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Kosair Launches Public Fundraising Campaign
Louisville’s Kosair Children’s Hospital has launched the public phase of a capital campaign to raise $208 million to expand its facilities and recruit the country’s top pediatric specialists. Steve Williams, CEO of parent company Norton Healthcare, says this particular fundraising effort is unique.
“In its 116 year history, our Children’s Hospital has never, I repeat never, asked for the general public’s support on a comprehensive public fundraising campaign. But this year, in these days and times, the need is such that we turn to the community for support,” Williams said.
The effort already has commitments of $100 million from parent company Norton Healthcare and $57 million from individuals, foundations and corporations during the so-called quiet phase of the campaign.
Kosair officials say they hope they can reach the fundraising goal by 2010.
The planned enhancements include a new pediatric outpatient center and the hiring of a second neurosurgeon.
Published September 25, 2008 By Rick Howlett
Categorized as Local News Tagged Kosair Children's Hospital, Norton Healthcare
Yarmuth Says Congress Under Extreme Pressure on Bailout Bill
U of L Fighting Felner Rumors
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On S.F. tour, Obama takes on the Clintons
Carla Marinucci. San Francisco Chronicle. San Francisco, Calif.: Jan 18, 2008. pg. A.1
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(C) San Francisco Chronicle 2008
Illinois Sen. Barack Obama launched a direct broadside Thursday at New York Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton's claim that she is the experienced Democratic candidate who is "ready to lead" - saying that her experience is "presumed through osmosis, as a consequence of having been first lady."
"Sen. Clinton keeps touting her experience but has no management experience that I can see in her resume," he said in a wide-ranging interview with The Chronicle editorial board in San Francisco.
Obama argued that the success of his own presidential campaign, "where I went from zero, starting from scratch, to compete with a legendary political organization 20 years in the making, built by a former president ... is not an accident."
"It shows my capacity to put together a team and point it in a direction that I think is important," Obama said, adding he has illustrated "the skill sets that are required to move the country."
Obama's impassioned arguments on the issue of experience and leadership come just days after a Nevada debate in which Clinton appeared to suggest that the junior Illinois senator's organization and experience do not match her own and would be lacking in the White House.
Asked during the broadcast what his biggest weakness is, the Illinois senator told MSNBC hosts, "Well, you know, I don't hang onto paper well. My desk is a mess. And I don't try to keep my own schedule," adding that he surrounds himself with qualified people to help him do the job.
In the days since, the New York senator and her campaign team has seized on the theme, suggesting that the failures of President Bush demonstrate that a chief executive of the nation cannot simply be counted on to find good staff, but must exhibit proven skills in managing bureaucracy.
Obama, appearing relaxed and engaged in an hourlong session with Chronicle editors and reporters, insisted that in areas ranging from foreign policy outlook to management style, he has superior credentials, and he depicted Clinton as an occasionally hesitant politician who parses and weighs positions.
"That's part of the reason why I think we have been getting people who are turned off to politics attracted to my campaign ... they sense that I don't try to trim my sails," he said. "If I'm asked in a debate what my biggest weaknesses are, I don't answer by saying, 'I'm just too passionate about poor people,' " he said, laughing. "Or, that I'm too impatient to solve the problems of America. I say, 'Well, you know, my desk is messy - so I need somebody around me.' "
The Democratic candidates were busily crisscrossing California this week to raise money and to underscore the issue of the economy in the days before the crucial Nevada caucuses on Saturday and the Feb. 5 "Tsunami Tuesday" primary, which includes California and more than 20 other states.
Clinton released her first California TV ad Thursday, a spot that deals with the issue of the economy and vows that "I will bring your voice" to the White House. She was in Compton appealing to African American voters as her campaign appeared eager to mend fences with Obama on the issue of race; a key supporter, BET network executive Bob Johnson, apologized for caustic remarks earlier in the week in which he appeared to be referring to Obama's past admission of drug use as a teenager.
Former North Carolina Sen. John Edwards also was in the state, appearing to make a post-debate dig at both Obama and Clinton, telling voters in Los Angeles: "You don't bring about change by shuffling papers, and you don't bring about change by just giving a speech. We have to actually have some guts, some determination and some fight if we want to bring the change that America so desperately needs."
Obama also appeared at a roundtable discussion before about 100 in San Francisco's Mission District, where he talked about the economy.
In addressing the issue of experience, Obama directly dismissed the notion that Clinton has the upper hand in areas ranging from foreign policy to domestic issues.
He noted that with the issue of the Iraq war, "the president and Sen. Clinton have continually repeated this notion that in 2004 I backed off my opposition to the war."
But he said he "was unequivocal and crystal-clear about my opposition to the war." And now, "I do believe that the combination of my past history on the issue and my willingness to engage in a way that's different from the other (Democratic) candidates ... it gives me a better chance of bringing about the kinds of stabilization without the 10-year or 20-year occupation that the president, the Iraqi foreign minister and John McCain seem to envision," he said.
On the issue of race, Obama also said key differences in outlook and experience define the two campaigns.
"I actually don't think that the comment that Sen. Clinton made about Dr. King was a racial comment," he said, referring to a recent flareup in which she noted that President Lyndon Johnson had pushed the 1964 Civil Rights Act through Congress, a comment that some African American leaders took as downplaying contributions of Dr. Martin Luther King.
"I think it was illustrative of how she thinks change happens," he said. "She was arguing that Lyndon Johnson, his skill set was what was critical to getting the Civil Rights Act done - as opposed to a movement on the streets. And that indicates a difference in emphasis on how change occurs. But I don't think the comments were racial."
Obama said the 2008 campaign represents "one of those moments where ambition is not a sufficient justification for the presidency. ... There (are) a set of things that I can do that no other candidate can do. I can bring the country together around a working majority for change in a way that Sen. Clinton, for example, cannot."
But in his meeting with The Chronicle, Obama didn't limit his challenges to Sen. Clinton; he directly took on former President Bill Clinton when asked his reaction to a U.S. District Court ruling Thursday rejecting arguments that special "at large" caucus sites for casino and culinary workers were discriminatory to other Nevada voters.
The ruling went against a union tied to Sen. Clinton, the teachers union. It was seen as a victory for Obama, who has been endorsed by the 60,000-member Culinary Workers Union, which represents the majority of the workers who will use those locations.
Asked his reaction to an angry outburst by the former president - who in Oakland Wednesday suggested the at-large system was "rigged" - Obama laughed.
"This caucus process was designed by the Democratic Party of Nevada in conjunction with the Democratic National Committee," said Obama. "I, as somebody who's not part of the establishment of the Democratic Party, had no say in the rules ... (but) individuals like Harold Ickes, Clinton's key adviser, were a part of making these rules. And some of the people who filed the lawsuit were a part of making these rules.
"President Clinton now suggests they didn't understand the rules that they designed," Obama said. "This is coming from the campaign of extraordinary detail and thoroughness and experience.
"But somehow, they didn't know what these rules were," Obama said. "Six days before the caucus - two days after I received the endorsement of the Culinary Workers (Union), suddenly these rules are grossly unfair and a violation of 'one person, one vote.' And a lawsuit is filed that would disenfranchise mostly Latino maids, dishwashers and bellhops."
Obama said that was "an implausible argument before the court rules. I am glad the court bought none of it. I think it took about an hour for the court to decide that this lawsuit had no merit.
"And I think at this point we should go out and persuade the caucus-goers of Nevada who the best candidate is," he said.
Illinois Sen. Barack Obama in a meeting Thursday with the editorial board of The Chronicle:
On his rationale for running:
"This is one of those moments where ambition is not a sufficient justification for the presidency. ... There were a set of things that I can do that no other candidate can do. I can bring the country together around a working majority for change in a way that Sen. Clinton, for example, cannot.
"Rather than simply duplicate the elections of 2000 and 2004, where 47 percent of the country is on one side, and 47 percent of the country is on the other, and 5 percent are in the middle - all of them living in Ohio and Florida, apparently - I believe I can expand the political map, get people involved who haven't been involved before, get independents and Republicans to rally around a progressive, although nonideological, agenda. And I think I can do that more effectively than any of the other candidates in the race."
On whether he has the experience to handle the toughest challenges as president:
"If the question is, do I have the internal fortitude to make tough decisions and take on tough issues, I would say throughout my career I have dealt with very difficult issues.
"Sen. Clinton keeps touting her experience, but has no management experience that I can see in her resume. It's presumed through osmosis, as a consequence of having been first lady. But I would point to this campaign, where I went from zero, starting from scratch, to compete with a legendary political organization 20 years in the making built by a former president.
"That's not an accident. It shows my capacity to put together a team and point it in a direction that I think is important.
"The skill sets that are required to move the country are not different from the skill sets that are required to move somebody across the table. It means listening to them, it means having very clear principles - what you're willing to fight for, where you're willing to compromise. And it means being willing to walk away from the table.
"Those skill sets are the ones, I think, I am most confident I can apply ... where I think I have an edge over Sen. Clinton, who I think has a tendency - when confronted with somebody who doesn't agree with her - to demonize them or push them away."
On his own view of what makes his campaign different:
"I do think that I have tried to conduct my political career and my campaign in a way that is honest and candid and straightforward and minimizes spin.
"It doesn't mean that I have no political sense about me, and that I'm above modulating my tones or positions as I go through ... my career. But generally speaking, I tell the truth.
"And that's part of the reason why I think we have been getting people who are turned off to politics attracted to my campaign. ... They sense that I don't try to trim my sails.
"If I'm asked in a debate what my biggest weaknesses are, I don't answer by saying, 'I'm just too passionate about poor people' [laughs]. Or that I'm too impatient to solve the problems of America. I say, well, you know, my desk is messy - so I need somebody around me."
Asked what he meant when he said, "Generally speaking, I tell the truth," Obama said with a laugh, "What I meant was that I always tell the truth, but sometimes you avoid telling hard truths.
"And one of the things I've tried to in this campaign is to tell people what they need to hear, as opposed to just what they want to hear." He said observers have noted that "there is a core there. ... I think that core is something that I communicate."
On his foreign policy experience:
"There's going to be a lot of repair work to be done internationally. This is an area where Sen. Clinton and others have suggested they are most concerned about my experience. It's actually the area where I most trust my judgment, because I've lived, traveled, have family overseas. If you look at my track record over the last three or four years on big issues - like opposition to the war in Iraq, the need to engage directly with Iran, our approach toward Pakistan and putting all the eggs in the Musharraf basket - on big strategic issues, I've been right and the conventional thinking in Washington has been wrong."
On how an Obama presidency would change the country:
"The day I'm elected and sworn in, not only does this country look at itself differently, but I think the world looks at itself differently. And that's not just symbolic. When I go to a poor country and talk to them about America's obligations, but also that poor country's obligations to help itself by dealing with corruption or to reduce ethnic tensions, I do with credibility as somebody with a grandmother who lives in a small village in Africa without running water. If I convene a meeting of Muslim leaders ... I do so with the credibility of somebody who lived in the most populous Muslim country on Earth for four years and has a sister who is half-Indonesian. ... That will allow me ... to be an effective spokesperson for a different version of American foreign policy."
