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Go Indie TV
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Home / Blog / Artful living with romi cortier
Romi Cortier has owned a salon in LA's upscale neighborhood of Hancock Park for over 17 years. Romi Cortier Design is a boutique hair salon with multiple private rooms and is located at 425 N Larchmont Blvd. Romi has worked with numerous celebrities over the years, specializing primarily in hair color.
Romi is also a 4th generation artist who's work has been published in the book Marilyn in Art. His paintings belong to collectors across the country, from Manhattan to Texas to LA. He was a contributor to the Portraits of the Fallen Memorial Project, and recently published a book of his art, The Art of Romi Cortier, now available on Amazon. Romi's salon also doubles as a gallery for his artwork.
Romi has a dedicated YouTube channel for his art, as well as multiple DIY mural making videos on YouTube boasting nearly a million views. The inspiration for his murals comes from his love of art history. The mural making process actually is a platform to educate its viewers about the important design movements of the 20th century, which he learned about during his interior design studies at UCLA.
Romi maintains a blog dedicated to art, architecture and interior design, chronicling his global travels and the things that inspire him. The objective of the blog is to celebrate what's right and beautiful in the world as a counterpoint to the negativity of most online media. His Design Diary can be found at www.WhereArtInspiresBeauty.com.
Lastly, Romi studied acting with one of LA's finest teachers and onset coaches Ms. Leigh Kilton-Smith. As a 20+ year client and friend of Romi's, he's had access to a very interesting point of view regarding the world of entertainment. His life is truly one degree of separation from some of the biggest names in Hollywood.
Please check out his website at www.romicortier.com.
Best Martial Arts, Mixed Martial Arts
Go Indie TV – Animation Reviews, Animation Reviews, Dreamworks Films
Go Indie TV’s favorite Pick!
Horror, Sci-Fi, Horror Movies, Web Series
Independent Filmmakers, Top Documentary Films
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TV Shows and Classic Films
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Versatility, serenity and all terrain.
Mountain guide and ski instructor. Practice alpinism, free climbing, extreme skiing and ice climbing.
Likes: Rock and Roll, beer and potato omelette.
Power, high difficulty and paranormal fingers.
One of the best climbers in the world. His specialty is the high difficulty in rock climbing.
Likes: Punk, world travel and rice.
Together they form one of the best bigwall free climb team of the planet characterized by the versatility, powerfull and innovation of their projects.
Eneko is born.
Iker is born.
First 300m peak summited- the Taillón in the Pyrenees.
They climb many of the Pyrenees’ highest peaks.
Eneko starts to climb “for real”.
Iker starts to climb “for real”.
They climb Mont Blanc, accompanied by their father.
Iker scends his first 8a, Sentido de la Vida, Etxauri in Navarre, Spain, which he
climbs on sight.
Eneko skis the Couloir de la Y (45º/300m) on the Peña Telera in the Pyrenees.
Iker scends Gora Begira ez dago Nekerik (8b+) at El Convento, Álava, Spain.
Eneko skis the Norte de la Munia (50º/850m) in the French Pyrenees.
Iker scends Mala Vida (8c) in Oñate, Guipuzcoa, Spain.
Both become instructors in the Escuela Vasca de Alta Montaña (Basque Mountaineering School).
Eneko skis the Couloir Swan (45-50º/600m), Astazous, French Pyrenees.
Together, and in one day, they make the first free ascent of Pilar del Cantábrico
(8a+/500m) on the Naranjo de Bulnes, Spain.
Eneko skis the Suela de la Zapatilla (50º/200m) on Candanchú in the Pyrenees.
Iker scends Guenga (8c+) in Baltzoa, Biscay, Spain. It is the first route of this
grade in the Basque Country.
Eneko scends his first 8a with Malestar General in Oñate, Guipuzcoa, Spain.
Eneko joins the Equipo Nacional de Jóvenes Alpinistas (National Young Alpinists Team).
Eneko travels to climb in Canada and the USA with the Equipo Nacional de Jóvenes Alpinistas.
Eneko reaches 7400m on Annapurna, but suffers a cerebral edema which nearly costs him his life.
Eneko attempts to climb Baghirathi III (6454m), reaching 5400m; and Ketharthome (6800m), reaching 6300m, both in the Indian Himalaya.
Together they climb The Great Canadian Knife (8a+/850m) on Mount Proboscis, Canada. They climb all the hard pitches but adverse weather conditions prevent
them from reaching the summit.
Iker makes the second repetition of Action Direct (9a), becoming the youngest climber to climb the route and the first Spanish climber to reach this grade.
Eneko skis the Norte del Monte Perdido (50-55º/900m) in the Pyrenees.
Eneko skis Vía Normal del Midi d’Ossau (55º/650m) and the Couloir la Fourche (50º/700m), on the Midi d’Ossau in the French Pyrenees.
Together they climb Silbergeier (8b+/250m) on the Ratikon, Switzerland.
Iker climbs Sorginetxe (8b+), the first boulder problem of this grade in Spain.
Eneko earns his diploma as a ski instructor.
They begin the 7 Walls, 7 Continents project with El Niño (8a+/850m) on el Capitán, Yosemite National Park, USA. It is the second free repetition of the route.
Eneko summits Cotopaxi (5896m).
Together they climb Zunbeltz (8b+/500m) on the Naranjo de Bulnes, the first free ascent. Part of the 7 Walls, 7 Continents project.
Iker climbs Mendeku (9a), Engino, Álava.
Iker scends the famous Baing de Sang (9a), Switzerland.
Bravo les Filles (8b+/600m), Madagascar. 1st free ascent. Part of the 7 Walls, 7 Continents project.
Free Route (7b/65m), the Totem Pole, Tasmania, Australia. First Spanish free ascent. Part of the 7 Walls, 7 Continents project.
Eternal Flame 8a/1100m, plus the Variante Pou (8a), a variant of Eternal Flame on the Trango Tower, Karakorum, Pakistan. Part of the 7 Walls, 7 Continents project.
El Quinto Imperio (8b/500m), Naranjo de Bulnes, first free ascent.
Lugorri (8c+/250m), Naranjo de Bulnes, opened and first free ascent.
Eneko skis Correder Norte del Veleta (45-50º/350m), Sierra Nevada, Spain.
Supercanaleta (6c/M6/2000m), Fitz Roy, Patagonia, Argentina. Part of the 7 Walls, 7 Continents project.
Schatila (7c/300m), New Age (8a/250m) both in Switzerland, and Freedom (8b/300m), Austria.
Blue Lagune, Legaxy, Cleopatra, and Batman (7b-7c/250-320m) on sight, Wendestock, Switzerland.
Elefhantenohr (7c+/300m), Wendestock, Switzerland.
First Spanish free ascent Azken Paradizua (7a/M6/750m) on a new peak in the Antarctica we christen Zerua Peak. After sailing Cape Horn and the Drake Sea from Ushuaia, Argentina, we opened this route on a virgin peak. This is the last of the 7 Walls, 7 Continents projects.
Eneko skis Canal Sureste de la Galana (50º/150m), Gredos, Spain.
Regular (5.12b/250m), Half Dome, Yosemite National Park, USA.
Astroman (5.11c/450m) Washington Column, Yosemite National Park, USA.
Eneko scends Sizauer Justizialaria (8b), Etxauri, Navarre, Spain. Second attempt.
Pachamama (5a/1000m), Morro Von Rosen (5450m), Argentina. First ascent of the south face of the Morro Von Rosen.
Vitoria-Gasteiz (85º/600m), Aguja Negra (5350m), Argentina. First ascent of the south face of the Aguja Negra.
Gure Etxea (60º/900m), Chañi Grande (5896m)- Punta Ibañez (5888m) and traverse to the Chañi Central, Argenina. First ascent of the north face of the Punta Ibañez.
Marcados por el Chañi (85º/650m), Chañi Chico (5570m), Argentina. First climb of the glacier of the south face of the Chañi Chico.
Orbayu (8c+/9ª/500m), Naranjo de Bulnes. Opened in combination with the route Mediterráneo and first free ascent.
The Hardest of the Alps. Ascents of three of the most difficult routes in the Alps over one summer: Solo per Vechi Guierrieri (8c/150m), Pan Aroma (8b/500m), and Zahir (8b+/300m).
Iker scends Demencia Senil (9a+), Margalef, Spain. First repetition.
Eneko scends Maritxu Kilkerra (8b+), Etxauri, Navarre, Spain.
Clasica Moderna (6c/1800m) (400 new metres), Brouillard, Mont Blanc, France. Opened.
Atraveso il Pesce (7b+/1000m), Marmolada, Italy. On sight.
Vía del Tótem (8a/300m), Pao de Azúcar, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. First free ascent, and in one day.
Athalio del Diablo (8a+/400m), Cristo Corcovado, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. First free ascent, and in one day.
Eneko scends Ume Gaiztoak (8b+), Etxauri, Navarre, Spain.
Gain official status as Mountain Guides.
The Door (8b/630m), Hotel Mónica (6b+/320m), Levi is coming (6b/490m), Perfection Valley, Baffin Island, Artic Circle, Canada. Opening of the routes and 1st free ascents.
Iker scends Nit de Bruixes (9a+). First free ascent.
Ferrari (IV/6/95º/1000m), Cerro Torre, Patagonia, Argenina. Free ascent.
Kolpez Kolpe (7c+/8a/170m), Sierra de la Tramuntana, Majorca. Opening and free ascent of the route.
Tarrago (8b+/240m), Montserrat, Catalonia, Spain. First free ascent.
Eneko scends Perestroika (8c) in Majorca, Spain.
We open Pou Brothers Attempt (6c) on the Baghirathi II (6500m) in the Indian Himalaya. 600m of new route although we do not reach the summit.
The distance between desire and fact it shortens training
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Chrysler sebring 2010 limited
Chrysler sebring 2010 limited. Used 2010 Chrysler Sebring For Sale 2019-03-30
Saturday, March 30, 2019 6:57:35 PM Brent
CARFAX Vehicle History Report for American Cars
The sedan offered a greater seating capacity, making that model a better choice for families. Once again, for some reason, Chrysler gets a bad rap from reviewers. Std Std Fuel Tank, 18. I've asked twice about cars at this location because I live in Davis. Traded that Subaru in for the Concorde. The oddly-shaped upper dashboard is constructed of soft-touch plastic, while the lower dash, door interiors, and center console are in a very hard plastic with a dimpled pattern- way behind other players in this class. I even offered to trade the car back to them when the one year warranty was up.
2010 Chrysler Sebring Reliability
Seating capacity varies only slightly, with the convertible seating four people and the sedan seating five. Perhaps this under-rated and under-appreciated car is slightly more desirable with all of the option boxes checked off. The Sebring line now offers just two engine choices—: a standard 2. As an owner, I feel this article is b not a fair review. The Chevrolet Impala was the most discounted 2011 model year vehicle. The Limited convertible model added a remote start, power top, window controls on the key fob, and a universal garage door opener.
We have been the market leader for Vehicle History in the U. Reliability indicates how models have performed in the past, providing the basis for predicting how the vehicles will hold up in the year ahead. Meanwhile, the more powerful V6 Sebring fails to match the fuel economy of rivals like the and. Beats the jeep for gas mileage and comfort. I would purchase a Chrysler product again. Though it has plenty of functionality for families, the 2010 Mazda6 should be on your short list if you want a fun-to-drive midsize car with stand-out good looks. It has an engine that starts every time and runs smooooth.
2010 Chrysler Sebring 4dr Sdn Limited Specs and Features
The most notable options available for the Sebring Convertible are the retractable hard top, 3. I have taken this car into fields, forced it through mud, snow and sand and flat out drove it like a off roader. The result is a car that glides down hills and roads without putting the foot down on the gas. I could see that there were small pockets of space still available in the trunk, but the uneven trunk upholstery kept me from being able to fill them up. I just wanted to know what condition the interior is and I got one email telling to come to the dealership and I received no response when I asked again explaining that I live far away and did not want to drive there and then find out the interior of the car is in bad shape. It is remarkable for its low maintenance and great gas mileage for a 6 cyc.
Unlike the Sebring Sedan, the Convertible does not offer a four-wheel-drive powertrain. I told them that was the only reason I wanted the vehicle! Like the 2010 Mazda6, the was praised for its athletic handling and powerful V6 when it was new. So yes, I am a brand loyal customer. In the sedan, the backseats fold forward and open up to the trunk; the front passenger seat also folds flat for loading long objects inside the car. .
Review: 2010 Chrysler Sebring Limited Sedan
Chrysler's number for this recall is S61. The latter two models were the only ones available at the end of the Sebring's production run, as the coupe was discontinued after 2005. Interim letters informing owners that parts are not available yet were mailed on October 26, 2016. The taller stance improves cabin access and the driving position, and its controls are straightforward. The body is relatively solid, with very little noticeable flex or wiggle. I had expected to be horrified by the ride and interior treatments.
It refuses to let me down! The sedan also has a reasonably roomy, comfortable interior, with enough space for adults in back. These charts provide the most comprehensive reliability information available to consumers. By Kevin Miller The Chrysler Sebring is not the most modern, most spacious, best-equipped, or best-handling sedan in the mid-sized class. This award is given based on crash testing, with the vehicle performing best overall in the tests receiving the honor. The Aztek's excessive plastic body-cladding and the Juke's frog face are just some of the details that lend these cars a not easy-on-the-eyes look, but their proportions are… The 2010 Chrysler Sebring is the most discounted 2010 or 2011 vehicle for March, according to TrueCar's latest TrueTrends report. I have hit much better times, I took my car for the full service it deserves. I just bought a used 2010 Sebring Limited.
2010 Chrysler Sebring Cars and Parts
The Sebring Convertible's rear seat offers more room than those in the Volkswagen Eos and Ford Mustang, and the integrated seat belts in the front seats make it easy for rear seat passengers to get in and out. The 1995 Sebring was only available in a coupe model, as the convertible and four-door sedan did not debut until 1996 and 2001, respectively. I'll admit I have not taken very good care of it, the car keeps going without problem. Shifts whether automatically or manually commanded are certainly felt, but not intrusively so. Various trim level options came and went over the years and the convertible model underwent an overhaul in 2008, offering a powered hard top as well as the standard vinyl and cloth tops. Several different top configurations are offered on the Convertible. Chrysler's number for this recall is S61.
The sedan competes at the heart of the mid-size sedan class—including models like the Toyota Camry and Ford Fusion—but fails to wow on almost any count, while the Convertible, despite being one of the best-selling ragtops in America, is decidedly mediocre. The alloy rims decayed so the tires leaked. We use this car for most of our driving around town, stores or mall trips. The Sebring is the poster child for what went wrong at under former owners Daimler. I have owned them all, Jags, Trailblazers, etc. I now have 70000 on mine and the 3. Slightly revised for 2010, the Sebring lost the odd hood strakes that were eye-catching though not pretty.
Based on information received from our latest subscriber survey, our reliability history charts give you a rundown on how used vehicles are holding up in 17 potential trouble spots, ranging from the engine, transmission, and brakes to power equipment and the electrical system. I had always liked the Sebring when they only came in the 2 door, was excited to see that they started making the 4 door. The Sebring Convertible's base four-cylinder engine delivers highway mileage of up to 29 miles per gallon, the Limited trim's 3. For 2010, the Chrysler Sebring is again offered either as a sedan or a convertible. In all versions of the Sebring, steering is direct if not razor-sharp, while the independent suspension is firm enough for a stable and secure feel during emergency situations and in tight corners.
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Home » Emily West All for You
New Music Releases: Week of August 15, 2015
August 14, 2015 By Jacob Elyachar Leave a Comment
By: Jacob Elyachar, jakes-take.com Welcome to the latest edition of New Music Releases! This week, we have an all-star group of Jake’s Take favorites and Top 40 darlings. So without further ado, let’s get this party started! All For You by Emily West Last year, I became an immediate fan of songstress Emily West […]
Filed Under: Music Tagged With: America's Got Talent alums album reviews, August 2015 music reviews, August 2015 new music, Branden James #YouBelong, Branden James America's Got Talent, Branden James Crossover EP, Branden James Crossover EP review, Emily West All for You, Emily West All for You album review, Emily West America's Got Talent, Emily West and Cyndi Lauper True Colors, Jacob Elyachar music reviews, Max Martin Rolling Stone, Melanie Martinez Cry Baby, Melanie Martinez Cry Baby album review, Melanie Martinez Team Adam, Melanie Martinez The Voice, New Music Releases: Week of August 15 2015, Robin Thicke and Nicki Minaj Back Together, Robin Thicke and Nicki Minaj Back Together song review, Robin Thicke Nicki Minaj Max Martin Back Together, Rolling Stone 100 Greatest Songwriters, The Band Perry and RedOne, The Band Perry Good Morning America, The Band Perry Live Forever song review, The Band Perry Live Forver, The Voice alums album reviews, Vintage Trouble 1 Hopeful Rd., Vintage Trouble 1 Hopeful Rd. album review, Vintage Trouble and Whoopi Goldberg The View, Vintage Trouble Run Like The River, Vintage Trouble's friendship with Whoopi Goldberg
New Music Releases: Week of April 13, 2014
April 14, 2015 By Jacob Elyachar Leave a Comment
By: Jacob Elyachar, jakes-take.com Welcome to this week’s New Music Releases! This week, I took a look at the Queen of Country Music’s latest album and new material from a diverse group of rising artists. Love Somebody by Reba McEntire The country music icon has released her 27th studio album: Love Somebody! This album not […]
Filed Under: Music Tagged With: April 2015 album reviews, April 2015 music reviews, April 2015 New Music Releases, April 2015 song reviews, Bitter Emily West song review, Colin Dieden The Mowgli's, Emily West All for You, Emily West America's Got Talent alum, Emily West Bitter song, Eyes Wide Open Sabrina Carpenter, Eyes Wide Open Sabrina Carpenter album review, Jacob Elyachar music reviews, Kids in Love The Mowgli's, Kids in Love The Mowgli's album review, New Music Releases: Week of April 13 2015, Reba McEntire and Jennifer Nettles Enough, Reba McEntire Love Somebody, Reba McEntire Love Somebody album review, Reba The Voice, Sabrina Carpenter and Peter Hollens I Still Haven't Found What I Am Looking For, Sabrina Carpenter Girl Meets World, The Mowgli's I'm OK, Who Is Fancy Goodbye, Who Is Fancy song review, Who Is Fancy? Mix 93.3 Red White and Boom, XYPO and Kyamran Silence, You Wanna Know XYPO and Kyamran Silence
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The Surrey Hotel, NYC Modern glamour on the Upper East Side
The Surrey Hotel, NYC
An intimate, sophisticated address on Manhattan’s Upper East Side, The Surrey began as a townhouse to the stars of the 1920s and is now a hot 2014 pied-a-terre. Its location on Madison Avenue, just a block from Central Park, gives cultured guests direct access to top fashion houses, restaurants, world-class museums and iconic landmarks, while its discreet service allows for calm personal space—“Privately New York.” The Surrey offers world-class dining by Café Boulud, the atmospheric Bar Pleiades, Cornelia Spa and a Private Roof and Herb Garden featuring seasonal cocktails. An impressive collection of 31 original modern artworks are dispersed throughout the private and public spaces. The hotel’s 189 contemporary, exquisite salons and suites were created by Lauren Rottet, accommodating celebrities, style-icons and art aficionados the world over.
Built pre-war in Beaux-Arts architectural design, The Surrey has recently concluded a $60+ million restoration by renowned architectural and interior designer Lauren Rottet, FAIA, IIDA. The hotel is reflective of its Upper East Side neighbourhood and evokes the ambiance of a residential townhouse that has evolved over time with eclectic pieces that seem to have been acquired through worldly travels.
The Surrey showcases coffered ceilings, limestone walls and moldings, and marble archways and floors in the lobby. Adding an unexpected twist, the hotel is accented with eclectic elements such as the front desk made of hand-tooled leather, and an antique Oriental carpet expressed in mosaic tiles. Rottet’s use of a refined palette of textures and hues of cream, silver, gray, light tobacco and black provides a timeless stage for the vibrancy each guest brings to the hotel.
Steps away from the city’s finest cultural institutions, The Surrey offers its own intimate collection of modern art, including two photographs, You Are My Own and But The Myth Of Love, by American conceptual artist, Jenny Holzer. In a hidden niche between the lobby and the bar is an interactive video piece by South African artist, William Kentridge. London-based artists, Jimmie Karlsson and Martin Nihlman, best known as Jimmie Martin, were commissioned by Rottet Studio to custom design playful residential furnishings such as an ornate armoire and a customized chaise lounge. Guests are also greeted by a tapestry of model, designer, musician and fashion icon Kate Moss, by portrait artist Chuck Close, upon entering the lobby.
Salons & Suites
Ranging from 350 to 2,127 square feet, The Surrey features 189 salons, including 34 suites, a Penthouse and a Presidential suite.
The 2,127-square-foot Presidential suite is ideal for Manhattan entertaining with a private terrace, baby grand piano, formal dining room, two bedroom option, kitchen, living room, full bar and three bathrooms. Residential-inspired details were added to reflect true Upper East Side living, including an Apple Macbook, fireplace, antique desk, walk-in closets, sauna, classic claw foot tub and separate shower. In a private seating area overlooking Central Park is an antique chaise lounge whimsically painted by Jimmie Martin with the recipe for “The Perfect Manhattan” cocktail. Throughout the suite, a covetable collection of modern artwork dresses the walls by artists such as Donald Sultan, Richard Serra, Cecily Brown, Amy Sims, Mel Bochner and Imogen Cunningham.
Located on the 17th floor, the modern, loft-like Penthouse at 1,141 square feet is complete with 10-foot ceilings, a fireplace, formal living and dining rooms, a retractable projection screen, oversized bedroom and a bathroom with a sleek soaking tub and rain shower. An eclectic assortment of artwork by Ann Hamilton, Jonathan Borofsky, Nathalia Edenmont, Mel Bochner and Donald Baechler add a touch of humor and inspiration to the space. Affording direct access to The Surrey’s English Roof Garden, a private wraparound terrace features twin couches and a dining table that seats up to nine.
At the heart of all salons and suites is the hand-crafted DUX bed by Duxiana (engineered for perfect support), dressed in Sferra bedding. In addition, Beaux-Arts/Art Deco custom-designed furnishings such as hand-painted armoires, walnut cabinets and nightstands with burl wood insets, desks with built-in vanity and desktop electrical outlets for convenient access complete the atmosphere.
Artwork in the salons and suites include prints of 1700s etchings Lauren Rottet found while traveling in Milan as well as more modern black & white photos of New York scenes. Some salons offer window seating overlooking Madison and 76th Street with cushions embroidered in quotes, including: “Across these rooftops, stories are told;” “Through these windows lies the soul of the city;” and “Only here among the crowds can you find rest.”
Style and sophistication meet in modern technology, with LCDs and Denon iPod docking stations in every salon and suite. Guests can view their photos and music on the TV screen as well as play their personal music selection. Bedside panels control the lighting in the room, which ranges from nightlight mode to reading to watching TV.
All bathrooms have exclusive finishes such as white Italian marble throughout, Waterworks fixtures and luxurious Pratesi cotton terry robes and signature bath amenities by Mitchell and Peach. Deluxe suites are realized with double sinks and soaking tubs.
Perched peacefully on the 17th floor overlooking the Upper East Side and Central Park, the 2,200- square-foot Roof Garden at The Surrey is intended to feel hidden with manicured boxwoods and ivy trailing over wrought iron tables and chairs. Lounge seating and sofas are set at the corners of the terrace like individual garden rooms, seating up to 40 patrons. Accessible only to hotel guests and select members of the neighborhood, the Roof Garden is a setting for relaxing, a romantic evening or for business entertaining and features butler service for beverages and light meals.
An exclusive extension of our personalized service, The Surrey Patrons Club offers preferential treatment to loyal guests. Membership grants access to our Private Roof Garden and hotel rewards, as well as access to invite-only events at The Surrey. Crowning the 17th floor of The Surrey, the seasonal Private Roof Garden overlooks the Upper East Side and Central Park. It’s a true oasis exclusively for hotel guests and members of the Patrons Club, ideal for business entertaining or an evening cocktail. The panoramic Manhattan views are best contemplated along with light canapés from Café Boulud and signature cocktails from the classic New York City rooftop bar.
For more information about the hotel please click here.
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Iraq Improves Remarkably - And Dino Media Grudgingly Acknowledges It
What ever is the Angry left going to do? Iraq is improving remarkably, and even the NYT and the Washington Post can't get away with the same old `quagmire' nonsense any more.
In this WAPO piece, the reporter does his very best to urinate on the parade, but even he has to admit to the progress being made:
Iraqis are returning to their homeland by the hundreds each day, by bus, car and plane, encouraged by weeks of decreased violence and increased security, or compelled by visa and residency restrictions in neighboring countries and the depletion of their savings.
Those returning make up only a tiny fraction of the 2.2 million Iraqis who have fled Iraq since the U.S.-led invasion in 2003. But they represent the largest number of returnees since February 2006, when sectarian violence began to rise dramatically, speeding the exodus from Iraq.
Many find a Baghdad they no longer recognize, a city altered by blast walls and sectarian rifts. Under the improved security, Iraqis are gingerly testing how far their new liberties allow them to go. But they are also facing many barriers, geographical and psychological, hardened by violence and mistrust.
Days after she returned from Syria, 23-year-old Melal al-Zubaidi and a friend went to the market on a pleasant night to eat ice cream. It was a short walk, yet unthinkable only a month ago for a woman in the capital. {...}
Over the past two months, the level of nearly every type of violence -- car bombings, assassinations, suicide attacks -- has dropped from earlier this year. The downturn is a result of a confluence of factors: This year, 30,000 U.S. military reinforcements were funneled into Baghdad and other areas. Sunni tribes and insurgents turned against the al-Qaeda in Iraq insurgent group and partnered with U.S. forces to patrol neighborhoods and towns. Shiite cleric Moqtada al-Sadr, seeking to improve his movement's image, ordered his Mahdi Army militia to freeze operations.
U.N. refugee officials estimate that 45,000 Iraqis returned from Syria last month, while Iraqi officials say 1,000 are arriving each day.
The returnees find a capital that offers greater freedom of movement. Shops are open later in many neighborhoods, and curfews have been reduced.
But those freedoms still come with constraints. Weddings, accompanied by honking cars and lively bands, are reappearing on the streets, but they still end before darkness falls. Visits to relatives and friends across Baghdad are more possible but still hinge on which group or sect controls each neighborhood. Some stores are selling alcohol, but fundamentalists watch for those who breach their codes.
Luay Hashimi, 31, returned to his house in Dora with his wife and three young children last month after fleeing to Syria nine months ago. Since then, 11 other relatives who also had left for Syria -- Sunnis like him -- have come back, too.
Hashimi no longer sees bodies in the street when he opens his front door. Sunni extremists no longer man checkpoints to search his vehicle for alcohol or signs of collaboration with the government or the Americans. Roads are being paved, and municipal workers are sprucing up parks and traffic circles. His patch of Dora is now a fortress, surrounded by tall blast walls that separate entire blocks.
"It's totally secured," said Hashimi, who was an intelligence officer during the government of Saddam Hussein. But a few days ago, he drove across the main highway to another section of Dora. He felt a familiar fear. "You're lost there. You don't know who controls the area, Sunni or Shia, American soldiers or Iraqi security forces. It's still chaotic."
Melal al-Zubaidi is optimistic. When she fled to Syria, she was terrified to drive through Anbar province, where Sunni militants were pulling Shiites from buses and killing them. This time, the bus drove throughout the night.
"That comforted me," Zubaidi said. "I expect that security will improve day by day. People are tired of conflict."
Still, she has lines that she is not yet willing to cross. She has not visited her old university, fearing car bombs or kidnappings. In a nation where neighbors are often as close as relatives, Zubaidi is wary of trusting people in her community. "We're still afraid to meet new people," she said. "This district is still strange for me. . . . I don't want to take risks."
"The situation is much better, but it still feels soft, unsteady," Um Melal said. "Until now, we have not made a final decision to go back or stay. We're waiting to see what happens.
"I expect Baghdad will come back sooner or later," she continued. "But that needs time. If you want to build a wall, it takes you 10 days. But if you want to demolish the wall, it takes you 10 minutes."
Progress indeed, especially given Iraq's bloody history. Much of the rest, of course, will be up to the Iraqis themselves.
nazar said...
FF, I recall that your position on Iraq was either retreat to Kurdistan and leave the rest of the country to the terrorists, or "confront" Iran and Syria. It seems like we have finally found a middle way, with a strategy that's working in Iraq, as you have pointed out on numerous occasions. Perhaps if we keep this up, war with Iran and Syria won't be necessary, and we can still provide security and democracy in Iraq?
Freedom Fighter, who is a true freedom fighter and a blooger who I think is one of the best bloggers on the internet, finishes his post by the following words: "much of the rest, of course, will be up to the Iraqis themselves." Freedom Fighter is spot on. Unfortunately I don't see the Iraqis being up to the task. I pray that I am wrong of course.
First of all, as an American patriot, I will NEVER root against the success of my country. I want us to achieve a situation where Iraq is; a.)allied with the US in the Global War against Terrorism, b.)is stable, and c.)is democratic. In my opinion, achieving goals and a and b would be a satisfactory outcome.
During the civil war Abraham Lincoln said the following, to roughly paraphrase, "If I can win the civil war without freeing a single slave I would do it." I apply the same thing to the Global War on Terrorism. If we can with the Global War against Terrorism without liberating a single Arab or follower of Islam we should do it.
The problems I see with the current strategy are there does not seem to be much in the way of political progress made by the Iraqis. While brave American and allied troops have provided space for the parties to reach an accomodation not much seems to have been done here by the parties themselves. Perhaps there is progress and I have missed it. After all, the main stream news media typically only covers any progress in Iraq only when circumstances force them to.
The Americans can only continue the surge through the first part of 2008. After this the tours for our soldiers are up and they will need to be rotated back home. Even if we had the troops to continue the surge, the political will to commit them beyond early 2008 is lacking. As it stands now, the American people will not support it. In sum, we have the "perfect storm" of sorts. The American Army is being worn down and cannot continue with its present committment in Iraq much beyond January to Februraary
2008. Even if it could continue, as things stand now, the American people will not support it nor will the major donors to the major political parties.
Whether anyone likes it or not all US personnel will be completely out of Iraq by September 2008. If any troops remain, they will be positioned in Kurdistan, however, this is unlikely to happen. This would run the risk of putting American troops in the line of fire during an invasion of Kurdistan by Turkey. Neither the American people nor the political elites will support such a situation. As such, there will be no American personnel of any type any where in Iraq by 10/1/2008.
Unfortunately, when the surge ends, the cycle of violence likely goes back up to what it was before the surge began. I pray I'm wrong of course. I truly want this mission to succeed.
While I want the mission to succeed and I will do EVERYTHING in my power to help it succeed, I think we would get better utility for our national security interests by following an alternative strategy. This strategy can be summarized as follows. 1.)Build more oil refineries and immediately begin to develop more of our own oil, coal, and gas reserves. This will inlcude drilling in ANWR, developing more of our vast coal reserves, and extracting the oil shale that we have. 2.) Withdraw all troops from Iraq and Afghanistan. These troops should be used to secure America's northern and southern borders.
3.) Place a moratorium on all immigration into the US for a minimum of five years. The moratorium should continue for as long as it takes to fix our immigration system. The minimum will be five years. 4.) As most terrorists come from the Middle East, a moratorium on immigration from Muslim countries should be instituted that should last for an indefinite period of time. 5.) As the chief supporters of Islamic terrorists are Russia and China, a moratorium on immigration from these countries should be indefinite as well. Russia is the most dangerous threat facing the United States right now. All Russians who are currently here should be escorted out of the country immediately. 6.)The mosques should be closely monitored. Islamic terrorists get their biggest domestic support from anti-American leftist groups. These anti-American leftist groups need to be closely monitored. 7.)Any Islamic groups or mosques who preach the destruction of the US should be shut down. The same goes for any group be they anti-American leftists or whatever who calls for the destruction of the US or supports, in any way shape or form, anyone who calls for the destruction of the US. No country outside of the Western world tolerates groups within their countries who call for their destruction or the death of their citizens. Why should America be any different? Perhaps if America sets a positive example here the rest of the free world will follow.
Our biggest problem is the anti-American left has controlled the government bueracracy, the main strean news media, the CIA, the FBI, the public education system, the entertainment industry, and the elite universities for the last forty years or so. The bitter fruits of this are America and its leaders no longer have enough moral confidence in their positions to adequately defend ANY of America's interests. The entire Western world faces simillar problems to what the US faces. In order for America or the West to defend themselves, we must have moral confidence in our position.
If there is some good news, our enemies have grown arrogant. They are very likely to over play their hand. Given their extreme arrogance, they are going to make mistakes. If we can be alert, we should be able to capitalize.
Hi Nazar, Actually, if you'll recall, what I wrote was that the US should encourage our one true ally by helping to create a strong independent Kurdisatn and putting our bases there - hardly what I'd characterize as a `retreat'!It would have doubled our combat forces without sending a single extra American over there, and I'm still not convinced it isn't a good idea.
Moreover, it was based on facts on the and the no win strategy being pursued on the ground.
The way things are now, I think there's a decent chance to turn things around, provided we deal with Iran and Syria.
It's not in their interest to see a stable, multi-ethnic functioning democracy in Iraq, and until they're humiliated and defeated, certain elements in Iraq are going to go along with that program.
That's simply the way much of the Middle East is - at your throat or at your feet. Th ewhole culture of th eMuslim world is based on strength and submission.
BTW, I have this funny habit when it comes to facts and my opinions..when the facts change, I change my opinion! What do you do, sir?
All Best, and thanks as always for dropping by...
Hi Poster, Thanks for the kind words.
While I agree with you that our borders need to be secured, it's largely unneccessary to put massive amounts of troops on our borders. Legislation such as I've discussed here before will take care of much of the illegal border traffic,plus allow thos illegal aliens with no interest in becoming Americans to self=deport.
And legal immigrants are a net plus to the country IF WE VET THEM.
Over 20,000 new Americans from all over th eworld have earned their citizenship by fighting in our military since 2002.We simply need a `points' system, similar to Canada's and Australia's.
Iraq will never be an `ally' in the War on Jihad ( puh-leeze don't use the term `war on terror!')but I think we can get things to th epoint where it's no longer a hotbed of Islamist terrorism...PROVIDED we deal with Iran first. That's the missing piece to solving Iraq.
Thanks for the reply to my post. What I proposed with regards to a solution to the illegal immigration problem may not be the best idea. You may well be right about immigrants being a net plus to our country. Over twenty thousand have fought for the US since 2002 you say. I have seen the ceremonies making these brave soldiers full citizens of the US but I had no idea it was this many!! In any event, I'm sure they all immigrated here legally. It is the illegal immigrants who are the problem.
You may well be right about overall immigration being a net plus to our country. At one time, I definitely would have agreed with you, however, with all of the programs such as medicaid and other programs being paid for with regards to these people and the fact that many of them do not have insurance I'm not so sure we are getting a negative benefit.
I agree with you that we need to vet them. The point system that Canada and Austrailia has seems to be a good idea. People should be allowed in based on how they benefit the country. It is going to take some time to fix our current system. Troops on the borders probably does not have to be a permanent solution. I estimate it will take about five years or so to fix our current system. Until we get the system fixed, we may well need a moratorium on immigration from any where. With that said I admit I could be wrong. I certainly don't want to deny anyone the American dream but we MUST fix our immigration system. If we don't, the American dream is in grave danger for everyone.
"War on Terrorims" is a lazy term. The terms you have used "War against Jihad" is much more accurate, however, I think a better description would be "War against Islamo-Communism." This acknowledges that the Islamic Jihadists are backed up by the leading Communist countries of Russia, China, Venezuela, and North Korea. Better yet we should just list every enemy nation by name and formulate action plans to deal with each of them.
Russia seems to me to be by far and away the single biggest threat to the US. Russia is the primary backer of Iran, Syria, and other Islamic terrorists. If we can use diplomacy of some type to get Russia to withdraw their support from the Islamic terrorists, the Islamic terrorists will be much easier to defeat.
I actually think Iraq can be an "ally" in the war against Jihad. The key will be to provide security for the average Iraqi and to supply them with a good reason to assist us. We have made some progress on the security front but there remains much work to be done. Iraq is still very much a work in progress. It could go either way right now.
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The Star Wars Trilogy | Making of Return of The Jedi Kindle Edition released today
<< Star Wars Blooper Reel | Don't Come to the Dark Side >>
22. October 2013 08:56
22. October 2013 08:56 by jedi1 | 0 Comments
The kindle edition of The Making of Star Wars: Return of the Jedi was released today (only $14.95 on Amazon) and I was very pleased to see it already sitting in my Kindle Library this morning (I had pre-ordered it a while ago). The kindle Edition has several advantages over the paper book: First is the long list of "digital enhancements" - Audio and video clips that you can enjoy as you come to them (the full list is at the bottom of this post). Secondly, at under $15, you'll save yourself $40 when compared to the paper book. The third advantage is portability. I have the paper editions of J. W. Rinzler's The Making of Star Wars: The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film , The Making of Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back and The Complete Making of Indiana Jones: The Definitive Story Behind All Four Films and despite being a great read, they are not the kind of books you can take with you to the airport, or the doctors office - they're just too darn big and heavy! Finally, even if (like me) you don't have a Kindle , you can still enjoy the book on your IPad or Android tablet, or on your PC or laptop.
List of Enhancements
Audio: Conceptual artist Ralph McQuarrie talks about his need to withdraw from the film.
Audio: Mark Hamill (Luke Skywalker) discusses his character’s emotional and physical arc, and his interplay with the dark side.
Video: An excerpt from the telematics (or videomatics) of the rocket bike chase, with temp sound and voices by sound designer Ben Burtt, shot at ILM, fall 1981.
Video: A short excerpt from a 20-minute Jabba the Hutt test—eyes, hands, general movement, et cetera—shot at Elstree, fall 1981/early 1982.
Audio: Producer Howard Kazanjian, in the thick of production, goes over some of what a producer’s role is.
Video: A printed daily of Anthony Daniels as C-3PO telling the story of the saga so far to the Ewoks—in English, minus the sound effects—as directed audibly by Richard Marquand.
Audio: Director Richard Marquand on making sure the Jabba puppeteers feel safe on set and inside the giant animatronic puppet.
Audio: Hamill explains why Luke hasn’t given C-3PO all the information about his plans to rescue Han Solo.
Video: A printed daily of Jabba negotiating with Luke (Hamill delivers his lines off camera); Jabba speaks in English, and moves as directed by Marquand at Elstree Studios, January 1982.
Video: Printed dailies of Leia (Carrie Fisher) strangling Jabba aboard the latter’s barge, as directed by Marquand (off camera), January 1982.
Video: Printed dailies from February 11, 1982, of Salacious Crumb chewing on C-3PO’s eye.
Video: On the briefing room set, makeup and creature designer Phil Tippett helps dress Tim Rose in his Admiral Ackbar costume, which is having audio problems (first assistant director David Tomblin can be heard on the megaphone asking people to get a move on), circa February 25, 1982.
Video: Mark Hamill talks with Kenny Baker (R2-D2); director Richard Marquand goes over his shots for the day with producer Howard Kazanjian; Marquand then blocks out a scene with Ford, Fisher, Hamill, and Mayhew, as director of photography Alan Hume takes measurements, circa February 25, 1982.
Video: Printed dailies from February 16, 1982, of General Nadine (Dermot Crowley) and crew as they react to the battle and the destruction of the Imperial fleet (again, Marquand is directing from off camera).
Video: A behind-the-scenes shot on March 3, 1982, of Luke’s duel with Vader (Bob Anderson, here, as stunt double), as performed by Hamill and his stunt double (Colin Skeaping; sometimes shot in reverse) on the throne room set at Elstree Studios.
Video: A black-and-white dupe of a daily showing the death of a female X-wing pilot (Vivienne Chandler), as filmed and directed by the second unit.
Video: A printed daily from circa March 19, 1982, of Vader picking up the Emperor (Ian McDiarmid), who is rigged with wires; his cowl comes off, and stunt coordinator Peter Diamond runs in to help after “cut” is called.
Video: A printed daily from circa March 23, 1982, of Luke and Vader (David Prowse) on Endor, with Marquand speaking Vader’s lines (and cuing the lightsaber effect).
Video: On location in Buttercup Valley, California, stuntmen take the plunge into the Sarlacc pit, experimenting, April 1982.
Video: On location, Buttercup Valley.
Video: Behind the scenes of the land battle on Endor as Marquand, Lucas, and first AD David Tomblin try to organize the Imperial officers, scout troopers, Ewoks, and so on with varying degrees of success (visual effects supervisor Dennis Muren, in a gray baseball cap, can be seen in the background), on location near Crescent City, California, early May 1982.
Video: Telematics (or videomatics) are featured in Marquand’s cut (a black-and-white dupe) of the attack on the second Death Star (portions are without audio), which is intercut with Imperial Moff Jerjerrod (Michael Pennington) ordering countermeasures; Ben Burtt performs Ackbar’s lines, circa August 19, 1982.
Video: Marquand’s first cut makes use of Hamill’s footage shot at Elstree on the rancor set, and temp footage shot at ILM of someone in an ape suit standing in for the rancor, circa August 19, 1982. (Note the Jawas pounding on Luke’s fingers when he’s holding on to the grate—a scripted moment that won’t make the final cut.)
Video: Marquand’s cut features the Emperor ordering the Death Star to turn its laser on Endor (a scene that will not make the final cut), circa August 19, 1982.
Video: Marquand’s cut has a longer scene on the rebel hangar set as Lando, Han, Luke, Leia, and Chewbacca say their goodbyes, circa August 19, 1982 (the matte painting of the Falcon had yet to be completed for the background).
Video: Temp shots using material from Empire and A New Hope, along with action figures, a McQuarrie painting, and a placeholder actor, are cobbled together to show what a scene depicting Luke building his lightsaber might look like, circa November 1982. Note the partial set of Jabba’s palace door, which will be completed by a matte painting.
Audio: Visual effects supervisor Ken Ralston talks about “Black Friday,” the day Lucas cut many effects shots (and substituted others) in order to improve the film. (Interview by Garrett, 1983).
Audio: Model shop co-supervisor Lorne Peterson talks about the Millennium Falcon models built over the years. (Inteview by Garrett, 1983).
Video: Nearly a final cut, though without music or sound effects, of the scene in which Vader realizes Leia is Luke’s sister—with Marquand doing Vader’s lines. However, this moment will be altered when James Earl Jones performs the Sith Lord’s final lines in order to emphasize Vader’s sinister discovery, late 1982.
Audio: Burtt discusses how he goes about creating alien languages, specifically Ewokese. (Interview by Garrett, 1983).
Video: A printed daily from a pickup shot by DP Hiro Narita of C-3PO walking toward Jabba’s palace (shot on location in Death Valley, December 11, 1982).
Video: The final celebration Ewok song—in English—in a near-final cut of the film, early 1983.
Audio: Visual effects supervisor Ken Ralston talks eloquently about how ILM creates a special effects shot and its evolution.
Audio: Matte painting supervisor Michael Pangrazio discusses the variety of matte paintings done for the film, in particular Frank Ordaz’s painting of the Falcon for the rebel hangar featured behind Lando and Han.
Audio: Fans in line at the Egyptian Theatre are interviewed on opening night.
Audio: George Lucas on the durability of the phenomenon that he created and feeling the joy it’s inspired come back to him through its fans, particularly kids.
The Making of Star Wars and The Making of Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back are now also be available for the Kindle .
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Permalink | Categories: books , Original Trilogy , Return of the Jedi , Star Wars | Tags: | Comments
The Making of Star Wars: Return of the JediJ. W. Rinzler's The Making of Star Wars Return of the Jedi is now available for Pre-Order. Hardback ...Star Wars The Return of the Jedi 1997 Read-AlongIn 1997 to co-inside with the Special Edition re-releases of Star Wars, The Empire Strikes Back and ...Re-live The Release of the Star Wars Special Editions - part 1Using archival magazine articles, part 1 of TheStarWarsTrilogy.com's "Relive the Release" series tak...
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Il Lazio è una regione italiana a statuto ordinario dell'Italia Centrale di 5 893 211 abitanti, seconda regione più popolata d'Italia sorpassando la Campania nel 2013, con capoluogo Roma.
Il sito ufficiale contiene informazioni sul governo e sul Consiglio Regionale, documenti ufficiali, servizi al cittadino ed alle imprese.
Remai Modern Art Gallery of Saskatchewan
Remai Modern Art Gallery of Saskatchewan is a direction-setting modern art museum at River Landing in downtown Saskatoon, Canada. Inspired by the landscape and the rich history of architectural modernism, renowned Canadian architectural firm KPMB has designed a 130,000-square-foot museum that will be an architectural centerpiece for the city. Lead patron Ellen Remai has donated 15 million CAD toward construction costs, 15 million CAD to support international exhibition programs, and a comprehensive collection of 406 Picasso linocuts to enhance an existing collection of more than 8,000 works. Following the appointment of inaugural CEO Gregory Burke in 2013, the museum is quickly becoming a vibrant institution committed to affirming the powerful role that art and artists play in questioning, interpreting and defining the modern era. Portuguese curator Sandra Guimarães has been appointed Director of Programs / Chief Curator. Remai Modern's projected opening is late 2016.
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Kenwood Press
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Living Life Well: 06/15/2018
Choosing our future
See more from: Jim Shere
According to legend, while escaping execution in Rome, the apostle Peter met the risen Christ at a crossroads. Startled, Peter asked him, “Quo vadis?” Where are you going? And he replied “I am going to be crucified again, in Rome.” And so, recognizing his meaning, Peter turned back toward Rome to embrace his destiny. Christ might just as well have answered Peter by asking him “Quid agis?” - What are you doing? That small voice is always there if we listen for it - though it can be hard to hear when we ignore the true destination of the arc of our lives.
Legends are metaphors; they do not survive without fulfilling that purpose. They deliver subtle messages in tangible terms, significant messages that could not otherwise be delivered. The figure representing the core of his belief reminded Peter to choose his appropriate destination, rather than avoid it. At this crossroads he was not fated to return to Rome, he chose to. As a fellow I was working with once said about a decision he had settled upon, “I don't got to, I get to.”
I'm aware that I use these terms idiosyncratically. Destiny and fate have become almost perfect synonyms in our English language, and teasing them apart can be an interestingly instructive exercise. The destination that we choose according to our deepest values - perhaps beyond personal preferences - reflects a responsibility to our true destiny; but like Peter we find ourselves at a moral crossroads. Will we choose to choose, or will we more passively submit to chance, leaving it up to fate rather than to ourselves to decide what will take place?
This has now become an important question for us here, in the Valley of the Moon. Since the wildfires of last year, and before the final closure of SDC at the end of this year, we are at a crossroads. The intensity of these times is reflected in the vivid colors of the wildflowers and grasses that were fed by ash, and the landscape of information has shifted about, as rumors and proposals emerge to churn the ongoing conversation. The community has gathered many times to listen to experts, and to talk with one another. The questions have been frequently asked: “What will happen?” and “Where are we going?” A more important question, I think, is, “What are we doing?”
In a Facebook thread another question was recently asked: “Why didn't more people vote?” I also wonder why more people watch football than play it. Many people seem to believe politics, too, is a vicarious pursuit, to watch and talk about, but not to take part in. I remember the Sixties well, and the teach-ins and demonstrations that proved that we can redirect the forces of history - if enough of us choose to. It is not wise to delegate the future to a few professionals to act for us - we must all take an active part.
Bob Glotzbach, a significant community organizer in Glen Ellen at one time, wrote a time travel fantasy titled A Glen Ellen Adventure: 1999 is the Good Old Days in 2049. Set decades into the future, he begins with a description of a terribly different place: “The kitchen window faced east towards the Mayacamas, and the Smith family had a spectacular view of the mountains from their 30th floor tower apartment in downtown Glen Ellen.”
Much of his troubling story centers upon the opening of a time capsule set aside back in 1999, when the story was written. That time capsule now rests among the Glen Ellen Historical Society archives; but 2049 is still some three decades away - and there's a lot to do here meanwhile, before it can be opened.
I find myself deeply concerned about the future of Glen Ellen - and the legacy of Eldridge at the heart of Glen Ellen, which will outlive the closure of SDC. I am as deeply concerned about preservation of the quality of life lived throughout the Valley of the Moon over the years to come - not only at Eldridge. My hope is that Eldridge does not become a gated community of any sort, set off for any special interest group. It should remain a refuge for all residents of the entire valley - the young and the old, the newcomer and the longtime resident and, yes, the wealthy as well as the homeless.
Bob was as concerned about the future here as many of us are today - but we must be careful that our concern does not confuse or discourage us, nor throw our conversations into unnecessary dissension. The weaving of the fabric of our community depends upon a mutually respectful collaboration of the warp and weft of public discussion - pro and con, not one or the other. Every one of us must listen carefully to one another as well as to the experts, and every voice in the valley must speak, be heard, and then help choose what will best take place.
Jim Shere is a local writer with a private practice as a counselor in Glen Ellen. You are invited to explore his website at jimshere.com, or email him at jshere@sonic.net
Email: jshere@sonic.net
06/15/2019 - My last chapters
05/15/2019 - What Glen Ellen wants
04/15/2019 - Who belongs here?
03/15/2019 - Finding forgiveness
02/15/2019 - The wisdom of water
01/15/2019 - Living in the meantime
12/15/2018 - Growing pains, and then solace
11/15/2018 - A place set aside
10/15/2018 - This great feast
09/15/2018 - Knowing which way to go
08/15/2018 - Calm, within the storm
05/15/2018 - This indigenous presence
04/15/2018 - This now
03/15/2018 - Springing forward
02/15/2018 - Being right and being kind
01/15/2018 - Being well, welling up
12/15/2017 - Growing in the darkness
11/01/2017 - Life continues, deeply changed
09/01/2017 - Remembering the rest
06/15/2017 - Visiting this place
05/15/2017 - The allure of ambiguity
04/15/2017 - Being well, growing older
03/15/2017 - Reaching fundamental agreements
02/15/2017 - Where we are and what we can do
Food Bank comes to Sonoma Valley
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Ian Benson, Bearspaw Contracting
Ian Benson’s business interests are diverse and far-reaching
by Marie Milner — February 11, 2019
Ian Benson of Elkford owns Bearspaw Contracting and several other companies across Canada. — Photo courtesy Ian Benson
Ian Benson of Elkford said that the biggest risk he ever took was leaving his secure employment with Teck and going into business for himself. Now, with interests in a number of thriving businesses, he’s pretty sure that was a good decision.
Benson owns Bearspaw Contracting in Elkford and several other companies that are spread between Ontario and Vancouver Island. He is involved in the diverse sectors of mining, hospitality and property development and is included on this magazine’s list of Top 10 Business People for 2019.
We wanted to know more about Benson and his success, so we asked him a few more questions.
Why did you choose to start Bearspaw Contracting, and what are some of your proudest accomplishments?
I was a Teck employee for 18 years, and I saw a lot of companies come and go. My goal was to have a business that kept money in the valley to help develop the communities. The fact that I have accomplished that is one of my proudest achievements.
Bearspaw Contracting has a fluctuating roster of about 85 recruits, and most of them work on mining properties throughout the Elk Valley, where they get their safety training and other training for an assortment of jobs in the mining industry.
Many of the people we recruit through Bearspaw are given the opportunity to show Teck first-hand their work ethic, and that exposure can provide them with opportunities to be hired by Teck as permanent employees. So that’s a good thing—it means we’re doing a good job.
Another thing I’m proud of is the Bearspaw Community First Society that I and my former partner, Len Gostick, started. The Society has raised just under a half-million dollars and has donated money to projects in Elkford and Sparwood. It recently gave $150,000 to the Elkford Women’s Task Force Society, which supports some wonderful programs from Elkford to Jaffray.
I love the Elk Valley and the whole East Kootenay. I just want to see Elkford be successful.
What’s something interesting about you that people might not know?
I have just been asked to join a Calgary-based committee that raises money for Olympic athletes, and I am very excited about this. This organization was formerly Gold Medal Plates, but has recently changed its name to Canada’s Great Kitchen Party.
What advice would you give to aspiring entrepreneurs?
Work hard, put your hours in, stick to your dream. You and your family will have to make sacrifices, particularly losing out on having time together, and you somehow have to reconcile with that. We all want to have balance, and there’s no equation that’s right or wrong—you just have to find what works best and what you can live with.
There are a lot of things I love to do that I’ve put aside for lack of time. It’s okay because I have such a passion for my work, but I do see that making time for those things would help with the issue of balance.
What particular characteristic would you call your superpower?
My passion for team. When you take the love and the strength of team into your business, you will become successful. To take the whole team with you when you achieve success is just the best thing.
For me, it’s been an incredible journey.
Business name: Bearspaw Contracting Inc.
Number of Employees: about 85
Website: www.bearspawcontracting.com
Location: Elkford, B.C.
Industry: Labour and contracting services
Marie Milner is a writer and photographer for Kootenay Business magazine and several other publications. She appreciates the inspiration that she gets during her interviews and hopes to share that inspiration with you. View all of Marie Milner’s articles
East Kootenay, Cranbrook, Kimberley, Health & Wellness, Top 10 Business People Dr. Eric Nelson
Dr. Eric Nelson has two dental offices in the East Kootenay and prides himself on balancing his work and family life.
February 2019 by Danielle Cameron
February 2019 by Zoë Dupley
View all Top 10 Business People articles
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Germany: Rehearsal footage of “Unser Lied für Israel” finalists
Michael Vollmer February 21, 2019 Germany: Rehearsal footage of “Unser Lied für Israel” finalists2019-02-21T03:53:02+00:00 No Comment
Seven acts will be competing at Germany’s national final “Unser Lied für Israel” for the golden ticket to Tel Aviv. The show will be held on February 22 and will be hosted by Barbara Schöneberger and Linda Zervakis.
As in last year’s edition of the show, the winner will be determined 1/3 by public televote, 1/3 by an international expert jury (20 members) and 1/3 by a Eurovision specialised jury made up of 100 members. While the 7 competing songs will not be released before the live show, German national broadcaster ARD has released some photos and footage of the rehearsals that took place today.
Here is a taste of what we will see this Friday in Berlin:
Aly Ryan – “Wear Your Love” (Music & Lyrics: Aly Ryan, Michelle Leonard, Thomas Stengaard, Tamara Olorga)
BB Thomaz – “Demons” (Music & Lyrics: BB Thomaz, Andrew Tyler, Ricardo Bettiol, Tim Schou)
Gregor Hägele – “Let Me Go” (Music & Lyrics: Gregor Hägele, Jonas Shandel, David Jürgens, Tamara Olorga)
Lilly Among Clouds – “Surprise” (Music & Lyrics: Elisabeth Brüchner, Udo Rinklin)
Linus Bruhn – “Our City” (Music & Lyrics: Linus Bruhn, Dave Roth, Pat Benzner, Serhat Sakin, Gianna Roth)
Makeda – “The Day I Loved You Most” (Music & Lyrics: Makeda, Tim Uhlenbrock, Kelvin Jones, Kristine Bogan)
S!sters – “Sister” (Music & Lyrics: Laurell Barker, Marine Kaltenbacher, Tom Oehler, Thomas Stengaard)
The selection process in all details
Singers and bands were able to apply until July 31, 2018. The application phase for songwriters was open until September 15, 2018.
Out of 965 applications and suggestions, an NDR team has selected 198 acts.
The chosen 198 music videos were judged by the 100 members of the Eurovision jury.
