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The dataset generation failed
Error code: DatasetGenerationError
Exception: ArrowInvalid
Message: JSON parse error: Missing a closing quotation mark in string. in row 40
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 153, in _generate_tables
df = pd.read_json(f, dtype_backend="pyarrow")
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 815, in read_json
return json_reader.read()
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1025, in read
obj = self._get_object_parser(self.data)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1051, in _get_object_parser
obj = FrameParser(json, **kwargs).parse()
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1187, in parse
self._parse()
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1403, in _parse
ujson_loads(json, precise_float=self.precise_float), dtype=None
ValueError: Trailing data
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1997, in _prepare_split_single
for _, table in generator:
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 156, in _generate_tables
raise e
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 130, in _generate_tables
pa_table = paj.read_json(
File "pyarrow/_json.pyx", line 308, in pyarrow._json.read_json
File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 154, in pyarrow.lib.pyarrow_internal_check_status
File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 91, in pyarrow.lib.check_status
pyarrow.lib.ArrowInvalid: JSON parse error: Missing a closing quotation mark in string. in row 40
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1529, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1154, in convert_to_parquet
builder.download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1029, in download_and_prepare
self._download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1124, in _download_and_prepare
self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1884, in _prepare_split
for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 2040, in _prepare_split_single
raise DatasetGenerationError("An error occurred while generating the dataset") from e
datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationError: An error occurred while generating the datasetNeed help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
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Motorcycle Investor mag
Farewell Suzuki DR650SE, Sept 30
Suzuki's quiet achiever, the DR650 dual-sport platform, is to finish in Australia as a new import in October 2021. This is in line with regs mandating ABS as standard and suggests we'll see a replacement at some stage.
The DR has rightly won a wide fan base over the years as an economical platform that responds well to mods that turn it into a very handy adventure tourer.
It ends a long run in the local market, with remarkably few changes, that started in 1996.
See our profile of the series.
Bikesales has a story on the ins and outs of the decision.
Suzuki waterbottle – today's time machine, Sept 29
Back in year 2000, this 1976 Suzuki GT750 triple was of interest to a fairly small group of two-stroke enthusiasts, but too old-hat for most other folk. If the ad is right, it was actually a pretty attractive package, with a reco engine and two sets of pipes, including the stockers. Throw in a handful of spares and it probably would have been a reasonable buy at Au$3000 (US$2200, GB£1600)
Of course these days the owner would be hit by a stampede if it was now advertised at that money. Today it's probably worth somewhere in the region of Au$15,000 (US$11,000, GB£8000).
See our mini profile of the model
More Time Machine
MV Agusta bargains? Sept 28
We're seeing some potential bargains out there at the moment, among MV Agusta F4 1000s. Although there are some hideously expensive variants as well. Look for our feature later in the week.
In the meantime, see our guide to the F4 750 – the model that announced the revival of the brand.
BMW R100RS – touring legend, Sept 27
Classic Two Wheels has unwrapped a string of features from the 1970s and 1980s on BMW's legendary R100RS series, which was famous for its mile-eating abilities. See it here.
We've had a few BMWs in the shed over time – see them here.
Adventureland, Sept 26
KTM’s first foray into open-class adventure touring was bold...see the story here.
Bimota KB4 nearing release, Sept 25
Bimota has been teasing images of its new-gen KB4, running a Kawasaki Ninja 1000 powerplant. See this story from Australian Motorcycle News.
Ducati 916 strip and restoration, Sept 24
Got a spare couple of hours? Then you can watch a full strip and restoration of a Ducati 916 Strada Biposto. It's done by a mob called RRC Restoration which, judging by the accent, is based in Scotland.
The five vids are detailed and could be just the thing if you're contemplating a similar project. Or just want to see someone else doing it, without you having to suffer the inconvenience and expense...whatever floats your boat.
See Episode 1 above and the remain episodes here: Episode 2, Episode 3, Episode 4; Episode 5.
We had a 916 for a while – see the story.
See the Classic Two Wheels period test.
Shed find or disaster? Sept 23
While we may dream of finding the untouched/undiscovered and long-forgotten hero bike in a shed somewhere, this one is just a sad case. Spotted on a social media BSA site, the lovely Rocket 3, still in its delivery crate, looks beyond hope.
Of course a very deep wallet can solve any problem like this, but would you bother?
Sporty Sprint, Sept 22
Does anyone out there remember Triumph's Spint RS, circa year 2000? This was a stripped-back and sporty variant of the first 955 series Sprint, priced at Au$13,990 plus ORC (US$10,000, GB£7400), or near enough to $2k less than its fancier sibling.
Not a whole lot sold, though we remember them being a particularly good ride. The 110 horses claim might not light a sport bike buyer's wick these days, but it was enough to make it a lively all-rounder with a sporty edge.
There's a low-miler on Bikesales at the moment, claiming just 13,000km. Located in NSW, it's on the market at Au$7500 (US$5400, GB£4000). Potentially that's pretty good bang for your buck.
See the specs and backgrounder at Motorcycle Specs.
Hardware, Sept 22
We look at the web page for the George Taylor hardware store in sunny Grassmere (near Warrnambool) in Victoria and wonder why more places don't do the same.
If the local Bunnings or Mitre 10 had something along these lines, you might never leave...
Are there any others out there with a motorcycle collection? Drop us a line.
Bond bike, Sept 21
We can only imagine what the deal was to bring this to life, but Triumph has been allowed to licence and sell 250 Tiger 900 Rally Pros as 007 bikes.
Evidently one was used for assorted stunt scenes in the delayed, but soon to released, flick No Time to Die.
The price is Au$31,290 on the road and you can find out more here.
Seventies Arai, Sept 21
We recently ran a 1979 AGV helmets ad, announcing the brand's entry into the Australian market. Here's the more conservative and far less colourful Arai ad from the same era, when London Trading was the distributor. The lids look so plain and simple compared to what's running around these days!
Kawasaki GPz survivor - today's tempter, Sept 20
Remember these? It's the mid-eighties and, while the Kawasaki GPz1100 was the hero of the air-cooled line-up, the 750 was for its day a sweet-handling package that also happened to be pretty robust and quick.
Available in half- and full-faired forms across 1983-88, this model crossed over the introduction of the marque's landmark liquid-cooled GPz900R and its smaller sibling the 750R. However the air-cooled machines still found an audience.
The example above comes with the full fairings and claims to be a survivor in good shape. Based in South Australia, the owner is asking Au$5800 (US$4200, GB£4200) via Facebook.
Shown below with the full fairing in place, the GPz was running a well-proven two-valve air-cooled four-pot powerplant with 36mm carbs, claiming 80hp (60kW), a five-speed transmission and a dry weight of 219kg. Top speed was just shy of 220km/h. In 1986, you would have paid Au $4700 (US$3400, GB£2500) plus ORC for one.
Ze Panzer, Sept 19
We've just added a new liability to our humble fleet, a BMW R1150GS...more here.
Pantah Power, Sept 19
Classic Two Wheels has just published a big Ducati Pantah special, pulling together a few features that cover the 500, 600 and 650, plus the TT600. See it here
Triumph Daytona 1200 – today's time machine, Sept 18
This T300 series Triumph Daytona 1200, advertised as immaculate back in early 2000, was on the market for the somewhat optimistic price of Au$13,000 (US$9500, GB£7000). Five years before it would have set you back over $18,000 (US$14,000, GB£11,000) to get it on the road.
However we doubt very much you would have got more than Au$10,000 (US$7000, GB£5000 ) for it at the time. Weirdly, two decades later, an absolute stunner is still only worth $10-12,000 (US$7-9000, GB£5-6,000).
We have one of these things in the shed and have a feature online about the T300 series. See it here.
See more Time Machine here
Ducati quest, Sept 18
The ABC has an interesting archived story on Western Australian Ducati legend Brook Henry and his quest to build some special Hailwood replicas. See it here.
Random ad for the day, Sept 17
It's 1979 and AGV helmets has entered the market via the Matich company in Sydney, which also became the local distributor for Pirelli motorcycle tyres.
Note the ad boasts of a shell with six layers of Owens Corning fibreglass, all of which carries the endorsement of young Gregg Hansford. Prices started at $39.
Do you still have one tucked away somewhere?
Kawasaki ZX-10, September 16
Flashback: First-gen 1988, very eighties and briefly the quickest production bike in the world. See the feature.
Also see our story on one of its more famous predecessors, the GPz900R.
Retro Yamahas, September 16
From Info Moto: Yamaha is showing off retro GP livery for its new R series. Looks great, doesn't it?
See our first-gen R1 future collectible feature.
Suzuki 1986, September 15
This graphic is as eighties as it gets...Suzuki GSX-R1100 and RG500.
See our GSX-R buyer guide here and RG feature here.
New Vic club permit regs revealed, September 14
As we revealed recently, Victoria has decided to retain its 25-year cut-off for Club Permit vehicles, rather than go to the proposed 30 years. However last week's announcement was short on detail. We now know more, including that the idea of electronic log books has been dropped...more info here.
Ben Galli pic
Random ad for the day, September 13
New Zealand dealer Casbolts, which is still going today, flogging the latest models from Honda and Kawasaki, circa 1972.
Note the prices: NZ$1235 for the quick Kawasaki S2 two-stroke 350 triple, or a more daunting NZ$1669 for the Honda CB500 four-stroke four.
And you could get a pair of gloves for less than five bucks! At the time, the average weekly wage was around NZ$90.
Liquid-cooling for Moto Guzzi, September 12
Moto Guzzi is breaking with a 100-year tradition by liquid-cooling its signature V-twins. The company has released teaser images and footage of the new V100 Mandello sports-tourer series, which includes a single-sided swingarm. See the factory vid, below.
The company has also commissioned a new factory that incorporates a museum, at its existing site at Mandello del Lario.
The big trip: Isle of Man, September 12
Remember a time when the borders were open and travel just involved scratching up wads of money? It seems like an age ago now, but back in 2005 we did the big Isle of Man and UK trip, by motorcycle. Join us for a ride down memory lane.
And see Info Moto's IoM guide here.
Benelli 750 Sei – today's time machine, September 11
It's 1998 and this six-pot Benelli is on the market for less than the price of a Kawasaki ZZR250! More here...
Vic drops 30-year club permit proposal, September 10
A proposal to raise the cut-off age for club permits from 25 to 30 years in Victoria has fallen over. The announcement came via a public notice. There is still considerable detail to be released, but you can read what we know so far via Unique Cars magazine.
Some like it hot – Spannerman, September 9
Spannerman reckons hot weather can make a person do strange things...this and other problems are tackled by Info Moto's resident agony aunt .
Z1-R outperforms CB750 at auction, September 8
A Kawasaki Z1R II was the surprise star at a recent Shannons auction, while an early Honda CB750-Four struggled. More here, including a CB gallery...
Kawasaki 80s style, September 7
Kawasaki Australia's 1980 ad for the mighty Z1-R II heralds a new decade. Back then it was retailed for $3295 plus ORC
Specs and backgrounder at Motorcycle Specs.
Honda sixes in favour, September 6
It seems Honda CBX sixes are very much in favour at the moment, with prices on the rise. The first naked edition has long been in demand, however it now seems the faired second model, aka the Pro-Link version, is now also on plenty of shopping lists.
An example of each was auctioned last month by Bring a Trailer in the USA – both in good shape, with reasonably low miles and coming out of long-term ownership.
The 1979 bike shown above went for Au$28,260 (US$21,000, GB£15,200);
And the 1981 Pro-Link model below went for only marginally less at Au$27,250 (US$20,250, GB£14,600).
BaT does an end-of-month round-up of all the motorcycles it sold – see it here.
1979 specs; 1981 Pro-Link specs.
Yamaha R1 double-header, September 5
Yamaha's first model R1 is one of the key markers in the development of the modern sports bike. We reckon the list runs something like this: Suzuki GSX-R750 1985, Honda CBR900RR Fireblade 1992, Ducati 916 1994 and Yamaha R1 1998.
These bikes are now on the radar for collectors.
Classic Two Wheels has just published its 1998 road test of the machine, which you can see here, and you will find our Future Collectible buyer guide here.
Classic Harleys, September 4
Heavy Duty mag is offering a free download of its Classic Harleys bookazine, published some years ago. It goes from very early machinery through to Panhead.
A generous offer and you can find it here. It includes signing up for their newsletter, which is worthwhile if you have even the slightest interest in Harleys.
Moto Guzzi V7 Sport - today's time machine, September 3
This ad in Two Wheels magazine (Australia) from 1974 lists the exotic Moto Guzzi V7 Sport at $2695, or a few hundred dollars more than a new Kawasaki Z1 would have cost you. More here
Sprint stars, September 2
We know a lot of people with collectible bikes also like to have a day-to-day mount that can take a bit of punishment and still come up smiling, and preferably doesn't cost a bomb to buy. One of our top nominations is Triumph's 1050 Sprint ST, which for a while was easily the pick in the sports-tourer sector.
They're now getting on a bit and tend to have a fair few miles on them, though you will still find the odd exception. Typical is the bike above, a 2006 model with 96,000km on the clock and priced at Au$5000 (US$3700, GB£2700). Asking Au$8000 (US$5900, GB£4300) is the 2007 model with ABS, panniers and claiming 40,000km, below.
This generation Sprint arguably took over from Honda's VFR800 as top dog in the market sector. See our feature on it here.
Suzuki GT250, September 1
Random brochure for the day – the mighty Suzuki GT250 K two-stroke twin from 1973.
Specs and backgrounder at Motorcycle Specs
Want more news & views? See our archive.
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Sherry Anne Featured on Jesus Calling For Every Day Life Series
September 24, 2021 Absolutely Gospel Music News & Scoops 0
Franklin, TN (September 22,2021) Sherry Anne was recently featured in the ‘Jesus Calling Peace For Every Day Life’ series. The series is one of the features of the ‘Jesus Calling by Sarah Young’ social media whose Facebook page has over 1 million followers, with more than 350 thousand followers on Instagram and 30 thousands subscribers on YouTube. Sarah Young, creator of the series, is an author with the #1 bestselling 365-day devotional entitled ‘Jesus Calling’. The ‘Peace For Every Day Life’ series features artists, authors, speakers, actors and others in a devotional-styled format which includes recently featured guests such as Gary LeVox (Rascal Flatts), Lucas Hoge, Jon Acuff, Harry Connick Jr. and Travis Tritt. Sherry Anne shares her journey of embracing a “differently-able lifestyle”, how she dealt with her pursuit of success to heal insecurity, and how she was able to measure up by obtaining the ultimate prize, Jesus Christ.
The video feature of Sherry Anne is available on all the Jesus Calling outlets and as well as Sherry Anne’s YouTube channel: https://youtu.be/LXfZ0aXhydg
Absolutely Gospel Music
AbsolutelyGospel.com
Formed over 19 years ago by Deon & Susan Unthank originally as SoGospelNews.com, the site was birthed from an email discussion group by the same name. The SoGospelNews email discussion list was created by the Unthanks after the Singing News shut down its extremely popular discussion list. SoGospelNews started as a simple webpage listing artists, fans, individuals, etc. that were avid supporters of the newly formed SoGospelNews talk list. The site eventually took on printing news for Southern Gospel artists, and eventually took on reviewing the latest recordings from both signed and independent artists within the small genre. SoGospelNews became the most viewed Southern Gospel website on the Internet with over 4,000,000 hits per month.
The Unthank family are now involved in the site, as well as the addition of over two dozen staff writers. The website is based out of Murfreesboro, Tennessee. In April 2010, SoGospelNews changed its name to AbsolutelyGospel.com. The name change allows them to cover news items of not only Southern Gospel, but also Country Gospel, Inspirational, and Black Gospel.
On January 5, 2011, Susan Unthank passed away, leaving the website in control of Deon, their son, Chris, and their daughter Amy.
Mansion Entertainment
Sherry Anne
Steve Hess & Southern Salvation Featured on New Streaming Platform, Answers.tv
Steve Hess & Southern Salvation Adding New Music To Their 2020 Ark Encounter Concerts
Sherry Anne Releases New Children’s Book
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SUSTAINABLE CASHEW PRODUCTION IN CUDDALORE DISTRICT – A CASE STUDY
Submitted by Haripriya on Wed, 01/01/2014 - 20:35
Cuddalore district
Haripriya.S
Assistant Professor (Horticulture)
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore
email : hpshanmugam@gmail.com
Abstract: Cashew plantations of Cuddalore district has been considered to be the key source of clonal gardens for VRI 3 cashew graft production in Tamil Nadu and Panruti cashews have unique demand in the world market for its nut quality. However, majority of cashew kernel and CNSL processing units in Cuddalore district relied by and large on imported raw nuts to continue their units in operation for at least 200 days a year. Thane cyclone (December, 2011) occurrence in the district has worsened the cashew grower’s situation affecting their livelihood and thereby cashew production in peril. Hence, the constraints of cashew production from establishment in Cuddalore district has been analysed and KVK’s intervention in providing technological solution to overcome the recent thane cyclone loss, despite natural reoccurence in cashew within 2-2.5 months for sustainable cashew production in the district. The essential technological package consist of replacing the old senile and thane cyclone damaged cashew plantations with VRI 3 grafts of 3 months to 1 year old, laser guided land leveler for leveling the undulated lands after tree clearing, use of post-hole diggers for planting new cashew grafts, adopting high density planting method in drip-fertigation system, practicing training and pruning techniques in determining the tree’s frame work, encouraging cultivation of intercrops for income generation during the juvenile period and plant protection aspects to be carried out in the new cashew plantations.
Keywords: Thane cyclone, Cashew grafts, laser guided land leveler, post hole digger, high density planting
Cashews (Anacardium occidentale L.), are high value dry fruits and India is a major player on the cashew in the world. Although cashew cultivation originated in Brazil, at present cashew is being cultivated in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Cashew was first introduced into India by Portuguese missionaries during the 16th century in Goa and Malabar Coast, which later served as the main centers of dispersal to other parts of the country (De Costa, 1978). In India cashew is mainly grown along the west coast of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka and Kerala, whereas in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal along the east coast. To a limited extent it is also grown in Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Chattisgarh. The cashew industry in India is largely an export-oriented industry which employs great number of women to process the nuts. It was only from the early twentieth century that the commercial value of cashew kernel for export and foreign exchange earnings were realized. However, the Indian processing industry has long been dependent on imported cashew nuts. The degree of import dependency has been increasing over time, especially since the mid-1980s. This increasing dependency is attributed to the failure of domestic raw nut production to catch up with growing demand for cashew kernels from both within and outside the country. Presently we are importing raw cashew nuts from African countries, especially Mozambique and ever since most of the African countries started to establish their own raw cashew nut to kernel processing factories, India is facing problem in importing raw nuts as well.