On differences between himself and Sen. Clinton on health care:
"I admire the fact that President Clinton and Sen. Clinton tried to reform health care (in the 1990s). But I believe they did it in the wrong way. It goes to the point of accountability. Their theory was you go behind closed doors, you come up with your theory with the help of your technical experts. You don't even invite members of Congress from your own party into the negotiations and discussion. And while they were behind closed doors, the insurance company was busy shaping public opinion as well as maneuvering Congress, and by the time they released it ... it was dead in the water. Now, I would do things differently. I would have a table, around which you'd have doctors, nurses, patient advocates. The insurance ...companies would get a seat at the table; they just would not get to buy every chair.
"And I would put my plan forward ... and these negotiations would be on C-Span ... so the public would be part of the conversation and would see the choices being made. ... That builds in accountability in the system."
Chronicle staff writer Joe Garofoli contributed to this report. E-mail the writers at cmarinucci@sfchronicle.com and jgarofoli@sfchronicle.com.
Credit: Carla Marinucci Chronicle Political Writer
[Illustration]
Caption: Sen. Barack Obama answers a question from teacher Kara Daillik during an appearance Thursday in San Francisco's Mission District. - Brant Ward / The Chronicle
Indexing (document details)
Subjects: Political campaigns, Race, Management styles, Iraq War-2003, First ladies, Endorsements, Drug use, Civil rights, Foreign policy, Presidential elections
Locations: California
People: Obama, Barack, Clinton, Bill
Author(s): Carla Marinucci
Document types: News
Section: Politics
Publication title: San Francisco Chronicle. San Francisco, Calif.: Jan 18, 2008. pg. A.1
Edition: 5star-dot
Source type: Newspaper
ProQuest document ID: 1414643261
Text Word Count 2486
Document URL:
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NZ's African American mayor
The grave of Robert Bradford Williams at Karori Cemetery, Grave Story #5
Well ahead of America electing its first black American woman and south Asian Vice President, Wellington’s Onslow Borough had an African American mayor.
The extraordinary story behind Robert Bradford Williams and his journey from pre-civil war Georgia in the United States to a highly respected statesman in New Zealand began in 1860.
It was the year Abraham Lincoln was elected president and America was on the verge of civil war.
Williams, who may not have been a slave himself, but whose grandparents or parents could have been, was born in Augusta, Georgia.
He received a private school education and went to Yale University where his singing voice was noticed along with his athletic prowess.
He joined the Fisk Jubilee Singers, a group formed out of Fisk University which had been set up to provide university level education to freed slaves and other young African Americans.
It would take him on a world tour in 1886 that led to New Zealand.
Williams married white Catholic girl Katherine Burke in Tasmania and they made their home in Wellington.
He needed a career and began training to be a lawyer.
The papers of the time became filled with his cases, from prosecuting animal cruelty (he was a supporter of the SPCA), his defence of criminals, employment cases and inquests.
Just as many mentions were made of his singing, with various organisations.
In 1902 he successfully stood for mayor of the Onslow Borough, a post he returned to unopposed many times.
Instead of returning to local politics in 1907, he stood for the general election in 1907 and again in 1914 but was not successful.
He died in Otaki in 1942 and is buried in Karori Cemetery with his beloved wife Katherine. At the time of his death, he had three adult children and several grandchildren. Many of his descendants still live in New Zealand.
His story can be heard https://www.wcl.govt.nz/downloads/janepaulmono.mp3 in the voice of his granddaughter Jane Paul as told to Gábor Tóth, Local & NZ History Specialist for Wellington City Libraries.
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A Gulf Sheikh down coming?
davidbfpo
Arab Spring comes late in Kuwait
Moderator's Note
I have merged a small thread 'Arab Spring comes late in Kuwait' and 'Impact of the Arab Spring on Saudi Arabia' into this newly created thread (ends).
Dozens of Kuwaiti protesters stormed parliament late on Wednesday, as hundreds more demonstrated outside. Eyewitnesses said they were demanding that Prime Minister Sheikh Nasser al-Mohammad al-Sabah step down. Hundreds of people, including opposition lawmakers, have been protesting weekly outside parliament over alleged corruption.
Link:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15768027
The BBC reports a previous demo over the PM earlier in 2011 and a no confidence vote being defeated.
Given the strategic role of Kuwait in providing facilities for the dwindling US presence in Iraq I am sure there's ample reason to watch.
Bob's World
Populaces are evolving. Governments seek to sustain the status quo. This creates gaps that can be exploited by both internal and external actors seeking change.
Now is not the time to push for concepts of American brand democracy, nor for "universal" values as currently defined by the US government (which frankly find little universality within the US, let alone without); nor for foreign leaders to step down.
Now is not the time for governments to cling doggedly to dated forms of foreign policy or to equally dated forms of domestic policy or concepts of governance. Now is the time for governments to listen very carefully to those they seek to influence or govern. Now is the time for governments to become far more flexible in their ability to tailor and implement small changes that target directly at the most important concerns of these evolving populaces.
Change is scary, and for those governments who focus on "control" as the measure of success there will be frustration and increasing challenges. For those who can embrace the uncertainty of approaches that are less controlling and more influential, there will be continued success.
Remember, ideology does not create these gaps. Insurgents do not create these gaps. Trans-national terrorists do not create these gaps. These are the tools and agents of opportunity. States also have opportunities in this evolving environment if the politicians possess the courage and vision to assume reasonable risks to reach out and take advantage of the same factors that these illegal opportunists leverage currently.
We should not fear instability, as it is a metric of progress. But there are risks. The greatest risk, however, is to fear change and to cling to artificial stability imposed through "rule of law" and "increased security force capacity." Seek justice, not law. Justice is blind, but the law can be a directed tool of the state and quickly lose it's justice component, particularly in times when states feel threatened. Current forms of government are threatened. Current politicians are threatened. States and nations are not at risk here. We must ask these leaders what it is they truly seek to protect?
We live in exciting times of dynamic change. But to overly seek to resist or control that change is the most dangerous course of all.
KingJaja
Thanks for neatly encapsulating one of the most important challenges facing the Arab World and Africa. The US, on the other hand, really needs to look beyond counter-terrorism and energy security.
Originally Posted by KingJaja
This applies to US foreign policy as well. When a system of foreign policies are designed for an era and mission that no longer exists (as the US Cold War based, "GWOT"-shaped containment grand strategy is) similar "gaps" occur. When that policy is seen as promoting an artificial stability dedicated to an increasingly irrelevant status quo it also creates motivations in the populaces of the affected nations to be more apt to participate in acts of transnational terrorism.
We see the Obama administration working on one hand to break from the status quo and to become more supportive of those populaces who are willing to pursue reasonable (if not entirely peaceful) ways and means to achieve change. This is a start, as it is not a blind commitment to forcing the status quo. Equally dangerous, however, is to push for US forms of governance, and current US values; as if populaces everywhere were somehow in the same culture, the same time and place as US socio-cultural evolution is right now. To move another government artificially in such a way is to create an even larger, more illegitimate, and more inappropriate, more exploitable gap in the other direction. Neither internal nor external governments should expect the populace to conform to them, it is governments that must conform to the people.
For US foreign policy we need to tailor our approaches by nation, and be more respective of differences, and if anything, encourage governments to be more in synch with their own people. We need to find new ways to pursue our own interests that are less tied to artificially stabilized status quos, as this is the primary driver of transnational terrorism against the US.
This is simply a matter of leadership style. We've been able to get away with "lazy leadership." A controlling style based upon superior strength and wealth. We will need to adopt a more sophisticated and nuanced form of influence-based leadership. The best leaders always spent 80% of their time in influence-based leadership, only applying power as needed, when needed. Lazy leaders are all power, all the time. The US is a lazy leader. Maybe that is what the president meant in his recent comments in Asia... He is seeking to turn this around, but we've been on this path for a several administrations and too many people have come to see such power-based lazy leadership as "what right looks like."
Just a theory. Governments need to control the one thing they have the right to control, their own actions. They need to then govern in ways that are more attuned to the people they affect, at home and abroad.
Dayuhan
Impact of the Arab Spring on Saudi Arabia
Opinion from a regional source... always good to have some non-US perspective:
http://www.zawya.com/story/In_a_rest...emailmarketing
Saudi Arabia: In a restless realm
Saudi Arabia's absolute monarchy watched the demise of its close ally, President Hosni Mubarak, with alarm. The Al Sauds had sought to avoid this dramatic moment of change in the Arab world, even pleading with their American friends to save the Egyptian despot's regime.
Eighteen months on, however, the conservative rulers of the world's largest oil producer and the biggest Arab economy are learning to adapt...
My personal sense is that addressing discontent by distributing money will work, at least for a while. Saudi Arabia is not Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Yemen, or Syria: a quite large percentage of the population is materially comfortable enough to have a stake in the status quo, and the very strong fear of instability still trumps the widespread dislike for the regime. How long that lasts is anybody's guess.
Saudi diplomat chatting
Almost a year ago I listened to a Saudi diplomat talking on the regional situation and some of his remarks are relevant here.
The language used to describe radicals was very strong, akin to them being perverts and following 'destructive ideologies' making them revolutionaries. Followed by 'using the cloak of religion to disguise their naked power seeking'.
A long time was spent on the KSA's counter-radicalisation programme. The 'hard' and the 'soft'. A 25% pay increase for security forces, funded rewards, 2k had been interviewed and 1k detained.
A $4b in unconditional aid had been given to Eygpt, after Mubarak's removal, unlike the World Bank and others. KSA had supported the Mubarak regime for many years, it was sad to see him go, but it was the choice of the Egyptian people and they respected that.
The phrase 'Arab Spring' was a misuse of the word 'Spring' as it had to date been quite bloody; note this was just after he pointed out that the KSA & GCC forces in Bahrain were 'all to protect critical infrastructure, not face civil disorder'.
Whether they sent the money out of respect for the choices of the Egyptian people or in an attempt to buy influence with the new regime is of course a matter open to question.
Standing firm with "more of the same" or shaken?
The Saudi regime, or extended royal family must be aware of the impact of the Arab Spring, with once friendly, or allied governments being overthrown and replaced with something very different. What I have yet to see is any in-depth reporting on the impact upon the Saudi population.
We appear to assume the regime using both "soft" and "hard" power is capable of identifying its weaknesses and responding to them. From my very limited reading the regime's response is "more of the same". Whether that is still suitable is the key question.
What I would be looking for is increasing numbers of Saudis staying abroad after their studies, possibly volunteering to work in other post-Spring countries; more savings leaving and more "disappearances", even renditions back to Saudi Arabia.
For strategic reasons most Western nations prefer the Saudi regime and avert their eyes from looking more closely.
