant's use of a name other than his own to obscure his identity that constitutes the offence. United States v. Etheredge, 140 F. 376, 380 (N.D.Ala. 1905). Prosecutions for fraudulent misuse of credit cards have typically involved the use of names of real persons. See, e.g., United States v. Bonanno, 430 F.2d 1060 (2 Cir.), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 964, 91 S.Ct. 366, 27 L.Ed.2d 384 (1970); United States v. Chason, 451 F.2d 301 (2 Cir. 1971), cert. denied, 405 U.S. 1016, 92 S.Ct. 1291, 31 L.Ed.2d 479 (1972); United States v. Madison, 458 F.2d 974 (2 Cir.), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 859, 93 S.Ct. 145, 34 L.Ed.2d 105 (1972) This is an appropriate place to note and reject the argument that the Government's proof failed because the excess of the amount paid by Plaininvest over that received by Dr. Hori and Mtre. Solomon may have gone to Kay, rather than to the defendants. If Kay was a fellow conspirator, that would be immaterial. Moreover, there was ample evidence that the large sums remaining in the Nassau branch of FNCB were accessible to Frank, Hemlock and Hoffer rather than to Kay, and were removed by them The Government claims that no objection was made to the admission of this testimony; the defendants counter that the judge had ruled that he would provisionally admit all declarations of alleged conspirators subject to a subsequent blanket motion to strike evidence the admission of which was not warranted under the conspiracy exception and that such a motion was made. While we appreciate the judge's desire to expedite the trial, we are not sure of the wisdom of departing so far from the requirement of specific and reasoned objection to a particularly crucial piece of evidence 'Now, I believe I have sufficiently charged you on the issues of interest and motives and the things that you have to keep your eye on and what you are really here to decide, and in an excess of caution I will say to you that there is no doubt that Mrs. Dominguez has a civil suit pending. I think I have sufficiently indicated to you what the relationship is between that suit and this, other than the fact that naturally she is a litigant and has an interest in that civil suit, and you may consider her testimony accordingly.' The Government has not sought to distinguish Grand on the basis that there collateral estoppel was being used by New York City defensively whereas Mrs. Dominguez would be using it offensively. In view of the New York court's earlier decision in B.R. De Witt, Inc. v. Hall, 19 N.Y.2d 141, 278 N.Y.S.2d 596, 225 N.E.2d 195 (1967), the failure to raise this point seems to have been well-advised Although the 'harmless error' statute construed in Kotteakos, 269 of the Judicial Code, see 328 U.S. at 757, 66 S.Ct. 1239, has been replaced by 28 U.S.C. 2111, the views expressed in Kotteakos remain authoritative. See United States v. Kahaner, 317 F.2d 459, 485 (2 Cir.), cert. denied, 375 U.S. 836, 84 S.Ct. 74, 11 L.Ed.2d 65 (1963); United States v. Birnbaum, 373 F.2d 250 (2 Cir.), cert. denied, 389 U.S. 837, 88 S.Ct. 53, 19 L.Ed.2d 99 (1967); 3 Wright, Federal Practice and Procedure (Criminal) 853-54 (1969) Collateral Estoppel Burden Of Proof (Law) Cross Examination Documents Similar To United States v. John Joseph Frank, 494 F.2d 145, 2d Cir. (1974) Cristina Lemoing KingCast v. Ayotte Rule 27 Appeal Christopher King Duncan v. Duncan, 4th Cir. (2006) Ernest Cisneros v. Cities Service Oil Company, 334 F.2d 232, 2d Cir. (1964) United States v. Peter Pomponio, Paul Pomponio, 563 F.2d 659, 4th Cir. (1977) Raymond Wray v. Sally B. Johnson, Superintendent, Orleans Correctional Facility, 202 F.3d 515, 2d Cir. (2000) In Re Grand Jury Proceedings United States of America, 309 F.2d 440, 3rd Cir. (1962) Paul Bryan v. Children and Youth Services of, 3rd Cir. (2016) United States v. Orlando Fernandez, 145 F.3d 59, 1st Cir. (1998) Bell Atlantic-Pennsylvania, Inc. v. The Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission John M. Quain, Chairman of the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, in His Individual and Official Capacities Robert K. Bloom, Vice-Chairman of the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, in His Individual and Official Capacities Nora Mead Brownell, Commissioner of the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, in Her Individual and Official Capacities Aaron Wilson, Jr., Commissioner of the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, in His Individual and Official Capacities Vincent J. Fumo, State Senator Vincent J. Fumo Roger A. Madigan, State Senator Roger A. Madigan Mary Jo White, State Senator Mary Jo White United States of America (Intervenor-Plaintiff in d.c.) MCI Worldcom Network Services, Inc. McImetro Access Transmission Services, LLC At&t Communications of Pennsylvania, Inc. Tcg Pittsburgh Tcg Delaware Valley Sprint Communications Company, L.P. The United Telephone Company of Pennsylvania (Intervenors- United States v. Steven Allen Foust, 457 F.2d 653, 10th Cir. (1972) Popular in Trials PART 1 Classification and Surveys 송성훈 286 People v. Almendras Jerelleen Rodriguez 08.22.18ballengee.pdf THROnline League of Cities vs comelec Kim Esmeña Patently Apple Presents the Uniloc USA, Uniloc Luxembourg S.a. v. Apple Inc Court Filing - May 26, 2017 Jack Purcher United States v. Manyu Ogale, 11th Cir. (2010) People vs. Chua Uy Digest People vs. Aprillyn Rolea (Formal Entry of Appearance) Chevrolie Maglasang-Isoto Sample Opening Statement.doc Santiago Jonas Overland Storage v. Qualstar 15. Toledo vs People of the Philippines Kiefer John Saga Debate Introduction PPT Omni Innovations LLC v. Ascentive LLC et al - Document No. 73 Saudi Arabia Criminal Procedure Law (1422) Social Media Exchange Association Case Analysis -IBA Health (I) Pvt. Ltd. v. Info-drive Systems Gokul Nair Richard Ackourey, Jr. v. Sonellas Custom Tailors, 3rd Cir. (2014) O. Tellegen - Roman Law and Rhetoric Doron3 Bill Scott Presentation Daniel Jose Cedeño Lugo Victims' Rights in India Abhay Tiwari Sonja Emery: Detention Hearing Appeal HLMedit Circumtances of Dishonor or Bogus Cheques Prosecutions Farhan Jan Intro Case Endnotes Mark Adrian Arellano Analysis of Amendments to s. 104, Customs Act, 1962 Prasanna Krishnamachari ICCPR General Comment 35 Clarissa Sawali Varsha Mohapatra Depra vs Dumlao Case Digest Hanna Pentiño Elizabeth N. Callaway v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 231 F.3d 106, 2d Cir. (2000) People vs. Billaber Ab Castil	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line851
__label__wiki	0.931601	0.931601	SELECTION OF COLOR VISION TESTS FOR THE ARMY AIR FORCES: A Summary of Studies Made at the Army Air Forces School of Aviation Medicine LOUISE L. SLOAN, Ph.D. RANDOLPH FIELD, TEXAS From the Army Air Forces School of Aviation Medicine. SINCE the establishment of the Research Section of the Army Air Forces School of Aviation Medicine in December 1941, research on color vision has been one of the major projects of the department of ophthalmology. The primary purpose of these studies was to select tests for deficiency in red-green color vision which would be suitable for use in the selection of air force personnel. The material covered in this review is based principally on investigations carried out at the Army Air Forces School of Aviation Medicine between June 1942 and June 1945. At the time these studies were initiated, four tests of color vision were authorized for use in the Army Air Forces : two basic tests and two adjunct tests.1 The basic tests were the Ishihara test (eighth edition) and the American Optical Company Pseudo-Isochromatic Plates. The criterion of passing for both tests was that not more than 25 SLOAN LL. SELECTION OF COLOR VISION TESTS FOR THE ARMY AIR FORCES: A Summary of Studies Made at the Army Air Forces School of Aviation Medicine. Arch Ophthalmol. 1946;36(3):263–283. doi:10.1001/archopht.1946.00890210270001	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line854
__label__cc	0.550474	0.449526	« Nicolas-Guy Brenet: Apollon couronnant les arts Roxy Music: Triptych » Roger Eatwell & Matthew Goodwin: National Populism Published April 19, 2019 Books Leave a Comment The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy Pelican, 2018 Amazon.co.uk Publisher’s Description: A crucial new guide to one of the most urgent political phenomena of our time: the rise of national populism Across the West, there is a rising tide of people who feel excluded, alienated from mainstream politics, and increasingly hostile towards minorities, immigrants and neo-liberal economics. Many of these voters are turning to national populist movements, which have begun to change the face of Western liberal democracy, from the United States to France, Austria to the UK. This radical turn, we are told, is a last howl of rage from an aging electorate on the verge of extinction. Their leaders are fascistic and their politics anti-democratic; their existence a side-show to liberal democracy. But this version of events, as Roger Eatwell and Matthew Goodwin show, could not be further from the truth. Written by two of the foremost experts on fascism and the rise of national populism, this lucid and deeply-researched book is a vital guide to our transformed political landscape. Challenging conventional wisdoms, Eatwell and Goodwin make a compelling case for serious, respectful engagement with the supporters and ideas of national populism – not least because it is a tide that won’t be stemmed anytime soon. Review Quotes: “Compelling…Eatwell and Goodwin do a good job of demolishing lazy stereotypes about Trump and Brexit supporters being almost exclusively white and old…Measured and insightful.” Sunday Telegraph “A fascinating new study…the authors analyse the long-term demographic and socioeconomic trends shaping our age of upheaval. The attraction of this book lies in its cool, dispassionate tone. The authors intend to explain and inform rather than polemicise” Jason Cowley, The Sunday Times “Intelligent, counterintuitive…[ranging] far beyond Brexit and Britain…they put a parochial debate in a much bigger context” Economist “Valuable…A finely organised, lucid explanation of the elements presently constituting the most dynamic political movements in Europe and the US.” John Lloyd, Financial Times) “A useful corrective…it demolishes the myth that young people aren’t attracted to the populist right.” Sarah Baxter, The Sunday Times “A reality check to any clinging to the hope that populism is a passing political squall…Goodwin is one of the few academics to be vindicated by the political trends of the past few years. With a forensic grasp of the detail, Eatwell and Goodwin show how commentators have succumbed to ‘stereotypes that correspond with their outlook’ rather than evidence-based conclusions.” Asa Bennett, Telegraph “Convincing, powerful and very definitely worth a read.” Robert Colvile, Director of CPS Think Tank “An important and stimulating book…well written, well argued, highly accessible to the lay reader, and mercifully free of political science jargon…it leaves room for optimism for the future of our country.” Roger Liddle, Progress “An invaluable guide to the new politics of revolt…Eatwell and Goodwin draw attention to the historic problem that liberalism has faced in accepting democracy. They give us the theoretical framework to understand national populism’s rise…Compelling.” Jon Holbrook, Spiked “Informative and often compelling, providing clarity around a number of key debates within political science and political theory…Usefully, they provide copious evidence that rightwing populism has been a long time in the making.” Will Davies, Guardian Roger Eatwell is Emeritus Professor of Politics at the University of Bath. He has published widely on fascism and populism, including Fascism: a History. Matthew J. Goodwin is Professor of Politics at the University of Kent and a Senior Visiting Fellow at Chatham House. He has published four books, including Paddy Power Political Book of the Year 2015 (for Revolt on the Right: Explaining Support for the Radical Right in Britain). He writes regularly for The Times, Financial Times and New York Times, and has worked with more than 200 organisations on issues relating to European politics. He lives in London. 