The 50 best rated acts were subsequently judged by the 20 members of the international jury of experts.
20 candidates with the best ratings from both juries were invited to a workshop.
15 out of the invited 20 candidates took part in this workshop in Cologne and produced music videos.
Based on these music videos both juries determined the six acts for the live show “Unser Lied Für Israel”: Aly Ryan, BB Thomaz, Linus Bruhn, Gregor Hägele, Lilly Among Clouds and Makeda.
The six candidates worked together with 24 composers and songwriters for their perfect Eurovision song at a songwriting camp in Berlin.
The song “Sister” for the seventh act was composed by an international team for the Eurovision Song Contest and offered to the broadcaster NDR. Just like the other 6 finalists, the song was rated very positively by the two juries so that NDR selected, on the basis of applications and recommendations from music experts, Carlotta Truman and Laurita as the singers for the seventh song. They will appear as the duo S!sters in Berlin.
As the final step, the winner who will be fyling the German flag in Tel Aviv will be determined 1/3 by public televote, 1/3 by the international expert jury and 1/3 by the Eurovision specialised jury.
Source: ARD/NDR (eurovision.de)
Barbara Schoneberger, Germany, Linda Zervakis, Unser Lied für Israel
Tel Aviv rehearsals Day 8: Last two Big 5 countries to rehearse are the U.K and Germany
Tel Aviv rehearsal Day 6: S!sters from Germany close today’s schedule
Germany 2019: All you need to know about the duo S!sters and their entry “Sister”
« Lithuania: Jurijus faces a possible disqualification from national final
Sweden: Listen to the snippets of the “Melodifestivalen 2019” Semi-Final 4 songs »
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#17 - Dan Moxon of Bend Sinister
It's our last show before the new year! Dan Moxon of Bend Sinister, sits down with Colton to talk about how the band got started as an instrumental prog rock group and eventually morphed into the hard to classify, energy filled, catchy rhythms that is Bend Sinister. We talk about how the band has grown over the 12 years...
#16 - Dylan Villain of The Wild!
Western Canadian Rock n Roll bad boy Dylan Villain is on the show! We sit down to talk a bit about how he ended up moving to B.C. from Ontario, how the Wild got their start, how the success of their first single 'Road House' helped kick start the bands life and helped them play with larger acts like Rise against and...
#15 - Cheif State
Three of the members of rising Canadian Pop Punk act Cheif State sit down with Colton to discuss how the idea of the band began in the U.K and thanks to Craigslist moved and began to thrive in Canada's west coast, the effort and drive it takes to take an idea from just that into a touring act that is traveling over...
#14 - The Real McKenzies
Paul McKenzie and Dan Garrison of The Real McKenzie's sat down with Colton to talk about how the Celtic Punk rock veterans got their start, road stories from over the years, the numerous number of past members and some of the ways they got kicked out, partying, how the fans are the true fuel to the alternative music...
#13 - Aviator Shades
Aviator Shades are here and they are ready to Burn It Down! Colton was joined by the members of Aviator Shades to talk about how rock can bring people (specifically themselves) together, the golden days of rock n roll and taking influence from them, musicians we have lost recently, working with storied Producer...
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Current Search: Research Repository (x) » info:fedora/fsu:department_of_geriatrics (x) » Scientific Reports (x)
Akt mediated phosphorylation of LARP6; critical step in biosynthesis of type I collagen.
Zhang, Yujie, Stefanovic, Branko
La ribonucleoprotein domain family, member 6 (LARP6) is the RNA binding protein, which regulates translation of collagen mRNAs and synthesis of type I collagen. Posttranslational modifications of LARP6 and how they affect type I collagen synthesis have not been studied. We show that in lung fibroblasts LARP6 is phosphorylated at 8 serines, 6 of which are located within C-terminal domain. Phosphorylation of LARP6 follows a hierarchical order; S451 phosphorylation being a prerequisite for...
Show moreLa ribonucleoprotein domain family, member 6 (LARP6) is the RNA binding protein, which regulates translation of collagen mRNAs and synthesis of type I collagen. Posttranslational modifications of LARP6 and how they affect type I collagen synthesis have not been studied. We show that in lung fibroblasts LARP6 is phosphorylated at 8 serines, 6 of which are located within C-terminal domain. Phosphorylation of LARP6 follows a hierarchical order; S451 phosphorylation being a prerequisite for phosphorylations of other serines. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway reduced the phosphorylation of LARP6, but had no effect on the S451A mutant, suggesting that PI3K/Akt pathway targets S451 and we have identified Akt as the responsible kinase. Overexpression of S451A mutant had dominant negative effect on collagen biosynthesis; drastically reduced secretion of collagen and induced hyper-modifications of collagen alpha 2 (I) polypeptides. This indicates that LARP6 phosphorylation at S451 is critical for regulating translation and folding of collagen polypeptides. Akt inhibitor, GSK-2141795, which is in clinical trials for treatment of solid tumors, reduced collagen production by human lung fibroblasts with EC50 of 150 nM. This effect can be explained by inhibition of LARP6 phosphorylation and suggests that Akt inhibitors may be effective in treatment of various forms of fibrosis.
FSU_libsubv1_wos_000371176000001, 10.1038/srep22597
Allogenic And Autogenic Signals In The Stratigraphic Record Of The Deep-sea Bengal Fan.
Blum, Mike, Rogers, Kimberly, Gleason, James, Najman, Yani, Cruz, Jarrett, Fox, Lyndsey
The Himalayan-sourced Ganges-Brahmaputra river system and the deep-sea Bengal Fan represent Earth's largest sediment-dispersal system. Here we present detrital zircon U-Pb provenance data from Miocene to middle Pleistocene Bengal Fan turbidites, and evaluate the influence of allogenic forcing vs. autogenic processes on signal propagation from the Himalaya to the deep sea. Our data record the strong tectonic and climatic forcing characteristic of the Himalayan system: after up to 2500 km of...
Show moreThe Himalayan-sourced Ganges-Brahmaputra river system and the deep-sea Bengal Fan represent Earth's largest sediment-dispersal system. Here we present detrital zircon U-Pb provenance data from Miocene to middle Pleistocene Bengal Fan turbidites, and evaluate the influence of allogenic forcing vs. autogenic processes on signal propagation from the Himalaya to the deep sea. Our data record the strong tectonic and climatic forcing characteristic of the Himalayan system: after up to 2500 km of river transport, and >1400 km of transport by turbidity currents, the U-Pb record faithfully represents Himalayan sources. Moreover, specific U-Pb populations record Miocene integration of the Brahmaputra drainage with the Asian plate, as well as the rapid Plio-Pleistocene incision through, and exhumation of, the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. The record is, however, biased towards glacial periods when rivers were extended across the shelf in response to climate-forced sea-level fall, and discharged directly to slope canyons. Finally, only part of the record represents a Ganges or Brahmaputra provenance end-member, and most samples represent mixing from the two systems. Mixing or the lack thereof likely represents the fingerprint of autogenic delta-plain avulsions, which result in the two rivers delivering sediment separately to a shelf-margin canyon or merging together as they do today.
FSU_libsubv1_wos_000432655200008, 10.1038/s41598-018-25819-5
Allogenic And Autogenic Signals In The Stratigraphic Record Of The Deep-sea Bengal Fan (vol 8, 7973, 2018).
FSU_libsubv1_wos_000441302400001, 10.1038/s41598-018-30160-y
Amide Hydrogens Reveal A Temperature-dependent Structural Transition That Enhances Site-ii Ca2+ -binding Affinity In A C-domain Mutant Of Cardiac Troponin C.
Veltri, Tiago, de Oliveira, Guilherme A. P., Bienkiewicz, Ewa A., Palhano, Fernando L., Marques, Mayra de A., Moraes, Adolfo H., Silva, Jerson L., Sorenson, Martha M., Pinto,...
Show moreVeltri, Tiago, de Oliveira, Guilherme A. P., Bienkiewicz, Ewa A., Palhano, Fernando L., Marques, Mayra de A., Moraes, Adolfo H., Silva, Jerson L., Sorenson, Martha M., Pinto, Jose R.
The hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-associated mutant D145E, in cardiac troponin C (cTnC) C-domain, causes generalised instability at multiple sites in the isolated protein. As a result, structure and function of the mutant are more susceptible to higher temperatures. Above 25 degrees C there are large, progressive increases in N-domain Ca2+-binding affinity for D145E but only small changes for the wild-type protein. NMR-derived backbone amide temperature coefficients for many residues show a...
Show moreThe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-associated mutant D145E, in cardiac troponin C (cTnC) C-domain, causes generalised instability at multiple sites in the isolated protein. As a result, structure and function of the mutant are more susceptible to higher temperatures. Above 25 degrees C there are large, progressive increases in N-domain Ca2+-binding affinity for D145E but only small changes for the wild-type protein. NMR-derived backbone amide temperature coefficients for many residues show a sharp transition above 30-40 degrees C, indicating a temperature-dependent conformational change that is most prominent around the mutated EF-hand IV, as well as throughout the C-domain. Smaller, isolated changes occur in the N-domain. Cardiac skinned fibres reconstituted with D145E are more sensitive to Ca2+ than fibres reconstituted with wild-type, and this defect is amplified near body-temperature. We speculate that the D145E mutation destabilises the native conformation of EF-hand IV, leading to a transient unfolding and dissociation of helix H that becomes more prominent at higher temperatures. This creates exposed hydrophobic surfaces that may be capable of binding unnaturally to a variety of targets, possibly including the N-domain of cTnC when it is in its open Ca2+-saturated state. This would constitute a potential route for propagating signals from one end of TnC to the other.
Apollo Lunar Astronauts Show Higher Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: Possible Deep Space Radiation Effects On The Vascular Endothelium.
Delp, Michael D., Charvat, Jacqueline M., Limoli, Charles L., Globus, Ruth K., Ghosh, Payal
As multiple spacefaring nations contemplate extended manned missions to Mars and the Moon, health risks could be elevated as travel goes beyond the Earth's protective magnetosphere into the more intense deep space radiation environment. The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether mortality rates due to cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, accidents and all other causes of death differ in (1) astronauts who never flew orbital missions in space, (2) astronauts who flew only in...
Show moreAs multiple spacefaring nations contemplate extended manned missions to Mars and the Moon, health risks could be elevated as travel goes beyond the Earth's protective magnetosphere into the more intense deep space radiation environment. The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether mortality rates due to cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, accidents and all other causes of death differ in (1) astronauts who never flew orbital missions in space, (2) astronauts who flew only in low Earth orbit (LEO), and (3) Apollo lunar astronauts, the only humans to have traveled beyond Earth's magnetosphere. Results show there were no differences in CVD mortality rate between non-flight (9%) and LEO (11%) astronauts. However, the CVD mortality rate among Apollo lunar astronauts (43%) was 4-5 times higher than in non-flight and LEO astronauts. To test a possible mechanistic basis for these findings, a secondary purpose was to determine the long-term effects of simulated weightlessness and space-relevant total-body irradiation on vascular responsiveness in mice. The results demonstrate that space-relevant irradiation induces a sustained vascular endothelial cell dysfunction. Such impairment is known to lead to occlusive artery disease, and may be an important risk factor for CVD among astronauts exposed to deep space radiation.
Arbitrary Shaped Beam Scattering From A Chiral-coated Conducting Object With Arbitrary Monochromatic Illumination.
Wang, Mingjun, Zhang, Huayong, Ke, Xizheng, Liu, Guosheng, Ouyang, Xiaoping
An exact semi-analytical method of calculating the scattered fields from a chiral-coated conducting object under arbitrary shaped beam illumination is developed. The scattered fields and the fields within the chiral coating are expanded in terms of appropriate spherical vector wave functions. The unknown expansion coefficients are determined by solving an infinite system of linear equations derived using the method of moments technique and the boundary conditions. For incidence of a Gaussian...
Show moreAn exact semi-analytical method of calculating the scattered fields from a chiral-coated conducting object under arbitrary shaped beam illumination is developed. The scattered fields and the fields within the chiral coating are expanded in terms of appropriate spherical vector wave functions. The unknown expansion coefficients are determined by solving an infinite system of linear equations derived using the method of moments technique and the boundary conditions. For incidence of a Gaussian beam, circularly polarized wave, zero-order Bessel beam and Hertzian electric dipole radiation on a chiral-coated conducting spheroid and a chiral-coated conducting circular cylinder of finite length, the normalized differential scattering cross sections are evaluated and discussed briefly.
Automatic stage identification of Drosophila egg chamber based on DAPI images.
Jia, Dongyu, Xu, Qiuping, Xie, Qian, Mio, Washington, Deng, Wu-Min
The Drosophila egg chamber, whose development is divided into 14 stages, is a well-established model for developmental biology. However, visual stage determination can be a tedious, subjective and time-consuming task prone to errors. Our study presents an objective, reliable and repeatable automated method for quantifying cell features and classifying egg chamber stages based on DAPI images. The proposed approach is composed of two steps: 1) a feature extraction step and 2) a statistical...
Show moreThe Drosophila egg chamber, whose development is divided into 14 stages, is a well-established model for developmental biology. However, visual stage determination can be a tedious, subjective and time-consuming task prone to errors. Our study presents an objective, reliable and repeatable automated method for quantifying cell features and classifying egg chamber stages based on DAPI images. The proposed approach is composed of two steps: 1) a feature extraction step and 2) a statistical modeling step. The egg chamber features used are egg chamber size, oocyte size, egg chamber ratio and distribution of follicle cells. Methods for determining the on-site of the polytene stage and centripetal migration are also discussed. The statistical model uses linear and ordinal regression to explore the stage-feature relationships and classify egg chamber stages. Combined with machine learning, our method has great potential to enable discovery of hidden developmental mechanisms.
Ballistic Thermal Transport in Carbyne and Cumulene with Micron-Scale Spectral Acoustic Phonon Mean Free Path.
Lin, Sangchao, Wang, Mingchao
The elastic modulus of carbyne, a one-dimensional carbon chain, was recently predicted to be much higher than graphene. Inspired by this discovery and the fundamental correlation between elastic modulus and thermal conductivity, we investigate the intrinsic thermal transport in two carbon allotropes: carbyne and cumulene. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we discover that thermal conductivities of carbyne and cumulene at the quantum-corrected room temperature can exceed 54 and 148 kW/m/K,...
Show moreThe elastic modulus of carbyne, a one-dimensional carbon chain, was recently predicted to be much higher than graphene. Inspired by this discovery and the fundamental correlation between elastic modulus and thermal conductivity, we investigate the intrinsic thermal transport in two carbon allotropes: carbyne and cumulene. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we discover that thermal conductivities of carbyne and cumulene at the quantum-corrected room temperature can exceed 54 and 148 kW/m/K, respectively, much higher than that for graphene. Such conductivity is attributed to high phonon energies and group velocities, as well as reduced scattering from non-overlapped acoustic and optical phonon modes. The prolonged spectral acoustic phonon lifetime of 30–110 ps and mean free path of 0.5–2.5 μm exceed those for graphene, and allow ballistic phonon transport along micron-length carbon chains. Tensile extensions can enhance the thermal conductivity of carbyne due to the increased phonon density of states in the acoustic modes and the increased phonon lifetime from phonon bandgap opening. These findings provide fundamental insights into phonon transport and band structure engineering through tensile deformation in low-dimensional materials, and will inspire studies on carbyne, cumulene, and boron nitride chains for their practical deployments in nano-devices.
FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1475610677, 10.1038/srep18122
Big Data Analytics For Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Ptychography.
Jesse, S., Chi, M., Belianinov, A., Beekman, C., Kalinin, S. V., Borisevich, A. Y., Lupini, A. R.
Electron microscopy is undergoing a transition; from the model of producing only a few micrographs, through the current state where many images and spectra can be digitally recorded, to a new mode where very large volumes of data (movies, ptychographic and multi-dimensional series) can be rapidly obtained. Here, we discuss the application of so-called "big-data" methods to high dimensional microscopy data, using unsupervised multivariate statistical techniques, in order to explore salient...
Show moreElectron microscopy is undergoing a transition; from the model of producing only a few micrographs, through the current state where many images and spectra can be digitally recorded, to a new mode where very large volumes of data (movies, ptychographic and multi-dimensional series) can be rapidly obtained. Here, we discuss the application of so-called "big-data" methods to high dimensional microscopy data, using unsupervised multivariate statistical techniques, in order to explore salient image features in a specific example of BiFeO3 domains. Remarkably, k-means clustering reveals domain differentiation despite the fact that the algorithm is purely statistical in nature and does not require any prior information regarding the material, any coexisting phases, or any differentiating structures. While this is a somewhat trivial case, this example signifies the extraction of useful physical and structural information without any prior bias regarding the sample or the instrumental modality. Further interpretation of these types of results may still require human intervention. However, the open nature of this algorithm and its wide availability, enable broad collaborations and exploratory work necessary to enable efficient data analysis in electron microscopy.
The Biomechanics Behind Extreme Osteophagy In Tyrannosaurus Rex.
Gignac, Paul M., Erickson, Gregory M.
Most carnivorous mammals can pulverize skeletal elements by generating tooth pressures between occluding teeth that exceed cortical bone shear strength, thereby permitting access to marrow and phosphatic salts. Conversely, carnivorous reptiles have non-occluding dentitions that engender negligible bone damage during feeding. As a result, most reptilian predators can only consume bones in their entirety. Nevertheless, North American tyrannosaurids, including the giant (13 metres [m]) theropod...
Show moreMost carnivorous mammals can pulverize skeletal elements by generating tooth pressures between occluding teeth that exceed cortical bone shear strength, thereby permitting access to marrow and phosphatic salts. Conversely, carnivorous reptiles have non-occluding dentitions that engender negligible bone damage during feeding. As a result, most reptilian predators can only consume bones in their entirety. Nevertheless, North American tyrannosaurids, including the giant (13 metres [m]) theropod dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex stand out for habitually biting deeply into bones, pulverizing and digesting them. How this mammal-like capacity was possible, absent dental occlusion, is unknown. Here we analyzed T. rex feeding behaviour from trace evidence, estimated bite forces and tooth pressures, and studied tooth-bone contacts to provide the answer. We show that bone pulverization was made possible through a combination of: (1) prodigious bite forces (8,526-34,522 newtons [N]) and tooth pressures (718-2,974 megapascals [MPa]) promoting crack propagation in bones, (2) tooth form and dental arcade configurations that concentrated shear stresses, and (3) repetitive, localized biting. Collectively, these capacities and behaviors allowed T. rex to finely fragment bones and more fully exploit large dinosaur carcasses for sustenance relative to competing carnivores.
FSU_libsubv1_wos_000401511100019, 10.1038/s41598-017-02161-w
Carbon-bearing Silicate Melt At Deep Mantle Conditions.
Ghosh, Dipta B., Bajgain, Suraj K., Mookherjee, Mainak, Karki, Bijaya B.
Knowledge about the incorporation and role of carbon in silicate magmas is crucial for our understanding of the deep mantle processes. CO2 bearing silicate melting and its relevance in the upper mantle regime have been extensively explored. Here we report first-principles molecular dynamics simulations of MgSiO3 melt containing carbon in three distinct oxidation states - CO2, CO, and C at conditions relevant for the whole mantle. Our results show that at low pressures up to 15 GPa, the carbon...
Show moreKnowledge about the incorporation and role of carbon in silicate magmas is crucial for our understanding of the deep mantle processes. CO2 bearing silicate melting and its relevance in the upper mantle regime have been extensively explored. Here we report first-principles molecular dynamics simulations of MgSiO3 melt containing carbon in three distinct oxidation states - CO2, CO, and C at conditions relevant for the whole mantle. Our results show that at low pressures up to 15 GPa, the carbon dioxide speciation is dominated by molecular form and carbonate ions. At higher pressures, the dominant species are silicon-polyhedral bound carbonates, tetrahedral coordination, and polymerized di-carbonates. Our results also indicate that CO2 component remains soluble in the melt at high pressures and the solution is nearly ideal. However, the elemental carbon and CO components show clustering of carbon atoms in the melt at high pressures, hinting towards possible exsolution of carbon from silicate melt at reduced oxygen contents. Although carbon lowers the melt density, the effect is modest at high pressures. Hence, it is likely that silicate melt above and below the mantle transition zone, and atop the core-mantle boundary could efficiently sequester significant amounts of carbon without being gravitationally unstable.
FSU_libsubv1_wos_000399186000012, 10.1038/s41598-017-00918-x
Cnt Enabled Co-braided Smart Fabrics: A New Route For Non-invasive, Highly Sensitive & Large-area Monitoring Of Composites.
Luo, Sida, Wang, Yong, Wang, Guantao, Wang, Kan, Wang, Zhibin, Zhang, Chuck, Wang, Ben, Luo, Yun, Li, Liuhe, Liu, Tao
The next-generation of hierarchical composites needs to have built-in functionality to continually monitor and diagnose their own health states. This paper includes a novel strategy for in-situ monitoring the processing stages of composites by co-braiding CNT-enabled fiber sensors into the reinforcing fiber fabrics. This would present a tremendous improvement over the present methods that excessively focus on detecting mechanical deformations and cracks. The CNT enabled smart fabrics,...
Show moreThe next-generation of hierarchical composites needs to have built-in functionality to continually monitor and diagnose their own health states. This paper includes a novel strategy for in-situ monitoring the processing stages of composites by co-braiding CNT-enabled fiber sensors into the reinforcing fiber fabrics. This would present a tremendous improvement over the present methods that excessively focus on detecting mechanical deformations and cracks. The CNT enabled smart fabrics, fabricated by a cost-effective and scalable method, are highly sensitive to monitor and quantify various events of composite processing including resin infusion, onset of crosslinking, gel time, degree and rate of curing. By varying curing temperature and resin formulation, the clear trends derived from the systematic study confirm the reliability and accuracy of the method, which is further verified by rheological and DSC tests. More importantly, upon wisely configuring the smart fabrics with a scalable sensor network, localized processing information of composites can be achieved in real time. In addition, the smart fabrics that are readily and non-invasively integrated into composites can provide life-long structural health monitoring of the composites, including detection of deformations and cracks.
Comparison Of Microbiomes Of Cold-water Corals Primnoa Pacifica And Primnoa Resedaeformis, With Possible Link Between Microbiome Composition And Host Genotype.
Goldsmith, Dawn B., Kellogg, Christina A., Morrison, Cheryl L., Gray, Michael A., Stone, Robert P., Waller, Rhian G., Brooke, Sandra D., Ross, Steve W.
Cold-water corals provide critical habitats for a multitude of marine species, but are understudied relative to tropical corals. Primnoa pacifica is a cold-water coral prevalent throughout Alaskan waters, while another species in the genus, Primnoa resedaeformis, is widely distributed in the Atlantic Ocean. This study examined the V4-V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene after amplifying and pyrosequencing bacterial DNA from samples of these species. Key differences between the two species'...
Show moreCold-water corals provide critical habitats for a multitude of marine species, but are understudied relative to tropical corals. Primnoa pacifica is a cold-water coral prevalent throughout Alaskan waters, while another species in the genus, Primnoa resedaeformis, is widely distributed in the Atlantic Ocean. This study examined the V4-V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene after amplifying and pyrosequencing bacterial DNA from samples of these species. Key differences between the two species' microbiomes included a robust presence of bacteria belonging to the Chlamydiales order in most of the P. pacifica samples, whereas no more than 2% of any microbial community from P. resedaeformis comprised these bacteria. Microbiomes of P. resedaeformis exhibited higher diversity than those of P. pacifica, and the two species largely clustered separately in a principal coordinate analysis. Comparison of P. resedaeformis microbiomes from samples collected in two submarine canyons revealed a significant difference between locations. This finding mirrored significant genetic differences among the P. resedaeformis from the two canyons based upon population genetic analysis of microsatellite loci. This study presents the first report of microbiomes associated with these two coral species.
FSU_libsubv1_wos_000441876700086, 10.1038/s41598-018-30901-z
Haghighi, Mona, Johnson, Suzanne Bennett, Qian, Xiaoning, Lynch, Kristian F., Vehik, Kendra, Huang, Shuai
Competing Covalent And Ionic Bonding In Ge-sb-te Phase Change Materials.
Mukhopadhyay, Saikat, Sun, Jifeng, Subedi, Alaska, Siegrist, Theo, Singh, David J.
Ge2Sb2Te5 and related phase change materials are highly unusual in that they can be readily transformed between amorphous and crystalline states using very fast melt, quench, anneal cycles, although the resulting states are extremely long lived at ambient temperature. These states have remarkably different physical properties including very different optical constants in the visible in strong contrast to common glass formers such as silicates or phosphates. This behavior has been described in...
Show moreGe2Sb2Te5 and related phase change materials are highly unusual in that they can be readily transformed between amorphous and crystalline states using very fast melt, quench, anneal cycles, although the resulting states are extremely long lived at ambient temperature. These states have remarkably different physical properties including very different optical constants in the visible in strong contrast to common glass formers such as silicates or phosphates. This behavior has been described in terms of resonant bonding, but puzzles remain, particularly regarding different physical properties of crystalline and amorphous phases. Here we show that there is a strong competition between ionic and covalent bonding in cubic phase providing a link between the chemical basis of phase change memory property and origins of giant responses of piezoelectric materials (PbTi3, BiFeO3). This has important consequences for dynamical behavior in particular leading to a simultaneous hardening of acoustic modes and softening of high frequency optic modes in crystalline phase relative to amorphous. This different bonding in amorphous and crystalline phases provides a direct explanation for different physical properties and understanding of the combination of long time stability and rapid switching and may be useful in finding new phase change compositions with superior properties.
Critical assessment and ramifications of a purported marine trophic cascade.
Grubbs, R. Dean, Carlson, John K., Romine, Jason G., Curtis, Tobey H., McElroy, W. David, McCandless, Camilla T., Cotton, Charles F., Musick, John A.
When identifying potential trophic cascades, it is important to clearly establish the trophic linkages between predators and prey with respect to temporal abundance, demographics, distribution, and diet. In the northwest Atlantic Ocean, the depletion of large coastal sharks was thought to trigger a trophic cascade whereby predation release resulted in increased cownose ray abundance, which then caused increased predation on and subsequent collapse of commercial bivalve stocks. These claims...
Show moreWhen identifying potential trophic cascades, it is important to clearly establish the trophic linkages between predators and prey with respect to temporal abundance, demographics, distribution, and diet. In the northwest Atlantic Ocean, the depletion of large coastal sharks was thought to trigger a trophic cascade whereby predation release resulted in increased cownose ray abundance, which then caused increased predation on and subsequent collapse of commercial bivalve stocks. These claims were used to justify the development of a predator-control fishery for cownose rays, the "Save the Bay, Eat a Ray" fishery, to reduce predation on commercial bivalves. A reexamination of data suggests declines in large coastal sharks did not coincide with purported rapid increases in cownose ray abundance. Likewise, the increase in cownose ray abundance did not coincide with declines in commercial bivalves. The lack of temporal correlations coupled with published diet data suggest the purported trophic cascade is lacking the empirical linkages required of a trophic cascade. Furthermore, the life history parameters of cownose rays suggest they have low reproductive potential and their populations are incapable of rapid increases. Hypothesized trophic cascades should be closely scrutinized as spurious conclusions may negatively influence conservation and management decisions.
Decadal Surface Temperature Trends In India Based On A New High-resolution Data Set.
Ross, Robert S., Krishnamurti, T. N., Pattnaik, Sandeep, Pai, D. S.
A new comprehensive surface temperature data set for India is used to document changes in Indian temperature over seven decades, in order to examine the patterns and possible effects of global warming. The data set is subdivided into pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon categories in order to study the temperature patterns in each of these periods. When the decade means in maximum, minimum and daily mean temperature for the 2000s are compared to those of the 1950s, a consistent pattern of...
Show moreA new comprehensive surface temperature data set for India is used to document changes in Indian temperature over seven decades, in order to examine the patterns and possible effects of global warming. The data set is subdivided into pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon categories in order to study the temperature patterns in each of these periods. When the decade means in maximum, minimum and daily mean temperature for the 2000s are compared to those of the 1950s, a consistent pattern of warming is found over northwestern and southern India, and a pattern of cooling is seen in a broad zone anchored over northeastern India and extending southwestward across central India. These patterns are explained by the presence of a large region of anthropogenic brown haze over India and adjacent ocean regions. These aerosols absorb solar radiation, leading to warming of the haze layer over northeastern and central India and to cooling of the surface air beneath. The heated air rises and then sinks to the north and south of the haze region over northwestern and southern India, warming the air by compression as it sinks in those regions. The possible impact of these temperature patterns on Indian agriculture is considered.
Defying Dissolution: Discovery Of Deep-sea Scleractinian Coral Reefs In The North Pacific.
Baco, Amy R., Morgan, Nicole, Roark, E. Brendan, Silva, Mauricio, Shamberger, Kathryn E. F., Miller, Kelci
Deep-sea scleractinian coral reefs are protected ecologically and biologically significant areas that support global fisheries. The absence of observations of deep-sea scleractinian reefs in the Central and Northeast Pacific, combined with the shallow aragonite saturation horizon (ASH) and high carbonate dissolution rates there, fueled the hypothesis that reef formation in the North Pacific was improbable. Despite this, we report the discovery of live scleractinian reefs on six seamounts of...
Show moreDeep-sea scleractinian coral reefs are protected ecologically and biologically significant areas that support global fisheries. The absence of observations of deep-sea scleractinian reefs in the Central and Northeast Pacific, combined with the shallow aragonite saturation horizon (ASH) and high carbonate dissolution rates there, fueled the hypothesis that reef formation in the North Pacific was improbable. Despite this, we report the discovery of live scleractinian reefs on six seamounts of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and Emperor Seamount Chain at depths of 535-732 m and aragonite saturation state (Omega(arag)) values of 0.71-1.33. Although the ASH becomes deeper moving northwest along the chains, the depth distribution of the reefs becomes shallower, suggesting the ASH is having little influence on their distribution. Higher chlorophyll moving to the northwest may partially explain the geographic distribution of the reefs. Principle Components Analysis suggests that currents are also an important factor in their distribution, but neither chlorophyll nor the available current data can explain the unexpected depth distribution. Further environmental data is needed to elucidate the reason for the distribution of these reefs. The discovery of reef-forming scleractinians in this region is of concern because a number of the sites occur on seamounts with active trawl fisheries.
Discovery and evaluation of inhibitor of LARP6 as specific antifibrotic compound: antifibrotic drug.
Stefanovic, Branko, Manojlovic, Zarko, Vied, Cynthia, Badger, Crystal-Dawn, Stefanovic, Lela
Fibrosis is characterized by excessive production of type I collagen. Biosynthesis of type I collagen in fibrosis is augmented by binding of protein LARP6 to the 5’ stem-loop structure (5’SL), which is found exclusively in type I collagen mRNAs. A high throughput screen was performed to discover inhibitors of LARP6 binding to 5’SL, as potential antifibrotic drugs. The screen yielded one compound (C9) which was able to dissociate LARP6 from 5’ SL RNA in vitro and to inactivate the binding of...
Show moreFibrosis is characterized by excessive production of type I collagen. Biosynthesis of type I collagen in fibrosis is augmented by binding of protein LARP6 to the 5’ stem-loop structure (5’SL), which is found exclusively in type I collagen mRNAs. A high throughput screen was performed to discover inhibitors of LARP6 binding to 5’SL, as potential antifibrotic drugs. The screen yielded one compound (C9) which was able to dissociate LARP6 from 5’ SL RNA in vitro and to inactivate the binding of endogenous LARP6 in cells. Treatment of hepatic stellate cells (liver cells responsible for fibrosis) with nM concentrations of C9 reduced secretion of type I collagen. In precision cut liver slices, as an ex vivo model of hepatic fibrosis, C9 attenuated the profibrotic response at 1 μM. In prophylactic and therapeutic animal models of hepatic fibrosis C9 prevented development of fibrosis or hindered the progression of ongoing fibrosis when administered at 1 mg/kg. Toxicogenetics analysis revealed that only 42 liver genes changed expression after administration of C9 for 4 weeks, suggesting minimal off target effects. Based on these results, C9 represents the first LARP6 inhibitor with significant antifibrotic activity.
FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1550162176_d38b7a2e, 10.1038/s41598-018-36841-y
Domain Engineering Of The Metastable Domains In The 4f-uniaxial-ferromagnet Ceru2ga2b.
Wulferding, D., Kim, H., Yang, I., Jeong, J., Barros, K., Kato, Y., Martin, I., Ayala-Valenzuela, O. E., Lee, M., Choi, H. C., Ronning, F., Civale, L., Baumbach, R. E., Bauer, E...
Show moreWulferding, D., Kim, H., Yang, I., Jeong, J., Barros, K., Kato, Y., Martin, I., Ayala-Valenzuela, O. E., Lee, M., Choi, H. C., Ronning, F., Civale, L., Baumbach, R. E., Bauer, E. D., Thompson, J. D., Movshovich, R., Kim, Jeehoon
In search of novel, improved materials for magnetic data storage and spintronic devices, compounds that allow a tailoring of magnetic domain shapes and sizes are essential. Good candidates are materials with intrinsic anisotropies or competing interactions, as they are prone to host various domain phases that can be easily and precisely selected by external tuning parameters such as temperature and magnetic field. Here, we utilize vector magnetic fields to visualize directly the magnetic...
Show moreIn search of novel, improved materials for magnetic data storage and spintronic devices, compounds that allow a tailoring of magnetic domain shapes and sizes are essential. Good candidates are materials with intrinsic anisotropies or competing interactions, as they are prone to host various domain phases that can be easily and precisely selected by external tuning parameters such as temperature and magnetic field. Here, we utilize vector magnetic fields to visualize directly the magnetic anisotropy in the uniaxial ferromagnet CeRu2Ga2B. We demonstrate a feasible control both globally and locally of domain shapes and sizes by the external field as well as a smooth transition from single stripe to bubble domains, which opens the door to future applications based on magnetic domain tailoring.
Enhanced Cellular Uptake Of Size-separated Lipophilic Silicon Nanoparticles.
Kusi-Appiah, Aubrey E., Mastronardi, Melanie L., Qian, Chenxi, Chen, Kenneth K., Ghazanfari, Lida, Prommapan, Plengchart, Kuebel, Christian, Ozin, Geoffrey A., Lenhert, Steven
Specific size, shape and surface chemistry influence the biological activity of nanoparticles. In the case of lipophilic nanoparticles, which are widely used in consumer products, there is evidence that particle size and formulation influences skin permeability and that lipophilic particles smaller than 6 nm can embed in lipid bilayers. Since most nanoparticle synthetic procedures result in mixtures of different particles, post-synthetic purification promises to provide insights into...
Show moreSpecific size, shape and surface chemistry influence the biological activity of nanoparticles. In the case of lipophilic nanoparticles, which are widely used in consumer products, there is evidence that particle size and formulation influences skin permeability and that lipophilic particles smaller than 6 nm can embed in lipid bilayers. Since most nanoparticle synthetic procedures result in mixtures of different particles, post-synthetic purification promises to provide insights into nanostructure-function relationships. Here we used size-selective precipitation to separate lipophilic allyl-benzyl-capped silicon nanoparticles into monodisperse fractions within the range of 1 nm to 5 nm. We measured liposomal encapsulation and cellular uptake of the monodisperse particles and found them to have generally low cytotoxicities in Hela cells. However, specific fractions showed reproducibly higher cytotoxicity than other fractions as well as the unseparated ensemble. Measurements indicate that the cytotoxicity mechanism involves oxidative stress and the differential cytotoxicity is due to enhanced cellular uptake by specific fractions. The results indicate that specific particles, with enhanced suitability for incorporation into lipophilic regions of liposomes and subsequent in vitro delivery to cells, are enriched in certain fractions.
Evidence For Rapid Weathering Response To Climatic Warming During The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event.
Them, Theodore R., Gill, Benjamin C., Selby, David, Grocke, Darren R., Friedman, Richard M., Owens, Jeremy D.
Chemical weathering consumes atmospheric carbon dioxide through the breakdown of silicate minerals and is thought to stabilize Earth's long-term climate. However, the potential influence of silicate weathering on atmospheric pCO(2) levels on geologically short timescales (10(3)-10(5) years) remains poorly constrained. Here we focus on the record of a transient interval of severe climatic warming across the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event or T-OAE from an open ocean sedimentary succession from...
Show moreChemical weathering consumes atmospheric carbon dioxide through the breakdown of silicate minerals and is thought to stabilize Earth's long-term climate. However, the potential influence of silicate weathering on atmospheric pCO(2) levels on geologically short timescales (10(3)-10(5) years) remains poorly constrained. Here we focus on the record of a transient interval of severe climatic warming across the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event or T-OAE from an open ocean sedimentary succession from western North America. Paired osmium isotope data and numerical modelling results suggest that weathering rates may have increased by 215% and potentially up to 530% compared to the pre-event baseline, which would have resulted in the sequestration of significant amounts of atmospheric CO2. This process would have also led to increased delivery of nutrients to the oceans and lakes stimulating bioproductivity and leading to the subsequent development of shallow-water anoxia, the hallmark of the T-OAE. This enhanced bioproductivity and anoxia would have resulted in elevated rates of organic matter burial that would have acted as an additional negative feedback on atmospheric pCO2 levels. Therefore, the enhanced weathering modulated by initially increased pCO2 levels would have operated as both a direct and indirect negative feedback to end the T-OAE.
Evidence From Exafs For Different Ta/ti Site Occupancy In High Critical Current Density Nb3sn Superconductor Wires.
Heald, Steve M., Tarantini, Chiara, Lee, Peter J., Brown, Michael D., Sung, ZuHawn, Ghosh, Arup K., Larbalestier, David C.
To meet critical current density, J(c), targets for the Future Circular Collider (FCC), the planned replacement for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the high field performance of Nb3Sn must be improved, but champion J(c) values have remained static for the last 10 years. Making the A15 phase stoichiometric and enhancing the upper critical field H-c2 by Ti or Ta dopants are the standard strategies for enhancing high field performance but detailed recent studies show that even the best modern...
Show moreTo meet critical current density, J(c), targets for the Future Circular Collider (FCC), the planned replacement for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the high field performance of Nb3Sn must be improved, but champion J(c) values have remained static for the last 10 years. Making the A15 phase stoichiometric and enhancing the upper critical field H-c2 by Ti or Ta dopants are the standard strategies for enhancing high field performance but detailed recent studies show that even the best modern wires have broad composition ranges. To assess whether further improvement might be possible, we employed Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) to determine the lattice site location of dopants in modern high-performance Nb3Sn strands with J(c) values amongst the best so far achieved. Although Ti and Ta primarily occupy the Nb sites in the A15 structure, we also find significant Ta occupancy on the Sn site. These findings indicate that the best performing Ti-doped stand is strongly sub-stoichiometric in Sn and that antisite disorder likely explains its high average H-c2 behavior. These new results suggest an important role for dopant and antisite disorder in minimizing superconducting property distributions and maximizing high field J(c) properties.
ExtraPEG: A Polyethylene Glycol-Based Method for Enrichment of Extracellular Vesicles.
Rider, Mark A., Hurwitz, Stephanie N., Meckes, David G.
Initially thought to be a means for cells to eliminate waste, secreted extracellular vesicles, known as exosomes, are now understood to mediate numerous healthy and pathological processes. Though abundant in biological fluids, purifying exosomes has been challenging because their biophysical properties overlap with other secreted cell products. Easy-to-use commercial kits for harvesting exosomes are now widely used, but the relative low-purity and high-cost of the preparations restricts their...
Show moreInitially thought to be a means for cells to eliminate waste, secreted extracellular vesicles, known as exosomes, are now understood to mediate numerous healthy and pathological processes. Though abundant in biological fluids, purifying exosomes has been challenging because their biophysical properties overlap with other secreted cell products. Easy-to-use commercial kits for harvesting exosomes are now widely used, but the relative low-purity and high-cost of the preparations restricts their utility. Here we describe a method for purifying exosomes and other extracellular vesicles by adapting methods for isolating viruses using polyethylene glycol. This technique, called ExtraPEG, enriches exosomes from large volumes of media rapidly and inexpensively using low-speed centrifugation, followed by a single small-volume ultracentrifugation purification step. Total protein and RNA harvested from vesicles is sufficient in quantity and quality for proteomics and sequencing analyses, demonstrating the utility of this method for biomarker discovery and diagnostics. Additionally, confocal microscopy studies suggest that the biological activity of vesicles is not impaired. The ExtraPEG method can be easily adapted to enrich for different vesicle populations, or as an efficient precursor to subsequent purification techniques, providing a means to harvest exosomes from many different biological fluids and for a wide variety of purposes.
Genetic Homogeneity Of The Invasive Lionfish Across The Northwestern Atlantic And The Gulf Of Mexico Based On Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms.
Perez-Portela, R., Bumford, A., Coffman, B., Wedelich, S., Davenport, M., Fogg, A., Swenarton, M. K., Coleman, F., Johnston, M. A., Crawford, D. L., Oleksiak, M. F.
Despite the devastating impact of the lionfish (Pterois volitans) invasion on NW Atlantic ecosystems, little genetic information about the invasion process is available. We applied Genotyping by Sequencing techniques to identify 1,220 single nucleotide polymorphic sites (SNPs) from 162 lionfish samples collected between 2013 and 2015 from two areas chronologically identified as the first and last invaded areas in US waters: the east coast of Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. We used population...
Show moreDespite the devastating impact of the lionfish (Pterois volitans) invasion on NW Atlantic ecosystems, little genetic information about the invasion process is available. We applied Genotyping by Sequencing techniques to identify 1,220 single nucleotide polymorphic sites (SNPs) from 162 lionfish samples collected between 2013 and 2015 from two areas chronologically identified as the first and last invaded areas in US waters: the east coast of Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. We used population genomic analyses, including phylogenetic reconstruction, Bayesian clustering, genetic distances, Discriminant Analyses of Principal Components, and coalescence simulations for detection of outlier SNPs, to understand genetic trends relevant to the lionfish's long-term persistence. We found no significant differences in genetic structure or diversity between the two areas (F-ST p-values > 0.01, and t-test p-values > 0.05). In fact, our genomic analyses showed genetic homogeneity, with enough gene flow between the east coast of Florida and Gulf of Mexico to erase previous signals of genetic divergence detected between these areas, secondary spreading, and bottlenecks in the Gulf of Mexico. These findings suggest rapid genetic changes over space and time during the invasion, resulting in one panmictic population with no signs of divergence between areas due to local adaptation.
Giant Suppression Of Phononic Heat Transport In A Quantum Magnet Bicu2po6.
Jeon, Byung-Gu, Koteswararao, B., Park, C. B., Shu, G. J., Riggs, S. C., Moon, E. G., Chung, S. B., Chou, F. C., Kim, Kee Hoon
Thermal transport of quantum magnets has elucidated the nature of low energy elementary excitations and complex interplay between those excited states via strong scattering of thermal carriers. BiCu2PO6 is a unique frustrated spin-ladder compound exhibiting highly anisotropic spin excitations that contain both itinerant and localized dispersion characters along the b- and a-axes respectively. Here, we investigate thermal conductivity. of BiCu2PO6 under high magnetic fields (H) of up to 30...
Show moreThermal transport of quantum magnets has elucidated the nature of low energy elementary excitations and complex interplay between those excited states via strong scattering of thermal carriers. BiCu2PO6 is a unique frustrated spin-ladder compound exhibiting highly anisotropic spin excitations that contain both itinerant and localized dispersion characters along the b- and a-axes respectively. Here, we investigate thermal conductivity. of BiCu2PO6 under high magnetic fields (H) of up to 30 tesla. A dip-feature in., located at similar to 15 K at zero-H along all crystallographic directions, moves gradually toward lower temperature (T) with increasing H, thus resulting in giant suppression by a factor of similar to 30 near the critical magnetic field of H-c congruent to 23.5 tesla. The giant H- and T-dependent suppression of kappa can be explained by the combined result of resonant scattering of phononic heat carriers with magnetic energy levels and increased phonon scattering due to enhanced spin fluctuation at Hc, unequivocally revealing the existence of strong spin-phonon coupling. Moreover, we find an experimental indication that the remaining magnetic heat transport along the b-axis becomes almost gapless at the magnetic quantum critical point realized at H-c.
Gold Nanoparticle Monolayers From Sequential Interfacial Ligand Exchange And Migration In A Three-phase System.
Yang, Guang, Hallinan, Daniel T.
Using a three-phase system, centimeter-scale monolayer gold nanoparticle (Au NP) films have been prepared that have long-range order and hydrophobic ligands. The system contains an interface between an aqueous phase containing Au NPs and an oil phase containing one of various types of amine ligands, and a water/air interface. As the Au NPs diffuse to the water/oil interface, ligand exchange takes place which temporarily traps them at the water/oil interface. The ligand-exchanged particles...
Show moreUsing a three-phase system, centimeter-scale monolayer gold nanoparticle (Au NP) films have been prepared that have long-range order and hydrophobic ligands. The system contains an interface between an aqueous phase containing Au NPs and an oil phase containing one of various types of amine ligands, and a water/air interface. As the Au NPs diffuse to the water/oil interface, ligand exchange takes place which temporarily traps them at the water/oil interface. The ligand-exchanged particles then spontaneously migrate to the air/water interface, where they self-assemble, forming a monolayer under certain conditions. The spontaneous formation of the NP film at the air/water interface was due to the minimization of the system Helmholtz free energy. However, the extent of surface functionalization was dictated by kinetics. This decouples interfacial ligand exchange from interfacial self-assembly, while maintaining the simplicity of a single system. The interparticle center-to-center distance was dictated by the amine ligand length. The Au NP monolayers exhibit tunable surface plasma resonance and excellent spatial homogeneity, which is useful for surface-enhanced Raman scattering. The "air/water/oil" self-assembly method developed here not only benefits the fundamental understanding of NP ligand conformations, but is also applicable to the manufacture of plasmonic nanoparticle devices with precisely designed optical properties.
Hedonic sensitivity to low-dose ketamine is modulated by gonadal hormones in a sex-dependent manner.
Saland, Samantha K., Schoepfer, Kristin J., Kabbaj, Mohamed
We recently reported a greater sensitivity of female rats to rapid antidepressant-like effects of ketamine compared to male rats, and that ovarian-derived estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) are essential for this response. However, to what extent testosterone may also contribute, and whether duration of response to ketamine is modulated in a sex-and hormone-dependent manner remains unclear. To explore this, we systematically investigated the influence of testosterone, estradiol and...
Show moreWe recently reported a greater sensitivity of female rats to rapid antidepressant-like effects of ketamine compared to male rats, and that ovarian-derived estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) are essential for this response. However, to what extent testosterone may also contribute, and whether duration of response to ketamine is modulated in a sex-and hormone-dependent manner remains unclear. To explore this, we systematically investigated the influence of testosterone, estradiol and progesterone on initiation and maintenance of hedonic response to low-dose ketamine (2.5 mg/kg) in intact and gonadectomized male and female rats. Ketamine induced a sustained increase in sucrose preference of female, but not male, rats in an E2P4-dependent manner. Whereas testosterone failed to alter male treatment response, concurrent administration of P4 alone in intact males enhanced hedonic response low-dose ketamine. Treatment responsiveness in female rats only was associated with greater hippocampal BDNF levels, but not activation of key downstream signaling effectors. We provide novel evidence supporting activational roles for ovarian-, but not testicular-, derived hormones in mediating hedonic sensitivity to low-dose ketamine in female and male rats, respectively. Organizational differences may, in part, account for the persistence of sex differences following gonadectomy and selective involvement of BDNF in treatment response.
Identification Of Biochemical And Cytotoxic Markers In Cocaine Treated Pc12 Cells.
Badisa, Ramesh B., Batton, Chyree S., Mazzio, Elizabeth, Grant, Samuel C., Goodman, Carl B.
Cocaine is one of the powerful addictive drugs, widely abused in most Western countries. Because of high lipophilic nature, cocaine easily reaches various domains of the central nervous system (CNS) and triggers different levels of cellular toxicity. The aim of this investigation was to reproduce cocaine toxicity in differentiated PC12 cells through quantitative knowledge on biochemical and cytotoxicity markers. We differentiated the cells with 0.1 mu g/ml nerve growth factor (NGF) for 5 days...
Show moreCocaine is one of the powerful addictive drugs, widely abused in most Western countries. Because of high lipophilic nature, cocaine easily reaches various domains of the central nervous system (CNS) and triggers different levels of cellular toxicity. The aim of this investigation was to reproduce cocaine toxicity in differentiated PC12 cells through quantitative knowledge on biochemical and cytotoxicity markers. We differentiated the cells with 0.1 mu g/ml nerve growth factor (NGF) for 5 days, followed by treatment with cocaine for 48 h at in vivo and in vitro concentrations. Results indicated that cocaine at in vivo concentrations neither killed the cells nor altered the morphology, but decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential that paralleled with increased lactate and glutathione (GSH) levels. On the other hand, cocaine at in vitro concentrations damaged the neurites and caused cell death, which corresponded with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, plasma membrane damage, and GSH depletion with no detectable nitric oxide (NO) level. While direct understanding of cocaine and cell interaction under in vivo animal models is impeded due to high complexity, our present in vitro results assisted in understanding the onset of some key events of neurodegenerative diseases in cocaine treated neuronal cells.
The Impact Of Li Grain Size On Coulombic Efficiency In Li Batteries.
Mehdi, B. Layla, Stevens, Andrew, Qian, Jiangfeng, Park, Chiwoo, Xu, Wu, Henderson, Wesley A., Zhang, Ji-Guang, Mueller, Karl T., Browning, Nigel D.
One of the most promising means to increase the energy density of state-of-the-art lithium Li-ion batteries is to replace the graphite anode with a Li metal anode. While the direct use of Li metal may be highly advantageous, at present its practical application is limited by issues related to dendrite growth and low Coulombic efficiency, CE. Here operando electrochemical scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is used to directly image the deposition/stripping of Li at the anode...
Show moreOne of the most promising means to increase the energy density of state-of-the-art lithium Li-ion batteries is to replace the graphite anode with a Li metal anode. While the direct use of Li metal may be highly advantageous, at present its practical application is limited by issues related to dendrite growth and low Coulombic efficiency, CE. Here operando electrochemical scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is used to directly image the deposition/stripping of Li at the anode-electrolyte interface in a Li-based battery. A non-aqueous electrolyte containing small amounts of H2O as an additive results in remarkably different deposition/stripping properties as compared to the "dry" electrolyte when operated under identical electrochemical conditions. The electrolyte with the additive deposits more Li during the first cycle, with the grain sizes of the Li deposits being significantly larger and more variable. The stripping of the Li upon discharge is also more complete, i.e., there is a higher cycling CE. This suggests that larger grain sizes are indicative of better performance by leading to more uniform Li deposition and an overall decrease in the formation of Li dendrites and side reactions with electrolyte components, thus potentially paving the way for the direct use of Li metal in battery technologies.
Niu, Rongmei, Han, Ke, Su, Yi-feng, Besara, Tiglet, Siegrist, Theo M., Zuo, Xiaowei
Intrinsic And Extrinsic Pinning In Ndfeas(o,f): Vortex Trapping And Lock-in By The Layered Structure.
Tarantini, C., Iida, K., Haenisch, J., Kurth, F., Jaroszynski, J., Sumiya, N., Chihara, M., Hatano, T., Ikuta, H., Schmidt, S., Seidel, P., Holzapfel, B., Larbalestier, D. C.
Fe-based superconductors (FBS) present a large variety of compounds whose properties are affected to different extents by their crystal structures. Amongst them, the REFeAs(O,F) (RE1111, RE being a rare-earth element) is the family with the highest critical temperature T-c but also with a large anisotropy and Josephson vortices as demonstrated in the flux-flow regime in Sm1111 (T-c similar to 55 K). Here we focus on the pinning properties of the lower-T-c Nd1111 in the flux-creep regime. We...
Show moreFe-based superconductors (FBS) present a large variety of compounds whose properties are affected to different extents by their crystal structures. Amongst them, the REFeAs(O,F) (RE1111, RE being a rare-earth element) is the family with the highest critical temperature T-c but also with a large anisotropy and Josephson vortices as demonstrated in the flux-flow regime in Sm1111 (T-c similar to 55 K). Here we focus on the pinning properties of the lower-T-c Nd1111 in the flux-creep regime. We demonstrate that for H//c critical current density J(c) at high temperatures is dominated by point-defect pinning centres, whereas at low temperatures surface pinning by planar defects parallel to the c-axis and vortex shearing prevail. When the field approaches the ab-planes, two different regimes are observed at low temperatures as a consequence of the transition between 3D Abrikosov and 2D Josephson vortices: one is determined by the formation of a vortex-staircase structure and one by lock-in of vortices parallel to the layers. This is the first study on FBS showing this behaviour in the full temperature, field, and angular range and demonstrating that, despite the lower T-c and anisotropy of Nd1111 with respect to Sm1111, this compound is substantially affected by intrinsic pinning generating a strong ab-peak in J(c).
Large Fermi Surface of Heavy Electrons at the Border of Mott Insulating State in NiS2.
Friedemann, S., Chang, H., Gamza, M. B., Reiss, P., Chen, X., Alireza, P., Coniglio, W. A., Graf, D., Tozer, S., Grosche, F. M.
One early triumph of quantum physics is the explanation why some materials are metallic whereas others are insulating. While a treatment based on single electron states is correct for most materials this approach can fail spectacularly, when the electrostatic repulsion between electrons causes strong correlations. Not only can these favor new and subtle forms of matter, such as magnetism or superconductivity, they can even cause the electrons in a half-filled energy band to lock into position...
Show moreOne early triumph of quantum physics is the explanation why some materials are metallic whereas others are insulating. While a treatment based on single electron states is correct for most materials this approach can fail spectacularly, when the electrostatic repulsion between electrons causes strong correlations. Not only can these favor new and subtle forms of matter, such as magnetism or superconductivity, they can even cause the electrons in a half-filled energy band to lock into position, producing a correlated, or Mott insulator. The transition into the Mott insulating state raises important fundamental questions. Foremost among these is the fate of the electronic Fermi surface and the associated charge carrier mass, as the Mott transition is approached. We report the first direct observation of the Fermi surface on the metallic side of a Mott insulating transition by high pressure quantum oscillatory measurements in NiS2. Our results point at a large Fermi surface consistent with Luttinger's theorem and a strongly enhanced quasiparticle effective mass. These two findings are in line with central tenets of the Brinkman-Rice picture of the correlated metal near the Mott insulating state and rule out alternative scenarios in which the carrier concentration vanishes continuously at the metal-insulator transition.
Liquid-liquid Phase Separation Of Patchy Particles Illuminates Diverse Effects Of Regulatory Components On Protein Droplet Formation.
Nguemaha, Valery, Zhou, Huan-Xiang
Recently many cellular functions have been associated with membraneless organelles, or protein droplets, formed by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Proteins in these droplets often contain RNA-binding domains, but the effects of RNA on LLPS have been controversial. To gain better understanding on the roles of RNA and other macromolecular regulators, here we used Gibbs-ensemble simulations to determine phase diagrams of two-component patchy particles, as models for mixtures of proteins...