I am reminded of a conversation many years ago, possibly by a retired UK diplomat on the radio; he talked about two foreign policy nightmares for the UK: a bearded, junior Pakistani army officer appears on TV and announces a successful coup. Second, a raging bearded, fanatical Saudi face appears on TV to announce all the royal family are dead and the oil is turned off.
Quite fanciful I thought until a retired soldier responded that this shock had already happened once before - Gadafy's coup in Libya in 1968. At the time the UK had more troops in Libya than their army, apparently to defend the Libyan oilfields from Eygpt (plus RAF & USAF bases).
I assume national governments have thought through the possibilities and adjusted their calculations over policy.
Originally Posted by davidbfpo
It would be very difficult to assess the impact on the population as a whole.
Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States are quite different from the states so far affected by the Arab Spring, in a number of ways.
One factor that I think is much underrated in the West is the extent to which traditional aristocracies are granted a degree of legitimacy, at least as long as they keep bringing home the... well, not bacon, but you know what I mean. To the outside eye there may be little difference between the sheiks, emirs, and princes of the GCC and a ruler like Gaddafi, Mubarak, or Assad. In the Gulf the perceived difference is very large, and it's not limited to the ruling class.
The second factor of course is that in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf a large part of the populace, in most cases a majority, is materially comfortable enough to have a stake in stability. There is a real envy of the political freedoms and human rights enjoyed in the west, but also an overpowering fear - you could almost call it terror - that liberalizing would bring chaos, collapse, and a loss of all they have.
I've picked up some repeated threads in time spent in that region: not a scientific survey by any means but comments repetitively heard...
It's almost a mantra that democracy and human rights promotion are western conspiracies designed to weaken traditional systems so that Westerners can come in and take control of the oil.
It's often heard that while government is corrupt and it's terrible, the very fact that ruling is so profitable makes democracy dangerous: factions will destroy the country in a fight over the control of the spoils. Corruption with stability is better than corruption with chaos.
Another mantra: "Osama is good and pious and we all support him, but if he and his people ever took over here we would have a war and we would lose everything"
In short, I get the feeling (again, through very un-scientific means) that the dominant political positions of Gulf populaces are driven less by what they seek than by what they fear, and that the status quo, for all it's deficiencies, is often seen as better than an unknown and potentially catastrophic change.
Dayuhan,
I've just posted on another general, regional thread an item (Post 79) that ties in with your last post:http://council.smallwarsjournal.com/...?t=1455&page=4
Secondly there are two clearly related threads: 'Terrorism, CT and internal issues in Saudi Arabia':http://council.smallwarsjournal.com/...read.php?t=546 and 'US policy with an ally like the Saudis':http://council.smallwarsjournal.com/...ead.php?t=2119
I think a key thing to remember is that revolution only seeks complete overthrow of the current system in the most extreme cases. Most often revolution simply seeks to place pressure on governments to make evolutions of governance that the government would prefer not to make.
As to "Arab Spring," it is best not to think of "spring" as in the season, but rather spring as in the compressed, coiled populaces long held in situations deemed unacceptable - with the compression effect increasing in recent years as the populaces of the Middle East have evolved in their expectations of governance far more rapidly than the governments of the region have been willing to evolve.
The pressure in Saudi Arabia is much greater than is healthy for a society. They seek to buy that pressure down. They export trouble makers to go to places like Yemen and Pakistan to raise trouble elsewhere; they turn a blind eye to the funding of organizations that either directly or indirectly fund illegal agents of political change, such as AQ. They diligently and ruthlessly identify and arrest any who show signs of attempting to organize movement against the government.
So far this has been enough. But the Saudi family has been far less proactive is seeking to understand and address the root grievances of an evolving populace living in an evolving world. Perhaps more "youthful" members of the family will emerge to lead the government to a more sustainable place, or adopt measures that give the populace a greater voice in how they are governed. Perhaps. Doing so would do wonders to reduce the pressure on the "Arab Spring" of the Saudi populace. Far more so than if they listen to the misguided pleadings of American leaders to adopt values and forms of governance designed by and for American populaces as a recommended cure.
My fear is that they will do as most monarchies do, and cling to their rights to do as they please and not take the growing signs of discontent seriously. This is not about "effectiveness," this is about how people feel and who they blame. Highly effective governments that are equally highly rigid and out of touch with an evolving populace are every bit as susceptible to revolution as are highly ineffective governments. Just ask King George of England.
Originally Posted by Bob's World
1: a forcible overthrow of a government or social order, in favour of a new system
OED. QED.
Are you putting "the populaces of the Middle East" together in a generic basket? I'm not sure that's a good idea, nor is it a good idea to assume that anyone's "expectations of governance" are what yours would be in their place.
The pressure in Saudi Arabia is much greater than is healthy for a society.
Based on what evidence? Seems to me the pressure has ratcheted down very considerably from the 90s, when things really felt like they could blow at any minute.
They seek to buy that pressure down. They export trouble makers to go to places like Yemen and Pakistan to raise trouble elsewhere; they turn a blind eye to the funding of organizations that either directly or indirectly fund illegal agents of political change, such as AQ. They diligently and ruthlessly identify and arrest any who show signs of attempting to organize movement against the government.
Yes, they do. Efforts to organize against government, though, have so far involved fairly small groups and a fair portion of the populace actually sees them as a threat and supports the government's aggressive moves against them. I see little evidence suggesting a rapidly spreading or expanding anti-government movement. I suspect that this is less because the government is liked (it isn't) than because these movements have nothing to offer that the populace wants and because the fear of instability outweighs the dislike of government.
adopt measures that give the populace a greater voice in how they are governed. Perhaps. Doing so would do wonders to reduce the pressure on the "Arab Spring" of the Saudi populace.
By what right or knowledge do you speak for the Saudi populace? Do you assume that "a greater voice in how they are governed" tops all popular agendas, everywhere?
Highly effective governments that are equally highly rigid and out of touch with an evolving populace are every bit as susceptible to revolution as are highly ineffective governments. Just ask King George of England.
Are they out of touch with the populace, or out of touch with your view of the populace? I suspect that they may have a better handle on their populace than you do. They know that the bulk of the populace is fairly comfortable, quite conservative, and generally terrified of any change that might threaten what they have. They also know that as long as the people are comfortable dissent is likely to remain confined to ideological fringes that have little appeal to the mainstream. How long they'll get away with it is anyone's guess. I could be wrong, but I suspect they'll get away with it longer than you think. Again, the key is to look not only at what people want, but also at what they fear. Do those who pose themselves as an alternative to the royals offer the populace what they want, or what they fear? It makes a difference.
There are a whole lot of people in The Kingdom who will gladly send money and praise to sustain AQ in their fight against the infidel, as long as that fight is somewhere else. That doesn't mean they want AQ in charge of The Kingdom. Most of them know all too well where that would lead, and I don't think they don't want to go there.
So now we must dogmatically cling to what dictionaries tell us? LMFAO at that. I prefer to rely on the reality of the matter, and the reality is as I described revolution, not as your dictionary defines them. I would expect such an argument from a SAMS graduate, but I expect a bit more willing to think outside the lines from you.
When I say "populaces of the Middle East" that is plural. If I wanted to lump them into one homogeneous blob as you suggest I would have said "the populace of the Middle East." But of course I didn't say that. The many diverse populaces of the Middle East are evolving and demanding more of government. The facts support that. The many diverse populaces of Saudi Arabia are no exception, no matter how much their government and ours likes to hope and pretend they are.
Etc, etc. Your counter points are all equally groundless attempts to twist my meanings to fit the points you want to argue against. Not sure what to do with that. I do, however, stand by the positions made in my original post. If you actually want to discuss those, I am happy to do so.
So now we must dogmatically cling to what dictionaries tell us? LMFAO at that. I prefer to rely on the reality of the matter, and the reality is as I described revolution, not as your dictionary defines them.
You can't have a discussion without consensus on what the basic terms mean. Changing definitions is not "thinking outside the box", it's simply an effort to skew the argument in a direction you want it to go.
Claiming that there is a revolution or insurgency ongoing in Saudi Arabia (or China, or North Korea, or Iran, or Qatar, or any number of others, is simply wrong: it is incompatible with the generally accepted definitions of those terms. You could say that circumstances in any or all of those countries are conducive to revolution. You could say they are ripe for revolution. You could say that there is substantial dissent and that the regimes in question are creating a risk of revolution or insurgency by suppressing that dissent instead of addressing its causes. You couild say that the symptoms of oncoming revolution are on display. In any of those cases you'd have to explain why you believe that, and ideally produce some evidence to support the claim. But to say that revolution or insurgency are actually ongoing in those places on the basis of revised definitions that are unique to you is simply confusing the issue.
There's plenty of scope for thinking outside the box without trying to change the language. It's a very versatile language with a wealth of terminology at hand. There's no need to dilute or devalue existing terms by redefining them in midstream or expanding their definitions to a point that deprives them of utility.
When I say "populaces of the Middle East" that is plural. If I wanted to lump them into one homogeneous blob as you suggest I would have said "the populace of the Middle East." But of course I didn't say that. The many diverse populaces of the Middle East are evolving and demanding more of government. The facts support that.
The evolution and the demands are very different among very different populaces, and to assume that they are all evolving in the same direction, or that they all have identical or even similar demands, is to lump multiple populaces together in a homogeneous blob.
The many diverse populaces of Saudi Arabia are no exception, no matter how much their government and ours likes to hope and pretend they are.
Again I think you're making assumptions about the direction of popular evolution and the nature of popular demands that are based less on evidence than on your own ideas of what a populace ought to want. I remain unconvinced that circumstances on the ground actually fit those assumptions.
I do not maintain that the Saudi populaces love their government, far from it. I do think that while dissent is widespread, the tendency of that dissent to develop into broad coherent action, and the ability of dissenting movements to gain traction with the mainstream population are being restrained by a number of factors that you aren't acknowledging. I suspect that you may be adjusting reality to fit the model, rather than adjusting the model to fit the reality on the ground.
A new book 'After the Sheikhs: The Coming Collapse of the Gulf Monarchies' by Christopher Davidson, a UK-based academic, is published this week and FP has an article that opens with:
At first glance the Gulf monarchies look stable, at least compared to the broader region. In reality, however, the political and economic structures that underpin these highly autocratic states are coming under increasing pressure, and broad swathes of citizens are making hitherto unimaginable challenges to the ruling elites.
Which ends with:
Finally, and most importantly, the vicious crackdowns and arbitrary detentions that have been taking place as regimes have sought to silence these voices are tragic, but are nonetheless helping to dispel the illusion that these unelected, unaccountable rulers have anything in common with the tribal, benevolent rulers of the pre-oil era.
Link:http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/pos...cy_in_question
A shorter summary:http://www.amazon.co.uk/After-Sheikh.../dp/184904189X
If this was to come about, in one or more nations, the Arab Spring would take a very different form. SWC have discussed the Gulf states before, although in brief - except for Saudi Arabia.