0 Responses to “Roger Eatwell & Matthew Goodwin: National Populism”	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line856
__label__cc	0.691713	0.308287	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM Effect of Temperature on In Vivo Protein Synthetic Capacity in Escherichia coli Anne Farewell, Frederick C. Neidhardt Anne Farewell Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan Frederick C. Neidhardt In this report, we examine the effect of temperature on protein synthesis. The rate of protein accumulation is determined by three factors: the number of working ribosomes, the rate at which ribosomes are working, and the rate of protein degradation. Measurements of RNA/protein ratios and the levels of individual ribosomal proteins and rRNA show that the cellular amount of ribosomal machinery in Escherichia coli is constant between 25 and 37°C. Within this range, in a given medium, temperature affects ribosomal function the same as it affects overall growth. Two independent methodologies show that the peptide chain elongation rate increases as a function of temperature identically to growth rate up to 37°C. Unlike the growth rate, however, the elongation rate continues to increase up to 44°C at the same rate as between 25 and 37°C. Our results show that the peptide elongation rate is not rate limiting for growth at high temperature. Taking into consideration the number of ribosomes per unit of cell mass, there is an apparent excess of protein synthetic capacity in these cells, indicating a dramatic increase in protein degradation at high temperature. Temperature shift experiments show that peptide chain elongation rate increases immediately, which supports a mechanism of heat shock response induction in which an increase in unfolded, newly translated protein induces this response. In addition, we find that at low temperature (15°C), cells contain a pool of nontranslating ribosomes which do not contribute to cell growth, supporting the idea that there is a defect in initiation at low temperature. Escherichia coli cells will grow over a temperature range of about 40°C, and remarkably, the cell growth rate increases in response to increasing temperature like a simple chemical reaction in a central normal range of its growth temperatures (20 to 37°C). At both high and low temperatures, this relationship breaks down. It is thought that at low temperature, protein initiation becomes rate limiting for growth (3, 6), but it is not known what is rate limiting at high temperature. We have examined one important aspect of cell physiology, translation, as a step toward understanding the effect of temperature on cell growth. It is known from studies of cell growth in different media thatE. coli tightly controls the levels of the protein synthesizing machinery. At different growth rates at the same temperature, the rate at which ribosomes are working (peptide chain elongation rate) is fairly constant, but the number of ribosomes per cell increases markedly with increasing growth rate (15,21). Thus, at high growth rates many ribosomes are working whereas at lower growth rates fewer ribosomes are working, but the ribosomes in both cells (growing at different rates) are working at approximately the same rate. It should be noted that there is also an increase in peptide chain elongation rate at high growth rates which may have important regulatory functions, but the change in protein synthetic capacity is primarily due to alterations in the levels of ribosomes (21). Thus, we know that cells change the number of ribosomes per cell to increase their growth rate in response to richer medium, but how do cells regulate the protein synthetic machinery in response to temperature changes? We can answer this question by determining the number of ribosomes per cell (and the fraction actually engaged in protein synthesis) and the peptide chain elongation rate; together these factors determine the protein synthetic capacity. Previous work in this lab and others has shown that the levels of ribosomal protein and RNA are constant between 23 and 42°C in a given medium. Herendeen et al. (12) have used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to measure the steady-state levels of ribosomal proteins in cells grown at various temperatures in glucose-rich medium. Their results show that there is only small variation in the levels of individual ribosomal proteins in cells growing in this range and that as a group they neither increase nor decrease with increasing temperature. In addition, Ryals et al. (28) have shown that the level of rRNA is constant over this temperature range. We have determined the polypeptide chain elongation rate throughout the range of E. coli growth temperatures as well as after a shift to high temperature. In addition, we have confirmed that the level of ribosomal components is constant between 37 and 42°C and have examined the polysome profiles of cells growing at 15, 37, and 42°C. The results show that peptide chain elongation rate increases as a function of temperature. In the normal temperature range, the rate of peptide chain elongation matches the growth rate, but at both high and low temperatures there appears to be an excess of protein synthetic machinery. At low temperature this may indicate a defect in initiation of translation, but at high temperature there is not an excessive pool of nontranslating ribosomes. This indicates that protein degradation occurs at a much higher rate at the higher temperature. Strains and growth conditions. E. coli W3110 (prototrophic) was used in all experiments. Cells were grown in MOPS (3-[N-morpholine]propanesulfonic acid) medium (20) supplemented with 0.4% glucose, 20 amino acids, vitamins, and bases as previously described (36). Medium for amino acid labeling experiments was the same except leucine and methionine concentrations were lower (80 and 20 μM, respectively, instead of 800 and 200 μM) and uridine was omitted when labeling was with radioactive uridine. Cells were grown aerobically in a rotary water bath, and cell growth was followed in a Zeiss spectrophotometer at 420 nm. Cell growth was followed for at least six generations of steady-state growth before any experiments were initiated. Temperature shifts were initiated by diluting the culture growing at the preshift temperature into a flask containing 1/2 volume of culture medium preincubated at the postshift temperature. Peptide elongation rate measured by β-galactosidase and alpha fragment induction.One way to determine the peptide chain elongation rate is to measure the time it takes to make β-galactosidase enzyme after induction with isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). The time when the first β-galactosidase molecule is made can be extrapolated from the graph, and since we know that β-galactosidase contains 1,024 amino acids, we can calculate the number of amino acids incorporated per second. An example is shown in Fig.1A. The square root of β-galactosidase activity (minus background) initially gives a linear graph which then curves downward as mRNA breakdown becomes significant (4,29). An example of this is shown in Fig. 1B; only the linear portion of the curve is shown. Thus, the peptide chain elongation rate can be estimated by measuring the time it takes to make the first β-galactosidase molecule after induction of the lacoperon. This is the time needed for induction and initiation of the gene as well as translation of β-galactosidase. Determination of polypeptide chain elongation rate by measurement of β-galactosidase induction. β-Galactosidase production was induced in strain W3110 at 37°C growing in glucose-rich MOPS by the addition of IPTG at time zero. (A) Enzyme activity; (B) square root of enzyme activity (E) minus background activity (Eo) plotted against time of induction. Note that some points are missing from the early portion of the graph since E − Eo was less than or equal to zero. IPTG (5 mM) was added to cultures growing at the specified temperature at an optical density at 420 nm (OD420) of 0.5 to 1.0. For β-galactosidase assays, 0.5-ml samples were placed in 0.5 ml of ice-cold Z-assay buffer containing 400 μg of chloramphenicol per ml, 0.0015% sodium dodecyl sulfate, and several drops of chloroform; for alpha fragment assays, 5-ml samples were placed in 15-ml Corex tubes containing 5 ml of partially frozen MOPS buffer containing 400 μg of chloramphenicol per ml and 20 mM sodium azide. β-Galactosidase and alpha fragment assays were performed as described by Miller (19) except that (i) samples from a single induction series were always incubated for the same amount of time because the enzyme assay was more linear with respect to enzyme concentration than reaction time (9) and (ii) the reaction mixtures were centrifuged to remove cell debris before the absorbance was read. β-Galactosidase activity is expressed as follows: 1,000 × [OD420 − (1.75 × OD550)/OD420 of culture × reaction time × volume]. The first OD420 refers to the β-galactosidase reaction mixture, and the second refers to the cell density at the time of induction. Peptide elongation rate measured by pulse-labeling experiments.In a second method to measure the elongation rate (2, 7), cells are pulsed with a radioactive amino acid ([3H]leucine) for a short time (5 to 15 s) and then chased with an unlabeled amino acid. The pulse is so short that only a fraction of each polypeptide being translated at the time is labeled. During the chase, samples are taken periodically to measure radioactivity in completed protein. Radioactivity is chased into completed protein until the polypeptide initiated during the pulse (and thus with only amino acids near its N terminus labeled) is finally completed and no more radioactivity is chased into the completed protein. The time when this occurs is the translation time of the protein. Radioactivity in completed protein is followed by separating proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and determining the amount of radioactivity in individual protein spots. A control culture labeled with another isotope ([35S]methionine) is mixed with the samples to control for sampling error. Cells were pulse-labeled for 15 s with 0.25 mCi of [3H]leucine (140 Ci/mmol, 5 mCi/ml; ICN) per ml and chased with 6.7 mM cold leucine. Then 0.5-ml samples were placed in Eppendorf tubes containing 0.5 ml of partially frozen MOPS buffer containing 400 μg of chloramphenicol per ml and 20 mM sodium azide; 0.2 ml of [35S]methionine-labeled cells was added to each sample. Cells were labeled for three to four generations in the presence of 50 μCi of [35S]methionine (1,100 Ci/mmol, 11 mCi/ml; ICN) per ml. Labeling was terminated by adding an equal volume of MOPS buffer containing 400 μg of chloramphenicol per ml and 20 mM sodium azide, and samples were placed on ice until mixed with the [3H]leucine-labeled samples. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and measurement of radioactivity in protein spots.Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was performed as previously described (1, 23,35). Extracts were made, and half was placed on each of two gels. These duplicate gels were stained with Coomassie blue and dried, and autoradiograms were prepared. Spots were excised and prepared for quantification as described previously (24). Trichloroacetic acid precipitation was done to obtain the3H/35S ratio in each sample extract. Calculation of radioactivity for pulse-chase experiments.The radioactivity in completed protein is expressed as3H/35S in the spot divided by3H/35S in total protein (trichloroacetic acid precipitates). In addition, a correction for the amino acid composition of each protein was made by multiplying the radioactivity measurement by the leucine/methionine ratio in total protein divided by the leucine/methionine ratio in the protein assayed. RNA/protein ratios.RNA/protein ratios were calculated from colorimetric assays of RNA (orcinol method) and protein (Lowry assay). The assays were performed essentially as described elsewhere (5,8). Five-milliliter samples of cultures growing at the appropriate temperature were taken at a number of different cell densities (OD420 = 0.2 to 1.0) and added to 0.4 ml of ice-cold 70% perchloric acid. After incubation for 30 min on ice, the samples were centrifuged for 10 min at 12,000 × g. The precipitates were washed in 2.5 ml of 0.5 M perchloric acid and repelleted. These pellets were resuspended in 0.25 ml of water, and portions were used for protein assay and RNA assay. Polysome isolation.Polysomes were isolated as described previously (27, 31, 32) from cells which had been labeled with radioactive uridine. Cultures were labeled for one generation with either 0.25 μCi of [14C]uridine (100 μCi/mmol; ICN) or 2.5 μCi of [3H]uridine (60 Ci/mmol; ICN) per ml and then subjected to a one-generation chase with unlabeled uridine (2 mg/ml). Peptide chain elongation rate as determined by β-galactosidase induction time.The most obvious reason for cell growth rate to increase in response to temperature is that the rate of polypeptide elongation may increase as a function of temperature, identically to the growth rate. We first wanted to determine if this was true within the normal temperature range (25 to 37°C) and then see what happens outside the normal range (i.e., at 42°C and at 10 to 20°C). Measurements of β-galactosidase induction time were done at a number of temperatures both within the normal temperature range and at higher temperatures. When the elongation rate is plotted along with the specific growth rate on an Arrhenius plot (Fig.2A), two results become clear. First, peptide chain elongation rate increases in proportion to growth rate in the normal range of temperatures. Thus, cells growing in this temperature range have no need for an increased number of ribosomes; their ribosomes are simply able to translate faster as the temperature increases. The second result was more surprising; peptide chain elongation rate increases as a function of increasing temperature even at high temperature (37 to 44°C) when growth rate changes very little. This result is also illustrated in a plot of growth rate versus elongation rate (Fig. 2B). In the normal temperature range, growth rate is proportional to elongation rate, but at high temperature growth rate is fairly constant while elongation rate continues to increase. Growth is 2.5% faster at 42°C than at 37°C, but elongation rate increases from 12.9 (±0.31) to 16.9 (±0.41) amino acids/s, or approximately 30%. This is surprising because the levels of rRNA and protein are constant in this range (12, 28), and thus we would expect growth to be faster at 42°C than at 37°C. At very high temperature (>44°C), when growth rate begins to decrease dramatically, elongation rate also begins to decrease (data not shown). (A) Measurements of peptide chain elongation rate by the β-galactosidase induction method. Peptide chain elongation rate (closed circles) was calculated from the β-galactosidase induction time at the indicated temperatures. Growth rate (open circles) was determined by optical density measurements done on the same cultures. The average of data from several experiments is plotted with the standard error indicated. Points with no error bars had less than 2% standard error. aa, amino acids. (B) Peptide chain elongation rate relative to growth rate at various temperatures. Elongation rate as determined by β-galactosidase induction time at each temperature is plotted versus the specific growth rate at the same temperature. The error bars represent 1 standard error. Points with no error bars had less than 2% standard