Show moreRecently many cellular functions have been associated with membraneless organelles, or protein droplets, formed by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Proteins in these droplets often contain RNA-binding domains, but the effects of RNA on LLPS have been controversial. To gain better understanding on the roles of RNA and other macromolecular regulators, here we used Gibbs-ensemble simulations to determine phase diagrams of two-component patchy particles, as models for mixtures of proteins with regulatory components. Protein-like particles have four patches, with attraction strength epsilon(PP); regulatory particles experience mutual steric repulsion but have two attractive patches toward proteins, with the strength epsilon(PR) tunable. At low epsilon(PR), the regulator, due to steric repulsion, preferentially partitions in the dispersed phase, thereby displacing the protein into the droplet phase and promoting LLPS. At moderate epsilon(PR), the regulator starts to partition and displace the protein in the droplet phase, but only to weaken bonding networks and thereby suppress LLPS. At epsilon(PR) > epsilon(PP), the enhanced bonding ability of the regulator initially promotes LLPS, but at higher amounts, the resulting displacement of the protein suppresses LLPS. These results illustrate how RNA can have disparate effects on LLPS, thus able to perform diverse functions in different organelles.
Long distance seawater intrusion through a karst conduit network in the Woodville Karst Plain, Florida.
Xu, Zexuan, Bassett, Seth Willis, Hu, Bill, Dyer, Scott Barrett
Five periods of increased electrical conductivity have been found in the karst conduits supplying one of the largest first magnitude springs in Florida with water. Numerous well-developed conduit networks are distributed in the Woodville Karst Plain (WKP), Florida and connected to the Gulf of Mexico. A composite analysis of precipitation and electrical conductivity data provides strong evidence that the increases in conductivity are directly tied to seawater intrusion moving inland and...
Show moreFive periods of increased electrical conductivity have been found in the karst conduits supplying one of the largest first magnitude springs in Florida with water. Numerous well-developed conduit networks are distributed in the Woodville Karst Plain (WKP), Florida and connected to the Gulf of Mexico. A composite analysis of precipitation and electrical conductivity data provides strong evidence that the increases in conductivity are directly tied to seawater intrusion moving inland and traveling 11 miles against the prevailing regional hydraulic gradient from from Spring Creek Spring Complex (SCSC), a group of submarine springs at the Gulf Coast. A geochemical analysis of samples from the spring vent rules out anthropogenic contamination and upwelling regional recharge from the deep aquifer as sources of the rising conductivity. The interpretation is supported by the conceptual model established by prior researchers working to characterize the study area. This paper documents the first and longest case of seawater intrusion in the WKP, and also indicates significant possibility of seawater contamination through subsurface conduit networks in a coastal karst aquifer.
Magnetic Field Tuning Of An Excitonic Insulator Between The Weak And Strong Coupling Regimes In Quantum Limit Graphite.
Zhu, Z., McDonald, R. D., Shekhter, A., Ramshaw, B. J., Modic, K. A., Balakirev, F. F., Harrison, N.
The excitonic insulator phase has long been predicted to form in proximity to a band gap opening in the underlying band structure. The character of the pairing is conjectured to crossover from weak (BCS-like) to strong coupling (BEC-like) as the underlying band structure is tuned from the metallic to the insulating side of the gap opening. Here we report the high-magnetic field phase diagram of graphite to exhibit just such a crossover. By way of comprehensive angle-resolved magnetoresistance...
Show moreThe excitonic insulator phase has long been predicted to form in proximity to a band gap opening in the underlying band structure. The character of the pairing is conjectured to crossover from weak (BCS-like) to strong coupling (BEC-like) as the underlying band structure is tuned from the metallic to the insulating side of the gap opening. Here we report the high-magnetic field phase diagram of graphite to exhibit just such a crossover. By way of comprehensive angle-resolved magnetoresistance measurements, we demonstrate that the underlying band gap opening occurs inside the magnetic field-induced phase, paving the way for a systematic study of the BCS-BEC-like crossover by means of conventional condensed matter probes.
Liu, Jinyu, Hu, Jin, Cao, Huibo, Zhu, Yanglin, Chuang, Alyssa, Graf, D., Adams, D. J., Radmanesh, S. M. A., Spinu, L., Chiorescu, I., Mao, Zhiqiang
Layered compounds AMnBi(2) (A = Ca, Sr, Ba, or rare earth element) have been established as Dirac materials. Dirac electrons generated by the two-dimensional (2D) Bi square net in these materials are normally massive due to the presence of a spin-orbital coupling (SOC) induced gap at Dirac nodes. Here we report that the Sb square net in an isostructural compound BaMnSb2 can host nearly massless Dirac fermions. We observed strong Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) oscillations in this material. From the...
Show moreLayered compounds AMnBi(2) (A = Ca, Sr, Ba, or rare earth element) have been established as Dirac materials. Dirac electrons generated by the two-dimensional (2D) Bi square net in these materials are normally massive due to the presence of a spin-orbital coupling (SOC) induced gap at Dirac nodes. Here we report that the Sb square net in an isostructural compound BaMnSb2 can host nearly massless Dirac fermions. We observed strong Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) oscillations in this material. From the analyses of the SdH oscillations, we find key signatures of Dirac fermions, including light effective mass (similar to 0.052m(0); m(0), mass of free electron), high quantum mobility (1280 cm(2)V(-1)S(-1)) and a pi Berry phase accumulated along cyclotron orbit. Compared with AMnBi(2), BaMnSb2 also exhibits much more significant quasi two-dimensional (2D) electronic structure, with the out-of-plane transport showing nonmetallic conduction below 120 K and the ratio of the out-of-plane and in-plane resistivity reaching similar to 670. Additionally, BaMnSb2 also exhibits a G-type antiferromagnetic order below 283 K. The combination of nearly massless Dirac fermions on quasi-2D planes with a magnetic order makes BaMnSb2 an intriguing platform for seeking novel exotic phenomena of massless Dirac electrons.
Ocean Acidification Changes The Male Fitness Landscape.
Campbell, Anna L., Levitan, Don R., Hosken, David J., Lewis, Ceri
Sperm competition is extremely common in many ecologically important marine taxa. Ocean acidification (OA) is driving rapid changes to the marine environments in which freely spawned sperm operate, yet the consequences of OA on sperm performance are poorly understood in the context of sperm competition. Here, we investigated the impacts of OA (+ 1000 mu atm pCO(2)) on sperm competitiveness for the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Males with faster sperm had greater competitive fertilisation...
Show moreSperm competition is extremely common in many ecologically important marine taxa. Ocean acidification (OA) is driving rapid changes to the marine environments in which freely spawned sperm operate, yet the consequences of OA on sperm performance are poorly understood in the context of sperm competition. Here, we investigated the impacts of OA (+ 1000 mu atm pCO(2)) on sperm competitiveness for the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Males with faster sperm had greater competitive fertilisation success in both seawater conditions. Similarly, males with more motile sperm had greater sperm competitiveness, but only under current pCO(2) levels. Under OA the strength of this association was significantly reduced and there were male sperm performance rank changes under OA, such that the best males in current conditions are not necessarily best under OA. Therefore OA will likely change the male fitness landscape, providing a mechanism by which environmental change alters the genetic landscape of marine species.
Personalized Chemotherapy Selection For Breast Cancer Using Gene Expression Profiles.
Yu, Kaixian, Sang, Qing-Xiang Amy, Lung, Pei-Yau, Tan, Winston, Lively, Ty, Sheffield, Cedric, Bou-Dargham, Mayassa J., Liu, Jun S., Zhang, Jinfeng
Choosing the optimal chemotherapy regimen is still an unmet medical need for breast cancer patients. In this study, we reanalyzed data from seven independent data sets with totally 1079 breast cancer patients. The patients were treated with three different types of commonly used neoadjuvant chemotherapies: anthracycline alone, anthracycline plus paclitaxel, and anthracycline plus docetaxel. We developed random forest models with variable selection using both genetic and clinical variables to...
Show moreChoosing the optimal chemotherapy regimen is still an unmet medical need for breast cancer patients. In this study, we reanalyzed data from seven independent data sets with totally 1079 breast cancer patients. The patients were treated with three different types of commonly used neoadjuvant chemotherapies: anthracycline alone, anthracycline plus paclitaxel, and anthracycline plus docetaxel. We developed random forest models with variable selection using both genetic and clinical variables to predict the response of a patient using pCR (pathological complete response) as the measure of response. The models were then used to reassign an optimal regimen to each patient to maximize the chance of pCR. An independent validation was performed where each independent study was left out during model building and later used for validation. The expected pCR rates of our method are significantly higher than the rates of the best treatments for all the seven independent studies. A validation study on 21 breast cancer cell lines showed that our prediction agrees with their drug-sensitivity profiles. In conclusion, the new strategy, called PRES (Personalized REgimen Selection), may significantly increase response rates for breast cancer patients, especially those with HER2 and ER negative tumors, who will receive one of the widely-accepted chemotherapy regimens.
Phase Modulators Based On High Mobility Ambipolar Rese2 Field-effect Transistors.
Pradhan, Nihar R., Garcia, Carlos, Isenberg, Bridget, Rhodes, Daniel, Feng, Simin, Memaran, Shahriar, Xin, Yan, McCreary, Amber, Walker, Angela R. Hight, Raeliarijaona, Aldo,...
Show morePradhan, Nihar R., Garcia, Carlos, Isenberg, Bridget, Rhodes, Daniel, Feng, Simin, Memaran, Shahriar, Xin, Yan, McCreary, Amber, Walker, Angela R. Hight, Raeliarijaona, Aldo, Terrones, Humberto, Terrones, Mauricio, McGill, Stephen, Balicas, Luis
We fabricated ambipolar field-effect transistors (FETs) from multi-layered triclinic ReSe2, mechanically exfoliated onto a SiO2 layer grown on p-doped Si. In contrast to previous reports on thin layers (similar to 2 to 3 layers), we extract field-effect carrier mobilities in excess of 10(2) cm(2)/Vs at room temperature in crystals with nearly similar to 10 atomic layers. These thicker FETs also show nearly zero threshold gate voltage for conduction and high ON to OFF current ratios when...
Show moreWe fabricated ambipolar field-effect transistors (FETs) from multi-layered triclinic ReSe2, mechanically exfoliated onto a SiO2 layer grown on p-doped Si. In contrast to previous reports on thin layers (similar to 2 to 3 layers), we extract field-effect carrier mobilities in excess of 10(2) cm(2)/Vs at room temperature in crystals with nearly similar to 10 atomic layers. These thicker FETs also show nearly zero threshold gate voltage for conduction and high ON to OFF current ratios when compared to the FETs built from thinner layers. We also demonstrate that it is possible to utilize this ambipolarity to fabricate logical elements or digital synthesizers. For instance, we demonstrate that one can produce simple, gate-voltage tunable phase modulators with the ability to shift the phase of the input signal by either 90 degrees or nearly 180 degrees. Given that it is possible to engineer these same elements with improved architectures, for example on h-BN in order to decrease the threshold gate voltage and increase the carrier mobilities, it is possible to improve their characteristics in order to engineer ultra-thin layered logic elements based on ReSe2.
Population Variation In The Trophic Niche Of The Trinidadian Guppy From Different Predation Regimes.
Zandona, Eugenia, Dalton, Christopher M., El-Sabaawi, Rana W., Howard, Jason L., Marshall, Michael C., Kilham, Susan S., Reznick, David N., Travis, Joseph, Kohler, Tyler J.,...
Show moreZandona, Eugenia, Dalton, Christopher M., El-Sabaawi, Rana W., Howard, Jason L., Marshall, Michael C., Kilham, Susan S., Reznick, David N., Travis, Joseph, Kohler, Tyler J., Flecker, Alexander S., Thomas, Steven A., Pringle, Catherine M.
Population variation in trophic niche is widespread among organisms and is of increasing interest given its role in both speciation and adaptation to changing environments. Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) inhabiting stream reaches with different predation regimes have rapidly evolved divergent life history traits. Here, we investigated the effects of both predation and resource availability on guppy trophic niches by evaluating their gut contents, resource standing stocks, and delta...
Show morePopulation variation in trophic niche is widespread among organisms and is of increasing interest given its role in both speciation and adaptation to changing environments. Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) inhabiting stream reaches with different predation regimes have rapidly evolved divergent life history traits. Here, we investigated the effects of both predation and resource availability on guppy trophic niches by evaluating their gut contents, resource standing stocks, and delta N-15 and delta C-13 stable isotopes across five streams during the wet season. We found that guppies from low predation (LP) sites had a consistently higher trophic position and proportion of invertebrates in their guts and assimilate less epilithon than guppies from high predation (HP) sites. Higher trophic position was also associated with lower benthic invertebrate availability. Our results suggest that LP guppies could be more efficient invertebrate consumers, possibly as an evolutionary response to greater intraspecific competition for higher quality food. This may be intensified by seasonality, as wet season conditions can alter resource availability, feeding rates, and the intensity of intraspecific competition. Understanding how guppy diets vary among communities is critical to elucidating the role of niche shifts in mediating the link between environmental change and the evolution of life histories.
Precipitous Change Of The Irreversible Strain Limit With Heat-treatment Temperature In Nb3sn Wires Made By The Restacked-rod Process.
Cheggour, Najib, Stauffer, Theodore C., Starch, William, Lee, Peter J., Splett, Jolene D., Goodrich, Loren F., Ghosh, Arup K.
The intrinsic irreversible strain limit epsilon(irr,0) of Nb3Sn superconducting wires, made by the restacked-rod process and doped with either Ti or Ta, undergoes a precipitous change as a function of temperature. of the final heat-treatment for forming the A15 phase. Nb3Sn transitions from a highly brittle state where it cracks as soon as it is subjected to an axial tensile strain of any measurable amount, to a state more resilient to tensile strain as high as 0.4%. The remarkable abruptness...
Show moreThe intrinsic irreversible strain limit epsilon(irr,0) of Nb3Sn superconducting wires, made by the restacked-rod process and doped with either Ti or Ta, undergoes a precipitous change as a function of temperature. of the final heat-treatment for forming the A15 phase. Nb3Sn transitions from a highly brittle state where it cracks as soon as it is subjected to an axial tensile strain of any measurable amount, to a state more resilient to tensile strain as high as 0.4%. The remarkable abruptness of this transition (as most of it occurs over a range of only 10 degrees C) could pose real challenges for the heat-treatment of large magnets, such as those fabricated for the high-luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). We named this behavior the strain irreversibility cliff (SIC) to caution magnet developers. The approach to fulfilling application requirements just in terms of the conductor's residual resistivity ratio RRR and critical-current density J(c) is incomplete. Along with RRR and J(c) wire specifications, and sub-element size requirements that reduce wire magnetization and instabilities effects, SIC imposes additional constraints on the choice of heat-treatment conditions to ensure mechanical integrity of the conductor.
Pressure and high-T-c superconductivity in sulfur hydrides.
Gor'kov, Lev P., Kresin, Vladimir Z.
The paper discusses fundamentals of record-T-C superconductivity discovered under high pressure in sulfur hydride. The rapid increase of T-C with pressure in the vicinity of P-cr approximate to 123GPa is interpreted as the fingerprint of a first-order structural transition. Based on the cubic symmetry of the high-T-C phase, it is argued that the lower-T-C phase has a different periodicity, possibly related to an instability with a commensurate structural vector. In addition to the acoustic...
Show moreThe paper discusses fundamentals of record-T-C superconductivity discovered under high pressure in sulfur hydride. The rapid increase of T-C with pressure in the vicinity of P-cr approximate to 123GPa is interpreted as the fingerprint of a first-order structural transition. Based on the cubic symmetry of the high-T-C phase, it is argued that the lower-T-C phase has a different periodicity, possibly related to an instability with a commensurate structural vector. In addition to the acoustic branches, the phonon spectrum of H3S contains hydrogen modes with much higher frequencies. Because of the complex spectrum, usual methods of calculating T-C are here inapplicable. A modified approach is formulated and shown to provide realistic values for T-C and to determine the relative contributions of optical and acoustic branches. The isotope effect ( change of T-C upon Deuterium for Hydrogen substitution) originates from high frequency phonons and differs in the two phases. The decrease of T-C following its maximum in the high-T-C phase is a sign of intermixing with pairing at hole-like pockets which arise in the energy spectrum of the cubic phase at the structural transition. On-pockets pairing leads to the appearance of a second gap and is remarkable for its non-adiabatic regime: hydrogen mode frequencies are comparable to the Fermi energy.
Pressure induced elastic softening in framework aluminosilicate-albite (NaAlSi3O8).
Mookherjee, Mainak, Mainprice, David, Maheshwari, Ketan, Heinonen, Olle, Patel, Dhenu, Hariharan, Anant
Albite (NaAlSi3O8) is an aluminosilicate mineral. Its crystal structure consists of 3-D framework of Al and Si tetrahedral units. We have used Density Functional Theory to investigate the high-pressure behavior of the crystal structure and how it affects the elasticity of albite. Our results indicate elastic softening between 6-8 GPa. This is observed in all the individual elastic stiffness components. Our analysis indicates that the softening is due to the response of the three-dimensional...
Show moreAlbite (NaAlSi3O8) is an aluminosilicate mineral. Its crystal structure consists of 3-D framework of Al and Si tetrahedral units. We have used Density Functional Theory to investigate the high-pressure behavior of the crystal structure and how it affects the elasticity of albite. Our results indicate elastic softening between 6-8 GPa. This is observed in all the individual elastic stiffness components. Our analysis indicates that the softening is due to the response of the three-dimensional tetrahedral framework, in particular by the pressure dependent changes in the tetrahedral tilts. At pressure < 6 GPa, the PAW-GGA can be described by a Birch-Murnaghan equation of state with V-0(GGA) = 687.4 angstrom(3), K-0(GGA) = 51.7 GPa, and K-0'(GGA) = 4.7. The shear modulus and its pressure derivative are G(0)(GGA) = 33.7 GPa, and G(0)'(GGA) = 2.9. At 1 bar, the azimuthal compressional and shear wave anisotropy AV(P)(GGA) = 42.8%, and AV(S)(GGA) = 50.1%. We also investigate the densification of albite to a mixture of jadeite and quartz. The transformation is likely to cause a discontinuity in density, compressional, and shear wave velocity across the crust and mantle. This could partially account for the Mohorovicic discontinuity in thickened continental crustal regions.
Probing the Gravitational Faraday Rotation Using Quasar X-ray Microlensing.
Chen, Bin
The effect of gravitational Faraday rotation was predicted in the 1950s, but there is currently no practical method for measuring this effect. Measuring this effect is important because it will provide new evidence for correctness of general relativity, in particular, in the strong field limit. We predict that the observed degree and angle of the X-ray polarization of a cosmologically distant quasar microlensed by the random star field in a foreground galaxy or cluster lens vary rapidly and...
Show moreThe effect of gravitational Faraday rotation was predicted in the 1950s, but there is currently no practical method for measuring this effect. Measuring this effect is important because it will provide new evidence for correctness of general relativity, in particular, in the strong field limit. We predict that the observed degree and angle of the X-ray polarization of a cosmologically distant quasar microlensed by the random star field in a foreground galaxy or cluster lens vary rapidly and concurrently with flux during caustic-crossing events using the first simulation of quasar X-ray microlensing polarization light curves. Therefore, it is possible to detect gravitational Faraday rotation by monitoring the X-ray polarization of gravitationally microlensed quasars. Detecting this effect will also confirm the strong gravity nature of quasar X-ray emission.
Recent Trends Of Summer Convective And Stratiform Precipitation In Mid-eastern China.
Fu, Yunfei, Chen, Fengjiao, Liu, Guosheng, Yang, Yuanjian, Yuan, Renmin, Li, Rui, Liu, Qi, Wang, Yu, Zhong, Lei, Sun, Liang
Many studies have reported on the trends of precipitation in Mid-Eastern China (EC). However, the trends of convective and stratiform precipitation are still unknown. Here, we examine the trends of summer convective and stratiform precipitation in EC from 2002 to 2012 on the basis of the TRMM observations. Results revealed that the rain frequency (RF) for both convective and stratiform precipitation increased in majority regions of Southern EC (SEC), but decreased in Northwest part of...
Show moreMany studies have reported on the trends of precipitation in Mid-Eastern China (EC). However, the trends of convective and stratiform precipitation are still unknown. Here, we examine the trends of summer convective and stratiform precipitation in EC from 2002 to 2012 on the basis of the TRMM observations. Results revealed that the rain frequency (RF) for both convective and stratiform precipitation increased in majority regions of Southern EC (SEC), but decreased in Northwest part of Northern EC (NEC). The decreasing rate of RF for stratiform precipitation in NEC is twice as much as that for convective precipitation, while the increase of convective precipitation in SEC is more evident than stratiform precipitation. The rain rate (RR) exhibited a decreasing trend in most portions of EC for both convective and stratiform precipitation. In SEC, neither PW nor WVT has good ability in explaining the precipitation variability. However, in NEC, PW is closely correlated to convective RF and WVT is more closely related to stratiform RF.
Single Crystal Elasticity Of Natural Topaz At High-temperatures.
Tennakoon, Sumudu, Peng, Ye, Mookherjee, Mainak, Speziale, Sergio, Manthilake, Geeth, Besara, Tiglet, Andreu, Luis, Rivera, Fernando
Topaz is an aluminosilicate mineral phase stable in the hydrothermally altered pegmatitic rocks and also in subducted sedimentary lithologies. In nature, topaz often exhibits solid solution between fluorine and hydrous end members. We investigated elasticity of naturally occurring single crystal topaz (Al2SiO4F1.42(OH)(0.58)) using Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy. We also explored the temperature dependence of the full elastic constant tensor. We find that among the various minerals stable...
Show moreTopaz is an aluminosilicate mineral phase stable in the hydrothermally altered pegmatitic rocks and also in subducted sedimentary lithologies. In nature, topaz often exhibits solid solution between fluorine and hydrous end members. We investigated elasticity of naturally occurring single crystal topaz (Al2SiO4F1.42(OH)(0.58)) using Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy. We also explored the temperature dependence of the full elastic constant tensor. We find that among the various minerals stable in the Al2O3-SiO2-H2O ternary system, topaz exhibits moderate elastic anisotropy. As a function of temperature, the sound velocity of topaz decreases with dV(P)/dT and dV(S)/dT being -3.10 and -2.30 x 10(-4) km/s/K. The elasticity and sound velocity of topaz also vary as a function of OH and F content. The effect of composition (x(OH)) on the velocity is equally important as that of the effect of temperature. We also note that the Debye temperature (Theta(D)) of topaz at room temperature condition is 910 K and decreases at higher temperature. The Debye temperature shows positive correlation with density of the mineral phases in the Al2O3-SiO2-H2O ternary system.
Statistical Evidence For The Role Of Southwestern Indian Ocean Heat Content In The Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall.
Venugopal, T., Ali, M. M., Bourassa, M. A., Zheng, Y., Goni, G. J., Foltz, G. R., Rajeevan, M.
This study examines the benefit of using Ocean Mean Temperature (OMT) to aid in the prediction of the sign of Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) anomalies. This is a statistical examination, rather than a process study. The thermal energy needed for maintaining and intensifying hurricanes and monsoons comes from the upper ocean, not just from the thin layer represented by sea surface temperature (SST) alone. Here, we show that the southwestern Indian OMT down to the depth of the 26 degrees...
Show moreThis study examines the benefit of using Ocean Mean Temperature (OMT) to aid in the prediction of the sign of Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) anomalies. This is a statistical examination, rather than a process study. The thermal energy needed for maintaining and intensifying hurricanes and monsoons comes from the upper ocean, not just from the thin layer represented by sea surface temperature (SST) alone. Here, we show that the southwestern Indian OMT down to the depth of the 26 degrees C isotherm during January-March is a better qualitative predictor of the ISMR than SST. The success rate in predicting above-or below-average ISMR is 80% for OMT compared to 60% for SST. Other January-March mean climate indices (e.g., NINO3.4, Indian Ocean Dipole Mode Index, El Nino Southern Oscillation Modoki Index) have less predictability (52%, 48%, and 56%, respectively) than OMT percentage deviation (PD) (80%). Thus, OMT PD in the southwestern Indian Ocean provides a better qualitative prediction of ISMR by the end of March and indicates whether the ISMR will be above or below the climatological mean value.
Structure of an E. coli integral membrane sulfurtransferase and its structural transition upon SCN- binding defined by EPR-based hybrid method.
Ling, Shenglong, Wang, Wei, Yu, Lu, Peng, Junhui, Cai, Xiaoying, Xiong, Ying, Hayati, Zahra, Zhang, Longhua, Zhang, Zhiyong, Song, Likai, Tian, Changlin
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-based hybrid experimental and computational approaches were applied to determine the structure of a full-length E. coli integral membrane sulfurtransferase, dimeric YgaP, and its structural and dynamic changes upon ligand binding. The solution NMR structures of the YgaP transmembrane domain (TMD) and cytosolic catalytic rhodanese domain were reported recently, but the tertiary fold of full-length YgaP was not yet available. Here, systematic site-specific...
Show moreElectron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-based hybrid experimental and computational approaches were applied to determine the structure of a full-length E. coli integral membrane sulfurtransferase, dimeric YgaP, and its structural and dynamic changes upon ligand binding. The solution NMR structures of the YgaP transmembrane domain (TMD) and cytosolic catalytic rhodanese domain were reported recently, but the tertiary fold of full-length YgaP was not yet available. Here, systematic site-specific EPR analysis defined a helix-loop-helix secondary structure of the YagP-TMD monomers using mobility, accessibility and membrane immersion measurements. The tertiary folds of dimeric YgaP-TMD and full-length YgaP in detergent micelles were determined through inter-and intra-monomer distance mapping and rigid-body computation. Further EPR analysis demonstrated the tight packing of the two YgaP second transmembrane helices upon binding of the catalytic product SCN-, which provides insight into the thiocyanate exportation mechanism of YgaP in the E. coli membrane.
Synchrotron-generated Microbeams Induce Hippocampal Transections In Rats.
Fardone, Erminia, Pouyatos, Benoit, Brauer-Krisch, Elke, Bartzsch, Stefan, Mathieu, Herve, Requardt, Herwig, Bucci, Domenico, Barbone, Giacomo, Coan, Paola, Battaglia, Giuseppe,...
Show moreFardone, Erminia, Pouyatos, Benoit, Brauer-Krisch, Elke, Bartzsch, Stefan, Mathieu, Herve, Requardt, Herwig, Bucci, Domenico, Barbone, Giacomo, Coan, Paola, Battaglia, Giuseppe, Le Duc, Geraldine, Bravin, Alberto, Romanelli, Pantaleo
Synchrotron-generated microplanar beams (microbeams) provide the most stereo-selective irradiation modality known today. This novel irradiation modality has been shown to control seizures originating from eloquent cortex causing no neurological deficit in experimental animals. To test the hypothesis that application of microbeams in the hippocampus, the most common source of refractory seizures, is safe and does not induce severe side effects, we used microbeams to induce transections to the...
Show moreSynchrotron-generated microplanar beams (microbeams) provide the most stereo-selective irradiation modality known today. This novel irradiation modality has been shown to control seizures originating from eloquent cortex causing no neurological deficit in experimental animals. To test the hypothesis that application of microbeams in the hippocampus, the most common source of refractory seizures, is safe and does not induce severe side effects, we used microbeams to induce transections to the hippocampus of healthy rats. An array of parallel microbeams carrying an incident dose of 600 Gy was delivered to the rat hippocampus. Immunohistochemistry of phosphorylated gamma-H2AX showed cell death along the microbeam irradiation paths in rats 48 hours after irradiation. No evident behavioral or neurological deficits were observed during the 3-month period of observation. MR imaging showed no signs of radio-induced edema or radionecrosis 3 months after irradiation. Histological analysis showed a very well preserved hippocampal cytoarchitecture and confirmed the presence of clear-cut microscopic transections across the hippocampus. These data support the use of synchrotron-generated microbeams as a novel tool to slice the hippocampus of living rats in a minimally invasive way, providing (i) a novel experimental model to study hippocampal function and (ii) a new treatment tool for patients affected by refractory epilepsy induced by mesial temporal sclerosis.
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The Accuracy of the National Hurricane Center's United States Tropical Cyclone Landfall Forecasts in the Atlantic Basin (2004–2012).
Keclik, Alexandra, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences
This study examined the position, timing, and intensity of each National Hurricane Center's (NHC) Official Forecasts (OFCL) for Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes that made landfall in the United States from 2004 to 2012. During that time period, one hundred and fifty tropical cyclones developed in the Atlantic basin. Thirty-two of the cyclones made landfall in the United States as tropical storms or hurricanes. Accurate predictions of the location, timing, and intensity of tropical...
Show moreThis study examined the position, timing, and intensity of each National Hurricane Center's (NHC) Official Forecasts (OFCL) for Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes that made landfall in the United States from 2004 to 2012. During that time period, one hundred and fifty tropical cyclones developed in the Atlantic basin. Thirty-two of the cyclones made landfall in the United States as tropical storms or hurricanes. Accurate predictions of the location, timing, and intensity of tropical cyclone landfalls are important, so that people in a storm's track can prepare adequately for heavy to catastrophic wind, rain, and storm surge. The errors of each of the OFCL for Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes that made landfall in the United States during 2004–2012 are acquired from the Best Track data set. The ELTOPO1 landmask is used to find the forecasted landfall point using sequential locations from the OFCL offshore and onshore points of each forecast. The great circle distance between the forecasted and actual landfall constitutes the location error. The official landfall time is subtracted from the forecasted landfall time to find the timing error, and the official landfall wind speed is subtracted from the closest to onshore wind speed to find intensity error. There is a trend of decreasing error in location, timing, and intensity forecasting with decreasing lead time. An improvement in tropical cyclone landfall forecasting is found from comparing the 2004–2012 Atlantic landfall forecast errors to those in a study of 1976-2000 forecasts.
Accurate and Precise Determination of Low Concentration Iron, Arsenic, Selenium, Cadmium, and Other Trace Elements in Natural Samples by Octopole Collision/Reaction Cell (CRC) Equipped Quadrupole-ICP-Ms.
Dial, Angela, Landing, William M., Salters, Vincent J. M., Humayun, Munir, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
An improved method for accurate and precise determination of trace quantity dissolved metals and metalloids in natural samples by Octopole Collision/Reaction Cell (CRC) equipped Quadrupole-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (Agilent® 7500cs) is reported. Our method is optimized for rapid analyses of small volume samples (~250 µL) in a variety of matrices containing HNO3 and/or HCl. The present study focuses on elements with ICP-MS plasma- and/or matrix based interferences, in...
Show moreAn improved method for accurate and precise determination of trace quantity dissolved metals and metalloids in natural samples by Octopole Collision/Reaction Cell (CRC) equipped Quadrupole-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (Agilent® 7500cs) is reported. Our method is optimized for rapid analyses of small volume samples (~250 µL) in a variety of matrices containing HNO3 and/or HCl. The present study focuses on elements with ICP-MS plasma- and/or matrix based interferences, in particular 56Fe (40Ar16O+), 75As (40Ar35Cl+), 78Se (40Ar38Ar+), and 111Cd (95Mo16O+). We demonstrate efficient elimination of these polyatomic interferences via the use of CRC in Reaction Mode (RM; H2 gas) and in Collision-Reaction Mode (CRM; He gas). In addition, the efficiency of the instrument was evaluated under both hot plasma (RF power 1500 Watts) and cool plasma (600 W) conditions. The present method is optimized to analyze elements with large mass spectrometric interferences at sub parts per billion level concentrations in a variety of natural samples and matrix compositions. We report an average external precision of ≤ ~10% for minor (≤ 10 µg∙L-1) elements measured in a 1:100 dilution of NIST 1643e under two different plasma conditions and CRC operational modes. Our measured concentration values for elements like Fe (99.6 µg/L), Mg (8020 µg/L), Co (26.99 µg/L), Ni (62.54 µg/L), Cd (7.68 µg/L), Sb (59.6 µg/L), and Pb (19.82 µg/L) with a large dynamic spread in concentrations in NIST 1643e are within ±12% to ±2% of the accepted / published values.
Aerosol Iron Solubility: Observations from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
Buck, Clifton Stryker, Landing, William M., Fuelberg, Henry, Burnett, William, Kostka, Joel, Dittmar, Thorsten, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida...
Show moreBuck, Clifton Stryker, Landing, William M., Fuelberg, Henry, Burnett, William, Kostka, Joel, Dittmar, Thorsten, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
Large portions of the world ocean are less productive than they should be based on their nutrient concentrations. Dubbed high-nutrient low-chlorophyll (HNLC) regions, primary productivity in these areas may be limited by any number of factors including high zooplankton grazing rates as well as light and silicon limitation but, in general, iron (Fe) appears to most often be the factor limiting production. With approximately 30% of the world ocean comprised of Fe-limited HNLC waters, it is...
Show moreLarge portions of the world ocean are less productive than they should be based on their nutrient concentrations. Dubbed high-nutrient low-chlorophyll (HNLC) regions, primary productivity in these areas may be limited by any number of factors including high zooplankton grazing rates as well as light and silicon limitation but, in general, iron (Fe) appears to most often be the factor limiting production. With approximately 30% of the world ocean comprised of Fe-limited HNLC waters, it is clear that the input of Fe to these waters, and its subsequent bioavailability, has an important role in stimulating primary productivity and lowering pCO2 possibly moderating the rise of atmospheric CO2 concentrations and therefore could influence the planet's climate. The work described in this dissertation represents an effort to characterize the elemental solubility, including Fe, of marine aerosols. The research was conducted on four oceanographic research cruises in the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In total, over 170 aerosol samples were collected in both total and size-fractionated samples. Precipitation events were sampled when possible to characterize the wet deposition of marine aerosols. The data will constrain estimates of aerosol Fe deposition to HNLC regions and improve models of the global carbon cycle. Elemental solubilities were measured using both seawater and ultrapure deionized water leaching methods under trace metal clean conditions. Leaching of the aerosol samples was conducted using a rapid exposure, small volume technique. Ultrapure deionized water leaches were analyzed directly by high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (HR-ICP-MS), a relatively simple analysis technique. Soluble Fe in seawater leaches was analyzed by HR-ICP-MS following column extraction. Additionally, soluble aerosol Fe(II) was measured on four of the cruises. The sampling and analytical methods will be discussed in this dissertation and the results compared with similar studies of aerosol chemistry. The relationship between seawater and deionized water leaching was investigated to evaluate the applicability of the relatively simple ultrapure water technique to prediction of aerosol solubility in seawater. Elemental solubility behavior was analyzed within the context of a host of potential controlling factors including aerosol acidity, source region, and elemental composition among others. The results from these research cruises suggest that aerosol Fe solubility is relatively consistent globally. The solubility of aerosol Fe in deionized water was calculated to be ~12% and ~9% in filtered surface seawater. Aerosol Fe solubility percentage showed no significant correlation with the concentration of acidic aerosol species. The episodic nature of dust events was apparent from the highly variable measured concentrations of aerosol material and no apparent first order relationship existed between the concentration of crustal aerosol species (i.e. Fe) and their respective concentrations in the surface ocean. A robust relationship was found between the concentrations of the ultrapure deionized water and seawater soluble aerosol Fe and a predictive power law equation was derived.
African Easterly Waves and Their Relationship to Rainfall on a Daily Timescale.
Baum, Jeffrey D., Nicholson, Sharon E., Krishnamurti, T. N., Kim, Kwang-Yul, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
African Easterly Waves (AEWs) are mesoscale synoptic features that form in West Africa and propagate westward. The relationship of AEWs to rainfall in the region has been examined in previous studies but no scientific consensus has been reached. This relationship, however, has been found to be complex and to involve numerous feedback mechanisms such as the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) fluctuations. Other mechanisms like latent heat release and the temperature gradient at the surface between the...
Show moreAfrican Easterly Waves (AEWs) are mesoscale synoptic features that form in West Africa and propagate westward. The relationship of AEWs to rainfall in the region has been examined in previous studies but no scientific consensus has been reached. This relationship, however, has been found to be complex and to involve numerous feedback mechanisms such as the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) fluctuations. Other mechanisms like latent heat release and the temperature gradient at the surface between the dry Sahara Desert and the moist maritime region along the Gulf of Guinea also play a role in the relationship between rainfall and AEWs. This study will investigate the relationship of AEWs to rainfall through objective analysis of the waves and an EOF analysis of daily rainfall over a prescribed region. Two classification schemes along with statistical techniques were used to investigate the spatiotemporal variability of the relationship between African Easterly Waves (AEWs) and the rainfall over West Africa. Two varying methods were used because of the highly subjective manner of tracking AEWs. This study was limited to four wet years (1958 â1961) and four dry years (1982-1985) during the summer months of June, July, August and September. The first technique was a new three-step method designed by Dr. A. Fink that makes use of 700mb and 850mb streamline plots and band-pass filtered meridional wind data. The second method uses the vertical structure of the band-pass filtered meridional wind to identify wave passage. The methods were compared and contrasted with one another, and both were shown to be adequate for tracking AEWs. However, for examining the relationship of rainfall with AEWs the second method appropriately named the Vertical Profile Method (VPM) was found to be preferable. Using the VPM the difference between wave characteristics and rainfall variability were examined on a daily timescale. This involved creating daily rainfall datasets for four different quadrants over the Sahel and relating any changes in rainfall activity to the AEWs as they both propagated across the quadrants. The differences in AEW and rainfall characteristics were examined by making comparisons within two distinct time-frame perspectives. The first perspective examined differences between wet and dry years and the second perspective examined differences between the 1st two months (June-July) and the last two months (August-September). For each category the strength of the waves, number of waves, location of the north and south regime, rainfall distribution and rainfall amounts were compared. During the wet years (1958 -1961) the number of waves that propagated across West Africa averaged 59 waves per year using the Vertical Profile Method (VPM) and 49 using the Andreas Fink Method (AFM). The number of AEWs tracked during the dry years (1982-1985) averaged about 63 with the VPM and 54 with the AFM. The difference in the average number of AEWs between the methods was probably a result of the limitations of each method. More waves in the dry years supports previous conclusions that stronger but less frequent AEWs occur in wet years and weaker but more frequent AEWs occur in the dry years. Tracking of the AEWs also allowed for the separation of the AEWs into two distinct wave regimes north and south of the African Easterly Jet (AEJ). Throughout all eight years the separation became apparent as the summer progressed with the separation reaching a maximum. This coincides with the fluctuations in AEJ intensity, which also has a maximum in the month of August. Rainfall within the tracked AEWs was found to be bimodal with the region of maximum northerly flow containing the most rainfall. This region is ahead of the trough and is typically associated with squall line convective activity. The maximum region was the same for both wet and dry years and also for the two month season comparison. An EOF analysis of daily rainfall was completed for 1958 (wet year) and 1983 (dry year) to determine if any relationship to AEWs could be identified in the rainfall time series. The resulting eigenvalues show the influence of topography along the Guinea coast with positive values: however, no discernable link to AEWs was present. The power spectrum of the first two principle components did identify a significant peak at the same period associated with AEWs. This power spectrum analysis demonstrated that rainfall is linked to AEWs, but a more detailed dynamical investigation is needed.
Analysis and Prediction of Integrated Kinetic Energy in Atlantic Tropical Cyclones.
Kozar, Michael E., Misra, Vasubandhu, Ye, Ming, Hart, Robert E. (Robert Edward), Sura, Philip, Clarke, Allan J., Powell, Mark Dillon, Florida State University, College of Arts...
Show moreKozar, Michael E., Misra, Vasubandhu, Ye, Ming, Hart, Robert E. (Robert Edward), Sura, Philip, Clarke, Allan J., Powell, Mark Dillon, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science
Integrated kinetic energy (IKE) is a recently developed metric that approximates the destructive potential of a tropical cyclone by assessing the size and strength of its wind field. Despite the potential usefulness of the IKE metric, there are few, if any, operational tools that are specifically designed to forecast IKE in real-time. Therefore, IKE and tropical cyclone structure are analyzed within historical Atlantic tropical cyclones from the past two decades in order to develop an...
Show moreIntegrated kinetic energy (IKE) is a recently developed metric that approximates the destructive potential of a tropical cyclone by assessing the size and strength of its wind field. Despite the potential usefulness of the IKE metric, there are few, if any, operational tools that are specifically designed to forecast IKE in real-time. Therefore, IKE and tropical cyclone structure are analyzed within historical Atlantic tropical cyclones from the past two decades in order to develop an understanding of the environmental and internal storm-driven processes that govern IKE variability. This analysis concurs with past research that IKE growth and decay is influenced by both traditional tropical cyclone development mechanisms and by other features such as extratropical transition and trough interactions. Using this framework, a series of statistical prediction tools are created in an effort to project IKE in Atlantic tropical cyclones from a series of relevant normalized input parameters. The resulting IKE prediction schemes are titled the "Statistical Prediction of Integrated Kinetic Energy (SPIKE)". The first version of SPIKE utilizes simple linear regression to project historical IKE quantities in a perfect prognostic mode for all storms between 1990 and 2011. This primitive model acts as a proof of concept, revealing that IKE can be skillfully forecasted relative to persistence out to 72 hours by even the simplest of statistical models if given accurate estimates of various metrics measured throughout the storm and its environment. The proof-of-concept version of SPIKE is improved upon in its second version, SPIKE2, by incorporating a more sophisticated system of adaptive statistical models. A system of artificial neural networks replaces the linear regression model to better capture the nonlinear relationships in the TC-environment system. In a perfect prognostic approach with analyzed input parameters, the neural networks outperform the linear models in nearly every measurable way. The system of neural networks is also more versatile, as it is capable of producing both deterministic and probabilistic tools. Overall, the results from these perfect prognostic exercises suggest that SPIKE2 has a high potential skill level relative to persistence and several other benchmarks. Finally, in an effort to assess its real-time performance, the SPIKE2 forecasting system is run in a mock-operational hindcast mode for the 1990 to 2011 North Atlantic hurricane seasons. Hindcasts of IKE are produced in this manner by running the neural networks with hindcasted input parameters from NOAA's second generation Global Ensemble Forecast System reforecast dataset. Ultimately, the results of the hindcast exercises indicate that the neural network system is capable of skillfully forecasting IKE in an operational setting at a level significantly higher than climatology and persistence. Ultimately, forecasts of IKE from these neural networks could potentially be an asset for operational meteorologists that would complement existing forecast tools in an effort to better assess the damage potential of landfalling tropical cyclones, particularly with regards to storm surge damage.
An Analysis of Climate Feedback Contributions to the Land/Sea Warming Contrast.
Albert, Oriene S., Cai, Ming, Sura, Phillip, Liu, Guosheng, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
The land/sea warming contrast being greater than unity is a well-known phenomenon in response to anthropogenic radiative forcing. The land/sea surface warming asymmetry is essentially a result of the differing surface and boundary layer properties over the land and ocean as well as the differing cloud feedbacks. In this study, we analyze the surface temperature response over the land and ocean, using the NCAR CCSM4, to a transient 1% yr-1 CO2 increase at the time of the doubling. The...
Show moreThe land/sea warming contrast being greater than unity is a well-known phenomenon in response to anthropogenic radiative forcing. The land/sea surface warming asymmetry is essentially a result of the differing surface and boundary layer properties over the land and ocean as well as the differing cloud feedbacks. In this study, we analyze the surface temperature response over the land and ocean, using the NCAR CCSM4, to a transient 1% yr-1 CO2 increase at the time of the doubling. The contributions of the external forcing (CO2) alone and various feedbacks are diagnosed using the Climate Feedback Response Analysis Method (CFRAM). This study found that the external forcing warms the land and ocean surfaces approximately the same, which suggests that the feedbacks are responsible for the warming contrast. Furthermore, this analysis confirms that the principal contributor to the above-unity land-to-sea warming ratio is the evaporation feedback; however, the results also indicate that the sensible heat flux feedback, which favors a greater warming for the ocean, has the largest land/sea warming difference. Consequently, the findings uniquely highlight the importance of other feedbacks in establishing the above-unity land-to-sea warming ratio. Specifically, the cloud and ocean dynamics/heat storage feedbacks are key contributors to the maintenance of the land/sea warming asymmetry. The results of this study provide a more holistic understanding of the climate feedbacks and their significance to the land and ocean temperature responses, when the climate is forced.
Analysis of Convective Transport of Biomass Burning Emissions in Southeast Asia.
Ahern, Kyle, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences
Biomass burning and anthropogenic emissions affect the composition of the atmosphere, thereby impacting global climate and health. Deep convective processes can loft emissions from the boundary layer into the upper troposphere or lower stratosphere (UTLS). Strong upper-level winds can potentially transport the emissions over long distances. This study focused on the deep convective transport of biomass burning emissions near the Strait of Malacca during summer. The Weather Research and...
Show moreBiomass burning and anthropogenic emissions affect the composition of the atmosphere, thereby impacting global climate and health. Deep convective processes can loft emissions from the boundary layer into the upper troposphere or lower stratosphere (UTLS). Strong upper-level winds can potentially transport the emissions over long distances. This study focused on the deep convective transport of biomass burning emissions near the Strait of Malacca during summer. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT_4) models were used to investigate deep convection and the transport of emissions from fires in the region. Fire data from the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors onboard the Aqua and Terra satellites provided locations of fire emissions. These fire datasets were obtained from the University of Maryland's Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS). To investigate the deep convective processes thoroughly, this study used high resolution modeling (4 km grid spacing) to resolve the convection explicitly. Explicit resolution allows the thunderstorms to be simulated more realistically than would parameterization, thus making it ideal for this research. Results showed that deep convection occurring in the Strait of Malacca is driven primarily by diurnal heating patterns and the region's topography. Convection in the region is frequent and scattered, but follows a cyclic diurnal pattern: convection over land during daytime and over the Strait during nighttime. When emissions from fires encounter areas of deep convection, they are quickly lofted to the UTLS where winds then transport them elsewhere.
An Analysis of Cyclogenesis for Mid-Latitude and Tropical Storms Using the Petterssen-Sutcliffe Development Equation.
Hession, William M., Ruscher, Paul, Fuelberg, Henry, Krishnamurti, T. N., Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
In this study, the Petterssen-Sutcliffe development equation is used to examine cyclogenesis. In the past, several other methods have been used to study cyclogenesis and calculate vertical motion, such as the kinematic and adiabatic methods, quasi-geostrophic theory as well as the approaches derived from them. However, there is little documentation on the application of the historical Petterssen-Sutcliffe method, and hence the motivation for this study. The forcing terms of the Petterssen...
Show moreIn this study, the Petterssen-Sutcliffe development equation is used to examine cyclogenesis. In the past, several other methods have been used to study cyclogenesis and calculate vertical motion, such as the kinematic and adiabatic methods, quasi-geostrophic theory as well as the approaches derived from them. However, there is little documentation on the application of the historical Petterssen-Sutcliffe method, and hence the motivation for this study. The forcing terms of the Petterssen-Sutcliffe development equation are calculated using GEMPAK software. These forcing terms include vorticity advection, temperature advection, stability, and diabatic heating. Two mid-latitude storms and two tropical systems were analyzed to see if this method could recognize cyclogenesis in both baroclinic and barotropic environments. The first mid-latitude storm occurred in late January 2000. It formed off the coast of the Carolinas and traveled up the East Coast over the Atlantic Ocean. The second storm spent its life cycle over land in the Mid-Atlantic and New England regions during March 1999. Both tropical systems originated in the Gulf of Mexico: Hurricane Earl (1998) and Hurricane Gordon (2000). This method of analysis was shown to have general success in identifying cyclogenesis of mid-latitude cyclones and somewhat limited success with tropical storms. It is hoped that this method will benefit both educational and operational environments where students and forecasters can use this additional analysis to supplement their understanding of the atmosphere.
Analysis of Extreme Events in the PUMA Model.
Christophersen, Jonathan, Sura, Philip, Ellingson, Robert, Ahlquist, Jon, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
This study investigates the changes in skewness and kurtosis of five atmospheric variables due to a change in the forcing of a primitive equation global circulation model. First, the average, variance, skewness, and kurtosis are calculated at each grid point of a 100 year time series from the Portable University Model of the Atmosphere (PUMA) model. Global and zonally averaged plots of the first four statistical moments are shown for each variable, which we denote as our control run. The same...
Show moreThis study investigates the changes in skewness and kurtosis of five atmospheric variables due to a change in the forcing of a primitive equation global circulation model. First, the average, variance, skewness, and kurtosis are calculated at each grid point of a 100 year time series from the Portable University Model of the Atmosphere (PUMA) model. Global and zonally averaged plots of the first four statistical moments are shown for each variable, which we denote as our control run. The same technique was then done on the same variables under different temperature forcings: an idealized "global warming" environment and "global cooling" environment. Finally, the average, variance, skewness, and kurtosis fields from both the warming and cooling runs were subtracted from the control run to demonstrate the differences in the statical fields. From this we determine that the primitive equations do in fact contribute to the non-Gaussianity seen in the real atmosphere. Also there appears to be a connection to strong non-Gaussianinity due to a stronger equator-pole temperature gradient.
Analysis of GFDL Intensity Forecasting Performance for Gulf/Caribbean Major Hurricanes from 1998-2008.
Hazelton, Andrew, Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Science
While both computer model and official track forecasts of Atlantic Basin hurricanes have improved significantly over the past several decades, forecasts of intensity continue to prove difficult. Even specialized hurricane models struggle with predicting intensity. This study analyzes the intensity errors of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Hurricane Model for 19 major hurricanes over the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea from 1998 to 2008. Using the measure of skill relative to...
Show moreWhile both computer model and official track forecasts of Atlantic Basin hurricanes have improved significantly over the past several decades, forecasts of intensity continue to prove difficult. Even specialized hurricane models struggle with predicting intensity. This study analyzes the intensity errors of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Hurricane Model for 19 major hurricanes over the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea from 1998 to 2008. Using the measure of skill relative to the Statistical Hurricane Intensity Forecast (SHIFOR), the GFDL forecasts generally improved throughout most of the 11-year period, although there were some exceptions to this increase in skill. Comparing the GFDL to the Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS), it is found that the GFDL was slightly outperformed by SHIPS on most of the forecast categories and times. It seems that there is a correlation between higher intensity storms and higher errors (R = 0.53), and there is also a clear relationship between large negative errors and rapid intensification (R = 0.62). This relationship is explored for some of the ―higher-error‖ cases by comparing the GFDL forecast intensity progression with the actual intensity change. Hurricanes Dean (2007) and Felix (2007) are also analyzed in more detail, since both of these storms were exceptions to the general trend in increased skill from 2000-2008. It is hoped that this and further analysis will illuminate reasons for the model's difficulty with the intensity forecasts, and provide a basis for improving model forecasts and official forecasts of tropical cyclone intensity.
An Analysis of Global Atmospheric Non-Gaussian Extreme Events.
Perron, Maxime, Sura, Philip, Ahlquist, Jon, Hart, Robert, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
Statistics of extreme events in weather and climate (e.g. rare floods or strong wind storms) are commonly based on the assumption of Gaussian statistics. Sixty-two years of National Centers for Environmental Prediction / National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP / NCAR) Reanalysis I data and thirty-one years of National Centers for Environmental Prediction / Department of Energy (NCEP / DOE) Reanalysis II data are analyzed to determine if this assumption is true. The mean and variance of...
Show moreStatistics of extreme events in weather and climate (e.g. rare floods or strong wind storms) are commonly based on the assumption of Gaussian statistics. Sixty-two years of National Centers for Environmental Prediction / National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP / NCAR) Reanalysis I data and thirty-one years of National Centers for Environmental Prediction / Department of Energy (NCEP / DOE) Reanalysis II data are analyzed to determine if this assumption is true. The mean and variance of several atmospheric variables are calculated. Furthermore, the higher statistical moments — skewness and kurtosis — are calculated for geopotential height, relative vorticity, and the meridional and zonal wind components. Zonal averages of these higher statistical moments are also analyzed. It is found that statistically significant deviations from Gaussianity are found for every variable in the atmosphere on the synoptic to global scales. This empirical analysis is linked to particular atmospheric phenomena such as tropical cyclones, sudden stratospheric warming events, and the concept of rectifica- tion. In essence, there are fundamental forcing asymmetries in the atmospheric equa- tions of motion that lead to the existence of non-Gaussian distributions. Additionally, the relationship between skewness and kurtosis and the existence of power-law tails in non-Gaussian systems is examined.
An Analysis of the Extratropical Flow Response to Recurving Atlantic Tropical Cyclones.
Brannan, Allison, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences
There is a significant frequency of Atlantic tropical cyclones that complete extratropical transition and recurve in the mid-latitudes. Using a climatological approach, this study will analyze the extratropical flow response to recurving Atlantic tropical cyclones and compare the results to those from the Western North Pacific, as examined by Archambault et al. (2013). This investigation includes 54 recurving Atlantic tropical cyclones occurring between 2007 and 2013. The extratropical flow...
Show moreThere is a significant frequency of Atlantic tropical cyclones that complete extratropical transition and recurve in the mid-latitudes. Using a climatological approach, this study will analyze the extratropical flow response to recurving Atlantic tropical cyclones and compare the results to those from the Western North Pacific, as examined by Archambault et al. (2013). This investigation includes 54 recurving Atlantic tropical cyclones occurring between 2007 and 2013. The extratropical flow response will be quantified using potential vorticity. Characteristics of tropical cyclones, the extratropical jet stream, and the dynamical "phasing" of their interaction will be examined to determine the features that lead to significantly amplified extratropical flow. Results show the extratropical flow to be insensitive to the wind speed, latitude, and month of recurvature. However, there is an association between low mean sea level pressure and a larger amplification of flow. Finally, tropical cyclones recurving on the east side of the nearest trough are shown to have "favorable phasing," which yields amplification of the extratropical flow.
An Analysis of the Impacts of Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclones on Their Local and Large Scale Environment.
Schenkel, Benjamin A. (Benjamin Alan), Hart, Robert E., Dewar, William, Ellingson, Robert G., Cai, Ming, Clarke, Allan J., Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences,...
Show moreSchenkel, Benjamin A. (Benjamin Alan), Hart, Robert E., Dewar, William, Ellingson, Robert G., Cai, Ming, Clarke, Allan J., Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
The following study examines the spatiotemporal response of the local scale and large scale environment to tropical cyclone (TC) passage. The research presented here is broken up into three chapters that can be separated into two parts. Given that the analysis of the environmental response to TC passage heavily relies upon the use of atmospheric reanalysis datasets, the first half of this dissertation (Chapter 2) will examine the fidelity of TC intensity, position, and intensity life cycle...
Show moreThe following study examines the spatiotemporal response of the local scale and large scale environment to tropical cyclone (TC) passage. The research presented here is broken up into three chapters that can be separated into two parts. Given that the analysis of the environmental response to TC passage heavily relies upon the use of atmospheric reanalysis datasets, the first half of this dissertation (Chapter 2) will examine the fidelity of TC intensity, position, and intensity life cycle within five reanalyses to determine what reanalyses can be used for when studying TCs. The results of this analysis show an underestimation of reanalysis TC intensity beyond what can be attributed to the coarse grid resolution of reanalyses. Moreover, the mean life cycle of normalized TC intensity within reanalyses exhibits an underestimation of pre-peak intensification rates as well as a delay in the timing of peak TC intensity relative to the Best Track. Significant discrepancies between reanalysis and Best-Track TC position are noted to exist particularly in regions that are observation deficient. Of the five reanalyses examined, the NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) and JMA 25-yr Japanese Reanalysis (JRA-25) have the most robust representation of TCs particularly within the North Atlantic (NATL) and Western North Pacific (WPAC). The second half of this study examines the local scale (Chapter 3) and large scale (Chapter 4) impacts of WPAC TCs upon their environment using storm-relative composites. On local scales, TCs are found to cool sea surface temperatures (SSTs) for at least a month following TC passage. The feedbacks from the SST cold wake combined with an initial net flux divergence of energy from the column yields a significant cooling and drying of the atmosphere that is strongest in the lower troposphere. Restoration of the environment is eventually achieved through a return of SSTs to climatology and a net flux convergence of potential energy aloft. The large scale response of the environment is primarily associated with an anomalous drying of the lower and middle tropospheric atmospheric environment to the west and southwest of the TC. The drying appears to be caused by upper level convergence resulting from the interaction of the TC outflow with its environment. On the western side of the TC, both the upper level flow from the anticyclone of the Asian monsoon and the increasing inertial stability with latitude due to the meridional gradient of planetary vorticity limit the ventilation to the west of the TC yielding upper level convergence and subsidence. The area of anomalous drying to the southwest is associated with the convergent upper level flow from the right exit region of the anticyclonically curved equatorward outflow jet of the TC. Lastly, the meridional transport of total energy by TCs results in a substantial cross hemispheric export of dry static energy nearly 4000 km southwards as result of the upper level outflow jet of the TC. The meridional dry static energy transports by TCs appear to comprise a substantial portion of the total atmospheric dry static energy transports at the equator during late summer and early fall. In their totality, these results suggest that TCs may significantly impact their environment both on long temporal scales and large spatial scales with potentially significant aggregate climate impacts in the WPAC given the high frequency of TC occurrence.