There is a substantial thread on Bahrain's Unrest:http://council.smallwarsjournal.com/...t=12530&page=6
Inland: Jordan has protests
The other night several Tweets reported disorder in Amman, Jordan; OK a little way inland from the Gulf sheikdoms, but the same theme - uncertainty comes.
Protests about fuel prices being the catalyst.
Two BBC reports:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20321086 and http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20335287
The NYT, which has a number of protesters cited:http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/15/wo...econd-day.html
King Abdullah is due to visit London next week, for a speech giving; so one wonders will he leave home?
King stays at home
In my last post I noted:
His visit has been cancelled.
UK and Kuwait to announce security partnership
The UK will provide expertise in physical security, cybersecurity and counter-terrorism to the oil-rich Gulf Arab state. It comes as Kuwait is experiencing a wave of anti-government protests....it would provide "state-of-the-art surveillance and command-and-control systems as used in the London Olympics".
Link:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20530427
Some may say this is a gamble, but since the UK's stance on Bahrain has been to speak quietly not unexpected.
Monarchism matters
A good FP article which supplements Post 15. It opens with:
The Arab Spring was hard on Arab presidents: most of the personalist presidential autocracies are now gone. But no Arab monarchs fell during the Arab Spring. Why did the monarchs fare so well? The strong correlation between monarchism and survival suggests, of course, that monarchism had something (or everything) to do with it.
Ending with:
The rest of the monarchs possessed two key advantages over the presidents in the spring of 2011. First, they profited from comparisons between their rule and that of the presidents.....A second factor also helped the monarchs: they could make credible promises to implement political reforms.....The problem for monarchs going forward, in the wake of the Arab Spring, is that these two factors are not at all permanent....The next time around, promises will not likely be enough: real signs of change will need to be clear. Absent that, the monarchs might wind up going down the road of Bahrain's ruling family, ruling over an embittered population that no longer believes promises of reform. That would not necessarily doom the monarchs, especially the family businesses of the Gulf. But it would send them down a dead end of discord and repression.
Link:http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/pos...rchism_matters
A Gulf Sheikh down coming? Updated
A review of 'After the Sheikhs: The Coming Collapse of the Gulf Monarchies' by Christopher M Davidson, as per Post 15:http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2012...iew?CMP=twt_gu
It also reviews a second book on Saudi Arabia 'The Islamic Utopia' (Pluto, £17.99), by Andrew Hammond and knowing some here watch KSA:
...neatly decapitates the argument that the ultra-conservative kingdom (which, it bears repeating, is named after its ruling family) is undergoing a credible reform process. Since the 9/11 attacks, which upset their cosy relationship with the US, the Saudis have claimed to be leading the fight against jihadism and to be responding (cautiously) to demands for change at home.
Outside a few "gimmicky" liberal enclaves that are beyond the reach of the morality police, ordinary Saudis are encouraged to shop and pray, but not to think.
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Can Medical Decision-making at the Scene by EMS Staff Reduce the Number of Unnecessary Ambulance Transportations, but Still Be Safe?
June 30, 2015 · Research Article
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Peyravi M, Örtenwall P, Khorram-Manesh A. Can Medical Decision-making at the Scene by EMS Staff Reduce the Number of Unnecessary Ambulance Transportations, but Still Be Safe?. PLOS Currents Disasters. 2015 Jun 30 . Edition 1. doi: 10.1371/currents.dis.f426e7108516af698c8debf18810aa0a.
Mahmoudreza Peyravi Prehospital and Disaster Medicine Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medical Informatic Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Per Örtenwall Pre-hospital and Disaster Medicine Centre, Department of Surgery, Institute of clinical sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Amir Khorram-Manesh Pre-hospital and Disaster Medicine Centre, Department of Surgery, Institute of clinical sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the procedures adopted by the staff of the Shiraz Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and the outcome of the patients discharged from the scene over a one-year period.
Background: Unnecessary use of ambulances results in the overloading of EMS and the over-crowding of emergency departments. Medical assessment at the scene by EMS staff may reduce these issues. In an earlier study in Shiraz, 36% of the patients were left at home/discharged directly from the scene with or without treatment by EMS staff after consulting a physician at the dispatch center. However, there has been no evaluation of this system with regard to mortality and morbidity.
Materials and Methods: Retrospective data on all missions performed by the Shiraz EMS (2012-2013) were reviewed. All the patients discharged from the scene by the EMS staff on the 5th, 15th, and 25th days of each month were included. A questionnaire with nine questions was designed, and available patients/relatives were interviewed prospectively (2014; follow-up period 4-12 months).
Results: Out of 3019 cases contacted, 994 (almost 33%) replied. There were 26%-93% reductions in the complaints in all disease categories. A group of the patients left the scene at their own will. Of those who were discharged by the EMS staff at the scene, over 60% were without any complaints. Twelve out of 253 patients died after they were sent home by the EMS staff. Conclusions: Patients may be discharged at the scene by EMS staff and after consulting a physician. However, there is a need for a solid protocol to ensure total patient safety. This calls for a prospective study.
Funding Statement
This study was not funded by any organization. All authors took part in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, and preparation of the manuscript without any economical support or contribution from other organizations.
Notice of Correction
9 July 2015: PLOS Currents -. Correction: Can Medical Decision-making at the Scene by EMS Staff Reduce the Number of Unnecessary Ambulance Transportations, but Still Be Safe?. PLOS Currents Disasters. 2015 Jul 9 . Edition 1. doi: 10.1371/currents.dis.ca2b7f102888bf394a9318c587b62043. View Correction.
Emergency Medical Services (EMS) are the frontline services for patients’ care in peacetime and during major incidents 1. EMS availability is one of the major factors in achieving successful management of patients. Such availability is possible either by increasing the number of ambulances or reducing the number of unnecessary missions by screening the patients who need transportation, based on their disease severity. The unnecessary use of ambulances results in the overloading of EMS as well as the over-crowding of emergency departments (EDs) 2. In many countries, new strategies have been implemented in order to make the public aware of the proper use of EMS as well as EDs 3,4. One way to prevent these problems is to assess the patient at the scene and decide on the need for ambulance transportation to a selected facility. Standardized treatment plans have been implemented for specific diagnoses such as cardiac and hip-fractures to bypass EDs.
The most important tasks for EMS are the four Ts (i.e. Time, Triage, Treatment, and Transportation) 1,5 . Shorter response time may save lives 2,6,10 . Triage is initiated by a medical dispatch center in many countries and constitutes the first step to selecting the right patient for the right transportation to the right healthcare facility. Based on medical protocols, patients are triaged/prioritized to different levels of urgency, and each priority should be transported within a set time frame 10 . Earlier studies have shown a discrepancy between first triage made by the dispatch center and the one made by EMS crews at the scene 10,11 . The high number of over-triage in these studies indicated the over-utilization of ambulance transportation to hospitals, limiting ambulance availability and contributing to ED overcrowding. Therefore, a correct and validated diagnosis at the scene may confer a better use of resources 12–15. As a consequence, some patients will be denied ambulance transportation to the hospital, which is not authorized in some countries. It is also a huge challenge for EMS staff to make a decision at the scene since their ability and skills for making such decisions as compared to a general practitioner have been questioned 11,16,17 .
In Iran, EMS crews can opt against transportation to the hospital from the scene after assessing the patient. Their findings, after a primary examination, are discussed with a physician at the dispatch center, who decides whether the patient should be transported to the hospital or not, however, no special protocol is used. In a previous report made by this group, 36% of the patients were discharged directly from the scene with or without treatment by the Shiraz EMS staff, based on this procedure. Nevertheless, no evaluation of this system regarding mortality and morbidity has ever been conducted 17.
Since the outcome of such decision-making may have an impact on future guidelines in emergency care and ambulance activities 18–20, we aimed to evaluate the procedures adopted by the Shiraz EMS and the outcome of the patients discharged from the scene over a one-year period (i.e. 2012-2013).
All patients subject to EMS missions in Shiraz (n = 81999), over a one-year period (i.e. March 21, 2012 to March 20, 2013), were retrospectively identified and their data (age, gender, main complaint, primary diagnosis on the scene, etc.) were reviewed. A sample of all the patients discharged from the scene by the Shiraz EMS (n= 3019) was obtained from the 5th, 15th, and 25th days every month. These patients were contacted by telephone 4 to 12 months after they were discharged. If the patients were not available, their relatives/next of kin listed were contacted. Three attempts were made to get in touch by telephone. No other methods were used (e.g. letter). All the questionnaires were sorted by numbers, and the patients’ data were not available to the main author at the time of review. The patients who replied were asked to answer the following questions by free text.
-What were the main reasons to request an ambulance and your chief complaint?
-What were your symptoms?
-Was the decision not to be transported to the hospital your own, or did the ambulance crew make it?
-If it was the staff’s decision, were you satisfied with it?
-Did your symptoms continue after being discharged? If your answer is yes, what were those?
-Did you visit a clinic or hospital ∕physician after being discharged by EMS?
-What was their diagnosis ∕opinion when visiting the clinic or hospital?
-What was the treatment?
-Have you recovered?
Ethical permission
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shiraz Medical University (2011-100/7 Feb. 2011).
Data analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). The data analysis is expressed using descriptive statistics, including range and mean ± Standard Deviation (SD). The frequency and percentage of the categorical data are presented.
In total, 3019 patients who were directly discharged from the scene were identified. Of these, 994 (33%) patients could be followed up. No information could be obtained for the remaining 2025 patients due to:
1. 1469 patients (49 %) did not reply to our calls.
2. 90 patients (3 %) were unwilling to cooperate.
3. 91 patients (13 %) could not remember their incidents.
4. 85 missions were cancelled because patients changed their mind or were not available on the scene.
Information about major complaints leading to an ambulance call was available for 935 out of the 994 patients. Table 1 shows these complaints divided into eight categories and whether the complaint existed after the EMS management at the scene. As is shown in Table 1, there was a reduction in the number and rate of complaints after the EMS engagement (26% to 93%). The most impressive reduction concerned neurological and psychiatric cases, and the least reduction was seen among the patients with medical, toxic, and circulation complaints, followed by surgical and respiratory cases.
Table 1. Major reasons/complaints for calling an ambulance
Before ambulance arrival
After discharge from the scene
Difference in number
% reduction
Trauma 67 7.2 24 43 64
Toxic 31 3.3 20 11 35
Neurology 212 22.7 14 198 93
Circulation 138 14.8 50 88 36
Medical 337 36 247 90 26
Respiratory 131 14 56 75 57
Surgery 13 1.4 6 7 54
Psychiatry 6 0.6 1 5 83
Information about decision-making at the scene and follow-up was available for 879 out of the 994 patients. In 71.2% (626 cases), the recipients made the decision not to be transferred to the hospital after the EMS staff’s arrival. In most cases, the symptoms had subsided or the patient did not want any help from the staff due to other reasons. In 28.8% (253 cases), the EMS staff discharged the patients from the scene of incidents or left them at their home after definitive treatment or advice. A primary diagnosis was made, and recommendations such as self-care guidance or later and planned visits to a healthcare center were given. In 7 cases, the patients were recommended to be transported to the hospital, but rejected, not favoring the hospital suggested by the EMS staff. Table 2 depicts the distribution of the patients after scene examination by the EMS staff.