error. We have also measured β-galactosidase induction time at low temperature (<25°C). The results in Fig.3 demonstrate that elongation rate decreases with decreasing temperature; however, the rate of decrease of elongation rate at low temperature was greater than expected from the rate in the normal range of temperatures. Also apparent from the results in Fig. 3 is that when normalized to growth rate at 37°C, elongation rate does not decrease at low temperature as much as growth rate. This is also true when the values are normalized to the 23°C values; there is approximately a 50% greater decrease in growth rate than in elongation rate. This finding indicates that elongation rate is not limiting for growth at low temperature. Peptide elongation rate at low temperature. Peptide chain elongation rate (closed circles) was calculated from the β-galactosidase induction time at the indicated temperatures. Growth rate (open circles) was determined by optical density measurements done on the same cultures. The average from several experiments is plotted. The maximum standard error for any elongation rate value was 7%, and the maximum error for the growth rate was 2%. aa, amino acids. One possible artifact in the β-galactosidase induction experiment is any contribution of the time it takes for induction and initiation of β-galactosidase. For example, IPTG could be taken up more quickly by cells at 42°C than at 37°C. Therefore, an additional approach was used. Alpha fragment is the N-terminal portion of β-galactosidase (approximately 60 amino acids) and can be assayed independently of β-galactosidase. Since production of alpha fragment requires the same induction and initiation events that full-length β-galactosidase requires, the time between the first appearance of alpha fragment and the first β-galactosidase molecule is the time required to translate the ∼975 amino acids between them. This time should be insensitive to any changes in induction or initiation. Alpha fragment induction at 15, 37, and 42°C occurred so quickly that it was indistinguishable from instantaneous induction (data not shown) at these temperatures. Therefore, any difference between the time needed to induce and initiate β-galactosidase at these temperatures is too small to change significantly the translation rates obtained and the conclusions presented above. Peptide chain elongation rate as determined by labeling kinetics.Since the β-galactosidase induction method measures the translation time of a single protein, it may not be representative of the majority of proteins. Therefore, the pulse-chase method (see Materials and Methods) was used to measure the completion time of proteins at 37 and 42°C. The results of these studies confirm that the polypeptide chain elongation rate is higher at the higher temperature, although there is little difference in growth rate (Fig.4). The elongation rates of RNA polymerase beta subunit are 24 amino acids/s at 42°C and 19 amino acids/s at 37°C. The elongation rate from the β-galactosidase experiments was lower, but the difference between the two temperatures was the same (approximately 30%). For the pulse-chase experiments, we routinely examined five or six proteins (β-galactosidase, RNA polymerase beta subunit, DnaK, ValS, polynucleotide phosphorylase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase), but since translation is so fast at 42°C, only the results of the largest protein examined, RNA polymerase beta subunit, were consistently usable. The other proteins gave results which either confirm the RNA polymerase results or were merely consistent with those results qualitatively. Thus, at high temperature, there appears to be an excess of protein synthetic capacity in that the cells growing at 37 and 42°C contain the same number of ribosomes and the growth rates are the same, but there is a 30% increase in polypeptide chain elongation rate at 42°C. One possibility is that a fraction of ribosomes are inactive. Similarly, pulse-chase experiments were used to confirm the β-galactosidase induction results at 15°C, demonstrating that elongation rate is not limiting for growth at 15°C (data not shown). Results of pulse-chase experiments at 37 and 42°C. Radioactivity recovered from a single protein spot (RNA polymerase beta subunit) is plotted versus time of chase. The data from three experiments at 37°C (open symbols) and two at 42°C (closed symbols) are shown. Radioactivity is expressed as described in Materials and Methods. Each point represents the average from values obtained from duplicate gels. The translation time at each temperature is indicated by an arrow. The standard errors of the calculated translation times are 2% at 37°C and 3% at 42°C. Ribosome concentration.Previous studies have shown that the levels of ribosomal protein (12) and rRNA (28) are constant both within the normal temperature range and at high temperature. To confirm that the levels of ribosomes are constant between 37 and 42°C in our standard E. coli strain and our medium, the ratio of RNA to protein was measured in cells growing at each temperature. This ratio has been shown to reflect accurately the levels of ribosomes in cells when used to measure the levels in cells growing in different media (e.g., reference 21). These measurements showed no significant difference in the RNA/protein ratio between cells growing at 42°C (0.98 ± 0.04 [standard error]; n = 12) and those growing at 37°C (1.00 ± 0.02; n = 14). Therefore, the measurements made previously are confirmed, and we can conclude that cells growing at 37 and 42°C contain the same amount of ribosomal material. Is all of this ribosomal material functional? We found no significant differences in the polysome profiles obtained from cells grown at 37 or 42°C (Fig. 5A). Several repetitions of this experiment showed that the percentages of polysomes, 70S monosomes, and 30S and 50S subunits were the same at the two temperatures with 62% (±1%, standard deviation) of the radioactivity found in the form of polysomes. Therefore, there is not a great pool of nonfunctioning ribosomes at 42°C compared to 37°C. From these results, we conclude that the number of functioning ribosomes per cell mass is constant in cells grown at 37 and 42°C. In contrast, polysome profiles from cells grown at 15°C (Fig. 5B) show that 20% of the ribosomes are in the form of 30S and 50S subunits, whereas less than 7% are subunits at 37°C. (A) Polysome profiles from cells grown at 37 or 42°C. Cells were grown for several generations in the presence of either [14C]uridine or [3H]uridine at 37 or 42°C. Cells were mixed and polysomes were separated on sucrose gradients as described in Materials and Methods. The data were normalized such that the total radioactivity isolated in fractions 16 to 127 was the same for the two isotopes. Shown is the actual3H counts/minute in each fraction and the normalized14C values. Subunits and monosomes are centered as follows: 30S subunits at approximately fraction 20, 50S subunits at fraction 29, and 70S monosomes at fraction 40. (B) Polysome profiles from cells grown at 37 or 15°C. Cells grown in the presence of radioactive uridine at either 37 or 15°C were mixed, and polysomes were separated on a sucrose gradient. The data are normalized such that the total radioactivity in fractions 5 to 126 was the same for both isotopes. Shown is the actual 14C counts/minute and normalized3H values. Subunits and monosomes are centered as: 30S subunits at fraction 20, 50S subunits at fraction 27, and 70S monosomes at fraction 38. Temperature shifts.It is of interest now to ask what happens after a shift to higher temperature. We expect one of two results: either the polypeptide chain elongation rate increases immediately upon a shift to 42°C, presumably as a passive response to the increased temperature, or the cell needs to actively increase the elongation rate, a process which could require time. We measured the elongation rate after a shift either from 28 to 42°C or from 37 to 42°C (data not shown) by using β-galactosidase induction and after a shift from 37 to 42°C by the pulse-chase method. Induction or labeling was started at various times after the shift (15 s to 5 min). Both methods, both preshift temperatures, and all of the different times at the postshift temperature gave the same result. As shown in Table 1(β-galactosidase induction) and Fig. 6(pulse-chase), the elongation rate increases immediately upon a shift to 42°C. Small differences between elongation rates at various times after the shift cannot be ruled out. In addition, there may be a small difference between the rate during steady-state growth at 42°C and immediately after a shift, but this may be due to the time needed to achieve the new temperature. Although the temperature increase was achieved as quickly as possible (see Materials and Methods), it was not likely to be instantaneous. Therefore, these results show that the polypeptide elongation rate increases immediately after a shift and that this response therefore is likely to be a passive reaction to the temperature shift. Effect of temperature shifts on polypeptide chain elongation rate Peptide chain elongation rate after a shift to high temperature, determined by the pulse-labeling method. Cells growing at 37°C were shifted to 42°C, and the pulse was initiated 15 s later. Labeling was terminated after 15 s, and samples were taken for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Shown is the radioactivity isolated from a single protein spot (RNA polymerase beta subunit) versus time of chase. Radioactivity is expressed as described in Materials and Methods. The translation time is 55 s (indicated by the arrow), and the calculated elongation rate is 24 amino acids/s. The standard error of the calculated translation time is approximately 3%. The results presented have shown that within the normal temperature range, the rate of polypeptide chain elongation increases, allowing faster growth without the need for increased synthesis of ribosomes. Thus, these results fit with our current understanding of the control of protein synthesis in E. coli. We have found that cells growing at low temperature contain a large pool of ribosomal subunits (Fig. 5B). It is quite unusual to find a circumstance where a wild-type cell (growing in steady state) has a large pool of nontranslating ribosomes. The obvious question is why doesn’t the cell regulate its level of rRNA and protein such that it simply meets its needs at this temperature as it does in the normal temperature range? Cells growing at low temperature seem to require a higher concentration of ribosomes for protein synthesis. Perhaps this requirement is necessary to overcome the block in protein initiation as has been postulated (3, 6, 13), or possibly cells maintain a pool of ribosomes to meet future demands (14). Under most other conditions, E. coli cells maintain only the level of ribosomes per unit of cell mass required for protein synthesis. This seems sensible, since it would be very wasteful to maintain an excess of ribosomes. These extra ribosomes by definition do not contribute to cell growth. There are at least two situations in which it may make sense to have excess ribosomes. The first is in starvation or very slow growth. It is known that the relationship between the number of ribosomes per unit of mass and growth rate breaks down at very low growth rates (21). One reasonable model to explain this is that cells are “waiting for better days” (14). Slowly growing or starving cells which maintain a relatively high level of ribosomes would be able to respond rapidly to an increase in the nutritional richness of their medium. Applying the same logic to cells growing at low temperature, it is possible that these cells too are waiting for better days, i.e., a higher growth temperature. When one considers our measurements of the fraction of functioning ribosomes (polysomes) at low temperature, our measurements of protein synthesis fit quite well with the observed growth rate. At 13.5°C, the levels of ribosomal proteins decrease to approximately 65% of the level at 37°C (12). The number of functional ribosomes (polysomes) is 83% of the 37°C value (Fig. 5B) and the peptide elongation rate is 11.6% of the rate at 37°C (Fig. 3). Using the 13.5°C value for the levels of ribosomal proteins (which should be close to the 15°C value), the protein synthetic capacity (number of ribosomes times the fraction working as polysomes times the elongation rate) at 15°C is 6.3% of the capacity at 37°C. This is quite similar to the difference in growth rate: cells at 15°C grow at 5.5% of the rate at 37°C. At 42°C, where the specific growth rate is only about 2.5% higher than that at 37°C, we have shown that the number of functioning ribosomes per unit of cell mass is approximately the same as at 37°C. Second, polypeptide chain elongation rate is not rate limiting for growth; it increases in proportion to temperature even at high temperature when growth rate is no longer increasing. RNA elongation rate is assumed to increase also, since in the β-galactosidase induction experiments the results are dependent on both translation and transcription rates. Also, the elongation rate of stable RNA has been shown to increase as a function of temperature and is proportional to growth rate (28). To summarize, the calculated protein synthetic capacity (defined above) at 42°C is 1.32 ± 0.05 (standard error calculated by using the Gaussian approximation formulae) relative to the value at 37°C (1.0 ± 0.05). Thus, the results obtained at high temperature are surprising since they appear to violate our current models of the regulation of protein synthesis. It is possible that, as discussed above for cells grown at low temperature, cells growing at high temperature maintain a pool of ribosomes in anticipation of future demands. However, in this case we would expect to find a pool of nontranslating ribosomes in these cells (as at low