Market for cashews is gradually increasing over the period, whereas its supply is limited. In India the large number of cashew processing units needs about 1.3-1.4 million tons of raw cashew nuts per annum (Bhatt et al., 2011). In order to meet the requirement of the processing industry, India imports about 0.60 -0.70 million tons of raw cashewnuts annually from African and other countries. As these countries have started to establish their own processing units, the availability of raw cashew nuts for import is reducing gradually. Hence, there is an urgent need to increase the production to meet the requirement of the processing factories.
CASHEW PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING IN CUDDALORE DISTRICT
The average share of cashew to total area was the highest in Tamil Nadu (77%) and better demand for raw cashew nut was the most important factor that favoured cashew cultivation in Tamil Nadu (Venkattakumar, 2009). Cuddalore district in Tamil Nadu state was considered to have the maximum area and production under cashew than other cashew production districts in the state. In early years, the cashew industry was mostly located in Kerala, which then had over 50% of cashew plantations in the country. But land ceiling legislation restricted the expansion of cashew sowing in Kerala, as demand for cashew nuts grew (Pavaskar and Kshirsagar, 2012). Cashew popularly known as the ‘Gold mine’ of wasteland was initially introduced into the Cuddalore district (then South Arcot) from konkan coast of Kerala in the early 19th century during British period mainly to meet out their demands of raw cashew nut, as the landscape favoured growth of cashew trees. Cashew is generally grown on neglected land, soils prone for high degree of erosion and usually no intensive soil disturbing activities are required for this crop (Bhat and Venkattakumar, 2006).
a. Milestones in Research and Extension
Originally traditional cashew verities from Kerala were introduced and only after establishment of Cashew Research Station, Vriddhachalam in 1963, exclusive researches on cashew varietal development began in this district. Research efforts resulted in development of 4 improved cashew varieties viz., VRI-1 (1981), VRI-2 (1985), VRI-3(1991) and VRI- 4 (2000) and one hybrid, VRI (CW) H1(2009). Among the improved varieties released from RRS, Vriddhachalam variety VRI-2 (1981) was considered to be the National Variety, as it is suitable to be grown in all cashew growing tracts of India.
Softwood grafting technique had been standardized in the early 1980’s both at NRC Cashew and AICRP on Cashew. This technique has been commercialized for large scale production of cashew grafts. During 1982 the Cashew Research station, Vriddhachalam was upgraded as Regional Research Station under NARP for North Eastern Zone.
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Vriddhachalam was established in 1985 and it started creating awareness among the cashew growers regarding the benefits of planting grafts of improved varieties than seedling progenies through OFT, FLD, on and off campus trainings. The Kendra concentrated on imparting skill based trainings on the production of cashew grafts in the poly greenhouse nursery from 2004 onwards for duration of one week to four weeks per training. It even, played a major role developing the trainees into successful entrepreneurs, as a result of which around 30 cashew graft production nurseries sprouted to grow in the district. In addition to this, KVK is involved in training the farmers on vermicompost production from cashew farm wastes.
Cashew Grafts Production is mainly concentrated in Regional Research Station, Krishi Vigyan Kendra and two State Horticulture Farm (Vriddhaclam and Neyveli) of this district to meet out the requirements of the southern Districts of Tamil Nadu viz., Kanyakumari, Tuticorin, Thirunelveli, Ramnad, Dindigul and other Districts besides the local demand of the Cuddalore district.
The importance of improved technologies in cashew was realized only with the introduction of “Model Clonal Cashew Garden” (MCCG) scheme, under which improved varieties are supplied to the farmers (Johnson and Manoharan, 2009). Tamil Nadu state development department’s viz., Horticulture, Agriculture and Rural Development, Tamil Nadu Forest Plantation Corporation Limited (TAFCORN) were involved in area expansion under improved cashew varieties and rejuvenation of senile cashew orchards under scheme’s such as Integrated Horticulture Development Scheme, National Horticulture Mission, Comprehensive Wasteland Development programme and Watershed Development programme.
b. Development of Cottage industry and Marketing of Cashew
India was the first country to hit the world market with cashew kernels and it was she who pioneered cashew processing as an industry. Even though not much is known of the origins of the industry, it has been recorded that cashew processing on a commercial scale was first started in the mid 1920's by Roch Victoria, a Sri Lankan who migrated to Kollam of Kerala. First export units were established by W.T. Anderson under the name Indian Nut Company in Kollam in India. Cashew nuts were fried in pans and kernels extracted, blanched, graded, and packed in wooden tea chests lined with newspaper before being shipped to the USA. Later, metal tin containers replaced tea chests followed by vacuumed Tin containers and since 1954 machines were used to infuse tin containers with carbon dioxide gas.
Cashew processing facilities vary largely in size. Basically, they can be divided into three categories: cottage processors, semi-industrial processors, and industrial processors. Cottage Industry in the field of cashew has grown up in an increasing manner in the last five years in Cuddalore district. In the district, there are around 250-300 household cashew processing units, 25-30 medium sized export oriented units and 5 major large scale export oriented units by 2012. Even though machines were in use for roasting, shelling and CNSL extraction since 1960’s, the process of shelling, removal of testa and kernel grading by size are still being carried out by manual operations only. About 95 % of the employee’s in the cashew industry in this district are rural women.
Marketing of cashew nut is not properly organized. The channel consists of the producer, village merchant, wholesalers or agents and exporters. Without value addition, the nuts are being sold as raw nuts to the local traders. Often there are intermediaries or wholesalers between the traders and manufactures has resulted in middleman playing an important role in marketing the nuts, thereby reducing the margin or dividends due to the cashew farmers (Johnson and Manoharan, 2009).
c. Cashew Export and Agri Export Zone
The Cashew Export Promotion Council of India (CEPC) was established by the Government of India in the year 1955, with the active cooperation of the cashew industry with the object of promoting exports of cashew kernels and cashew nut shell liquid from India. India has been exporting the cashew kernels since early part of 20th century. Export earnings have been on the increase since 1985. Between 1980 and 1985, although export earnings increased, quantity of cashew kernels exported decreased. Since 1985, there is a steady growth in the quantity of cashew kernels export market.
Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) was signed between Tamil Nadu Government and Government of India in 2005 to set up the Agri Export Zone for Cashew at Panruti , first of its in India for Cashew by the ministry of commerce. It is a joint Venture beween Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation Ltd (TIDCO) and the Chennai-based
M/s. Sattva group of companies with 26% equity participation. The project covered five districts in and around Panruti viz., Cuddalore, Thanjavur, Pudukkotai, Perambalur and Sivaganga accounting for nearly 82% of the total cashew production in the state with 45,000 tonne capacity spread across 85,000 acres of land and 36 farmers as Shareholder.
Any cashew project development in that area can get assistance from APEDA (Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority) besides assistance from ASIDE (Assistance to States for Development of Export Infrastructure and other activities) for development of infrastructure facilities. A common state-of-the-art processing and packaging unit in Panruti spread across about two acres through the special purpose vehicle (SPV) has been developed in the cashew AEZ to promote cashew exports. Cashew kernels processed from this AEZ were exported to the countries like USA, Dubai, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Singapore as deemed export sales.
d. Cashew in Thane cyclone Disaster
Total area under cashew was estimated to be 33,000 ha, out of which 32,162 ha were reported to be damaged by 2011 thane cyclone in the district. Out of this 65 % of the cashew trees were of traditional varieties and around 35 % were of noted VRI series varieties. Among the VRI series cashew varieties, area covered under VRI-2 were 3 % and VRI-3 were of 32 %. The instantaneous traumatic effect of Thane cyclone took a heavy toll on the lives and livelihoods of cashew growers and cashew, the prime export crop of Cuddalore district. In due course of 2-2.5 months after thane cyclone incidence, natural rejuvenation occurred in cyclone damaged cashew plantations proving its semi hardiness nature. In this regard, a revised damaged cashew tree assessment was carried out, which suggested that about 8,700 ha need to be replanted with cashew grafts. A Hi- tech model demonstration cashew field has established at Mel Irrupu village of Panruti under National Horticulture Mission.
TECHNOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS
In India, the productivity of cashew nut is the highest in Maharashtra due to the fact that cashew plantations established were with grafts of high yielding varieties followed by Kerala, where their soils are very fertile. Hence, cashew production and productivity could be enhanced by implementing good management practices and by planting the grafts of high yielding variety. The following proven technologies were considered essential for adoption in order to sustain cashew production in Cuddalore district.
a. LASER GUIDED LAND LEVELER
The non-uniformity of application depth markedly affects efficiency of utilization of irrigation water. In the face of increasing resource constraints (land, labour, and water), new resource conserving technologies must be developed and adopted in both irrigated, and rainfed ecosystems (Jat et al., 2006). The advanced method to level or grade the field is to use laser-guided leveling equipment. The introduction of laser leveling in the 1970’s produced a silent revolution that has raised potential of surface irrigation efficiency to the levels of sprinkler and drip irrigation (Erie and Dedrick, 1979). Laser land leveling technique is well known for achieving higher level of accuracy in land leveling. Laser leveling is a process of smoothening the land surface (± 2 cm) from its average elevation using laser equipped drag buckets to achieve precision in land leveling.
Laser leveler requires 45 HP or more HP tractors. The laser controlled system consists of a laser transmitter, laser receiver, survey receiver, an electrical panel and a twin hydraulic control valve. These levelers are implements consisting of a blade acting as a small bucket for shifting the soil from higher to the low-lying positions (Fig 2). Laser-guided land leveling allows reducing considerable amounts of water use because of a more uniform water distribution over the field (Abdullayev et al., 2007). This is due to the effective smoothening of the soil surface, which in turn reduces not only the irrigation duration ,amounts of water applied to a field but also in improving the use efficiency of precious inputs.
b. TRACTOR MOUNTED POST HOLE DIGGER (AUGER)
A study revealed that an increase of 0.2 to 1.3 g in individual nut weight was due to the effect of in-situ soil and water conservation measures (Manivannan et al., 2010). In this regard, digging of pits of 60 cm3 size and the depth of the pit can be increased upto 3 feet, to which 25 kg of farmyard manure or vermicompost to the top soil along with 1 kg of neem cake, before planting is considered beneficial in soil moisture conservation. In addition, digging pits of 60 cm3 size manually would be a cumbersome operation to plant new grafts in a large area. When the pits are dug manually among the prevailing agriculture labour shortage, the pits would be shallow, resulting in formation of shallow root system. Hence, it was decided that, the tractor mounted post-hole digger would be very useful in formation of pits of desired dimension through drilling mechanism under the circumstances of labour shortage. The tractor mounted post-hole digger also finishes the task in a shorter span of time (40 – 60 sec /pit) and the area coverage is also higher when compared to human efforts.
c. PLANTING OF VRI-3 CASHEW GRAFTS
Cashew being a cross pollinated crop, its progenies raised through seeds cannot be expected to perform true to type and thus heterozygous in nature (Aiyadurai and Koyamu, 1957). Most of the cashew plantations in the country have been raised from open pollinated seeds of unknown pedigree. Hence, if high yields of superior quality are desired, then the best clones must be selected and propagated vegetatively (Swamy, 1997).
Cashew seedling progeny selected from Edianchavadi village of South Arcot district was released in 1999 as variety VRI-3 by Regional Research Station, Vriddhachalam. The prominent nut character of this variety is that it is easy to peel the testa off the kernel and since the nuts were bold in size, they are suitable for export quality. VRI -3 performances well under irrigated conditions and are highly suitable for Tamil Nadu.
The major reason for the reluctance of farmers to take up cashew cultivation is the long gestation period of 10-11 years in obtaining stabilised yields, when the orchard was established with seedling progenies. While the graft planted cashew starts yielding from third year onwards with stabilised yield realized from 8 years after planting.
KVK alone has planned to produce 50, 000 VRI-3 cashew grafts to cater the needs of the farmers. Generally, cashew grafts of three months old would be given to farmers for planting. But in order to increase the survival rates of the grafts in the new plantations, it is also planned that 1 year old cashew grafts produced in polybags would be distributed to the farmer’s for better establishment in the field. In general VRI-3 cashew graft production of the district for the current year is estimated to be 25 lakhs.
d. HIGH DENSIY PLANTING SYSTEM
Canopy expansion rate of cashew is very slow during early years of growth and development. Cashew utilizes hardly 1.5 per cent of the land area during the first year. VRI-3 is most desirable for high density planting, as it has compact canopy. Proper training should be done in the initial years to achieve semi globular canopy with uniform spread. The success of High Density Planting (HDP) depends upon the initial plant population and the time of thinning at later stages.
High density planting reduces weed growth due to early ground coverage by the crop canopy and also reduction in soil temperature thereby increase in soil moisture content especially during peak summer season and also through mulching effect. Regular pruning is needed to contain the canopy. In later years for instance, 11th year after planting, it is necessary to thin out the tree population to 50 per cent by removing every alternate tree in each row. Cashew yield per unitt area can be increased by 2 to 3 folds in high density planting (500 plants per hectare) as compared to the normal density planting (200 plants per hectare). In the Cuddalore district, of the revised thane cyclone affected area of 8,700 ha after natural rejuvenation, it was decided to cover 1200 ha under high density planting system (5 m X 4 m spacing) and remaining 7,500 ha under normal spacing (7 m X 7 m) planting system.
e. DRIP-FERTIGAION SYSTEM
In cashew, majority of the feeder roots are found on the surface layer of the soil, as they’re shallow in nature. About 89 per cent and 54 per cent of feeder roots occur within 2 m radius and 0-1 m depth respectively. Irrigating 80 litres/tree once in four days intervals through drippers from December to March (Total irrigation of 2400 litres / tree/ season) can also increase yield substantially. In well grown trees, roots can extend to 1½ to 4 times beyong its canopy, resulting in root inter-locking and thereof competition for available resources. However, when cashew grafts in High density planting system are planted with drip-fertigation system from the time of planting, its root architecture can be confined within its canopy perimeter and especially the feeder roots, being at the spot of the dripper’s delivery end.
225:75:75 NPK/ha can be applied through fertigation from December to March at one week intervals. With use of water soluble fertilizers, quantity of fertilizers to be applied can be reduced to 75 per cent the quantity of the recommended dose. Yield can be increased from 1 ton per ha in case of high density planting without irrigation to 2 tons per ha with fertigation. It is desirable to have more than 1.0 organic carbon content in the soil. It has also been found that farm yard manure or compost of 30 to 35 kg/adult tree or 20 of poultry manure per adult tree gave better results. Green manuring crops like sun hemp can be grown during rainy season to improve the soil fertility.
f. INTERCROPPING SYSTEM
Intercropping has reduced weeding period of cashew by about 50 per cent when compared to sole cashew crop (Adeyemi, 1989). Growing of intercrops such as black gram (Vamban-6, Co-6)), groundnut (VRI-2, VRI-6, TMV-13), sesame (VRI-1, VRI-2) and cowpea (Co-6, Co-7) in cashew plantations up to 3 years for maximum utilization of the interspace during rainy season is beneficial. In Cuddalore district, apart from the mentioned intercrops, on KVK’s recommendation cashew growers have grown brinjal (PLR-2), annual moringa ( PKM-1), fodder crops and Redgram (Co(RG)-7). Even mixture of these intercrops like annual moringa at 1m distance from the young cashew grafts (5 X 4 m) , the space in between, groundnuts were sown and on the borders redgram were planted in the farmer’s field of Mr. G.Venkatesan and Mr.V.Shankar from Chinnakandayan Kuppam village of this district.
g. CANOPY MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
In High density system of planning, canopy development within manageable size is most essential. Canopy management like training and pruning, affects the quantity of sunlight intercepted by the trees, as tree shape determines the presentation of leaf area to in coming radiation (Singh, 2010). Cashew, a fast growing woody perennial is characterized by spreading branches and irregular tree shape. Such trees are difficult to manage and result in poor nut yield in later years.
Plants should be meticulously trained from the first year of planting itself so as to derive maximum benefit of high density system of planting and avoid thinning of plants. In modified Leader System, the sprouts on leaf axils of the young grafts were removed periodically during the first year as and when required. A clear stem of 0.5-.75m from the ground level should be maintained and later the trunk is allowed to branch in all directions. The central leader should be detopped at a height of 2.5-3 m and a clear semi globular canopy should be allowed to form. The canopy requires annual maintenance by minimum trimming, thereby helps in reduced dead wood and water shoot development. Hence, tapping maximum sunlight can be achieved.
h. PLANT PROTECTION
h.1. Cashew Stems and Root Borer
The Cashew stems and root borer (CSRB) Plocaederus ferrugineus L. is one of the serious pests in cashew. The tiny grub of CSRB bores into the fresh tissue and feeds on the phloem and xylem tissues of the trunk and root with making irregular tunnels. Due to extensive tunneling the vascular tissues were damaged and plant sap movements were arrested and ultimately trees die (Sahu and Sharma, 2008).
Prophylactic measures like maintaining sanitation of the new plantation, training the newly planted grafts to induce branching at one meter height from the ground level, painting the base of the tree trunk up to the height of three feet from the ground level with coal tar: kerosene in 1: 2 ratio or swabbing neem oil (5 %) coupled with soil application of Sevidol 4G @ 75 g per tee to prevent egg laying adult beetles. Preventing planting of CSRB host trees like Silk cotton and Moringa inside or in the vicinity of the new cashew plantations.
h.1.2. Tea Mosquito Bug
Among the several pests infesting cashew, Tea mosquito bug (TMB), Helopeltis antonii Signorent is the most destructive pest of cashew causing damage to tender shoots, inflorescence, immature nuts and apple of various stages of crop development. The nymphs and adults suck the sap from tender shoots, inflorescence, immature nuts and apple. In very severe case of damage even up to 100% loss in the yield may be observed. To control this pest many insecticides are recommended at present (Jalgaonkar et al., 2009).