Annual to Interannual Barotropic Variability in the Atlantic Western Boundary.
Montengro, Alvaro, Weatherly, Georges L., Blumsack, Steven L., Landing, William M., Nof, Doron, O'Brien, James, Speer, Kevin, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences...
Show moreMontengro, Alvaro, Weatherly, Georges L., Blumsack, Steven L., Landing, William M., Nof, Doron, O'Brien, James, Speer, Kevin, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
A method for estimating deep, depth independent current variability is described. The procedure uses XBT derived dynamic heights to remove the near surface signal from altimetric sea surface height (SSH). The difference between SSH and dynamic height is operationally defined as barotropic height (BRT). Currents are obtained from BRT slopes using the geostrophic balance. The method requires the variability below the deepest XBT measurement to be small. Results are restricted to temporal...
Show moreA method for estimating deep, depth independent current variability is described. The procedure uses XBT derived dynamic heights to remove the near surface signal from altimetric sea surface height (SSH). The difference between SSH and dynamic height is operationally defined as barotropic height (BRT). Currents are obtained from BRT slopes using the geostrophic balance. The method requires the variability below the deepest XBT measurement to be small. Results are restricted to temporal variability, as geoid uncertainties in the SSH data render absolute current estimations impossible. The technique is originally developed for use in the Atlantic Western Boundary Current (WBC). Comprehensive verification of the methodology requires simultaneous SSH, XBT and current meter measurements. There are no available Atlantic data sets that meet these requisites. The alternative is to use synthetic data from the CLIPPER Atlantic model (1=6o resolution). Correlation (r) between estimated and modelled near bottom velocities in WBC areas of interest vary from 0.7 to 0.8. Further tests are conducted with observed data from the Shikoku Basin boundary current in southern Japan, where the method is capable of reproducing the directly measured near bottom current variability (r = 0:6). The procedure is also tested using north Pacific (5o ¡ 55oN) data from the OCCAM model. Correlations between model derived and BRT estimated velocities are around r = 0:7 for the Shikoku Basin northern boundary and for the Pacific WBC. Values reach r = 0:9 in large areas of the basin's interior, specially over smooth topography. The above method is used to generate time series of the barotropic variability in two areas of the Atlantic Western Boundary. One site is located at 38oN, inshore of the Gulf Stream. The other is at 8oS, off the Brazilian coast. Both series are a approximately 6 years long. Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis results conducted on SSH and sea surface temperature data are used to confirm the feasibility of applying the method in the chosen South Atlantic area. Currents are compared to scatterometer derived local along-shore wind stress and basin wide wind stress curl. In both areas, current variability is significantly correlated to basin averaged wind stress curl and and also to local along-shore wind stress. The relationship between currents and wind curl is coherent with the WBC response to interior Sverdrup flow. We propose that local wind stress exerts control over the flow by divergence of the Ekman flow at the coast. In the north, the variability is dominated by interannual oscillations of the wind curl. The effects of the local stress are secondary and have annual frequency. Both wind stress curl and along-shore wind are significantly correlated to the currents on the southern site, but the local effect appears to be the dominant forcing. The main observed results are confirmed by data from a numerical model with 1=6o horizontal resolution.
Application of Organic Geochemical Proxies in the Environment.
Das, Oindrila, Wang, Yang, Chanton, Jeff, Odom, A. Leroy, Kish, Stephen A., Hsieh, Yuch Ping, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
This dissertation research has used stable and radioactive isotope techniques to address several important issues in paleoclimate and paleoecoloical research which includes the reliability of using stable carbon isotope composition of black carbon or charcoal to reconstruct paleovegetation, the utility of organic geochemical proxies as paleo-storm indicators, and the reliability of radiocarbon dating of both organic and inorganic carbon in coastal dune lake sediments. The results are below: ...
Show moreThis dissertation research has used stable and radioactive isotope techniques to address several important issues in paleoclimate and paleoecoloical research which includes the reliability of using stable carbon isotope composition of black carbon or charcoal to reconstruct paleovegetation, the utility of organic geochemical proxies as paleo-storm indicators, and the reliability of radiocarbon dating of both organic and inorganic carbon in coastal dune lake sediments. The results are below: (i) C4 and C3 grasses were subjected to burning in the laboratory to determine whether there was any significant fractionation of carbon (C) isotopes between plant material and corresponding ash and smoke produced from burning. The results show that smoke produced from C4 grasses is generally depleted in 13C relative to the original plant, but the magnitude of the 13C depletion varies with species from less than 0.5 / to a maximum of 7.2 /. Ash derived from C4 grasses, on the other hand, is either depleted (by 0.1 to 3.5 /) or slightly enriched (<1 >/) in 13C relative to the original grass depending on species. In contrast, both smoke and ash produced from C3 plants do not show any significant deviation in ï¤13C from that of the original plant material. Our data also show that the C isotope fractionation between ash and smoke and the original plant material depends not only on plant species and plant type but also on burning temperature. The weight percentage of C in ash and smoke decreases with increasing burning time in the temperature range 400-7000C. Multi-elemental thermo analysis of ash, smoke and original plant material reveal distinctly different chemical characteristics for these materials. Ash is preferentially enriched in compounds with higher thermal stability whereas smoke contains a wide spectrum of compounds with different stability in comparison with the original plant material. C4 grass appears to be more thermally stable than C3 grass. These results have important implications for paleoecological or ecological studies based on 13C signatures of black C or charcoal. (ii) Late Holocene paleoclimate records from coastal regions are important for understanding long-term variability of hurricane activity. Here we present a nearly 4000-year record of severe storms and environmental changes based on organic geochemical proxies (OGPs) preserved in sediment cores from two coastal dune lakes in northwest Florida. The OGPs data show that there are significant variations in δ13C, δ15N, C%, N% and C/N with depth, reflecting changes in lake environment that affected the processes delivering water/sediment to the lake as well as biological productivity within the lake. Analysis of modern organic materials in the lakes and their surrounding areas shows that the major sources of sedimentary organic matter in the lake are aquatic and terrestrial C3 vegetation. C4 grasses, although can be found in the mostly forest watershed, do not contribute significantly to the sedimentary organic matter in the lake. Thus, the positive C and N isotopic shifts, concurrent with negative shifts in C/N ratios, most likely indicate shifts to a marine-like environment in coastal lakes following the influx of marine water/nutrients and marine biota associated with major storm events. Some of these isotopic shifts observed in the sediment cores correspond to visible sand layers presumably representing overwash deposits associated with severe storm events. Radiocarbon dating of bulk sediment organic matter, wood fragments and shells indicates that the sediment in these cores was deposited over the last 3-4 thousand years. Assuming the radiocarbon dates are reliable, Eastern Lake data suggest that the recurrence interval of severe storms (i.e., large enough to cause seawater flooding of the lakes) is approximately 83 years over the last 2900 years, whereas Western lake data suggest an average recurrence interval of 87 years in the past 3900 years. iii) Our preliminary radiocarbon data from two coastal lakes in NW Florida show that DOM in these lakes has modern 14C signatures while POM is depleted in 14C compared to the DOM. The positive ï14C values of DOM are due to the influence of the "bomb" radiocarbon and indicate that DOM in these lakes during the time of our sampling were originated primarily from organic matter photosynthesized in recent decades. The variable radiocarbon ages of POM and DOM in the lakes at different times reflect the heterogeneity in the sources of organic carbon. Our data also reveal inconsistencies in radiocarbon ages derived from bulk sediment organic matter. Radiocarbon ages of sediment organic matter are relatively older than contemporaneous shell or wood samples found in the sediment cores. Because bulk sediment organic matter is a mixture of organic matter from both aquatic and terrestrial sources, influx of old or dead organic carbon from different old organic matter deposits or soils due to erosion by runoff is most likely the cause of radiocarbon deficiencies in the lake sediments, resulting in radiocarbon ages of bulk sediment organic matter being older and erroneous. On the other hand, our limited 14C dates on shells seem to be more or less consistent with the dates of wood fragments in the same core, suggesting that these carbonate shells may have been formed in 14C equilibrium with the atmosphere and therefore may serve a reliable and useful substrate for radiocarbon dating when wood fragments cannot be found. Analysis of additional samples is required to investigate and quantify the reservoir effect on organic and inorganic carbon in coastal lakes.
Applications of Calcareous Nannofossils and Stable Isotopes to Cenozoic Paleoceanography: Examples from the Eastern Equatorial Pacific, Western Equatorial Atlantic and Southern Indian Oceans.
Jiang, Shijun, Wise, Sherwood W., Iverson, Richard L., Arnold, Anthony J., Donoghue, Joseph F., Wang, Yang, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State...
Show moreJiang, Shijun, Wise, Sherwood W., Iverson, Richard L., Arnold, Anthony J., Donoghue, Joseph F., Wang, Yang, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
This dissertation is a collection of five calcareous nannofossil and one stable isotope studies on materials from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Legs 183 (Site 1135), 206 (Site 1256), and 207 (Site 1259) that target two important paleoceanographic events: 1) the middle/late Miocene carbonate crash, and 2) the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). Site 1256 nannofossil biostratigraphy in Chapter 1 refined the author's shore-based shipboard Quaternary-middle-Miocene nannofossil biostratigraphy...
Show moreThis dissertation is a collection of five calcareous nannofossil and one stable isotope studies on materials from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Legs 183 (Site 1135), 206 (Site 1256), and 207 (Site 1259) that target two important paleoceanographic events: 1) the middle/late Miocene carbonate crash, and 2) the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). Site 1256 nannofossil biostratigraphy in Chapter 1 refined the author's shore-based shipboard Quaternary-middle-Miocene nannofossil biostratigraphy with 16 zones/combined zones recognized based on 28 nannofossil datums. This chapter provides a chronologic framework for the age calibration of the first occurrence (7.18 Ma) and last occurrence (6.32 Ma) of Reticulofenestra rotaria, calculation of linear sedimentation rates, age determination of basalt basement (~14.5 Ma), and the recognition of the "carbonate crash" paleoceanographic event at the middle/late Miocene boundary. Reworked nannofossils and lithologic changes also allow a reading of a three-episode redepositional history (4.7, 8.3, and 10.7 Ma, respectively) in the eastern Pacific. The detailed examination of the Site 1256 material also yielded well-preserved Discoaster stellulus, for which only the distal view had been depicted in the original description. In Chapter 2, a redescription and re-illustration of both sides of this asterolith is provided. This should prevent misidentification of specimens in proximal view, thereby raising its potential application for middle-late Miocene biostratigraphy. Based on the above age model, in Chapter 3 stable oxygen and carbon isotopes were used for the first time to explore the late/middle Miocene "carbonate crash". This carbonate transition is a widespread (eastern and central equatorial Pacific, Indian, South Atlantic, and the Caribbean), sharp decrease in carbonate mass-accumulation rates, which has previously been considered only a dissolution event. The positive correlation (R2 = 0.75) between d13C and CaCO3 mass accumulation rates during 5-14 Ma at ODP Site 1256 clearly demonstrates that carbonate accumulation is mainly biologically controlled. The coincidence of the carbonate crash with negative excursions in d13C and d18O values suggests a causative mechanism related to surface-water productivity, as a result of surface-water warming and reduced upwelling. Based on these observations, one could speculate that the major middle/late Miocene sea-level drop may have caused the complete closure of the Indonesian Seaway, resulting in a piling-up of surface warm water in the west Pacific. The eastward spread of this nutrient-poor water then would have warmed sea-surface temperatures and reduced upwelling in the central and eastern Pacific, thereby creating a prolonged "El Nino" scenario and reducing biological productivity of phytoplankton. The reduction in carbonate supply to the deep waters consequently caused a rapid shoaling of the carbonate compensation depth, thereby triggering the carbonate crash. The PETM was a catastrophic, rapid greenhouse-forced global warming event ~55 m.y. ago that triggered an abrupt turnover in ocean chemistry and circulation as well as biota. Chapter 4 represents a quantitative study of the response of nannoplankton to the PETM at Demerara Rise, equatorial Atlantic (Site 1259). Toweius, Fasciculithus, and Chiasmolithus sharply decrease at the onset of the PETM, whereas Chiasmolithus, Markalius cf. M. apertus, and Neochiasmolithus thrive immediately after the event, which also signals the successive first appearances of Discoaster araneus, Rhomboaster, and Tribrachiatus. Two main environmental factors were extracted by correspondence analysis of relative abundance data. The time series of the two factors shows that during the PETM, 1) environmental stress (most likely from changes in seawater pH) increased and may well have also induced the evolution of ephemeral nannofossil "excursion taxa"; and 2) surface-water productivity increased at this site presumably due to higher runoff from continental areas. The local phytoplankton opportunist, Markalius cf. M. apertus, is described as a new species in Chapter 5, which will be published under the name Coccolithus bownii. Results presented in Chapter 6 from Site 1135 on the Kerguelen Plateau, Southern Ocean suggest that nannoplankton responded differently to the PETM at southern high latitudes. The onset of the carbon isotope excursion occurs within an 18-cm interval (instead of 1-2 cm as observed in most deep-sea sections) before the peak is reached, displaying a linear mixing curve. This indicates that the release of light carbon was a gradual, single injection, instead of multiple pulses as suggested in previous work, and that this sequence is highly expanded as a result of high sedimentation rates at this relatively shallow oceanic site. This is evidenced by the high numbers of dissolution-susceptible holococcoliths (Zygrhablithus bijugatus) preserved throughout the sequence. Although r- and K-selected specialists exponentially increase in abundance at the onset, Chiasmolithus abruptly drops but then rapidly recovers, whereas Discoaster and Fasciculithus show opposite trends, indicating that in high latitudes, surface-water oligotrophy prevailed at the carbon isotope excursion (CIE) onset but mesotrophic conditions dominated the CIE recovery. These observations confirm previous results from ODP Site 690 on Maud Rise. The intensive dissolution of susceptible holococcoliths and the poor preservation of the assemblages are believed to have been caused by the effects of corrosion caused by the methane release. The different responses of nannoplankton to the PETM and the contrasts evident in previous work from the open ocean vs the continental margins further demonstrate that the response to the PETM can be influenced by local differences in geologic setting and oceanographic conditions.
Are Subterranean Estuaries a Source of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) to the Coastal Ocean?: A Case Study in the Northern Gulf of Mexico.
Suryaputra, I Gusti Ngurah Agung, Huettel, Markus, Dittmar, Thorsten, Burnett, William, Chanton, Jeffrey, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State...
Show moreSuryaputra, I Gusti Ngurah Agung, Huettel, Markus, Dittmar, Thorsten, Burnett, William, Chanton, Jeffrey, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a major pathway for nutrient transport in coastal marine systems. There are indications that SGD may also release large amounts of dissolved organic matter (DOM) to the coastal ocean and thus impact coastal ecosystem functioning. DOM is usually quantified as dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which requires discrete sampling. Therefore, detailed time series on tidally-driven SGD cannot easily be obtained for DOC. The chromophoric component of DOM (CDOM)...
Show moreSubmarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a major pathway for nutrient transport in coastal marine systems. There are indications that SGD may also release large amounts of dissolved organic matter (DOM) to the coastal ocean and thus impact coastal ecosystem functioning. DOM is usually quantified as dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which requires discrete sampling. Therefore, detailed time series on tidally-driven SGD cannot easily be obtained for DOC. The chromophoric component of DOM (CDOM) can be monitored via specific fluorescence in high temporal resolution and in situ. Here we hypothesize that SGD is a significant source of CDOM to the coastal ocean, impacting optical properties and biogeochemical cycles of coastal waters. In this context we also evaluated the possibility of using CDOM as a proxy for DOC in a subterranean estuary. To test our hypothesis, a case study was performed in a shallow bay in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. CDOM was continuously monitored in situ for approximately three weeks in a groundwater well on a beach and 300 m offshore in the adjacent bay. The radon isotope 222Rn was also continuously measured as a conservative tracer for submarine groundwater in the bay. Discrete samples for DOC analysis and associated variables were collected to cover one tidal cycle (15 hours). In a simple SGD model, CDOM concentrations in the bay were predicted by multiplying 222Rn concentrations in the bay (as a measure for SGD) with CDOM concentrations in the well (as the groundwater endmember). This was done for each hour during the entire sampling period. If a lag-time of one hour between groundwater and bay was considered, the predicted CDOM significantly correlated (p<0.01) with the measured CDOM in the bay. Independent statistical tests, including chlorophyll a, salinity and water level data, confirm this finding and demonstrate that CDOM in the bay is mainly driven by freshwater SGD. More detailed analysis of the time series data show that short-term time series of 24 hours or less can lead to erroneous results in estimating SGD. CDOM and DOC significantly correlated for the groundwater endmember, and CDOM could thus be transformed into DOC concentrations. It was estimated that at least 0.6 Mega-mole DOC are delivered to the entire Gulf Coast of Florida in a day via SGD which is similar in order of magnitude as riverine fluxes.
Assessing Storm Severity Using Lightning and Radar Information.
Rudlosky, Scott D., Fuelberg, Henry E., Stallins, J. Anthony, Clayson, Carol Ann, Hart, Robert E., Liu, Guosheng, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida...
Show moreRudlosky, Scott D., Fuelberg, Henry E., Stallins, J. Anthony, Clayson, Carol Ann, Hart, Robert E., Liu, Guosheng, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
Lightning data provide a valuable tool for examining interactions between multi-scale weather phenomena. Weather events are determined by complex atmospheric interactions at various spatial and temporal scales. Long-term climatologies facilitate discussion of average meteorological conditions and can help isolate the relative influence of multi-scale systems (e.g., synoptic scale, mesoscale, etc.) on local weather patterns. Lightning datasets allow the development of large-scale, long-term...
Show moreLightning data provide a valuable tool for examining interactions between multi-scale weather phenomena. Weather events are determined by complex atmospheric interactions at various spatial and temporal scales. Long-term climatologies facilitate discussion of average meteorological conditions and can help isolate the relative influence of multi-scale systems (e.g., synoptic scale, mesoscale, etc.) on local weather patterns. Lightning datasets allow the development of large-scale, long-term climatologies. These lightning climatologies then are compared with additional atmospheric observations (e.g., numerical models and radar) to examine the regional, seasonal, and storm-scale variability of thunderstorm characteristics. The National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) underwent a major upgrade during 2002–2003 that increased its sensitivity and improved its performance. Therefore, this study applies the same methodology to pre- and post-upgrade NLDN datasets to allow direct quantitative comparisons between them and thereby examine the influence of the recent upgrade on regional distributions of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning characteristics. Although seasonal variability must be understood to better define apparent relationships between storm properties and lightning production, seasonal differences are best described on the regional scale. Therefore, this study also examines Florida's seasonal, regional, and storm-scale CG variability during 2004–09. Since lightning data are recorded instantaneously and typically reported every minute, they also provide valuable information on storm-scale development and evolution. Automated procedures are developed to create grids of lightning and radar parameters, cluster individual storm features, and data mine the lightning and radar attributes of many individual storms. These procedures facilitate detailed analysis of relationships between lightning and radar-derived parameters in many individual storms in the Mid-Atlantic Region during 2007–09. A major goal of this research is to combine information about the near-storm environment, radar-defined storm structure, and both intra-cloud (IC) and CG lightning characteristics to better quantify relationships between storm structure, lightning production, and storm severity.
Assessing the Ability of Climate Models to Simulate the Observed Sensitivity of Tropical Cyclone Intensity to Sea Surface Temperature.
Strazzo, Sarah E., Elsner, James B., Fuelberg, Henry E., Uejio, Christopher K., Zhao, Tingting, Florida State University, College of Social Sciences and Public Policy,...
Show moreStrazzo, Sarah E., Elsner, James B., Fuelberg, Henry E., Uejio, Christopher K., Zhao, Tingting, Florida State University, College of Social Sciences and Public Policy, Department of Geography
This series of studies evaluates the ability of global climate models (GCMs) to simulate the observed relationship between the upper limit of tropical cyclone (TC) intensity and sea surface temperature (SST). Previous studies addressed whether GCMs are capable of reproducing observed TC frequency and intensity distributions. This research builds upon these earlier studies by examining how well GCMs capture physically relevant relationships that are important for understanding the impacts of...
Show moreThis series of studies evaluates the ability of global climate models (GCMs) to simulate the observed relationship between the upper limit of tropical cyclone (TC) intensity and sea surface temperature (SST). Previous studies addressed whether GCMs are capable of reproducing observed TC frequency and intensity distributions. This research builds upon these earlier studies by examining how well GCMs capture physically relevant relationships that are important for understanding the impacts of climate change on TC intensity. The research presented here aims to 1) quantify differences between the observed and simulated sensitivity of TC limiting intensity to SST, and 2) explore possible explanations for any differences that exist. Observed TC data are compared to simulated TCs from four different GCMs---the FSU-COAPS, GFDL-HiRAM, MRI-AGCM, and NCAR-CAM. Model horizontal grid spacing ranges from ~100 km for the FSU-COAPS to ~20 km for the MRI-AGCM. An additional comparison is made for TCs generated through a statistical-deterministic downscaling technique. This research uses a spatial tessellation approach that spatially bins North Atlantic TC and SST data into equal-area hexagon regions. For each region, the statistical upper limit of observed and simulated TC intensity (i.e., limiting intensity) is estimated using extreme value theory. For comparison with the statistical limiting intensity, reanalysis and model field data are employed to approximate observed and simulated potential intensity, respectively. Results reveal that the current suite of GCMs do not capture the observed sensitivity of TC limiting intensity to SST. While a 1° C increase in SST corresponds to a 7.9 +/- 1.19 m/s increase in observed limiting intensity, the same 1° C increase in SST is not associated with a statistically significant increase in simulated TC limiting intensity. This is found to be true both for relatively coarse resolution GCMs that do not generate TCs with intensities exceeding 50 m/s as well as for higher resolution GCMs that are capable of simulating Category 5 hurricanes. Rather than SST, it is found that simulated TC limiting intensity is highly sensitive to 700--400 hPa relative humidity. Conversely, relative humidity does not describe any of the residual variance in observed TC limiting intensity. Therefore, this research suggests that even if a model is able to resolve realistically strong TCs, those simulated TCs may not be governed by the same thermodynamic principles as those that we observe. Although GCMs do not capture the observed sensitivity of limiting intensity to SST, it is shown that the FSU-COAPS model capably reproduces the observed sensitivity of potential intensity to SST. The model generates a thermodynamic environment suitable for the development of strong TCs over the correct portions of the basin, however strong simulated TCs do not develop. This result strongly supports the notion that direct simulation of TC eyewall convection is necessary to accurately represent TC intensity and intensification processes in climate models.
Assessing Uncertainty in Simulated Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion Using a WRF-3DVAR Cycling Multiphysics Ensemble.
Riggi, Antonio Giuseppe, Fuelberg, Henry, Hart, Robert, Ahlquist, Jon, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
This study examines the degree of uncertainty that occurs in atmospheric transport and dispersion (ATD) modeling due to using different parameterizations of physical processes such as shortwave and longwave radiative processes, precipitation formation, and atmosphere-surface interactions. An ensemble approach is taken to examine how this one aspect of meteorological model uncertainty affects subsequent ATD simulations. Differences in these Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) physics...
Show moreThis study examines the degree of uncertainty that occurs in atmospheric transport and dispersion (ATD) modeling due to using different parameterizations of physical processes such as shortwave and longwave radiative processes, precipitation formation, and atmosphere-surface interactions. An ensemble approach is taken to examine how this one aspect of meteorological model uncertainty affects subsequent ATD simulations. Differences in these Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) physics configuration strategies are investigated through their effects on offline HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) ATD simulations of three October 2010 tracer releases conducted in a region of complex terrain. The WRF model consists of three nested domains, with the innermost (highest resolution) domain having a horizontal grid spacing of 2 km. A twenty member ensemble of input meteorological data for the ATD simulations is generated through 6 h WRF cycling runs that employ three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) on the outer two domains, but not on the innermost domain. Each of the twenty members uses a different combination of WRF physics parameterizations. Characteristics of several aspects of the 3DVAR system are presented. Single observation tests reveal increments that reflect physical balances imposed during the data assimilation process. Consistent RMS error reduction by 3DVAR improves the quality of information provided at the lateral boundaries of the innermost domain (∆x = 2 km). RMS errors of 10-meteruandvwinds are generally reduced by 0.4-0.5 m s−1, and RMS errors of 2-meter temperature are reduced by 1.5-3 K throughout the cycling runs. Considerable spread in PBL height, a key ATD variable, is produced in the innermost domain, especially during the daytime hours (σ = 141-200 m). HYSPLIT dispersion simulations using the ensemble members show a wide spread of ground-level concentration fields, as well as varying degrees of vertical transport, that are a consequence of the choice of model physics configurations, with plume areas sometimes varying by over 1000 km2. Verification metrics quantitatively illustrate the concentrations at the ground truth field study measurement stations that can be obtained by varying the model physics parameterizations. Ensemble-based probabilities provide a useful method of describing the likelihood that a given concentration will be exceeded.
Assessment of Groundwater Discharge to Lake Barco via Radon Tracing.
Stringer, Christina Elaine, Burnett, William C., Chanton, Jeffrey P., Sturges, Wilton, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
Groundwater-surface water interactions in lakes have been gaining attention in recent years as scientists have recognized the potential significance that groundwater has as a source of nutrients and contaminants to aquatic ecosystems. Such interactions need to be understood in order for us to protect important ecosystems and quantify nutrient loading into lakes. This project set out to test the idea that good estimates could be made of groundwater inputs into Florida lakes using a simple...
Show moreGroundwater-surface water interactions in lakes have been gaining attention in recent years as scientists have recognized the potential significance that groundwater has as a source of nutrients and contaminants to aquatic ecosystems. Such interactions need to be understood in order for us to protect important ecosystems and quantify nutrient loading into lakes. This project set out to test the idea that good estimates could be made of groundwater inputs into Florida lakes using a simple geochemical tracer technique. We hypothesize that a relatively small number of measurements would be sufficient to provide a reasonably good (a factor of 2) estimate of groundwater discharge. Naturally occurring 222Rn makes an ideal tracer because it exists in enriched concentrations in groundwater relative to surface water. We used Lake Barco, a small seepage lake in the Katherine Ordway Preserve, for a detailed pilot study in order to test this hypothesis. The preserve is located about 34 km east of Gainesville, Florida and makes an excellent research site because it is maintained in a pristine state as it is closed off to public access. Two intensive samplings were completed, one in the "dry" season (March 2002) and one in the "wet" season (August 2003). In addition, periodic sampling trips were made to the lake every few weeks to evaluate the spatial and temporal patterns of radon distribution. A 222Rn mass balance was constructed for the lake to evaluate radon fluxes. Once the 222Rn fluxes were determined, groundwater inputs were estimated by dividing these fluxes by the concentration of radon in the water seeping into the lake. The radon concentration is estimated by sediment equilibration experiments using grab samples of sediment and radon activity measurements from monitor wells. We also constructed a traditional hydrologic water budget for Lake Barco. All hydrological variables were either measured or estimated and substituted into a water balance equation, which was then solved for the net groundwater flow term. These estimates were then compared to those from the 222Rn model. Our 222Rn measurements show little discernible spatial variation of radon inventories in the lake on any given day of sampling. Inventories measured at five different stations during the two different intensive sampling trips were all within ±13% of the mean value for each sampling. This amount of variation is considered insignificant, as the estimated analytical variation for the radon measurements is ±10%. We also found that we can estimate the lake inventory at any one station by collecting triplicate samples approximately one meter over the bottom at a single central sampling station. However, our results did display significant temporal variability, responding to rainfall trends that can influence the recharge rates. So, in a lake the size of Lake Barco (12 ha), reasonable groundwater discharge estimates at any given time can be made by triplicate analysis of radon in near-bottom waters and collection and processing of a few sediment samples. The estimations of groundwater discharge to the lake over the period of our study were, on average, 13,000 m3/month and 18,000 m3/month for the radon model and hydrologic budget, respectively. The water balance based estimate might be somewhat low due to differences in hydrogeologic movement under such dry conditions or the large error associated with budget estimations. Considering the large uncertainties in estimating groundwater flow via a hydrologic budget, agreement within a factor of two is considered satisfactory.
Assimilation of GPS Radio Occultation Observations.
Shao, Hui, Zou, Xiaolei, Navon, Ionel M., Liu, Guosheng, Ray, Peter S., Krishnamurti, T. N., Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
Unlike conventional and satellite observations, the Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) techniques provide all-weather, high-vertical-resolution observations that require no calibration. In this dissertation, the assimilation of GPS RO data is studied using the National Centers for Environmental prediction (NCEP) three dimensional variational analysis system. Three GPS data assimilation choices are considered and compared. A set of GPS bending angle assimilation (BA)...
Show moreUnlike conventional and satellite observations, the Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) techniques provide all-weather, high-vertical-resolution observations that require no calibration. In this dissertation, the assimilation of GPS RO data is studied using the National Centers for Environmental prediction (NCEP) three dimensional variational analysis system. Three GPS data assimilation choices are considered and compared. A set of GPS bending angle assimilation (BA) experiments is first carried out and sensitivity of BA results to the observational weighting, the quality of the background fields, the variation of the gravity, and the vertical resolution of the GPS data are investigated. The GPS local refractivity assimilation (REF) is then conducted and compared with BA. Although REF is computationally cheaper than BA, the bias and root mean square errors of the background fields are more significantly reduced by BA than REF. Differences between GPS refractivity and bending angle assimilations are larger in thick-layered cloud systems (e.g., convective clouds in the mid-latitudes and cumulus clouds in the tropics) than in thin clouds and clear sky, which are found to be associated with the strength of horizontal gradient of the atmospheric refractivity. Aiming at achieving both accuracy and computational efficiency, a new observation operator that simulates the GPS excess phase delay is proposed and tested for GPS RO data assimilation. Using the excess phase delay, the along-track refractivity and refractivity gradient information can be included while the computational cost is kept low. Numerical results from the forward simulation and data assimilation using the excess phase delay (PHA) are compared with those of REF. PHA tends to produce a warmer and wetter model atmosphere, with finer structures and larger radii of influence than REF. Compared to GPS observations, simulations and analyses produced by PHA are more accurate than those of REF. It is also pointed out that under the assumption of the spherical symmetry of the local refractivity, the observation operator for the excess phase delay simplifies into a point scheme in which only a vertical profile of model refractivity is required.
Assimilation of Lightning Data Using a Nudging Method Involving Low-Level Warming.
Marchand, Max R., Fuelberg, Henry, Ahlquist, Jon, Hart, Robert, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
This study presents a new method for assimilating lightning data into numerical models that is suitable for cloud-resolving scales (e.g., 3 km). The study utilized data from the Earth Networks Total Lightning Network at 9 km grid spacing to mimic the resolution of the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) that will be on the upcoming GOES-R satellites. The assimilation procedure was developed using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) numerical model. The method (denoted MU) warms the...
Show moreThis study presents a new method for assimilating lightning data into numerical models that is suitable for cloud-resolving scales (e.g., 3 km). The study utilized data from the Earth Networks Total Lightning Network at 9 km grid spacing to mimic the resolution of the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) that will be on the upcoming GOES-R satellites. The assimilation procedure was developed using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) numerical model. The method (denoted MU) warms the most unstable low levels of the atmosphere at locations where lightning was observed but deep convection was not simulated based on the absence of graupel. Simulation results utilizing the new method are compared with a control simulation and a simulation employing the lightning assimilation method (FO) developed by Alexandre Fierro and colleagues. Unlike MU, the FO method increases relative humidity according to a nudging function dependent on the intensity of observed lightning and simulated graupel mixing ratio. Simulations are performed across the Central and Eastern United States for three separate severe storm cases during 2011. These cases exhibit a wide range of weather patterns and thunderstorm organization. When comparing simulation results with hourly NCEP stage IV radar and gauge precipitation observations, both the MU and FO assimilation methods produce an improved simulated precipitation field during the assimilation period and a short time afterwards based on subjective comparison and objective statistical scores. The assimilation methods commonly improve equitable threat scores by more than 0.1 and 50% during the assimilation period. Differing degrees of improvement from the assimilation methods depend on the weather pattern, with the MU method generally performing better in the simulation of isolated thunderstorms and other weakly forced deep convection. Biases in the precipitation, moisture, and temperature fields of the simulations also are examined and sometimes differ considerably between assimilation schemes. Based on performance and bias, the newly developed MU method is shown to be a viable alternative to the FO method, exhibiting utility in producing and locating thunderstorms where observed and providing a better analysis at low computational cost.
Atmospheric Mercury Input to the Pensacola Bay Watershed.
Cleveland, Sara D., Landing, William M., Froelich, Philip, Huettel, Markus, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
By sampling individual rain events over a 1-year period at three sites situated around a known point source of atmospheric mercury, we have attempted to quantify its influence on local mercury deposition. A suite of trace elements was also analyzed on these rain event samples. A multi-element analytical program was set up using a Thermo-Finnigan "Element" ICP-MS. We identified 46 elements that are significantly enriched in rain samples relative to the method blank, including the alkali metals...
Show moreBy sampling individual rain events over a 1-year period at three sites situated around a known point source of atmospheric mercury, we have attempted to quantify its influence on local mercury deposition. A suite of trace elements was also analyzed on these rain event samples. A multi-element analytical program was set up using a Thermo-Finnigan "Element" ICP-MS. We identified 46 elements that are significantly enriched in rain samples relative to the method blank, including the alkali metals and alkaline earth elements, all three rows of the transition metals, and the rare earth elements. The total mercury concentrations in the rainwater samples ranged from 2-40 ng/L. The volume weighted mean rainfall mercury concentrations ranged from 9.2-9.8 ng/L, and there were no significant differences in the rainfall Hg deposition between the three sites. Principal component factor analysis (PCFA) was used to evaluate co-variance between mercury and trace element deposition. PCFA showed a strong crustal factor, a strong sea-salt factor, a mysterious "P" factor and a strong mercury factor. The mercury factor linked mercury with Bi, Ga, Pb, Sb and V. Plume dispersion modeling and air-mass back trajectory analysis have been conducted for each rain event. The goal of this research was to use mercury and trace element relationships in an effort to identify, and quantify, the impacts from various emission sources in the region on rainfall chemistry. We calculated the annual integrated percent of mercury associated with coal burning ranging between 15-47%. Using models to estimate the impact of local deposition we found that less than 1% of the mercury we measured is from the known point source.
Atmospheric Mercury Wet Deposition along the Northern Gulf of Mexico: Seasonal and Storm-Type Drivers of Deposition Patterns and Contributions from Local and Regional Emissions.
Krishnamurthy, Nishanth, Landing, William M., Miller, Thomas E., Holmes, Christopher D., Fuelberg, Henry E., Salters, Vincent J. M., Florida State University, College of Arts...
Show moreKrishnamurthy, Nishanth, Landing, William M., Miller, Thomas E., Holmes, Christopher D., Fuelberg, Henry E., Salters, Vincent J. M., Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science
Continuous event-based rainfall samples were collected at three sites throughout the Pensacola airshed from 2005 - 2011. Samples were analyzed for total mercury (Hg), a suite of trace metals (TMs), and major ions in order to understand how thunderstorms affected their wet deposition and concentrations in rainfall, estimate the contributions from regional coal combustion and other anthropogenic sources to Hg and TMs in rainfall along the Gulf Coast, and investigate the possible influence that a...
Show moreContinuous event-based rainfall samples were collected at three sites throughout the Pensacola airshed from 2005 - 2011. Samples were analyzed for total mercury (Hg), a suite of trace metals (TMs), and major ions in order to understand how thunderstorms affected their wet deposition and concentrations in rainfall, estimate the contributions from regional coal combustion and other anthropogenic sources to Hg and TMs in rainfall along the Gulf Coast, and investigate the possible influence that a local 950 megawatt coal-fired power plant had on rainfall chemistry in the Pensacola airshed. Mercury was measured with a Tekran 2600 using a method that was a variation of the standard method used by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to measure total Hg in water which allowed for the analysis of TMs from the same bottle without having to worry about contamination from reagents during sample preparation. Trace metals were measured used an Agilent 7500cs quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) while utilizing an octopole reaction cell (ORC) which allowed for the detection of key coal-combustion tracers like arsenic (As) and selenium (Se). Our findings show that summertime rainfall Hg concentrations are higher compared to other months despite higher rainfall amounts. In contrast, other measured pollutant TMs and ions did not show a consistent seasonal pattern. By incorporating Automated Surface Observing System data from nearby Pensacola International Airport and WSR-88D radar data from Eglin Air Force Base, we were able to classify the storm type (thunderstorms or non-thunderstorms) and analyze altitudes of hydrometeor formation for individual rain events. This showed that mid-altitude and high-altitude composite reflectivity radar values were higher for both thunderstorm and non-thunderstorm ”warm season” (May - Sept) rain events compared to ”cool season” (Oct - Apr) events including cool season thunderstorms. Thus, warm season events can scavenge more soluble reactive gaseous Hg from the free troposphere. Two separate multiple linear regression analyses were conducted on log-transformed data using interaction and non-interaction terms to understand the relationship between precipitation depth, season, and storm-type on sample concentrations. The regressions without interaction terms showed that the washout coefficients for more volatile TMs like Hg and Se were less pronounced compared to other pollution-type elements and that their concentrations were therefore less diluted for a given increase in precipitation depth, but otherwise displayed similar coefficients for season and storm-type. The regression model with interaction terms revealed a more interesting dynamic where thunderstorms caused enhanced Hg concentrations in rainfall regardless of season or precipitation depth while showing a more volume-dependent relationship with TM concentrations as concentrations increased with increasing rainfall amounts relative to non-thunderstorm events. This suggests a vacuum cleaner effect such that for increasing storm strength, non-Hg aerosol TMs in the boundary layer are further entrained into a storm cell. With this understanding, a positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis was conducted using the EPA PMF 5.0 software to estimate the contribution of different sources to Hg deposition. Our results suggest that approximately 84% (72 - 89%; 95% CI) of Hg in rainfall along the northern Gulf of Mexico is due to long-range transport from distant sources while a negligible amount (0 - 21%; 95% CI) comes from regional coal combustion. However, we found that anthropogenic sources like regional coal combustion and ore smelting were significant contributors to rainfall concentrations of other pollution-type TMs like copper, zinc, As, Se, and non-sea salt SO42-. Using modeled wind profiles via the HYSPLIT trajectory model, we assessed whether plumes from a local coal-fired power plant (”Plant Crist”) could be detected in the rainfall chemistry of rain events occurring downwind of the plant. We limit this analysis to cool season rain events between June 2007 (when the model began) and December 2011 (when the study ended) because modeled wind profiles showed better agreement with observations during this time period compared to the warm season. We also limit this analysis to cool season events since the spatial distribution of rainfall throughout the area is more even during this time which makes sample comparisons between sites easier since Hg/TM concentrations are affected by precipitation depth. Furthermore, we focus on Hg and other pollution-type TMs and major ions such as As, Se, and non-sea salt SO42- in this analysis as they serve as tracers of coal combustion. For our ”unpaired-site” analysis, we analyzed, for each individual site, the rainfall chemistry in a given sample as a function of the proportion of rain events associated with that sample that occurred downwind of Plant Crist. Using this method, we were not able to find evidence that the plant had a significant influence on Hg/TM concentrations or Hg/TM:Al enrichment ratios in rainfall. Similarly, for our ”paired-site” analysis, we consider the differences in rainfall chemistry between two sites - an upwind and downwind site pair - that were impacted by the same rain event where the downwind site was exposed to plumes from Plant Crist while the upwind site was not. As with the unpaired-site analysis, we did not find significant differences in the rainfall chemistry between upwind-downwind site pairs with regards to sample concentrations or enrichment ratios. A multiple linear regression analysis was then conducted using interaction terms to understand the relationship between the operation of a wet flue-gas desulfurization system (which began operation at the plant during the middle of the study), the relative exposure a rainfall sample had to the plumes coming from the plant, and the log-transformed precipitation depth on log-transformed sample concentrations. Besides for As, the first regression analysis did not find coefficient values of any statistical significance for any of the variables that would indicate that the scrubber affected the rainfall chemistry at the two urban sites nearest to the plant. The calculations for As gave mixed results as the coefficients for the non-interaction terms suggested that the scrubber and the plumes emanating from Plant Crist affected the concentration of As in rainfall while the interaction terms suggested that they did not. We perform another multiple linear regression analysis, but remove the complicating effects of precipitation depth on Hg/TM concentrations and instead analyze the effects that the scrubber and the plumes coming from the plant might have had on Hg/TM:Al ratios. Again, these results were inconclusive as the regression coefficients suggested that the scrubber helped reduce Hg and TM emissions from the plant while also suggesting that samples with more exposure to the plant’s plumes had lower enrichment ratios. We propose that we were unable to detect a chemical signal from Plant Crist in our rain samples due to a few possible reasons including quick scavenging of TMs from the plume at the onset of a rain event before reaching our sites, the reliance on radar data to determine start and stop times for rain events at the sites as opposed to on-site measurements, and relatively low spatiotemporal resolution for the wind trajectory model.
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Atmospheric Power-Law Behavior: A Look into Southeastern US Daily Temperature Extremes.
Duncan, James Bean, Sura, Philip, Wu, Zhaohua, Bourassa, Mark, Stefanova, Lydia, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
Extreme events are phenomena which occupy the tail-end of a distributions PDF. While atmospheric phenomena are decidedly non-Gaussian, the exact shape of these tails of a distribution are relatively unknown. From stochastic theory, it is noted that tails or extremes may be predicted by the behavior of power-law distribution. While prior research for the empirical search for power-laws has been heavily qualitative in nature, this study aims at the quantitative and statistical fitting and...
Show moreExtreme events are phenomena which occupy the tail-end of a distributions PDF. While atmospheric phenomena are decidedly non-Gaussian, the exact shape of these tails of a distribution are relatively unknown. From stochastic theory, it is noted that tails or extremes may be predicted by the behavior of power-law distribution. While prior research for the empirical search for power-laws has been heavily qualitative in nature, this study aims at the quantitative and statistical fitting and analysis of power-laws across the southeastern United States with respect to daily maximum and minimum temperatures. Utilizing a power-law fitting algorithm, we may fit power-law distributions to the PDFs of atmospheric maximum and minimum temperatures. After statistical analysis, we may note the universal significance of these power-law tails throughout the southeastern United States within regions of non-Gaussianity. Further, we analyze varying behavior of these significant power-laws within the distribution's PDF. From this, we may note and observe the behavior of these extremes events in relation to weather and climatic cycles.
Attributing Contributions to the Seasonal Cycle of Anthropogenic Warming in a Simple Radiative- Convective Global Energy Balance Model.
Sejas, Sergio A., Cai, Ming, Ellingson, Robert G., Wu, Zhaohua, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
A simple one-dimensional seasonal atmosphere-ocean energy balance model is used to study the seasonal and latitudinal response of the model climate to a doubling of the CO2 concentration. A new climate feedback analysis method, formulated in Lu and Cai (2009a), is used to isolate contributions (partial temperature changes) of the external forcing alone and subsequent feedbacks to the total temperature change experienced by the model climate. In this study, the relative importance of the...
Show moreA simple one-dimensional seasonal atmosphere-ocean energy balance model is used to study the seasonal and latitudinal response of the model climate to a doubling of the CO2 concentration. A new climate feedback analysis method, formulated in Lu and Cai (2009a), is used to isolate contributions (partial temperature changes) of the external forcing alone and subsequent feedbacks to the total temperature change experienced by the model climate. In this study, the relative importance of the external forcing alone (the CO2 doubling), surface ice-albedo feedback, water vapor feedback, changes in poleward heat transport, changes in vertical sensible heat flux, and changes in heat storage are analyzed. The partial temperature change due to the water vapor feedback is substantially the largest contributor to the globally averaged surface warming. The ice-albedo feedback plays a smaller role, but also significantly contributes to the overall warming of the surface. The most important negative feedback, counteracting the surface warming, is the change in the vertical sensible heat flux. However, though the water vapor feedback is most responsible for the overall surface warming, it is not the feedback most responsible for the seasonal and spatial pattern of the surface warming. The climate of this model indicates that there is a surface polar warming amplification, with a maximum occurring in late summer/early fall. The feedback most responsible for this polar warming amplification and seasonal pattern in this model is the surface ice-albedo feedback, which is largest at high latitudes in summer.
Baroclinic Geostrophic Turbulence and Jets in the Laboratory.
Smith, Carlowen Andrew, Speer, Kevin G., Landing, William M., Dewar, William K., Sura, Philip, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Program in Geophysical...
Show moreSmith, Carlowen Andrew, Speer, Kevin G., Landing, William M., Dewar, William K., Sura, Philip, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Program in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
Baroclinic, geostrophic turbulence is random, chaotic flow characterized by significant vertical gradients in density (Bu << 1) in which rotation plays a major role (Ro << 1). In the presence of a large-scale background gradient of potential vorticity (a β-effect ), a symmetry-breaking occurs which admits anisotropy in the system. These conditions form the fundamental dynamical basis of many natural geophysical flows on a planetary scale (Rh << 1), and even fairly simple models of these...
Show moreBaroclinic, geostrophic turbulence is random, chaotic flow characterized by significant vertical gradients in density (Bu << 1) in which rotation plays a major role (Ro << 1). In the presence of a large-scale background gradient of potential vorticity (a β-effect ), a symmetry-breaking occurs which admits anisotropy in the system. These conditions form the fundamental dynamical basis of many natural geophysical flows on a planetary scale (Rh << 1), and even fairly simple models of these phenomena can exhibit quite complex behavior. One such aspect that is common to these flows is that of multiple, zonal jets. These are spontaneous flow structures characterized by fast East-West (azimuthal) motion. This thesis describes the creation of multiple jets in the laboratory within a fully-stratified, baroclinically-forced fluid subject to rotation and a β-effect. By carefully controlling the forcing parameters, we observe the transition between a single “classical” baroclinic wave and regimes that closely resemble conditions of natural planetary flows. Observing this transition in the laboratory shows that the proposed scaling arguments are valid and have predictive power in the case of multiple zonal jets in a baroclinic fluid. Spontaneous eddy forcing of the mean flow is shown to be the ultimate driving force of the jets, whose evolution is observed in time. A long-duration drift in the jet structure is observed and quantified to be an order of magnitude less than the Rossby wave phase speed. A detailed quantitative analysis of the structure the flow field sheds further light. This is done through both a standpoint of the Eulerian flow fields, and the raw data associated with the (Lagrangian) tracks of neutrally buoyant particles within the flow. There is a significant transition of the power law scaling of Fourier spectra between dynamically significant scales. As the flow changes between experiments, the power law of the Eulerian spectra can change over particular scale ranges, which is direct evidence of a regime change. Access to raw Lagrangian tracks of the fluid allow a direct characterization of the flow field that is independent of the Eulerian. The structure function technique is introduced and shows a fundamental change in behavior between dynamic scales, and between experiments, in a way consistent with theory. A preliminary analysis is carried out of an experiment studying the competing mechanisms of buoyancy and wind forcing present on a single zonal jet. This is simulated in a rotating annulus of fluid by imposing a radial temperature gradient across the annulus gap, while applying mechanical forcing at the surface through the differential rotation of a rigid lid in contact with a surface layer of oil. A radially-sloping bottom creates a fluid depth gradient and simple topography in the form of five regularly spaced meridional ridges creates azimuthally varying f/h contours that steer the first-order flow. By varying the strength of wind and thermal forcing on the fluid, several regimes of flow are produced. Analysis of the Eulerian field shows the response of zonal transport and eddy kinetic energy to these different forcing regimes. The thesis concludes with a description of the development of an apparatus to push the observations into a more turbulent dynamical range. This includes information about the spin-up and maintenance of a large-scale sloping thermal gradient in the apparatus, as well as some preliminary results.
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Biases in Satellite-Derived Temperature Trends Due to Orbital Drift, Orbital Differences and Their Corrections.
Chen, Hong, Cai, Ming, Ray, Peter S., Wu, Zhaohua, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science
The measurements from Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) and Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) have been extensively used for atmospheric temperature trend study during last several decades. The existences of inter-sensor biases and orbital drift, orbital differences among different satellites are two major challenges for climate study using long-term time series of satellite measurements. In this study, the impacts of orbital drift and orbital differences of satellites on AMSU-A derived...
Show moreThe measurements from Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) and Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) have been extensively used for atmospheric temperature trend study during last several decades. The existences of inter-sensor biases and orbital drift, orbital differences among different satellites are two major challenges for climate study using long-term time series of satellite measurements. In this study, the impacts of orbital drift and orbital differences of satellites on AMSU-A derived temperature trends over Amazon rainforest are investigated. The AMSU-A near-nadir observations from NOAA-15, NOAA-18, NOAA-19, and MetOp-A during 1998 - 2014 are employed. The double difference method is firstly applied to obtain the estimates of inter-sensor biases for each paired AMSU-A instruments, in which NOAA-18 is used as a reference satellite. The inter-calibrated observations from the four satellites mentioned above are used to calculate monthly mean diurnal cycles of brightness temperature for each of the 15 AMSU-A channels. The diurnal correction method is then applied to all AMSU-A data using the estimated diurnal-cycle variations in order to obtain corrected data valid at the same local time. Finally, it is shown that the inter-sensor bias correction and diurnal correction have significant impacts on the AMSU-A derived long-term atmospheric temperature trends.
The Biochemical Composition of Naupii Derived from Stored Non-Diapause and Diapause Copepod Eggs and the Biology of Diapausing Eggs.
Sedlacek, Christopher, Marcus, Nancy, Keller, Laura, Thistle, David, Huettel, Markus, Kostka, Joel, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
Mariculture of fish is needed to support our ever growing global population. Copepods are a natural and beneficial source of first feed for many marine fish species, but it can be difficult to hatch enough when the fish are ready to feed. Therefore, storage of copepod eggs for use at a later date increases the potential of nauplii to be used as a commercial food source. There are two types of eggs produced by copepods: diapause and non-diapause (or subitaneous). However, little is known about...
Show moreMariculture of fish is needed to support our ever growing global population. Copepods are a natural and beneficial source of first feed for many marine fish species, but it can be difficult to hatch enough when the fish are ready to feed. Therefore, storage of copepod eggs for use at a later date increases the potential of nauplii to be used as a commercial food source. There are two types of eggs produced by copepods: diapause and non-diapause (or subitaneous). However, little is known about diapause or the effects and duration of storage, either under cold or warm temperature conditions, on the biochemical composition of nauplii. Little is also known about the development of embryos that enter diapause. Diapause requires a refractory period before development of the embryo continues. The refractory period can last for several months regardless of environmental conditions. I studied the effects of both cold storage and cold storage with the addition of antibiotics on non-diapause eggs of the copepod Acartia tonsa and duration of storage for diapause eggs produced by Centropages hamatus and compared those results to nauplii derived from non-diapause eggs. The organic components analyzed to determine if potential changes were occurring during storage were lipids, fatty acids, proteins, free amino acids, and carbohydrates as well as the percent hatch of the eggs and the dry weight of the resultant nauplii. To understand diapause, we utilized two stains, one to determine the number of nuclei present and another to determine intracellular pH of the diapausing eggs. Acartia tonsa eggs stored for up to15 days at 1°C did not indicate any change in the biochemical make-up of the resulting nauplii. The only change we observed was in the viability of the eggs, which decreased at a steady rate over time. The viability of the eggs quickly approached zero percent hatch beyond 15 days. The addition of the antibiotic oxytetracyclin at a 10% concentration did not change the naupliar biochemistry and did not increase viability over the storage time. Centropages hamatus eggs maintained a high level of viability over the course of 13 months of storage under anoxic conditions. The nauplii derived from the diapause eggs stored at 25°C had similar biochemical components regardless of the length of the storage period. My study indicates that storage of A. tonsa and C. hamatus may not affect the nutritional value of the nauplii for aquaculture purposes. We also determined that the embryos of C. hamatus stopped developing after ~7 cleavages. The diapausing embryos also maintained an intracellular pH similar to the surrounding water and acidified when beginning to develop. This is the first time the intracellular pH and only the third time the nuclei of a copepod diapausing egg has been determined. This information could allow future researchers to interrupt diapause and induce the eggs to hatch before the end of the refractory period.
Biogeochemical Cycling of Carbon, Phosphorus, and Trace Metals.
Stern, Jennifer Claire, Wang, Yang, Salters, Vincent J.M., Chanton, Jeffrey, Odom, A. Leroy, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
Carbon isotopes were used as tracers in the Florida Everglades to investigate the sources and sinks of dissolved organic carbon in natural and constructed wetlands and provide a way to monitor ecosystem restoration efforts. Stable carbon isotopes were used to determine the source of DOC and POC, and in a basic mass balance model to calculate turnover times of DOC in small constructed wetland cells. Radiocarbon was used to distinguish "old" DOC derived from historic peats from "new" DOC...
Show moreCarbon isotopes were used as tracers in the Florida Everglades to investigate the sources and sinks of dissolved organic carbon in natural and constructed wetlands and provide a way to monitor ecosystem restoration efforts. Stable carbon isotopes were used to determine the source of DOC and POC, and in a basic mass balance model to calculate turnover times of DOC in small constructed wetland cells. Radiocarbon was used to distinguish "old" DOC derived from historic peats from "new" DOC derived from modern primary production. Our study suggests that Ä14C measurements can be a useful indicator of the progress of ecosystem restoration in the Everglades. The oxygen isotope of phosphate (P) can also serve as an isotopic tracer in wetlands. Initial method development to use the oxygen isotope of phosphate extracted from natural waters is presented here. Preliminary data indicates that microbial recycling is a major means by which P stays in the water column despite reducing anthropogenic contributions. Stable carbon isotopes were also used to quantify the percent of methane oxidized within Tallahassee landfill soils. Carbon isotope and oxidation data collected over almost 9 months of monitoring methane emissions from landfill surfaces with and without a "biocover" is examined. These measurements, combined with measurements of methane flux, can help monitor the efficiency of various treatments in reducing methane emissions to the atmosphere by enhancing oxidation of methane by methanogenic bacteria. The presence or absence of DOC in the water column can determine whether trace metals will be present as a nutrient or as a toxicant. A novel method coupling capillary electrophoresis with ICP-MS was used to separate metal species and calculate binding constants of rare earth elements and Th, Hf, and Zr with humic substances at a range of pH and ionic strength of 0.1. Equilibrium dialysis ligand exchange was performed to validate the CE-ICP-MS method. Conditional stability constants of tetravalent metal-HA complexes are several orders of magnitude higher than lanthanide-HA complexes. Because thorium is often used as a proxy for the tetravalent actinides, Th-HA binding constants are useful in the study of sequestration of actinides in nuclear repository settings.