temperature), which we do not. Thus, this explanation tells us nothing about the nature of the defect in cells growing at 42°C. A second model to explain why cells growing at high temperature appear to have an excess of protein synthetic activity involves protein degradation. It is possible that all of these ribosomes are indeed functioning and producing protein but that the rate of protein degradation is greatly increased. This model is very attractive in light of what we know about temperature upshifts and the heat shock response as discussed below. A problem with this model is that measurements of protein degradation at various temperatures have not shown an increase above the normal temperature effect (25,26). It is possible, however, that degradation of newly synthesized protein can occur at rates high enough to account for the discrepancy. Most measurements of protein degradation have been done such that degradation only of long-lived proteins has been examined and show that 1 to 2% of cellular protein is degraded per generation (18). It is much more difficult to measure short-term degradation. Two studies have estimated the degradation of newly synthesized protein. First, Pine (26) showed that a minimum of 5% of the labeled amino acid incorporated in a 5-s pulse was released during the next 45 s. This rapid degradation was followed by a lower rate of about 2% per generation. A second series of experiments obtained similar results (37) showing that degradation of newly synthesized protein is significant and distinct from degradation of stable proteins. Furthermore, as seen in Fig. 4, we consistently find a decrease in the radioactivity in completed protein at 42°C, but not at lower temperatures, after the initial break in the curve, indicating that newly synthesized proteins are indeed degraded at a higher rate at high temperature than at normal temperatures. Thus, the rate of degradation of newly synthesized protein may be quite high (18). If, for some reason, polypeptides cannot fold as quickly at 42°C, newly synthesized protein would be more susceptible to proteolysis. We also show in this work that peptide elongation rate increases immediately upon an upshift in temperature. Temperature upshifts induce the heat shock response, which results in the induction of 20 or so proteins, many of which are chaperones or proteases (34; reviewed in references 11and 22). The response is mediated by the induction of the sigma factor ς32. Do the observations about peptide elongation rate fit into our current thinking about the induction mechanism and function of the heat shock response? The model of heat shock induction that results from the observations of ς32 induction and heat shock protein function can be summarized as follows (reviewed in reference 11). Upon an increase in temperature, the heat shock chaperones are increasingly bound to unfolded protein and are thus titrated away from ς32. This results in an increase in the stability of ς32 and its rate of synthesis (30, 33). The increase in ς32 levels is sufficient to induce the synthesis of the heat shock proteins, including the chaperones. When the levels of chaperones are sufficient to bind all of the cell’s unfolded protein, they can bind ς32 and decrease its level. The model assumes that the concentration of unfolded protein is increased to induce a heat shock response. The source of unfolded protein probably differs in different inducing conditions, but a major source upon heat treatment is likely to be newly synthesized protein. As shown in this report, the rate of synthesis of nascent polypeptides increases immediately upon heat shock, and this may be the source of unfolded protein. To our knowledge there is no direct evidence that proteins synthesized before a temperature shift to 42°C actually unfold at the new temperature; thus, it seems likely that an imbalance between the rate of protein translation and the rate of growth triggers the heat shock response by causing a transient accumulation of newly translated, unfolded protein. Implied in this model is that the rate of chaperone function does not increase in parallel to growth rate with increasing temperature or that the need for chaperone function increases faster than growth rate. Higher levels of the chaperones are required at higher temperatures. This could be for a number of reasons: the mechanism of chaperone function may not be a simple catalytic reaction, protein folding may be slowed by increasing temperature, or more proteins may require chaperones to help them fold at high temperature. A series of experiments by Horowitz and coworkers begins to address this issue (16, 17). They have studied the folding of rhodanese in vitro at different temperatures. Rhodanese will fold significantly at low temperature (10°C) without the presence of chaperones, but at a higher temperature (37°C), the protein precipitates. Addition of the chaperone GroEL/GroES enables the protein to fold at 37°C, with no precipitation. Interestingly, addition of the chaperone at low temperature inhibits protein folding. This system is very similar to what is observed in vivo. Chaperone synthesis (and all heat shock protein synthesis) is inhibited at low temperature but is clearly required at high temperature. Heat shock mutants of either individual chaperones or ς32 form large protein-rich inclusion bodies at high temperature (reference 10 and unpublished results). Thus, the increased rate of peptide chain elongation upon a heat shock fits this heat shock induction model quite well and in fact is a necessary part of the model. The increase in the rate of protein elongation is the trigger that generates the signal for the heat shock response. Thomas Nyström, Daniel Gage, and Kristian Kvint are thanked for helpful discussions and critical reading of the manuscript. We are grateful to Anders Holtsberg for help with statistical analysis of the data. This work was supported by a grant from NIH to F.C.N. and an NIH graduate student training grant to A.F. Received 9 February 1998. Accepted 20 June 1998. Copyright © 1998 American Society for Microbiology Blumenthal R. M., Reeh S., Pedersen S. (1976) Regulation of transcription factor sigma and the alpha subunit of RNA polymerase in Escherichia coli B/r. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73:2285–2290. Bremer H., Yuan D. (1968) RNA chain growth rate in Escherichia coli. J. Mol. Biol. 38:163–180. Broeze R. J., Solomon C. J., Pope D. H. (1978) Effects of low temperature on in vivo and in vitro protein synthesis in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens. J. Bacteriol. 134:861–874. Dalbow D. G., Young R. (1975) Synthesis time of beta-galactosidase in Escherichia coli B/r as a function of growth rate. Biochem. J. 150:13–20. Fiil N. P., von Meyenburg K., Friesen J. D. (1972) Accumulation and turnover of guanosine tetraphosphate in Escherichia coli. J. Mol. Biol. 71:769–783. Friedman H., Lu P., Rich A. (1971) Temperature control of initiation of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli. J. Mol. Biol. 61:105–121. Gausing K. (1972) Efficiency of protein and messenger RNA synthesis in bacteriophage T4-infected cells of Escherichia coli. J. Mol. Biol. 71:529–545. Gerhardt P., Murray R. G. E., Costilow R. N., Nestor E. W., Wood W. A., Kreig N. R., Phillips G. B. , eds (1981) Manual of methods for general bacteriology. (American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C). Giacomini A., Corich V., Ollero F. J., Squartini A., Nuti M. P. (1992) Experimental conditions may affect reproducibility of the β-galactosidase assay. FEBS Microbiol. Lett. 100:87–90. Gragerov A., Nudler E., Komissarova N., Gaitanaris G. A., Gottesman M. E., Nikiforov V. (1992) Cooperation of GroEL/GroES and DnaK/DnaJ heat shock proteins in preventing protein misfolding in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10341–10344. Gross C. A. (1996) Function and regulation of the heat shock proteins. in Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, eds Neidhardt F. C., Curtiss III R., Ingraham J. L., Lin E. C. C., Low K. B., Magasanik B., Reznikoff W. S., Riley M., Schaechter M., Umbarger H. E. (American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C), 2nd ed. 1:1382–1399. Herendeen S. L., VanBogelen R. A., Neidhardt F. C. (1979) Levels of major proteins of Escherichia coli during growth at different temperatures. J. Bacteriol. 139:185–194. Jones P. G., Cashel M., Glaser G., (1992) Function of a relaxed-like state following temperature downshifts in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 174:3903–3914. Koch A. L. (1971) The adaptive responses of Escherichia coli to a famine and feast existence. Adv. Microb. Physiol. 6:147–217. Maaloe O. (1979) Regulation of the protein synthesizing machinery—ribosomes, tRNA, factors, and so on. in Biological regulation and development. ed Goldberger R. F. (Plenum Publishing Corp. New York, N.Y), pp 487–542. Mendoza J. A., Lorimer G. H., Horowitz P. M. (1991) Intermediates in the chaperonin-assisted refolding of rhodanese are trapped at low temperature and show a small stoichiometry. J. Biol. Chem. 266:16973–16976. Rogers E., (1991) Chaperonins facilitate the in vitro folding of monomeric mitochondrial rhodanese. J. Biol. Chem. 266:13044–13049. Miller C. G. (1987) Protein degradation and proteolytic modification. in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: cellular and molecular biology, eds Neidhardt F. C., Ingraham J. L., Low K. B., Magasanik B., Schaechter M., Umbarger H. E. (American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C), 2:680–691. Miller J. H. (1972) Experiments in molecular genetics. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y). Neidhardt F. C., Bloch P. L., Smith D. F. (1974) Culture medium for enterobacteria. J. Bacteriol. 119:736–747. Ingraham J. L., Schaechter M. (1990) Physiology of the bacterial cell: a molecular approach. (Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, Mass). VanBogelen R. A. (1987) Heat shock response. in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: cellular and molecular biology, eds Neidhardt F. C., Ingraham J. L., Low K. B., Magasanik B., Schaechter M., Umbarger H. E. (American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C), 2:1334–1345. O’Farrell P. (1978) The suppression of defective translation by ppGpp and its role in the stringent response. Cell 14:545–557. Pedersen S., Reeh S. V., Parker J., Watson R. J., Friesen J. D., Fiil N. P. (1976) Analysis of the proteins synthesized in ultraviolet light-irradiated Escherichia coli following infection with the bacteriophage λdrifd 18 and λdfus-3. Mol. Gen. Genet. 144:339. Pine M. J. (1967) Response of intracellular proteolysis to alteration of bacterial protein and the implications in metabolic regulation. J. Bacteriol. 93:1527–1533. (1973) Regulation of intracellular proteolysis in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 115:107–116. (1976) Biosynthetic regulation of individual proteins in relA+ and relA strains of Escherichia coli during amino acid starvation. Mol. Gen. Genet. 149:279–289. Ryals J., Little R., Bremer H. (1982) Temperature dependence of RNA synthesis parameters in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 151:879–887. Schleif R., Hess W., Finkelstein S., Ellis D. (1973) Induction kinetics of the l-arabinose operon of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 115:9–14. Straus D., Walter W., (1990) DnaK, DnaJ, and GrpE heat shock proteins negatively regulate heat shock gene expression by controlling the synthesis and stability of sigma 32. Genes Dev. 4:2202–2209. Subramainian A. R., Davis B. D. (1973) Release of 70S ribosomes from polysomes in Escherichia coli. J. Mol. Biol. 74:45–56. Tai P. C., (1979) Isolation of polysomes free of initiation factors. Methods Enzymol. 59:362–366. Tilly K., McKittrick N., Zylicz M., Georgopoulos C. (1983) The dnaK protein modulates the heat-shock response of Escherichia coli. Cell 34:641–646. Kelley P. M., (1987) Differential induction of heat shock, SOS, and oxidative stress regulons and accumulation of nucleotides in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 169:26–32. (1992) The gene-protein database of Escherichia coli. Edition V. Electrophoresis 13:1014–1054. Wanner B., (1977) Physiological regulation of a decontrolled lac operon. J. Bacteriol. 