TMB incidence appears to coincide with flushing period and persists in the field through flowering and fruiting periods. The plant protection measures are to be warranted at these 3 critical periods of crop development to avoid nut yield loss due to TMB incidence. As prophylactic measures, spraying of prophenosphos 35 EC (1ml/l) and carbendazeim (1g/l) during the flushing period and if incidence still persist, another spray of chloropyriphos (2.5ml/l) at one week interval is recommended (SWC, TNAU, 2011).
h.1.3. Die Back or Pink Disease
Die Back or Pinkdisease is caused by Corticium salmonicolor, in which the affected branches initially show white patches on the bark and a film of silky thread mycelium develops on the branches during the monsoon season and later on the fungus develop pinkish growth on upper surface of the bark. In due course of time, the bark splits and peels off and the affected shoots starts drying up from the tip. The disease can be controlled by the pruning the affected branches below the spot of infection and destroying them; protecting the cut surface by application of Bordeaux paste and spraying of Bordeaux mixture 1% twice in May to June before the onset of monsoon.
Cashew nuts,with its unique combinations of fats, carbohydrates, proteins and variety of minerals and vitamins, proved to be a nut of demand in the world market. Presently, India is the second largest producer of cashew nuts in the world and most of her productions were processed for export. Cashew since its introduction has adapted well to the climatic conditions prevailing in Cuddalore district and by adopting proven management technologies along with planting of grafts of high yielding varieties, the production and productivity of cashew can be enhanced, thereby boosting the cottage and export oriented units through AEZ in Panruti with the scope of attaining self-sufficiency in the near future.
Author Dr.S.Haripriya would like to extend her gratitude to scientist’s Dr.S.Jeeva, Dr.V.Ambedgar, Dr.M.S.Aneesa Rani of Regional Research Station, Vriddhachalam; Mrs.P. Manimozhi, AssistantDirector of Horticulture, Vriddhachalam and Mr.Ramalingam, Deputy Director of Horticulture (Planting Materials), Cuddalore; Cashew growers and Cashew Export units of Panruti for their kind cooperation in providing needed information.
Abdullayev, I., Ul Hassan, M. and Jumaboev, K. 2007. Water Saving and Economic Impacts of Land Leveling: The Case Study of Cotton Production in Tajikistan. Irrig. Drain. Syst. 21: 251-263.
Adeyemi, A. A. 1989. Cultural weed control in cashew plantation. Use of intercrops to reduce weed incidence in cashew plots. In : Proc. Int. DLG-symposium on integrated pest management in Tropical and sub-tropical cropping systems, Bad Darkheem Fed. Rep. Germany.
Aiyadurai, S.G. and Koyamu, K. 1957. Variation in seedling trees of cashew. S. Indian Hort., 5: 153-156.
Bhatt, M.G. and Venattakumar, R. 2006. Cashew-Premier position in world market. Survey of Indian Agriculure, The Hindu: 203-207.
Bhat, P.S., Rupa, T.R., Raviprasad, T.N. and M.G. Bhat.2011. Vision 2030. Directorate of Cashew Research, (ICAR), Puttur, Karnataka. www.nrccashew.org/Vision%202030.pdf.
De Costa, C.1978. Tratodo das Drogase Medicinas das indias Orientis, Junta de investigacoes do ultramare. Lisbon. p.356.
Jalgaonkar, V.N., Gawankar, M.S. and P.D. Patil. 2009. Efficacy of some insecticides against cashew tea mosquito bug Helopeltis antonii Sign, J. Plant Prot. Res., 1(1): 96-97.
Jat, M.L., Parvesh Chandna, Raj Gupta, S.K.Sharma and M.A.Gill. 2006. Laser Land Levelling: A Precursor Technology for Resource Conservation. Rice-Wheat Consortium Technical Bulletin Series 7., Rice –Wheat Consortium for the Indo-Gangetic Plains, New Delhi, India, pp 48.
Johnson, B and Manoharan, M. 2009. Marketing Behaviour of Cashew Farmers. Indian Res. J. Ext. Edu., 9 (1).
Pavaskar, M and Kshirsagar, A. 2012. Indian Cashew Indusry meeing competitive challenge of Vienam.Cashew week, 13 (40): 9-13.
Manivannan S., Rajendran.V and Ranghaswami M.V. 2010.Effect of in-situ moisture conservation measures on fruit and nut quality of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) in lateritic soils of Goa. Indian J. Soil Conserv., 38 (2).
Swamy, K.R.M., 1997, Technology for planting material multiplication in cashew. The Cashew, 11 (1): 22-32.
Venkattakumar, R. 2009. Socio-Economic Factors for Cashew Production and Implicative Strategies: An Overview.Indian Res. J. Ext. Edu.: 9 (3).
Report for Quinquennial Review (2002-2006), RRS, Vriddhachalam
Report for Quinquennial Review (2005-06 to 2009-10), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Vriddhachalam.
Scientific worker’s conference. 2011. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
Cashew technologies developed for farmers for adoption. Directorate of Cashew Research, Puttur. http://www.nrccashew.org/CASHEW_TECHNOLOGIES.pdf
Cashew: It’s Origin and Pattern of Consumption. http://www.indian-cashews.com/in-the-news.
Tamil Nadu plans cashew AEZ .The Financial Express dated Feb 07, 2007. http://www.financialexpress.com/news/tamil-nadu-plans-cashew-aez/189301/0.
Sahu , K.R. and D.Sharma. 2008. Management of cashew stem and root borer, Plocaederus ferrugineus L. by microbial and plant products, J. Biopest.,1(2):121 – 123.
Singh,G. 2010. Practical manual on canopy management in fruit crops. Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, Krishi Bhanvan, New Delhi.
PS : This document was prepared by October, 2012.
A thorough and well written
Submitted by Avinash Karnick on Wed, 12/03/2014 - 11:53.
A thorough and well written article
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Star Wars - Ashi's Shame by Daniel Peyton
Article by R. K. Wigal
Chapter 5: Right Choices
Against their master's wishes, the teenaged trainees of Master Binjin's school had already begun to spar with one another. Little Ashi kept working with the training statue, scared of the bigger boys who were beating on each other.
“Hey! What about the runt?” a boy yelled out.
Several of the guys stopped their sparring and came over to Ashi. He tried to ignore them, but they were getting closer.
The guys were old enough to have half of their manes already, which was about the age when they used their hormones to think with instead of their brains. One reached out and caught the small staff that Ashi was swinging and pulled it right of his hands.
“Hey! That's mine!” Ashi jumped up after his staff but wasn't tall enough to reach it.
The boy who took the staff shoved him over. “Don't you know that age means rank in this school? I've been training for six years. You don't talk back to me like that.”
Ashi snarled at him with his tiny fangs. They laughed at this, which made him all the angrier.
“Ooh, better give it back to him. He might bite,” another boy stated mockingly.
“Alright.” He tossed the staff back to the child, “How about showing me why Master is suddenly so happy with you. You're supposed to be so good after only one week.” He pushed Ashi into the sparring circle and picked up a full sized staff.
Ashi was so scared he just closed up and held his arms against himself. He wanted Master Binjin to get back here right now and stop this. Suddenly there came a sharp sting against his shoulder and he looked to see that the boy had hit him, not too hard, but enough to hurt.
“Come on, cub, fight! I'm not letting you go until you fight back.” He swung again and hit Ashi's other shoulder. “Come on!”
Binjin and Yoda arrived at the back of the school to see this impromptu sparring match. He watched the boy hit Ashi on the shoulder once more. Then the teenager went for Ashi's head. Ashi managed to deflect this strike. Ashi stumbled and looked scared, but he executed the deflection just right. A second time he did this and kept himself out of harm’s way. He did not lash out at the brash older boy, only protected himself.
The older boy got mad, as did his best friend. Now two older boys were swinging at Ashi. He deflected two blows and then dropped to the ground to dodge another. Ashi found himself curled up in a ball, scared out of his wits.
Now the two older boys were going to give Ashi something to be scared of. He was actually good and that made them furious. He was supposed to be pathetic. They both swung down but found their staffs frozen in place, inches from Ashi's quivering little body. They were also frozen in place, unable to move.
Yoda had an outstretched hand and closed eyes, “Behave with honor, you do not. Fight one your own size, you should.” He chortled at this. “Retrieve the youngling, you should,” Yoda commanded Binjin.
Binjin took the cue and marched over to his students. He picked up the terrified little Ashi and set him back on his feet. Yoda released the two boys and they struck the ground with the same energy they were about to expend mauling a five-year-old child.
Binjin turned around and yelled, “Heska! Yorin! Inside, now!”
The older boys ran for the school house, now terrified themselves.
Binjin unfurled the curled up Ashi and looked into his trembling face, “It's okay, Ashi. It's okay. They aren't going to hurt you. They're in a lot of trouble.”
Ashi cried, “I didn't spar, I promise. They made me.”
Binjin smiled and checked him over, “Don't cry, don't cry. I know. You're not in trouble.”
“I'm...not?” Ashi sniffed.
Yoda walked over with a very kind smile, “A good boy, you are. Listen to your master, you do.”
Ashi nodded quickly, “I tried.”
“Try, you did not. succeed, you did. Very good. Come into village. Something sweet, we'll have.” Yoda looked up to Binjin who got the hint.
“Yes. Let's go have some sweet koffa berries and cream.” He turned to the others, all scared of their master right now. “The rest of you, get inside and clean this school until I don't see sheddings on anything. Thalla, tell Heska and Yorin to wait in the testing room until I get back.” Everyone was guilty of not stopping this terrible action, they would all be punished. But, the two who actually attacked Ashi were going to be very unhappy.
Ashi, who was nearly as tall as Yoda, walked next to the Jedi master. The boy was now all questions. Yoda, who spent a lot of his time working with younglings at the temple, was very good with children.
A month passed and another Republic ship arrived, this one bigger than the first. They brought more medical supplies and other aid that was needed in this time of crisis for the Jahalans. The senatorial representative now had three other representatives from the Jedi council, led by Master Yoda again.
Little Ashi was unaware of the five hours of discussion between the Jedi Masters and the Chief. Binjin was also there as the closest person to a family that Ashi had. Ashi finished training with one of the lower instructors when Binjin calmly walked up to him in the training yard.
“Ashi, please come with me.”
Ashi never realized that the reason he seemed to understand what people were feeling was his own innate talent with the force. Right now he could sense the sadness in his master, but the look on Binjin's face was anything but concern. Ashi handed the small training staff to the instructor and then took Binjin's hand to follow him through town.
They entered the council hall of the Jahalan's and found the three Jedi seated with the village chief. Ashi was as nervous as any five year old would be with everyone looking at him. In his mind, he worried that he had done something wrong and was in trouble. He saw the little green man that had been so nice to him a month ago. Yoda was smiling, and this made Ashi feel somewhat better.
“Bring the child to the middle of the room please,” Master Windu stated.
Binjin brought Ashi to the middle of the gathering and then stopped with him. Ashi clutched Binjin's leg, scared terribly. His left hand was squeezing Binjin's while his right was holding onto his tail out of fear.
“Stand aside, master Binjin,” said Jada Nar, a very tall and thin female Jedi.
“No.” Ashi held tightly to the strong hand.
Binjin knelt down, “Don't worry, I'll be right over here.” He let go of the boy's hand and took a step back, leaving the poor boy alone to be scrutinized.
The three masters carefully and quietly studied the boy, each taking a moment to sense the force in him. Yoda was the first to speak, “Strong, the force is with this child.”
Mace Windu nodded, “Yes. Though, he isn't as strong as some.”
Jada Nar added, “He may have potential, but he truly is weak.”
“Weak, he may seem,” Yoda said. “His future, I sense. He will have great strength. Training he will need. Jedi training.”
“I agree,” Master Windu added.
Jada Nar turned her thin head toward Ashi, “Then, it is decided. The offer is extended to bring him to the temple.”
Chief Nolith finally spoke. “We are not a republic world. We do not have to send him to the temple at your command.”
Master Windu answered, “It is for his good and the good of the Jedi order that all children who are force sensitive be trained in the ways of the force.”
Yoda interceded, “Correct, chief is. Jedi maintain Justice. Follow laws and order, justice is.”
Chief Nolith asked, “Then what do you propose? Was the second shipment of medical supplies and doctors a payment for the chid?”
Jada answered, “We do not barter for a life. The aid is a gift from the republic. I...I do not know what we are to decide. I defer to the eldest. Master Yoda, what precedent is there in this circumstance?” She bowed her long neck to the tiny master.
Yoda smiled at Ashi, he already knew what the boy was going to say. His time with them a month ago had given him enough insight to the boys thinking. “Decide, Ashi must. His choice it is. Agree, do you?” He looked at the chief.
Chief Nolith stroked his chin for a moment. “I see no reason not to allow Ashi the right to choose. Master Binjin, as his guardian, do you have anything to say?”
“I want what's best for Ashi.” It hurt Binjin to say this, but it was right.
Windu extended the offer, “Ashi. We want to bring you to our planet in the Republic. You will be trained in the ways of the force. You will have all that you need.”
Ashi, quivering all over, looked over to his current master. “What?”
Binjin came back to the middle of the room and knelt down to one knee. He didn't want to see Ashi leave, it would be like losing another son. But, it was for his own good and it would be a wonderful life. He put his hand on Ashi's shoulder, “Little cub, they want to take you to a special place with a lot of amazing people like them. They will teach you like I have been teaching you. You'll have a lot of other children to play with, and amazing worlds to see.”
“Can I come back?” Ashi asked.
“Yes. I would want to know how you're doing.” Binjin didn't know if Jedi protocol would allow Ashi to return for visits, he didn't care. If they argued, he would make it clear that this was not optional.
Ashi looked at Yoda, “Will you be there?”
“Teach you, I will. My youngling class, you will join,” Yoda answered.
Ashi liked this little green man and the sense of the force in him recognized the kindness and honesty of these three people. Still nervous he said, “I'll go with you.”
In a matter of hours, Ashi had gathered what meager belongings he had and boarded the transport with the three masters for the long journey across space into the core of the massive republic. He gave Binjin a final hug and then took the hand of Yoda to be guided up the ramp. He was the first child ever of Jahala to be taken to the Jedi Temple.
Present day:
Ashi was lost in thought as he gazed into the camp fire. It seemed so long ago that he sat next to Master Yoda and watched the stars blast by as they left his home. He had no idea then what it would be like training at the temple, how different life would be. His world seemed so much smaller when he returned.
Suddenly, out of the corner of his eye, he saw something dark dash by in the trees. At first, he thought it was a large bird flying through, or an animal bounding by. Then he sensed the force was stronger than basic animal life. Someone was there, watching him.
With a quick motion, he pulled one of his two swords out and held his free hand up ready to use the force. He scanned the trees around him with his eyes and his senses to find whoever was spying on him. Whatever it was, it was now gone.
It was too dark to go scouting for this stranger. Ashi needed his rest. But, he didn't need to let his guard down entirely. He sat down in front of the fire and put his swords on the ground before him. Crossing his legs, he used a special meditation technique that his master taught him. It would allow his body to be in state of rest while his mind was still awake. If he sensed anyone approaching he could wake his body and pull his weapons quickly.
The large village of Elbor prepared the next major shipment for this month. Situated high in the hills of the Jahalan Mountains, Elbor was the one major spaceport for the planet. The Jahalans here bartered with off-worlders for goods. They traded the produce of the planet. They dealt in grains mostly but sometimes meats as well.
A man and his young daughter pushed a cart full of milled grain ready for shipping. “Shara, make sure you keep an eye out for any hillmice, they're very active this time of year and they love this grain. Wouldn't want a shipment spoiled by infestation.”
Shara, the ten-year-old child of this merchant, checked the seal on her container. “It's secure. No hillmouse can get through this container.”
“Good. Now, check the gauge for moisture content…aren't you paying attention?” Stef noticed his daughter was staring at the sky and not listening to him. “Shara, what is it?”
She pointed up, “They're early.”
Stef looked up to see a ship heading for the landing pad outside of town. “The ship isn't due for two days. Our shipment isn't ready. Wait, that's too small. That isn't the cargo ship.”
The small threatening looking ship landed in the open space prepared for a much larger vessel. People around the port city slowly stopped what they were doing and came to investigate the odd visit. The company that traded with them was very prompt and always on schedule, this didn't make sense.
The hatch opened and a tall Rodian captain stepped out surrounded by a band of unsavory looking aliens of all descriptions.
A flying Toydarian asked, “I thought you said the Jedi was in main village. This is the port city.”
Drak continued walking, “I know. That Jedi will be looking for any danger. Do you want to be killed before you get to collect on the bounty?”
The gang stopped as they found themselves greeted by a team of local guards. The head of the guards asked, “What business do you have here?”
Drak casually walked up to the feline guards, “We are simple merchants hoping to make a really good deal.”
“What goods do you seek here?” The guard asked.
Drak was patient with his answer, giving his new band of mercenaries time to spread out a little. “I'm in need of a Jedi.”
“There are no Jedi here?”
Drak slowly pulled out his gun, causing the guards to respond with their own weapons. “Oh, I think there is a Jedi here, on this world. And, I have exactly what I need to get him.” He casually looked at the guard. “Hostages.” When he said this his band of mercenaries lunged into the crowds and quickly grabbed any children they could get. Several had to fight for their hostage, but each returned with a child in hand. The guards attempted to respond, but they weren't quick enough. The head guard shot at Drak, but missed and was met by a blaster shot to the head.
The remaining guards were all leveling old laser rifles at the attackers. The new head guard commanded, “Release them, at once!”
“Don't worry. I promise they won't be harmed and we'll release them quickly,” Drak stated calmly. “However, I must have what I want in exchange or I'll take these children and sell them on the slave market. Then I will return and we will do this again until I have my Jedi.”
“How...”
Before the guard could finish his sentence, Drak commanded, “Contact all your cats on this stupid planet. Tell them my demands. Someone will tell that Jedi. You have three days.”
Stef looked helplessly as he watched his daughter struggle under the grip of a big Twi-lek who held a gun to her temple.