Biostratigraphy and Comparison of Paleocene to Lower Eocene Calcareous Nannofossils from Broken Ridge and Ninety-East Ridge: Ocean Drilling Program Leg 121, Sites 752 and 758.
Millen, Hana Terese, Wise, Sherwood, Wang, Yang, Parker, William, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
Ocean Drilling Program Site 752 on Broken Ridge in the Indian Ocean recovered an expanded section containing Paleocene and lower Eocene calcareous nannofossils. Qualitative counts show a diverse, high-latitude assemblage of primarily moderately preserved and abundant nannofossils. The assemblage was deposited in the high southern latitudes before Broken Ridge rifted off of the Kerguelen Plateau in the middle Eocene. Minor modifications allowed Okada and Bukry's 1980 low-latitude zonation to...
Show moreOcean Drilling Program Site 752 on Broken Ridge in the Indian Ocean recovered an expanded section containing Paleocene and lower Eocene calcareous nannofossils. Qualitative counts show a diverse, high-latitude assemblage of primarily moderately preserved and abundant nannofossils. The assemblage was deposited in the high southern latitudes before Broken Ridge rifted off of the Kerguelen Plateau in the middle Eocene. Minor modifications allowed Okada and Bukry's 1980 low-latitude zonation to be utilized at this site for Zones CP1a through CP10. Various markers such as the first occurrence of Discoaster diastypus and Tribrachiatus bramlettei, or the last occurrence of Fasciculithus sp., were used in past studies to determine the Paleocene/Eocene boundary. At this high-latitude site, both D. diastypus and T. bramlettei are rare or absent, so the last occurrence of Fasciculithus sp. was used to approximate the boundary. Ocean Drilling Program Site 758 cored the northern Ninety-East Ridge in the Indian Ocean. Ninety-East Ridge is a hotspot trace formed from the northward movement of the Indo-Australian Plate. This site contains a more condensed section in which much of the lower Paleocene and all of the lower Eocene are absent. A more generically diverse, but still high-latitude assemblage of nannofossils is examined in this study. First seen in Zone CP6, a large variety of Discoaster okadai is present at Site 758. Figures are presented to show the variation in morphology of this species in the Indian Ocean. Much research has been done to associate Paleogene nannofossil genera with different paleoceonographic conditions. Both Sites 752 and 758 show a shift from primarily small, cool-water, eutrophic species near the K/T boundary (such as Prinsius martinii, Prinsius dimorphosus, or Cruciplacolithus primus) to warm-water, oligotrophic species (such as Sphenolithus, Discoaster, or Zygrhablithus bijugatus). This trend is seen in Principal Component Analysis and is more obvious at Site 752 due to the presence of a complete lower Paleocene section and lower Eocene nannofossils.
Biostratigraphy and Paleoecology of the Calvert Formation, Eastern Maryland.
Jemison, Kelly, Wise, Sherwood, Tull, James, Burnett, William, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
ABSTRACT High-resolution biostratigraphic data were collected from two cores drilled in 2007 and 2009 by the United States Geological Survey at the South Dover Bridge (SDB) and the Cambridge-Dorchester (Cam-Dor) Airport in eastern Maryland. The objectives of this study are to assess the down-core diatom abundances in order to build on a biostratigraphic framework that has been established for the Miocene Calvert Formation (Chesapeake Group) of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Samples were prepared...
Show moreABSTRACT High-resolution biostratigraphic data were collected from two cores drilled in 2007 and 2009 by the United States Geological Survey at the South Dover Bridge (SDB) and the Cambridge-Dorchester (Cam-Dor) Airport in eastern Maryland. The objectives of this study are to assess the down-core diatom abundances in order to build on a biostratigraphic framework that has been established for the Miocene Calvert Formation (Chesapeake Group) of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Samples were prepared using a strewn mounting method and examined via light microscopy for relative abundances. The Shannon diversity index was used to measure the species richness throughout the cores, and hierarchical cluster analysis was used to group the diatoms to determine the degree of similarity between species and to determine whether other relationships between species and depths could be measured. The biostratigraphy was used to infer paleoecology, climatic trends, and sea-level fluctuations as well as to correlate between the two cores. Existing calcareous nannofossil zonations were used to provide age control for the South Dover Bridge core based on a modified version of the East Coast Diatom Zonation (ECDZ) of Andrews (1976). Using this zonal scheme, both cores were assigned relative ages throughout the sampled section. Five zones were identified in the SDB core (ranging from Middle Burdigalian to Middle Serravalian) and four at the Cam-Dor site (Upper Burdigalian to Middle Serravalian). The Cam-Dor core penetrated a thicker section. The first occurrences of marker diatom species and the presence of an unconformity at both sites were used to correlate between the two sections. The diatom assemblages present are indicative a shallow-marine shelf environment that experienced fluctuations in sea level and were influenced by high energy events.
Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy, Evolution, and Taxonomy in Two Problematic Intervals: The Oligocene (ODP Leg 199) and Turonian (ODP Leg 207).
Blair, Stacie Ann, Wise, Sherwood W., Burnett, William, Parker, William C., Wang, Yang, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
Calcareous nannofossils are used as biostratigraphic indicators integral for age control in both petroleum industry and academic settings. The Oligocene and Late Cretaceous are especially problematic for nannofossil biostratigraphers due to low diversity and species' concepts of gradually evolving lineages (Oligocene) and an absence of carbonate-rich deep-water sections (Upper Cretaceous). Sediments from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 199 (eastern Equatorial Pacific) and Leg 207 (Demerara...
Show moreCalcareous nannofossils are used as biostratigraphic indicators integral for age control in both petroleum industry and academic settings. The Oligocene and Late Cretaceous are especially problematic for nannofossil biostratigraphers due to low diversity and species' concepts of gradually evolving lineages (Oligocene) and an absence of carbonate-rich deep-water sections (Upper Cretaceous). Sediments from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 199 (eastern Equatorial Pacific) and Leg 207 (Demerara Rise) provide a unique opportunity to analyze nannofossil bioevents from complete, nearly continuous sections Oligocene and Upper Cretaceous in age. Chapter two analyzes calcareous nannofossil bioevents across the Oligocene-Miocene transition. Established nannofossil biostratigraphies for the Oligocene-Miocene transition exist; however, sections in which nannofossil bioevents can be finely tuned to the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale are rare. Ocean Drilling Program Leg 199, Site 1218, located in the eastern Equatorial Pacific recovered a near continuous Oligocene-Miocene boundary section with complete magnetostratigraphic and orbitally-paced stable-carbon and 'oxygen isotope records. This study examines calcareous nannofossils from ODP Site 1218 at 30-cm intervals across the Oligocene-Miocene transition. Seventeen nannofossil datum events between 24.65 and 21.69 Ma are identified and calibrated to the Site 1218 chronostratigraphic age model. Sphenolithus delphix is still the most precise nannofossil datum for the Oligocene/Miocene boundary; its top calibrated just ~30-ky below the Aquitanian Stage base at Site 1218 (23.06 Ma). Two robust acme events of Sphenolithus conicus (22.87-23.57 Ma) and Triquetrorhabdulus carinatus (22.26-22.87 Ma) also characterize the Oligocene-Miocene transition and are interpreted here to result from fluctuations in nutrient input across the Mi-1 cooling event. In addition, nannofossil preservation exhibits a strong correlation with the 400-ky and larger 1.2-Myr eccentricity and obliquity cycles. Chapters three and four analyze calcareous nannofossils from a rare Middle Cenomanian-Upper Turonian section from ODP Leg 207, Site 1260 (Demerara Rise, South America). This study observes 56 nannofossil bioevents spanning the Middle Cenomanian to uppermost Turonian providing a high-resolution calcareous nannofossil framework for this Upper Cretaceous interval: six Middle Cenomanian bioevents, 10 Upper Cenomanian bioevents, 14 Lower Turonian bioevents, 18 Middle Turonian bioevents, and 8 Upper Turonian bioevents. Thirty-two of these 56 nannofossil bioevents have been previously described in the literature. Nannofossil bioevents were calibrated to the 2008 timescale of Ogg et al. (2008) utilizing carbon isotopes (Cenomanian-Turonian transition) and two nannofossil datums from 'traditional' nannofossil schemes (E. rarus, M. furcatus). Calcareous nannofossil assemblages from Site 1260 show evidence for dynamic surface-water conditions in response to the global Oceanic Anoxic Event 2, most notably, a pronounced nannfossil assemblage shift from a Placozygus howei-dominated assemblage in the Upper Cenomanian to a Zeugrhabodtus moulladei-dominated assemblage in the lowermost Turonian. The acme of Zeugrhabdotus moulladei at the onset of OAE 2 supports evidence for an increase in surface-water paleoproductivity during this anoxic event. This study also examines four Turonian nannofossil lineages: Stoverius-Cylindralithus, Radiolithus-Eprolithus-Lithastrinus, Quadrum, and Rhomboaster-Liliasterites-Marthasterites. Three of these lineages show gradation between evolving genera, a phenomenon not commonly observed in calcareous nannofossils. Evidence of iterative evolution was shown in the Turonian Rhomboaster-Liliasterites-Marthasterites lineage, equivalent to the evolutionary history of the Paleogene Rhomboaster-Tribrachiatus lineage. Nine new species of calcareous nannofossils are described from these lineages: 'Cylindralithus' antarius, Liliasterites arkellii, Liliasterites salfeldii, 'Lithastrinus' novenarius, Quadrum kathetos, Quadrum trikathetos, Quadrum dodrans, Quadrum tricuspis, and Rhomboaster demerarensis. These forms evolved during a transition from compact, dense nannofossil morphotypes to elongated, sleeker nannofossil morphotypes, possibly in response to changing paleoceanographic conditions during two brief cooling intervals in the Middle Turonian.
Carbon Exchange Variability over Amazon Basin Using Coupled Hydrometeorological-Mixed Layer PBL-CO2 Assimilation Modeling System Forced by Satellite-Derived Surface Radiation & Precipitation.
Grose, Andrew, Smith, Eric A., Ruscher, Paul H., Elsner, James B., Fuelberg, Henry E., Clayson, Carol A., Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State...
Show moreGrose, Andrew, Smith, Eric A., Ruscher, Paul H., Elsner, James B., Fuelberg, Henry E., Clayson, Carol A., Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
With the aid of a 3-part modeling system forced by various satellite-remote sensed atmospheric inputs controlled by cloudiness, this study: (1) describes the space-time variations of surface net CO2 flux exchange over the large scale Amazon basin, (2) determines the key factors controlling these variations, and ultimately (3) determines the optimal spatial configuration of a network of tower observing posts, which if deployed, could capture in area-wide averages the main variant properties of...
Show moreWith the aid of a 3-part modeling system forced by various satellite-remote sensed atmospheric inputs controlled by cloudiness, this study: (1) describes the space-time variations of surface net CO2 flux exchange over the large scale Amazon basin, (2) determines the key factors controlling these variations, and ultimately (3) determines the optimal spatial configuration of a network of tower observing posts, which if deployed, could capture in area-wide averages the main variant properties of the Amazon basin's surface net carbon flux on an absolute basis. The philosophy guiding this research is that whereas a sufficiently detailed model can do very well in capturing the space-time gradients of carbon flux exchange and thus the relative source-sink properties of the Amazonian landscape, current modeling knowledge does not allow an adequate model determination of absolute source-sink properties. Direct observations are needed to obtain meaningful absolute accuracies of the source-sink properties, properties that are highly sensitive to environmental and bio-physiological factors that effectively produce a heterogeneous fabric of source and sink magnitudes across the basin at any given instant of time. However, for the Amazon basin, and as a general rule of thumb in carbon budget monitoring over a large expanse, there seems to be never enough observation posts to eliminate the systematic bias problem -- nor are those that do exist sited according to a network strategy that optimizes their collective ability to eliminate such a bias problem. A hydrometeorological model coupled to a mixed layer (ML) model of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) then equipped with a set of three CO2 assimilation models, and finally forced by high resolution satellite-retrieved incoming surface radiation fluxes and rainfall, forms a detailed carbon flux exchange modeling system linked to satellite inputs, that achieves the desired research objectives. The forcing of the model by remotely sensed solar/infrared radiative flux and rainrate variables, which exert dominant influences on the surface carbon budget and whose variant properties are determined by the position and diurnal timing of cloudiness, is an essential element of the modeling system. This is because one of the greatest shortcomings in prognostic modeling is the ability to reproduce real clouds, particularly convective clouds, in the right place at the right time. In understanding how environmental and bio-physiological factors exert their respective controls on carbon flux exchange variability, the underlying variables are classified into four categories: (1) meteorological factors; (2) radiation factors; (3) water cycle factors; and (4) bio-physiological factors. The three different CO2 assimilation models are investigated to achieve optimal performance insofar as obtaining validated surface carbon, heat, and moisture fluxes in the framework of the Florida State University (FSU) hydrometeorological model -- developed over the last decade by E.A. Smith & H.J. Cooper. Of the three carbon models examined, the one selected for the final net CO2 flux calculations was developed by G. Bonan, beginning with his Ph.D. dissertation research and now included in a land surface model (LSM) facility at NCAR. This carbon scheme contains a respiration component consistent with its photosynthetic component and physically couples the CO2, sensible, and latent heat fluxes through stomatal resistance. Test calculations of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) show that it is essential to model canopy-boundary layer interactions in order to reproduce observed morning CO2 effluxes measured at various forest sites located within Brazil and operated as part of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Research Programme for Amazônia (LBA) -- specifically the LBA tower sites at Manaus and Jaru. This is because under typical conditions of a stable nocturnal PBL, the forest canopy remains stagnant, allowing carbon concentrations to become elevated until after sunrise when PBL stability flips and CO2 is rapidly vented into the atmosphere. In the PBL model developed for the study, CO2 concentrations and the concomitant fluxes are determined for five layers in and above the forest canopy following the progression of the ML during the daytime and the nocturnal boundary layer at night, which are treated as separate components of the diurnal PBL. It is important to point out that canopy heat capacity must be accounted for in the hydrometeorological modeling (an oft-overlooked factor in LSM modeling), to prevent sensible heat fluxes from being systematically overestimated. Values of observed canopy heat storage (needed in the development of the heat capacity scheme) are found using observed differences between net incoming radiation and sensible-latent heat fluxes, or observed total residual energy. Calibration and validation of CO2, sensible, and latent fluxes at the three LBA tower sites are accomplished using modeled total residual energy at the forest sites and modified photosynthesis parameters at the pasture site. Application of the modeling system over the large-scale Amazon basin shows that while vegetation type is the most important factor controlling area-wide CO2 fluxes, incoming surface solar radiation and ambient temperature (both directly responsive to the cloud field) are the primary factors producing spatial and temporal variability of CO2 fluxes at a given location. Modeled CO2 fluxes show mean monthly uptake values in the range of 1-3 mmol m-2 s-1. Due to the superimposed annual and daily march of the solar elevation angle, diurnal progressions of large coherent expanses of CO2 efflux over forest areas, progressing from SE to NW in December and from NE to SW in June, are an essential variational mode in the surface carbon budget. Inspection of area-wide modeled fluxes near the tower sites reveals that the systematic use of ECMWF-analyzed winds and temperatures in forcing the modeling system creates instances of spurious nocturnal stability that produce larger morning efflux magnitudes than observations suggest. Finally, CO2 fluxes at some 20,000 forest grid points within the Amazônia region and for eight months of model output, are analyzed to determine the optimal sampling configuration vis-à-vis capturing in area-wide averages, the space-time variability of net CO2 flux. These results lead to the conclusion that flux observations from five strategically placed towers, measuring in conjunction with the existing three LBA towers at Manaus and Jaru, would be sufficient in baselining area-wide net CO2 fluxes needed for an understanding of carbon sequestration within the Amazon basin on an absolute scale.
A Case Study of 2010 Hurricane Karl to Evaluate the Precipitation Forecasts of the Post Updated 2010 Global Ensemble Forecast System.
Day, Lindsey, Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Science
This research project seeks to evaluate the rainfall forecast accuracy of the GEFS (Global Ensemble Forecast System) following the 2010 model update, analyzing the Atlantic September 2010 Hurricane Karl as a case study. Archived forecasted accumulated precipitation amounts from the GEFS are compared with archived CMORPH (CPC Morphing Technique) precipitation estimates. A sequence of 15 six hour forecasts from 1200 UTC 14 September 2010 to 1200 UTC 18 September 2010 are graphically displayed...
Show moreThis research project seeks to evaluate the rainfall forecast accuracy of the GEFS (Global Ensemble Forecast System) following the 2010 model update, analyzing the Atlantic September 2010 Hurricane Karl as a case study. Archived forecasted accumulated precipitation amounts from the GEFS are compared with archived CMORPH (CPC Morphing Technique) precipitation estimates. A sequence of 15 six hour forecasts from 1200 UTC 14 September 2010 to 1200 UTC 18 September 2010 are graphically displayed using GrADS (Grid Analysis and Display System). Four images were produced for each of the 15 six-hour time frames: A) CMORPH 6-hour accumulated precipitation, B) GEFS 6-hour accumulated precipitation, C) Difference in GEFS and CMORPH 6-hour accumulated precipitation (GEFS-CMORPH), and D) Overlay of outlined areas of medium (≥0.25 inches) and heavy (≥1.0 inches) precipitation for the GEFS and CMORPH. Several errors in the precipitation forecast of the GEFS model post-update were consistent with errors found in the GEFS model prior to its 2010 update from previous studies. For example, the GEFS forecasted the size of the hurricane to be too large for all evaluated times. Although the six hour GEFS track forecast was closely aligned with that of the verified track, major differences between the forecast and verification occurred as the storm approached its second landfall in Mexico. This study highlights that although the model may accurately depict the storm track, other model biases such as a lower resolution, difficulty depicting the atmosphere near land/sea boundaries and over complex terrain—may significantly impact the precipitation forecast.
A Case Study of a Hybrid Cyclone: 6-9 September 2009.
Sliwinski, Timothy, Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Science
Hybrid cyclones, such as subtropical storms and warm seclusions, are generally defined by the fact that they contain characteristics of the main types of cyclones: tropical and extratropical. This case study examines whether a cyclone can be considered hybrid without experiencing a transition from either of these two main types. The case in question occurred between 6 and 9 September 2009 before becoming frontal. The cyclone formed independently of other cyclones and was shallow warm-core at...
Show moreHybrid cyclones, such as subtropical storms and warm seclusions, are generally defined by the fact that they contain characteristics of the main types of cyclones: tropical and extratropical. This case study examines whether a cyclone can be considered hybrid without experiencing a transition from either of these two main types. The case in question occurred between 6 and 9 September 2009 before becoming frontal. The cyclone formed independently of other cyclones and was shallow warm-core at its start. It would go on to exhibit properties of tropical cyclones such as a stacked surface warm-core and even convection occurring at the center. It would also go on to exhibit properties of extratropical cyclones by strengthening whenever an upper-level shortwave came near, increasing baroclinicity. This study looks at the large-scale patterns of development and utilizes the diagnostic properties of the terms of the quasi-geostrophic omega equation to understand the forcings in the area of the cyclone as depicted in the North American Regional Reanalysis. In addition, cyclone phase diagrams were generated for other analyses to determine whether the characteristics depict hybrid, extratropical, tropical, or subtropical development based on the parameters of thermal wind and thermal symmetry. It was found that the system was a hybrid system in that a warm-core surface cyclone did exist from the surface to 500 hPa; however upper-level short waves about an upper-level trough were responsible for providing forcing for the genesis and strengthening of this storm.
Characteristics and GFS Forecast Accuracy of Intraseasonal Shifts in the Arctic Oscillation Index.
Visco, Travis Connor, Fuelberg, Henry E., Hart, Robert E., Sura, Philip, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
This study evaluates the characteristics and forecast accuracy of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) Index on an intraseasonal time scale. The Arctic Oscillation is a natural pattern of time varying sea-level pressure anomalies that is one of the leading modes of weather variability in the Northern Hemisphere. Sustained shifts in the AO Index can lead to pronounced and sudden changes in weather patterns that can have dramatic economic and social impacts. Previous studies have described...
Show moreThis study evaluates the characteristics and forecast accuracy of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) Index on an intraseasonal time scale. The Arctic Oscillation is a natural pattern of time varying sea-level pressure anomalies that is one of the leading modes of weather variability in the Northern Hemisphere. Sustained shifts in the AO Index can lead to pronounced and sudden changes in weather patterns that can have dramatic economic and social impacts. Previous studies have described characteristics and trends in the AO, but on seasonal and decadal time scales. Focusing on short time scales that can be depicted by Numerical Weather Prediction models, this study describes the AO's influence on surface temperature and the ability of the Global Forecast System (GFS) and Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS) numerical models to forecast changes in the AO index. Forecast performance is investigated over a range of atmospheric conditions from 2000-2011. Evaluation metrics include Probability of Detection, False Alarm Rate, and Critical Success Index. In addition, average forecast error is quantified through the use of absolute error calculations. Together, it is presented which evaluation techniques best enhance the AO Index forecast accuracy of the GFS and GEFS models, along with the expected forecast error that the models and methodologies provide. Results conclude that shorter period forecasts that utilize smoothing filters produce the best model performance with the least forecast error. The GFS and GEFS models have enhanced performance when the strength of the shift in the AO Index is sufficiently large (> 2 standard deviations). In addition, during the highly variable winter, forecast performance is largely diminished.
Characteristics of WTLN-Derived Lightning.
Saunders, Matthew, Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Science
Many studies have used cloud-to-ground (CG), intracloud (IC), and total (CG + IC) lightning to investigate relationships between lightning and severe weather. Although the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) is the most common system used to detect lightning, it is limited to reporting only CG lightning over the continental United States. The WeatherBug Total Lightning Network (WTLN) is a global data set recently established by Earth Networks, Inc. that reports both CG and IC...
Show moreMany studies have used cloud-to-ground (CG), intracloud (IC), and total (CG + IC) lightning to investigate relationships between lightning and severe weather. Although the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) is the most common system used to detect lightning, it is limited to reporting only CG lightning over the continental United States. The WeatherBug Total Lightning Network (WTLN) is a global data set recently established by Earth Networks, Inc. that reports both CG and IC lightning. WTLN has the potential to offer superior lightning data, although little research has compared WTLN information to other data sets like the NLDN. Using WTLN and NLDN data, distributions of stroke counts by polarity and peak current were plotted during a16-month study period near Cape Canaveral, FL. The WTLN data set showed an over detection of weak peak current strokes and under detection of strong peak current strokes. The WTLN data also exhibited higher overall stroke counts compared to NLDN. A case study of the Tuscaloosa-Birmingham tornado showed an opposite relation between WTLN and NLDN stroke counts. Compared to NLDN, the WTLN continually undercounted strokes during the lifecycle of the storm. While the number of counts was dissimilar, the two data sets correlated strongly (0.79) during the storm period. When the lightning was divided by polarity, WTLN showed a much greater detection of positive CG lightning than NLDN.
Characterization of Arsenic Upon Liming and Formation of Residual NAPL in the Vadose Zone.
Das, Nabanita Raha, Dudley, Lynn, Krishnamurti, Ruby, Ye, Ming, Tull, James F., Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
Incorporation of lime amendments is an effective treatment to neutralize acidity, reduce soluble metals, and facilitate plant growth in mine wastes. In general, arsenic (As) solubility increases with increasing pH in As laden mine wastes. However, a number of laboratory and field studies have shown the decrease in As solubility with increase in pH. It has been hypothesized that reduction in soluble As was likely due to presence of amorphous oxides of iron, aluminum and manganese. Further, in...
Show moreIncorporation of lime amendments is an effective treatment to neutralize acidity, reduce soluble metals, and facilitate plant growth in mine wastes. In general, arsenic (As) solubility increases with increasing pH in As laden mine wastes. However, a number of laboratory and field studies have shown the decrease in As solubility with increase in pH. It has been hypothesized that reduction in soluble As was likely due to presence of amorphous oxides of iron, aluminum and manganese. Further, in experimental studies it has been seen that the total concentration of Fe+Al+Mn was approximately ten times higher in the mine wastes exhibiting decrease in soluble As. There was no correlation suggested with any single element. This study uses PHREEQC for geochemical modeling to investigate the factors and reaction pathways affecting changes in soluble-As concentrations upon liming acidic metalliferous mine wastes. The results indicate that a change in solubility of As upon liming is mainly affected by the presence of amorphous phases of aluminum. Iron and manganese oxides don't play a significant role. Managing contaminated sites (due to infiltration of NAPL) can be expensive, but multiphase models can be an effective tool to predict the subsurface behavior of contaminants and help reduce associated costs. One of the major deficiencies of such models is the prediction of the amount of residual non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL). In order to accurately predict the behavior of residual NAPL, it is important to understand the formation of residual NAPL. The presence of residual NAPL in the vadose zone has been demonstrated by many researchers, but the conditions under which residual NAPL is formed are poorly understood. Traditionally permeability-saturation-pressure (k-s-p) relations have been used to demonstrate the formation of residual NAPL. Herein, we use electrical conductivity to investigate the process of formation of residual NAPL. Results from the experiments indicate formation of residual NAPL during drainage of NAPL from the system. Further, experimental studies ware undertaken to validate the model presented by Wipfler and van der Zee (2001) with experimental data set in which both oil and water pressure head are determined. Natural soil sample was used instead of Ottawa sand. Ottawa sand has a more uniform grain size than soils so this series of experiments tests the model in a more complex system. Another difference between previous studies and this experiment was the choice of NAPL. Oleic acid, which is a light NAPL was used herein instead of the dense NAPL used by Hofstee et al. (1997). Results from the experiments indicate that the model failed to predict the formation of the residual NAPL under the experimental conditions.
Characterization of Errors in Various Moisture Roughness Length Parameterizations.
Griffin, Joshua, Bourassa, Mark A., Smith, Shawn R., Ruscher, Paul H., Reasor, Paul D., Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
Often the parameterization of the moisture roughness length is not seen as being important, as long as the parameterization seems reasonable; that is, it is within the rather considerable bounds of error for the data sets used to determine the parameterization. However, the choice of parameterization does influence height adjustments of humidity and calculations of turbulent heat fluxes. This paper focuses on the calculation of the turbulent heat fluxes using different parameterizations of...
Show moreOften the parameterization of the moisture roughness length is not seen as being important, as long as the parameterization seems reasonable; that is, it is within the rather considerable bounds of error for the data sets used to determine the parameterization. However, the choice of parameterization does influence height adjustments of humidity and calculations of turbulent heat fluxes. This paper focuses on the calculation of the turbulent heat fluxes using different parameterizations of roughness length. Five roughness length parameterizations are examined herein. These parameterizations include wall theory; the Clayson, Fairall, Curry parameterization; the Liu, Katsaros, Businger parameterization; Zilitinkevich et al. parameterization; and the COARE3.0 parameterization. Turbulent heat fluxes are calculated from each parameterization of the roughness length and are compared to observed turbulent heat flux values. The bulk latent heat flux estimates have a much better signal to noise ratio than the sensible heat fluxes, and are therefore the focus of the comparison to observations. This comparison indicates how to improve the proportionality in the above roughness length parameterizations, which are causing modeled turbulent heat flux magnitudes to be too large in four of the five parameterizations. The modeled turbulent heat fluxes are evaluated again after the modification of the parameterizations. Significant improvements in both the bias and the root mean square error (RMSE) are seen. Three parameterizations see roughly the same improvements of around 17Wm^-2 in the bias and roughly 10Wm^-2 in the RMSE. The largest improvements are in the Liu, Katsaros, Businger parameterization with bias improvements of over 45Wm^-2 and a RMSE reduction of nearly 32Wm^-2.
Characterization of Paleozoic Terranes and Terrane Accretion at the Southeastern Margin of Laurentia: Georgia and Alabama Appalachians.
Holm-Denoma, Christopher Scott, Tull, James F., Froelich, Philip, Odom, A. Leroy, Kish, Stephen A., Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
The Paleozoic growth of the eastern margin of the North American continent is exemplified by the amalgamation of a series of terranes due to the closure of intervening ocean(s) and the obduction of fragments of oceanic and continental crust. The Appalachian orogen has traditionally been described as a culmination of three distinct events including the Taconic, Acadian, and Alleghanian orogenies. While evidence of the aforementioned discrete events has been well documented in the Appalachians...
Show moreThe Paleozoic growth of the eastern margin of the North American continent is exemplified by the amalgamation of a series of terranes due to the closure of intervening ocean(s) and the obduction of fragments of oceanic and continental crust. The Appalachian orogen has traditionally been described as a culmination of three distinct events including the Taconic, Acadian, and Alleghanian orogenies. While evidence of the aforementioned discrete events has been well documented in the Appalachians in general, substantiation of the effects and timing of each orogeny appears to be more ambiguous regionally, likely requiring differing tectonic models along strike of the orogenic belt. The response of Laurentia to orogenesis is important in determining the timing and extent of Paleozoic accretionary events as well as characterizing the accreted terranes themselves. Tectonic models of classically studied mountain belts including the Alps, Himalayas, and Appalachians were constructed relying heavily on identifying collisional structures formed during closure of an intervening ocean(s). The modern Pacific margin represents an alternative to collisional models termed accretionary orogenesis. Accretionary orogenesis is also variable in that there may be an advancing subduction boundary or a retreating subduction boundary (extensional accretionary orogen). This study examines the role of crustal growth in an accretionary margin along the southeastern margin of Laurentia during a time of extensive (orogen-wide) arc accretion and closure of an intervening ocean commonly associated with the Ordovician-aged Taconic orogeny. Structural, stratigraphic, geochemical and isotopic evidence suggest that the southeastern margin of Laurentia (Alabama promontory) remained open to an ocean (as an accretionary orogen) until at least the Acadian and possibly as late as the Alleghanian orogeny. The structural architecture of the terrane-bounding fault (Allatoona and Hollins-Line faults) systems and adjacent terranes and petrogenesis of arc-related volcanics and plutonic bodies provides insight into the early Paleozoic evolution of the southeastern margin of Laurentia.
Characterization of Preconditioning for Ocean Deep Convection in the Sea of Japan.
Dominguez, Jorge Enrique Lopez, Clayson, Carol Anne, Chanton, Jeff, Dewar, William K., Nof, Doron, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
Changes in the amount of dissolved oxygen concentration in the Sea of Japan (SOJ) over a number of years have been hypothesized to be due to the amount and depth of deep convection in this region. The first observations of the changes in oxygen concentration at depth due to deep convection in near-real time occurred during a recent Office of Naval Research-sponsored program, which included both ship tracks and floating buoy measurements. In general the process of deep convection has been...
Show moreChanges in the amount of dissolved oxygen concentration in the Sea of Japan (SOJ) over a number of years have been hypothesized to be due to the amount and depth of deep convection in this region. The first observations of the changes in oxygen concentration at depth due to deep convection in near-real time occurred during a recent Office of Naval Research-sponsored program, which included both ship tracks and floating buoy measurements. In general the process of deep convection has been divided into three general phases: preconditioning, deep convection, and lateral exchange and spreading (restratification). In this work we evaluate buoy and ship data between August of 1999 and August 2001 in order to understand the role and types of preconditioning evident in the SOJ, and compare with results from other regions with deep convection such as the Labrador Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Green land Sea. Several aspects of preconditioning relative to other locations that we evaluated include the existence of a cyclonic gyre, doming of the isopycnals, and changes in mixed layer depth. The focus of our analysis was a region located south of the Peter the Great Bay and mainly north of the subpolar front (from 40.5°N to 42.5°N and from 131.0°E to 134.0° E). This has been one of the historically-designated regions of open ocean deep convection, due to its proximity to cold air outbreaks channeled through the opening in the mounts near Vladivostok. This is also the location of deep convection during the 1999 â 2001 time period from both observations and model simulations. The major findings of this study were that the surface cyclonic circulation has a primary role in preconditioning by transporting water transformed along the Siberian coast into the eastern portion of the deep convection region. We found that doming of isopycnals is not an important contributor to either preconditioning or deep convection, with a general uplifting of isopycnals of at most 100 meters. The evolution of the mixed layer properties and depth was found to be an important part of the preconditioning in SOJ. Changes in both temperature and salinity are affected by surface forcings (particularly in autumn) and by advection.
Characterizing Multi-Decadal Temperature Variability in the Southeastern United States.
Williams, Marcus De'Andre, Bourassa, Mark. A., Chassignet, Eric P., Sura, Philip, Zierden, David F., Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
Prior studies of the long-term temperature record in the Southeastern United States (SE US) mostly discuss the long-term cooling trend, and the inter-annual variability produced by the region's strong ties to El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). An examination of long-term temperature records in the SE US show clear multi-decadal variations in temperature, with relative warm periods in the 1920's through the mid 1950's and a cool period in the late 1950's through the late 1990's. This...
Show morePrior studies of the long-term temperature record in the Southeastern United States (SE US) mostly discuss the long-term cooling trend, and the inter-annual variability produced by the region's strong ties to El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). An examination of long-term temperature records in the SE US show clear multi-decadal variations in temperature, with relative warm periods in the 1920's through the mid 1950's and a cool period in the late 1950's through the late 1990's. This substantial shift in multi-decadal variability is not well understood and has not been fully investigated. It appears to account for the long-term downward trend in temperatures. An accurate characterization of this variability could lead to improved interannual and long-term forecasts, which would be useful for agricultural planning, drought mitigation, water management, and preparation for extreme temperature events. Statistical methods are employed to determine the spatial coherence of the observed variability on seasonal time scales. The goal of this study is to characterize the nature of this variability through the analysis of National Weather Service Cooperative Observer Program (COOP) station data in Florida, Georgia, Alabama, North Carolina, and South Carolina. One finding is a shift in the temperature Probability Distribution Function (PDF) between warm regimes and cool regimes.
Characterizing the Variability of the Indian Monsoon: Changes in Evaporative Sources for Summertime Rainfall Events.
Pantina, Peter, Misra, Vasubandhu, Nicholson, Sharon, Ruscher, Paul, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
This study focuses on the interannual and intraseasonal variability of evaporative sources for rainfall events during the Indian monsoon. The monsoon is an important part of the economy and lifestyle in India, thus, any improvements in our understanding of its mechanisms would be directly beneficial to society. We first discuss the use of evaporative sources for rainfall events as an important tool to help increase our knowledge of the variations of the monsoon. We then outline the...
Show moreThis study focuses on the interannual and intraseasonal variability of evaporative sources for rainfall events during the Indian monsoon. The monsoon is an important part of the economy and lifestyle in India, thus, any improvements in our understanding of its mechanisms would be directly beneficial to society. We first discuss the use of evaporative sources for rainfall events as an important tool to help increase our knowledge of the variations of the monsoon. We then outline the variability of the monsoon on an interannual (wet and dry years) and intraseasonal (active and break periods) time scale. We use three reanalyses (NCEP-R2, CFSR, and MERRA) and an IMD gridded rainfall dataset to trace the location and strength of evaporative sources via a quasi-isentropic back trajectory program. The program uses reanalysis winds and evaporation, among other parameters, to estimate these sources back in time. We discuss the differences in parameters between the datasets on a seasonal, interannual, and intraseasonal time scale. We then thoroughly investigate the strength and location of evaporative sources between datasets on interannual and intraseasonal time scales, and we attempt to explain the variations by analyzing the differences in the input parameters and circulation mechanisms themselves. The study finds that the evaporative sources for given interannual or intraseasonal rainfall events do vary in strength and location. Interannually, the strongest change in evaporative source occurs over central India and the Arabian Sea, suggesting that the overall monsoon flow contributes moisture for Indian rainfall on this time scale. Intraseasonally, the strongest change in evaporative source occurs over the Bay of Bengal, suggesting that low pressure systems contribute moisture for Indian rainfall on this time scale. All three reanalyses yield similar fields of evaporative source. We conclude that accurate prediction of the Indian monsoon requires improved understanding of both interannual and intraseasonal oscillations since the sources of moisture for these events are unique.
Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Carbon Loading of Five Intermittent Streams Recharging Wakulla Springs, Florida.
Kulakowski, Zoe Pemberton, Kish, Stephen A., Parker, William C., Ye, Ming, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) was quantified by colorimetric light absorption for five blackwater intermittent streams draining into sinks (swallets) connected to the Floridan Aquifer underlying the Woodville Karst Plain, Wakulla County, Florida. Munson Slough receives drainage from the city of Tallahassee and the other streams; Fisher Creek, Black Creek, Jump Creek, and Lost Creek drain the Apalachicola National Forest. Previously conducted dye trace injections have shown the...
Show moreChromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) was quantified by colorimetric light absorption for five blackwater intermittent streams draining into sinks (swallets) connected to the Floridan Aquifer underlying the Woodville Karst Plain, Wakulla County, Florida. Munson Slough receives drainage from the city of Tallahassee and the other streams; Fisher Creek, Black Creek, Jump Creek, and Lost Creek drain the Apalachicola National Forest. Previously conducted dye trace injections have shown the disappearing waters contribute to the discharge of Wakulla Springs, a first magnitude spring. Stage-discharge rating curves were developed for Black Creek and Jump Creek. Wakulla Springs CDOM was determined using UV-VIS spectrophotometry with a 10 cm path length and correlated to total organic carbon concentrations. The year-long study period included a two-month long baseflow period, followed by 12 inches of precipitation, an increase in discharge from 400 cfs to 1700 cfs, and a 41- day recession curve for Wakulla Springs. The Wakulla Springs 2009 water clarity extremes contained 28 percent (poorest water clarity) to 0.5 percent (best water clarity) stream water. The total CDOM mass associated with the streams exceeds the Wakulla Springs mass following storm events, indicating that some mass bypasses Wakulla Springs or is stored in the matrix/conduit aquifer system to be later released. Total stream mass equals Wakulla Springs mass for low baseflow conditions, but for higher baseflow, Wakulla Springs mass exceeds the total stream mass, indicating Wakulla Springs is still discharging mass from the preceding storm. This delayed mass is either from aquifer matrix/conduit storage or from the slower Lost Creek pathway. The storm mass associated with any one stream exceeds the Wakulla Springs lower baseflow mass by 4 to 9 times (for the two lowest mass streams) and has the ability to affect Wakulla Springs water clarity without contribution from any other stream. All of the water filled caves connected to Wakulla Springs contribute CDOM, with wet conditions contributing 25-67 percent more CDOM. A Wakulla Springs transmittance of 99 percent would have a NAC254nm of 0.1 and a TOC concentration of 0.69 mg/l. With the Wakulla Springs baseflow CDOM mass range of 600-1000 kg/day, this concentration indicates that the Floridan Aquifer clear water baseflow discharge will need to be 350-600cfs (10-17cms) to provide the necessary dilution for the bottom of the Wakulla Springs basin to be viewed with the water clarity of historic times. Investigation of upgradient Floridan aquifer water use indicated no change for the potentiometric surface entering Florida, but declines up to 16 feet were noted for northern Leon County, based on the 2008 potentiometric surface. Groundwater withdrawals by municipalities, Consumptive Use Permits, and private wells totaled 14,500 MGY for Leon and Wakulla counties or 9 percent of the 164,000 MGY discharged by Wakulla Spring in 2009. A decline in precipitation for the most recent decade, 1999-2009, was noted that may contribute, but groundwater use is the most likely cause of the decreased water clarity water. Wakulla Springs has an increasing trend for total dissolved solids and specific conductivity indicating a greater contribution of deep Floridan Aquifer water. More research is needed to understand vertical and lateral upgradient flow within the Floridan Aquifer and the fluctuating controls that either direct creek water to Wakulla Springs or result in it bypassing Wakulla Springs.
Circulation Dynamics and Larval Transport Mechanisms in the Florida Big Bend.
Todd, Austin C., Chassignet, Eric, Bourassa, Mark, Clarke, Allan, Coleman, Felicia, Dewar, William, Heuttel, Markus, Morey, Steven, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric...
Show moreTodd, Austin C., Chassignet, Eric, Bourassa, Mark, Clarke, Allan, Coleman, Felicia, Dewar, William, Heuttel, Markus, Morey, Steven, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
The Florida Big Bend region in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico contains both spawning sites and nursery habitats for a variety of economically valuable marine species. One species, the gag grouper (Mycteroperca microlepis), relies on the shelf circulation to distribute larvae from shelf-break spawning grounds to coastal seagrass nurseries each spring. Therefore, identifying the dominant circulation features and physical mechanisms that contribute to cross-shore transport during the springtime...
Show moreThe Florida Big Bend region in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico contains both spawning sites and nursery habitats for a variety of economically valuable marine species. One species, the gag grouper (Mycteroperca microlepis), relies on the shelf circulation to distribute larvae from shelf-break spawning grounds to coastal seagrass nurseries each spring. Therefore, identifying the dominant circulation features and physical mechanisms that contribute to cross-shore transport during the springtime may provide valuable insight into the variation of the abundance of this reef fish. The physical mechanisms by which cross-shelf movement is possible, and the pathways by which materials may be transported onshore are examined. More specifically, variable wind stress and the conservation of potential vorticity are investigated for their role in setting the net across-shelf transport, using a very high horizontal resolution (800—900 m) numerical ocean model. The simulations demonstrate that the mean springtime shelf circulation is set by the rectification of flow during northwesterly or southeasterly directed wind stress, and significant cross-shelf flow may be generated during winds from the northwest. The springtime flow is mostly barotropic and tends to conserve potential vorticity over time scales shorter than about 12 hrs. For longer time scales, the nonconservation of potential vorticity enables movement of particles inshore. Particle advection experiments demonstrate that a primary pathway exists south of St. George Island by which particles are able to reach the nearshore environment, and that preferred release locations for particles to successfully arrive inshore coincide with known gag spawning aggregation sites. The results provide, for the first time, a description of the mechanisms by which onshore transport is possible from gag spawning sites at the shelf break to seagrass nurseries at the coast.
Climatological and Synoptic Patterns of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Categorized by GFS Track Ensemble Spread and Error.
Day, Lindsey, Hart, Robert, Sura, Philip, Liu, Guosheng, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
The advent of ensembles permits forecasters to have an implied level of confidence based upon the level of (dis)agreement among those ensembles. However, there are occasionally situations where the ensemble members may agree but be in large error. Such events not only mislead forecasters but also may undermine public confidence in the forecast when they occur more than rarely, or even during a single impacting event. Accordingly, the purpose of this research is, first, to identify and...
Show moreThe advent of ensembles permits forecasters to have an implied level of confidence based upon the level of (dis)agreement among those ensembles. However, there are occasionally situations where the ensemble members may agree but be in large error. Such events not only mislead forecasters but also may undermine public confidence in the forecast when they occur more than rarely, or even during a single impacting event. Accordingly, the purpose of this research is, first, to identify and quantify any relationships between NCEP (National Center for Environmental Prediction) GFS (Global Forecast System) ensemble track spread and error for tropical cyclones (TCs). Second, it seeks to determine factors that can lead to unique combinations of ensemble spread and error. Of particular interest in this study are the aforementioned cases for which there is low spread among the ensembles' track forecasts, yet high error results. The GFS was used to analyze 2004-2011 Atlantic TCs. Forecast track ensemble spread and error were analyzed through forecast hour 120. Normalized error and spread values were calculated first as a single lifetime value for each TC; second, as a function of forecast hour for each TC; and third for each six-hourly forecast segment for each storm. For each of the three analyses, terciles (high, medium, and low) of both spread and error were determined, giving nine error/spread combinations. Climatological, synoptic, and physical characteristics are examined for four of the nine combinations: high spread/high error, low spread/low error, high spread/low error, and low spread/high error. A statistically significant relationship was observed between GFS ensemble spread and resulting track error when analyzing the TC's lifetime-total spread and error (r=0.78; p<0.01). Track forecasts with low spread among ensemble members, yet high resulting error were rare, however (three of 81 TCs). When observing the storm spread and error as a function of forecast hour it was found that there is a statistically significant relationship between track forecast error and standard deviation among all forecast hours (r ≈ 0.54 – 0.79, p < 0.01). Expectedly, this relationship is stronger for early forecast hours compared to later ones. In the third analysis, where forecasts of the same forecast hour were not averaged, error was conditioned on ensemble spread. The error distributions of each spread group (low, medium, and high) for each forecast hour (12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120) were analyzed. It was found that mean track forecast error increased from low to medium to high ensemble track forecast spread groups for all forecast hours. These error distributions were fit to a gamma distribution and randomly sampled to test for significance in the differences among high, medium, and low ensemble spread groups. Differences were statistically significant for all comparisons among forecast hours through 48, but not for all comparisons among forecast hours 72 – 120. These results suggest that (known) ensemble spread can be a useful predictor for (as yet unknown) ensemble mean forecast error in short to medium term forecasts, although the direction of that error cannot be known. A low spread/high error forecast was observed at least once in 61.8% of all storms analyzed. There were three regions where this combination occurred more frequently: 1) western Gulf of Mexico, 2) western Caribbean, and 3) western Atlantic near the Bahamas. Noteworthy differences existed in the mean 300 hPa height and wind fields among certain spread/error groups when analyzing certain regions. For example, the mean 300 hPa trough position distinguished low spread/low error forecasts from low/spread high error forecasts in Region 3. However, there was little distinction in the mean 300 hPa synoptic setup among spread/error groups in other regions, such as along the United States E. coast above 35°N. Physical factors such as topography and interaction among multiple TCs also may play a role in the resulting spread/error combination.
Coastal Lake Paleoclimate Records: A Late Holocene Paleostorm Record for the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico Coast.
Coor, Jennifer Lynn, Donoghue, Joseph F., Elsner, James B., Wang, Yang, Kish, Stephen A., Dudley, Lynn M., Niedoroda, Alan W., Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric...
Show moreCoor, Jennifer Lynn, Donoghue, Joseph F., Elsner, James B., Wang, Yang, Kish, Stephen A., Dudley, Lynn M., Niedoroda, Alan W., Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
Paleotempestology is the study of long-term regional storm history from geological proxy evidence. This relatively recent field of geology offers a glimpse at tropical cyclone activity extending back into geologic time. Historic documentation of tropical storms extends only about 150 years into the past and is not necessarily representative of the geologic record. The historic record can be used to assess decadal and multi-decadal cycles and provide some insight into the near future climate....
Show morePaleotempestology is the study of long-term regional storm history from geological proxy evidence. This relatively recent field of geology offers a glimpse at tropical cyclone activity extending back into geologic time. Historic documentation of tropical storms extends only about 150 years into the past and is not necessarily representative of the geologic record. The historic record can be used to assess decadal and multi-decadal cycles and provide some insight into the near future climate. In order to understand the true return period and risk of major storms to coastal regions, a longer record, revealing low-frequency changes, is necessary. Such a record is available in coastal sediments, and in particular in the bottom sediments of coastal lakes. This dissertation comprises three manuscripts on the topic of the geologic and climatic history of northwest Florida during the last 5,000 years. It focuses on long-lived coastal lakes and their sediments. The coastal dune lakes of northwest Florida are unique features found in only a few other places in the world. These lakes provided a natural laboratory for this investigation. The coastal dune lakes were formed during the mid-to late Holocene when postglacial sea-level rise slowed. They developed in close proximity to the Gulf of Mexico and are hydrologically connected to Gulf waters. An improved method for identifying storm signatures and establishing the geologic record of storm occurrence for coastal regions through analysis of coastal lake core sediments was developed as a product of this investigation. The resulting storm model is a probability analysis of the isotopic and sedimentologic characteristics of storm-associated sediment layers. Through use of a statistical model with fixed covariates, the result is a more objective indicator of storm occurrence, and therefore of hazard risk, than previous methods of paleostorm analysis. This model provides a valuable tool for understanding and quantifying long-term storm history, and better assessing storm hazard risk for coastal regions. The long-term geologic record of storm occurrence was determined for northwest Florida over the past five millennia by applying the storm model. The storm model identified storm events and storm clusters in the sediment record. The modeled storm events separate into 4 periods of increased storminess during the late Holocene. This study has quantified the long-term storm history for the northwest Florida coast and provides a tool to enhance the assessment of storm hazard risk for coastal regions.
Combustion-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter in Aquatic and Marine Environments.
Paeng, Jiyoung, Chanton, Jeffrey P., Cooper, William T., Dittmar, Thorsten, Huettel, Marcus, Landing, William, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State...
Show morePaeng, Jiyoung, Chanton, Jeffrey P., Cooper, William T., Dittmar, Thorsten, Huettel, Marcus, Landing, William, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University
Fire-derived compounds have received considerable attention as a refractory form of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), the largest carbon pool in the ocean. Due to its recalcitrant nature, pyrogenic or black carbon, which is produced by the incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuel on land, is an important compound for potential long-term carbon sequestration. The major objective of this dissertation was to test the hypothesis that dissolved pyrogenic organic carbon accounts for a...
Show moreFire-derived compounds have received considerable attention as a refractory form of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), the largest carbon pool in the ocean. Due to its recalcitrant nature, pyrogenic or black carbon, which is produced by the incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuel on land, is an important compound for potential long-term carbon sequestration. The major objective of this dissertation was to test the hypothesis that dissolved pyrogenic organic carbon accounts for a significant fraction of DOC in different environmental systems, and that the distribution and transport of pyrogenic DOC may be an important key to understanding of how terrestrial and marine DOC are linked. To test this hypothesis, solid phase extraction of DOC was coupled with the benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) method for accurate analysis of combustion-derived compounds in the Southern Ocean, rivers and estuaries in southeastern Brazil, Minnesota's peatlands, and the groundwater and coastal ocean of the Gulf of Mexico. The homogenous distribution of the thermogenic signatures including pyrogenic and non-pyrogenic sources found in marine DOC across whole water masses in the deep ocean indicated that thermogenic DOC can act as a long-term sink. Approximately 2% of the DOM in the deep ocean was determined to be of thermogenic origin, derived from ancient biomass burning, and, possibly, the geothermal flux in the deep sea. Dissolved pyrogenic carbon was found to account for up to 9 ± 2% of riverine and estuarine DOC. Pyrogenic DOC entering the watersheds in Brazil appeared to be derived mainly from former forest fires rather than current agricultural uses, in particular sugarcane burning. Dissolved pyrogenic carbon flux was affected by seasonal variability in runoff and water management in reservoirs. Inputs of pyrogenic DOC to the ocean via groundwater were identified, revealing groundwater discharge as a newly-discovered source of marine dissolved pyrogenic carbon. Large amounts of pyrogenic DOC were found in the peatlands of northern Minnesota. Such fire-derived materials are likely derived from old peat soil, thus, the export of aged condensed aromatic compounds from peatlands has implications for our understanding of the oceanic carbon cycle. Results of lignin phenols analysis indicated that the pyrogenic DOC in the peatlands might have originated from non-vascular plant-derived materials with highly altered lignin signatures. A multi-proxy approach, including both molecular tracers (BPCA and lignin oxidation products) and the stable carbon isotopic composition of bulk DOC, was adopted to investigate the sources and cycling of terrestrial and pyrogenic organic matter in a fire-impacted coastal watershed in the northern Gulf of Mexico. The distinct trends in the temporal and spatial variations of pyrogenic DOC in groundwater reflected the coupling of groundwater discharge and estuarine processes in creating the conditions for the transport of terrestrial DOC to the ocean. The calculated pyrogenic DOC flux transport by groundwater was similar to the flux discharged by the Apalachicola River in the Gulf of Mexico. The results of this study demonstrated that the loading of terrestrial and pyrogenic DOC from groundwater-fed estuaries in the ocean could have significance on a regional scale.
Earth sciences (120) + -
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doctoral thesis (5) + -
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Liu, Guosheng (44) + -
Hart, Robert (39) + -
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Fuelberg, Henry E. (27) + -
Huettel, Markus (26) + -
Wang, Yang (26) + -
College of Arts and Sciences (22) + -
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Ruscher, Paul (18) + -
Cai, Ming (17) + -
Clayson, Carol Anne (17) + -
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Misra, Vasu (10) + -
Biogeosciences (1) + -
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Home State Publications II July 1952
North Carolina historical review
THE > • > »
Issued Quarterly
Volume XXIX Number 3
STATE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHIVES AND HISTORY
Corner of Edenton and Salisbury streets
Raleigh, N. C.
> - -
> » > >
THE NORTH CAROLINA HISTORICAL REVIEW
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l ' Published by the State Department of Archives and History
Raleigh, N, C.
Christopher Crittenden, Editor
David Leroy Corbitt, Managing Editor
ADVISORY EDITORIAL BOARD
Walter Clinton Jackson Hugh Talmage Lepler
Frontis Withers Johnston Douglas LeTell Rights
George Myers Stephens
Benjamin Franklin Brown, Chairman
Gertrude Sprague Carraway McDaniel Lewis
Clarence W. Griffin Mrs. Sadie Smathers Patton
William Thomas Laprade Mrs. Callie Pridgen Williams
Christopher Crittenden, Director
This review was established in January, 192b, as a medium of publication
and discussion of history in North Carolina. It is issued to other institutions
by exchange, but to the general public by subscription only. The regular
price is $2.00 per year. To members of the State Literary and Historical
Association there is a special price of $1.00 per year. Back numbers may be
procured at the regular price of $2.00 per volume, or $.50 per number.
The North Carolina
CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT IN 1590 305
Da\id B. Quinn
THE MIND OF THE NORTH CAROLINA OPPONENTS
OF THE STAMP ACT 317
C. Robert Haywood
THE ANTE-BELLUM PROFESSIONAL THEATER
IN RALEIGH 344
Donald J. Rulfs
NORTH CAROLINA IN THE CONFEDERATE
Wilfred B. Yearns, Jr.
PUBLIC LIBRARY EXTENSION IN NORTH
CAROLINA AND THE WPA 379
Elaine von Oesen
LETTERS FROM NORTH CAROLINA TO
ANDREW JOHNSON 400
Elizabeth Gregory McPherson
BOOK REVIEWS 432
Oates'S The Story of Fayetteville and the Upper Cape
Fear—By Paul Murray; Walser's Inglis Fletcher of
Bandon Plantation—By Chalmers G. Davidson;
Baker's Mrs. G. I. Joe—By Percival Perry; Lewis's
Northampton Parishes—By William S. Powell ; Hol-lis'S
University of South Carolina. Volume I. South
Carolina College—By J. Isaac Copeland; Williams's
St. Michael's, Charleston, 1751-1951—By Lawrence F.
Brewster; Easterby's The Journal of the Commons
House of Assembly, September 12, 1739-March 26, 17Ul
(The Colonial Records of South Carolina)—By Hugh T.
Entered as second-class matter September 29, 1928, at the Post Office at
Raleigh, North Carolina, under the act of March 3, 1879.
[i]
Lefler; Milling's Colonial South Carolina: Two Con-temporary
Descriptions—By C. E. Cauthen; Wal-lace's
History of Wofford College, 1851^-19^9—By
Frontis W. Johnston; Schlegel's Conscripted City:
Norfolk in World War II—By Horace W. Raper;
Lawrence's Storm over Savannah: The Story of
Count d'Estaing and the Siege of the Town in 1779 —By J. D. Applewhite; Woodward's Origins of
the New South, 1877-1913—By JEFFERSON DAVIS
Bragg; Murdoch's The Georgia-Florida Frontier, 1793-
1796—By Cecil Johnson; Freeman's George Wash-ington:
A Biography—By Leonidas Dodson; Mon-tross'S
Rag, Tag and Bobtail: The Story of the
Continental Army, 1775-1783—By Hugh F. Rankin;
McNair's Simon Cameron's Adventure in Iron, 1837-
181>6—By James W. Patton; Shott's The Railroad
Monopoly: An Instrument of Banker Control of the
American Economy—By C. K. Brown ; Thornbrough's
A Friendly Mission: John Candler's Letters from
America, 185 3-1 85
—By Tinsley L. Spraggins; Mc-
Allister's Business Executives and the Humanities—
By Tinsley L. Spraggins; Paschal's Mr. Justice
Sutherland: A Man Against the State—By Preston W.