The patients who rejected transportation by their own decision (626 out of 994, [63%]) filled in a release sheet before being discharged from the scene. Of the remaining 368 patients, 253 (25.5%) were discharged from the scene by the EMS and in 27 (2.7%) patients no information was available. Among the patients discharged by the EMS, 34 (13.5%) were recommended to seek healthcare privately due to the non-urgent nature of their complaints. Another 18 (7.1%) patients were transported to a clinic or hospital due to insufficient treatment at the scene. Around 43.9% of the patients (n = 436 out of 994) were male and 386 (38.8%) female. In the remaining 172 (17.3%) patients, no information about the gender could be found.
For 442 (44.5%) patients, the symptoms remained unchanged after they were discharged from the scene, while the symptoms subsided in 489 (49.2%). Of the remaining 6.3%, 4.3% (n = 43) did not reply to this question and 2% (20) were dead. As is shown in Table 2, a sum of 229 patients had still complaints after going home by their own decision compared to 75 out of the 253 patients discharged by the EMS (36.6% vs. 29.7%). On the other hand, 358 of those who decided to go home had no complaint in their follow-up versus 166 who were discharged by the EMS staff (57.2% vs. 65.6%). There was a statistically significant difference in favor of the decisions made by the EMS staff according to the chi-square test (P < 0.001).
Table 2. Patients’ status at the time of investigation
Decision-maker
Patient (n=626) With Problem 229 36.6
Without problem 358 57.2
Dead 39 6.2
EMS (n=253) With Problem 75 29.7
Total (n=994) With Problem 304 30.6
Unknown 115 11.6
In this study, 51 patients died after being discharged from the scene. Of these, 39 belonged to those who left the scene by their own decision compared to 12 out of the 253 patients who were discharged by the EMS staff at the scene. Although the number of deaths was lower in the latter group (discharged at the scene by the EMS), there was no statistically significant difference in mortality between these two groups (P < 0.5). The causes of deaths were not available since no autopsies are performed in Iran due to current practices, unless a crime is suspected.
The major tasks of EMS are short time response to the scene, accurate triage, proper treatment, and quick and safe transfer to the hospital 19,20. In an earlier study of the Shiraz EMS 17, we succeeded in determining that one third (36%) of the patients were not sent to the hospital. Iranian EMS staff has the authority to discharge a patient from the scene after consultation with a physician at the dispatch center17. In this study, we followed up a group of discharged patients, prospectively, 4-12 months after EMS missions. The low response rate (33%) despite numerous attempts to contact the patients illustrates the difficulties in conducting prehospital research and the follow-up of prehospital cases.
The results obtained in this study imply that a large number of patients requesting an ambulance are non-emergency cases and can be treated at places other than hospitals. This study also shows that by giving the right mandate and medical support to EMS staff, there is a possibility to treat and discharge a proportion of the patients directly from the scene. An overuse of ambulances leads to decreased availability of ambulances and ED overcrowding, thus limiting the possibility of offering emergency care to more severely ill patients 2,3,21. Although some studies criticize discharging patients at the scene by EMS staff due to patient safety issues, it is logical to assume that a better cooperation between EMS staff and a consultant physician and training and availability of a consultant physician may increase the accuracy and safety of such decision-making 22,23 . This strategy will be specifically useful in low-middle-income countries, where the infrastructure and human resources are inadequate 24–26. A better standard in decision-making, such as a guideline or a protocol, can make this strategy more fruitful 27–29.
In this study, there was a 5.1% mortality rate in total, but the rate of mortality was the same in both groups of patients, i.e. those who decided to go home by their own decision and those who were left at home/discharged by the EMS. Even if the EMS personnel were actively involved in the latter group, the impact of their presence or advice to the patients in the first group cannot be neglected. Whether this mortality rate is acceptable or not depends much on the real cause of the death, which was not available and thus neither comparison nor any conclusion can be made. However, it is a good assumption that increased educational levels of EMS or staffing ambulances with a physician together with an evidence-based protocol will increase the possibility of a better selection and correct diagnosis, as has been shown recently30.
In this study, there was a marked reduction in the number of complaints, especially in neurological and psychiatric cases, followed by trauma. One explanation for this finding is that maybe the majority of the calls were non-emergencies and minor injuries, which could be handled by the EMS staff.
We advocate a correct selection of patients discharged from the scene or left at home by EMS. Using a standardized protocol, which eliminates the bias made by different staff and physicians may safeguard this process 29. The results could be indicative for a prospective study and have an impact to improve the process and selection of the patients that should be transported to the hospital or can safely be discharged directly.
One limitation of this study is the lack of a 30-day follow-up of the patients after being discharged at the scene and the lack of autopsy results. In both cases, the absence of registration and guidelines are evident. Moreover, the low number of the respondents (irrespective of the calls) during the follow-up renders the statistical analysis harder and the obtained results incomplete. Nevertheless, the results obtained are indicative and might lead to new guidelines and policy change, which will improve EMS activities in the future.
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Mahmoudreza Peyravi MD, Pre-hospital and Disaster Medicine Centre, Regionens HUS SE-40544, Gothenburg, Sweden, Sweden.
E-mail: mahmoudreza.peyravi@gu.se
We would also like to thank Mrs. Mahnaz Dehbozorgi and Dr. Soheila Khodakarim for their invaluable effort and cooperation in data accumulation and statistical analysis.
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Johnson, Nicholas J., Brendan G. Carr, Rama Salhi, Daniel N. Holena, Catherine Wolff, and Roger A. Band. "Characteristics and outcomes of injured patients presenting by private vehicle in a state trauma system." The American journal of emergency medicine 31, no. 2 (2013): 275-281.
Eastwood, Kathryn, Amee Morgans, Karen Smith, and Johannes Stoelwinder. "Secondary triage in prehospital emergency ambulance services: a systematic review." Emergency Medicine Journal (2014): emermed-2013.
Feldman, Michael J., Jane L. Lukins, P. Richard Verbeek, Robert J. Burgess, and Brian Schwartz. "Use of treat-and-release medical directives for paramedics at a mass gathering." Prehospital Emergency Care 9, no. 2 (2005): 213-217.
Ferri, Enrico, Laura Magrini, Marco Alfano, Michele Del Parco, and Salvatore Di Somma. "How public ambulance arrivals impact on Emergency Department workload and resource use." Emergency Care Journal 6, no. 1 (2010): 23-33.
Walters, Elizabeth L., Tamara L. Thomas, Stephen W. Corbett, Karla Lavin Williams, Todd Williams, and William A. Wittlake. "A Convertible Use Rapidly Expandable model for disaster response." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 4, no. 2 (2013): 199-214.
Mulholland, Stephen A., Belinda J. Gabbe, Peter Cameron, and Victorian State Trauma Outcomes Registry. "Is paramedic judgement useful in prehospital trauma triage?." Injury 36, no. 11 (2005): 1298-1305.
Haner, A., P. Örninge, and A. Khorram-Manesh. "The role of physician–staffed ambulances: the outcome of a pilot study." Journal of Acute Disease 4, no. 1 (2015): 63-67.
Ambulance Transportation · decision-making · Discharging from the Scene · EMS · Outcome
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Miro Skala-Starytskyj
June 13, 1909 – February 16, 1969
Miro Skala as the Duke of Mantua in Zürich 1950
Miro Skala (Myroslav Starytskyj) was born June 13, 1909 in the town of Skala, in western Ukraine. He started singing early as his father was the local choir director. Until his late twenties he mostly sang musical comedy. On one such occasion, in 1937, a member of the audience happened to be Adam Didur. The famous basso recognized the young singer's potential for opera and encouraged him to enter the Institute of Music in Lviv. After completing two years of study with Didur at the Institute he received the first prize in voice and an opportunity to make his operatic debut as Faust. Starytskyj continued singing at the Lviv Opera Theater (Barinkay in Zigeunerbaron, Pinkerton in Madama Butterfly, Andrij in Zaporozhets za Dunajem) while enrolled in the Vienna Academy of Music for further vocal study. He received his diploma from the Academy with distinction in 1942 and was immediately offered a contract as first tenor with the Pfalztheater Kaiserslautern. In 1943/44 he sang with the Opéra National du Rhin in Strasbourg. This was a great opportunity that also provided valuable experience with guest appearances in Brno, Leipzig, Prague and Berlin.
In 1945 Starytskyj returned to Vienna to join the Volksoper Wien and started singing from then on under the name of either "Miro Skala" or "Miro Skala-Starytskyj". He achieved such popularity in Vienna and in all the major venues in Austria that in 1946 the Bureau Concerts de Valmalete engaged him for a series of concerts in France. In January of 1947 he made his French concert debut at Salle Gaveau in Paris. Many appearances followed on radio, television, in concerts and opera in Toulouse, Bordeaux and Paris. He improved his French repertoire singing Faust, Roméo, Nadir, Werther. Skala sang at the Gran Teatre del Liceu in Barcelona in 1948 (Grigorij in Boris Godunov, Sadko and Kitezh), at the Opéra National de Paris in 1949, at the Opernhaus Zürich in 1950 (Duke of Mantua in Rigoletto, Ismaele in Nabucco). On October 12, 1951 he created the role of Igor in the delayed premiere of Bizet's Ivan IV at the Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux. By 1952 Skala had appeared in almost all the major opera houses of France, Belgium, Switzerland and North Africa. From 1953 to 1955 he was under contract with the Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie in Brussels singing Rodolfo in La bohème, Turiddu, Lenskij, Faust, Pinkerton, Nadir, Duke of Mantua and Cavaradossi.
Between 1955 and 1962 Skala made several concert tours of the United States, Canada and Great Britain. In 1963 Skala founded a music-drama studio in Paris, where he taught until his untimely death in 1969. All in all Skala sang over thirty operatic roles and performed in over a hundred concert recitals. Skala recorded several albums of art songs and arrangements of Ukrainian folk songs and a collection of unpublished opera arias. Most of his recordings with orchestra were done with the Belgium National Orchestra or the orchestra of the Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie with Rene Defossez always conducting.
I wish to thank Victor Roman for the biographical notes.
Miro Skala-Starytskyj sings Roméo et Juliette: Ah lêve-toi, soleil
Miro Skala-Starytskyj sings Oj polja, vy polja (Barvynskyj)
Miro Skala-Starytskyj sings Les pêcheurs de perles: Je crois entendre encore
I wish to thank Igor Milner for the recordings (Roméo et Juliette, Barvinskyj song).