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Joseph J. Heck
R-NV, 3rd District2011 – 2017
House Website
Congresspedia Entry
1: On Motion to Concur in the Senate Amendment: H.R. 3762 - Restoring Americans' Healthcare Freedom Reconciliation Act of 2015✔ Yea
2: Override of the President's Veto of the Restoring Americans' Healthcare Freedom Reconciliation Act ✔ Yea
3: On Passage: H.R. 2017 - Common Sense Nutrition Disclosure Act of 2015☐ Did Not Vote
5: On Passage: H.R. 5053 - Preventing IRS Abuse and Protecting Free Speech Act✔ Yea
6: On Agreeing to the Amendment: Sanford Amendment to H.R. 5293☐ Did Not Vote
7: On Agreeing to the Amendment: Massie Amendment to H.R. 5293☐ Did Not Vote
9: On Agreeing to the Amendment: Gosar Amendment to H.R. 5485✔ Yea
10: On Agreeing to the Amendment: Duffy Amendment to H.R. 5485✔ Yea
11: On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Pass: H.R. 5606 - Anti-terrorism Information Sharing Is Strength Act✘ Yea
12: On Passage: H.R. 4768 - Separation of Powers Restoration Act✔ Yea
18: On Motion to Refer: H.Res. 828 -- Impeachment Resolution Against IRS Commissioner John Koskinen ☐ Did Not Vote
1: On Passage: H.R. 596 - To Fully Repeal ObamaCare ✔ Yea
2: On the Amendment: H.Amdt. 72 to H.R. 749 - To End Federal Amtrak Subsidies✔ Yea
3: On Passage: H.R. 1105 - Death Tax Repeal Act✔ Yea
6: On the Amendment: H.Amdt. 503 to H.R. 2685 - To Limit Surveillance of U.S. Citizens Under Section 702 of FISA✘ Nay
7: On Passage: H.R. 2042 - Ratepayer Protection Act of 2015✔ Yea
9: On the Amendment: H.Amdt. 64 to H.R. 5 - To establish grants for early childhood education programs in the states✔ Nay
10: On the Amendment: H.Amdt. 656 to H.R. 6 - To ensure that new spending under H.R. 6 counts as normal spending that counts towards the budget caps✔ Yea
11: On Passage: H.R. 427 - Regulations from the Executive in Need of Scrutiny (REINS) Act✔ Yea
12: Discharge Petition to Bring a Reauthorization of the U.S. Export-Import Bank Directly to the House Floor☐ Did Not Vote
13: On the Amendment: H.Admt. 713 to H.R. 702 - To remove additional Maritime Security Fleet funding✔ Yea
14: On Passage: H.R. 597 - Reform Exports and Expand the American Economy Act (Ex-Im Re-Authorization)✔ Nay
15: On Motion that the House Concur in the Senate Amendment with an Amendment: H.R. 1314 - Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015✔ Nay
17: On Passage: S.J.Res. 24 - Disapproving of the EPA Rule to Increase Emissions Standards for Existing Power Plants✔ Yea
18: On Passage: S.J.Res 23 - Disapproving of the EPA Rule to Increase Emissions Standards for New Power Plants✔ Yea
19: On the Amendment: H.Amdt. 861 to H.R. 8 - To Lift the Ban on U.S. Crude Oil Exports✔ Yea
21: On Passage: H.R. 2029 - Consolidated Appropriations Act (Omnibus)✔ Nay
2: On the Conference Report: H.R. 2642 - Federal Agriculture Reform and Risk Management Act (Farm Bill)✘ Yea
3: On Passage: S. 540 - Temporary Debt Limit Extension Act✔ Nay
4: On Passage: H.R. 1944 - Private Property Rights Protection Act✔ Yea
5: On Passage: H.R. 3865 - Stop Targeting of Political Beliefs by the IRS Act✔ Yea
7: On Passage: H.R. 4118 - SIMPLE Fairness Act (One-year Delay of ObamaCare's Individual Mandate)✔ Yea
8: On Passage: H.R. 3826 - Electricity Security and Affordability Act✔ Yea
9: On Passage: H.R. 1871 - Baseline Reform Act✔ Yea
10: On the Amendment: H.Amdt 671 to H.R. 4435 - Preventing NDAA funds from being used to implement climate change initiatives✔ Yea
15: On the Amendment: H.Amdt. 935 to H.R. 4870 - To restrict agencies from accessing U.S. citizens' communications metadata✘ Nay
19: On Passage: H.R. 5078 - Waters of the United States Regulatory Overreach Protection Act✔ Yea
20: On Passage: H.R. 24 - Federal Reserve Transparency Act✔ Yea
1: H.Amdt. 4 to H.R. 152 - To offset $17 billion of hurricane relief funds by cutting discretionary spending by 1.63%✔ Yea
2: H.Amdt.5 to H.R. 152 - To add $33.677 billion in additional spending.✔ Nay
3: H.R. 152 - Disaster Relief Appropriations Act✔ Nay
5: H.Res. 99 - Rule providing for consideration of H.R. 933 (the Continuing Resolution to fund the United States government)✘ Yea
6: H.R. 45 - To repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and other Obamacare-related provisions✔ Yea
9: H.R. 2642 - Federal Agriculture Reform and Risk Management Act (Farm Bill)✘ Yea
10: H.R. 2668 - Fairness for American Families Act✔ Yea
11: H.Amdt. 413 to H.R. 2397 - to prevent the NSA from blanket metadata collection on Americans without specific authorization.✘ Nay
12: On the Amendment: H.Amdt.422 to H.R. 2610 - To eliminate the Essential Air Service program✔ Yea
13: H.Amdt. 448 to H.R. 367 - To require that Congress be allowed to vote on any tax or levy upon carbon emissions✔ Yea
14: H.R. 367 - Regulations From the Executive in Need of Scrutiny (REINS) Act✔ Yea
15: H.R. 2009 - Keep the IRS Off Your Health Care Act✔ Yea
17: H.J. Res. 59 - Continuing Resolution (with no funding for ObamaCare)✔ Yea
19: H.R. 2728 - Protecting States’ Rights to Promote American Energy Security Act✔ Yea
20: H.R. 1900 - Natural Gas Pipeline Permitting Reform Act✔ Yea
21: On Concurring in the Senate Amendment: H.J.Res. 59 - The Ryan/Murray Budget✔ Nay
1: H.R. 1173 - Fiscal Responsibility and Retirement Security Act✔ Yea
2: H.R. 3578 - To amend the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 to reform the budget baseline✔ Yea
5: H.R. 4628 - To extend student loan interest rates for undergraduate Federal Direct Stafford Loans✘ Yea
9: To Suspend the Rules and Pass, as Amended: H.R. 2072 - To reauthorize the Export-Import Bank, and for other purposes✔ Nay
11: H.Amdt. 1185 to H.R. 5325 - To defund the Fossil Fuel Research and Development programs✔ Yea
13: Motion to Instruct Conferees: H.R. 4348 - to require that transportation spending be capped.✔ Yea
14: H.R. 5972 - Making appropriations for the Departments of Transportation, and Housing and Urban Development.✘ Yea
16: H.R. 6079 - To repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ObamaCare)✔ Yea
17: H.Amdt. 1431 to H.R. 5856 - To cut $1.07 billion from DoD Appropriations✘ Nay
18: H.R. 459 - To require a full audit of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal reserve banks ✔ Yea
19: H.R. 3409 - Stop the War on Coal Act✔ Yea
1: H.R. 2 - Repealing the Job-Killing Health Care Law Act✔ Yea
3: H.Amdt. 45 to H.R. 1 - to cut the EPA's budget by $64 million✔ Yea
5: H.Amdt. 102 to H.R. 1 - to prohibit funds to employees who implement ObamaCare✔ Yea
6: H.Amdt.104 to H.R. 1 - to stop allocation of funds to Obamacare✔ Yea
7: H.Amdt.105 to H.R. 1 - cutting funding for implementation of ObamaCare✔ Yea
8: H.Amdt.106 to H.R. 1 - Denies implementation of the individual mandate of ObamaCare✔ Yea
12: H.R. 1 - Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011✔ Yea
13: H.R. 4 - Small Business Paperwork Mandate Elimination Act of 2011✔ Yea
15: H.R. 836 - To rescind the unobligated funding for the Emergency Mortgage Relief Program and to terminate the program✔ Yea
16: H.J.Res. 48 - Making further continuing appropriations for fiscal year 2011, and for other purposes✘ Yea
17: H.R. 471 - Scholarships for Opportunity and Results Act✔ Yea
18: H.R. 910 - Energy Tax Prevention Act of 2011✔ Yea
19: H.J.Res. 37 - Disapproving of the rule submitted by the FCC with respect to regulating the Internet✔ Yea
20: H.Amdt.258 to H.Con.Res. 34 - To replace the Paul Ryan budget with the RSC's budget✘ Nay
21: H.Con.Res. 34 - Congressman Paul Ryan's Budget for Fiscal Year 2012✔ Yea
22: H.R. 1213 - To repeal mandatory funding to the states to establish health care exchanges.✔ Yea
23: H.R. 1229 - Putting the Gulf of Mexico Back to Work Act✔ Yea
28: H.R. 2560 - Cut, Cap, and Balance Act✔ Yea
30: S. 365 - The Budget Control Act of 2011✘ Yea
31: H.R. 2587 - Protecting Jobs From Government Interference Act✔ Yea
32: On Passage: H.R. 2401 - To require analyses of the cumulative and incremental impacts of certain rules and actions of the EPA✔ Yea
38: H.R. 2832 - To extend the Generalized System of Preferences, and for other purposes✔ Nay
39: H.R. 2250 - EPA Regulatory Relief Act✔ Yea
40: H.R. 10 - Making major executive regulations subject to Congressional vote (REINS Act)✔ Yea
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Glenn Beck, Who Once Compared Trump to Hitler, Says America Will End If Trump’s Not Re-Elected
One-time prominent Never-Trumper Glenn Beck completed his MAGA transformation Monday night when he declared at the end of a Hannity appearance that the United States would end as a country if it didn’t re-elect Trump and Republicans in 2020.
Fox News host and Trump loyalist Sean Hannity asked Beck Monday night what the “antidote” was to the Democratic Party, which he described as the party of “infanticide” and “getting rid of oil, gas, cars, planes, cows.”
“I don’t know if there is an antidote,” Beck ominously warned. “But I will tell you this. If the Republicans don’t win in this next election, I think we are officially at the end of the country as we know it. We may not survive even if we win, but we definitely don’t if the Democrats — if the Republicans lose with Donald Trump.”
Of course, this isn’t the first, or second, or third time that Beck has given notice that the country would be destroyed if some law was passed or someone won an election. In fact, back in 2016, Beck compared Trump directly to Adolf Hitler and said America would be committing “national suicide” if it elected Trump as president.
Glenn Beck said Obama's re-election in 2012 was "last call" for America. In 2016, he said electing Trump would be "national suicide." Now he says NOT re-electing Trump will be "the end of the country." Maybe people should stop listening to Glenn Beck?https://t.co/iVYDITFUhU
— Right Wing Watch (@RightWingWatch) March 19, 2019
Beck, who recently salvaged his floundering media empire by merging with right-wing outlet CRTV, was one of conservative media’s loudest anti-Trump voices during the 2016 election. In 2018, however, Beck did a 180 and donned a MAGA cap, jumping onboard with the president and bending the knee.
Watch the clip above, via Fox News.
Donald TrumpGlenn BeckSean Hannity
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Tucker Carlson Says Trump ‘Recklessly Encouraged’ Capitol Hill Riot
Mediaite Misleads Over Dubious, Incorrect Trump Tweet
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Tag: GDC-0973 small molecule kinase inhibitor
Supplementary MaterialsSupplementary Materials. of the non-compatibility locus may be the Con
July 6, 2019 by Vera Carroll
Supplementary MaterialsSupplementary Materials. of the non-compatibility locus may be the Con chromosome, as there is certainly increased threat of GVHD when HSCT consists of a lady donor and a man receiver 3. This impact arises from immune system identification (by donor-derived lymphocytes and antibodies) of antigens encoded with a few Y-linked genes that are portrayed in the soma 4C9; these genes collectively differ in series off their X-linked paralogs of them costing only a couple of hundred proteins 10. This observation demonstrates that adjustments in an people antigen repertoire of a huge selection of proteins C how big is many specific autosomal genes C can boost threat of GVHD. The individual genome is normally proven to possess comprehensive structural polymorphism 11 more and more,12, including deletions of whole autosomal genes 13,14. A few of these gene deletion alleles are sufficiently common that folks inherit them from both parents and for that reason completely absence a protein-coding gene that’s portrayed in other people 13. As the disease fighting capability of a person using a homozygous gene deletion presumably hasn’t discovered to tolerate the proteins encoded by that gene, immune system recognition of this proteins as an alloantigen 15C17 by immune system cells or antibodies from that each could in concept contribute to threat of alloimmune disease. To assess whether donor-recipient mismatch for homozygous gene deletions boosts threat of GVHD after transplantation, we initial typed a couple of common gene deletions in 400 HSCT sufferers and their with severe GVHD. (c) Association of deletion in donor and receiver with GVHD risk. The combined band of transplants where GDC-0973 small molecule kinase inhibitor both donor and patient were = 3.0 [1.3C6.9], nominal = 0.006, by Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel check; 0.03 after Bonferroni correction). encodes a 530-amino-acid cell-surface proteins that’s indicated in the same cells C liver organ extremely, intestine, and pores and skin C that are influenced by obvious GVHD and targeted by donor-derived lymphocytes clinically. For the additional five gene deletions examined, we noticed no proof association of donor-recipient mismatch with acute GVHD (Fig. 1a). We further evaluated the contribution of mismatches to GVHD in two extra individual cohorts (Cohorts B and C, Supplementary Desk 1). Results in Cohorts B and C also included an elevated risk in transplants concerning donor-recipient mismatch at (= 2.4 [95%CI, 1.1C5.1], p=0.02, by Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel check), strengthening the entire proof for association (Fig. 1b) (= 2.5, = 5 10?4, by Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel check). We examined alternative versions for the association of GVHD with donor-recipient mismatch at position, in accordance with a research group where donor and receiver had been both (+) (Fig. 1c). Improved risk was confined towards the combined band of transplants that donors were (?) and GDC-0973 small molecule kinase inhibitor recipients had been (+) (Fig. 1c). Specifically, the status from the HSC donor had not been connected with GVHD when HSC recipients had been (?), as well as the status from the HSC receiver was not connected with GVHD when HSC donors had been UGT2B17 (+) (Fig. 1c). To measure the period span of GVHD occurrence in individuals with genes in the human being genome. These data collectively indicate that UGT2B17 gives rise to multiple histocompatibility antigens GDC-0973 small molecule kinase inhibitor (Fig. 3), offering a candidate molecular and cellular mechanism for genetic association of mismatch with GVHD. Open in a separate window Figure 3 Multiple histocompatibility antigens derived from UGT2B17. An antibody response to the UGT2B17-derived peptide VLLADAVNP was detected in the serum of a a more-potent histocompatibility locus than other gene deletions: (1) UGT2B17 is a large protein (530 amino acids), increasing the likelihood that it contains multiple antigenic epitopes; (2) UGT2B17 is abundant GDC-0973 small molecule kinase inhibitor in liver, intestine, and skin, the tissues in which pre-HSCT conditioning elicits the strongest inflammation and in which immune surveillance for alloantigens may therefore be strongest; (3) UGT2B17 is expressed on the cell surface, well-positioned to contribute to antibody-mediated as well as cell-mediated immune responses; and (4) UGT2B17 is also abundant in blood, skin, semen, and placenta, tissues that give rise to inter-individual immune exposures that may pre-expose and immunize (?) Rabbit polyclonal to ANKRD5 individuals against UGT2B17, a phenomenon that has been observed in healthy female donors for some of the antigens encoded on the Y chromosome 24. While an estimate of effect size for donor-recipient mismatches in GVHD based on the cohorts analyzed here (= 2.5) is comparable to the established effect of sex mismatch (female donor, male recipient), mismatches cannot explain a comparable fraction of GVHD incidence, due to the lower frequency at which mismatches arise between siblings. This sibling mismatch frequency varies among populations due to population variation in frequency of the deletion allele (19%C85%, an unusually high level of variation that has been attributed to adaptive evolution of copy number 28); as a result, the expected frequency of sibling mismatches ranges from 2% in African Americans to 5% in most European populations to 9% in Gujarati Indians but does not GDC-0973 small molecule kinase inhibitor approach the frequency.
Posted in BloggingTagged GDC-0973 small molecule kinase inhibitor, Rabbit polyclonal to ANKRD5
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Escalation in Syria's Idlib Rattles Months-old Truce
Tuesday 07th May 2019, 04:18 (EET)
Air strikes and shelling killed eight civilians in northwestern Syria Tuesday after deadly clashes between pro-government forces and jihadists rattled a months-old truce and sparked a new wave of displacement.
At least 53 fighters have been killed since Monday, in one of the deadliest flare-ups since a demilitarised zone around the Idlib region was agreed in September last year, the Britain-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said.
Several deadly skirmishes have occurred since the deal was reached in Russia but the last few weeks have seen an uptick in violence inside the planned buffer zone.
The region of some three million people is under the control of a former Al-Qaeda affiliate in one of the last parts of Syria President Bashar al-Assad has yet to take back.
His government had threatened an all-out assault on the area last year but that was averted by the deal for a de-militarised buffer zone between his ally Moscow and rebel backer Ankara.
A surge in attacks since April 20 has raised new fears a government offensive is imminent, prompting thousands of civilians to flee their homes towards quieter areas deeper inside Idlib province.
"This is the third time we have been displaced but this time is the scariest," said Abu Ahmad, a 40-year-old from southern Idlib who was fleeing with his family towards areas near the border with Turkey on Tuesday.
"Overflights by warplanes and shelling have been relentless," said the father of three, his blue pick-up truck stacked with mattresses, bed sheets and household appliances.
- 'Urgent de-escalation' -
Battles between jihadists and pro-government forces raged overnight around a hilltop in the northern countryside of Hama province, following an advance by Assad's forces.
Twenty-four pro-government fighters were killed in fierce fighting, the Observatory said.
Twenty-nine jihadists were also killed. They were members of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), a group dominated by fighters from a former Al-Qaeda affiliate, and of the Turkistan Islamic Party, a Uighur-dominated jihadist group.
Fighting subsided early Tuesday after pro-government forces thwarted several counter attacks and consolidated new positions, Observatory chief Rami Abdul Rahman told AFP.
But, the air and artillery bombardment continued for an eighth straight day, killing eight civilians, the war monitor said.
At least nine civilians were killed in shelling and air strikes on Monday.
State news agency SANA said Syrian troops launched rocket attacks on armed groups in northwestern Hama province on Tuesday, killing several fighters, but it did not provide any toll.
UN chief Antonio Guterres has called "for an urgent de-escalation of the situation as the holy month of Ramadan begins" and urged "the parties to recommit fully to the ceasefire arrangements of the memorandum signed on 17 September 2018."