Edsall.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 460
HISTORICAL NEWS 465
Volume XXIX JULY, 1952 Number 3
CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT IN 1590
By David B. Quinn
Captain Christopher Newport holds an honorable place in
early Anglo-American history as the commander of the expedi-tion
which left England in December, 1606, for the foundation
of Jamestown and on account of his subsequent maritime activi-ties
in support of the struggling colony. It is now known that it
was only chance and misfortune which prevented him, sixteen
years before the Jamestown expedition, from taking part in the
search for the "Lost Colony" of Roanoke Island, for in 1590
he was in command of one of the vessels which was to call at
Raleigh's Virginia for this purpose.
For John White's last voyage the main authority has hitherto
been his own journal which Hakluyt first published in 1600,1
but the very date of it has been misinterpreted, "in 1590" having
been frequently taken, by the present writer amongst others,2
to mean 1591 since the journal begins on March 20, which was
within the English official year March 25, 1590-March 24,
1591. Hakluyt in this case and some others was following the
continental usage of beginning the year on January 1, and there
is no doubt at all that 1590 is meant. There has now become avail-able
a substantial amount of new material on this 1590 voyage,
mainly referring to its West Indian phase. On the one hand, Miss
Irene A. Wright has found at Seville valuable evidence which
has just been published by the Hakluyt Society,3 showing the
Spanish reactions to the activities of the English vessels. On the
other hand, there have emerged from the records of the High
Court of Admiralty in the Public Record Office, London, a num-
1 Richard Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, III (1600), 288-295, or VIII (Glasgow, 1904),
404-422 (to which subsequent references are given). Prefacing the journal is a letter from
White to Hakluyt of February 4, 1593, or 1594.
2 E.g., in Raleigh and the British Empire (New York, 1949), 122-125.
3 Irene A. Wright, ed., Further English Voyages to Spanish America, 1583-1594, (London,
The Hakluyt Society, 2nd ser., XCIX, 1951), 244-260, documents nos. 68-75.
306 The North Carolina Historical Review
ber of documents which throw a substantial amount of new light
on the voyage from the English side and, incidentally, reveal
Christopher Newport's part in it.
It is not proposed to give here a full account of the voyage as
a whole but rather to discuss those episodes in which Newport
took part; however, a certain amount of general description of
the circumstances surrounding his activities is essential. It will
be remembered that John White, having left the third colony on
Roanoke Island in 1587, was unsuccessful in his attempt to re-turn
with supplies and reinforcements in 1588. He, himself,
explains that it was not until the beginning of 1590 that he seized
another opportunity of getting back to Raleigh's Virginia. Hear-ing
that three privateers, owned by the London merchant John
Watts and his partners, were held up in the Thames by an em-bargo
on shipping, he says that he went to Sir Walter Raleigh
with the proposal that they should be released on condition that
they should take him, with some supplies, to Roanoke Island.
This, he says, was done, the ships being allowed to sail on giving
bond that they would visit Virginia. At the last moment, how-ever,
they refused to accept any cargo for the colonists and
merely permitted White, himself, to come on board.5 We have
now another version of this episode6 to the effect that it was
William Sanderson, Raleigh's chief commercial supporter in his
overseas enterprises, who arranged for the release of Watts's
ships provided that they should call at Roanoke Island and that
they should take with them Sanderson's own ship, the Moon-light,
commanded by Edward Spicer who had been on the 1587
voyage.7 The four vessels were to seek prizes in the West Indies
and then go on to Virginia. We do not know whether the Moon-light
was to carry any supplies for the colonists, though it is
possible that she did.
White's journal is not too careful in its references to the ships
which took part in the expedition. He, himself, sailed in the flag-ship
(or admiral) , the Hopewell, which was also, and more gen-erally,
known as the Harry and John, and gives her commander's
4 They are to be published in the Hakluyt Society's volumes on the Roanoke voyage which
are being edited by the present writer.
5 Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 404-405.
6 Public Record Office, London, High Court of Admiralty. Interrogatories on behalf of
William Sanderson (H. C. A., 23/4, f. 326). The High Court of Admiralty is hereafter re-ferred
to as H.C.A.
7 Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 392.
name as "Captain Cooke,"8 thus concealing the fact that he was
Captain Abraham Cocke, an experienced and romantic figure
who had spent some years in South America.9 With her was the
John Evangelist, sometimes referred to as the Hopewell's pin-nace,
whose commander "Captaine Lane" is distinguished cor-rectly
by Hakluyt as Captain William Lane10 to avoid any
confusion with Ralph Lane. The third vessel was the vice-admiral,
the Little John, which is usually referred to by White
as the John,11 thus providing several possibilities of confusion
with the other vessels. Her captain is nowhere named, but it is
now clear that he was Christopher Newport12 in what was, so far
as is known, his first command. In tracing the Little John through
White's narrative we are therefore following Newport's progress
from England to the West Indies and back.
Watts's three ships slipped out of Plymouth on March 20, 1590,
and kept together until they reached Dominica on April 30. From
here, on May 2, the Hopewell and John Evangelist sailed on to
scour the coasts of Puerto Rico, while leaving the Little John
"playing off and on about Dominica, hoping to take some Span-iard
outwardes bound to the Indies." 13 All she took, however,
were two young Caribs and they escaped when the vessel, de-spairing
of a prize, had gone to Santa Cruz (Saint Croix) to
take ballast. She then sailed on to make a rendezvous with the
Hopewell and the pinnace at the island of Saona off the south-eastern
tip of Hispaniola. Her next assignment, on May 19, was
to ply the Mona Channel between Hispaniola and Puerto Rico,
along with a tiny frigate which the Hopewell had taken, so as to
intercept the Santo Domingo squadron, which was due to join
the homeward-bound Spanish fleet at Havana, if it should take
that course. She was, however, to wait only five days and then
to join the Hopeivell and the John Evangelist near Cape Tibu-ron
at the southwestern end of Hispaniola. This she did and
reached the rendezvous on May 26.14 From then on, for some
five weeks, we hear nothing of the Little John, but apparently
9 Sir William Foster, ed., The Voyages of Sir James Lancaster, 1591-1603, (London, The
Hakluyt Society, 1940), 41.
10 Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 409.
11 E.g., Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 407.
12 Examination of Christopher Newport (pp. 314-316, below); Inventory of the Grand Jesus,
December 20, 1590 (H. C. A. 24/58, no. 72).
with her consorts she plied up and down the entrance to the
Windward Passage and along the south coast of Hispaniola,
still awaiting the tardy Spanish squadron. By July 2, when
reinforcements were to join them, there were six vessels under
Captain Cocke's command, Watts's three ships with two tiny
Spanish frigates and a substantial merchant vessel taken as
prizes by the Hopewell and the John Evangelist.15
According to William Sanderson, Watts's three ships had left
Plymouth in March without waiting for Sanderson's vessel, the
Moonlight, or, as she was also called, the Mary Terlanye.16 She
was not ready until May and when she was about to sail alone
she received an offer of consortship from another small vessel,
a pinnace of some thirty tons, which Captain Spicer accepted.
This was the Conclude, Joseph Harris, captain, owned by Thomas
Middleton of London and his partners.17 It was these two ships
which, after a rapid outward passage, joined the other six vessels
near Cape Tiburon on July 2. John White, who saw little of the
Conclude, refers to her as the Moonlight's pinnace and calls her
captain, Joseph Harris, "Master Harps" :
18 he does not mention
that the Moonlight was owned by Sanderson. Before there had
been time for either courtesies or business—an agreement about
the way prize money was to be shared would have saved much
litigation later—the Santo Domingo squadron of fourteen ships
at last came in sight. All the eight vessels under English com-mand
sailed at once in pursuit. 19 The Spaniards scattered, in-tending
to make for Jamaica where they could hope to reassemble
in shelter. The English squadron evidently divided, the Hopewell
keeping with the Moonlight and Conclude, the Little John taking
the John Evangelist and the two small prizes. La Trinidad, the
large prize, sailed alone and may have been lost.20 The chase was
continued from noon until nightfall, and it is probable that it
was Newport in the Little John who made a prize before dark.21
At dawn it was Newport's vessels that were nearest to the
Spanish ships making for Jamaica. The John Evangelist was in
15 Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 408-410; and below.
"H. C. A. 23/4, 11th item from end.
17 Thomas Middleton, etc. v. Robert Hallett, John Watts, etc. (H. C. A. 13/28, depositions
of Henry Millett, John Tayler, and Thomas Harden, October 26, 1590; of William Davell
and John Bedford, October 27; of Henry Swanne and Hugh Hardinge, October 29).
19 Wright, Further English Voyages, 245, 255; Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 410.
20 See below.
21 Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 420; Wright, Further English Voyages, 245, 255. New-port,
himself, does not mention this prize.
the lead and tried to prevent the enemy's reaching safety under
the guns of Santiago de la Vega. She bravely challenged the
Spanish flagship, commanded by Captain Vicente Gonzalez,22
but turned aside to try to head off some other vessels from the
harbour and was so far successful that two of them were forced
to go aground. The Spanish account continues
At this juncture the English vice-admiral [the Little John] came
up, a ship of about 160 tons burden, and with the first vessel
[the John Evangelist] resumed the fight with Vicente Gonzalez's
ship. When they had fought a while both enemy vessels withdrew
for fear lest they also run aground, and Vicente Gonzalez made
the harbour of Jamaica, on the south side with six or seven
ships.23
Newport, though foiled, was not defeated. He got his ships
together and armed his boats and pinnaces to go inshore against
the Spanish vessels which had grounded. Their crews did not
stay to fight and so the English boats were able to haul off both
of them unmolested. One of the prizes sank, however, before she
could be pillaged, but the other was salvaged. It was now prob-ably
late in the day of July 3 and Newport had done all he could
keeping his ships together during the night, he set sail on the
morning of July 4 for Cape Corrientes near the western end of
Cuba. 24 If all his consorts remained with him he had now in-creased
his squadron from four to six vessels. His progress must
have been slow because at least one of his prizes was damaged.
He delayed four or five days at Cape Corrientes before going on
to Cape San Antonio at the southwestern tip of Cuba, where he
stayed another three days. There he determined to improve the
sailing capacity of his squadron. The prize salvaged on the
Jamaica coast was rudderless and a liability, so she was stripped,
her cargo of sugar, ginger, and hides redistributed, and then
scuttled. Some Spanish prisoners were also set on shore.25 Pre-cisely
how long all this took is not clear but it is evident that
Newport, by the time he rounded the western end of Cuba and
22 He had commanded the Spanish expedition which had searched Chesapeake Bay in the
summer of 1588 for the English colony which was believed to have been established
there, and had accidentally discovered some traces of the "Lost Colony" on the Carolina
Banks on his return journey. See D. B. Quinn, "Some Spanish Reactions to Elizabethan
Colonial Enterprises," in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., I (1951), 15-17.
23 Wright, Further English Voyages, 255.
24 Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 420; Wright, Further English Voyages, 255; p. 315,
25 Wright, Further English Voyages, 255-256.
made for Matanzas on the north coast, was at least a week, and
probably more, behind the Hopewell and her consorts, and had
missed all opportunity of rejoining them.
During the chase on July 2 the Hopewell, the Moonlight, and
the Conclude had not sailed so far southwards as Newport and
his ships and had anchored at nightfall. During the night a
Spanish ship was heard nearby and when day broke the three
English vessels closed in on her. She was El Buen Jesus, called
by the English the Grand Jesus or the Great Jesus, vice-admiral
of the Santo Domingo squadron, which had failed to follow the
course towards Jamaica set by Gonzalez. After a sturdy defence
she was forced to surrender.26 The precise part which each of
the English ships played in her capture was to be fiercely con-tested
in the courts after she was brought to England and need
not detain us here, but she was a rich prize and was given a crew
under Robert Hallett from the Hopewell, drawn from all three
ships and including the Concluded captain, Joseph Harris.27
Captain Cocke now made for Cape San Antonio, arriving on
July 11, but to his intense chagrin the four ships were becalmed
there while the treasure fleet from the Spanish Main, under
Juan de Oribe Appalua, appeared off the western end of Cuba
and made its way to Havana which it entered on July 19/29.28
There was nothing else to do but to make for the next rendezvous,
Matanzas, east of Havana, where the ships arrived on July 25
without any sight of Newport. After a few days' patrolling off
Havana, Captain Cocke decided to wait no longer, but to set out
for Virginia. 29 The Conclude parted company with the other
vessels and apparently sailed direct for the Azores.30 The Grand
Jesus, it was intended, should sail direct to England, but she left
the Hopewell and the Moonlight without the courtesy of a fare-
26 Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 411. High Court of Admiralty documents cited in
notes 6, 12, and 17 above. The Privy Council to Dr. Julius Caesar, Oct. 11, 1590 (H.C.A.
14/27, no. 73); draft Sequestration Order, Oct. 13, 1590 (H.C.A. 14/27, no. 118, last leaf);
Inventory of the Great Jesus, Dec. 20, 1590 (H.C.A. 24/58, f. 115); Personal Answer of Robert
Hallett, Nov. 3, 1590 (H.C.A. 13/101); Interrogatories on behalf of Robert Hallett (H.C.A.
3/24, ff. 333-339); Articles on behalf of John Watts, etc. (H.C.A. 24/58, ff. 118-120); Deposi-tions
of Antonio de Samora Carenio and Francisco Gomez, Jan. 8, 1591 (H.C.A. 13/28);
note of Articles on behalf of the Lord High Admiral (H.C.A. 24/58, after no. 93); Examina-tion
of Abraham Cocke, Robert Hutton and Michael Geere, Nov. 10, 1590 (H.C.A. 13/28);
entries of Jan. 11, 12, 16, 1591 (Book of Acts, H.C.A. 3/21); Decree in Middleton, etc., v.
Hallett (H.C.A. 24/58, no. 71).
-'7 See, especially, Deposition of William Davell, October 27, 1590 (H. C. A. 13/28).
28 Wright, Further English Voyages, lxxvii. The Spanish New Style reckoning was ten
days ahead of the English Old Style.
:i0 Depositions of William Davell, October 27, 1590, and of Henry Millett, October 26, 1590
(H. C. A. 13/28); Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 412.
well on July 31 after they had sailed through the Florida Chan-nel.
She, too, sailed to the Azores and thence to the Thames.31
John White has told in sufficient and well-known detail how
the remaining two ships paid their unavailing visit to the Caro-lina
Banks and to Roanoke Island without finding the "Lost
Colony." Captain Spicer and, several men from the Moonlight
were drowned and the weather turned too bad for the search to
be continued. White persuaded Cocke to winter in the West Indies
and to make another search for the colonists at the end of the
1591 privateering season, but the new commander of the Moon-light,
John Bedford,32 begged and obtained leave to bring his
vessel home. Yet the Hopeivell failed to keep to her course under
stress of weather and finally turned eastwards to the Azores.
There amongst the English naval vessels and privateers who
were awaiting the Spanish convoys she found the Moonlight and
also the prize which the Little John, which had just left for
England, had taken from the Santo Domingo squadron. From
her prize crew John White picked up part of the story of New-port's
adventures since July 2.33
These we have followed down to the end of July or beginning
of August when he was ready to sail round the western end of
Cuba. From what White learnt and what the Spanish documents
tell the next part of the story becomes clear. Off Los Organos, the
rocky promontories in northwestern Cuba, three Spanish vessels
were sighted at sunset by the Little John and one of her consorts.
These had sailed with Rodrigo de Rada and the Mexican fleet but
had lost contact off Tortuga with the main body of the fleet
which had reached Havana on July 3/13.34 At dawn two of the
Spanish ships were still in sight—the third having fled to Mex-ico35—
and the Little John closed in on the smaller and weaker
of her two adversaries, the ship commanded by Juan de Borde.
Her consort, the Nuestra Senora del Rosario, Miguel de Acosta,
master, threw a cable across her stern so as to be able to rein-force
her when the English boarded. After a brisk exchange of
artillery fire there was a bitter struggle when the boarding
parties attacked. Captain Newport had his "right arm strooken
31 Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 405, 413-422.
32 Deposition of John Bedford, October 27, 1590 (H. C. A. 13/28); Hakluyt, Principal
Navigations, VIII, 419.
33 Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 420-421.
34 Wright, Further English Voyages, lxxvii-viii.
85 Wright, Further English Voyages, lxxviii, 246.
off," his lieutenant and four men killed, and sixteen others in-jured.
By this time de Borde's ship was sinking and, though the
English began to search her and removed some cochineal, "be-fore
they could take out her treasure she sunke ; so that we lost
thirteene Pipes of silver which sunke with her, besides much
other rich marchandize." This disaster was followed by a
further misfortune. The Nuestra Senora del Rosario now became
the sole object of the English attack and was soon holed some
nine times below the waterline and had two of her men killed and
eight injured. But her crew got her clear and ran her aground
on the western end of Los Organos, themselves getting away in
their boats, as they expected the English to land and seize the
cargo of hides and indigo which she held. The Little John, in spite
of her losses, was making for land with this objective when her
lookout reported that Spanish galleys from Havana were in
sight, whereupon the Little John turned out to sea again and left
the booty untaken. White's informant believed the lookout had
been mistaken and that he had taken "certaine rockes" for the
galleys, but this was not so. The two galleys of the Cuba Station,
the San Agustin and the Brava, had gone out from Havana to
clear the English from the north coast of the island. On July 27/
August 6 they encountered the boats containing the crew of the
Nuestra Senora del Rosario, who were making for Havana. They
then made search for Newport's ships, but they had disap-peared.
30 The English did stop another Spanish vessel nearby but
merely took some meal from her and let her go. The Spanish
frigates which came out from Havana to salvage the stranded
vessel and her cargo were unsuccessful and she went to the
bottom.37
It is not surprising that with Newport seriously injured and
with several rich cargoes lost to them the English became dis-couraged.
It is probable that they went on to Matanzas to find
no trace of the Hopewell. It was, in any case, very late for New-port
to keep his engagement to go on to Virginia, even had he
not suffered such casualties, so, instead, he made for the Azores.
From there he sailed about September 19 for England, having
apparently encountered the Grand Jesus, from which he may
36 Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 420-421; Wright, Further English Voyages,
Ixxviii, 247-249; and below.
:!T Wright, Further English Voyages, 259; and below.
have transhipped some cargo for the Little John to take to Ports-mouth,
where she apparently put in.38 The John Evangelist re-turned
and probably also the Santo Domingo prize, but there is
no word of the other two prizes which were with Newport on
July 2, nor of La Trinidad. The Hopewell (October 24) ,
39 the
Moonlight, and the Conclude, as well as the Grand Jesus, got
safely back.
The battle with the Spaniards being over—whether it yielded
a final return of two or five prizes—the legal battle for the pro-ceeds
of the voyage was now to begin. The Grand Jesus had not
been long in the Thames before the owners of the Conclude took
an action in the High Court of Admiralty against Robert Hallett,
John Watts, and his partners to secure for their vessel a seventh
share (estimated by them at £3,000) in the proceeds of the
Grand Jesus. From October 26 onwards depositions were being
taken on their behalf from members of the crews of the Conclude
and the Moonlight, the latter being favourable to the pinnace's
claims.40 Watts was determined to keep whatever he could for
his syndicate and, in pursuit of this aim, began an action against
William Sanderson in an endeavour to prove that the Moonlight,
like the Conclude, as he alleged, had no right to a share in the
prize. Sanderson put up an active and somewhat embarrassing
defence, recalling the terms under which Watts's ships had been
allowed to sail from England in the first place.41 The Lord High
Admiral (Lord Howard of Effingham), to whom one-tenth of the
prize goods was due by virtue of his office, and the Crown, which
had the right to levy customs duties on the value of the prize
goods, were also interested in these suits.42 Owners and crews
alike were concerned to win their case and yet conceal the true
value of the prizes from the Crown and from each other. The
official valuation of the Grand Jesus, made on December 20, was
only £5806 10s 4d,43 but much of her portable wealth had gone
long before. On January 12, 1591, John Watts put in a list
of defence witnesses in his attempt to prove that the prizes
were taken by his own vessels alone. A number of these men had
38 Interrogatories for William Sanderson (H. C. A. 23/4, f. 326).
40 References given in notes 17 and 26 above.
42 This is shown by Newport's deposition and by the questions answered by Abraham
Cocke, Robert Hutton, and Michael Geere, November 11, 1590 (H. C. A. 13/28), and also
by the notes made by the judge, Dr. Julius Caesar (H. C. A. 24/58, following no. 93).
43 H. C. A. 24/58, no. 72.
testified, or were to testify, in his favour. Among them was
Christopher Newport.44 His deposition, made on November 23,
1590, and printed below for the first time, showed that he had in
some measure recovered from his wound. He had by that time
come up from Portsmouth and was probably at his home in
Limehouse, so that he was able to attend the admiralty court at
Orton Key for his examination. He was asked two questions only
what ships and prize goods were taken on the voyage, and what
treasure, jewels, or other precious articles were among the spoil.
His story is concise and cautious. It adds some details, confirms
others already known, and is a valuable addition to the materials
on the voyage. It gives his age as thirty. Even without his own
evidence, Christopher Newport emerges from the 1590 voyage
as an able commander and a brave antagonist. That he suffered,
in the loss of his right arm, a serious handicap is not evident
from his later career.
It may be noted in conclusion that Watts obtained a decree45
in the admiralty court in favour of himself and his partners. This
stated that the Grand Jesus was the Hopewell's prize alone, so
that Sanderson and Middleton got nothing, at least officially, but
the crews of the Little John and the John Evangelist were entitled
to shares in the proceeds of the voyage as a whole. We do not
know how much Newport received in the way of shares, but it is
highly probable that he, like other members of the expedition,
had tucked away already a much less modest amount than he
admitted in his examination. His bravery and his wound, after
all, deserved some compensation.
Christopher Newport's Deposition
Die Lune xxiii Novembris 159047
Officium Christopher Newporte of Lymehouse48 mariner aged
domini xxx yeares or thereaboutes49 sworne & examined before
gratia46 the right worshipfull Master Doctor Cesar Iudge of the
Admiralty vppon certaine articles ministred on the
behaulfe of the Lord Admirall50 Sayth thereunto as followeth
44 H. C. A. 3/21.
« H. C. A. 24/58, no. 71.
40 This apparently means "Authority by his lordship's grace." Dr. Julius Caesar, judge of
the admiralty, is making his inquiries on behalf of the lord admiral, Lord Charles Howard,
whose perquisite it was to take one-tenth of all spoil brought home by privateers.
17 Monday, November 23, 1590.
48 The district bordering Limehouse Reach on the River Thames where many seamen lived.
49 Witnesses were asked their ages, though the results are not always reliable. If this
is accurate the date of Newport's birth can be placed between November 24, 1559, and
Novmber 23, 1560. No previous information on this has been available.
r>0 The Articles, the questions asked Newport on behalf of Lord Charles Howard, have
not been found, but a rough note by Dr. Caesar reminds him to ask Abraham Cocke,
To the first article he sayth he was Captaine of the Little Iohn
this late viadge to the Indies, and beinge in company of the Harry
and Iohn one of his consortes they first tooke two frigottes51 one
being laden with hydes & the other with stones, and her with
hides they vnladed & putt the hides a shore on the Indies think-inge
to take them on borde agayne and soe vsed the frigott being
of vi or vii tonnes for theire necessary vses, & by reason of pur-chase
that happened they wente away & lefte the said hydes on
the shore. Afterwardes they tooke an other frigott worth aboute
one thowsand poundes52 & putt xviii men into her to bringe her
for Englande & loste them in the Indies what ys become of them
god knoweth.53 Nexte the Harry & Iohn tooke a Spanishe shippe54
with sugar ginger & hides which ys broughte into this Ryuer of
Thames & there landed. And the nexte day55 the Iohn, the Iohn
Euangeliste & two frigottes did dryue two other shippes of the
Spanishe flete on shore, and gott them of agayne and the nexte
day one of them soncke without sauinge eany goodes out of the
same, and the other hauinge loste her rudder, & not being able
to be broughte home, they tooke out xvi Chestes of suger into
the Iohn Euangeliste, and iiiCL hides also were taken into the
Iohn with some bundells of salsaperill and nothing alse to his
remembraunce sauinge some quantity of ginger was also taken
out of the said prize and the reste was sonck in the shippe.56
Afterwardes saylinge to S* Antony they foughte with two
shippes hauinge of the Kinges treasure, and tooke one of them
beinge laden with Cochenile hides & treasure as he herde and
after they had taken out six Chestes & bagges of Cochenile she
presentely soncke with all her ladinge within one quarter of an
hower after they tooke her.57 And the other shipp58 after sore
fighte they drove a shore vppon the Rockes and was wholy caste
away beinge laden with fyue hundreth Chestes of Cochenile &
thre hundreth Chestes of silkes as he herde by a Frigott laden
with meale which they tooke the nexte day after bounde from
S* Iohn de Louis to Auana.59
To the second he sayth he sawe nether pearle Iewell siluer or
goulde that was taken in eany of the said prizes sauinge about
xii11
60 in siluer which was taken out of the prize that soncke &
and his company, as Hallett, Newport and others, what quantity of goods was taken in the
Indies, especially pearls, silver, gold (coined or bullion), silks, jewels, and "other riche
comodities," and who has any of these and where they are (H. C. A. 24/58, after no. 93).
51 One was taken by the Hopewell (or Harry and John) near the northwest end of
Puerto Rico on June 7, and the other near Cape Tiburon on June 14 (Hakluyt, Principal
Navigations, VIII, 410).
52 La Trinidad, taken at Yaguana, Hispaniola, by the John Evangelist between June 17
and 24 estimated by White to be worth £1,000 to £1,300 (Wright, Further English Voyages,
254-255; Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 410).
53 No record of the arrival of La Trinidad in England has been found.
64 El Buen Jesus (pp. 310-314 above).
55 July 3.
66 This part of Newport's statement is confirmed by White and by the Spanish account
(Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 420: Wright, Further English Voyages, 255-256),
except that the latter says that the whole cargo was trans-shipped before the vessel was
scuttled and that it included hides.
57 Juan de Borde's ship (p. 311, above).
58 Nuestra Senora del Rosario (p. 311, above).
59 From the Basque port of St. Jean de Luz to Havana (see p. 312, above).
60 Probably £12 in value and not twelve lb. in weight. It was apparently taken from Juan
de Borde's ship.
shared amongst the company. But sayth theire was a bagge of
pearle61 which Abraham Cocke had in his custody & broughte
home what ys become thereof he knoweth not. And sayth aboute
xviii boultes of silke62 was gotten out of the shipp that soncke
beinge founde in the mariners Chestes whereof xii boultes were
deliuered to Master Wattes the company shared the reste. Affirm-inge
that all the Cochenill & other goodes which he hath before
spoken of were broughte home to this City & deliuered to the
owners. And other thinges theire was not taken to his knowledge
of which silke this examinate had two boultes & a haulfe & aboute
thre or foure poundes in money which he spente in releeuinge
sicke folckes in the viadge.63
[signed] xpofer64 newport65
61 Pearls formed part of the lading of El Buen Jesus (Wright, Further English Voyages,
63 This is likely also to have come from Juan de Borde's ship.
03 The crews were entitled to (a) pillage (usually limited by agreement or custom), and
(b) shares when the accounts were wound up. Most sailors managed to embezzle more than
they were entitled to, and there is no reason to accept Newport's story as being, precisely,
64 The old abbreviation for Christopher.
65 H. C. A. 13/28, November 23, 1590. I am indebted for this transcript and for other help to
Dr. K. R. Andrews, who hopes shortly to publish a study of Newport from 1581 to 1606 which
will contain much new material.
OF THE STAMP ACT
By C. Robert Haywood
Early in the year 1760 Henry McCulloh in writing a mer-cantilist
propaganda pamphlet for English consumption included
among numerous suggestions for colonial reform a simple state-ment
that ". . . it will be absolutely necessary to establish proper
Funds in America by a Stamp Duty on Vellum and Paper. . . J'1
From this very casual beginning the importance to England of
the stamp duty grew to the point that the Annual Register of
1766 devoted three out of eight chapters of the "History of
Europe" to the Stamp Act conflict in America. The effect on the
thinking of the colonists was equally great. The political history
of North Carolina in the years 1765 and 1766 is almost wholly
the story of the effect of the Stamp Act. The excitement in North
Carolina over the passage of the act subsided only after the
psychology of resistance had been developed which laid the
basis for more serious conflict both within the colony and within
the empire.
The French and Indian War had in the process of removing
France from Canada fixed on England the unbelievable debt of
£140,000,000. To a nation which still embraced the mercantilist
theory that gold in surplus in the treasury meant power and
strength, the debt appeared truly alarming. It became apparent
to English officials that the debt must be removed. To do this it
was necessary that taxes be raised, expenses curtailed, and a
more efficient administration organized. This came to include all
the empire, colonies as well as England.
There were at least two other postwar obligations of the
English government which directly affected North Carolina, i.e.,
protection and reorganization of colonial administration. As far
as America was concerned it was a problem of protection from
both the French and the Indians. Prospects of hostilities with the
defeated and humiliated France were always in the background
of English political thinking.2 The Indian menace was to remain
1 Henry McCulloh, Miscellaneous Representations Relative to Our Concern in America
(London, 1760), 12.
2 George Louis Beer, British Colonial Policy, 175Jt-1765 (N. Y., 1922), 252.
an ever present danger down to the Revolution. The late war had
left serious doubts in the minds of English officials as to the
ability of the colonists to meet either of these threats.
Furthermore the war years had been a period when the colo-nies
had begun to flex their fast-developing muscles. In North
Carolina, as in most of the other colonies, the war period had
demonstrated the inefficiency and impotency of the colonial ad-ministration.
In nearly every clash between the Crown's preroga-tive
and the colonial legislature the latter had emerged the victor.3
While the colonial soldier was winning honor for England on the
field of battle the colonial politician was winning colonial rights
and privileges in the legislature. The natural result was the
gradual growth of an independent spirit in the American mind.
With the advent of peace the English government was placed
in a position in which she could deal with other than diplomatic
and military matters. Under the guidance of George Grenville a
program was developed designed to meet the three great prob-lems.
Protection was to be supplied from England, the reigns of
colonial control tightened, and the colonies forced to contribute
to the expense of government. Such a program was destined to
meet opposition in North Carolina.
North Carolina felt no pressing need for protection. France
was too remote a danger for serious consideration. It was felt
that the militia law passed in 1764 was adequate for meeting any
Indian threat. Furthermore, the Cherokee had been quiet since
their defeat by Colonel James Grant's Highlanders and the com-bined
troops of Virginia and North and South Carolina. Some-thing
of the confidence of the North Carolinians can be seen in
their condemnation of Governor Tryon in running the South
Carolina-Cherokee line. To the North Carolinian's way of think-ing
an expedition consisting of less than fifty militia men was
an undue extravagance. Tryon was severely criticized for this
unnecessary display of pomp and ceremony, in spite of the fact
that this expedition took the governor into the heart of what
had been hostile Indian territory no more than five years
The attempt to subordinate the colonial political institutions to
English control was to meet determined opposition. The com-
3 Eugene Irving McCormac, "Colonial Opposition to Imperial Authority during the French
and Indian War," University of California Publications in History, I, 92.
North Carolina Opponents of the Stamp Act 319
parative freedom of the war period had developed a spirit among
the controlling class which demanded an increasingly larger and
more independent role in their own government. England had
made the serious mistake of issuing instructions to the governors
of North Carolina which were in opposition to prevailing colonial
desires without backing their demands with actual enforcing
power. The governors, whose very subsistence was dependent
upon the colonies, were unable to cope with the situation. Some
of the disputes that developed were mere matters of personali-ties
in conflict, but an increasing number came to center around
constitutional issues. The difference in opinion of the colonial
and home government as to what made up the fundamental law
of North Carolina or the empire was one of the most serious
problems of the reorganization program.4 The degree of freedom
demanded in North Carolina was incompatible with the English
concept of colonial status.5 Quarrels between the Assembly and
Governor Dobbs over who should control finances,6 troops,7 and
Assembly procedure8 and disputes centering around the appoint-ment
of agents,9 lands, fees and chartering towns all involved
constitutional interpretation. Raper illustrates the widening gap
between colonial and English constitutional thought by citing
the large number of acts disallowed by the mother country. In
1754 twenty-six acts were disallowed on the ground that the legis-lature
had infringed on the exclusive rights of the crown. In
1759 five acts were disallowed because they had usurped the
crown's authority to create courts. 10 In annulling an act of 1766
the Privy Council wrote, "We are therefore of opinion, that an
Act so contrary to the Spirit and principle of the British Laws
should not be allowed. . .
In most of the disputes involving the governor the elected
colonial legislature emerged the victor. As a result the lower
house began to exercise powers beyond those originally consider-
4 Charles Lee Raper, North Carolina, A Study in English Colonial Government (N. Y.,
1904), 225- Hereafter cited Colonial Government.
5 McCormac, "Colonial Opposition to Imperial Authority," 92.
6 W. L. Saunders, ed., Colonial Records of North Carolina (Raleigh, Goldsboro, etc., 1886-
1898), VI, 1 et seq. Hereafter cited Colonial Records.
7 Colonial Records, 32.
8 The most serious dispute centered around the quarrel which extended down to 1773
concerning the number of members needed to constitute a quorum. Colonial Records, VI,
257, 319, 344-345, 539, 1024-1025; IX, 593-596.
9 Colonial Records, VI, 539; Ella Lonn, The Colonial Agents of the Southern Colonies
(Chapel Hill, 1945), 55.
10 Raper, Colonial Government, 226 et seq.
11 Acts of the Privy Council, Colonial Series (London, 1911), V, 38.
ed a part of its functions. The governor usually took a position
based on precedent and the English understanding of the con-stitution.
Although the governors were granted rather large
discretionary powers, their main guide for action came from the
instructions that came directly from the British government.12
Governor Dobbs, the most vigorous defender of the crown pre-rogative,
was frequently forced to retreat and make concessions
in direct violation of his instructions, as in the case of the is-suance
of paper money.13 In times of war Dobbs was at the mercy
of the Assembly, which furnished the revenue and men to fight
the war.14 Once the Assembly had successfully evaded following
the instructions of England it was not a large step in their think-ing
to deny the right of all outside interference.
The growing spirit of independence impressed nearly every
Englishman who spent any time in the colonies. When Bute's
administration began looking for information as to colonial
conditions there was no other one fact that was repeated so
frequently.15 Other colonial governors wrote in the same vein as
Governor Dobbs when he advised the English government to take
more vigorous action to ". . . suppress a republican spirit of In-dependency
rising in this colony. The Assembly think themselves
entitled to all the Privileges of a British House of Commons and
therefore ought not to submit to His Majesty' hon.ble Privy
Council . . . or . . . Governor and Council here whose person they
would usurp and place all in a Junto of an Assembly here."16
Even before the French and Indian War James Abercromby, the
mercantilist-minded agent of Governor Johnston, was hinting
that the colonies might some day "feel their own strength" and
settle in their own way the question as to "whether they are to
remain subjects or become confederates."17 Military officials
returning home spoke of the necessity of regulating the growing
spirit of independence in America.18 It was, however, a spirit
more apparent to the British mind than to the Americans them-
13 Charles Lee Raper, North Carolina: A Royal Province, 1729-1775 (Chapel Hill, N. C,
1901), 71. Hereafter cited Royal Province.
« Colonial Records, VI, 1308-1311.
14 Raper, Royal Province, 48.
15 Sydney George Fisher, The Struggle for American Independence (Philadelphia, 1908),
I, 70.
16 Colonial Records, VI, 279.
17 Quoted from pamphlet of 1752 entitled "An Examination of the Acts of Parliament
relative to the Trade and Government of our American Colonies." C. M. Andrews, The
Colonial Background of the American Revolution (New Haven, 1924), IV, 410.
18 Fisher, The Struggle for American Independence, I, 70.
selves, who were full of protestations of loyalty. Their thinking
had not yet escaped the web of tradition, habit, education, social
and economic ties which held their formal loyalty to the "Old
Colonial System." But what they actually desired, although only
a very few farsighted men like Benjamin Franklin realized it,
was what we today would call dominion status. In 1765 no one in
North Carolina had offered any such plan; yet with the magic
of hindsight we can see in their formal action and statements
that anything less would have been rejected.
The most apt characterization of North Carolina's attitude
toward any governmental agency's attempt to raise revenue can
be summed up in a single word: negative. Taxes were collected
with difficulty except for the most necessary and immediate local
use. Once the purpose for the revenue was removed from the
immediate locale or time, collection became next to impossible.
The Assembly was never able to redeem her paper money largely
because of the inability of the colonial government to collect
added poll taxes. The mother country had very little experience
in collecting taxes in North Carolina. During the French and
Indian War she had relied upon the requisition system, which
was next to a failure. The only direct crown levy in North Caro-lina
was in the form of a feudal dues on land. The difficulties,
evasions, and litigation resulting from this anachronism cover
the colonial period. The North Carolina Assembly was especially
reticent in approving direct taxes. This was a reflection of the
self-interested thinking on the part of the property-owning class
of the coastal plain who dominated the colony's politics. As any
direct tax would have fallen on the accumulated wealth of the
landowners they managed to limit all direct taxes in the colonial
budget.19 As a matter of fact, all taxes other than the poll tax
were limited to extraordinary and special levies for limited
periods of time.
The English tax system prior to the passage of the Stamp Act
consisted of indirect taxes in the form of customs duties levied
as control measures and not for the purpose of raising revenue.
The enforcement of the laws was lax and the proceeds that were
collected were usually used within the colony. The crowded
profession of smuggling was considered a legitimate occupation.
19 Coralie Parker, The History of Taxation in North Carolina During the Colonial Period
(N. Y., 1928), 73.
As the duties inconvenienced the planter politician but little,
there was practically no formal complaint and apparently little
private resentment even of the later Navigation and Sugar acts.
As far as revenue was concerned, customs duties were a losing
proposition. In the two-year period 1765 to 1767 the charges of
managing the customs laws exceeded the proceeds of the Bruns-wick
port by £169/11/14 and at those of the Bath port by
£79/7/9.20 Such figures were hard to justify to the British officials
intent on reducing the British debt. Thus it became one of the
chief objectives of the American Revenue Act of March, 1764,
to correct the abuses of the colonial commercial administration.
The English plans for reorganizing colonial administration
began under the ministry of Lord Bute and under the special
guidance of George Grenville. Thus the program, although almost
universally desired in England, was carried out under a govern-ment
on a shaky foundation and, much like the foreign affairs
of today, was caught up in the play of party politics. However,
lack of self-confidence was certainly not apparent in Grenville's
By the early part of 1763 it was decided to establish an ade-quate
protective force in America. Grenville decided that an army
of ten thousand was necessary and that part of the maintenance
cost should be extracted from the colonies. The policy met with
no opposition in England or the colonies, although it was a well
established fact and known in America as early as March, 1763.21
It was only when the specific form of taxation was adopted by
the passage of the Sugar Act of March, 1764, that there developed
any thought of colonial opposition. The act called for duties on
certain imports and a more rigid enforcement of customs regu-lations.
The provisions fell heaviest on the northern colonies, al-though
the provisions concerning smuggling should have affected
North Carolina as much as any colony, but as Governor Tryon
was to point out later, North Carolinians had ways of circum-venting
customs officials. Opposition was mild in North Carolina,
at least officially, largely because the Assembly considered the
act as a part of the commercial regulatory system.22 As such no
vital interest of the plantation owner was damaged and England
20 Copies in the North Carolina Department of Archives and History, Raleigh, of records of
the British Public Record Office. Treasury Papers, Bundle 442, fo. 258. Hereafter cited
PRO Treasury Papers.
21 Beer, British Colonial Policy, 1754-1765, 275.
22 Raper, Colonial Government, 230-231.
wisely refrained from diverting part of the revenue to pay
colonial officeholders, as Dobbs had suggested.23 North Carolina
had in the past offered little opposition to the commercial policies
of England. Her commerce was not affected by the Navigation
Acts and the new Sugar Act added little to her burdens.24
In October, 1764, the Assembly did issue a protest against the
commercial policies, but the Assembly was probably thinking
more of the proposed stamp duty than the Sugar Act. The pro-test
is important for its expression of the official colonial and
apparently widely accepted ideas on taxation. The Assembly in
response to the governor's speech referred to the concern with
which they saw themselves ". . . Burthened with new Taxes and
Impositions laid on us without our Privity and consent, and
against what we esteem our Inherent right and Exclusive privi-lege
of Imposing our own Taxes. . . ." 25 This represents one of
the clearest statements of the idea of no taxation without repre-sentation
that the pre-Stamp Act period offers and indicates
something of the difficulties that any tax would meet.
Since the Sugar Act met only about one-seventh of the cost of
maintaining an army in America, Grenville had planned gradu-ally
to increase the amount of revenue collected by levying new
taxes.26 At the time the Sugar Act was introduced he had sug-gested
that the next session of parliament should adopt a colonial
stamp duty.27
The stamp duty was by no means a diabolical invention of
Grenville but had already had a long and useful history in Eng-land,
yielding about £100,000 per year with practically no col-lection
cost.28 It had been proposed for colonial use to Robert
Walpole and Pelham. Pitt admitted that even in his administra-tion
there had been those who ". . . proposed to me to burn my
fingers with an American Stamp Act."29 At least two colonial
agents, William Knox of Georgia and Israll Mauduit of Massa-chusetts,
and two colonial governors, Shirley of Massachusetts,
and Keith of Pennsylvania, had advocated a stamp duty.30 The
^ Colonial Records, VI, 1021.
24 Raper, Colonial Government, 230.
25 Colonial Recoi-ds, VI, 1261.
26 Beer, British Colonial Policy, 175A-1765, 275.
^William Cobbett, Parliamentary History (London, 1806-1820), XV, 1427.
28 John C. Miller, Origins of the American Revolution (Boston, 1943), 110.
29 Cobbett, Parliamentary History, XV, 105.
30 Wm. Byrd, History of the Dividing Line and Other Tracts from the Papers of William
Byrd, of Westover (Richmond, 1866), II, 226-227; Ella Lonn, The Colonial Agents of the
Southern Colonies (Chapel Hill, 1945), 105; George Bancroft, History of the United States
(Boston, 1837-1875), III, 58: Fisher, The Struggle for American Independence, I, 74.
immediate source of the idea for the Act of 1765 seems to have
been Henry McCulloh.31 McCulloh, writing in 1763, had pro-posed
a plan for strengthening the control of England over her
colonies and at the same time to benefit the English merchant
and farmers by improving trade and levying certain taxes on the
colonies, including a stamp duty. On October 10, 1763, he drew up
a tabular statement in three columns under the heading,
A state of the several articles proposed by Mr. M' Culloh to be
stamped, and the duties thereon; likewise a state of all the dif-ferent
articles which are now stamped in Great Britain, in order
to fix upon the articles which are to be inserted in the law in-tended
for imposing Stamp duties in America and the West
Indies.
Two days later Grenville approved this plan following a confer-ence
with McCulloh.32 The decision reached at this point did not
outline completely the act that followed. But it did lay the basis
for the proposal to lay a stamp duty that was made in Grenville's
budget on March 10, 1764.33 Grenville was a careful and de-liberate
administrator; therefore he proposed that the measure
should stand discussion for a year in order that all parties con-cerned
might have their say. Grenville apparently was willing
to alter or discard the measure at any time during this year's
moratorium if anyone would suggest something better. In speak-ing
to a delegation of colonial agents he stated flatly, "If they
think any other mode of taxation more convenient to them and
make any proposition of equal efficacy with the stamp duty, I
will give it all due consideration.,,34
Other remedies were mentioned but were rejected for prac-tical
reasons. At least two of the proposals offered would have
raised no colonial opposition or revenue. The old requisition sys-tem
which had broken down even in time of war was rejected, as
was a proposal to call a colonial congress to allot taxes to the
various colonies. Grenville was correct in his position that the
only result of a congress would be quarrels and haggling among
31 There seems to be some confusion as to who this particular Henry McCulloh was. It ia
quite possible that he is the famous North Carolina land speculator who was living in England
as late as 1766. See PRO. Treasury Minute Book, T. 29, Vol. 37, 381. Or he may have been
the persistent and unsuccessful seeker for North Carolina and other colonial offices who
haunted the Board of Trade in England and who was unrelated to the land speculator. See
James High, "Henry McCulloh: Progenitor of the Stamp Act," The North Carolina Historical
Review, XXIX (January, 1952), 24-38, and letters to the editor in the present issue, pp.
32 McCulloh, Miscellaneous Representations, xv.
33 Cobbett, Parliamentary History, XV, 1428.
34 Bancroft, History of the United States, III, 74.
the colonies as to their share of the tax with no returns in actual
revenue.35
As no adequate substitute was brought forward Grenville con-tinued
with preparations for a stamp tax. Instructions were sent
to the governors to make up lists of all legal instruments used or
expected to be used in order that the tax list could be prepared.36
Conciliatory measures were passed in an attempt to sugar-coat
the bitter stamp duty pill. Concessions were made to New Eng-land's
whale fishing. Pennsylvania was to be allowed to ship iron
to Ireland, and the West Indies received a number of special privi-leges.
North Carolina, which had given little opposition to previous
acts, was strangely singled out for special considerations. The
shipment of her rice to the newly opened West Indies ports was
placed on an unrestricted basis and bounties were ". . . guaran-teed
upon the importation of deals, planks, boards, and timber,
into the kingdom. . . .
With this preparation behind him Grenville introduced the
Stamp Bill into Parliament and after what Pitt called a "languid
debate" it passed the House of Commons with only a small
minority in opposition.38 Of the two or three members who spok^
against the act only Isaac Barre gave a full speech. However
his reference to the colonials as "sons of liberty" was to have
wide ramifications in America.39 In the House of Lords there was
no debate or division. The king at the moment was indulging in
one of his lapses into insanity and on March 22, 1765, the Stamp
Act became law by the assent of a royal commission.
Grenville could well congratulate himself on the smooth course
of his schemes. It is true that six of the colonies had protested
by petitions which were rejected, as was customary when Par-liament
dealt with revenue bills.40 But the violent opposition
darkly hinted at by Colonel Barre seemed remote. However, in-structions
were directed to the governors of the colonies ordering
them to give aid and assistance to the distribution of stamps and
to be especially vigilant in preventing fraud and abuses in the
offices created.41 Apparently the government anticipated more
35 Miller, Origins of the American Revolution, 110.
39 Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New-York (Albany, 1856),
VIII, 646.
37 Cobbett, Parliamentary History, XVI, 71.
39 Parliamentary History, XYI, 39.
41 H. Smyth, ed., The Writings of Benjamin Franklin (New York, 1905-1907), VI, 200.
trouble with officials who were to collect the tax than with the
colonists who were to pay it. These officials were the subject of
special consideration by Grenville. He saw in their appointment
a chance to create good will between the mother country and the
colonies. Wheatly, Grenville's secretary, called the agents to-gether
and asked them to appoint "discreet and reputable Per-sons"
to the various offices who would be agreeable to the colo-nists.
42 Franklin fell for the bait, nominated his friends to office,
and advised Jared Ingersoll to apply. Nine years later Franklin
was still trying to explain away his action and Ingersoll was still
trying to collect his pay. North Carolina's agent at the time was
Couchet Jouvencal, a strong defender of colonial rights who was
later to be suspended by the Board of Trade for his outspoken
stand during the Stamp Act controversy. The men appointed
to the North Carolina posts probably represent his choice. They
were North Carolinians of prominence and esteem in their own
localities. Henry Eustace McCulloh, Collector at Beaufort (per-haps
an exception to the rule) , and Robert Palmer, Collector at
Bath Town, had been members of the Council under Dobbs and
Tryon. William Dry, Collector and Searcher at Brunswick, the
man who later "talked treason by the hour," had been a member
of both the Assembly and Council. The much-abused stamp agent
Houston was a member of the Assembly, a physician, and Justice
of Peace.43 William Pennington, Comptroller at Brunswick, was
much admired in Willington society for his "polished urbanity."44
If any group of men could have made the Stamp Act acceptable
this should have been the group. That they failed and lived to
regret their appointment is amply attested. Henry Eustace
McCulloh, when he saw the turn of events, no doubt following
the lead of his sovereign, found it advisable to secure a leave of
absence as he was ". . . almost blind from a Disorder in his Head
and unfit for all business."45
Grenville's feeling of complacency lasted until June, when the
news of the colonial opposition reached England. The amazement
of the average Englishman on hearing the news was probably
as great as Grenville's consternation. The English press had
42 Lonn, The Colonial Agents of the Southern Colonies, 159, 365.
43 PRO, Treasury Paper Correspondence. Bundle 452 contains the list of North Carolina
offices and office holders.
** James Sprunt, Chronicles of the Cape Fear River (Raleigh, 1916), 76.
« PRO, Treasury Minute Book, T. 29, Vol. 37, 381.
completely overlooked the significance of the act until August,
1765, when the London Chronicle printed a dialogue by way of
explaining it.
40 The tax-laden Englishmen were even more
surprised to learn that the furor had been caused by a tax de-signed
to raise no more than £145,000 in the American colonies.47
Stamp duties ranging from a halfpenny to £10 were placed on
commercial papers of various kinds in use or expected to be used
in the future ; on deeds, bonds, leases and other legal documents,
pamphlets, newspapers, liquor licenses, etc. Heavy fines and
forfeitures were provided for violations which could be collected
in the vice-admiralty courts.48 The funds raised were earmarked
for colonial defense, of which the colonies were to pay no more
than one-third of the total cost. There was no attempt to tie the
revenue to the English debt financing scheme.
Nothing demonstrates better than the English and North
Carolina attitudes toward the Stamp Act just how far the colo-nies
had grown from the mother country. To England armed
resistance to escape what amounted to a shilling tax per capita
seemed foolish and opposition from an agrarian colony doubly so.
The English people and officials simply did not understand the
economic conditions, the actual political system, and especially
the constitutional philosophy of the colonies. English ignorance is
understandable, since the colonists had never completely formal-ized
this philosophy. In North Carolina it was only after the
shock of the specific legislation of the Stamp Act that the colonial
mind was jarred from its traditional acceptance of the "Old
Colonial System" into consideration of exactly what the empire
relations were.
The colonies as a whole in 1765 were experiencing a period of
postwar readjustment. Prosperity had followed the English
troops out of America. Complaints against the high cost of living
and English manufactured goods were coupled with complaints
of the decline in real estate values and the ratio of paper money
to gold.49 The postponement of the Stamp Act for the year's dis-cussion
meant that its application caught the colonies in a
depressed condition. North Carolina, notoriously poor from the
46 F. J . Hinkhouse, The Preliminaries of the American Revolution as Seen in the English
Press (New York, 1926).
47 Beer, British Colonial Policy, 175U-1765, 286.
48 William MacDonald, Documentary Source Book of American History (New York, 1909),
122 et s«q.
49 Miller, Origins of the American Revolution, 115 et seq.
beginning of its history, had been plagued by the absence of a
substantial circulating medium of exchange. Colonists, agents,
British merchants, governors, and pamphleteers had urged the
British government to remedy the condition of North Carolina's
currency. In McCulloh's pamphlet urging the Stamp Act he em-phasized
the necessity of including currency reforms.50 As early
as 1757 McCulloh had proposed that "Exchequer Bill of Union"
be introduced into America.51 Each of North Carolina's gov-ernors
had expressed the need for more and better currency and
each had been forced to accept unstable paper money. The Cur-rency
Act of 1764 had stopped the use of paper money and com-modity
money as legal tender. Throughout the legislative session
of 1765 the Assembly tried to pass laws making certain com-modities
legal payment for debts in spite of the provisions of the
Currency Act. Their attempts were unsuccessful.52 Although the
stamp tax represented only one shilling per person increase in
taxes, North Carolinians in 1765 could not have paid the tax in
specie. In the words of Governor Tryon, "There is little or no
specie circulating in the maritime counties of the province, and
what is in circulation in the back counties is so very inconsider-able
that the Attorney General assured me, that the Stamp duties
on the instruments used in the five Superior Courts of this
province would in one year require all the specie in the coun-try
. . . ," to say nothing of the demands of the other courts and
business.53
The English considered the terms of the duty light and refused
to believe that the colonists could not comply with the act.
"Pepper-corn" was a favorite expression in describing the re-turns
by the members of Parliament.54 The London Magazine
and the London Chronicle pointed to the wide difference between
the English and American taxes and especially to the fact that
England paid twelve shillings per person for interest on the debt,
which was largely America's responsibility.55 The difference
between the money economy of mercantile England and the semi-barter
economy of rural North Carolina placed a barrier between
the two countries that prevented mutual understanding.
50 McCulloh, Miscellaneous Representations, 12.
51 McCulloh, Miscellaneous Representations, xiii.
52 Colonial Records, VII, 51, 58, 65, 75, 82.
63 William Tryon, Tryon's Letter Book (copy of the original in the North Carolina Depart-ment
of Archives and History, Raleigh), 25. M Cobbett, Parliamentary History, XVI, 96 passim.
55 Hinkhouse, Preliminaries of the American Revolution, 50.
But in spite of the sorry economic picture it was not on the
basis of practical economics that the Stamp Act was opposed in
North Carolina. Of much more importance in the conflict was the
divergent constitutional philosophy of the two units of the same
government. When a North Carolinian spoke of "The Constitu-tion"
he was not referring to the same institution that England
and Grenville knew. The Americans had in mind a fixed consti-tution
which was over and above all other governmental institu-tions,
including Parliament. Grenville saw no power above the
sovereignty of Parliament. The discerning Josiah Tucker sum-med
up the philosophical conflict in the Universal Magazine in
1775, "The Colonists reason principally from what they appre-hend
ought originally to be the case,—to what in the future shall
or must be :—and the mother country from what actually was,
to what still ought to be." 56
As the attention of the colonists became focused on the con-stitutional
aspect of the struggle they became convinced that the
British constitution, their own charter, custom, and tradition
guaranteed self-government while geography, economic well-being,
and political integrity demanded it. Maurice Moore in his
1765 pamphlet, "Justice and policy of Taxing the American
Colonies in England," stated that what was needed was a union
"upon a foundation of equality" and quoted Cato's letter to the
effect that "human nature" demanded self-rule.57 "Moore's ideas
represent the thought of the controlling politicians of North
Carolina. As a wealthy plantation owner he was basically con-servative,
certainly not given to any radical democratic agita-tion
(later he joined in crushing the Regulator movement) , but
he was determined to leave control of North Carolina in the
hands of the Assembly.
Moore's pamphlet, which is the most complete expression of
North Carolina political thought of the Stamp Act period, de-velops
the concept of "no taxation without representation" as
the principal constitutional argument against the act. In this
he was merely elaborating upon the expression of the Assembly
in 1764. He reaffirmed the idea that the colonists enjoyed all
the "constitutional right, liberty, and privilege" of an English-
57 William K. Boyd, Some Eighteenth Century Tracts Concerning North Carolina (Raleigh,
1927), 173 et seq.
man including the right of taxation only by one's own repre-sentatives.
He scoffed at the idea that North Carolina was
virtually represented, since it was divided by "a thousand leagues
from Great-Britain" and could have no influence on British
legislation. Furthermore, he argued that the idea of virtual
representation had had its origin since North Carolina's charter
had been granted. The English Parliament could not be obeyed
because the charter had given them sovereign and complete legis-lative
power over their own affairs, and no people could be
governed by two sovereign legislatures.58
Moore completely repudiated the English doctrine of Parlia-mentary
supremacy. Grenville, as spokesman for the English
concept, answered all such arguments as directly as possible.