I wish to thank Georges Voisin and Lysiana Medine for the recording (Pêcheurs).
Interview with Miro Skala, Entr'acte, Paris 1958
I wish to thank Christian Torrent for the copy of the article.
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Russia-Kazakhstan Interregional Cooperation Forum
Vladimir Putin and Kassym-Jomart Tokayev took part, via videoconference, in the plenary meeting of the 17th Russia-Kazakhstan Interregional Cooperation Forum.
Novo-Ogaryovo, Moscow Region
In 2021 the forum is themed Cooperation in the Field of Ecology and Green Growth. Invited to take part in the discussions are the heads of key ministries and the heads of a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
A package of documents was signed on the sidelines of the forum. In particular, documents related to the preservation of saiga antelope and Caspian seal populations, a series of agreements on bilateral cooperation between Russian and Kazakh regions, and a number of contracts between companies.
The Russia-Kazakhstan Interregional Cooperation Forum involving both countries’ heads of state is held annually to maintain and promote economic, cultural and humanitarian ties between Russia and Kazakhstan.
Speech at the plenary meeting of the 17th Russia-Kazakhstan Interregional Cooperation Forum
President of Russia Vladimir Putin: First of all, I would like to say that I am very happy to see you, Mr Tokayev. Not so long ago, we were working together and agreed to take part in today’s event.
You have brought up all the most important issues and there only remains for me to comment on some of them. I will do this with pleasure and am even likely to succeed in formulating certain proposals concerning the points you have just set forth.
First of all, I would like to say that I am happy to welcome the participants in the 17th Russia-Kazakhstan Interregional Cooperation Forum.
Regrettably, the pandemic prevented us from organising the meeting of representatives of both countries’ regions last year, but this year – incidentally this is the proposal of the President of Kazakhstan – we agreed to hold this event and work together at least via videoconference.
On the whole, regional forums are indeed of the utmost importance. Not only do they make a considerable contribution to the development of ties between constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the regions of Kazakhstan, but they also facilitate the strengthening of the comprehensive Russian-Kazakhstani strategic partnership as a whole. I am confident that the discussions at this forum will also be useful and will yield a concrete practical outcome.
I would like to note that our countries maintain truly intensive, diverse and mutually beneficial cooperation. From the very beginning, we have been building our relations in this manner, and this has almost always been the case throughout modern history. This primarily applies to trade and investment.
Thus, over seven months of 2021, bilateral trade volumes expanded by 34 percent to reach, according to our statistics, $14 billion. Mutual trade volumes are to reach a record-breaking $20 billion by the end of the year. It is precisely inter-regional cooperation that has made this possible. In all, 76 of the Russian Federation’s 85 territories maintain solid ties with all regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
We are clearly satisfied with the fact that, as of late, we have continued to maintain and actively expand exchanges involving delegations of regional authorities, representatives of business circles and the public at large. In the third quarter of 2021 alone, the heads of Bashkortostan and Astrakhan and Ryazan Regions have visited Kazakhstan. And massive delegations from Udmurtia and Sverdlovsk Region are also set to visit their Kazakhstani colleagues.
Work is also underway involving twin cities, namely Moscow and Nur-Sultan, St Petersburg and Almaty, Rostov-on-Don and Uralsk, Makhachkala and Aktau, Omsk and Pavlodar.
An impressive contractual legal framework of regional cooperation has been formulated. There are plans to sign quite a few important agreements between regions of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan during the current forum. An inter-governmental agreement or, rather, a programme of inter-regional and cross-border cooperation up to 2023 is also being drafted.
Indicatively, this year’s forum is devoted to a topical subject, namely, ecology and green growth, and the President of Kazakhstan has already discussed this in great detail. This is a worldwide trend, and Russia and Kazakhstan also devote great, if not high-priority, attention to these matters.
Our countries have already accumulated substantial experience in cooperation in the area of environmental protection, water – which is very important for us, I confirm what Mr Tokayev has said – and forest management. This is particularly important for us, for Russia. Mr Tokayev has said that Kazakhstan has few forest-covered territories, while Russia has a lot.
We need to reach agreement on mutual cooperation in this field, in the interests of both countries, to utilise Russian and Kazakhstani capabilities, to discuss biodiversity and specially protected nature territories and to work on these matters.
Fruitful dialogue is also underway between our federal and regional environmental agencies. The Russian-Kazakh Commission on the Environment, the Commission on the Joint Use and Protection of Transboundary Water Courses, and the Commission on the Preservation of the Ecosystem of the Ural River are working successfully.
As we are all aware, the Ural and the Irtysh are two large rivers running across Russia and Kazakhstan, and so they are indeed of great economic, environmental and even cultural importance for our countries. It is for a reason that joint Russian-Kazakh programmes have been adopted for the preservation of the ecosystems of the Ural and Irtysh rivers. They stipulate extensive joint involvement in all these events, that is, scientifically substantiated efforts to restore the biosphere, identify pollution sources and purify wastewaters. It has been proposed to synchronise our efforts under these two programmes by preparing roadmaps for them, which I regard as absolutely correct.
I would like to remind you that 10 years ago Russia and Kazakhstan established the Great Altay Transboundary Biosphere Reserve, which incorporates the Katon-Karagay Biosphere Reserve in Eastern Kazakhstan and the Katun Nature Reserve in Russia’s Republic of Altai. It was a perfectly correct decision, because nature, as we know, has no borders and so we must protect it together; this is more effective.
This is why, of course, we support the implementation plans for another transborder project under the aegis of UNESCO, which will allow us to combine the ecosystems of the Bokeyorda Nature Reserve in the West Kazakhstan Region (Kazakhstan) and the Lake Elton Reserve in Volgograd Region in Russia.
Another environmental issue of major significance for Russia and Kazakhstan is the preservation of rare animal species, which the President of Kazakhstan has spoken about persuasively. These species include the saiga antelope and the Caspian seal. There are also efforts to combat wildfires, of course; we understand that fighting steppe fires is very important for Kazakhstan and for us as well. The methods include the planting of protective forest belts and forest rehabilitation. This should certainly be done on the basis of partnership and cooperation, for it would be impossible to attain the desired goal otherwise, which is perfectly obvious.
Our countries are addressing an entire range of tasks to reduce the negative anthropogenic impact on the environment. This implies switching to a new energy concept stipulating the reduced use of hydrocarbon fuel and the rapid de-carbonisation of the economy. This means that federal and regional authorities need to pool their efforts.
I would like to use this opportunity to say that Russia is working actively to create favourable conditions for a transition to a low-carbon economy. We have passed a federal law stipulating basic climate regulation mechanisms. We are drafting a road map for economic de-carbonisation. The idea is that all Russian regions will be involved in the implementation of the road map, in the context of their social and economic realities, climate specifics and the volume of their natural resources.
Moreover, we are paying substantial attention to the all-out technological modernisation of regional economies and to upgrading the infrastructure. We are motivating local authorities and businesses to increase the share of low-carbon energy sources, to more actively introduce technologies reducing the industry’s carbon footprint and to boost the energy efficiency of the housing and utilities sector.
Russian regions are doing a lot to reduce atmospheric pollution levels during the production of natural fuel and its transportation. We are introducing modern and effective systems for trapping associated gas in the area of crude oil production. We have accomplished a lot here, even more than many other countries have, especially oil-producing countries. We have accumulated positive experience in this field, and we are ready to share it with our Kazakhstani friends, if they are interested. To the best of my knowledge, our Kazakhstani partners are interested in this matter, and this provides ample opportunities for fruitful cooperation.
Some territories of the Russian Federation are establishing a chain of testing facilities for measuring anthropogenic emissions and calculating the carbon balance. These monitoring systems will soon start operating in Kaliningrad Region, in Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Novosibirsk and Sakhalin Regions, Krasnodar Territory and the Chechen Republic.
An experiment to introduce low-carbon and carbon-free technologies has been launched in Sakhalin Region. These technologies will ensure that the region is carbon-neutral by 2025. We are ready to share all these inventions and this experience with our colleagues from Kazakhstan.
But, of course, we should not forget that we are oil and gas producing countries, and that this switchover to a low-carbon economy is virtually impossible without gas. This is simply unrealistic. Regarding natural gas vehicles, mentioned by Mr Tokayev, we are also working in this direction, and we are ready to pool our efforts, all the more so as we maintain active trans-border traffic, and it is very important to have the relevant refueling and service stations and so forth in both countries. This is an absolutely practical matter.
We have also done a good deal of groundwork in hydrogen technology. In particular, we have launched hydrogen transport development projects. We are open for cooperation with our Kazakhstani partners in the design of equipment and the implementation of hydrogen production, storage and transportation projects.
Considerable attention is also being given in Russia to expanding the use of gas fuel, as I have already mentioned, and the development of the relevant infrastructure. We continue working to diversify natural gas, including LNG, deliveries. We plan to increase its production – I will provide the figure now, and I am not just hopeful but confident that it is a realistic plan – to 140 million tonnes a year by 2035. We believe that we can work together with our Kazakhstani friends in this sphere as well.
As for the peaceful use of nuclear energy – my Kazakhstani colleague and friend has already mentioned this, we are closely monitoring the plans of our neighbours, friends and allies, including Kazakhstan, in the peaceful use of nuclear energy. As I have already said, I will try to formulate our proposals regarding the ideas put forth by the President of Kazakhstan. Russia is offering its partners, including Kazakhstan, support and assistance in the construction and maintenance of nuclear power stations, if you take the relevant decisions.
In particular, we could discuss more than just the construction of a nuclear power station based on a Russian design in the republic. The issue concerns the creation of a whole new industry, including the training of Kazakhstani personnel in nuclear energy-related fields at Russian universities.
The polluting effect of nuclear power stations is negligibly small. Russian professionals are working consistently to reduce their effect on the atmosphere by improving technologies and installing efficient gas purification equipment.
Overall, I would like to say once again that Russia and Kazakhstan have good prospects for joint projects in the fields of environment and green growth. We hope that all regions in our countries, Russia and Kazakhstan, will join in actively. For our part, Mr Tokayev and I regularly discuss the issue in various formats, and we will certainly support our colleagues in the governments and the regions.
In conclusion I would like to express gratitude to the forum’s organisers and participants and to wish them every success.
In 2022, the next interregional forum is scheduled to be held in Russia. We have set our eyes on Orenburg. I would like to invite all of you to visit us and hope that we will be able to meet in person. I am confident that our join work, including in the fight against the coronavirus epidemic, will produce the necessary results and that we will be able to at long last meet face to face, discuss all our plans and projects in detail and adopt decisions necessary for our effective progress.
Vladimir Putin: I would like to ask your Minister of Ecology a question.
Mr Brekeshev, I have a question about restoring the tiger population. Did tigers roam these places in Kazakhstan in the past? Do I understand it correctly that we are speaking of restoring the tiger population?