A UN statement said Guterres was alarmed by "reports of aerial attacks on population centres and civilian infrastructure".
At least seven health facilities have been hit since April 28, it said.
Nine schools have also been struck since April 30, and many more have closed their doors indefinitely, it added.
- 'Limited offensive'-
It remains unclear whether the Syrian government and its Russian ally are planning to launch a full-scale assault, but Aaron Lund of the Century Foundation said "a limited offensive into Idlib, peeling off a few areas, should be easily within their capabilities."
He said the recapture of two key highways running through Idlib -- the M4 and the M5 -- could be among the "many goals" behind such an operation.
Under the September deal, hardliners were supposed to withdraw from the planned buffer zone, allowing traffic to once again flow along the two strategic highways, which connect government-held areas with the Turkish border.
Turkey has failed, however, to secure the jihadists' withdrawal, prompting government forces to take matters into their own hands, Syria specialist Fabrice Balanche said.
Taking the two highways would help Assad boost the recovery of Syria's nearby second city Aleppo, which remains cut off from most of its countryside and poorly connected to the rest of the country, he told AFP.
"Restoring traffic on these two axes will reduce transport costs to Aleppo," he said.
Retaking the two highways would also cut the rebel-held region in two, making it easier for government forces to recapture its southern part and isolate the jihadists in the north.
Previous Iran to Restart Some Nuclear Activity in Response to U.S. Withdrawal from Nuclear Deal
Next Pompeo Sees Iraq Guarantees on 'Imminent' Iran Threat
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Iraq Takes Back 111 ISIS-Linked Families from Syria
Hezbollah Deploys Air Defense Systems in Syria’s Qalamoun Mountains
Israeli Air Raid Targets Key Syrian Port of Latakia, State Media Says
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new york area code 2020
Establish a local presence for customers in New York. New York utilizes five area code overlay plans, often called overlay complexes. ... increase in the number of flu-related E.R. Find area codes fast with the Area Code Search. Wear a mask, maintain six feet distance in public and download the official New York State exposure notification app, COVID Alert NY. Please consult a New York State Licensed Professional to determine which laws apply to your project(s). Contact Copyright � 2005-2020 Area-Codes.com. (Are we missing your favorite site? data are more complete. 1 is the international code used to dial to USA. data and Standard Avenel Middlesex County Area Code 732 Area Code 848 Area Code 908 ... West New York, Guttenberg Hudson County 07094. And two New York City zip codes — TriBeCa's 10007 and Hudson Square's 10013 — made the top 10 list with $3.9 million and $3,515,000 median sales prices, respectively. The north country reflected a positivity rate of 0.3%. ... 2020. 2020 All Rights Reserved, NYC is a trademark and service mark of the City of New York. We have to be smart. The Area Code Map | These maps have been specifically designed to be legible enough to read, but with small enough file sizes to permit efficient downloading. Area Code Changes - Includes recent and upcoming area code changes in the United States and Canada with history and geographical information. As a result, the overwhelming majority of the countryâs most expensive zip codes are now located in these two states. Correction: Dec. 16, 2020 An earlier version of this map gave an incorrect location for the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. 2020 Existing Building Code of New York State Publication Date: November 2019 ISBN: 978-1-60983-943-7 COPYRIGHT 2019 by INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL, INC. racial and ethnic groups are due to long-term structural racism, not A Here they are by zip code, along with their 14-day average rate of positive coronavirus tests, a⦠Area code 202 is the telephone area code in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for Washington, DC.. 1938 Building Code. Local Laws. The building codes of New York State adopt the the International Building Code 2018 (IBC 2018), International Residential Code 2018 (IRC 2018), 2020 Plumbing Code of NYS, 2020 Mechanical Code of NYS, 2020 Fuel Gas Code of NYS, 2020 Fire Code of NYS, 2020 Property Maintenance Code of NYS, 2020 Existing Building Code of NYS, and the 2020 Energy Conservation Code of NYS. Oneida County saw an unemployment rating of 5.4%, an increase from last year’s 4.0%. TOS | 2008 Construction Code. more about these case definitions. the Buildings Bulletins. past. these Due to delays in Electrical Code. It's the final day to rent trailblazing films from the Sudan and Nigeria at the 2020 New York @AfricanFilmFest! December 10, 2020 | 5:26 pm Information on Novel Coronavirus . accurate for someone with active or recent infection. positive, The data also show the rate of people given a molecular test during the most per Data New York and Company offers contemporary clothing, suiting, jewelry, accessories and trendy work apparel for women of all ages. Local Laws. Learn But you can keep pride alive this year by visiting these iconic LGBTQ landmarks that honor the history and the struggle of the community. by age, Review day in the early afternoon. test rates and percent positivity only reflects molecular testing. 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Courter
BENJAMIN WILLIAM COURTER was born in Camden NJ on June 6, 1877 to John Dodd and Laura Braker Courter. Grandfather Benjamin Braker was well-known in Camden as a newspaperman and as a Justice of the Peace. Ben Courter's early years were spent in Gloucester City NJ, where his father in 1880 was a grocer. John Dodd Courter would soon embark on a newspaper career that would last until his death in 1920. He wrote for several Philadelphia papers and last worked for the Daily Courier in Camden, and was noted as an outdoor columnist, as was his son.
After marrying Sarah "Sadie" Emily Emmerson in Camden on August 23, 1898, . Benjamin Courter followed his father into journalism. Beginning his career in 1900, he covered news for several Philadelphia newspapers before working on the old Camden Post-Telegram, which merged with the Daily Courier to become the Courier-Post in 1926. In the words of grandson "Duke" Courter, "He continued the tradition and worked as an outdoor columnist with the Courier-Post for 34 years."
By 1920, Benjamin W. Courter had purchased a home at 203 Evergreen Avenue in Woodlynne NJ.
Ben Courter also began writing about days gone by in Camden. When veteran reporter Charles Leo "Mack" McKeone died in December of 1927, his extremely popular "The Peppery Pot by Mack" died with him. Ben Courter was tapped to fill some extremely large shoes, which he did with the "Along Memory Lane" column and other articles.
Benjamin W. Courter died in harness, seated at his desk at the Courier-Post building in Camden on November 8, 1934. He had completed another column devoted to Camden's history at home the night before, which was published on November 20.
He was survived by his wife and four children, Harold E., Marion E., Elmer R., and John D. Courter. John D. Courter and grandson Robert "Duke" Courter would also go on to long careers at the Courier-Post.
Charles L. McKeone
Church of the Holy Name
B.F. Schroeder
Rev. Thomas Whelan
Edward N. Teal
William J. Paul
Frank Sheridan
Stephen O'Keefe
Benjamin Zorek
Ben Courter
Irving Buckle - Samuel Davis - Cooper B. Hatch
David B. Kaighn - Harry Read
Cooper Street
Evening Courier - February 27, 1928
William Harvey - Jesse Pratt - J. Leighton Wescott
Evening Courier - April 4, 1928
"Wonder if they're going to take down the spite wall?"
I have heard this query repeated half a dozen times since announcement has been made the old "mansion" of the late Dr. A.E. Street, southeast corner of Broadway and Stevens Street, is to be demolished to make way for a 12 story office structure. This razing is to be scheduled to begin within two weeks. The "spite wall" is on the extreme eastern boundary of the property plumb up against a 3 story apartment house built by the late George Holl.
Dr. Street, who died less than a decade ago, was one of Camden's leading dentists. Son of "Father" Street, venerable superannuate of the New Jersey M.E. Conference. When the mansion was constructed, nearly two score years ago, it was indeed one of the show places along Broadway, for Dr. Street took particular pride in the architectural embellishments in the floral surroundings.
At the other end of the square, Broadway and Benson Streets, Holl had erected his home. It was and is for that matter, a two-story brick with mansard roof and setting back from Benson Street. That side yard Holl likewise embellished with flowers of the season. It was the delight of anyone with half an eye to beauty from early spring to late fall. It started with great beds of tulips. It closed with chrysanthemums with alluring blossoms throughout the summer.
Street and Holl were regarded as among Camden's most substantial citizens, one in the art of dentistry, the other as the builder of homes. They were fairly good friends until Holl built the block from Mickle Street to Stevens Street, since known under his name as the Holl Block. When Street built his then pretentious home, Charlie Curry informs me, he had an agreement with Holl that in the event of the then old circus lot being built up, it would not encroach on his view.
But when the building operation was about to begin Street saw that the dwellings and stores were going out to the usual building line. That would have cut off his view. He refused to permit that plan to go through and held Holl to his agreement, thus accounting for that block standing so far back from the curb line.
In the intervening years there was something of a truce, but warfare broke out anew when Holl in 1901 concluded to construct an apartment house just east of Street's rear boundary. Apartment houses then in Camden were something of an innovation. Street didn't like the idea and when he learned it was surely going up he took action.
He ordered the spite wall built.
There were expostulation, appeals, court action and other efforts to stay that wall, but Street, though a devout churchman and widely known for his charities, refuse to be, what he asserted, a victim of encroachment on his rights.
Thus he awarded the contract and one brought day a force of masons started the work. It created a local sensation, but the work went on apace and eventually the was finished as was the apartment house. Thus through all these years that solid bit if brickwork has stood within a couple of feet of the west side of the apartment, giving the lower part a prison-like effect. But as time went on it was quite forgotten and those who have resided in the apartment have taken the wall philosophically.
Those who knew Dr. Street were not surprised he took such drastic action. Though he was one of the pillars of the Broadway church, in fact I recall how he started the fund to rebuild the present great edifice at Broadway and Berkley Street by a $1,000 subscription, he was peppy as they make 'em and refused to permit anyone to "walk over him". He felt perfectly justified in building that wall.
So naturally the demolition of the "mansion" brings up that query
Wonder if they're going to take down the spite wall?"
Ben Courter - Rev. Abram K. Street - Dr. Abram Emory Street - Charlie Curry
Broadway M.E. Church - Stevens Building
Old Eighth Street swamp is dwindling.
Not much is left only a small area of Eighth Street east of the Pennsy tracks and north of Van Hook Street.
Combination of civic-realty activity spelling the doom of the morass that once extended near the present eastern boundaries of the West Jersey Hospital.
It seems odd to those familiar with the acres of swampy wilderness of yesteryear to see the labor army pushing through streets where the frog chorus once sounded its dulcet strains, where the water moccasin once slithered through tussock and reed, where vagrant bobolinks and red-winged blackies stopped for tragic rest.
But it is a fact the cherished dream of many a South Camdenite of the long ago who hoped to see the day when the swamp would be but a memory.
Those new streets, actually extensions of connecting links of thoroughfares already long on the city map, are expected to result in the development of that area, bring something suggestive of a new community.
Long ago the swamp extended from the river to near Mt. Ephraim Avenue. It was called Eighth Street Swamp mainly for convenience because that street was one of the many cut off by the expanse of low ground.
Line Ditch was the feeder. The late Aaron Ward, one of Camden’s prominent contractors years ago, told me that barges loaded with brick were at one time floated up to where the Pennsy tracks now are located.
That stream, subject of many a malediction in later years when industrial progress had transformed into a semi-liquid abomination then was clean and clear as crystal.
It was fed by many a spring, and when the flood tide of the Delaware came in the water spread over the country sometimes forming a lake of many acres.
There were times when old Centerville seemed utterly isolated from Camden, when Ferry avenue, Broadway, and the railroad tracks were the only narrow causeways between the two sections.
Back toward Mt. Ephraim Avenue, then but a yellow gravelly ribbon stretching down to Mt. Ephraim and Blackwood, were the “bluffs”, relatively high ground usually covered by small growths. These have been graded, most of the material now resting as fill along the Crescent Boulevard.
No one man dreamed of filling in the swampy expanse. For a quarter of a century, the Board of Health discussed, re-discussed, and again discussed clearing up the morass. Abutting property owners when they could be found were cited to show cause why they didn’t fill their lowland.
And in more than one case the Board was told to take the land and so it if the city was so anxious. Eventually they were taken at their own invitation and the city did much filling and grading and built the $80,000 sewer that rid the section of Line Ditch.
Thus the Ditch disappeared. It was the first real step towards excavation, toward what is done today in the construction of streets, in grading to make way for homes, in creation of a community that will figuratively weld South Camden and its ancient rival Centerville, now the Eighth Ward.
Evening Courier - April 23, 1928
It is not so many years ago, old timers say, since Fetters School at Third and Mount Vernon Street was considered large enough to accommodate youngsters for several generations. Now a six-room annex is to be built on the north side facing Walnut Street. Back in 1905 five rooms were added in the annex on Mount Vernon Street. With the new structure the school will contain 19 rooms, which would have thought far too large for a high school in the 90s, when Camden had its first experiment in that line. That was in the old Federal Street building later occupied by the Post-Telegram
Half a Century Ago
When Fetters School was built in 1875 it was considered about the last word as far as a school structure went. It was of stone, solidly constructed and furnished with gas, running water, and everything then regarded as thoroughly modern. The largest school downtown was the old Kaighn building on Newton Avenue, until the 1870s ample for the Kaighn Point area.
There were plenty of open lots when the Fetters School was built. Those days Camden was something of a struggling community with districts that had not yet lost their individuality. As a pupil in the early 90s in old Fetters I recall the section had many open spaces. Nothing remotely suggested the part-time classes was then necessary, certainly not thought of by Professor Horatio Draper, of blessed memory, who guided Camden’s educational system more than 30 years before he was displaced by the late Mayor Hatch at the close of the last century
Nothing had then been heard of a “melting pot” as applied to America and its schools. But around Kaighn Point even in the 80s there was the first evidence of a great influx of those from across the seas who were soon to follow the old families, who’s children were to enter that melting pot and become transformed into American citizens
The Fuhrmans, Auerbachs, Lichtensteins were among the first I recall. Many others followed; especially from the Russian Polish district where life was hard and oppression severe. Came the immigrant wave from South Italy whose descendants long since have taken possession of the district spreading from Third and Pine, once the stronghold of English, German, and Irish families. In a police census a quarter of a century ago it developed that the Fifth Ward could boast representatives from every nation on the face of the globe, even to a Finlander, some Turks with Japs and Chinese commonplace.
It was about the period when Miss Clara S. Burrough, long principal of the High School and now recovering from an operation in Cooper Hospital, was principal of Fetters that the big change came that the classes were composed largely of children of foreign parentage. Often they did not know a single world of English. Teachers had their problems and Miss Burrough will undoubtedly recall the great task involved in really making the “melting pot” down there in the old school at Third and Mount Vernon Street effective. But she and the valiant corps under here direction tackled it and by the time Miss Burrough was elevated to the principalship of Camden High, a very deserved promotion, by the way, the problem had been totally solved.
Hot Times in the Old Town
Incidentally Miss Burrough will likewise recall the hectic conditions in more ways than one for the period marked turmoil in the educational world hereabouts. “Old Drape” had been fired overnight by Hatch, indignation meetings were held, demands were made for his reinstatement but the Committee of Public Instruction, headed by the late C.S. Magrath, named by Hatch, naturally followed his direction. Martin Scheibner, a long, white-whiskered veteran of the Civil War, was named as Draper’s successor. But it was worse than handling a drove of wild horses. He venerable professor soon bowed out of the scene. It was not until the advent of Professor James E. Bryan that something like peace came. Bryan's firm hand plus extraordinary ability and a determination not to surrender despite scholastic bedlam finally won.
But even yet, old friends of “Drape's” who knew him in Fetters or in the makeshift “high school” have not forgotten the bitterness, have not forgiven the shabby way in which that fine Southern gentleman was treated. I recall him down at Fetters, sometimes with his setters on which he placed much store; often with a humorous story, which probably didn’t contribute to strict school, discipline but which certainly left fragrant memories of days long ago.
C.S. Magrath - Martin Scheibner - Fuhrman Family - Lichtenstein Family
Camden Courier-Post - April 23, 1928
Camden Evening Courier
William Leonard Hurley Dies at Hilton Head, S.C., Winter Estate
HURLEY BASED SUCCESS IN LIFE
AND IN BUSINESS ON SQUARE DEAL TO ALL
By BEN COURTER
Wildey Hall - Fifth Street - Pine Street
Broadway - Chestnut Street - Kaighn Avenue - Sycamore Street - Walnut Street
Fuhrman Brothers - Hughes Brothers
E.V. Story - Toone & Hollinshed - Mrs. Varney
Broadway - Line Street - West Street - Turner Hall
William Kairer - Theodore Lambert - George Leathwhite
Committee of 100
David Baird Sr. - E.G.C. Bleakly - Cooper B. Hatch
Harry B. Kramer - Lewis H. Mohrman
Third Regiment Armory
Broadway - Cooper Street
Walt Whitman Hotel - Wilson Building - Non Partisan Movement
Charles M. Curry - Louis T. DeRousse
William J. Lorigan - William H. Lorigan
27th Street - Federal Street - Pine Street - Stevens Street
Charles Leo McKeone - Dr. Wilson G. Bailey - Dr. Roland Haines - Alfred L. Sayers
Federal Street - Haddon Avenue - Mount Ephraim Avenue
THRONGS MOURN AS W.L. HURLEY IS LAID TO REST
Thousands Pay Tribute To Merchant Prince at Home In Collingswood
SOLEMN REQUIEM MASS AT ST. JOHN'S CHURCH
Many Follow Funeral Cortege to Mausoleum in Calvary Cemetery
As Casket Was carried From Hurley Home at Collingswood
Honorary Pallbearers, men prominent in the industrial, the commercial, the professional world were ranged down the steps of Dungarven this morning as the casket carrying the body of William L. Hurley, Camden's merchant prince, was carried to the waiting hearse. Later the cortege wended its way to St. John's Church, where solemn high mass was sung.
Scene at Chyrch as Hurley's Body is Carried to Chancel
Long before the funeral cortege of William Leonard Hurley reached St. John's Catholic Church, Park and Lees Avenues, Collingswood, scores of men and women, the exalted and the lowly, had gathered. They waited, some an hour or more, until the arrival of the mourners. The little brown church was too small to contain the great host of friends who desired to pay final tribute by attending the solemn high mass celebrated by priests, with many at the right. Scene shows the body being carried into the church.
Levi Farnham - Charles Leavitt - Joseph Nowrey - David Rose
William "Billy" Thompson - Will Paul - James Fitzgerald - Charles Shuck
Camden Courier-Post - July 6, 1930
Benjamin W. Courter
Lawrence Doran
Joseph Nowrey
Samuel Dodd
William H. Davis
Jesse Pratt
John Foster
Cooper B. Hatch
Lewis H. Stehr Sr.