"That this kingdom has the sovereign, the supreme legislative
power over America is granted . . . and taxation is part of that
power," was his direct unequivocal statement.59 There were few
in England who would not have endorsed that statement com-pletely.
Without compromise on this basic constitutional rela-tionship
there could be only conflict between mother and
daughter.
Coupled with the problem of sovereignty and giving the
colonial opposition vigor was the tenacity with which the North
Carolina plantation aristocracy held to their control of the
Assembly. The "Cape" and "Sound" factions had gradually
drawn together in opposition to the growing West. With control
apparently firmly fixed in their hands, the planters were enjoy-ing
the fruits of cooperation in the form of taxation by head and
administration by eastern officials. The Stamp Act represented a
threat to this control. On at least one point England and her
colonies understood each other. Both realized that if any part of
the act was accepted the precedent would be established for
further taxation, regulation and control. A North Carolina dele-gation
expressed the idea to Governor Tryon in refusing to
". . . assent to the payment of the smaller Stamp : An Admission
of Part, would put it out of our Power to refuse with any Pro-priety,
a Submission to the Whole. . .
." 60 George III expressed
the same idea when he asked for modification of the act in hopes
58 Boyd, Some Eighteenth Century Tracts, 165 et seq.
50 Cobbett, Parliamentary History, XVI, 101.
eo Colonial Records, VII, 129.
that it would placate the colonists, ". * . any part remaining suf-ficiently
ascertained the Right of the Mother Country to tax its
Colonys "61
Grenville realized it would be necessary to gain control over
taxation if England was to have any control over colonial gov-ernment.
Political domination of the colonies, like the stamp
tax, was not exclusively a Grenville policy, but was the under-lying
goal of English policy from the close of the French and
Indian War to the Revolution. The king's speech of January 10,
1765, just before the passage of the Stamp Act, emphasized the
desire for ". . . promoting the obedience to laws, and respect to
the legislative authority." In the king's speech closing Parlia-ment
after the passage of the act he thanked the members of
Parliament for "framing such regulations."62 Grenville in his
speeches defending the stamp tax constantly referred to the
colonial obligation to obey Parliament.63 To escape this obligation
North Carolina's plantation aristocrats led the opposition against
English taxation and control—control that would have affected
the large landowners more than any other class, since all other
classes were already obeying a government not of their direct
choosing.
Just how early and from what sources the opposition to the
Stamp Act began is difficult to determine. Certainly by the latter
part of June, 1765, North Carolinians were discussing at length
the reported action of the northern assemblies in resisting the
stamp tax.64 Both the governors of North and South Carolina
later insisted that the southern colonies were only following the
lead of the more "northward provinces."65 James Murray, who
had recently moved from North Carolina to Boston, did not agree
with the Carolina governors as he considered the southern
colonies more aggressive in their attitude than the northern
colonies.66
There were reported minor public demonstrations in the sum-mer
of 1765 at Cross-Creek, New Bern, and Edenton.67 On Oc-
61 John William Fortescue, The Correspondence of King George the Third (London, 1927),
62 Cobbett, Parliamentary History, XVI, 2, 80 et seq.
64 North Carolina Items from the South Carolina Gazette (typed copy in the North Caro-lina
Department of Archives and History, Raleigh), III, 119.
5 Tryon's Letter Book, 25, 34. Arthur Meier Schlesinger, "The Colonial Merchants and
the American Revolution," Columbia University Studies in History, Economics and Public
Law (1918), LXXVIII, 73.
66 James Murray, Letters of James Murray, Loyalist (Boston, 1901), 115.
67 R. D. W. Connor, History of North Carolina (Chicago, 1919), I, 321.
tober 19, 1765, the citizens of Wilmington, in town for a
Saturday evening, staged a spontaneous, boisterous, and some-what
fluid demonstration, complete with effigies of the Stamp
Agent Houston, tar barrel bonfires, and frequent and enthusi-astic
toasts.68 This was apparently the only spontaneous action
in North Carolina. One of the most distinctive aspects of the
American Revolution is the absence of anarchy and mob rule.
The English policy of leaving the colonies more or less alone had
produced a desire among the colonists for an increasing role in
their own government. But the period of neglect also produced a
number of men who could lead and organize the people.
Apparently the Wilmington Saturday affair had been so well
received that it was decided to incorporate the Stamp Act theme
into the Halloween festivities of the same month. In a setting
true to Allhallows' Evening customs of bonfires and resurrected
... a great Number of People again assembled, and produced an
Effigy of Liberty, which they put in a Coffin, and marched in
solemn Procession with it to the Church-Yard, a Drum in Mourn-ing
beating before them, and the Town Bell, muffled, ringing a
doleful Knell at the same Time :—But before they committed the
Body to the Ground, they thought it advisable to feel its Pulse
and when finding some Remain of Life, they returned back to a
Bonfire ready prepared, placed the Effigy before it in a large
Two-arm'd Chair, and concluded the Evening with great Re-joicings
on finding that Liberty had still an Existence in the
Two weeks later Dr. Houston, the colonial stamp agent, found
it necessary to come to town on a Saturday, a most unfortunate
choice of days. The usual Saturday crowd, looking for diversion,
soon found it in the good doctor. He was immediately sur-rounded
by three or four hundred people who forced him to
resign his commission. Then after ". . . Several Sorts of Liquor,
were . . . drank in great Form and all the favorite American
Toasts . . . ," the crowd pushed (or staggered) on to the print
shop. After appropriate threats Andrew Steuart was forced
to print the famous death's head paper without stamps.70 Up
to this point leadership had been nebulous and the whole affair
a8 Colonial Records, VII, 123. w Colonial Records, VII, 124.
70 Colonial Records, VII, 124 et seq.
carried off in spirit of frivolous holiday diversion and not based
on any formalized theory of opposition. But beneath the antics
of the people there was real and, to Tryon's way of thinking,
dangerous opposition to royal authority.
Governor Tryon represents the major source of royalist
strength in North Carolina. Probably no colonial governor
worked more for or understood better the people of North
Carolina. Although he was vain and given to ostentatious dis-play
he was an astute, diplomatic politician. Before he left the
governorship he won the respect of the planter class, the Indians,
Anglicans, Presbyterians, Moravians, Germans, and the Council
and Assembly. The Anglican minister, George Micklejohn, spoke
of him as ". . . defender and friend, the Patron and nursing
father of the Church."71 He won the Presbyterian gratitude
by securing for them the right of their ministers to perform
marriages.72 In his visit to Bethabara, he and Mrs. Tryon had
apparently captivated the Moravians with their charm, interest
and good will.73 The Cherokee renamed him with respectful
dignity the Great Wolf. But probably the best criteria of his
success is the fact that he received all the appropriations he
asked for and left the colony with his salary paid in full. Tryon
was justly respected and he exerted all the pressure he felt
justifiable to secure colonial rights. He did not favor the Stamp
Act and wrote the Board of Trade that he believed it impractical
and destined to fail.74 But in spite of this feeling, Tryon, the
soldier, was also committed to execute the orders given him
by the British Government. Governor Tryon is the perfect il-lustration
of the conscientious colonial governor caught between
loyalty to the crown and to the people under his commission.
As the public demonstrations began to develop into directed
projects Tryon tried to gain the cooperation of the political
leaders. Early in November Tryon called some fifty of the most
prominent men of Brunswick, New Hanover, and Bladen coun-ties
to a conciliatory banquet. In an address to these men he
sympathized with the colonial position, expressed the idea that
the act was unworkable, and offered to use his considerable in-
71 Colonial Records, VII, 520.
72 M. DeLancey Haywood, Governor William Tryon (Raleigh, 1903), 18.
73 John Henry Clewell, History of Wachovia in North Carolina (New York, 1902), 98
et seq.
74 Tryon's Letter Book, 25.
fluence in their behalf with the home government. Meantime,
since the laws must be obeyed, he personally offered to grant
free liquor licenses to a number of towns.75 Perhaps because
the early acts of opposition were liberally spiked with a variety
of potent beverages Tryon thought he could bribe the citizenery
by playing up to their thirst. But colonial thinking had gone
beyond the stage where it could be swayed by any but the most
basic concessions. The constitutional implications of the issue
were becoming clarified and Tryon's offer was summarily re-jected
on the ground that to submit to part of the act would
place the colonists under the obligation of submitting to the
constitutional principle of English taxation which implied
English domination of internal colonial affairs.
By rejecting Tryon's offer the leaders had committed them-selves
to resistance. The first test came when the sloop Diligence
with the stamps aboard anchored at Brunswick. Hugh Waddell,
the local hero of the French and Indian War, and John Ashe,
the leading local orator, led an armed body of men which
prevented the landing of the stamps. Tryon saw fit to ignore
reporting this treason to England and continued his efforts to
get the act repealed. Although he might conceal from England
the armed resistance to law, he was determined to see that the
laws were obeyed as nearly as possible. With the assistance of
the judges he prevented all the legal business from being con-ducted
in the courts.76 Captain Phipps of the Diligence com-pleted
the picture of business stagnation by placing restrictions
on shipping on the Cape Fear River. Ministers complained be-cause
their salaries, letters, and building program were held
up.77 Marriages, law suits, debt collection, binding contracts,
and franchises were delayed indefinitely. The high spirit in
which opposition had begun changed to depression and antag-onism.
Rev. Reed spoke of the people as being ". . . very uneasy,
discontented and dejected." 78 Andrew Steuart wrote of the
threats to horsewhip him if he did not print a certain letter.
He then proceeded to print an inflammatory letter calling on the
people to "Rouze" and resist with arms the confiscation of
property.79
™ Colonial Records, VII, 127.
76 Tryon's Letter Book, 25 et seq.
77 Colonial Record, VII, 135, 154, 162.
In this charged atmosphere rumor began circulating indi-cating
that Cape Fear was "the only spot on the continent" in
which the Stamp Act was enforced.80 It was certainly more
than a rumor that all trade on the Cape Fear had stopped. The
Diligence had been joined by another sloop, the Viper, and these
two ships were rigidly enforcing the customs and stamp regu-lations.
Three ships were seized for violation of navigation
laws by the end of January81 and in January and February
three more vessels were seized for violating the Stamp Act.82
Reports arriving from the north indicated that no relief could
be expected from England. Tryon had prorogued the assembly
so that there was no legal means of redressing grievances. The
last hope of legal assistance died when the attorney general
backed the action of the British naval officers and Tryon, in-cluding
the right to have cases of seizures tried in the Halifax,
Nova Scotia, Admiralty Court. To the North Carolinian, dis-turbed
by rumor of discrimination while other colonies were
reaping a harvest of trade, confronted by the real and arbitrary
royal restrictions, and balked at every attempt to secure legal
redress, it was only natural that in seeking relief his mind
should turn to illegal methods.
Almost immediately on learning of the Attorney General's
action the citizens of Wilmington organized an association for
the purpose of "preventing entirely the Operation of the Stamp
Act," the preservation of property, and opening the Carolina
ports. Officers were chosen and the day after the association
was organized (February 19), an oath was taken to resist the
stamp tax to death, and an armed company of over a thousand
men marched on Brunswick. The next morning a delegation from
the association held a conference with the ship captains and
custom officials. A promise was gained from the officials for
the return of the three captured ships and a temporary opening
of the ports. Apparently this would have satisfied the more
conservative leaders, but it did not give complete satisfaction
to the rest of the association, who were not in a compromising
mood. So the whole company remained another day in order
to extract a promise from the officials that they would never
80 Colonial Records, VII, 168a et seq.
82 Colanial Records, VII, 168e.
try to enforce the Stamp Act.83 Once again all the officials, with
the exception of Pennington, yielded without resistance. Penn-ington,
the comptroller of Brunswick, had sought the protection
of the governor's house the night before. Early the next morning
Tryon saw Pennington and George Moore, one of the association
officers, leaving his house. The governor called them back and
refused to let the comptroller leave. The house was immediately
surrounded, notes were exchanged, and finally Cornelius Harnett
and George Moore came as a delegation to demand that Penn-ington
be turned over to them. Connor calls the intense struggle
that followed between Harnett and Tryon the most dramatic
in the Stamp Act struggle. 84 Both were men of considerable
force and they bandied the disposition of the polished Mr.
Pennington about as if he were not there. Pennington even-tually
decided that the future was less uncertain in the hands
of Harnett and his armed supporters and offered to leave with
him. This weakness so infuriated Tryon that he made him resign
his office before leaving the building. 85
Tryon was determined to do what he could to uphold the law.
In the evening he visited Capt. Lobb of the Viper and repri-manded
him for giving in to the "armed inhabitants." He con-tinued
down to Fort Johnson, where he had the cannon put
into condition and the fort made ready for attack, all this in
spite of the fact that the fort was manned by only one sick
officer and two men.86 Tryon was determined "to repel Force
with Force."87 Although once calmed down after the humiliation
by Harnett he realized it was physically impossible to enforce
the issue in his present circumstance, the idea did not leave his
mind. Throughout March and April of the next year he was
advising the Board of Trade on sending troops. 88
The colonists had gained their objective. The three impounded
ships were restored, the ports were opened, and the stamps
were not used. There was no reason for further disturbance.
With the single exception of tolerating commerce to enter with-out
stamps Tryon maintained the letter of the laws. Pennington
was reinstated and the customs office was in operation as far
83 Colonial Records, VII, 168d.
84 Connor, History of North Carolina, I, 326.
88 Colonial Records, VII, 189, 202.
as the old laws were concerned.89 The courts refused to treat
civil and criminal cases.90 The controversy had reached a stale-mate
in North Carolina and both sides were willing to await
the decision of the British Parliament. Although the colonists
had spurned previous compromise on immediate issues the spirit
of opposition had not progressed to the point where they had
lost faith in the ultimate justice of the English government.
The colonial mind placed its values on immediate concrete
objectives. As in the case of taxation, once an issue developed
involving other than immediate consequences the colonial passion
cooled. The North Carolinian could go to the extreme of treason
to gain the opening of the Cape Fear River, but he could not
justify the use of illegal means in electing representatives to
the Stamp Act Congress held outside his own state. Since Tryon
had prorogued the Assembly, no formal legal action was possible.
There was a desire on the part of many to attend, but it remained
a desire and not a conviction. However, the only colonial criti-cism
that Tryon received for his activities in the Stamp Act
struggle came because he had prevented the meeting of the
Assembly and consequently the cooperation of North Carolina
with the other colonies in the Stamp Act Congress.91
The mayor and corporation of Wilmington who had rebuked
Tryon for his action need not have lamented too bitterly their
inability to join the Stamp Act Congress protest. It was not
consideration of colonial petitions and rights that moved Par-liament
to repeal the Stamp Act. The movement for repeal was
led by Englishmen for considerations that affected Englishmen.
Of the many factors influencing the action of Parliament two
are paramount: English party politics and the agitation of the
English commercial interests.
The decline of American commerce was the most important
factor coming from this side of the Atlantic. North Carolinians
were pursuing a more effective course before they forced from
the royal officials the concessions that opened the Cape Fear
than they were afterwards. Much more effective than petitions
were items appearing in the London papers, such as that under
the date line of Wilmington describing the complete absence of
so Colonial Records, VII, 189.
trade there and the ruin of the tar and turpentine industry.92
For while the colonists were waiting with what Thompson called
"patience and temper, tho with much anxiety and distress of
mind," the English merchants and laborers were equally
agitated.93 In September the papers of England began reporting
numerous petitions ". . . all complaining of the great decay in
trade to the North American colonies, owing to the late obstruc-tions
and embarrassments laid thereon, and praying for relief." 94
There was a real fear of loss of trade, not only temporarily but
permanently. Franklin played on this emotion in his propaganda
articles in the English press and for once there apparently was
some truth to his stories. The South Carolina Gazette carried a
story that South Carolina was copying the North Carolina
policy of establishing looms to escape purchasing English
cloth.95 Petitions from the manufacturing towns and boroughs
poured into Parliament expressing the fear of loss of both raw
materials and markets.96 Although the point was played down
in Parliamentary debate there were voiced fears of such losses
and the influence of the mercantile interest on the question was
fully realized in England at the time.97
The party aspect of repeal revolved around the attempt of
the Pitt faction to discredit the government and specifically to
restrict the influence of the king. To gain public support Pitt
championed the repeal of the Stamp Act and, assisted by Judge
Pratt (Lord Camden), fought the issue on the basis of con-stitutional
principles.98 This explains the reason for the high
theoretical level at which the debates were carried on—debates
which were echoed in the colonies and influenced the philosophi-cal
tone of the colonial arguments.
Contrary to the North Carolina position, it was not theoretical
considerations that were of paramount importance in English
thinking, for in the end it was not constitutional arguments
that prevailed but rather the practical idea of expediency. The
group that secured the repeal was the one that believed Parlia-
02 D. L. Coi-bitt, "Historical Notes," The North Carolina Historical Review, II (July, 1925),
93 "Thomson Papers, 1765-1816," Collections of the New-York Historical Society (1878),
XI, 15.
05 North Carolina Items from the South Carolina Gazette, III, 132.
™ The Annual Register (London, 1803), IX, 35.
97 The Annual Register, IX, 36; Hinkhouse, Preliminaries of the American Revolution, 78
et seq.; Cobbett, Parliamentary History, XVI, 110.
C8 A. V. Ruville, William Pitt, Earl of Chatham (London, 1907), III, 162.
ment had the right to tax the colonies but felt it inexpedient
because "the duty was not adapted to colonial conditions" and
was "ruinous to British trade/'99 The members might not be-lieve
in colonial poverty or they might reject the colonial concept
of the constitution or Pitt's theories of taxation, but no one
could deny that commerce had been adversely affected. The
repeal had not been an unconditional surrender. For the repeal
had been linked with a Declaratory Act giving Parliament ". . .
full power & Authority to make Laws & Statutes ... in all
Cases Whatsoever."100
North Carolina chose to ignore the Declaratory Act but was
somewhat less enthusiastic than the other colonies that were
caught by the upsurge of patriotism that swept the country.
Formal expressions of thanks and loyalty were sent from the
mayor and corporation of Wilmington and from the Assembly.101
The colony did not erect a lead statue of George III, as Massa-chusetts
did, to be melted down later for bullets, but it did,
according to Williamson, finance the £15,000 Tryon Palace as
an act of gratitude.102 Certainly there was no standing antago-nism
between Governor Tryon and those who had participated
in the opposition. As early as May 6, 1766, the governor had
recommended Colonel Thomas Lloyd, one of the leaders of the
Brunswick opposition, to a seat in the Council.103 During the
Regulators' War he appointed to the ranking military position
every recorded leader of the Stamp Act opposition. Even though
good feeling did develop, neither the governor nor the opposition
retracted one statement or action made during the crisis or
changed their political conviction in any point. Of all the op-ponents
of the governor during this time only one apologized
to him for the insults to his person.104 The Corporation of Wil-mington
was quick to defend its position when Tryon under-took
to administer a polite reprimand for its part in the affair.
Tryon wisely dropped the matter before it developed into an
acrimonious quarrel.105
Actually the repeal of the Stamp Act had settled nothing.
There was no compromise on the basic issue of sovereignty and
100 Fortescue, The Correspondence of King George the Third, 262.
101 Colonial Records, VII, 223, 298.
102 Hugh Williamson, The History of North Carolina (Philadelphia, 1812), 123.
103 Colonial Records, VII, 206.
105 Colonial Records, VII, 222-223, 242-243,
there were no governmental reforms.106 Charles Lee had pre-dicted
correctly in 1767 that the affection and loyalty in the
colonies would exist only so long as England made no attempt
to tax the colonies. 107 But the Stamp Act struggle did more
than strengthen the old resolution to resist taxation. Opposition
to the duty had begun on an independent basis in the colonies,
but the organization of the Sons of Liberty which spread to
nearly all the colonies and apparently flourished in North
Carolina, the exchange of resolutions, proclamations, and cor-respondence,
and the meeting of the Stamp Act Congress had
developed a strong sentiment for united action. North Carolina
had not participated in the Stamp Act Congress, but there was
growing regret that she had not. In the future she would tend
to associate her interests with those of her sister colonies.
Schlesinger considered the chief importance of the Stamp Act
to be the ". . . common ground on which the planting provinces
might join with the commercial provinces in protest."108
Lee was not alone in predicting future opposition. The report
of the customs officials of North Carolina in November, 1769,
emphasized the fact that ". . . it becomes popular to resist &
oppose such [revenue] laws and hence [those] whose Duty it
is to execute them incur the odium & resentment of the people
. . . and every attempt to regulate Trade or raise a Revenue
in the Plantation will only afford matter of opposition. . . ," 109
The prophecy was borne out with the passage of the Townshend
Duties. Church officials also noted the rebellious spirit among
the people. Since rebellion had proven useful and successful
techniques of opposition had been developed, it was only natural,
to a practical-minded people, that they should put these new
ideas and tools into operation to meet other problems. Andrew
Morton, writing to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel
in August, 1766, described "a solemn league and covenant" that
was drawn up in Mecklenburg to oppose the establishment of
the Anglican Church which the citizens considered ". . . as
oppressive as the Stamp Act and were determined to prevent
108 There was created in England in 1768 an "American Department," but it was not
created because of the colonial opposition but only as a political maneuver and it did not
change the nature or source of colonial policies. See M. W. Spector, The American Depart-ment
of the British Government (New York, 1940).
107 Charles Lee, "The Lee Papers," Collections of the New-York Historical Society (1871),
108 Schlesinger, "The Colonial Merchants and the American Revolution," 65.
io» pro, Treasury Board Letters, Bundle 474, fo. 454.
its taking place, there by opposing the settlement of any min-ister.
." no This was a practical application on a local scale
of the lessons and techniques learned during the Stamp Act
struggle. The same sort of application on a wider scale led the
Regulators into a colonial civil war. Just how much the eastern
activities had molded the thinking of the back country can be
seen in the Regulators' advertisement of August, 1766.
Whereas that great good may come of this great designed Evil
the Stamp Law while the sons of Liberty withstood the Lords
in Parliament in behalf of true Liberty let not Officers under
them carry on unjust Oppression in our own Province ... it
is our Duty as well as right to see & examine where such rulers
abuse such trust. . . .
Let each Neighborhood throughout the country meet together
and appoint one or more men to attend a general meeting on
Monday . . . while men are men though you should see all
those Sons of Liberty (who has just now redeemed us from
tyranny) set in Office and vested with power they would soon
corrupt again and oppress if they were not called upon to give
an account of their Stewardship. 111
The concept of the right and duty of redressing grievances
by other than legal means, the doctrine of local self-rule, and
the method of opposition through local associations were bor-rowed
from the Stamp Act opponents. Certain of their grievances
arose from or were colored by the earlier opposition. The four
major grievances of the Regulators were excessive taxes, dis-honest
officials, and extortionate fees which went unredressed
because of the system of centralized office-holding. 112 The defeat
of the attempt by Grenville to change colonial relationship with
England left North Carolina's government in the hands of a
few eastern planters. Thus there would be no change in colonial
officials or taxation. The building of Tryon's Palace, if we accept
Williamson's point of view, arose from the Stamp Act crisis
and the burden of payment rested on the poll tax system which
was so odious to the West. As for the excessive fees, there had
been complaints on this score before any active opposition to
the Stamp Act had developed. 113 But from November 1, 1765,
to July, 1766, no business had been transacted by the courts.
110 Colonial Records, VII, 252 et seq.
111 Lee, "The Lee Papers," I, 249-250.
112 Connor, History of North Carolina, 303.
113 See the Nutbush Address, Colonial Records, VII, 89-90.
As a result a great backlog of legal business accumulated in the
courts. At the Halifax (North Carolina) Superior Court alone
the docket in April contained nearly one thousand civil cases.114
When the courts were opened in July a flood of fees, fines and
judgments overwhelmed the people, making the ordinary evils
seem a hundred times more vicious.
When the Regulators saw the futility of attempting legal
methods of redressing grievances they attempted local associa-tions
to give more strength to their demands. The eastern
politicians were quick to grasp the danger of their political
position in the colony and to their theoretical arguments abroad.
The Regulators' opposition to colonial-enacted laws certainly
refuted the repeated statement made by the Americans that
the colonists would willingly contribute to any taxation if it
were levied by their own legislature.
The struggle in the early 1770's when compared to that of
1766 varies only in degree, between lower units of government,
and not in basic issues of reasoning on the part of those in-volved.
The demand for political control of the back country,
no taxation unless by their own representatives, and opposition
to foreign (in this case eastern) courts and officials correspond
to similar motives on the part of the eastern planters in the
earlier dispute. The essence of the Regulator movement was a
demand for equality of political privilege and participation which
in turn meant local or self-control. The Stamp Act opponents
in 1766 did not want a change of government, nor did the
Regulators want more than a correction of the evils that existed
in provincial government.115
In its total effect the Stamp Act struggle in North Carolina
contributed to the ideas, grievances, and methods of the intra-colonial
civil war, created a strong feeling for colonial inde-pendence
and intercolonial cooperation, and helped formulate
the basic philosophy of the struggle that led to the American
Revolution. But the primary importance of the Stamp Act
resistance was to release the mind of the North Carolinians
from the unthinking acceptance of the "Old Colonial System"
by focusing their attention on the fundamental nature of the
114 Colonial Records, VII, 199 et seq.; 248.
115 Elmer D. Johnson, The War of the Regulators (unpublished master's thesis, University of
North Carolina, 1942), 145.
system and a consideration of what that system ought to be.
The result of their studied consideration was a demand for
local control of North Carolina with equal status with every
other unit of the Empire. This was diametrically opposed to
the English theory of colonial inferiority and dependence and
represented a basic difference in constitutional theory which
was not to be reconciled. The colonists would accept nothing
less, and England would grant nothing more than she had
granted. Since the success of the opposition in 1766 had turned
the colonial mind from compromise and England came to be
convinced of the folly of appeasement, only complete independ-ence
or complete dependence could settle the issue.
THE ANTE-BELLUM PROFESSIONAL
THEATER IN RALEIGH
By Donald J. Rulfs
Although we are told that the first State House in Raleigh,
completed in November, 1794, was frequently used for "theatri-cal
representations" and "sleight of hand performances,"1 the
earliest newspaper notice of professional entertainment was an
advertisement in the Raleigh Register and North Carolina
Gazette for December 19, 1803, to the effect that Davenport
and Street's Wax Figures would be on exhibit at the court-house
beginning on December 26 and remaining through
January 2. A partial list of figures in the exhibit included
General Washington and his Lady, the Honorable John Adams,
His Excellency Thomas Jefferson, and General Bonaparte. There
were no further professional attractions until 1806 when Mr.
Rannie, a ventriloquist, advertised in the Register from August
18 through September 1 that he would soon visit the principal
towns in North Carolina, but he gave no specific dates for his
appearance in Raleigh. On November 26 of the same year,
Gross and Ollendorff Museum of Wax Figures gave notice
in the Register that the exhibition had already opened opposite
the courthouse and would leave town on November 26. There-after,
professional entertainment was not offered until after
the opening of the theater.
The first theater in Raleigh was on the lower floor of a
wooden building erected in 1814 on the northeast corner of
Morgan and Dawson streets by the Grand Lodge of North
Carolina Masons and, the Raleigh Lodge, Hiram No. 40, both
of which shared a lodge room on the upper floor. The lot was
donated by Theophilus Hunter, who also contributed one hundred
dollars to the building fund.2 On Friday, January 13, 1815, the
Star and North Carolina Gazette (Raleigh) announced that
the new theater, "the pride and ornament of our city," was
nearly completed and would be opened during the next week.
1 David L. Swain, Early Times in Raleigh (Raleigh: Waltei-s, Hughes, and Co., 1867) 7.
2 John Nichols, History of Hiram Lodge no. U0, Raleigh, N. C. [?] from 1800 to 1900 In-clusive
(Raleigh [?], 1900 [?]), 15-16.
[ 344 1
Ante-Bellum Professional Theater 345
The writer for the Star, who signed himself "Dramaticus,"
stated that ". . . the most competent judges have pronounced
both the model and execution of the building, to be superior
to that of any theatre of its dimensions in America,"3 and
Alexander Lucas, Grand Secretary of the Grand Lodge,4 was
designated as manager and architect. At the annual meeting of
the Grand Lodge in Raleigh during the late fall of 1817, Lucas,
in reporting on the finishing touches that were being made to
the building, stated that it had recently received two coats of
paint on the outside and that the staircase was being improved.
He added that "It was considered that the shutters would be an
equal benefit to the Theatre and the Lodge, and it was agreed
on the part of the proprietors of the Theatre, that they would
sustain one-half the expense of the shutters."5
The first performance in the new theater was offered by the
Raleigh Thespian Society, which had been organized at an
uncertain date in the early 1800's and which had been offering
amateur productions in the Raleigh Academy Building, com-pleted
in January, 1804,6 and located on Burke Square, present
site of the Governor's Mansion.7 Apparently there was a delay
in the opening of the theater because the only newspaper notice
after the initial account in the Star for January 13 was an
advertisement in the Register for January 27 to the effect that
the plays for that evening would be Thomas Morton's Secrets
Worth Knowing, or the Young Architect, and, in accordance
with a long established custom in the English and American
theater, an afterpiece in the form of the anonymous farce The
Bee Hive, or Industry Must Prosper. During the remainder of
the year productions were advertised by the Thespians for
April 24, May 15, and November 10. This capable amateur
group had been incorporated by an act of the General Assembly
in 1814.8
The Masonic Lodge seems to have sold the theater to the
Thespians. From September 21 through November 16, 1821, the
3 Review quoted in full by Archibald Henderson, North Carolina, the Old North State and
the New (Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co., 1941), II, 662-663.
4 Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of North Carolina and Tennessee from A. L. 5804, A. D.
1804, to A. L. 5840, A. D. 1840 (Oxford, N. C: Orphan Asylum Press, 1909), Proceed-ings
1814-1819, passim.
5 Proceedings of the Grand Lodge, 1817, 9-10.
6 Henderson, North Carolina, II, 660.
7 Swain, Early Times in Raleigh, "Map of Raleigh for 1834," opposite p. 24.
theater was advertised in the Register for rent, and the notice
stated that letters of inquiry were to be addressed to the presi-dent
of the Thespian Society. Eight years later the Grand Lodge
appointed a committee on December 18, 1829, to investigate the
possibility of acquiring the theater, but the group reported on
December 23 that it would be "inexpedient to purchase at
present/'9 Two years later the matter was still pressing, and
at a meeting on December 7, 1831, R. Haywood introduced the
following resolution:
That whereas the Grand Lodge has been frequently incom-moded
by players, jugglers, and others, who have rented the
theatre attached to the Grand Lodge ; and whereas the safety of
the Grand Lodge is endangered thereby; and whereas it is
understood that said theatre will be sold in a short time at public
sale, under and by virtue of a deed in trust: be it therefore
Resolved, That a committee of three persons be appointed to
purchase said theatre, provided it does not sell for more than
dollars : . . ,"»
The committee found that the theater was for sale for $246.59
by the Bank of New Bern, which apparently held a mortgage
on the Thespians' property, and on December 31 a committee
of four was voted permission to make the purchase. That the
theater was still owned by the Lodge four years later is evi-denced
by the following letter which was submitted by Henry W.
Preston, manager of a traveling company, and which was read
at a meeting on December 15, 1835:
To the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of North Carolina:
The undersigned respectfully showeth : That he has rented the
Theatre belonging to your body, for which he pays $20 per
week : That he has gone to considerable expense in painting and
repairing the front of said building: That he finds the Scenery
in miserable order, and much in want of repainting and repair-ing
; the cost of which he estimates at $50 or $60. He prays that
he may be allowed to repair said Scenery, and that your body
will allow him the use of said building a fortnight as Compen-sation
therefor.
December 12, 1835 H. W. Preston
At the December 20 meeting Preston's request was granted.11
Five years later the Lodge paid F. H. Reeder $20.50 "for work
* Proceedings of the Grand Lodge, 1829, 13-15.
10 Proceedings of the Grand Lodge, 1831, 5-6.
11 Proceedings of the Grand Lodge, 1835, 12-13.
done on chimney and stove in theatre."12 The last professional
performance in the building was on January 8, 1841, as will
be indicated below, but the structure was identified on maps
of Raleigh for 1847 and 1872.13 It was finally abandoned in
The first professional performance in the new theater oc-curred
on November 22, 1816, when a Mr. Philibert offered a
program of "upwards of over 260 of the most wonderful and
curious performances in Tumbling," according to his advertise-ment
in the Register for that date. During the next spring, on
April 25, 1817, the Register advertised that James H. Caldwell,
a popular actor-manager in the South, would appear for one
more evening on April 26 in "A Dramatic Olio from Shakespeare,
Otway, and Morton" and the anonymous farce Three and the
Deuce, assisted by the gentlemen of the Thespian Society. During
the next year, on June 26, 1818, the Register announced that
"We are authorized to say that Mr. Caldwell and a part of his
Company are now at Petersburg, and when joined by the re-mainder,
will set off instantly for this place." The notice con-tinued
to the effect that the group planned to open with Charles
Kemble's The Point of Honor, or School for Soldiers and J. T.
Allingham's farce Fortune's Frolic, but with no date for the
opening. Caldwell was a native of England who had made his
debut on the American stage at the Charleston Theater in
November, 1816, and who later became the manager of theaters
in several southern cities.15 He did not advertise the titles of
plays offered in Raleigh after the opening night but probably
relied upon the distribution of daily handbills. In fact, the
Register for July 17 stated that "The theater continues to be
numerously and fashionably attended. The Patronage afforded
it (in proportion to the population of Raleigh) it is believed,
has never been surpassed in America." The length of the engage-ment
is uncertain.
On the following September 11, Mr. Handel opened at the
theater for a few nights with performances of "Apparent Necro-
12 Proceedings of the Grand Lodge, 1840, 10.
13 Swain, Early Times in Raleigh, "Map of Raleigh for 1847," opposite p. 41; "Bird's Eye
View of the City of Raleigh. North Carolina, 1872," drawn by C. N. Drie.
14 Nichols, History of Hiram Lodge no. U0, 16.
15 T. Allston Brown, History of the American Stage ( New York : Dick and Fitzgerald,
1870), 61; N. M. Ludlow, Dramatic Life As I Found It (St. Louis: I. Jones and Co., 1880),
passim.
mancy, consisting of Magical, Mathematical, and Philosophical
Experiments, with a variety of elegant feats by dexterity of
hand."16 On Monday, November 16, of the same year during the
session of the General Assembly, the theater was opened by an
unidentified company,17 but the weekly advertisement appearing
in the Register on November 20 indicated that the offering for
that evening would be Mrs. Elizabeth Inchbald's The Midnight
Hour and Prince Hoare's farce No Song, No Supper, followed
on the next evening by George Lillo's George Barnwell and John
O'Keefe's The Poor Soldier. A week later, on November 27,
George Coleman the Younger's The Mountaineers was adver-tised
as the main play for that evening and Charles Kemble's
The Point of Honor for the next night. These selected titles
indicate that the company offered the most popular contem-porary
English and American plays, apparently with a nightly
change of program for an engagement of at least two weeks.
There was no further professional entertainment for more
than three years. From September 21 through November 16,
1821, the theater was advertised in the Register for rent at ten
dollars a night, "exclusive of the bar," and it was suggested that
"a small but respectable Company of Comedians" would do well
during the sitting of the Assembly and "for some time before
and after." A note at the end stated that the advertisement
was to be inserted in the Charleston Courier and the Augusta
Advertiser once a week for four weeks and that letters of inquiry
were to be addressed to the president of the Thespian Society.
Although there was no evidence for two years of a reply to the
advertisement by a full dramatic company, in the meantime,
Mr. Lewis and his five children, "the oldest eleven, the youngest
three," gave concerts at the theater on January 4 and 5, 1822 ;
Mr. Charles, a magician and sword swallower, appeared in
Mrs. Jeter's Long Room within the same year on July 11, 12,
and 13 ;
19 and Mr. Potter, ventriloquist, opened at the theater
on the following September 26 for a brief engagement.20
The delayed response to the "for rent" advertisement came
during the session of the Assembly in the fall of 1823 when
16 Register, September 11, 1818.
17 Register, November 20, 1818.
18 Register, January 4, 1822.
18 Register, July 12, 1822.
Messrs. Herbert and Drummond, "from the Theatres of New
York, Philadelphia, and Boston," according to their advertise-ment,
opened the theater on November 28 with John Home's
Douglas and Coleman the Younger's The Blue Devils. The man-agers
were John Herbert, an English actor who had made his
American debut at the Chestnut Street Theater in Philadelphia
during 1817, and W. C. Drummond, also an Englishman, who
had first appeared in this country at the Holiday Street Theater
in Baltimore in 1810.21 Performances were announced for Mon-day,
Wednesday, and Friday evenings only, tickets were to be
one dollar with children half price, and the theater bar was
to be sublet as a concession. The company remained for three
weeks through December 19, offering such popular pieces as
John Howard Payne's The Maid and the Magpie, a melodrama,
on December 5 ; James Kenney's Matrimony, sl comedy, on
December 12; and The Forty Thieves, an anonymous "Grand
Operatical Romance," according to the advertisement, on
During the following spring, Mr. Nichols, a ventriloquist,
appeared on March 30, 1824, at Goneke's Concert Hall, which
had been opened to the public during the preceding fall on
October 17 by J. F. Goneke. Upon its opening, the building
was advertised as a "Restoratory and Concert Hall" and appears
to have been a combination grocery store, music store, and
concert hall located on the west side of Fayetteville Street.22
Nichols returned for another engagement at Goneke's on April 8.
On the following June 15, John Herbert again announced him-self
in the Register as the manager of the theater and stated
that he had engaged Frederick Brown of the Charleston Theater
"for a few nights" and would open on June 16 with perform-ances
on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday evenings. There was
a delay, however, because the advertisement for June 18 an-nounced
the performance for that evening, Pizarro, as Brown's
first night and added that he had been engaged for five nights.
Brown, a native of England, was doubtless the most talented
professional performer to appear in Raleigh to that date. He
had been a member of the excellent Charleston Company since
21 Brown, History of the American Staae, 106 and 171.
22 Register, October 17, 1823.
1816 and had been acting manager of that theater during the
season 1823-1824, which had closed in Charleston on May 26.23
Pizarro, the play for the opening night of Brown's Raleigh
engagement, was a very popular melodrama by the German
playwright August von Kotzebue, and the translation could
have been one by William Dunlap, Richard Brinsley Sheridan,
or Charles Smith. In this performance Brown took the part of
Rolla ; Herbert played Pizarro ; Mr. Hartwig, advertised as being
from the Boston Theater, played Alonzo; Mrs. Hartwig played
Elvira ; and Mrs. Johns, of the Montreal Theater, took the role of
Cora. At the end of the play Brown delivered William Collins's
famous "Ode on the Passions," accompanied by the "original and
appropriate Music," and the anonymous farce The Rendezvous
followed. Brown's last night was on July 2, when he appeared
in John Banim's Damon and Pythias. After his departure the
company offered one more production on July 5 in the form of
M. M. Noah's The Plains of Chippewa, which was advertised as
having been offered in the principal cities of the United States
"with uncommon admiration."24 It should be noted that this
brief summer season of two weeks and one day was of special
significance in that the Assembly was not in session, and the
company was supported only by the local population, which
was 2,674 in 1820.
Herbert returned as manager during the fall of the same
year and opened the theater on November 12, 1824, with Monk
Lewis's The Castle Spectre and the anonymous farce Married
Yesterday for an engagement of five weeks through December
17, with performances three times a week. In a special notice in
the Register for December 7, Herbert, in connection with a pub-lic
announcement of the theft of $8.74 by the ticket taker of
the theater, designated himself as "manager of the Theatres in
North Carolina and Virginia," and later he became a member
of the Charleston Company from 1826 through 1828 and during
the season 1837-1838.25
During Herbert's extended engagement some of the more
outstanding offerings were William Barnes's "Serio, Comico,
Musico, Tragico Burletta" Bombastes Furioso, which was pre-
23 W. Stanley Hoole, The Ante-Bellum Charleston Theatre (Tuscaloosa: University of
Alabama Press, 1946), 88-90 and 209.
2* Register, July 2, 1824.
25 Hoole, The Ante-Bellum Charleston Theatre, 214.
sented as an afterpiece on November 17; Charles Macklin's
Love a la Mode on November 26 ; John Howard Payne's popular
melodrama Adeline, or the Victim of Seduction on December 3
Samuel Woodworth's Lafayette, or the Castle of Olmutz on
December 8; and W. T. MoncriefFs musical extravaganza Tom
and Jerry on the final night, December 17. As a farewell gesture
the citizens of Raleigh gave Herbert a subscription ball at
Goneke's Hall on December 21,26 and the Thespian Society gave
a benefit performance, consisting of James Kenney's melodrama
Ella Rosenberg and J. T. Allingham's 'Tis All a Farce, on De-cember
25 for Mrs. Hartwig.27
After Herbert's company left, the theater remained dark for
almost four years. It was reopened on November 27, 1828, for
a two-night stand by Mr. Holland, ventriloquist, on his way to
Charleston and New Orleans.28 Within two weeks, on December
9, the Register announced that the theater had already opened
for a short season, probably on Monday, December 8, and that
it would be under the management of A. Keyser, with per-formances
on Monday, Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday. The
offerings for December 9 were David Garrick's popular Catherine
and Petruchio and William Macready's The Village Lawyer,
There were no further newspaper notices, but Keyser doubtless
relied upon the usual daily handbills.
During the next season Keyser gave notice in the Register
from September 24 through October 15, 1829, that he would
manage the theater again for a short season during the session
of the Legislature and that he had secured ". . . an excellent
Company, and trusts that his efforts to please will be met by
a corresponding degree of patronage from a liberal public."
From October 19 through November 2 he announced the group
engaged as that of W. Riddle, and the opening performance on
November 9 consisted of John Tobin's The Honey Moon and the
anonymous farce The Rendezvous. Performances were to be
nightly,29 but there were no further newspaper notices until
November 30, when John Howard Payne's melodrama Therese,
or the Orphan of China and the anonymous The Young Widow
were advertised for that evening. By that date the nightly
26 Register, December 17 and 21, 1824.
27 Register, December 24, 1824.
29 Register, November 5, 1829.
bills had been changed to Monday, Wednesday, Friday, and
Saturday offerings.
The November 30 issue of the Register contained an interest-ing
letter to the editor in which the writer, who signed himself
"Goldsmith and Co.," praised Therese as being "full of life and
incident, sound in its moral tone, and from the number of
interesting characters, well calculated to bring out the talent
of the Theatrical Corps." He concluded his remarks by stating
that "The unwearied exertions of the Company now performing
here to deserve and obtain public patronage, cannot but be ap-preciated
by all who are in the habit of visiting the Theatre."
There were no additional notices of this company, however,
and the theater again remained dark for five and a half years.
One reason for the neglect during these years was very probably
the development after 1825 of a strong antipathy to the drama
by the evangelical clergy and a certain portion of the population,
as indicated by Guion Johnson.30 In spite of the opposition,
however, the professional offerings did not cease altogether
since there were sporadic engagements of companies through
the last months of 1840. After that date professional entertain-ment
continued but not in the form of plays, as will be indicated
The theater was possibly reopened on August 18, 1835, by
Mr. Skelline, ventriloquist, who advertised in the Register for
that date that he would appear in Raleigh "for a few evenings
only," but he did not give the place of performance or specific
dates of the engagement. On the following November 5, how-ever,
Henry W. Preston made the following announcement in
the Star:
Having become the lessee of the principal Theatres in the State,
viz. Raleigh, Wilmington, and Newbern, he [Preston] has just
returned from the North, where he has succeeded in engaging,
from the different Theatres, a strong and efficient Corps Bra-matique,
whose talents cannot be surpassed by any stock com-pany
in the United States. He has added to his Company the
French dancer, Madame Vincent, from the Royal Opera, Paris.
Another announcement by Preston followed in the Register on
November 9 and 17 to the effect that the theater would be opened
80 Guion Griffis Johnson, Ante-Bellum North Carolina, a Social History (Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina Press, 1937), 178-179.
on November 16 and that 'The House, of late years, being so
neglected as to render it almost unfit and uncomfortable for
Ladies to enter, is now undergoing a thorough repair." The
lengthy notice presented details of the ornate redecorations,
such as "a warm painting of variegated colours, intermingled
with gold" on the proscenium and fronts of the boxes, festooned
draperies over the stage doors, and "figures of different shapes"
on the panel front of the boxes.31 There were no additional
notices concerning the opening production on November 16, but
on December 3 Isaac Pocock's melodrama Rob Roy MacGregor
was announced for that evening, with the anonymous farce
The Spectre Bridegroom and a highland fling by Madame
Vincent.32 Then Preston again ceased to advertise, but, as noted
above, he submitted a letter to the Grand Lodge on December 12
asking permission to use the theater for two additional weeks
free of rent because of his expenditures in renovating the
building, and his request was granted on December 20. This
would imply a total engagement of six weeks and four days.
During the next year there was only one performance at the
theater, that of Herr Zaionczek "for a few nights only," be-ginning
on December 26, 1836.33 His program was as follows:
Part I, Herr Zaionczek in gymnastic feats ; Part II, Mr. Maelzel's
Celebrated Automaton Rope Dancer ; and Part III, the Phantas-copal
Illusions, "in which will be displayed several Scriptural,
Historical, and Comic subjects." The theater then remained
closed for two years. From September 3 through October 1,
1838, it was advertised for rent, and the notice, signed by John
Marshall, stated that an efficient manager might make the
theater profitable during the session of the Assem
Title North Carolina historical review
Contributor North Carolina. Office of Archives and History.
North Carolina. Division of Archives and History.
North Carolina Historical Commission.
Date 1924; 1925; 1926; 1927; 1928; 1929; 1930; 1931; 1932; 1933; 1934; 1935; 1936; 1937; 1938; 1939; 1940; 1941; 1942; 1943; 1944; 1945; 1946; 1947; 1948; 1949; 1950; 1951; 1952; 1953; 1954; 1955; 1956; 1957; 1958; 1959; 1960; 1961; 1962; 1963; 1964; 1965; 1966; 1967
Subjects North Carolina--History--Periodicals
Place North Carolina, United States
Time Period (1900-1929) North Carolina's industrial revolution and World War One
(1929-1945) Depression and World War Two
(1945-1989) Post War/Cold War period
Description Vols. for 1924-Apr. 1943 published by the North Carolina Historical Commission; July 1943-spring 1972 by the State Dept. of Archives and History; summer 1972- by the Office of Archives and History; by the Division of Archives and History.
Publisher North Carolina Historical Commission
Agency-Current North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources
Rights Copyrighted Material see http://digital.ncdcr.gov/u?/p249901coll22,63752
Physical Characteristics v. : ill., ports., facsims. ; 23-26 cm.
Collection North Carolina State Documents Collection. State Library of North Carolina
Format Periodicals
Digital Collection North Carolina Digital State Documents Collection
Pres Local File Path-M \Preservation_content\StatePubs\pubs_serial_nchistoricalreview\images_master\
OCLC Number-Original 1760560
OCLC number 1760560
Title July 1952
Time Period (1945-1989) Post War/Cold War period
Publisher Raleigh : North Carolina Historical Commission
Physical Characteristics [a]: v. :[b]: ill., ports., facsims. ;[c]: 23-26 cm.
Digital Characteristics-A 14173 KB; 180 p.