Minister of Ecology of the Republic of Kazakhstan Serikkali Brekeshev: Yes, Mr President. We are talking about the reintroduction of tigers. Historical facts show that a tiger population once roamed this region.
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev Tokayev Kassym-JomartPresident of the Republic of Kazakhstan : We are talking about the so-called Turanian tiger. The last of them were sighted in the 1930s, and they disappeared from Kazakhstan shortly before the Great Patriotic War.
These are steppe tigers; in ancient times they were sabre-tooth tigers. Consequently, we are now promoting an international project to restore the population of these tigers called the Turanian tigers.
Naturally, we are inviting Russian specialists to take part in this highly interesting project. The Minister of Ecology has mentioned the size of the territory allotted for this tiger population. I believe that the Turanian tiger project is a very interesting one that can be implemented.
Vladimir Putin: Where can we obtain them? Do they still live somewhere? How can the population be restored?
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev: Specialists should have their say.
I suppose that, perhaps, we should use tiger species now living in the Russian Federation, and biologists and other specialists will join the process later on.
Vladimir Putin: We have restored certain animal populations, including Persian leopards in the Caucasus and snow leopards in Siberia. They were extinct here, but similar species live in Tajikistan and Iran, and we import them from Iran and Tajikistan. We inter-breed them with surviving animals here, and this is how specialists work to breed them and to restore the population.
But it is a good question as to where we can find completely extinct animals.
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev: Generally speaking, tigers are the same everywhere.
Vladimir Putin: Yes, that is true.
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev: Tigers are more or less the same everywhere, be it in India, Russia, or other countries.
Vladimir Putin: No, the largest Russian tigers live in the Far East.
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev: Yes, I know, this is the Amurtiger.
We have seen you visit the taiga and take part in restoring the tiger population. We know all about this, and we are monitoring this process.
This is, of course, a complicated matter, but tigers are the same everywhere. Biologists should work on this and try and restore this population which had once roamed in Kazakhstan. Of course, it is impossible to completely achieve this goal, but we should give it a try.
Specialists from other countries, from UNESCO and other international organisations are helping us, and, of course, assistance on the part of Russia will be very important here. I believe that the Minister of Ecology has raised this matter correctly.
Vladimir Putin: Mr Tokayev, we will be happy to join in at government level, and I think, at expert level, too.
Our specialists who have accumulated very good experience over the past few years will certainly find this interesting. We will be happy to share this experience, and to work together with you.
Tokayev Kassym-Jomart
Publication date: September 30, 2021, 11:40
http://en.kremlin.ru/catalog/keywords/86/events/66809
Last updated at September 30, 2021, 17:17
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Dave McGary
Birth place or City of origin: Cody
State of origin: WY
Last known City: Alto
Dave McGary is becoming a living legend among contemporary artists of the American West. He is considered the Master of Realism, depicting Native American Indians, and his many awards during the past decade more than verify his popularity among collectors and fellow artists. His ability to capture the human spirit knows no equal, and his attention to detail in form and historic content are exhilarating.
Dave was born the son of a ranching family in Cody, Wyoming. As a teenager, he was awarded a grant to study anatomy and the bronze making process with master craftsmen in Italy. After returning to America in 1978, Dave spent the next three years working a bronze foundry and finishing facility in the southern mountains of New Mexico.
By 1982, Dave’s bronze work began receiving recognition at national art competitions, receiving gold and silver medals for Death Mask, Story of the Little People, My Heart Is The Eagle, War Deeds, Birth Of Long Soldier, and Long Soldier. Two of his bronzes, Horse Thief and Buffalo Warrior, are in the permanent collection in the Old Executive Office building at the White House Complex, Washington, D.C.
Dave has been selected by jury twice to show in the prestigious Hubbard Art Award for Excellence Show, where he was one of the most popular artists, selling out his work. His life-size work, Long Soldier, was selected for public display at the State Capital Building in Santa Fe. He was commissioned by the City of Santa Fe to depict Don Pedro de Peralta, founder of Santa Fe. The one and one-half times life-size, 18’ foot high and 22’ foot long monument was installed and dedicated during Fiesta Days in September 1992.
Early in 1995, he constructed his own Finishing Studio and Expressions in Bronze Gallery. In July, Free Spirits at Noisy Water, Dave’s monumental sculpture of eight horses running through a natural landscape, was installed at The Museum of the Horse in Ruidoso Downs, New Mexico. The bronze sculptures and the surrounding park were designed, sculpted and engineered by McGary. Considered an engineering feat, the eight horses, weighing 3,000-5,000 pounds each, are balanced on only nine feet. The Paint Mare with Foal, Arabian, Morgan and Standard-bred is one of the largest equine sculptures in the world, totaling 255’ feet in length. The top-most horse, the Standard-bred, stands more than 36’ feet in the air as he leaps from a man-made mountain. In July of 1995, Dave also received the New Mexican of the Year Award, and in October he received the Honorary Lifetime Alumni Award from Eastern New Mexico University for his contributions to the Arts in New Mexico.
In 1996, Dave introduced three new Masterworks, Not Afraid of Pawnee, Young Men of the Enemy Fear His Horses, and The Rainmaker Top-Edition. He also introduced Crow King Study and his third artifact, Lakota Hoofprint.
In March of 1997, Dave premiered Strong Hearts, the first bronze in a series of Native American women. Strong Hearts portrays a Sioux Mother with her baby son in a beaded cradleboard on her back and her young daughter at her side. They represent the surviving family of a Strong Hearts Society Warrior who died protecting his family and the tribe. In August of that year, he also premiered his second new image for the year, A Matter Of Honor depicting the famous warrior Crow King on his warhorse, at the Battle of the Little Big Horn.
Dave released his new limited edition book in May of 1997 entitled Dave McGary, American Realism in Bronze: A Twenty Year Retrospective. This limited edition volume features text by noted author Michael Duty, as well as detailed photographs of Dave McGary's works over the past twenty-three years. In addition to the Basic Edition book, Dave premiered the second state of The Rainmaker, the Bust, signed and numbered for all the Collectors who had purchased this piece. During this Gala his Collectors where introduced to the first piece in his Native American Children Series, In Her Father’s Footsteps.
On February 22, 1998, Dave installed a 30’ foot tall, 15’ foot wide monument at the Houston Astrodome. The sculpture, Touch The Clouds, depicts a nineteenth century Miniconjou Chief who fought alongside Crazy Horse at the Battle of the Little Big Horn. The project was announced at a ceremony and national media press conference in February of 1996, where Dave unveiled a 43” inch bronze Masterwork of the monument. Although the fine art collection owned by the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo is extensive, Touch The Clouds will be the first and largest sculpture to portray a Native American.
In 1998, Dave introduced several pieces. The first, released in March, depicted the warrior Gray Hawk and was entitled Bounty of Gray Hawk. Walks Among The Stars, the second in his Native American Women’s Series, was released in May. Later he released a two-figure piece in which a Strong Hearts Society Warrior and his wife is depicted in the piece called Hearts of Conviction. Along with these pieces, Dave released the newest addition to his Artifact series, Home Sweet Home, which depicts a field mouse sitting on top of his home, a pair of moccasins.
February 1999, Iron Hail premiered featuring a Teton Sioux Warrior. Iron Hail was thought to have the power to make it rain and hail on his enemies. August 20, 1999, brought wonderful news to McGary Studios, Dave was selected to sculpt the Shoshone Warrior and Peacemaker, Chief Washakie. There will be three life sizes completed of Chief Washakie, one in our nations capitol, the two remaining placed at the Wyoming state capital and at the joint Shoshone and Arapaho Complex in Fort Washakie. In May, Bounty of Gray Hawk and Bear’s Nest masterworks were on loan to the International Museum of Art in El Paso, Texas for the grand opening of the museum. August also saw the completion of Dave’s Symphonies of the Heart, the third in his acclaimed Women Series. It depicts a young Lakota Sioux couple of the mid 1800s and shows an important part of the courting ritual of the Lakota people.
Courtesy of www.askart.com
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https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/4387/text?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Tule+Lake+LaMalfa%22%5D%7D&resultIndex=1
2d Session
To establish the Tule Lake National Historic Site in the State of California, and for other purposes.
Mr. LaMalfa introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Natural Resources
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. Short title.
This Act may be cited as the “Tule Lake National Historic Site Establishment Act of 2016”.
SEC. 2. Definitions.
In this Act:
(1) HISTORIC SITE.—The term “Historic Site” means the Tule Lake National Historic Site established by section 3(a).
(2) MAP.—The term “Map” means the map entitled “Tule Lake National Historic Site Proposed Boundary”, numbered 501/128,313, and dated March 2015.
(3) MONUMENT.—The term “Monument” means the World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument.
(4) SECRETARY.—The term “Secretary” means the Secretary of the Interior.
(5) STATE.—The term “State” means the State of California.
(6) AIRPORT.—The term “Airport” means the Tule Lake Municipal Airport, designated O81 by the Federal Aviation Administration.
(7) COUNTY.—The term “County” means the County of Modoc.
(8) CITY.—The term “City” means the City of Tulelake.
SEC. 3. Tule Lake National Historic Site.
(a) Establishment.—To preserve, protect, and interpret for the benefit of present and future generations the historic site of incarceration and segregation of United States citizens of Japanese descent and resident immigrants of Japanese citizenry at Tule Lake during World War II, there is established the Tule Lake National Historic Site in the State as a unit of the National Park System.
(b) Boundaries.—The boundaries of the Historic Site shall be the boundaries generally depicted on the Map.
(c) Availability of map.—The Map shall be on file and available for public inspection in the appropriate offices of the National Park Service.
(d) Administration.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall administer the Historic Site in accordance with—
(A) this Act; and
(B) the laws generally applicable to units of the National Park System, including—
(i) section 100101(a), chapter 1003, and sections 100751(a), 100752, 100753, and 102101 of title 54, United States Code; and
(ii) chapter 3201 of title 54, United States Code.
(2) INTERAGENCY AGREEMENT.—The Director of the National Park Service and the Director of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service shall enter into an agreement to allow the Director of the National Park Service to manage and interpret the resources of the portions of the Historic Site, as depicted on the Map, that are located within the boundary of the Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge, consistent with the management requirements of the Refuge.
(3) SHARED RESOURCES.—To the maximum extent practicable, the Secretary may use the resources of the Lava Beds National Monument to administer the Historic Site.
(4) MANAGEMENT PLAN.—
(A) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 3 years after the date on which this Act is enacted available to prepare a general management plan for the Historic Site, the Secretary shall prepare the general management plan in accordance with section 100502 of title 54, United States Code.
(B) COORDINATION.—The Secretary shall coordinate the preparation and implementation of the general management plan under subparagraph (A) with the Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge.
(C) CONSULTATION.—When preparing the general management plan, the Secretary shall consult with the City, County, and Airport to ensure that management of the Historic Site does not negatively impact operation of the Airport.