Richard Golden
Oscar Weaver
Josiah Sage
John Painter
Charles Fitzsimmons
Thomas Cunningham
Jake Woodside
Cullis Errickson
Milton Stanley
George Nowrey
Dr. A.B. Reader
Lawrence Reader
Camden Courier-Post - July 15, 1930
Here's Camden's Finest, With Whiskers, in 1898
William A. Schregler
William "Rex" Comley
Jules Bosch
H. Franklin Pettit
Harry Mines
Edward Hartman
Charles Wilbur
Thomas Brothers
Ralph Bond
John Dall
George Kappell
Edward S. Hyde
William Selby
Elbridge B. McClong
William Laird
Benjamin Middleton
Alfred L. Sayers
William Butts
Frank Matlack
Thomas Hicks
Alfred Hayden
Abe Jackson
Albert Shaw
Edward Steen
Samuel Bakley
Caleb Williams
Elisha A. Gravenor
Thomas Buchanan
Samuel Cox
George Horner
Godfrey Eisenhardt
Harry Curtis
John Barnett
Casper Hart
A. Lincoln James
J. Oscar Weaver Sr.
Charles Ridgely
William Fish
George Cooper
William D. Brown - Charles Hose - Christopher Mines - Col. George Selby - William Anderson - David Baird Sr.
John Morrissey July 1902 - Democrat Double-cross 1911
Edward H. Shaw - Louis Shaw - Charles Lederman - Thomas Griscom - Louis E. Lee - Frank S. Albright - Jacob Fish -Thomas Stanger
Four Prominent Physicians
Reminiscences of Drs. Godfrey, Iszard, Davis and Gross,
All Leaders of Their Profession in South Jersey
(Another in a series of articles on
Camden affairs and personalities of yesteryear)
SINCE these annals of medical men in Camden county have appeared, other residents have occasionally asserted this or that physician, their family doctor half a century ago, has been forgotten,
"What's the matter with Doc So-and-So?" they have asked, and they have usually added, "He was the best doctor in typhoid" or whatever ailment was probably cured in their own particular household. The particular physician's victory over a malady which prolonged the life of some kin has evidently been handed down through the years as such an outstanding accomplishment that if monuments were in order it is unquestioned Camden would be liberally sprinkled with them, It likewise is certain that when family physicians were more the order of the day in lieu of the present tendency to develop specialists, the medical man's clientele stuck to him through two or three generations and usually placed him on a figurative pedestal at least.
Doctor of 50 Years Ago
Fifty years ago one of the city's leading physicians was Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, whose office then was at 621 North Second Street. He was born in Cape May, February 2, 1850. After graduating at the Hightstown Institute, he took up the study of medicine with Dr. E. L. B. Wales, at Cape May.
Later he entered Jefferson College, graduating in 1875. serving his term as intern at the Rhode Island Hospital, Providence. He reached here the next year and immediately became one of the most active men of his profession, being on the surgical staff when Cooper Hospital was opened in 1887. He also was lecturer on fractures at the Medico-Chi Hospital in Philadelphia was major and surgeon of the Sixth Regiment, National Guard served as president of both the city and county societies and contributed authoritative papers to medical journals.
One of the early county physicians of Camden was Dr. William H. Iszard, a native of Gloucester County, where he was born in 1842. In 1862 he entered the service of the government as a medical cadet, being stationed at the hospital on Broad Street, Philadelphia, entering Jefferson College the following year. He was considerably hampered through ill health, but after much interruption graduated in 1870. He first located at Elmer, but soon afterward came here and opened an office at 411 North Fourth Street, where he practiced for many years. He was active in political work, being one of the first presidents of the Camden Republican Club, which long had its headquarters on Cooper Street above Third, and where many of the national figures in the party were occasional guests. He not only was welcome to any sick room but popular about town because of his affability and general all-around good fellowship. William H. Iszard, the realty man and prominent Elk, is a surviving son. Dr. Iszard died a couple of years ago in his eighties, mourned by many an old-timer.
Dr. H. H. Davis
Contemporary with him was Dr. Henry H. Davis, whose name is still identified with all that means health protection for Camden's school children. For a generation he was either identified with the Board of Health as its president or the schools as chief medical officer. It was he who was largely responsible for rules guarding young pupils in public schools.
Prior to his activities not much attention was paid to ailing youngsters. If they had poor eyesight they were just as liable to be seated far from the blackboard. if their record put them in that position. Not much attention was paid to the cause of their backwardness and if they couldn't see the figures the teacher placed on the board failure was laid to natural dumbness. Not much attention was paid to chronic sore throats, bad teeth or other imperfections, but when Dr. Davis was placed in full charge of the schools he changed all that and children who have passed through the classes in the past quarter of a century owe much to this veteran medical man whom fate ordained should be killed by an auto in his eightieth year. It was through his efforts clinics were established where poor eyesight might be corrected and other deficiencies looked after by the hospitals or dental men.
Dr. Davis was born at Crosswicks, August 16, 1848, and became a student of pharmacy in the office of Dr. Alexander Mecray in 1867, entering Jefferson College in the fall of that year. He graduated two years later, courses then being half of the present requirements, and began practice here. For many years he had his office at Third Street and Kaighn Avenue. Two young men whose preceptor he was, Dr. Harry Jarrett and Dr. Rowland I. Haines, afterwards ranked among Camden's leading physicians. Dr. Davis was active in the county society, was a former coroner and for many years identified with many of the city's activities.
Dr. Onan B. Gross
Arch Street at one time was among Camden's leading residential thoroughfares, although in these days, with most of the old dwellings either gone or in a state of dilapidation that perhaps would be difficult to believe. Half a century ago some of the city's best known professional men resided there, among them Dr. Onan B. Gross, who had his office at 407 Arch Street. In later years he was located at Seventh and Federal Streets.
Dr. Gross was a native of Ephrata, Pa., where he was born February 19, 1851. He entered Ephrata Academy but when he was 17 he was thrown on his own resources and apprenticed as a carpenter. He served his time and worked as a journeyman, but he sought a medical career. Through hard work and rigid economy he saved enough to enter the University of Pennsylvania in 1875, graduating three years later. His ability was recognized even then for he was assistant demonstrator in anatomy in the last two years of his course, the first time such an honor had been given one not yet a graduate. In the year of his graduation he received a prize for skill in dissection work.
Dr. Gross was county physician three years, president of the county society, a surgeon at Cooper Hospital, member of the board of managers of the City Dispensary and identified with the various medical groups of the period.
Ben Courter - Dr. John W. Snowden - Dr. James Armstrong - Allen Hughes - Bob MacDougall
Dr. James Armstrong - Market Street
Dr. William G. Taylor
Ben Courter - Frank S. Albright
Jesse W. Starr - Claudius W. Bradshaw - Benjamin F. Archer - Jesse Pratt - Fred Tarr
Joseph C. Nichols - Jacob Daubman - Joseph Bontemps - John J. Welsh
Frank F. Michellon - Richard C. Thompson - John D. Courter - D. Cooper Carman
Henry B. Wilson - Peter Voorhees - Colonel George G. Felton - Kaighn's Point Ferry Company
Ben Courter - D. Cooper Carman - Frederick M. Borquin - Munger & Long
William D. Brown - J. WIllard Morgan - Henry M. Snyder - Maurice A. Rogers
George Pfeiffer Jr. - Henry L. Bonsall - Thomas Dudley - Frederick A. Rex
General William Joyce Sewell - Benjamin Braker - Wilson Jenkins
Sinnickson Chew - E.A. Armstrong - Howard Carrow - William "Billy" Thompson
Frank S. Albright - Thad Varney - William "Brockie" Deno - Alfred Hayden
Ben Courter -
Frank S. Albright - Thomas Mulford - Philip Mulford - Alfred Hugg - Samuel Ellis
Charles H. Ellis I - William H. Butler - Thomas Green - Samuel Miller - John Wollohan
Thomas H. Dudley - Joseph Myers -
William J. Miller - Alexander Hammell - Samuel W. Thoman - John M. Barber
Joseph C. Nichols - William H. Stickney - Frederick Tarr - D. Cooper Carman
Robert A. "Bob" Turner
Mary Turner
Helen Turner Becker
Herman Becker
Fred Turner
Robert Turner - Turner's Oyster House - Federal Street
Camden Lodge of Moose No. 111
Camden Lodge No. 293 Benevolent Protective Order of Elks
Ralph W.E. Donges - William H. Ketler - William Callingham
FROM AN OLD DIRECTORY
Raid of McLaughlin’s Flats
Descent on Hangout of Hoboes and Routing of Tattered, Cussin', Woozy Individuals Suggestive of Chasing Rats From Sewer
(Twenty-second in a new series on Camden affairs and personalities of yesteryear as inspired by a city directory of half century ago)
"McLAUGHLIN'S FLATS? Well, it's a long time since I heard of 'the flats' and I doubt if a handful who now reside down around Third and Spruce streets recall them, at least as they used to be."
NOTE: "McLaughlin's Flats" were at 257-259 Spruce Street - PMC
And Harry Kobus, grandson of Anthony Kobus who founded Camden's oldest shoe store back in the 50's, around Fourth and Spruce, was quite right. Harry is by no means yet in what may be called the "venerable class" and yet he has known old South Camden and that particular neighborhood even when "the flats" were blooming in all their glory. And as we talked about that notorious hangout for hoboes, tinkers, men and, women who sought surcease from vain regrets in Gambrinus' brew, which flourished in a malodorous way a quarter of a century ago, recollection was revived of one particularly sore spot when it came to the moral and temperance forces of Camden.
It likewise brought vividly to mind a visit with Captain Arthur Stanley and a squad of cops to "the flats" in an effective clean-up ordered by Mayor Ellis. It was one of those episodes suggestive of a Dickens narrative or of Burke and his Limehouse classics, one of which was done in the movies by Griffith. Originally "the flats" were conceived some 50 years ago with the idea of providing rooms or apartments for the middle class families down that way. There still resided along Pine, Spruce, Division and from Front to Broadway many of the families who had come from England, Ireland or Germany and they formed the bulwark of the old Middle ward.
Down-and-Outers Hangout
A Jimmie McLaughlin [266 Spruce Street in 1872- PMC], I have been told, was the builder, but his plans did not seem to go through with all the success he had anticipated, Whatever the case may have been "the flats" 40 years ago had become the rendezvous of the down and outers; There might be found David and Sarah Valliere who were known to the police as the king and queen of the hoboes, and they are recalled as frequenters of the police court when "Joe" Nowrey and Glen Stackhouse presided over that tribunal. It was difficult to discern anything even remotely suggestive of regal bearing on the part of these two I whose main object in life seemed to be to find some liquid refreshment that likely transformed the flats for the time being into something of a palace, with minions joining in the celebration until there was the usual windup by way of a free for all and battered heads. These celebrators often made "the flats" a fearful place to visit, at least on the part of those who were unaware such a place existed in the city.
Incidentally, it was just opposite the flats, at the southeast corner of Third and Spruce streets, where Spence R. Darr [William Spenser Darr- PMC], a popular colored justice of the peace, was murdered in the early 80's by a white man summoned for wife beating. The slayer blew out his own brains and thus saved the county the expense of trial. Darr was given one of the largest funerals South Camden ever witnessed with leading men, both white and colored, as honorary pallbearers. While that had nothing to do with the flats it was one of the stirring episodes of the now long ago which had bearing on the subsequent clean-up staged by Captain Stanley, a veteran of the Civil War and one of the most conscientious men who ever wore the uniform of the Camden police.
Raid by Stanley
It was a typically gray day in November, it is recalled, when Captain Stanley announced he was going to clean up the notorious flats and with the youthful enthusiasm of a young reporter I went along to see the fun. It seemed fun then, but in the mellowing years it reveals itself altogether tragic rather than humorous.
When the Captain and his squad arrived they found the two-story rambling structure fully occupied, mostly by the characters well known to the police as regulars. Never quite completed and innocent of any paint the boards were broken or rotted, many of the windows broken but in the small darkened rooms were the usually besotted individuals who seemed to regard it as home. When they found the cops were there to turn them out there was a temporary inclination to revolt with much muttering and much cussing, but they were yanked out bodily and as a rule their meager belongings were thrown after them as they wandered about in the stableyard below. There were some unfortunate children along with the horde, but Captain Stanley had been told to clean up "the flats' and he did it as might be expected of an old Civil War vet bent on obeying orders. It was much like a sewer being emptied of its rodent population, a smelly, disagreeable business but quite effective.
It was there that not only the Vallieres, but likewise Ellen Develin and her own Bill Dade had their hangout, the "boiled shirt" hero who was reputed to have been once wealthy, but who had fail en on evil fortune.
He always managed to have a white shirt and was something of a retainer of the Vallieres and shined especially one winter night at the city hall when he led a revolt against cleaning the snow from the sidewalks at the order of Superintendent James Brown, long since retired and now apparently chipper as ever in his 80's down there in the Sixth ward. It was the man with the boiled shirt who led the hoboes out into the storm rather than work at the brooms and shovels to gain a night's lodging in the fearsome tramp cellar at the city jail. And if anyone desired to see the dregs of humanity it was in that cellar where fights were frequent, sometimes knifings, the yells and curses taking Bill Schregler or Eddie Hyde or whoever might be on duty down into the shambles suggestive of a den or beasts rather than humans. And most of them were habitues of "the flats.”
After the raid, McLaughlin's flats were relatively clean of their hobo tenants, at least for a time. Some disappeared from the picture entirely, others continued their periodic appearance in police court but with the coming of the war the Down-and- Out Club, as the newspapermen of the period dubbed it, evidently went the way of all flesh. So they and "the flats" have been forgotten.
When G.O.P. Battled G.O.P.
Typical Convention Rumpus Stirred 'Regular' and 'True' Republicans as Gibbs and Morgan Were Nominated for Sheriff in '81
Rival factions in the political conventions of long ago were more bitter toward one another than toward the common foe. So-called "rump" conventions were by no means exceptions. By "rump" was meant mereIy those who refused to play with the regulars and who set up the nominations, as did the Bull Moose on the national scale in the historic scrap of 1912 which resulted in the three-cornered battle of Wilson, Roosevelt and Taft, giving the Princeton professor the start that was to make him a world figure. Factions we still have, of course, and it is quite proper, since too much regularity often breeds party decay. But present-day political methods are certainly lacking in the spectacular rumpuses that stirred the rank and file in the period when delegates met and made their nominations.
In a recent article allusion was made to the Democratic convention of September 20, 1878, when Nathan T. Stratton, of Millville, was nominated for Congress by the Democrats in the midst of downright fisticuffs, when "liar" and "hypocrite" and worse was hurled about the hall.
Lest it may be assumed the party of Jefferson and Jackson only was given to such methods, it is fitting to give a picture on the other side of the political house. Dr. William H. Iszard's inexhaustible scrap book, loaned me by his son, former Assemblyman Iszard comes across with a copy of a tabloid political sheet, "The True Republican," which gives a recital of a battle royal in the G.O.P. ranks which will be of interest to some old-timers I know are still about.
Rival Conventions
That was the convention to nominate a sheriff called at Gloucester City Hall on Saturday, October 8, 1881, where we find the redoubtable Colonel James Matlack Scovel once more a moving factor, but this time in the ranks of the "regular Republicans" or at least so they called themselves as opposed to the "rump" set up by a rival group. Christopher J. Mines, long Fifth ward leader and later sheriff, apparently had been selected as temporary chairman with William A. Husted, who died last year well in his 70's, as secretary. But when that part of the delegation marched up to city hall, like the famed king's horses- they marched down again.
As a matter of fact, not much marching was done in the hall- for it was asserted by the "true Republicans" that when they essayed to enter the portals they found Colonel Scovel and Henry M. Jewett, father of Harry Jewett, a Camden newspaperman of the long ago and for years later Jersey editor of the Inquirer, in command. More, it was charged "people representing the worst elements of society" were on guard and presented a phalanx which even the huskies of the opposing force could not break. Mines was strong-armed by the minions of Scovel and Jewett and there was so much hooting and yelling and cussin' that the "true" part of the outfit walked out, all 29 of them, over to Moss' hall where they proceeded to carryon their convention to their own taste.
And all 29 of these valiant Republicans voted for Eli B. Morgan as their candidate for sheriff. You old timers will be interested in recalling these delegates who refused to kowtow to 'Colonel Jim.' In the Third ward there was James M. Lane, Charles S. Cotting and George Martin, in the Fourth, Husted, the Sixth, C. C. Smith, Thad Varney, Charles A. Sawyer: in the Seventh, Stephen Walters, Charles Lederman, William Simpson; in Gloucester, John W. Wright, David Anderson, Frank Mills, Robert Lafferty, Richard Allen, Jesse Daisey, Samuel Wood; in Haddon, Charles M. Macready, Elwood J. Haines: in Delaware, William Brick, William Graff, Isaac Coles; in Merchantville, Matthias Homer, William Naylor, and in Center, James Davis, Garrett Patton and Gilbert Shaw.
Hot Statement
These "true Republicans" in a statement to the party rank and file, under the Algeresque title of "Now or Never," scathingly said: "It becomes the duty of every Republican voter of Camden county, who has the future interest of the party at heart, to administer a severe and lasting rebuke to all candidates who employ the element and encourage the means that were used in controlling the Sheriff's convention at City Hall, Gloucester City. It discounted anything within the memory of the oldest Democrat inhabitant. What with Col. Joseph Nichols urging the crowd to go elsewhere and nominate Gibbs, and the immaculate Billy Warner of the Fifth ward ordering them to burst the door in, coupled with the commanding voice of that great patriot and life-long Republican, James M. Scovel, alias Mountain Partridge, together with the curses and threats from John Furey, Jack Quigley, Pud Young, Bill Derr, "Tar Heel" Jim Hayes, the able city solicitor, and a gang of Philadelphia roughs, a beautiful spectacle was presented."
The "Gibbs" mentioned was Theodore B. Gibbs who long lived in the white mansion on the banks of Clementon lake and whose ancient grist mills ground the grain for farmers from miles around. None in the county was held in higher esteem and in later years most of the valiant 29 were among his closest friends, unnecessary proof the political animosities are, as a rule, not very enduring. Gibbs was nominated by the "regular" Convention which ousted the 29 and a mighty hot shrievalty campaign ended on November 10 with his ejection, in spite of the "now or never" demand of his opponents headed by Eli Morgan.