130:212–222. Yen C., Green L., (1980) Degradation of intracellular protein in Salmonella typhimurium peptidase mutants. J. Mol. Biol. 143:21–33. Journal of Bacteriology Sep 1998, 180 (17) 4704-4710; DOI: You are going to email the following Effect of Temperature on In Vivo Protein Synthetic Capacity in Escherichia coli	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line859
__label__wiki	0.601767	0.601767	Win a Pair of Tickets to See The Alarm The Alarm was made in Wales, UK and by the time of 1981's debut single 'Unsafe Building', featured a daring mix of amped-up acoustic guitars, harmonica and passionate vocals that invited the enduring description “Bob Dylan meets The Clash”. This is the sound of The Alarm that has been heard around the world ever since, with 17 Top 50 UK singles, a host of successful albums. Enter to win a pair of tickets to see The Alarm at House of Blues San Diego on Thursday, July 25. Doors open at 7PM. For more information on The Alarm at House of Blues click here. Deadline for submission: Thursday, July 18 at 1PM. Limit one entry per person or you will be disqualified. Reader employees and their families are not eligible. Winner will win a pair of tickets to The Alarm at House of Blues. Winner will be notified via email. Receive newsletters from the Reader: Receive emails from Contest Sponsor:	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line861
__label__wiki	0.962343	0.962343	Monday, July 15 Entertainment SUBSCRIBE Entertainment SUBSCRIBE Surprise: Two Dave Chappelle shows announced for The Punch Line in SF this week Alyssa Pereira, SFGATE \| on September 10, 2018 LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA - MARCH 25: Dave Chappelle performs to a sold out crowd onstage at the Hollywood Palladium on March 25, 2016 in Los Angeles, California. Photo: Lester Cohen, WireImage Comedian Dave Chappelle will be back at the Punch Line, a comedy club in San Francisco this week, on Wednesday and Thursday at 8 p.m. The comedian has been known to pop in to the club for long sets every few months to try out new material. Chappelle makes appearances in the Bay Area several times a year. In February he appeared onstage with Madlib and Yasiin Bey during a Noise Pop show in San Francisco, joking and speaking to the crowd about life and politics. In April, he returned to the city, but with musician John Mayer, for a unique variety-like show at the Fillmore. Last December, Chappelle released two Netflix specials, called "Equanimity" and "The Bird Revelation." Some of the material was controversial, and led publications like the New York Times to note that Chappelle had inadvertently "stumbled into the #MeToo movement" with some of his statements. Dave Chappelle, Yasiin Bey surprise Madlib's Noise Pop crowd Chappelle addressed those concerns in an interview with PBS over the summer. "I don't think people pay money to see a guy speak precisely and carefully," he said. "They just want to see someone try to get at something honest or something relatable or have some fun with something." He later added, in regards to comedy in the era of #MeToo, "We're all figuring this out." Tickets will go on sale to the public on Monday at 5 p.m. here at the Punch Line's website. Alyssa Pereira is an SFGATE staff writer. Email her at apereira@sfchronicle.com or find her on Twitter at @alyspereira. Alyssa Pereira\|Producer	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line862
__label__wiki	0.858908	0.858908	Home Wire Entertainment The Associated Press names SZA’s ‘Ctrl’ album of the year The Associated Press names SZA’s ‘Ctrl’ album of the year NEW YORK (AP) – The top 10 albums of the year by Associated Press Music Editor Mesfin Fekadu. 1. SZA, “Ctrl”: As the beat of the opening track of SZA’s debut album played at a concert this week in New York City, the entire venue passionately sang the first two minutes of the song “Supermodel,” and the singer hadn’t even showed her face onstage. And that’s just it – SZA is the voice of this generation. The 28-year-old’s “Ctrl” is a masterpiece about a girl navigating in life – dating, falling in love, dealing with dusty boys, self-doubt, acceptance and more. Her voice glides over each song nicely as she spits matter-of-fact lyrics and even finds ways to reference the TV shows “Martin” and “Narcos,” as well as “Forrest Gump,” in the songs. “The Weekend” is her at the top of the game; “Broken Clocks” is just as addictive; and “Normal Girl” and “20 Something” prove that SZA is not one of those alternative R&B artists with one or two tricks up her sleeve. 2. Kendrick Lamar, “DAMN.”: To put out one epic album is impressive. Two? It’s remarkable. BUT THREE? It’s astonishing. There has not been a more consistent act in music in the last few years like Kendrick Lamar. Icon status is “DAMN.” closer than we might think. 3. Daniel Caesar, “Freudian”: Listening to Daniel Caesar’s debut album will make you want to fall in love. The Canadian newcomer brilliantly sings R&B songs that echo D’Angelo and hit straight to the heart. “Freudian” is a beautiful work of art. 4. Jay-Z, “4:44”: So, this SUPERSTAR with a super private wife and uber private life uncovered his most intimate thoughts and life moments – and people were moved by what he revealed. It wasn’t just for the stuff that went on to dominate blogs and entertainment headlines. No, it was Jay’s vulnerability, proving that honesty is what keeps artists relevant, long after they’ve transitioned from being the new hot thing. 5. Taylor Swift, “reputation”: Don’t be a hater – you know Taylor Swift knows how to craft perfect pop music. “Reputation” is exceptional, especially the songs “End Game,” ”Delicate” and “Dress,” perfectly showing how Tay Tay continues to grow as an artist. 6. Sam Smith, “The Thrill of It All”: Sam Smith’s “Thrill” is a ride you don’t want to get off. 7. St. Vincent, “MASSEDUCTION”: St. Vincent’s fifth album, full of electro pop, glam rock and techno sounds, is an adventurous album that deserves to be heard by the masses. Even when she slows things down – like on “New York” and the excellent “Happy Birthday, Johnny” – she’s just as alluring. 8. Miguel, “War & Leisure”: “I’m Luke Skywalkin’ on these haters,” a confident Miguel sings on “Sky Walker,” the first single from his fourth album. And he’s right – he’s barely got competition when it comes to music. “War & Leisure” is just another grand album in his catalog. 9. H.E.R., “H.E.R.”: Gabi Wilson, under her stage name H.E.R., shines brightly on her full-length debut album, with songs like “Focus,” ”U” and “Losing” showing that, like SZA, H.E.R. is also a groundbreaker in the alternative R&B movement. 10. Haim, “Something to Tell You”: Who doesn’t want to be part of the sister trio Haim? The rockers, who proved how outstanding they were on their 2013 debut album and at live concerts, keeps up the momentum on their sophomore release, “Something to Tell You,” highlighted by Haim’s harmonies. This cover image released by RCA shows “Ctrl,” a 2017 release by SZA. (RCA via AP) This cover image released by Interscope Records shows “Damn.” the latest release by Kendrick Lamar. (Interscope Records via AP) This cover image released by Golden Child Recordings shows “Freudian,” a 2017 release by Daniel Caesar. (Golden Child Recordings via AP) This cover image released by Roc Nation shows “4:44,” a 2017 release by Jay-Z. (Roc Nation via AP) This cover image released by Big Machine shows art for her upcoming album, “reputation.” (Big Machine via AP) This cover image released by Capitol Records shows “The Thrill of It All,” a 2017 release by Sam Smith. (Capitol Records via AP) This cover image released by Loma Vista shows “MASSEDUCATION”, a 2017 release by St. Vincent. (Loma Vista via AP) This image released by RCA shows “War & Leisure,” a 2017 release by Miguel. (RCA via AP) This cover image released by RCA shows a self-titled album by H.E.R. (RCA via AP) This cover image released by Columbia Records shows “Something To Tell You,” a 2017 release by Haim. (Columbia Records via AP) Daniel Caesar Hip hop and rap Previous articleUK surgeon admits signing initials on patients’ livers Next articleMinnesota Lt. Gov. Tina Smith named to fill Franken seat Mick Jagger has his moves back after health problems Entertainment May 15, 2019 Prosecutors paint dark portrait of manipulative R. Kelly Entertainment February 23, 2019	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line864
__label__wiki	0.993231	0.993231	Gareth Edwards & Matthew Rhys Welsh actor Matthew Rhys acting career spanned the globe and he now finds himself returning to the United Kingdom for his latest endeavour in the BBC series, Death Comes to Pemberly. The actor interviews with fellow Welshman Gareth Edwards, the legendary rugby player and commentator whose 1974 Barbarians try remains... Elaine Paige & Twiggy Elaine Paige is known for her powerful musical voice that stormed the West End and took her around the world. Elaine, who triumphed as a musical legend shares laughter and memories with style icon Twiggy. Twiggy became the world’s first supermodel, named ‘The Face of 66’ as well as becoming... Andrew Lloyd Webber & A.R. Rahman Composer, songwriter, producer and performer, A.R. Rahman is a worldwide sensation, best known for his unique sound and multicultural style. A.R Raham joins Andrew Lloyd Webber, the world’s most successful composer of musical theatre, also bringing his talent and visions to television. This episode emanates with the passion that both... Lord Jeffery Archer & Sir Donald Sinden Lord Jeffery Howard Archer, Baron Archer of Weston-super-Mare and former Politian as well as best-selling author sits down with Sir Donald Sinden. Sir Donald established himself in theatre, especially as a Shakespearean actor and found his big break in 1950’s films that made him a household name around the world.... © 2018 Living The Life. All rights reserved.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line867
__label__cc	0.710126	0.289874	Angolan Strategic Financial Oil Reserve to fund infrastructure investments Luanda, Angola, 21 Dec – As of 2011 Angola will have a new vehicle for investment in infrastructure, called the Strategic Financial oil Reserve, which will be fed by Angola’s revenues from exporting oil and gas. The creation of the reserve, which will be the responsibility of the Angolan presidency, is considered to be an “a notable innovation” in the Angolan state budget for 2011 by analysts from the Economist Intelligence Unit, in its latest report on Angola to which Macauhub has had access. The new oil fund, “will fund investments in basic infrastructures using profits from state oil production,” the Economist noted. The Angolan government is also preparing the legal framework for future sovereign fund, focused on investment in assets. The fund will be conservatively managed at its launch, until its framework and asset management capacities are considered to be sufficiently robust, according to information provided by Angola to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). According to the Institute of Sovereign Funds, Angola had been due to launch this financial instrument in 2009 to manage oil revenues. Based on economic growth of 7.6 percent, oil production of 1.9 million barrels per day and a price of US$68 per barrel, the Angolan state budget for 2011 outlines revenues of 3.4 trillion kwanzas (US$36.2 billion), or 6 percent more than in 2010. Projected expenditure totals 3.2 trillion kwanzas, a drop of 0.3 percent which, “reflects the government’s commitment in relation to spending restrictions,” the Economist said. The biggest slice of the expected surplus of 2 percent of GDP will be applied to reducing internal debt, which has accumulated over the last few years, particularly that owed to construction companies. Angolan oil production, which this year has been affected by technical problems at important oil fields, in January is expected to see a “weak” recovery, according to the Economist. The difficulties in the Plutónio field (block 18, BP) are expected to take production to a minimum of 1.57 million barrels per day this month. This drop was felt in the level of exports to the United States and to China, with both countries posting record drops in imports of Angolan oil in November. Despite this, according to the Economist, overall production in 2010 was an average of 1.84 million barrels per day, a little over the amount for the same period of last year. The Angolan government plans to increase production to 2 million barrels per day. The Economist expects Angolan economic growth to speed up, from 2.9 percent this year to 7.3 percent next year and 8.5 percent in 2012. This acceleration is linked to a “rise in oil production and public investment, together with the expected payment of most internal debts, the analysts said. Oil production, according to the same source, is also expected to continue to grow, reaching 1.925 million barrels per day in 2011 and a maximum of 2.175 million barrels in 2015. (macauhub)	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line869
__label__wiki	0.736758	0.736758	Home / Marijuana News / Earliest evidence for cannabis smoking discovered in ancient tombs National Geographic [June12, 2019] Traces of potent pot were identified in 2,500-year-old wooden artifacts buried with people who lived along the Silk Road in China. The earliest direct evidence for human consumption of cannabis as a drug has been discovered in a 2,500-year-old cemetery in Central Asia, according to a research paper published today in in the journal Science Advances. While cannabis plants and seeds have been identified at other archaeological sites from the same general region and time period—including a cannabis ‘burial shroud’ discovered in 2016—it’s been unclear in each context whether the versatile plant was used for psychoactive reasons or for other ritual purposes. An international team of researchers analyzed the interiors and contents of 10 wooden bowls excavated from burials at Jirzankal Cemetery, a site on the Pamir Plateau in what is now far-western China. The bowls contained small stones that had been exposed to high heat, and archaeologists identified them as braziers for burning incense or other plant matter. When chemical analysis of the braziers revealed that nine of the ten once contained cannabis, the researchers compared the chemical signature of the samples against those of cannabis plants discovered 1,000 miles to the east at Jiayi Cemetery, in burials dating from the eighth to the sixth century B.C. They saw that the Jirzankal cannabis had something the Jiayi hemp did not: Molecular remnants of tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC—the chemical responsible for cannabis’ psychoactive effects. The strain of cannabis found at Jiayi does not contain THC, and would have been primarily been used as a source of fiber for clothing and rope, as well as nutrient-rich oilseed. The Jirzankal cannabis features higher levels of mind-altering compounds than have yet been found at any ancient site, suggesting that people could have been intentionally cultivating certain strains of cannabis for a potent high, or selecting wild plants known to produce that effect. Cannabis is known for its “plasticity,” or ability for new generations of plants to express different characteristics from earlier generations depending on exposure to environmental factors such as sunlight, temperature, and altitude. Wild strains of cannabis growing at higher altitudes, for instance, can have a higher THC content. While the researchers are unable to