SEC. 4. Removal of Tule Lake unit from the World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument.
(a) Boundaries.—The boundaries of the Monument are revised to exclude from the Monument the land and interests in land known as the “Tule Lake Unit”, consisting of portions of the Tule Lake Segregation Center National Historic Landmark and Camp Tule Lake, as depicted on the Map.
(b) Incorporation into historic site.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—The land and interests in land excluded from the Monument under subsection (a) are incorporated in and made part of the Historic Site in accordance with section 3.
(2) USE OF FUNDS.—Any funds for the purposes of the land and interests in land excluded from the Monument under subsection (a) shall be made available for the purposes of the Historic Site.
(c) References.—Any reference in a law, regulation, document, record, map, or other paper of the United States to the Tule Lake Unit of World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument shall be considered to be a reference to the Tule Lake National Historic Site.
SEC. 5. Consultation requirement.
The President may not designate lands for inclusion in the Historic Site outside the boundaries depicted on the Map, and the Secretary may not acquire lands for inclusion in the Historic Site outside the boundaries depicted on the Map, unless not more than 1 year before such designation or acquisition, the Secretary of the Interior—
(1) consulted with County and City; and
(2) obtained written concurrence for the designation or acquisition from the governing bodies of the City and County.
SEC. 6. Buffer zones or regulation.
Nothing in this Act, the establishment of the park, or the management plan of the park shall be construed to create buffer zones outside of the park. That an activity or use can be seen or heard from within the park shall not preclude the conduct of that activity or use outside the park.
Page Updated: Thursday January 28, 2016 12:35 AM Pacific
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IJTC
ITSA’s work is governed by an Executive Committee of scholars who volunteer their time to support the work of ITSA, and who are elected to serve for defined terms of office.
ITSA President – Professor Dr. Xinran Lehto, Purdue University, USA
Professor Xinran Lehto is a professor of Hospitality and Tourism Management at Purdue University. She is an associate editor of Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research and serves on the editorial board of Tourism Management and six other international academic journals. Professor Lehto is also the president of International Tourism Studies Association (ITSA). In that capacity, she promotes the mission of bridging the gaps between developed and developing economies, and between experienced and inexperienced scholar via the use of tourism research, education, and practice.
Dr. Lehto’s expertise area is destination experience design, management, and marketing. Her research addresses how destinations can effectively plan and market experience-based vacation products to various traveler segments. Dr. Lehto is a prolific scholar. She has published more than 140 academic research papers, with numerous in leading journals such as Annals of Tourism Research, Tourism Management, Journal of Travel Research, and International Journal of Hospitality Management.
Dr. Lehto was an assistant professor at Colorado State University before joining the Purdue faculty. Prior to her academic appointments, she was a practitioner in the travel and tourism industry. She workedas a marketing and planning executive for Chan Brothers Travel (Singapore) and as a marketing officer for China National Tourism Administration. Dr. Lehto believes that the wellbeing of travelers and communities is the starting point for all tourism marketing and planning strategies. She considers wellness-centered tourism design as a social responsibility and a strategic advantage for a destination.
Founding Chairperson – Professor Dr. Bihu Wu, Peking University, PRC
Biography coming soon….
Past President – Professor Dr. Alastair Morrison, University of Greenwich, UK
Alastair M. Morrison, Ph.D. is a Research Professor at the University of Greenwich in London, UK and formerly a Distinguished Professor Emeritus at Purdue University, USA specializing in the area of tourism and hospitality management and marketing. Prof. Morrison is one of the original founders of the International Tourism Studies Association (ITSA) and served as its President for four years. He has published 300 academic articles and conference proceedings. He is the author of six books, World Tourism Cities (Routledge, 2022); Marketing and Managing Tourism Destinations, 2nd edition (Routledge, 2019); The Tourism System, 8th edition, (Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 2018); Global Marketing of China Tourism (China Architectural & Building Press, 2012); Hospitality and Travel Marketing, 4th edition (Delmar Publishers, Inc., 2010); and Tourism: Bridges across Continents (McGraw-Hill Australia, 1998. He is the Co-Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Tourism Cities.
In addition to having lived and worked in five different countries, Professor Morrison has had a wide variety of experience in the global tourism industry. Most recently he has conducted training programs and provided marketing and development advice for Australia, Bahrain, Cabo Verde, Cambodia, China, Ghana, Greece, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Italy, Jamaica, Macau, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia, New Zealand, Palestine, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Scotland, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Trinidad & Tobago, and Vietnam.
Prof. Morrison received several teaching awards and honors at Purdue University. He is a Founding Member of the Purdue University Teaching Academy and his name has been entered in Purdue’s Book of Great Teachers. His College chose him twice as its nominee for The Purdue University Outstanding Undergraduate Teaching Award. He was selected as one of the winners of Purdue University’s Charles B. Murphy Award for Outstanding Undergraduate Teaching, Purdue University’s most prestigious award for undergraduate teaching.
Regional Vice President Representative – Professor Dr. Cine Van Zyl, University of South Africa, SA.
China Office Representative – Dr. Han Shen, Fudan University, PRC
Professor Han Shen is a professor of Tourism Management at Fudan University. She is an guest editor of Journal of Tourism and Travel Marketing, Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, Journal of China Tourism Research and serves on the editorial board of Journal of Destination Management & Marketing and four other international academic journals. Professor Shen is also the Co-founder of China Tourism behavior Research academic Alliance, Guest Researcher of the China Academy of Social Sciences, Certified Hospitality Educator of American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute, Certification in Hotel Industry Analytics of STR Share Center, USA.
Dr. Shen’s expertise area is consumer behavior, service marketing and management, destination marketing and branding. She has published more than 70 academic research papers and 5 academic monographs. She has conducted 12 research grants at national and provincial levels as Principle Investigator, and more than 30 research grants as Co-PI.
Dr. Shen is also a member of many think tanks in China, and serves as the Tourism Expert for many provincial governments. She is the forum planner of the World Culture & Tourism Conference, Asia-Pacific Tourism Forum, Maritime Silk Road Summit Forum, etc.
Dr. Shen was selected as the “Outstanding Talent of Fudan University 2025”, “Youth Expert of Tourism” by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of China, “Best Author Contribution Award” by the Emerald Publishing Group, and many best paper awards. She also achieved the national MTA Excellent Case Award and Model Teaching Course Award by the Ministry of Education of China and Shanghai Education Commission.
London Office Representative – Dr James Kennell, University of Greenwich, UK
Research Director – Dr. Ksenia Krillova, Institute Paul Bocuse, France
Ksenia is an associate professor of marketing at Institute Paul Bocuse (Lyon, France). Her main research interests are consumer experiences in tourism and hospitality, which draws on philosophy (existentialism and aesthetics), social theory, and marketing theory, with practical implications for destination marketing. Particularly, her research is focused on aesthetics and transformative tourism experiences. Ksenia has over 16 years of professional experience, of which 9 years in academic and consultancy research. Her research is regularly published in leading international tourism journals, and she has supervised and mentored research students at Bachelor, Master, and PhD levels. Born and raised in Russia, Ksenia’s career spans three continents and countries (USA, Hong Kong, and France). In her free time, she ponders the questions of life, death, human (dis)connectedness, freedom and the meaning of it all.
Communications Director – Dr Aileen Fan, Purdue University, USA
Dr. Alei Fan (Aileen) is an Assistant Professor at Purdue University’s School of Hospitality and Tourism Management. Dr. Fan holds a PhD in Hospitality Management from The Pennsylvania State University, and a Master of Management in Hospitality from Cornell University. Dr. Fan’s research interests include consumer behavior, services marketing, service innovation, and cross-cultural study, particularly focusing on how various forms of service innovation and emerging technology impact on consumers during service encounters.
Before moving into academia, Dr. Fan had a decade of management experience in the hotel industry, working at major hotel chains such as Hilton, Kimpton and Shangri-La across different countries including China, Singapore, and the US. In the spare time, Dr. Fan has her “Top 3” priorities: her dog – a toy poodle named “Bubu”; reading, especially science fiction novels and non-fiction readings; and kickboxing.
Copyright ITSA 2021
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Preventing and countering violent extremism
As a member of the UN Global Counter-Terrorism Coordination Compact, UNICRI contributes to the implementation of coordinated and coherent efforts across the United Nations system to prevent and counter terrorism. The Institute plays a key role in supporting Member States in translating the good practices identified within the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy into national policies.
Drawing on over fifteen years of experience in the field of preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE), UNICRI identified three priority areas for its future initiatives in support of the UN’s Global Counterterrorism Strategy and affiliated resolutions. These areas are: enhancing efforts for rehabilitation and reintegration of violent extremist offenders and returning foreign terrorist fighters, both inside and outside prisons; supporting local communities and civil society organizations in preventing and countering radicalization and extremist activity; and working with vulnerable populations, particularly at-risk youth, to strengthen P/CVE trough empowerment and resilience.
UNICRI is also contributing to enhance knowledge of the nexus between transnational organized crime and terrorism and is assisting Member States in incorporating effective measures within their crime prevention and counter-terrorism strategies. This includes initiatives aimed at improving policies to prevent the trafficking of persons, drugs, arms, and CBRN materials (among others), both for profit and operational use.
New! Guide on the Security of Major Sporting Events: Promoting Sustainable Security and Legacies
National workshop on the nexus between transnational organized crime and terrorism
Addressing the linkages between terrorism and organized crime in Africa: Side-Event to the 76th Session of the United Nations General Assembly
Relevant projects
Countering Radicalization and Violent Extremism in the Regions of Sahel and Maghreb
WHAT IS THE ISSUE WE ARE DEALING WITH?
Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Violent Extremist Offenders in Mali
In August 2016, UNICRI conducted an assessment mission in Mali to present its programme on Rehabilitation & Reintegration of Violent Extremist Offenders (VEOs), developed with
The Initiative on the Nexus between Transnational Organized Crime and Terrorism (Nexus Initiative)
In response to growing evidence and Member States’ concerns about the links between transnational organized crime and terrorism (the nexus), and in co
Addressing the threats related to returning Foreign Terrorist Fighters
Background In recent times, the phenomenon of “foreign terrorist fighters” (FTFs) has expanded worldwide, especially in connection with the ongoing conflicts in Syria and Iraq.
Promoting Juvenile Justice Standards to prevent the recruitment by violent extremist organizations
Overview Children are increasingly affected by terrorism, but at the same time, increasingly engaged in terrorist related activity.
Pathways to Rehabilitation of Violent Extremist Offenders (VEOs)
Results in Brief Since 2012 UNICRI has been supporting Member States, upon request, in their efforts to build effective rehabilitation programmes for violent extremist offenders (VEOs) to
Promoting Social Reintegration of Violent Extremist Offenders (VEOs)
Overview The experience of UNICRI in supporting Member States to build effective rehabilitation programmes for violent extremists has highlighted the need to further enhance reintegration
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