The latter was a real estate man, son of Randall Morgan, elected sheriff by a whisker over "Ham" Bitten in 1869, and brother of J. Willard Morgan, long a Republican chieftain. It was the elder Morgan who defeated Bitten, a rough and ready character nominated as a joke, by a narrow squeak.
In the shrievalty scrap of 1881. Gibbs received 5381 and Morgan, 1189. Angus Camerson, the Democratic candidate was given 4450 votes. Nor did the "true" nominees for coroner fare any better. Sam Bennett, William Thompson and Alexander Powell being defeated by 'Doc' John D. Leckner, Jacob Justice and William Duble.
But the "true" Republicans licked their wounds and most of them were ready to "yen their heads off" when Colonel Scovel in later campaigns made the welkin ring with his call from the rostrum to wallop the enemy. If you now come across any of the few actors of that period still in the flesh an allusion to that "spectacle" of half century ago will sure bring one big chuckle with the declaration "them was the days."
Camden Courier-Post - May 1, 1933
Centreville - Evergreen Cemetery - Isaac Cooper - William J. Hatch - Benjamin A. Hammell
Richard W. Howell - Joseph J. Hatch - Benjamin Browning - Charles Sloan - Cooper Browning
Thomas A. Wilson - J.C. Sidney - John Hanna - Richard Fetters - Hope Fetters
Christopher A. Bergen - John H. Jones - Dr. Thomas F. Cullen - D. Frank Garrison
Grand Army of the Republic (G.A.R.)
Centreville's Schools
Early Problem Was Getting the Youngsters In The Classrooms; Reminiscences of Professor C. K. Middleton
WHEN Centreville became a part of Camden in 1871, the progressive men of the city were struggling with the public school problem. It is now mainly one of finance, because of the so-called readjustment period which has hit civic and private activities. Then it was a question of “getting organized." The city's population was around 21,000, its children of school age being more, than one-third. But that didn't mean all were attending school.
Times were not so good and two years later was to come the now much-discussed “panic of 1873." So, while there were approximately 8,000 children of school age, the board of education census shows there were 3,819 who were in the schools with 74 teachers to give them the rudiments of education.
It was likewise shown in a survey that the balance of the boys and girls were working in mills and factories, then a family economic necessity since the heads of families received very little for their work and every penny counted.
The child labor law was a long way off. Children in their early teens usually worked 10 hours a day and six days' a week for the munificent sum of $2. Some apprentices didn't get a cent, some as high as $1.50 a week and they thought they were fortunate in learning to be a machinist; a carpenter, a shoemaker or what not. Boys came home mighty weary, but with the energy of youth they refused to let that interfere with play at nights, in winter sledding and skating to get up 5 or 6 0'clock the next morning all set for another grind. The "good old days" weren't so wonderful after all.
Early Schools Built
Centreville's colored population was larger than the white. So a a school for the youth of that race was provided on Ferry Avenue. The board of education, with David Rittenhouse president, and William Figner secretary, sought to look after the needs of the children and in 1875, by passage of a special act of the legislature, Camden was given authority to borrow $30,000 to build three schools. One of these was the John W. Mickle School, on Fillmore street, the other two being the Isaac Mulford and Richard Fetters Schools, named after men prominent in Camden's affairs for many years and factors in developing the public schooI system. The brown stone buildings were built by Mayberry E. Harden, one of the city's leading contractors of the time, and a former member of the school board. The Mickle School in particular was a boon to Centreville.
The late Charles K. Middleton was one of the first principals. He is recalled in much later years as one of the "profs" of the first manual training and high school, when it was launched in 1891 at 125 Federal Street. Students called him "fossils" because he had a penchant for talking about the early periods of the earth's history. Many of these same students long afterward realized what a fine teacher Middleton really was, what a thirst he developed in a relatively few thoughtful youths for things worthwhile. One may visualize him now, with what the present generation would call a "soup strainer" mustache, sitting on the edge of the desk and seemingly forgetful of his surroundings as he told of great monsters that once roamed the Jersey flats, of the glacial period and a lot of what seemed mighty dry material to a bunch of anxious kids ready get out and romp.
When the Centennial year rolled around an impetus was given public education. Camden did its part by way of an exhibition that won prizes as well as much praise. James M. Cassady, then the board's president, was active in many civic matters and one who wielded the best possible influence in 'getting under way' what had been called the new era.
C. K. Evered School
By 1877, when James R. Carson became president, Centreville had grown so that it was decided to build another school for the white children.
The C. K. Evered School was built on Ferry Avenue at Seventh. It was named after the son of Joseph G. Evered and brother of Carl Evered, now a widely-known realty man. Charles was ill but had taken a great interest in school affairs of Centreville. So they named the school for him and it became a memorial, since he died soon afterward. The elder Evered came here from Chicago, shortly after the great fire, was an expert jeweler and resided at 1711 Broadway.
At Ninth Street, the Charles Sumner School was built for colored children, providing much better accommodation than the little makeshift place that was torn down two years ago to make way for the recreation house and park which had been left uncompleted because of the lack of funds. A new Sumner School was reared north of Van Hook Street. It is one of the city's most modern places of public instruction.
Annexes also were built at the Mickle school while for those in the extreme southern section, the "hill" district, there is the Henry B. Wilson School. That was named for the former postmaster, a Republican leader and a leading business man of Camden. He was father of Admiral Henry B. Wilson and Philip S. Wilson, banker.
So Centreville, as the Eighth Ward has gone along with the rest of the city in looking after children's education, topped off with courses, at the high school, a luxury their fathers and grandfathers never dreamed about. There are probably as many children in that district now as there were in the entire city of Camden when Centreville was annexed to the larger community 62 years ago.
Dr. William H. Pratt, son of Jesse Pratt, mayor from 1886 to 1892, was one of the boys in the early school days of Centreville. In addition to giving some sidelights on that period he says Merritt Beckett, appointed by his father, and not William Butts, was the first colored policeman on the Camden force. He was a tall, thin cop, a familiar figure in the late 90's in that district.
Old Centreville Families
Dr. Donges, Mills, Schepperkotter, Covely and Other Men Wrought Through Years to Bring Needed Improvements to District
WHEN a larger community annexes an adjoining district the newer area is generally regarded, for a time at least, as a step-child. Older residents of East Camden will bear out that truism when they recall how difficult it was to obtain improvements. Years before, Newton Township which became part of Camden, had had the same experience. Under such circumstances, it requires tireless energy on the part of leading men to get what their district needs. Demands often go unheeded unless the community is fortunate in having those of spirit who insist on street improvements, water extension, lighting facilities and schools. That was more in evidence half a century ago than now, of course, for Camden itself was little more than a large village.
Down in Centreville there were men who looked after the interests of their constituents, who slowly but surely obtained, improvements and who insisted on being recognized by the powers that be. No one may think of old Centreville without thought of Dr. John W. Donges, whose value to not only that section but Camden at large, has been expatiated upon in these annals. He was not only a leading physician, with a practice extending into Camden, but a leader in many civic movements, and any article on that era would be incomplete without allusion again to the doctor whose services as a real family physician are part of the traditions of many old families.
Came Here In 1872
He came here in 1872 from Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, when his health was affected by overwork through loyalty to his patients. He bought the drugstore at Ferry Avenue and Broadway, remaining there for many years. It was there Supreme Court Justice Ralph W. E. Donges spent his boyhood.
There, too, Dr. Clarence B. Donges and Attorney Raymond Donges were boys. Grant E. Kirk, clerk in his store, later becoming a physician and for several years a member of council and at one time being prominently boomed for mayor, married their sister. Dr. Donges was elected to council in 1878 on the Democratic ticket, itself an evidence of the high regard in which he was held, for the Eighth Ward generally was rockribbed Republican. Until the early part of this century he resided in his old place, but later went to Broadway and Clinton Streets. In later years, after he had retired, he was city assessor, "just to keep busy." He died a few years ago, well in his 80s, mourned by a great host of Camdenites.
There was another widely known Centreville family of the old days, that of Samuel Mills, who had his own abattoir at Broadway and Jackson Street, where city-dressed meats were provided before the days of car refrigeration brought supplies from the great packing places in Chicago. His son, Charlie, was long a member of the Board of Education, while another, William, was a city councilman. Edward Milis, another son, was excise commissioner 35 years ago in the days when there was plenty of trouble with Sunday sellers.
Cornelius Schepperkotter was a factor in politics down that way, too, having a grocery store on Ferry Avenue at Ninth, later moving to the southwest corner when the Charles Sumner School was built. That school was torn down two years ago for the recreation center. Schepperkotter was a member of the old Board of Public Instruction in the late 90's, named by Mayor Cooper B. Hatch. In later years and until his death, he was superintendent of Evergreen Cemetery. He was father of Mrs. Frank S. Albright, wife of City Clerk Albright.
Frank Covely
Shortly after the New York shipyard was opened, there moved to the "Hill" Frank D. L. Covely, who became a joiner and for years was foreman of the joiner shop. He was widely known as a secret society man and also as an effective campaign speaker for the G. O. P. He was a member of the Board of Education.
He sought to go to council, but that was at the time Kirk was a power in the ward. Covely laughingly used to tell of a meeting all set for him from which all save the colored folk were drawn away through strategy of his party opponents. But for ten years he was a member of the Board of Recreation Commissioners.
That movement owed much to his work. Nor did he forget his colored friends, for he had a playground established for them at Ferry Avenue and Phillips Street and the large one [Staley Park- PMC] at Seventh and Jefferson streets. Long afterward that was named for another city official, but Covely's friends said it should have been for him, as a monument to his services for the boys and girls of Centreville. He died a few years ago at Bellmawr in his 70s, after a hectic experience as a chicken raiser at Port Norris.
There, too, was William Dorrell, superjntendent of the old "Narrow Guage" who was one of the leading spirits in the paving of Broadway, nearly 60 years ago the big issue of that section. He lived in a house along the railroad still standing, as the hospital and dispensary of the shipyard.
Mention has been made of the Ferrises, the Helmbolds, the Yeagers, of Squire James D. Chester and Squire F. Joseph Rouh. There was also William O. Thompson, the leading contractor down that way for many years and Theodore Tiedeken, who established the wagon works on Van Hook Street, Martin Ewe, who had the hotel at Broadway and Emerald, and down the street a bit James Croker, who operated Tammany Hall. Forty years ago there was one of the best young athletes of the city, Thomas Nicholas, now retired Camden fire chief. He was down in old No. 3 with Bill Rose, long a fire captain, Bill Miller, Al James, Sam Lodge, Gus Dold and John Ware.
Many of these old timers have passed on, but others are still in the flesh but scattered to all parts of the city but it may be said the survivors look back on the days that were down there in Centreville with an interest that does not dim with the passing years.
A False Alarm of Long Ago
Spectacular Run of Firemen and Steeds in '79 When First
Alarm System Was Given Try-out
THERE were two alarms of fire Saturday evening, one at Fourth and Hamilton streets at 8:29 o'clock, and another at the West Jersey Ferry, an hour later. People in the vicinity of the first-named place turned out to look at the machines propelled at lightning speed by snorting equines, and wondered what it was all about; and some of them thought the wide-awake fire boys were beside themselves, as they asked, for the particular house, in the neighborhood of box 24 upon which, with steam up, their apparatus was able to put on, the water. The firemen and people were quietly informed by a party that drove away in a barouche that it was a designed deception.
Under date of October 6, 1879, that was the introduction to a two-column story under a display headline. But, it was, a single line-"False Alarms." Readers of the period must have been as much mystified as were the firemen and citizens mentioned in the article, for it was not until more than half a column had been devoted to that incident that the public was let into the great secret. It was a test of the first fire alarm system introduced into Camden.
Interest in that incident is revived by the city commissioners last week entering into a contract with that same concern to install in the new City Hall a system for somewhat more than $51,000. That first "system" cost the city $2000 but it was a big sum then and just about 10 times more space was devoted to it in the old Post than in the Courier-Post last Thursday week.
Paid Department 10 Years Old
Camden's paid fire department in 1879 was just 10 years old. It already was winning approval of even the recalcitrants, who had asserted back in 1869, that the old volunteer companies would certainly be missed; that the "professionals" would not have as much interest in putting out a fire as the boys who ran with the Perseverance, the Weccacoe and other organizations, usually bitter rivals. Not infrequently the volunteers battled over hooking up their hose while the fire burned, a event by no means outgrown since that occasionally happens even now, as files of the newspapers prove.
But on that Saturday night 54 years ago, it developed that those who drove away in the mysterious barouche were J. W. Morgan, Crawford Miller and F. P. Pfeiffer; fire commissioners of city council, along with R. S. Bender and Thomas Beatty. They were but carrying out orders to see that the system worked and it was John T. Bottomley who issued those orders. He was Camden's big mill owner but more to the purpose in that particular incident, president of city Council. He had approved the fire alarm system but did not intend putting his O. K. on that $2000 bill until he had seen it in practical operation.
So unknown to the firemen, and the citizens as well, it was determined to test that system by way of turning in the alarms. So an alarm was pulled at 8.29 and "Bart" Bonsall, son of Henry L. Bonsall, publisher of the Post, narrates, in just 15 seconds flat the bell was sounded at No.1 Engine House at Fourth and Pine Streets. In two minutes hose cart No. 1 went bounding out with Driver George Hunt at the reins, followed by Ben Cavanaugh and his faithful nag "Jim" with cart No. 2. Then came Jake Kellum and William Davies with the engine No. 2 drawn by "Dolly" in 2.45. After that was engine No.1 driven by Edmund Shaw and the horse "Alec," coming along in 3 minutes and 5 seconds. It was explained Shaw was held up by the sandy roadway at Fourth and Line.
Spectacular Sight
Anyhow, it must have been a great sight for the old-time families who then resided along the Middle Ward Streets as the racing steeds bounded over Fourth Street, then into Third over a mighty bumpy roadway.
But they arrived and vainly sought the blaze. It was while they were hunting that the barouche came along and the commissioners let them into the great secret. "Bart" doesn't relate what the firemen said about the false alarm, but, like as not the heat of their expressions was a good substitution for the fire they failed to find.
The system was one of those nineday wonders that had the town on its toes. Everybody listened for the alarms in those days, for when they were sent in the bells in the fire houses pealed the number of the box. The strokes could be heard surprisingly far. Since there were but 11 boxes it was not long before many knew just where the fire was located and made a bee line for the scene. Old volunteers, particularly, never quite lost their interest in fires and, whenever they heard the alarm, hot footed it to the scene of excitement.
That was all right when Camden was little more than a village, but as the community grew it became a serious proposition, since the racing citizens often interfered with the firemen. Thus about 30 years ago the fire bells were silenced. Now none know of an alarm coming in save the various houses and the Courier-Post which has a wire attached from headquarters bringing in the alarms so that reporters and cameramen may get on the scene quickly as possible.
Ordinarily, little thought is given to the need for instant and accurate sounding of an alarm made possible through the expert work of City Electrician Jim Howell and his aides. If it were not for that perfection and the speed with which friend reach the scene the losses would he large. And the insurance companies would be around with a "pink slip" as they were some 20 years ago. That meant a 25 percent addition to fire rates. Camden's motorized department plus the work of City Electrician John W. Kelly soon rid the city of that "slip."
That system of long ago didn't include the cops. Now it takes in both departments, as it has done since the days of Chief Samuel Dodd, back in the early 90's.
On Keeping Chimneys Clean
First Act of Camden City Council, Over Century Ago,
Was to Cut Down Fire Hazard By Way of Ordinance for 'Sweeps'
COMPARING Camden's fire-fighting equipment of today with what the city had when it was incorporated, 103 years ago, the wonder is that some of the fires did not wipe out the tiny community. With their pumpers, chemicals and water mains, the average suburb an town is protected like a metropolis when we consider the methods in vogue a century ago.
Fire ever has been man's most implacable foe, and eve yet it is merely a matter of degree from barbarian ancestors and their rude thatched shacks, to modem skyscraper as to the terror it inspires. Camden, in the late 20s of the last century, was merely a clutter of tiny dwellings, only the more prosperous citizenry such as the Coopers and Kaighns having brick domiciles graced with attics.
It was thus in keeping with the times to have thought first for safety from the fire demon when City Council held its first session, April 11, 1828. That was by way, of an ordinance directed against those inclined to be careless and let their chimneys collect through the years, a great mass of soot. There were those who kept their chimneys clean as the proverbial whistle, first, so the fire would draw, and again to remove the fire hazard, But many apparently, took pot luck and let things go with little thought of what might happen until it did- oft-times in the dead of night with long tongues of flames wiping out their humble domicile.
Wood Exclusively Used
Electricity was little more than the mysterious force Ben Franklin had toyed with over the Delaware. Coal still was to be brought from its carboniferous beds in Pennsylvania. It had not even been proposed as "stones that would burn and give heat." Oil came from whales and such and was used sparingly on new fangled mysteries called machinery. So the thick, clumps of trees here about were hewed down for heat in winter and to cook the meals. It was that constant use of wood that filled the chimneys with soot and soot evidently was most of the cause of fire.
When a fire started in Camden village it was a serious affair. If it wasn't caught in the nick of time the house burned to the ground. So council passed its first ordinance to help the boys of old Perseverance in keeping down the fire record although in those days there were no records kept, of course. That first company, by the way, was on Second Street above Market, about where the National State Bank first built. The little frame shack was still there in the 70's when the bank enlarged its building and tore it down, the company meanwhile having taken its quarters to Third Street.
But getting back to the ordinance of council, it required the thorough sweeping of every chimney at least once in three months. If a sweep tried the short cut to earning his money by burning out a chimney he was fined $1 because that method was declared to endanger surrounding property. The sweep was supposed to get into the chimney or at least sweep it in regulation fashion and not "cut corners," as some persons have a habit of doing whether it's sweeping chimneys or building a house.
That part of the ordinance is interesting for it provides "that if any person from or after the first day of May next, ensuing, shall burn his, her or their chimney, or suffer the same to burn or blaze out of the top thereof, unless the roof of the house thereof is covered with snow, or during the time of a storm of rain or snow, every such person shall forfeit and pay the sum of one dollar." If a chimney should take fire the house owner was required to prove that it had been properly swept out within three months.
Further, it was provided if such a chimney burst into flame after it had been swept out the chimney sweep was to forfeit a dollar. That evidently was due to the determination of Laning, Cowperthwaite, Sloan and Lawrence, the city fathers, to make more and better chimney sweeps and to aid the Perseverance boys in staying the ravages of the flaming foe.