determine the actual origin of the cannabis used in the Jirzankal burials, they suggest that Jirzankal’s elevation some 10,000 feet on the Pamir Plateau may have put people in close proximity to wild strains with higher THC content—or that the cemetery could have been sited at that elevation for ease of access to desirable strains. Robert Spengler, director of paleoethnobotany laboratories at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History and study co-author, says that the constant stream of people moving across the Pamir Plateau—an important crossroads connecting Central Asia and China with southwest Asia—could have resulted in the hybridization of local cannabis strains with those from other areas. While hybridization is another factor known to increase psychoactive cannabis strains’ THC potency, the question of whether it was intentional, or just by happy accident, is also still unclear. According to Spengler, this new study demonstrates that already 2,500 years ago, humans were potentially targeting specific plants for their chemical production. “It’s a wonderful example of how closely intertwined humans are and have been with the biotic world around them, and that they impose evolutionary pressures on the plants around them,” he says. The discovery at Jirzankal also provides the first direct evidence that humans inhaled combusted cannabis plants in order to obtain its psychoactive effects. No evidence of smoking pipes or similar apparatus has been found in Asia before contact with the New World in the modern era, but the inhalation of cannabis smoke from a heat source is described by the fifth-century B.C. Greek historian Herodotus, who described in his Histories how the Scythians, a nomadic tribe living on the Caspian Steppe, purified themselves with cannabis smoke after burying their dead: “The Scythians then take the seed of this hemp and, crawling in under the mats, throw it on the red-hot stones, where it smolders and sends forth such fumes that no Greek vapor-bath could surpass it. The Scythians howl in their joy at the vapor-bath.” Herodotus also notes that the cannabis plant “grows both of itself and having been sown,” which University of North Carolina classics expert Emily Baragwanath says is usually interpreted as meaning the plant was cultivated—lending credence to the researcher’s ideas about purposeful cannabis hybridization. “People have been skeptical of Herodotus’ ethnographies of foreign peoples,” she adds, “but as archaeology looks closer, it keeps finding affinities between the real world and what’s in the Histories.” Mark Merlin, an ethnobotanist and cannabis historian at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, says the wide diversity in cannabis around the world today is a testament to how long people have been involved with the plant and harnessed its many uses. “It’s a real indication of how long humans have been manipulating cannabis,” he says. Michelle Z. Donahue Article Link: Earliest evidence for cannabis smoking discovered in ancient tombs Movement with cannabis banking on the Hill Be the first to comment “Earliest evidence for cannabis smoking discovered in ancient tombs” Cancel reply	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line875
__label__wiki	0.897052	0.897052	Dermot Quinn Dermot Quinn is professor of history and director of graduate studies at Seton Hall University. He has written several books including Patronage and Piety: English Roman Catholics and Politics, 1850-1900 (Stanford University Press, 1993) and Understanding Northern Ireland (Baseline Books, 1993). His articles and reviews have been published in, among others, The Chesterton Review, The American Historical Review, and The Welsh History Review. He earned his Ph.D. from Oxford University. Additional information about Dermot Quinn is available through the web pages of ISI Books. Guests on Volume 60: David Naugle, on the origins of the term "worldview," and the spiritual and religious significance of "worldview thinking" for Christians; D. G. Hart, on the distinctions between evangelicalism and confessional Protestantism; Dermot Quinn, on the historical wisdom of Christopher Dawson, and the skepticism of contemporary historians; Russell Hittinger, on how a right to privacy emerged and evolved in American constitutional law and on how a landmark federal court decision addressed physician-assisted suicide; Leon Kass, on why a commitment to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness is not enough to protect human dignity; and James Howard Kunstler, on how designing spaces that respect cars but not pedestrians has made so much of America unlovable if not unlivable.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line877
__label__wiki	0.588366	0.588366	Douglas LeBlanc Douglas LeBlanc’s work as a journalist has appeared in Christian Research Journal, The Weekly Standard and The Wall Street Journal. He attends St. Matthew’s Episcopal Church in Richmond, Va. He has worked as an assistant editor for Christianity Today in Wheaton, Illinois. He earned his bachelor's degree at Louisiana State University, and his career has included positions at the Morning Advocate and Compassion International. Guests on Volume 11: Richard Skolnik, on Baseball and the Pursuit of Innocence: A Fresh Look at the Old Ball Game ; Laura Nash, on the influence of religious faith in the marketplace; Dick Keyes, on heroism, character, and the imitation of Christ; Douglas LeBlanc, on musings on mortality by the Crash Test Dummies; Ken Myers, on Michael Moore's TV Nation and terminal irony in prime time; Gene Edward Veith, on communicating truth to a cynical age; Alan Jacobs, on Chinua Achebe and the dilemma of living between two cultures; and Ted Libbey, on Beethoven's Missa Solemnis .	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line878
__label__wiki	0.733298	0.733298	vorige artikel Predicting Homophobic Behavior Among Heterosexu... volgende artikel Family Relationships and Adolescent Well-Being:... 01-03-2013 \| Empirical Research \| Uitgave 3/2013 Homophobic Name-Calling Among Secondary School Students and Its Implications for Mental Health Journal of Youth and Adolescence > Uitgave 3/2013 Kate L. Collier, Henny M. W. Bos, Theo G. M. Sandfort Although homophobic verbal victimization has been associated with negative mental health outcomes, little actually is known about its general prevalence and relationship to mental health among adolescents. In addition, the relationship of homophobic name-calling to mental health in gender non-conforming adolescents is not well understood. This study examined the relationship between homophobic verbal victimization and mental health in adolescents, accounting for their sexual orientation and level of gender non-conformity. Survey data was collected from 513 adolescents (ages 11–17) who attended eight schools in and around Amsterdam, the Netherlands; 56.7 % of the participating adolescents were female and 11.1 % reported same-sex attractions. As hypothesized, male adolescents and those with same-sex attractions were more likely to report victimization from homophobic name-calling than were their female and non-same-sex attracted peers. Contrary to expectations, homophobic name-calling was not independently associated with psychological distress after controlling for gender, sexual attractions, gender non-conformity, and other negative treatment by peers. The hypothesis that homophobic name-calling would be more strongly associated with psychological distress in male, same-sex attracted, and gender non-conforming adolescents was also not supported. The results suggest that same-sex attracted and gender non-conforming youth are particularly vulnerable to homophobic name-calling, in the Netherlands as in other contexts, but also that other forms of peer victimization may be more strongly related to mental health. Aboud, F. E., & Joong, A. (2010). Intergroup name-calling and conditions for creating assertive bystanders. In S. R. Levy & M. Killen (Eds.), Intergroup attitudes and relations in childhood through adulthood (pp. 249–260). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Aerts, S., Van Houtte, M., Dewaele, A., Cox, N., & Vincke, J. (2012). Sense of belonging in secondary schools: A survey of LGB and heterosexual students in Flanders. Journal of Homosexuality, 59(1), 90–113. doi: 10.1080/00918369.2012.638548. PubMedCrossRef Arseneault, L. (2010). Bullying victimization in youths and mental health problems: ‘Much ado about nothing?’. Psychological Medicine, 40(5), 717–729. doi: 10.1017/S0033291709991383. 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Sandfort Journal of Youth and Adolescence A Multidisciplinary Research Publication Identity Profiles in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth: The Role of Family Influences Predicting Homophobic Behavior Among Heterosexual Youth: Domain General and Sexual Orientation-Specific Factors at the Individual and Contextual Level Adolescent Neglect, Juvenile Delinquency and the Risk of Recidivism Strategies to Address Weight-Based Victimization: Youths’ Preferred Support Interventions from Classmates, Teachers, and Parents Does Adolescent Bullying Distinguish Between Male Offending Trajectories in Late Middle Age? Family Relationships and Adolescent Well-Being: Are Families Equally Protective for Same-Sex Attracted Youth?	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line880
__label__wiki	0.89056	0.89056	Max Frank Music La Chanson Francaise Jazz Scenes Stradivarius Christmas Fine music for discerning connoisseurs A modern big band interpretation of the hit musical, “Sweeney Todd.” Download includes the complete album in 320 kbps MP3 format, along with the CD artwork in PDF format. This album can also be purchased at CDBaby. Non-US customers should chose this option. In 1979 Broadway history was made. Sweeney Todd, that diabolical demon barber of London’s Fleet Street, emerged onto the stage in Stephen Sondheim’s masterpiece of musical theatre. The moods and melodies are exquisite. The drama is timeless. There is great beauty and great darkness. Composer Terry Vosbein witnessed the magic that summer and was moved to tears. Now, over thirty years later, he has blended Sondheim’s dramatic compositions with his own quirky big band style and come up with a modern jazz masterpiece. A Barber and His Wife The Ballad of Sweeney Todd Pirelli’s Miracle Elixir Green Finch and Linnet Bird Ladies in Their Sensitivities Not While I’m Around Johanna – Act II The Ballad of Sweeney Todd, reprise “A stunner.” (Will Friedwald, Wall Street Journal) read more… "Fleet Street" is another stunner, the work of Mr. Vosbein, a composer and arranger who teaches composition at Washington and Lee University and is far from a household name. This full-length instrumental treatment of "Sweeney Todd," Mr. Sondheim's 1979 masterpiece, is not only a tribute to Mr. Sondheim, but also to bandleader Stan Kenton; the overall groove and tonal colors of "Fleet Street" owe much to Kenton's classic 1962 jazz version of "West Side Story" (with lyrics also by Mr. Sondheim). Like Kenton's arranger Johnny Richards, Mr. Vosbein relies heavily on deeply voiced trombones to paint a dark, somber portrait—highly suited to a heavy melodrama about serial killing and cannibalism. But while "West Side Story" is a dance-oriented show with lots of songs in tempo, Mr. Vosbein has to look hard for lighter moments in the "Sweeney Todd" score, and he makes the most of them. "Green Finch aand Linnet Bird" is almost a throwaway on stage, but it now becomes a major part of "Fleet Street," as do the two versions of "Johanna" (reflecting the way it's sung in Act 1, as a ballad, and Act 2, much more upbeat). “An album of enormous professional maturity and sensitivity..” (Marc Myers, JazzWax.com) read more… Remember when jazz orchestras skillfully adapted the music of Broadway musicals? Notable examples from the '50s and '60s include Les Brown's Dance to South Pacific (1958) and Stan Kenton's West Side Story (1961). Rather than send up cute pop caricatures, the best arrangers crafted interpretations that often were bigger, bolder and more dynamic than the originals. Add Terry Vosbein's new Fleet Street (MFM) to the list. Terry who? Terry is a composer, arranger and educator at Washington & Lee University in Lexington, VA. On Fleet Street, Terry conducts the Knoxville Jazz Orchestra through his arrangements of Stephen Sondheim's music from Sweeney Todd. The result is superb reworking and a throwback to an age of introspective interpretation. Even if you aren't completely familiar with Sweeney Todd, this album radiates with writing intelligence. At times the arrangements feel like brooding Johnny Richards charts for Kenton. At other times there are swinging shades of Bill Holman. And at every turn, the music captivates you with its dramatic, jazzy feel and fine understanding of how to improve on a brilliant original. The immediate beauty of Fleet Street is that it never bogs down in somber neo-classical configurations. From the start, Fleet Street swings, zig-zags and constantly catches your ear before shifting into new territory. And it's big. There are 20 musicians here—five saxes, five trombones, five trumpets and a five-piece rhythm section. As Vosbein told an interviewer: “From the moment that I first saw Sweeney Todd in 1979, when it was brand new, I thought it was the most amazing thing that I had ever seen on every level—the performance, the writing, the dialogue. I've always loved it. “When I was working on my previous CD for the Knoxville Jazz Orchestra (Progressive Jazz 2009), I had finished the music and had some time. So I wrote an arrangement of Johanna, one of the pieces from Sweeney Todd, and we added that piece to the album. Maybe I always knew I was going to come back to it, but I thought once the first piece was completed that I should continue and do the whole show." Born in New Orleans, Vosbein has composed works