Outstanding Fireman
And if any of the boys of the present generation imagine they have the niftiest apparatus hereabouts; with all their compound engines, extension ladders and what not, they have nothing on Samuel D. Elfreth, who "ran" with old Perseverance so soon as he came to Camden, in 1824. Old annals relate, he was always on the spot when "she" was needed, meaning the hand engine, and was regarded as the outstanding fireman of Camden. In 1882 my grandfather wrote in the Courier that Elfreth, although verging on 80, was then still one of the most active volunteer firemen in Camden. He then resided within the shadow of his beloved old company and was filled with reminiscences of the days when he ran with the boys. His son, Samuel (S. Elfreth), then was chief of the paid fire department as he was in later years until his death some 15 years ago. Charles F. Elfreth, a veteran attache of the city's finance department, is a grandson of the first Elfreth, a nephew of the late chief.
Those old ordinances relative to keeping chimneys clean seem amusing now, but they were vitally important then. They were, in fact, the very beginning of the present day system of keeping down fire losses by way of every possible method in alarms, in equipment, in man efficiency. It is from such humble beginnings that have evolved the methods in battling blazes in skyscrapers, in extensive plants, in keeping tabs on the very last thing in conquering the foe ever ready, and seemingly willing, to raze the works of man.
Camden Courier-Post - May 14, 1934
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Author: dylanthomas100
12 Artists respond to the poems of Dylan Thomas The Hours Cafe & Bookshop in Brecon are ardent supporters of the Arts in all their…
Welsh Government is coordinating a wide and varied Education programme associated with Dylan Thomas 100 and the “Developing Dylan” initiative is being delivered by, and…
S4C will be marking the Dylan Thomas centenary with new commissions, archive content, feature pieces in the channel’s existing programmes and partnership work. Amongst the…
British Council Wales is leading the co-ordination and development of Starless and Bible Black, the international programme for the Dylan Thomas 100 Centenary, the anniversary…
British Council Wales is leading the co-ordination and development of Starless and Bible Black, the international programme for the Dylan Thomas 100 Centenary. Launching in…
STARLESS AND BIBLE BLACK CANADA – BRITISH COUNCIL PROGRAMME
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British Council will present Theatr Iolo’s Adventures in the Skin Trade, adapted by Lucy Gough, in the Sydney Opera House and Melbourne Arts Centre in…
STARLESS AND BIBLE BLACK BRITISH COUNCIL’S INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME OF EVENTS
What a year it’s been – the British Council Wales launched it’s Starless & Bible Black International Programme for Dylan Thomas 100 in December 2013…
DYLAN’S SWANSEA – GUIDED TOUR
A lively and entertaining performance-based guided tour of Dylan’s central Swansea with the Ffluellen Theatre Co. Starts from the Dylan Thomas Centre and includes Dylan…
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Lawmakers Reach Early Morning Budget Compromise
After a night of discussions, Kentucky lawmakers have finally reached a budget agreement.
Negotiations on a budget compromise began Monday. By Tuesday, talks had stalled. Lawmakers were unable to work out differences over funding school construction, paying for indigent care at University Hospital in Louisville and reducing bonded debt. House and Senate leaders resolved their differences shortly before 3 am today. The compromise includes the House’s planned funding for school construction and U of L Hospital. It also cuts the state’s bonded debt, which was a Senate priority.
And at the last minute, lawmakers decided to put $2.5 million toward renovations to Rupp Arena in Lexington.
“We would make an offering to Lexington on a 50-50 match, we would make $1.25 million available each year to be matched for Rupp Arena,” says House Speaker Greg Stumbo.
Also at the last minute, funding was restored for the Kentucky Horse Park.
“To give the governor authorization for $3.5 million out of restricted funds he has in the governor’s office for the horse park,” says Senate President David Williams.
The revised budget must now be formally rewritten and printed for lawmakers to view. It will be done in time for both chambers to pass the budget early Friday morning and then adjourn. By passing a budget this week, lawmakers will save time to override gubernatorial vetoes next month.
Published March 29, 2012 By Kenny Colston
Categorized as Frankfort, Local News Tagged budget, Kentucky General Assembly, Kentucky House Speaker Greg Stumbo, Kentucky Senate President David Williams, Rupp Arena
Council Budget Panel Approves $10.8 Million Payment to KRS
Jeffersonville Short in Projected Property Tax Revenue
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Community Art Classes
Gallery Online
RENTAL & SALES GALLERY
Rental & Sales FAQ
Contact Donate
2023 Gallery Exhibitions | Call for Submissions
Call for Expression of Interest: Indigenous Artists, Artist Groups and Curators
Rental and Sales Gallery | Call for Submissions
Gallery Shop Submission
2023 Gallery Exhibitions
Art Gallery of St. Albert’s call for submissions for the 2023 exhibition year is open!
Art Gallery of St. Albert, a contemporary public art gallery, is seeking submissions from artists, artist groups, or curators of all artistic and cultural backgrounds working in all styles and mediums for exhibition in the 2023 calendar year.
The Gallery strives to provide a thought-provoking exhibition schedule and corresponding programs that support educationally challenging art and appeal to many audiences. AGSA is dedicated to curating a diverse exhibition year, profiling a wide range of artists, styles and mediums.
The Gallery is committed to accessibility and inclusion. We encourage artists to contact exhibitions@artsandheritage.ca if they have any questions or concerns regarding our submission requirements. We are happy to work collaboratively with artists to make alternative arrangements.
Artists may send their submissions to the Gallery through Dropbox, in person or through the mail. Submissions are adjudicated by a panel of visual art professionals who represent a spectrum of expertise in the visual arts. The artists chosen to exhibit receive CARFAC (Canadian Artists Representation/ le Front des Artistes Canadian) exhibition fees.
Application Form Feature Exhibition Spaces: Vault Feature Exhibition Spaces: Stairs Exhibition Information Gallery Floor Plan Virtual Inside Scoop Program on Submissions and Exhibitions
The Art Gallery of St. Albert, a contemporary, non-profit, public art gallery (part of the Arts and Heritage Foundation of St. Albert), encourages First Nations, Métis and Inuit artists, artist groups and curators who are interested in exhibiting in our 2023 calendar year, to contact us with an Expression of Interest.
The Gallery considers that artists have a profound contribution to make in expressing both truth and reconciliation. As such at least one exhibition each year is dedicated to Indigenous artists and exhibitions that express Indigenous perspective and/or the theme of reconciliation.
Expressions of Interest should be sent to exhibitions@artsandheritage.ca. Please include a short description of the exhibition, artworks, or project, at least three images of the proposed artwork and links to any applicable artist or project websites or social media pages. Additional and supplementary documentation will be accepted.
Within a few days of receiving an Expression of Interest, the Gallery will contact the artist to set up a phone call or virtual meeting. The meeting will give the Gallery and the artist the opportunity to get to know one another, discuss the artist’s practice and create an individualized plan for assembling a submission to present the artist’s work to our selection jury, which will be hosted in late March, 2022.
The jury will be selecting artists to show in our three exhibition spaces in 2023. It takes months of planning and preparation to bring art exhibitions to life, so the Art Gallery of St. Albert selects exhibitions at least 1 to 1.5 years a head of time.
Deadline to express interest is Wednesday February 16 at 5 pm.
The artists chosen to exhibit at the Gallery in 2023 will receive Canadian Artists’ Representation/Le Front des artistes Canadiens (CARFAC) exhibition fees.
For more information, please email exhibitions@artsandheritage.ca or call 780.460.4310.
Rental and Sales Gallery Call for Submissions
The Rental and Sales Gallery (RSG) is accepting submissions from artists in the community and beyond. Please note that local and regional artists are preferred.
To submit, please email the following information to rentalsales@artsandheritage.ca
Maximum 3 images of artworks
Images should be well lit and free from any background distractions. Please see http://artgalleryofstalbert.ca/shop/rentalsales/ for examples.
Artwork inventory: title, medium, size (and framed size), date, price
Please also include a brief statement about how you see yourself fitting in to our current roster.
Submissions are accepted on an ongoing basis. A jury will convene twice a year in June and November to review the submissions. Artist’s will receive the jury’s decision by the end of the month.
Gallery Shop Submissions
The Art Gallery of St. Albert Gallery Shop is seeking submissions from craft artists, designers, and artisans in the community and beyond who would like to have their work featured in our retail space. Our shop represents over 30 regional makers, and has become a destination retail space for buyers of unique handmade, high-quality jewelry, housewares, and gift items influenced by fine art and design.
Artists receive 60% commission on all sales. Retail sale price is set by the artist.
Submission Deadline:
Ongoing, submissions will be reviewed on a monthly basis
Up to six (6) samples of work may be submitted as digital images with proper documentation, including medium and sale price.
Selected pieces must look professional and be ready for sale. Work will be refused if it does not meet this requirement.
Please include with your submission a current résumé or CV, and a one paragraph artist’s biography.
We require that if selected, works be available to the Art Gallery of St. Albert Gallery Shop for no less than one year.
If work is inactive for a period of more than six (6) months, the Gallery Shop reserves the right to return the piece(s).
The Art Gallery of St. Albert Gallery Shop will contact successful applicants within four weeks of receipt of submission.
Please email, mail or drop off submissions to:
Art Gallery of St. Albert, 19 Perron Street, St. Albert, AB T8N 1E5 Attn: Gallery Shop
ahfgallery@artsandheritage.ca
© Copyright 2022 Arts and Heritage St Albert
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Talos: Is this the ugliest statue in Cambridge?
Look. It's an ugly statue in the middle of Cambridge.
Well, I think it's ugly. You may disagree. My suspicion, though, is that most of you agree. Judging by the lack of love accorded this statue.
Nobody stands and looks at it. Nobody has their photograph taken with it. Tourists, children and punt touts cluster around the Snowy Farr statue less than 20 yards around the corner but nobody loves Talos.
For this is the statue's title: Talos.
Who, may you ask, or what, is Talos?
If you are an afficionado of the role-playing videogame The Elder Scrolls / Skyrim, you will have your own ideas about Talos. For the rest of us, it's a trip back to ancient Greek mythology.
Talos in Greek mythology
Zeus abducted Europa and took her to the island of Crete. On Crete, a bronze giant guarded Europa from pirates by circling the island's shores three times a day. This bronze robot man was called Talos. He was made by either Zeus or Dadaelus (the engineer) or Hephaistos (the god of fire and iron). A single vein of molten metal gave Talos life; this 'blood' was kept inside the giant's body by a bronze peg in his ankle.
When Jason and the Argonauts landed on Crete, Talos attacked them. Jason's companion, the sorceress Medea, charmed the clueless Talos into taking out the bronze peg, and all his ichor flowed into the sand. Talos 'died'.
Some of us will remember Talos from the 1963 movie Jason and the Argonauts, magnificently animated by stop-motion guru Ray Harryhausen.
Source: Charlie Bell at Collidge of Nollidge on Jason and the Argonauts and Ray Harryhausen (1963).
Click on the clip above. Or watch it at youtube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q17dl_aUNf4
But Harryhausen's Talos is a far cry from the maimed and armless Cambridge Talos.
Post-war angst
The Cambridge sculpture is made of bronze (just like the mythical Talos). It has no arms. It has no face, just a featureless angular blob. Its torso bulges out in a box-like shape.
Look closely. The surface texture is rough and unfinished. Items that look like small pebbles or fossils are embedded in the bronze. It is not so much a metal machine as a stunted man. Because why would a robot need a penis?
The man is hollowed out -- literally. Look at the cavity of his back.
Talos was sculpted in 1950. The anonymous authors of the (really good) Cambridge Sculpture Trails inform us:
"By depicting him [Talos] without arms, Michael Ayrton (1921-1975) portrays the anger and bewilderment felt by many of the post-war generation British sculptors."
I don't usually like to take others' interpretations on wholesale but there is something to this view. Look at some other post-World War Two bronze sculptures:
Germaine Richier, Praying Mantis, 1949. Source: © Christie's
Richier's figure is emaciated and barely human: an insect-woman hybrid, without face or will.
Ossip Zadkine, The Destroyed City, 1951-3, Rotterdam, memorial to the 1940 bombing of Rotterdam by Germany. Source: Japanese wikipedia.
Zadkine's hollowed-out man throws his arms in the air but is helpless in the face of destruction. All the post-war statues are like these: not heroic but humans reduced to their existential essentials.
Lynn Chadwick, Teddy Boy and Girl, 1955. Source: zvab.com.
Even Chadwick's Teddy Boy and Girl are strangely stunted creatures. You'd think that 1950s rockin' youth would be more cheerful but no. They, too, must do without faces, balanced on spindly legs, oddly misshapen and bereft of muscles.
The sculptor of Talos is Michael Ayrton. He was interested in Greek mythology. Here's another Greek subject, sculpted by Ayrton:
Michael Ayrton, Minotaur, 1968-9, Barbican, London. Source: © Metro Centric via a Wikimedia Creative Commons Licence.
The sculptor himself wrote about Talos:
"A certain tranquillity lies in his stupid presence, a certain comfort. He has no brains and no arms, but looks very powerful."
(from Jacob E. Nyenhuis, Myth and the Creative Process: Michael Ayrton and the Myth of Dadealus, the Maze Maker (2003), p.102.
Maybe Europa found comfort in her bronze guardian. But do we find comfort in Ayrton's faceless man?
The classics scholar Jacob E. Nyenhuis (who wrote the abovecited book about Ayrton) compared Talos to contemporary military leaders, from Iran to China. Nyenhuis says that when a dictatorial army crushes the people,
"that victory is as hollow as Ayrton's sentinel figures and the country's leadership as mindless as the maddened, bronzed Talos." (pp.103-4)
How ugly is Talos?
To me, Talos is very ugly. But my detective work into the work's context and background now makes me think: perhaps its ugliness is the statue's very point? Perhaps, in a world only five years after Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and after the discoveries of World War genocide, humans did really seem maimed and unheroic? The future bleak, the face blinded and mute, the stocky torso and muscular calves just a sham?
Today, I walked past the statue and some pranksters had put a lampshade on Talos's head:
Was Talos's head just too ugly and bleak to be coped with? Is the lampshade an improvement? Or do we prefer Talos's inhuman mask?
Ten minutes later I walked past again, and diligent city cleaners had removed the ruffled head. Back to the everyday, then.
What: Talos, 1950, bronze sculpture, by Michael Ayrton.
Where: Guildhall Street, in front of St George's House, opposite the Guildhall, between Yo Sushi' and The Red Cow.
When: Erected on the completion of Lion Yard and Fisher House in 1973.
Cambridge Sculpture Trails.
The entry on Talos at Explore Crete.
The peculiar history of the Cambridge war memorial
Seven reasons why the Snowy Farr sculpture fails
Permalink: http://artincambridge.blogspot.com/2013/02/talos-is-this-ugliest-statue-in.html
Tags: artfail, focus, public sculpture, sculpture
Tamaranth 18 February, 2013 19:26
that is fascinating! I shall look at it with fresh eyes (though will probably, being me, still find it unpleasing -- weighty meaning can't bypass what I feel, though it may change what I think).
Picturetalk321 18 February, 2013 22:36
I'm totally with you on the think vs feel front. Aesthetics is one thing, and intellectual appreciation is another. Still: I wanted to do a ranty post but it did morph into something a little different. Also, once I veered off into Harryhausen (not to mention the weird world of Skyrim), things became a whole lot jollier.
Lucy R. Fisher 18 February, 2013 19:56
Michael Ayrton is pretty awful! Hate the Zadkine. But I think Ayrton's Minotaur has got something, even if it is by him. And I like Lynn Chadwick. Sculpture took a wrong turn after the war and became quite sentimental. It seems to be over-influenced by Picasso's Blue Period (and he notoriously couldn't draw).
I sometimes also wonder if it's the location. The minotaur sits in a park-like setting; it sort of crouches among the grasses - it sort of makes sense. Talos is on this big tall plinth so looms above you in a sidestreet that everybody just hurries through. I'd now be interested why this subject was picked out by Cambridge councillors to begin with. Hm, more archival ferreting needed... I do like the Chadwicks, and I was looking at Reg Butler and Kenneth Armitage as well. No wonder books about these sculptors are called things like The Geometry of Fear...
Anonymous 04 January, 2014 21:59
Sandra 19 February, 2013 16:44
Your arguments are persuasive but I still hate it. Just saw a thumbnail of a Cambridge Rock. I'd like that better.
Don't get me wrong: I do think the Talos is terribly ugly. :-) It's just that I may sort of understand or sympathise with the ugliness a bit more. Still, I do wish the City Fathers had chosen a Serra... ;-p
Well, at least it's not ... boring! Maybe that pebble is the peg? And this is a take on what the empty/dead Talos would look like? Hmm. Great post!
Ah, the pebble as peg! I like that a lot! Will check it out next time I'm walking past.
I have to say I smile every time I see Talos, ask my family to stop and admire him too. He is strong and bold and scary and unique, and Cambridge would be the poorer without him.
You know, I'm glad you're saying this. It's nice that this sculpture gets some love. Ironically, it's also my young son's favourite Cambridge sculpture.
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SATs Assessment
What is a Standard Assessment Test (SATs test)?
It is a national test that is taken by children at the end of Key Stage 2.
Pupils are given a level of attainment from the test.
At Key Stage 1, there are tests that teachers use but these are informal.
What are the children tested on?
At Key Stage 2, the children are tested on the following:
Reading Test
Spelling, Grammar and Punctuation
*Each year, the DFE select schools randomly to sit a science test.
Key Stage 1 Assessments
In Key Stage 1, the children are tested on their Maths, Reading, Writing and Science.
These assessments take place in an environment the children are familiar with and the children are tested by their teacher.
The assessments are informal and the children are assessed either one to one or in small groups.
KS2 Teacher Assessment
At the end of KS2, teachers must assess pupils in English writing and science.
The frameworks do not include English reading and mathematics because schools are no longer required to make statutory teacher assessment judgements in these subjects at the end of KS2.
The KS2 English writing framework contains 3 standards:
· working towards the expected standard
· working at the expected standard
· working at greater depth within the expected standard.
The KS2 science framework contains 1 standard:
· working at the expected standard.
Key Stage 1 Phonics
In Year 1, all children are assessed on their understanding of Phonics. They are assessed one to one by their class teacher.
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