for orchestra, wind ensemble, various chamber ensembles and choir, and he has written works for jazz bands of all sizes. Fleet Street is an album of enormous professional maturity and sensitivity. Sample Pretty Women, Wait, The Ballad of Sweeney Todd (Reprise) and Not While I'm Around. An album like this would be impossible if Vosbein didn't have enormous reverence for Stan Kenton and his arrangers. To pull off such a project, you need a sense of grandeur, restraint, a love for beautiful melody lines, respect for those lines and an ear that has done an enormous amount of careful listening. Most of all, you need to know your big-band audience. And Vosbein does. “One of the most exciting new big band albums of recent years.” (Pat Goodhope, International Association of Jazz Record Collectors Journal) read more… What a great joy it is to pick up a completely unknown CD, knowing little or nothing about its makers or its contents and then loving what you hear. Aren't we all excited by those occasional moments? It is one of the many joys of this lifelong pursuit of more and more music. As cynical as I know I can be going in before that first sound emerges from the speakers, it is so thrilling on those rare occasions to be happily surprised. That is what happened to me with this exceptional album. It has to be counted as one of the most exciting new big band albums of recent years. For some background, New Orleans born Terry Vosbein has been a music composition teacher at Washington and Lee University who also happens to be a world class classical composer with numerous commissions to his credit from various organizations such as the Cleveland Symphony. Having played music of all kinds as a bassist, he has also composed and arranged for jazz bands of all configurations. Vosbein's work here in writing arrangements from the score of Steven Sondheim's Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street for the Knoxville Jazz Orchestra is sensational. Fresh, modern and original, there seem to be no overwhelming writing influences exhibited in his orchestrations short of a Kenton-like affection for trombones. Certainly no complaints with that! This set swings fiercely at times and purrs quietly at times, surging and swelling to blazing shout choruses with all the roar of any full throated big band. This outfit is simply on fire. Considering the history of album length jazz interpretations of the major Broadway shows, much of Sondheim's post "Gypsy" work seems to have been forgotten by the jazz world. Vosbein and the Knoxville Jazz Orchestra resolve that here in a dramatic way. (As a side note, there is another marvelous new Sondheim tribute album out by pianist Billy Mays and bassist Tommy Cecil called Side By Side Sondheim Duos. Get your- self this one too.) The writing on this set is busy, no question, but always interesting and yet there is still plenty of room for the soloists to breath. This Knoxville Jazz Orchestra plays it all with such a visceral joy that there is no doubt the musicians love to play these charts. And wouldn't this program be something to see presented live? My guess is that it would have to be that much more scintillating in person than on record. It grabs you in the overwhelming way a great big band can, carrying you away with that roar of sound and emotion. Terry Vosbein and the Knoxville Jazz Orchestra may be little known outside of Tennessee but this album demands to be heard. Track this CD down, fire up your speakers and wail. The remaining question is whether Stephen Sondheim has heard this album and what he thinks of it. “The voice that emerges is unmistakably Vosbein's, placing a fresh and indelible big-band stamp on Sondheim's cogent narrative.” (Jack Bowers, All About Jazz) read more… Arranger Terry Vosbein has a knack for taking themes that may at first glance seem unsuitable for a big band, especially in a jazz context, and making them work quite well within that framework. On Fleet Street, Vosbein addresses music composed by Stephen Sondheim for the blood-soaked Broadway musical Sweeney Todd and, ably abetted by the Knoxville Jazz Orchestra, transforms it into a tasteful medley that gladdens the ear and enlivens the spirit in the best tradition of contemporary orchestration. Although it is presumptuous to draw any firm conclusions, this is one possible direction in which big-band trend-setter Stan Kenton might have gone had he remained alive to carry the torch into the twenty-first century. Clearly, there are echoes of the Kenton style and sound in Vosbein's strong and voluptuous charts, which accentuate the ensemble while making room for perceptive solo statements by its various members. Throughout, Vosbein remains true to Sondheim's vision, never downplaying the composer's precocity or melodicism in favor of his own scenario. Having said that, the voice that emerges is unmistakably Vosbein's, placing a fresh and indelible big-band stamp on Sondheim's cogent narrative. Even though a handful of his songs ("Maria," "Send in the Clowns," "I Feel Pretty," "Everything's Coming Up Roses," "Tonight") have enjoyed a measure of popular success, Sondheim writes for the theatre, not for a wider audience, and so most of the songs here may be unfamiliar. Nevertheless, they are consistently charming, and at least one—"Not While I'm Around"—encompasses a melody that beguiles the mind long after it has been heard. The others are simply Sondheim, and for most champions of superior music no more need be said, save that Vosbein not only amplifies their most desirable qualities but also makes sure they swing. As for the KJO, it's about as proficient a regional ensemble as could be hoped for, diving earnestly into Vosbein's multi-layered charts and bestowing on each one a special warmth and vitality. Brass and reeds are snug and resourceful, the rhythm section (anchored by drummer Keith Brown) alert and flexible. Soloists too are a cut above the norm. Trombonist Tom Lundberg is showcased on the opener, "The Barber and His Wife," trumpeters Rich Willey and Stewart Cox on "Green Finch and Linnet Bird" and "By the Sea," respectively. Others who elevate the discourse include Brown, trumpeter Michael Wyatt, altos David King and Doug Rinaldo, tenors Alan Wyatt and Will Boyd, trombonist Don Hough, pianist Ben Dockery and percussionist David Knight. In his earlier album with the KJO, Progressive Jazz 2009, Vosbein confronted music by Bob Graettinger, Pete Rugolo, Claude Debussy and even one song repeated here (Sondheim's "Johanna"). He showed his prowess on that occasion, and has done so again. This is Sondheim neatly redesigned and tailor-made for big-band enthusiasts. “Easily merits a place alongside Kenton’s West Side Story, and is most certainly worthy of Grammy consideration.” (Robert J. Robbins, Big Band International Magazine) read more… In 1979, Stephen Sondheim’s epic musical thriller Sweeney Todd (The Demon Barber of Fleet Street) premiered on Broadway and quickly scooped up eight Tony Awards including Best Musical. About six months after the production’s opening, legendary bandleader Stan Kenton passed away in Los Angeles. Among the audiences during Sweeney’s initial Broadway run was an aspiring 25-year-old composer (and bassist with the Glenn Miller Orchestra) named Terry Vosbein, who was also a veteran of numerous Kenton clinics and summer Jazz Orchestra In Residence programs. Thirty-two years later, Vosbein, now a Professor of Music at Washington and Lee University in Lexington, VA, has injected his love for Sondheim’s monumental score into his lifelong admiration for Kenton, and the result is a near-perfect synthesis of two musical geniuses (Kenton’s only previous association with Sondheim, aside from the former’s Grammy-winning 1961 adaptation of Leonard Bernstein’s West Side Story for which the young Sondheim had provided the lyrics, was Dave Barduhn’s arrangement of “Send In the Clowns”, from A Little Night Music, on the Kenton ’76 album). From the opening trombone choir on “The Barber and his Wife” to the final explosion of Keith Brown’s drums, the Kenton aura is steadfastly maintained, reflecting the influences of such iconoclastic Kenton-affiliated composer/arrangers as Pete Rugolo, Bill Russo, Bob Graettinger, Gene Roland, Johnny Richards, Bill Holman, Dee Barton, and Willie Maiden. Foremost among the band’s soloists is trombonist Tom Lundberg, who represents a continuation of Kenton’s lead/solo trombone legacy epitomized by Kai Winding, Milt Bernhart, Bob “Fitz” Fitzpatrick, and Dick Shearer, and whether quoting Sondheim’s “archrival” Lord Andrew Lloyd-Webber (“King Herod’s Song” from Jesus Christ Superstar) in “Pirelli’s Miracle Elixir” or joining section mate Don Hough in a duet on “My Friends” (a paean originally sung by Todd to his long-lost razors in the production!), Lundberg is consistently outstanding. Vosbein’s arrangements of “Johanna” and “Not While I’m Around” faithfully echo the Kenton ballad tradition, with solos from Lundberg, Hough, and lead trumpeter Stewart Cox on the former, and pianist Ben Dockery, lead altoist Doug Rinaldo, trumpeter Mike Wyatt, and (of course) Lundberg on the latter. Other soloists include tenor saxists Alan Wyatt (“The Ballad of Sweeney Todd”, “Pretty Women”), altoist Dave King, trumpeter Rich Willey (“Green Finch and Linnet Bird”), and Latin percussionist David Knight. In my book, Fleet Street easily merits a place alongside Kenton’s West Side Story, which was recorded a half-century earlier, and is most certainly worthy of Grammy consideration. © 2019 Max Frank Music Contact Me Max Frank Music does not collect or store any user information, except when a user opts into our mailing list.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line884
__label__cc	0.742188	0.257812	There are 21 Public Sector Banks which are the state-owned banks in India. Public sector banks account for 70 percent of total banking assets in India. The ‘lack of dynamism’ in banking practices at the bank level and at the Finance Ministry level to control judiciously the flow of finance and recovery system to stop an account from turning into NPA, keeps these Public Sector Banks starved of funds and crying for more capital infusion every now and then. Since the government has a majority stake in Public Sector Banks, it has to inject capital through the Recapitalization in these banks. Government of India has proposed to infuse 2.11 lakh crores in the Public Sector Banks towards recapitalization. Government proposes to issue Recapitalization bonds, raise equity from the market and make budgetary allocation. Need for Recapitalization Most of the PSBs have huge stocks of non-performing loans on their balance sheets. As of June 2017, the NPAs of the banking system were as high as 10.2 % of the loans advanced by the banks. This ratio increased to 12.2% by the end of September 2017. The volume of bad debt hit 9.46 trillion rupees at the end of half of financial year 2017 in September 2017. Out of this the share of public sector banks is 8.25 trillion rupees in the pile of bad loans. The banks' deteriorating balance sheets have limited their ability to lend, and that has affected the bank credit growth in India. The bank credit growth in the year 2016-17 was 5.1 %, which is the lowest since 1951. Hence, a massive recapitalisation was deemed as necessary to clean up the balance sheet of the banks. PSBs are capital constrained as the bad loans have hit their capital ratios due to provisions for NPAs and due to higher risk weights of bad loans. An ongoing bad debt problem in India has been running since 2012 when banks expanded lending at a fast pace, including to a number of problem sectors such as telecommunications and mining. Group Discussion Topics & Tips: Learn the Facts Group Discussion (GD) is widely used for Admissions to top MBA colleges, Job interviews, and other selection process. GD Tips: Learn how to start a group discussion, take the lead, make positive impact, and score high. Top 100 GD Topics: GD topics can be based on Current Affairs, Business & Economy, Social Issues, or Abstract. Prepare GD with MBAUniverse.com. Read 100+ GD Topics with Answers, Solutions. New topics added every week. Recapitalization Tools worth Rs.2.11 Lakh crores The Government has proposed the recapitalisation of banks worth 2.11 lakh crores which is to be done in following manner Budgetary allocations: Rs. 18000 crore Issue of equity shares by banks in the market: Rs.58000 crore Issue of Recapitalisation bonds by the Government: 1.35 lakh crore NPAs: Cause of worry These commercial banks have to indulge in various types of loss making finances where the recovery is either very low or no recovery. Even the principal amount is not returned by the borrowers and this gives rise in consistent increase of Non-Performing Assets (NPAs). These lending could be as per the directives of Government of India, classified as priority sector lending or could be big commercial finances like that of Kingfisher. The big and influential business magnets like Vijay Mallya of Kingfisher has swallowed thousands of crores of banking system and run away. All these factors make already fund starved banking industry cry for more capital. More capital needed to meet capital Adequacy of 8% Banks have to follow BASEL-3 norms. These are the international banking regulations that have to be followed by the banks in all countries. According to it, the banks have to maintain a capital-adequacy ratio of at least 8 %. The capital-adequacy ratio is the ratio of capital to the risk-weighted assets (loans etc) . Hence, more capital is required to be able to give more loans. Rs.88,139 crore Recapitalization by March 31, 2018 The government will infuse Rs. 88,139 crore capital in Public Sector Banks (PSBs) before March 31 to boost lending and to revive growth. This is part of the Rs.2.11 lakh crore bank recapitalisation plan announced in October 2017 last year. Government also proposes to recapitalize the banks if they are ready to implement a series of reforms to get the funds, including improving their due diligence, allowing specialised monitoring for loans above Rs.250 crore, and limiting the number of lenders that can group together to dole out loans. Biggest Recapitalization for PSBs in Banking history This is not the first time that the bank recapitalisation bond will be issued in India. According to the data by Bloomberg, in the year 1994, India had sold about 48 billion rupees of 12-year recapitalisation bonds at a coupon rate of 10%. Despite using the taxpayer's money to get these public sector banks out of the financial crisis earlier also, the recapitalization of Rs.2.11 lakh crores to PSBs proposed now, is the largest till date. Since tackling the root of the banking system's problems is the government's top priority to avoid another acceleration of bad loans, the huge funding may not be avoided. Key aspects necessitating the Bank Recapitalization The total recapitalisation will cross Rs. 1 lakh crore in the fiscal ending March 31, 2018 after including funds raised from sale of shares to external investors. The banking sector in India has Rs. 10 lakh crore worth NPAs. PSBs account for the bulk of the non-performing assets (NPAs). Ministry of Finance will raise Rs. 80,000 crore through recapitalisation bonds and provide another Rs. 8,139 crore from the Budget to recapitalise the banks. IDBI Bank has the highest stressed-loan ratio. It will get the biggest chunk of the money of Rs. 10,610 crore in Bank Recapitalization. The biggest lending bank- State Bank of India (SBI) will get Rs. 8,800 crore, and the second-biggest lender Punjab National Bank (PNB) will get Rs. 5,473 crore. Indian Bank is the only profitable publish sector bank. It is the only bank who will not get any capital in the latest Recapitalization. The capital allocation will boost ability of PSBs to dole out credit by Rs. 5 lakh crore The government's recapitalisation programme will help to a great extent to mitigate the risks that Indian PSBs face on account of weak asset quality and poor earnings. The stock markets reacted positively to the Bank Recapitalization news. The day after the announcement on 25th Oct 2017, it was a historic day for the markets as the SENSEX closed beyond 33,000 for the first time ever. An index of Public Sector Banks surged 30 % on the day. Recapitalization not a cure: Cons of Bank Recapitalization It is time to re-evaluate the benefits of having a banking system dominated by public sector banks and the benefits that greater private ownership can bring about Impact of recapitalisation could be bad on fiscal deficit of India as it may increase the fiscal deficit gap. Recapitalisation can give some breathing space to the banks for some time. But the need is to correct the rot in the banking sector. The Government should follow it up with structural reforms to reduce its role in the public sector banks and move towards privatisation. This will bring in efficiency and accountability and better NPA management. The capital infusion will address the problem of stock of NPAs by cleaning up the balance sheet. It is equally important to ensure that the cycle of piling up of NPAs is not repeated Finance Minister Arun Jaitley emphasizes on the steps to be taken to ensure governance of banks to follow highest standards. According to him there is a need for institutional mechanism to ensure the past is not repeated. "Now the entire objective of this exercise is that the government has the prime responsibility of keeping the public sector banks in good health," Jaitley said. Banks should not look for easy money like recapitalization. They need to earn and must adopt the differentiated business strategy and exit from non-core businesses and focus on their core competencies. According to the financial services secretary the government would come out with EASE (Enhanced Access & Service Excellence) Index for ranking of banks. This would increase public accountability of PSBs as independent agencies would evaluate and rank PSBs annually on reforms. It must be ensure that the proposed infusion of capital into the banks is sufficient and the banks would not become the fund starved again. The re-capitalization no doubt will help the banks to comply with Basel 3 norms that will come into force in 2018 and may improve on their performance, it has to be ensured that the tax payers’ money is not misused and Banks do not become habitual of getting the support with another recapitalization in future. Post Recapitalization Scenario: Losses and Deterioration in Asset Quality Despite the recapitalization with the thousands of crores of public money infused in it to revive the asset quality, country’s biggest lender State Bank of India (SBI) on Friday February 9, 2018 posted a standalone net loss of Rs 2,416.37 crore for quarter ended December 31, 2017 against a net profit of Rs 2,610 crore in the corresponding quarter last year. Provisions and contingencies figures increased 111 per cent year-on-year to Rs 18876.21 crore for the quarter under review against Rs 8,942.83 crore in the same period last year. Gross non-performing assets (NPAs) in absolute terms stood at Rs 1.99 lakh crore in Q3FY18 over Rs 1.86 lakh crore in Q2FY18 and Rs 1.08 lakh crore in Q3FY17. Provision coverage ratio as on December 31, 2017 stood at 65.92 per cent. Net interest income of the lender jumped 26.88 per cent year-on-year to Rs 18,687.57 crore in Q3FY18. Asset quality of SBI deteriorated during the quarter gone by as percentage of gross non-performance assets (NPA) came at 10.35 per cent in Q3FY18 against 9.83 per cent in the sequential quarter ended September 30, 2017. Percentage of net NPAs increased to 5.61 per cent vs 5.43 per cent QoQ. Shares of the the largest bank of India – SBI closed 1.68 per cent down at Rs 296.40 on Friday February 9, 2018. Read Latest GD Topics: Social Media: A boon or a bane for society and individuals Cashless Economy: Is Society ready for transformation? Walmart and Flipkart Deal: Impact on Indian Economy Impact of Technology on Jobs: Will Automation & Artificial Intelligence reduce or increase Jobs? Crypto Currency: A bright future or just a fad? Read More GD Topic	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line885
__label__cc	0.72409	0.27591	Szabolcs Pogonyi Central European University, Hungary Szabolcs Pogonyi is an an Assistant Professor in the Nationalism Studies Program at the Central European University. Szabolcs Pogonyi received his PhD in 2008 in philosophy from ELTE, University of Budapest, where he specialized in political theory and ethics. His current research in political theory focuses on questions of citizenship theory, debates about multiculturalism, standards of minority rights protection and distributive justice. He is the author of several articles in political theory and editor of books in the history of political thought. Szabolcs Pogonyi also teaches political theory and ethics courses at ELTE, University of Budapest. In addition, he is also the editor Phronesis, a Hungarian political philosophy quarterly and the editor of Metazin, a daily online review. Paper at the Strategizens Conference: Perceptions of Hungarian external dual citizenship and voting rights in the US, Israel, Serbia and Romania Back to Conference Program Back to full list of speakers	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line889
__label__wiki	0.926023	0.926023	Monica is both youthful and mature, traditionalist and innovative, poised and emotional. The title song with Ludacris is a groaning slice of club rap that Monica repossesses for her own. “One In a Lifetime” and “Mirror” reflect recent trends in hip-hop production, and the singer fares particularly well on “Here I Am,” a slow-burning modernistic track by Polow Da Don — a producer who spans the spheres of rap and R&B. As much as she is a singer unafraid to face the future, Monica will always be a savior to traditional R&B maestros like Ne-Yo and Jermaine Dupri, as proven by “Stay or Go” and the deliriously sultry “Love All Over Me.” Monica’s longtime collaborator Missy Elliott contributes two tracks in the form of “Everything to Me” and “If You Were My Man.” The first song samples Deniece Williams’ 1981 single “Silly,” while the latter recreates Evelyn “Champagne” King’s “Betcha She Don’t Love You,” from 1982. These are telling references points: Still Standing continues a tradition started by those Quiet Storm songstresses, who, like Monica, show that the R&B field is led by women who are at once elegant, intelligent, and mature. Still Standing Monica Still Standing (feat. Ludacris) One In a Lifetime Stay or Go Everything to Me If You Were My Man Love All Over Me Believing In Me ℗ 2010 J Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment More By Monica New Life (Deluxe Version) Miss Thang The Boy Is Mine The Makings of Me (Deluxe) I Just Can't Do This - Single Speechless - Single Late Nights & Early Mornings Marsha Ambrosius You're the One - Single Dondria	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line891
__label__cc	0.509766	0.490234	COMMUNITY LEGAL CENTRES PROVIDING LEGAL SERVICES TO THE PUBLIC INDEPENDENT. NOT FOR PROFIT. Data Consistency Guide Community legal centres are independent, not for profit, community-based organisations that provide a range of services to everyday people, including people experiencing discrimination and disadvantage, and communities across Australia. Each year Centres help hundreds of thousands of people through providing a range of services for individual people as well as more broadly for the community. Centres provide a range of legal services as well as undertaking early intervention and preventative strategies such as community legal education and community development and individual skill building. Community legal centres also play a key role in community engagement, advocacy and law and policy reform. More broadly, Centres work to develop and facilitate partnerships between legal assistance providers and legal and non-legal services (for example, domestic violence organisations, community health organisations, housing services and drug and alcohol services). This allows the Centres to provide holistic help to people and is designed to avoid escalation of legal problems. Centres provide services in offices, communities and health care settings across Australia. Centres also work together in National Networks to share information and good practice and undertake policy and advocacy work. All Content © 2019 National Association of Community Legal Centres. ABN 67 757 001 303 ACN 163 101 737 NACLC acknowledges the traditional owners of the lands across Australia and particularly acknowledges the Gadigal people of the Eora Nation, traditional owners of the land on which the NACLC office is situated. We pay deep respect to Elders past and present.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line897
__label__wiki	0.603483	0.603483	Home Model Trains model trains ho controls \| Model Train Express model trains ho controls \| Model Train Express The earliest toy trains were made of lead and had no moving parts. Some had wheels that turned, but these needed to be pushed or pulled. A few of the early 19th-century drive toy rails were made from tinplate, such as the large, durable, stylized locomotive toys in the U.S., that were painted gold and red and decorated with hearts and flowers. model trains ho controls Around 1875, technological improvements in materials and manufacturing allowed tin to be stamped, cut, wrapped, and lithographed faster than ever before. Toy trains were revolutionized when Märklin, a German company that specialized in doll house accessories, sought to make an equivalent toy for boys in which a continuous revenue stream could be ensured by selling add-on accessories for years after the first purchase. Along with boxed sets containing a train and monitor, Märklin offered additional track, rolling stock, and buildings sold separately, creating the predecessor to the modern model train layout featuring buildings and scenery along with a working train. Electric trains adopted, with the first appearing in 1897, produced by the U.S. company Carlisle & Finch. As residential use of power became more prevalent from the early 20th century, electrical trains gained popularity and as time went on, these electric trains grew in sophistication, gaining light, the ability to change management, to emit a whistling noise, to smoke, to remotely couple and uncouple cars as well as load and unload freight. Toy trains by the first half of the 20th century were frequently made of lithographed tin; afterwards trains were often made mostly of plastic. Before the 1950s, there was little differentiation between toy trains and model railroads–model railroads were toys by definition. Pull toys and wind-up trains were marketed towards children, while electrical trains were marketed towards teens, particularly teenaged boys. Now, S gauge and O gauge railroads continue to be considered toy trains by their adherents and are often accessorized with semi-scale model buildings by Plasticville or even K-Line (who owns the rights to the Plasticville-like buildings produced by Marx in the 1950s to the 1970s). However, due to their high cost, one is more likely to find an HO scale or N scale train set at a toy store than a O scale collection. Many modern electrical toy trains comprise sophisticated electronics that exude digitized sound effects and allow the operator to securely and easily run multiple remote control trains on a single loop of course. In the last few decades, many toy rail operators may operate a train using a TV camera at the front part of the engine and hooked up to a screen, such as pc monitor. This will show a picture, like that of a real (smaller size) railroad. Thanks for your interest in model trains ho controls	cc/2019-30/en_head_0054.json.gz/line904

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