Pres File Name-M pubs_serial_nchistoricalreview1952.pdf
Full Text THE > • > » North Carolina Historical Review Issued Quarterly Volume XXIX Number 3 JULY, 1952 Published by STATE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHIVES AND HISTORY Corner of Edenton and Salisbury streets Raleigh, N. C. » > > - - , > » > > THE NORTH CAROLINA HISTORICAL REVIEW vJ i * .... ... o e c , , • • • r ,.'<<( . CO* t ... . » • < ..,<.< I . ( i I < < ' ( < ' cc c t . . ( < ( ( t » . c < < c , ' ' ' ' ' " : ' l ' Published by the State Department of Archives and History Raleigh, N, C. Christopher Crittenden, Editor David Leroy Corbitt, Managing Editor ADVISORY EDITORIAL BOARD Walter Clinton Jackson Hugh Talmage Lepler Frontis Withers Johnston Douglas LeTell Rights George Myers Stephens STATE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHIVES AND HISTORY Benjamin Franklin Brown, Chairman Gertrude Sprague Carraway McDaniel Lewis Clarence W. Griffin Mrs. Sadie Smathers Patton William Thomas Laprade Mrs. Callie Pridgen Williams Christopher Crittenden, Director This review was established in January, 192b, as a medium of publication and discussion of history in North Carolina. It is issued to other institutions by exchange, but to the general public by subscription only. The regular price is $2.00 per year. To members of the State Literary and Historical Association there is a special price of $1.00 per year. Back numbers may be procured at the regular price of $2.00 per volume, or $.50 per number. The North Carolina Historical Review Volume XXIX Number 3 CONTENTS CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT IN 1590 305 Da\id B. Quinn THE MIND OF THE NORTH CAROLINA OPPONENTS OF THE STAMP ACT 317 C. Robert Haywood THE ANTE-BELLUM PROFESSIONAL THEATER IN RALEIGH 344 Donald J. Rulfs NORTH CAROLINA IN THE CONFEDERATE CONGRESS 359 Wilfred B. Yearns, Jr. PUBLIC LIBRARY EXTENSION IN NORTH CAROLINA AND THE WPA 379 Elaine von Oesen LETTERS FROM NORTH CAROLINA TO ANDREW JOHNSON 400 Elizabeth Gregory McPherson BOOK REVIEWS 432 Oates'S The Story of Fayetteville and the Upper Cape Fear—By Paul Murray; Walser's Inglis Fletcher of Bandon Plantation—By Chalmers G. Davidson; Baker's Mrs. G. I. Joe—By Percival Perry; Lewis's Northampton Parishes—By William S. Powell ; Hol-lis'S University of South Carolina. Volume I. South Carolina College—By J. Isaac Copeland; Williams's St. Michael's, Charleston, 1751-1951—By Lawrence F. Brewster; Easterby's The Journal of the Commons House of Assembly, September 12, 1739-March 26, 17Ul (The Colonial Records of South Carolina)—By Hugh T. Entered as second-class matter September 29, 1928, at the Post Office at Raleigh, North Carolina, under the act of March 3, 1879. [i] Lefler; Milling's Colonial South Carolina: Two Con-temporary Descriptions—By C. E. Cauthen; Wal-lace's History of Wofford College, 1851^-19^9—By Frontis W. Johnston; Schlegel's Conscripted City: Norfolk in World War II—By Horace W. Raper; Lawrence's Storm over Savannah: The Story of Count d'Estaing and the Siege of the Town in 1779 —By J. D. Applewhite; Woodward's Origins of the New South, 1877-1913—By JEFFERSON DAVIS Bragg; Murdoch's The Georgia-Florida Frontier, 1793- 1796—By Cecil Johnson; Freeman's George Wash-ington: A Biography—By Leonidas Dodson; Mon-tross'S Rag, Tag and Bobtail: The Story of the Continental Army, 1775-1783—By Hugh F. Rankin; McNair's Simon Cameron's Adventure in Iron, 1837- 181>6—By James W. Patton; Shott's The Railroad Monopoly: An Instrument of Banker Control of the American Economy—By C. K. Brown ; Thornbrough's A Friendly Mission: John Candler's Letters from America, 185 3-1 85 U —By Tinsley L. Spraggins; Mc- Allister's Business Executives and the Humanities— By Tinsley L. Spraggins; Paschal's Mr. Justice Sutherland: A Man Against the State—By Preston W. Edsall. LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 460 HISTORICAL NEWS 465 The North Carolina Historical Review Volume XXIX JULY, 1952 Number 3 CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT IN 1590 By David B. Quinn Captain Christopher Newport holds an honorable place in early Anglo-American history as the commander of the expedi-tion which left England in December, 1606, for the foundation of Jamestown and on account of his subsequent maritime activi-ties in support of the struggling colony. It is now known that it was only chance and misfortune which prevented him, sixteen years before the Jamestown expedition, from taking part in the search for the "Lost Colony" of Roanoke Island, for in 1590 he was in command of one of the vessels which was to call at Raleigh's Virginia for this purpose. For John White's last voyage the main authority has hitherto been his own journal which Hakluyt first published in 1600,1 but the very date of it has been misinterpreted, "in 1590" having been frequently taken, by the present writer amongst others,2 to mean 1591 since the journal begins on March 20, which was within the English official year March 25, 1590-March 24, 1591. Hakluyt in this case and some others was following the continental usage of beginning the year on January 1, and there is no doubt at all that 1590 is meant. There has now become avail-able a substantial amount of new material on this 1590 voyage, mainly referring to its West Indian phase. On the one hand, Miss Irene A. Wright has found at Seville valuable evidence which has just been published by the Hakluyt Society,3 showing the Spanish reactions to the activities of the English vessels. On the other hand, there have emerged from the records of the High Court of Admiralty in the Public Record Office, London, a num- 1 Richard Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, III (1600), 288-295, or VIII (Glasgow, 1904), 404-422 (to which subsequent references are given). Prefacing the journal is a letter from White to Hakluyt of February 4, 1593, or 1594. 2 E.g., in Raleigh and the British Empire (New York, 1949), 122-125. 3 Irene A. Wright, ed., Further English Voyages to Spanish America, 1583-1594, (London, The Hakluyt Society, 2nd ser., XCIX, 1951), 244-260, documents nos. 68-75. [ 305 ] 306 The North Carolina Historical Review ber of documents which throw a substantial amount of new light on the voyage from the English side and, incidentally, reveal Christopher Newport's part in it. 4 It is not proposed to give here a full account of the voyage as a whole but rather to discuss those episodes in which Newport took part; however, a certain amount of general description of the circumstances surrounding his activities is essential. It will be remembered that John White, having left the third colony on Roanoke Island in 1587, was unsuccessful in his attempt to re-turn with supplies and reinforcements in 1588. He, himself, explains that it was not until the beginning of 1590 that he seized another opportunity of getting back to Raleigh's Virginia. Hear-ing that three privateers, owned by the London merchant John Watts and his partners, were held up in the Thames by an em-bargo on shipping, he says that he went to Sir Walter Raleigh with the proposal that they should be released on condition that they should take him, with some supplies, to Roanoke Island. This, he says, was done, the ships being allowed to sail on giving bond that they would visit Virginia. At the last moment, how-ever, they refused to accept any cargo for the colonists and merely permitted White, himself, to come on board.5 We have now another version of this episode6 to the effect that it was William Sanderson, Raleigh's chief commercial supporter in his overseas enterprises, who arranged for the release of Watts's ships provided that they should call at Roanoke Island and that they should take with them Sanderson's own ship, the Moon-light, commanded by Edward Spicer who had been on the 1587 voyage.7 The four vessels were to seek prizes in the West Indies and then go on to Virginia. We do not know whether the Moon-light was to carry any supplies for the colonists, though it is possible that she did. White's journal is not too careful in its references to the ships which took part in the expedition. He, himself, sailed in the flag-ship (or admiral) , the Hopewell, which was also, and more gen-erally, known as the Harry and John, and gives her commander's 4 They are to be published in the Hakluyt Society's volumes on the Roanoke voyage which are being edited by the present writer. 5 Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 404-405. 6 Public Record Office, London, High Court of Admiralty. Interrogatories on behalf of William Sanderson (H. C. A., 23/4, f. 326). The High Court of Admiralty is hereafter re-ferred to as H.C.A. 7 Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 392. Christopher Newport in 1590 307 name as "Captain Cooke,"8 thus concealing the fact that he was Captain Abraham Cocke, an experienced and romantic figure who had spent some years in South America.9 With her was the John Evangelist, sometimes referred to as the Hopewell's pin-nace, whose commander "Captaine Lane" is distinguished cor-rectly by Hakluyt as Captain William Lane10 to avoid any confusion with Ralph Lane. The third vessel was the vice-admiral, the Little John, which is usually referred to by White as the John,11 thus providing several possibilities of confusion with the other vessels. Her captain is nowhere named, but it is now clear that he was Christopher Newport12 in what was, so far as is known, his first command. In tracing the Little John through White's narrative we are therefore following Newport's progress from England to the West Indies and back. Watts's three ships slipped out of Plymouth on March 20, 1590, and kept together until they reached Dominica on April 30. From here, on May 2, the Hopewell and John Evangelist sailed on to scour the coasts of Puerto Rico, while leaving the Little John "playing off and on about Dominica, hoping to take some Span-iard outwardes bound to the Indies." 13 All she took, however, were two young Caribs and they escaped when the vessel, de-spairing of a prize, had gone to Santa Cruz (Saint Croix) to take ballast. She then sailed on to make a rendezvous with the Hopewell and the pinnace at the island of Saona off the south-eastern tip of Hispaniola. Her next assignment, on May 19, was to ply the Mona Channel between Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, along with a tiny frigate which the Hopewell had taken, so as to intercept the Santo Domingo squadron, which was due to join the homeward-bound Spanish fleet at Havana, if it should take that course. She was, however, to wait only five days and then to join the Hopeivell and the John Evangelist near Cape Tibu-ron at the southwestern end of Hispaniola. This she did and reached the rendezvous on May 26.14 From then on, for some five weeks, we hear nothing of the Little John, but apparently 8 Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 414-416. 9 Sir William Foster, ed., The Voyages of Sir James Lancaster, 1591-1603, (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1940), 41. 10 Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 409. 11 E.g., Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 407. 12 Examination of Christopher Newport (pp. 314-316, below); Inventory of the Grand Jesus, December 20, 1590 (H. C. A. 24/58, no. 72). 13 Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 407. 14 Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 409. 308 The North Carolina Historical Review with her consorts she plied up and down the entrance to the Windward Passage and along the south coast of Hispaniola, still awaiting the tardy Spanish squadron. By July 2, when reinforcements were to join them, there were six vessels under Captain Cocke's command, Watts's three ships with two tiny Spanish frigates and a substantial merchant vessel taken as prizes by the Hopewell and the John Evangelist.15 According to William Sanderson, Watts's three ships had left Plymouth in March without waiting for Sanderson's vessel, the Moonlight, or, as she was also called, the Mary Terlanye.16 She was not ready until May and when she was about to sail alone she received an offer of consortship from another small vessel, a pinnace of some thirty tons, which Captain Spicer accepted. This was the Conclude, Joseph Harris, captain, owned by Thomas Middleton of London and his partners.17 It was these two ships which, after a rapid outward passage, joined the other six vessels near Cape Tiburon on July 2. John White, who saw little of the Conclude, refers to her as the Moonlight's pinnace and calls her captain, Joseph Harris, "Master Harps" : 18 he does not mention that the Moonlight was owned by Sanderson. Before there had been time for either courtesies or business—an agreement about the way prize money was to be shared would have saved much litigation later—the Santo Domingo squadron of fourteen ships at last came in sight. All the eight vessels under English com-mand sailed at once in pursuit. 19 The Spaniards scattered, in-tending to make for Jamaica where they could hope to reassemble in shelter. The English squadron evidently divided, the Hopewell keeping with the Moonlight and Conclude, the Little John taking the John Evangelist and the two small prizes. La Trinidad, the large prize, sailed alone and may have been lost.20 The chase was continued from noon until nightfall, and it is probable that it was Newport in the Little John who made a prize before dark.21 At dawn it was Newport's vessels that were nearest to the Spanish ships making for Jamaica. The John Evangelist was in 15 Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 408-410; and below. "H. C. A. 23/4, 11th item from end. 17 Thomas Middleton, etc. v. Robert Hallett, John Watts, etc. (H. C. A. 13/28, depositions of Henry Millett, John Tayler, and Thomas Harden, October 26, 1590; of William Davell and John Bedford, October 27; of Henry Swanne and Hugh Hardinge, October 29). 18 E.g., Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 410. 19 Wright, Further English Voyages, 245, 255; Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 410. 20 See below. 21 Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 420; Wright, Further English Voyages, 245, 255. New-port, himself, does not mention this prize. Christopher Newport in 1590 309 the lead and tried to prevent the enemy's reaching safety under the guns of Santiago de la Vega. She bravely challenged the Spanish flagship, commanded by Captain Vicente Gonzalez,22 but turned aside to try to head off some other vessels from the harbour and was so far successful that two of them were forced to go aground. The Spanish account continues : At this juncture the English vice-admiral [the Little John] came up, a ship of about 160 tons burden, and with the first vessel [the John Evangelist] resumed the fight with Vicente Gonzalez's ship. When they had fought a while both enemy vessels withdrew for fear lest they also run aground, and Vicente Gonzalez made the harbour of Jamaica, on the south side with six or seven ships.23 Newport, though foiled, was not defeated. He got his ships together and armed his boats and pinnaces to go inshore against the Spanish vessels which had grounded. Their crews did not stay to fight and so the English boats were able to haul off both of them unmolested. One of the prizes sank, however, before she could be pillaged, but the other was salvaged. It was now prob-ably late in the day of July 3 and Newport had done all he could ; keeping his ships together during the night, he set sail on the morning of July 4 for Cape Corrientes near the western end of Cuba. 24 If all his consorts remained with him he had now in-creased his squadron from four to six vessels. His progress must have been slow because at least one of his prizes was damaged. He delayed four or five days at Cape Corrientes before going on to Cape San Antonio at the southwestern tip of Cuba, where he stayed another three days. There he determined to improve the sailing capacity of his squadron. The prize salvaged on the Jamaica coast was rudderless and a liability, so she was stripped, her cargo of sugar, ginger, and hides redistributed, and then scuttled. Some Spanish prisoners were also set on shore.25 Pre-cisely how long all this took is not clear but it is evident that Newport, by the time he rounded the western end of Cuba and 22 He had commanded the Spanish expedition which had searched Chesapeake Bay in the summer of 1588 for the English colony which was believed to have been established there, and had accidentally discovered some traces of the "Lost Colony" on the Carolina Banks on his return journey. See D. B. Quinn, "Some Spanish Reactions to Elizabethan Colonial Enterprises," in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., I (1951), 15-17. 23 Wright, Further English Voyages, 255. 24 Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 420; Wright, Further English Voyages, 255; p. 315, below. 25 Wright, Further English Voyages, 255-256. 310 The North Carolina Historical Review made for Matanzas on the north coast, was at least a week, and probably more, behind the Hopewell and her consorts, and had missed all opportunity of rejoining them. During the chase on July 2 the Hopewell, the Moonlight, and the Conclude had not sailed so far southwards as Newport and his ships and had anchored at nightfall. During the night a Spanish ship was heard nearby and when day broke the three English vessels closed in on her. She was El Buen Jesus, called by the English the Grand Jesus or the Great Jesus, vice-admiral of the Santo Domingo squadron, which had failed to follow the course towards Jamaica set by Gonzalez. After a sturdy defence she was forced to surrender.26 The precise part which each of the English ships played in her capture was to be fiercely con-tested in the courts after she was brought to England and need not detain us here, but she was a rich prize and was given a crew under Robert Hallett from the Hopewell, drawn from all three ships and including the Concluded captain, Joseph Harris.27 Captain Cocke now made for Cape San Antonio, arriving on July 11, but to his intense chagrin the four ships were becalmed there while the treasure fleet from the Spanish Main, under Juan de Oribe Appalua, appeared off the western end of Cuba and made its way to Havana which it entered on July 19/29.28 There was nothing else to do but to make for the next rendezvous, Matanzas, east of Havana, where the ships arrived on July 25 without any sight of Newport. After a few days' patrolling off Havana, Captain Cocke decided to wait no longer, but to set out for Virginia. 29 The Conclude parted company with the other vessels and apparently sailed direct for the Azores.30 The Grand Jesus, it was intended, should sail direct to England, but she left the Hopewell and the Moonlight without the courtesy of a fare- 26 Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 411. High Court of Admiralty documents cited in notes 6, 12, and 17 above. The Privy Council to Dr. Julius Caesar, Oct. 11, 1590 (H.C.A. 14/27, no. 73); draft Sequestration Order, Oct. 13, 1590 (H.C.A. 14/27, no. 118, last leaf); Inventory of the Great Jesus, Dec. 20, 1590 (H.C.A. 24/58, f. 115); Personal Answer of Robert Hallett, Nov. 3, 1590 (H.C.A. 13/101); Interrogatories on behalf of Robert Hallett (H.C.A. 3/24, ff. 333-339); Articles on behalf of John Watts, etc. (H.C.A. 24/58, ff. 118-120); Deposi-tions of Antonio de Samora Carenio and Francisco Gomez, Jan. 8, 1591 (H.C.A. 13/28); note of Articles on behalf of the Lord High Admiral (H.C.A. 24/58, after no. 93); Examina-tion of Abraham Cocke, Robert Hutton and Michael Geere, Nov. 10, 1590 (H.C.A. 13/28); entries of Jan. 11, 12, 16, 1591 (Book of Acts, H.C.A. 3/21); Decree in Middleton, etc., v. Hallett (H.C.A. 24/58, no. 71). -'7 See, especially, Deposition of William Davell, October 27, 1590 (H. C. A. 13/28). 28 Wright, Further English Voyages, lxxvii. The Spanish New Style reckoning was ten days ahead of the English Old Style. 29 Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 412. :i0 Depositions of William Davell, October 27, 1590, and of Henry Millett, October 26, 1590 (H. C. A. 13/28); Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 412. Christopher Newport in 1590 311 well on July 31 after they had sailed through the Florida Chan-nel. She, too, sailed to the Azores and thence to the Thames.31 John White has told in sufficient and well-known detail how the remaining two ships paid their unavailing visit to the Caro-lina Banks and to Roanoke Island without finding the "Lost Colony." Captain Spicer and, several men from the Moonlight were drowned and the weather turned too bad for the search to be continued. White persuaded Cocke to winter in the West Indies and to make another search for the colonists at the end of the 1591 privateering season, but the new commander of the Moon-light, John Bedford,32 begged and obtained leave to bring his vessel home. Yet the Hopeivell failed to keep to her course under stress of weather and finally turned eastwards to the Azores. There amongst the English naval vessels and privateers who were awaiting the Spanish convoys she found the Moonlight and also the prize which the Little John, which had just left for England, had taken from the Santo Domingo squadron. From her prize crew John White picked up part of the story of New-port's adventures since July 2.33 These we have followed down to the end of July or beginning of August when he was ready to sail round the western end of Cuba. From what White learnt and what the Spanish documents tell the next part of the story becomes clear. Off Los Organos, the rocky promontories in northwestern Cuba, three Spanish vessels were sighted at sunset by the Little John and one of her consorts. These had sailed with Rodrigo de Rada and the Mexican fleet but had lost contact off Tortuga with the main body of the fleet which had reached Havana on July 3/13.34 At dawn two of the Spanish ships were still in sight—the third having fled to Mex-ico35— and the Little John closed in on the smaller and weaker of her two adversaries, the ship commanded by Juan de Borde. Her consort, the Nuestra Senora del Rosario, Miguel de Acosta, master, threw a cable across her stern so as to be able to rein-force her when the English boarded. After a brisk exchange of artillery fire there was a bitter struggle when the boarding parties attacked. Captain Newport had his "right arm strooken 31 Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 405, 413-422. 32 Deposition of John Bedford, October 27, 1590 (H. C. A. 13/28); Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 419. 33 Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 420-421. 34 Wright, Further English Voyages, lxxvii-viii. 85 Wright, Further English Voyages, lxxviii, 246. 312 The North Carolina Historical Review off," his lieutenant and four men killed, and sixteen others in-jured. By this time de Borde's ship was sinking and, though the English began to search her and removed some cochineal, "be-fore they could take out her treasure she sunke ; so that we lost thirteene Pipes of silver which sunke with her, besides much other rich marchandize." This disaster was followed by a further misfortune. The Nuestra Senora del Rosario now became the sole object of the English attack and was soon holed some nine times below the waterline and had two of her men killed and eight injured. But her crew got her clear and ran her aground on the western end of Los Organos, themselves getting away in their boats, as they expected the English to land and seize the cargo of hides and indigo which she held. The Little John, in spite of her losses, was making for land with this objective when her lookout reported that Spanish galleys from Havana were in sight, whereupon the Little John turned out to sea again and left the booty untaken. White's informant believed the lookout had been mistaken and that he had taken "certaine rockes" for the galleys, but this was not so. The two galleys of the Cuba Station, the San Agustin and the Brava, had gone out from Havana to clear the English from the north coast of the island. On July 27/ August 6 they encountered the boats containing the crew of the Nuestra Senora del Rosario, who were making for Havana. They then made search for Newport's ships, but they had disap-peared. 30 The English did stop another Spanish vessel nearby but merely took some meal from her and let her go. The Spanish frigates which came out from Havana to salvage the stranded vessel and her cargo were unsuccessful and she went to the bottom.37 It is not surprising that with Newport seriously injured and with several rich cargoes lost to them the English became dis-couraged. It is probable that they went on to Matanzas to find no trace of the Hopewell. It was, in any case, very late for New-port to keep his engagement to go on to Virginia, even had he not suffered such casualties, so, instead, he made for the Azores. From there he sailed about September 19 for England, having apparently encountered the Grand Jesus, from which he may 36 Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 420-421; Wright, Further English Voyages, Ixxviii, 247-249; and below. :!T Wright, Further English Voyages, 259; and below. Christopher Newport in 1590 313 have transhipped some cargo for the Little John to take to Ports-mouth, where she apparently put in.38 The John Evangelist re-turned and probably also the Santo Domingo prize, but there is no word of the other two prizes which were with Newport on July 2, nor of La Trinidad. The Hopewell (October 24) , 39 the Moonlight, and the Conclude, as well as the Grand Jesus, got safely back. The battle with the Spaniards being over—whether it yielded a final return of two or five prizes—the legal battle for the pro-ceeds of the voyage was now to begin. The Grand Jesus had not been long in the Thames before the owners of the Conclude took an action in the High Court of Admiralty against Robert Hallett, John Watts, and his partners to secure for their vessel a seventh share (estimated by them at £3,000) in the proceeds of the Grand Jesus. From October 26 onwards depositions were being taken on their behalf from members of the crews of the Conclude and the Moonlight, the latter being favourable to the pinnace's claims.40 Watts was determined to keep whatever he could for his syndicate and, in pursuit of this aim, began an action against William Sanderson in an endeavour to prove that the Moonlight, like the Conclude, as he alleged, had no right to a share in the prize. Sanderson put up an active and somewhat embarrassing defence, recalling the terms under which Watts's ships had been allowed to sail from England in the first place.41 The Lord High Admiral (Lord Howard of Effingham), to whom one-tenth of the prize goods was due by virtue of his office, and the Crown, which had the right to levy customs duties on the value of the prize goods, were also interested in these suits.42 Owners and crews alike were concerned to win their case and yet conceal the true value of the prizes from the Crown and from each other. The official valuation of the Grand Jesus, made on December 20, was only £5806 10s 4d,43 but much of her portable wealth had gone long before. On January 12, 1591, John Watts put in a list of defence witnesses in his attempt to prove that the prizes were taken by his own vessels alone. A number of these men had 38 Interrogatories for William Sanderson (H. C. A. 23/4, f. 326). 39 Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 423. 40 References given in notes 17 and 26 above. 41 Interrogatories for William Sanderson (H. C. A. 23/4, f. 326). 42 This is shown by Newport's deposition and by the questions answered by Abraham Cocke, Robert Hutton, and Michael Geere, November 11, 1590 (H. C. A. 13/28), and also by the notes made by the judge, Dr. Julius Caesar (H. C. A. 24/58, following no. 93). 43 H. C. A. 24/58, no. 72. 314 The North Carolina Historical Review testified, or were to testify, in his favour. Among them was Christopher Newport.44 His deposition, made on November 23, 1590, and printed below for the first time, showed that he had in some measure recovered from his wound. He had by that time come up from Portsmouth and was probably at his home in Limehouse, so that he was able to attend the admiralty court at Orton Key for his examination. He was asked two questions only : what ships and prize goods were taken on the voyage, and what treasure, jewels, or other precious articles were among the spoil. His story is concise and cautious. It adds some details, confirms others already known, and is a valuable addition to the materials on the voyage. It gives his age as thirty. Even without his own evidence, Christopher Newport emerges from the 1590 voyage as an able commander and a brave antagonist. That he suffered, in the loss of his right arm, a serious handicap is not evident from his later career. It may be noted in conclusion that Watts obtained a decree45 in the admiralty court in favour of himself and his partners. This stated that the Grand Jesus was the Hopewell's prize alone, so that Sanderson and Middleton got nothing, at least officially, but the crews of the Little John and the John Evangelist were entitled to shares in the proceeds of the voyage as a whole. We do not know how much Newport received in the way of shares, but it is highly probable that he, like other members of the expedition, had tucked away already a much less modest amount than he admitted in his examination. His bravery and his wound, after all, deserved some compensation. Christopher Newport's Deposition Die Lune xxiii Novembris 159047 Officium Christopher Newporte of Lymehouse48 mariner aged domini xxx yeares or thereaboutes49 sworne & examined before gratia46 the right worshipfull Master Doctor Cesar Iudge of the Admiralty vppon certaine articles ministred on the behaulfe of the Lord Admirall50 Sayth thereunto as followeth 44 H. C. A. 3/21. « H. C. A. 24/58, no. 71. 40 This apparently means "Authority by his lordship's grace." Dr. Julius Caesar, judge of the admiralty, is making his inquiries on behalf of the lord admiral, Lord Charles Howard, whose perquisite it was to take one-tenth of all spoil brought home by privateers. 17 Monday, November 23, 1590. 48 The district bordering Limehouse Reach on the River Thames where many seamen lived. 49 Witnesses were asked their ages, though the results are not always reliable. If this is accurate the date of Newport's birth can be placed between November 24, 1559, and Novmber 23, 1560. No previous information on this has been available. r>0 The Articles, the questions asked Newport on behalf of Lord Charles Howard, have not been found, but a rough note by Dr. Caesar reminds him to ask Abraham Cocke, Christopher Newport in 1590 315 To the first article he sayth he was Captaine of the Little Iohn this late viadge to the Indies, and beinge in company of the Harry and Iohn one of his consortes they first tooke two frigottes51 one being laden with hydes & the other with stones, and her with hides they vnladed & putt the hides a shore on the Indies think-inge to take them on borde agayne and soe vsed the frigott being of vi or vii tonnes for theire necessary vses, & by reason of pur-chase that happened they wente away & lefte the said hydes on the shore. Afterwardes they tooke an other frigott worth aboute one thowsand poundes52 & putt xviii men into her to bringe her for Englande & loste them in the Indies what ys become of them god knoweth.53 Nexte the Harry & Iohn tooke a Spanishe shippe54 with sugar ginger & hides which ys broughte into this Ryuer of Thames & there landed. And the nexte day55 the Iohn, the Iohn Euangeliste & two frigottes did dryue two other shippes of the Spanishe flete on shore, and gott them of agayne and the nexte day one of them soncke without sauinge eany goodes out of the same, and the other hauinge loste her rudder, & not being able to be broughte home, they tooke out xvi Chestes of suger into the Iohn Euangeliste, and iiiCL hides also were taken into the Iohn with some bundells of salsaperill and nothing alse to his remembraunce sauinge some quantity of ginger was also taken out of the said prize and the reste was sonck in the shippe.56 Afterwardes saylinge to S* Antony they foughte with two shippes hauinge of the Kinges treasure, and tooke one of them beinge laden with Cochenile hides & treasure as he herde and after they had taken out six Chestes & bagges of Cochenile she presentely soncke with all her ladinge within one quarter of an hower after they tooke her.57 And the other shipp58 after sore fighte they drove a shore vppon the Rockes and was wholy caste away beinge laden with fyue hundreth Chestes of Cochenile & thre hundreth Chestes of silkes as he herde by a Frigott laden with meale which they tooke the nexte day after bounde from S* Iohn de Louis to Auana.59 To the second he sayth he sawe nether pearle Iewell siluer or goulde that was taken in eany of the said prizes sauinge about xii11 . 60 in siluer which was taken out of the prize that soncke & and his company, as Hallett, Newport and others, what quantity of goods was taken in the Indies, especially pearls, silver, gold (coined or bullion), silks, jewels, and "other riche comodities," and who has any of these and where they are (H. C. A. 24/58, after no. 93). 51 One was taken by the Hopewell (or Harry and John) near the northwest end of Puerto Rico on June 7, and the other near Cape Tiburon on June 14 (Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 410). 52 La Trinidad, taken at Yaguana, Hispaniola, by the John Evangelist between June 17 and 24 estimated by White to be worth £1,000 to £1,300 (Wright, Further English Voyages, 254-255; Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 410). 53 No record of the arrival of La Trinidad in England has been found. 64 El Buen Jesus (pp. 310-314 above). 55 July 3. 66 This part of Newport's statement is confirmed by White and by the Spanish account (Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VIII, 420: Wright, Further English Voyages, 255-256), except that the latter says that the whole cargo was trans-shipped before the vessel was scuttled and that it included hides. 57 Juan de Borde's ship (p. 311, above). 58 Nuestra Senora del Rosario (p. 311, above). 59 From the Basque port of St. Jean de Luz to Havana (see p. 312, above). 60 Probably £12 in value and not twelve lb. in weight. It was apparently taken from Juan de Borde's ship. 316 The North Carolina Historical Review shared amongst the company. But sayth theire was a bagge of pearle61 which Abraham Cocke had in his custody & broughte home what ys become thereof he knoweth not. And sayth aboute xviii boultes of silke62 was gotten out of the shipp that soncke beinge founde in the mariners Chestes whereof xii boultes were deliuered to Master Wattes the company shared the reste. Affirm-inge that all the Cochenill & other goodes which he hath before spoken of were broughte home to this City & deliuered to the owners. And other thinges theire was not taken to his knowledge of which silke this examinate had two boultes & a haulfe & aboute thre or foure poundes in money which he spente in releeuinge sicke folckes in the viadge.63 [signed] xpofer64 newport65 61 Pearls formed part of the lading of El Buen Jesus (Wright, Further English Voyages, 252). 63 This is likely also to have come from Juan de Borde's ship. 03 The crews were entitled to (a) pillage (usually limited by agreement or custom), and (b) shares when the accounts were wound up. Most sailors managed to embezzle more than they were entitled to, and there is no reason to accept Newport's story as being, precisely, correct. 64 The old abbreviation for Christopher. 65 H. C. A. 13/28, November 23, 1590. I am indebted for this transcript and for other help to Dr. K. R. Andrews, who hopes shortly to publish a study of Newport from 1581 to 1606 which will contain much new material. THE MIND OF THE NORTH CAROLINA OPPONENTS OF THE STAMP ACT By C. Robert Haywood Early in the year 1760 Henry McCulloh in writing a mer-cantilist propaganda pamphlet for English consumption included among numerous suggestions for colonial reform a simple state-ment that ". . . it will be absolutely necessary to establish proper Funds in America by a Stamp Duty on Vellum and Paper. . . J'1 From this very casual beginning the importance to England of the stamp duty grew to the point that the Annual Register of 1766 devoted three out of eight chapters of the "History of Europe" to the Stamp Act conflict in America. The effect on the thinking of the colonists was equally great. The political history of North Carolina in the years 1765 and 1766 is almost wholly the story of the effect of the Stamp Act. The excitement in North Carolina over the passage of the act subsided only after the psychology of resistance had been developed which laid the basis for more serious conflict both within the colony and within the empire. The French and Indian War had in the process of removing France from Canada fixed on England the unbelievable debt of £140,000,000. To a nation which still embraced the mercantilist theory that gold in surplus in the treasury meant power and strength, the debt appeared truly alarming. It became apparent to English officials that the debt must be removed. To do this it was necessary that taxes be raised, expenses curtailed, and a more efficient administration organized. This came to include all the empire, colonies as well as England. There were at least two other postwar obligations of the English government which directly affected North Carolina, i.e., protection and reorganization of colonial administration. As far as America was concerned it was a problem of protection from both the French and the Indians. Prospects of hostilities with the defeated and humiliated France were always in the background of English political thinking.2 The Indian menace was to remain 1 Henry McCulloh, Miscellaneous Representations Relative to Our Concern in America (London, 1760), 12. 2 George Louis Beer, British Colonial Policy, 175Jt-1765 (N. Y., 1922), 252. [317] 318 The North Carolina Historical Review an ever present danger down to the Revolution. The late war had left serious doubts in the minds of English officials as to the ability of the colonists to meet either of these threats. Furthermore the war years had been a period when the colo-nies had begun to flex their fast-developing muscles. In North Carolina, as in most of the other colonies, the war period had demonstrated the inefficiency and impotency of the colonial ad-ministration. In nearly every clash between the Crown's preroga-tive and the colonial legislature the latter had emerged the victor.3 While the colonial soldier was winning honor for England on the field of battle the colonial politician was winning colonial rights and privileges in the legislature. The natural result was the gradual growth of an independent spirit in the American mind. With the advent of peace the English government was placed in a position in which she could deal with other than diplomatic and military matters. Under the guidance of George Grenville a program was developed designed to meet the three great prob-lems. Protection was to be supplied from England, the reigns of colonial control tightened, and the colonies forced to contribute to the expense of government. Such a program was destined to meet opposition in North Carolina. North Carolina felt no pressing need for protection. France was too remote a danger for serious consideration. It was felt that the militia law passed in 1764 was adequate for meeting any Indian threat. Furthermore, the Cherokee had been quiet since their defeat by Colonel James Grant's Highlanders and the com-bined troops of Virginia and North and South Carolina. Some-thing of the confidence of the North Carolinians can be seen in their condemnation of Governor Tryon in running the South Carolina-Cherokee line. To the North Carolinian's way of think-ing an expedition consisting of less than fifty militia men was an undue extravagance. Tryon was severely criticized for this unnecessary display of pomp and ceremony, in spite of the fact that this expedition took the governor into the heart of what had been hostile Indian territory no more than five years previously. The attempt to subordinate the colonial political institutions to English control was to meet determined opposition. The com- 3 Eugene Irving McCormac, "Colonial Opposition to Imperial Authority during the French and Indian War," University of California Publications in History, I, 92. North Carolina Opponents of the Stamp Act 319 parative freedom of the war period had developed a spirit among the controlling class which demanded an increasingly larger and more independent role in their own government. England had made the serious mistake of issuing instructions to the governors of North Carolina which were in opposition to prevailing colonial desires without backing their demands with actual enforcing power. The governors, whose very subsistence was dependent upon the colonies, were unable to cope with the situation. Some of the disputes that developed were mere matters of personali-ties in conflict, but an increasing number came to center around constitutional issues. The difference in opinion of the colonial and home government as to what made up the fundamental law of North Carolina or the empire was one of the most serious problems of the reorganization program.4 The degree of freedom demanded in North Carolina was incompatible with the English concept of colonial status.5 Quarrels between the Assembly and Governor Dobbs over who should control finances,6 troops,7 and Assembly procedure8 and disputes centering around the appoint-ment of agents,9 lands, fees and chartering towns all involved constitutional interpretation. Raper illustrates the widening gap between colonial and English constitutional thought by citing the large number of acts disallowed by the mother country. In 1754 twenty-six acts were disallowed on the ground that the legis-lature had infringed on the exclusive rights of the crown. In 1759 five acts were disallowed because they had usurped the crown's authority to create courts. 10 In annulling an act of 1766 the Privy Council wrote, "We are therefore of opinion, that an Act so contrary to the Spirit and principle of the British Laws should not be allowed. . . "n In most of the disputes involving the governor the elected colonial legislature emerged the victor. As a result the lower house began to exercise powers beyond those originally consider- 4 Charles Lee Raper, North Carolina, A Study in English Colonial Government (N. Y., 1904), 225- Hereafter cited Colonial Government. 5 McCormac, "Colonial Opposition to Imperial Authority," 92. 6 W. L. Saunders, ed., Colonial Records of North Carolina (Raleigh, Goldsboro, etc., 1886- 1898), VI, 1 et seq. Hereafter cited Colonial Records. 7 Colonial Records, 32. 8 The most serious dispute centered around the quarrel which extended down to 1773 concerning the number of members needed to constitute a quorum. Colonial Records, VI, 257, 319, 344-345, 539, 1024-1025; IX, 593-596. 9 Colonial Records, VI, 539; Ella Lonn, The Colonial Agents of the Southern Colonies (Chapel Hill, 1945), 55. 10 Raper, Colonial Government, 226 et seq. 11 Acts of the Privy Council, Colonial Series (London, 1911), V, 38. 320 The North Carolina Historical Review ed a part of its functions. The governor usually took a position based on precedent and the English understanding of the con-stitution. Although the governors were granted rather large discretionary powers, their main guide for action came from the instructions that came directly from the British government.12 Governor Dobbs, the most vigorous defender of the crown pre-rogative, was frequently forced to retreat and make concessions in direct violation of his instructions, as in the case of the is-suance of paper money.13 In times of war Dobbs was at the mercy of the Assembly, which furnished the revenue and men to fight the war.14 Once the Assembly had successfully evaded following the instructions of England it was not a large step in their think-ing to deny the right of all outside interference. The growing spirit of independence impressed nearly every Englishman who spent any time in the colonies. When Bute's administration began looking for information as to colonial conditions there was no other one fact that was repeated so frequently.15 Other colonial governors wrote in the same vein as Governor Dobbs when he advised the English government to take more vigorous action to ". . . suppress a republican spirit of In-dependency rising in this colony. The Assembly think themselves entitled to all the Privileges of a British House of Commons and therefore ought not to submit to His Majesty' hon.ble Privy Council . . . or . . . Governor and Council here whose person they would usurp and place all in a Junto of an Assembly here."16 Even before the French and Indian War James Abercromby, the mercantilist-minded agent of Governor Johnston, was hinting that the colonies might some day "feel their own strength" and settle in their own way the question as to "whether they are to remain subjects or become confederates."17 Military officials returning home spoke of the necessity of regulating the growing spirit of independence in America.18 It was, however, a spirit more apparent to the British mind than to the Americans them- 13 Charles Lee Raper, North Carolina: A Royal Province, 1729-1775 (Chapel Hill, N. C, 1901), 71. Hereafter cited Royal Province. « Colonial Records, VI, 1308-1311. 14 Raper, Royal Province, 48. 15 Sydney George Fisher, The Struggle for American Independence (Philadelphia, 1908), I, 70. 16 Colonial Records, VI, 279. 17 Quoted from pamphlet of 1752 entitled "An Examination of the Acts of Parliament relative to the Trade and Government of our American Colonies." C. M. Andrews, The Colonial Background of the American Revolution (New Haven, 1924), IV, 410. 18 Fisher, The Struggle for American Independence, I, 70. North Carolina Opponents of the Stamp Act 321 selves, who were full of protestations of loyalty. Their thinking had not yet escaped the web of tradition, habit, education, social and economic ties which held their formal loyalty to the "Old Colonial System." But what they actually desired, although only a very few farsighted men like Benjamin Franklin realized it, was what we today would call dominion status. In 1765 no one in North Carolina had offered any such plan; yet with the magic of hindsight we can see in their formal action and statements that anything less would have been rejected. The most apt characterization of North Carolina's attitude toward any governmental agency's attempt to raise revenue can be summed up in a single word: negative. Taxes were collected with difficulty except for the most necessary and immediate local use. Once the purpose for the revenue was removed from the immediate locale or time, collection became next to impossible. The Assembly was never able to redeem her paper money largely because of the inability of the colonial government to collect added poll taxes. The mother country had very little experience in collecting taxes in North Carolina. During the French and Indian War she had relied upon the requisition system, which was next to a failure. The only direct crown levy in North Caro-lina was in the form of a feudal dues on land. The difficulties, evasions, and litigation resulting from this anachronism cover the colonial period. The North Carolina Assembly was especially reticent in approving direct taxes. This was a reflection of the self-interested thinking on the part of the property-owning class of the coastal plain who dominated the colony's politics. As any direct tax would have fallen on the accumulated wealth of the landowners they managed to limit all direct taxes in the colonial budget.19 As a matter of fact, all taxes other than the poll tax were limited to extraordinary and special levies for limited periods of time. The English tax system prior to the passage of the Stamp Act consisted of indirect taxes in the form of customs duties levied as control measures and not for the purpose of raising revenue. The enforcement of the laws was lax and the proceeds that were collected were usually used within the colony. The crowded profession of smuggling was considered a legitimate occupation. 19 Coralie Parker, The History of Taxation in North Carolina During the Colonial Period (N. Y., 1928), 73. 322 The North Carolina Historical Review As the duties inconvenienced the planter politician but little, there was practically no formal complaint and apparently little private resentment even of the later Navigation and Sugar acts. As far as revenue was concerned, customs duties were a losing proposition. In the two-year period 1765 to 1767 the charges of managing the customs laws exceeded the proceeds of the Bruns-wick port by £169/11/14 and at those of the Bath port by £79/7/9.20 Such figures were hard to justify to the British officials intent on reducing the British debt. Thus it became one of the chief objectives of the American Revenue Act of March, 1764, to correct the abuses of the colonial commercial administration. The English plans for reorganizing colonial administration began under the ministry of Lord Bute and under the special guidance of George Grenville. Thus the program, although almost universally desired in England, was carried out under a govern-ment on a shaky foundation and, much like the foreign affairs of today, was caught up in the play of party politics. However, lack of self-confidence was certainly not apparent in Grenville's planning. By the early part of 1763 it was decided to establish an ade-quate protective force in America. Grenville decided that an army of ten thousand was necessary and that part of the maintenance cost should be extracted from the colonies. The policy met with no opposition in England or the colonies, although it was a well established fact and known in America as early as March, 1763.21 It was only when the specific form of taxation was adopted by the passage of the Sugar Act of March, 1764, that there developed any thought of colonial opposition. The act called for duties on certain imports and a more rigid enforcement of customs regu-lations. The provisions fell heaviest on the northern colonies, al-though the provisions concerning smuggling should have affected North Carolina as much as any colony, but as Governor Tryon was to point out later, North Carolinians had ways of circum-venting customs officials. Opposition was mild in North Carolina, at least officially, largely because the Assembly considered the act as a part of the commercial regulatory system.22 As such no vital interest of the plantation owner was damaged and England 20 Copies in the North Carolina Department of Archives and History, Raleigh, of records of the British Public Record Office. Treasury Papers, Bundle 442, fo. 258. Hereafter cited PRO Treasury Papers. 21 Beer, British Colonial Policy, 1754-1765, 275. 22 Raper, Colonial Government, 230-231. North Carolina Opponents of the Stamp Act 323 wisely refrained from diverting part of the revenue to pay colonial officeholders, as Dobbs had suggested.23 North Carolina had in the past offered little opposition to the commercial policies of England. Her commerce was not affected by the Navigation Acts and the new Sugar Act added little to her burdens.24 In October, 1764, the Assembly did issue a protest against the commercial policies, but the Assembly was probably thinking more of the proposed stamp duty than the Sugar Act. The pro-test is important for its expression of the official colonial and apparently widely accepted ideas on taxation. The Assembly in response to the governor's speech referred to the concern with which they saw themselves ". . . Burthened with new Taxes and Impositions laid on us without our Privity and consent, and against what we esteem our Inherent right and Exclusive privi-lege of Imposing our own Taxes. . . ." 25 This represents one of the clearest statements of the idea of no taxation without repre-sentation that the pre-Stamp Act period offers and indicates something of the difficulties that any tax would meet. Since the Sugar Act met only about one-seventh of the cost of maintaining an army in America, Grenville had planned gradu-ally to increase the amount of revenue collected by levying new taxes.26 At the time the Sugar Act was introduced he had sug-gested that the next session of parliament should adopt a colonial stamp duty.27 The stamp duty was by no means a diabolical invention of Grenville but had already had a long and useful history in Eng-land, yielding about £100,000 per year with practically no col-lection cost.28 It had been proposed for colonial use to Robert Walpole and Pelham. Pitt admitted that even in his administra-tion there had been those who ". . . proposed to me to burn my fingers with an American Stamp Act."29 At least two colonial agents, William Knox of Georgia and Israll Mauduit of Massa-chusetts, and two colonial governors, Shirley of Massachusetts, and Keith of Pennsylvania, had advocated a stamp duty.30 The ^ Colonial Records, VI, 1021. 24 Raper, Colonial Government, 230. 25 Colonial Recoi-ds, VI, 1261. 26 Beer, British Colonial Policy, 175A-1765, 275. ^William Cobbett, Parliamentary History (London, 1806-1820), XV, 1427. 28 John C. Miller, Origins of the American Revolution (Boston, 1943), 110. 29 Cobbett, Parliamentary History, XV, 105. 30 Wm. Byrd, History of the Dividing Line and Other Tracts from the Papers of William Byrd, of Westover (Richmond, 1866), II, 226-227; Ella Lonn, The Colonial Agents of the Southern Colonies (Chapel Hill, 1945), 105; George Bancroft, History of the United States (Boston, 1837-1875), III, 58: Fisher, The Struggle for American Independence, I, 74. 324 The North Carolina Historical Review immediate source of the idea for the Act of 1765 seems to have been Henry McCulloh.31 McCulloh, writing in 1763, had pro-posed a plan for strengthening the control of England over her colonies and at the same time to benefit the English merchant and farmers by improving trade and levying certain taxes on the colonies, including a stamp duty. On October 10, 1763, he drew up a tabular statement in three columns under the heading, A state of the several articles proposed by Mr. M' Culloh to be stamped, and the duties thereon; likewise a state of all the dif-ferent articles which are now stamped in Great Britain, in order to fix upon the articles which are to be inserted in the law in-tended for imposing Stamp duties in America and the West Indies. Two days later Grenville approved this plan following a confer-ence with McCulloh.32 The decision reached at this point did not outline completely the act that followed. But it did lay the basis for the proposal to lay a stamp duty that was made in Grenville's budget on March 10, 1764.33 Grenville was a careful and de-liberate administrator; therefore he proposed that the measure should stand discussion for a year in order that all parties con-cerned might have their say. Grenville apparently was willing to alter or discard the measure at any time during this year's moratorium if anyone would suggest something better. In speak-ing to a delegation of colonial agents he stated flatly, "If they think any other mode of taxation more convenient to them and make any proposition of equal efficacy with the stamp duty, I will give it all due consideration.,,34 Other remedies were mentioned but were rejected for prac-tical reasons. At least two of the proposals offered would have raised no colonial opposition or revenue. The old requisition sys-tem which had broken down even in time of war was rejected, as was a proposal to call a colonial congress to allot taxes to the various colonies. Grenville was correct in his position that the only result of a congress would be quarrels and haggling among 31 There seems to be some confusion as to who this particular Henry McCulloh was. It ia quite possible that he is the famous North Carolina land speculator who was living in England as late as 1766. See PRO. Treasury Minute Book, T. 29, Vol. 37, 381. Or he may have been the persistent and unsuccessful seeker for North Carolina and other colonial offices who haunted the Board of Trade in England and who was unrelated to the land speculator. See James High, "Henry McCulloh: Progenitor of the Stamp Act," The North Carolina Historical Review, XXIX (January, 1952), 24-38, and letters to the editor in the present issue, pp. 460-464. 32 McCulloh, Miscellaneous Representations, xv. 33 Cobbett, Parliamentary History, XV, 1428. 34 Bancroft, History of the United States, III, 74. North Carolina Opponents of the Stamp Act 325 the colonies as to their share of the tax with no returns in actual revenue.35 As no adequate substitute was brought forward Grenville con-tinued with preparations for a stamp tax. Instructions were sent to the governors to make up lists of all legal instruments used or expected to be used in order that the tax list could be prepared.36 Conciliatory measures were passed in an attempt to sugar-coat the bitter stamp duty pill. Concessions were made to New Eng-land's whale fishing. Pennsylvania was to be allowed to ship iron to Ireland, and the West Indies received a number of special privi-leges. North Carolina, which had given little opposition to previous acts, was strangely singled out for special considerations. The shipment of her rice to the newly opened West Indies ports was placed on an unrestricted basis and bounties were ". . . guaran-teed upon the importation of deals, planks, boards, and timber, into the kingdom. . . . "37 With this preparation behind him Grenville introduced the Stamp Bill into Parliament and after what Pitt called a "languid debate" it passed the House of Commons with only a small minority in opposition.38 Of the two or three members who spok^ against the act only Isaac Barre gave a full speech. However his reference to the colonials as "sons of liberty" was to have wide ramifications in America.39 In the House of Lords there was no debate or division. The king at the moment was indulging in one of his lapses into insanity and on March 22, 1765, the Stamp Act became law by the assent of a royal commission. Grenville could well congratulate himself on the smooth course of his schemes. It is true that six of the colonies had protested by petitions which were rejected, as was customary when Par-liament dealt with revenue bills.40 But the violent opposition darkly hinted at by Colonel Barre seemed remote. However, in-structions were directed to the governors of the colonies ordering them to give aid and assistance to the distribution of stamps and to be especially vigilant in preventing fraud and abuses in the offices created.41 Apparently the government anticipated more 35 Miller, Origins of the American Revolution, 110. 39 Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New-York (Albany, 1856), VIII, 646. 37 Cobbett, Parliamentary History, XVI, 71. 38 Cobbett, Parliamentary History, XVI, 40. 39 Parliamentary History, XYI, 39. 40 Beer, British Colonial Policy, 1754-1765, 285. 41 H. Smyth, ed., The Writings of Benjamin Franklin (New York, 1905-1907), VI, 200. 326 The North Carolina Historical Review trouble with officials who were to collect the tax than with the colonists who were to pay it. These officials were the subject of special consideration by Grenville. He saw in their appointment a chance to create good will between the mother country and the colonies. Wheatly, Grenville's secretary, called the agents to-gether and asked them to appoint "discreet and reputable Per-sons" to the various offices who would be agreeable to the colo-nists. 42 Franklin fell for the bait, nominated his friends to office, and advised Jared Ingersoll to apply. Nine years later Franklin was still trying to explain away his action and Ingersoll was still trying to collect his pay. North Carolina's agent at the time was Couchet Jouvencal, a strong defender of colonial rights who was later to be suspended by the Board of Trade for his outspoken stand during the Stamp Act controversy. The men appointed to the North Carolina posts probably represent his choice. They were North Carolinians of prominence and esteem in their own localities. Henry Eustace McCulloh, Collector at Beaufort (per-haps an exception to the rule) , and Robert Palmer, Collector at Bath Town, had been members of the Council under Dobbs and Tryon. William Dry, Collector and Searcher at Brunswick, the man who later "talked treason by the hour," had been a member of both the Assembly and Council. The much-abused stamp agent Houston was a member of the Assembly, a physician, and Justice of Peace.43 William Pennington, Comptroller at Brunswick, was much admired in Willington society for his "polished urbanity."44 If any group of men could have made the Stamp Act acceptable this should have been the group. That they failed and lived to regret their appointment is amply attested. Henry Eustace McCulloh, when he saw the turn of events, no doubt following the lead of his sovereign, found it advisable to secure a leave of absence as he was ". . . almost blind from a Disorder in his Head and unfit for all business."45 Grenville's feeling of complacency lasted until June, when the news of the colonial opposition reached England. The amazement of the average Englishman on hearing the news was probably as great as Grenville's consternation. The English press had 42 Lonn, The Colonial Agents of the Southern Colonies, 159, 365. 43 PRO, Treasury Paper Correspondence. Bundle 452 contains the list of North Carolina offices and office holders. ** James Sprunt, Chronicles of the Cape Fear River (Raleigh, 1916), 76. « PRO, Treasury Minute Book, T. 29, Vol. 37, 381. North Carolina Opponents of the Stamp Act 327 completely overlooked the significance of the act until August, 1765, when the London Chronicle printed a dialogue by way of explaining it. 40 The tax-laden Englishmen were even more surprised to learn that the furor had been caused by a tax de-signed to raise no more than £145,000 in the American colonies.47 Stamp duties ranging from a halfpenny to £10 were placed on commercial papers of various kinds in use or expected to be used in the future ; on deeds, bonds, leases and other legal documents, pamphlets, newspapers, liquor licenses, etc. Heavy fines and forfeitures were provided for violations which could be collected in the vice-admiralty courts.48 The funds raised were earmarked for colonial defense, of which the colonies were to pay no more than one-third of the total cost. There was no attempt to tie the revenue to the English debt financing scheme. Nothing demonstrates better than the English and North Carolina attitudes toward the Stamp Act just how far the colo-nies had grown from the mother country. To England armed resistance to escape what amounted to a shilling tax per capita seemed foolish and opposition from an agrarian colony doubly so. The English people and officials simply did not understand the economic conditions, the actual political system, and especially the constitutional philosophy of the colonies. English ignorance is understandable, since the colonists had never completely formal-ized this philosophy. In North Carolina it was only after the shock of the specific legislation of the Stamp Act that the colonial mind was jarred from its traditional acceptance of the "Old Colonial System" into consideration of exactly what the empire relations were. The colonies as a whole in 1765 were experiencing a period of postwar readjustment. Prosperity had followed the English troops out of America. Complaints against the high cost of living and English manufactured goods were coupled with complaints of the decline in real estate values and the ratio of paper money to gold.49 The postponement of the Stamp Act for the year's dis-cussion meant that its application caught the colonies in a depressed condition. North Carolina, notoriously poor from the 46 F. J . Hinkhouse, The Preliminaries of the American Revolution as Seen in the English Press (New York, 1926). 47 Beer, British Colonial Policy, 175U-1765, 286. 48 William MacDonald, Documentary Source Book of American History (New York, 1909), 122 et s«q. 49 Miller, Origins of the American Revolution, 115 et seq. 328 The North Carolina Historical Review beginning of its history, had been plagued by the absence of a substantial circulating medium of exchange. Colonists, agents, British merchants, governors, and pamphleteers had urged the British government to remedy the condition of North Carolina's currency. In McCulloh's pamphlet urging the Stamp Act he em-phasized the necessity of including currency reforms.50 As early as 1757 McCulloh had proposed that "Exchequer Bill of Union" be introduced into America.51 Each of North Carolina's gov-ernors had expressed the need for more and better currency and each had been forced to accept unstable paper money. The Cur-rency Act of 1764 had stopped the use of paper money and com-modity money as legal tender. Throughout the legislative session of 1765 the Assembly tried to pass laws making certain com-modities legal payment for debts in spite of the provisions of the Currency Act. Their attempts were unsuccessful.52 Although the stamp tax represented only one shilling per person increase in taxes, North Carolinians in 1765 could not have paid the tax in specie. In the words of Governor Tryon, "There is little or no specie circulating in the maritime counties of the province, and what is in circulation in the back counties is so very inconsider-able that the Attorney General assured me, that the Stamp duties on the instruments used in the five Superior Courts of this province would in one year require all the specie in the coun-try . . . ," to say nothing of the demands of the other courts and business.53 The English considered the terms of the duty light and refused to believe that the colonists could not comply with the act. "Pepper-corn" was a favorite expression in describing the re-turns by the members of Parliament.54 The London Magazine and the London Chronicle pointed to the wide difference between the English and American taxes and especially to the fact that England paid twelve shillings per person for interest on the debt, which was largely America's responsibility.55 The difference between the money economy of mercantile England and the semi-barter economy of rural North Carolina placed a barrier between the two countries that prevented mutual understanding. 50 McCulloh, Miscellaneous Representations, 12. 51 McCulloh, Miscellaneous Representations, xiii. 52 Colonial Records, VII, 51, 58, 65, 75, 82. 63 William Tryon, Tryon's Letter Book (copy of the original in the North Carolina Depart-ment of Archives and History, Raleigh), 25. M Cobbett, Parliamentary History, XVI, 96 passim. 55 Hinkhouse, Preliminaries of the American Revolution, 50. North Carolina Opponents of the Stamp Act 329 But in spite of the sorry economic picture it was not on the basis of practical economics that the Stamp Act was opposed in North Carolina. Of much more importance in the conflict was the divergent constitutional philosophy of the two units of the same government. When a North Carolinian spoke of "The Constitu-tion" he was not referring to the same institution that England and Grenville knew. The Americans had in mind a fixed consti-tution which was over and above all other governmental institu-tions, including Parliament. Grenville saw no power above the sovereignty of Parliament. The discerning Josiah Tucker sum-med up the philosophical conflict in the Universal Magazine in 1775, "The Colonists reason principally from what they appre-hend ought originally to be the case,—to what in the future shall or must be :—and the mother country from what actually was, — to what still ought to be." 56 As the attention of the colonists became focused on the con-stitutional aspect of the struggle they became convinced that the British constitution, their own charter, custom, and tradition guaranteed self-government while geography, economic well-being, and political integrity demanded it. Maurice Moore in his 1765 pamphlet, "Justice and policy of Taxing the American Colonies in England," stated that what was needed was a union "upon a foundation of equality" and quoted Cato's letter to the effect that "human nature" demanded self-rule.57 "Moore's ideas represent the thought of the controlling politicians of North Carolina. As a wealthy plantation owner he was basically con-servative, certainly not given to any radical democratic agita-tion (later he joined in crushing the Regulator movement) , but he was determined to leave control of North Carolina in the hands of the Assembly. Moore's pamphlet, which is the most complete expression of North Carolina political thought of the Stamp Act period, de-velops the concept of "no taxation without representation" as the principal constitutional argument against the act. In this he was merely elaborating upon the expression of the Assembly in 1764. He reaffirmed the idea that the colonists enjoyed all the "constitutional right, liberty, and privilege" of an English- 56 Hinkhouse, Preliminaries of the American Revolution, 81. 57 William K. Boyd, Some Eighteenth Century Tracts Concerning North Carolina (Raleigh, 1927), 173 et seq. 330 The North Carolina Historical Review man including the right of taxation only by one's own repre-sentatives. He scoffed at the idea that North Carolina was virtually represented, since it was divided by "a thousand leagues from Great-Britain" and could have no influence on British legislation. Furthermore, he argued that the idea of virtual representation had had its origin since North Carolina's charter had been granted. The English Parliament could not be obeyed because the charter had given them sovereign and complete legis-lative power over their own affairs, and no people could be governed by two sovereign legislatures.58 Moore completely repudiated the English doctrine of Parlia-mentary supremacy. Grenville, as spokesman for the English concept, answered all such arguments as directly as possible. "That this kingdom has the sovereign, the supreme legislative power over America is granted . . . and taxation is part of that power," was his direct unequivocal statement.59 There were few in England who would not have endorsed that statement com-pletely. Without compromise on this basic constitutional rela-tionship there could be only conflict between mother and daughter. Coupled with the problem of sovereignty and giving the colonial opposition vigor was the tenacity with which the North Carolina plantation aristocracy held to their control of the Assembly. The "Cape" and "Sound" factions had gradually drawn together in opposition to the growing West. With control apparently firmly fixed in their hands, the planters were enjoy-ing the fruits of cooperation in the form of taxation by head and administration by eastern officials. The Stamp Act represented a threat to this control. On at least one point England and her colonies understood each other. Both realized that if any part of the act was accepted the precedent would be established for further taxation, regulation and control. A North Carolina dele-gation expressed the idea to Governor Tryon in refusing to ". . . assent to the payment of the smaller Stamp : An Admission of Part, would put it out of our Power to refuse with any Pro-priety, a Submission to the Whole. . . ." 60 George III expressed the same idea when he asked for modification of the act in hopes 58 Boyd, Some Eighteenth Century Tracts, 165 et seq. 50 Cobbett, Parliamentary History, XVI, 101. eo Colonial Records, VII, 129. North Carolina Opponents of the Stamp Act 331 that it would placate the colonists, ". * . any part remaining suf-ficiently ascertained the Right of the Mother Country to tax its Colonys "61 Grenville realized it would be necessary to gain control over taxation if England was to have any control over colonial gov-ernment. Political domination of the colonies, like the stamp tax, was not exclusively a Grenville policy, but was the under-lying goal of English policy from the close of the French and Indian War to the Revolution. The king's speech of January 10, 1765, just before the passage of the Stamp Act, emphasized the desire for ". . . promoting the obedience to laws, and respect to the legislative authority." In the king's speech closing Parlia-ment after the passage of the act he thanked the members of Parliament for "framing such regulations."62 Grenville in his speeches defending the stamp tax constantly referred to the colonial obligation to obey Parliament.63 To escape this obligation North Carolina's plantation aristocrats led the opposition against English taxation and control—control that would have affected the large landowners more than any other class, since all other classes were already obeying a government not of their direct choosing. Just how early and from what sources the opposition to the Stamp Act began is difficult to determine. Certainly by the latter part of June, 1765, North Carolinians were discussing at length the reported action of the northern assemblies in resisting the stamp tax.64 Both the governors of North and South Carolina later insisted that the southern colonies were only following the lead of the more "northward provinces."65 James Murray, who had recently moved from North Carolina to Boston, did not agree with the Carolina governors as he considered the southern colonies more aggressive in their attitude than the northern colonies.66 There were reported minor public demonstrations in the sum-mer of 1765 at Cross-Creek, New Bern, and Edenton.67 On Oc- 61 John William Fortescue, The Correspondence of King George the Third (London, 1927), 269. 62 Cobbett, Parliamentary History, XVI, 2, 80 et seq. 63 Cobbett, Parliamentary History, XVI, 102. 64 North Carolina Items from the South Carolina Gazette (typed copy in the North Caro-lina Department of Archives and History, Raleigh), III, 119. 5 Tryon's Letter Book, 25, 34. Arthur Meier Schlesinger, "The Colonial Merchants and the American Revolution," Columbia University Studies in History, Economics and Public Law (1918), LXXVIII, 73. 66 James Murray, Letters of James Murray, Loyalist (Boston, 1901), 115. 67 R. D. W. Connor, History of North Carolina (Chicago, 1919), I, 321. 332 The North Carolina Historical Review tober 19, 1765, the citizens of Wilmington, in town for a Saturday evening, staged a spontaneous, boisterous, and some-what fluid demonstration, complete with effigies of the Stamp Agent Houston, tar barrel bonfires, and frequent and enthusi-astic toasts.68 This was apparently the only spontaneous action in North Carolina. One of the most distinctive aspects of the American Revolution is the absence of anarchy and mob rule. The English policy of leaving the colonies more or less alone had produced a desire among the colonists for an increasing role in their own government. But the period of neglect also produced a number of men who could lead and organize the people. Apparently the Wilmington Saturday affair had been so well received that it was decided to incorporate the Stamp Act theme into the Halloween festivities of the same month. In a setting true to Allhallows' Evening customs of bonfires and resurrected spirits, ... a great Number of People again assembled, and produced an Effigy of Liberty, which they put in a Coffin, and marched in solemn Procession with it to the Church-Yard, a Drum in Mourn-ing beating before them, and the Town Bell, muffled, ringing a doleful Knell at the same Time :—But before they committed the Body to the Ground, they thought it advisable to feel its Pulse ; and when finding some Remain of Life, they returned back to a Bonfire ready prepared, placed the Effigy before it in a large Two-arm'd Chair, and concluded the Evening with great Re-joicings on finding that Liberty had still an Existence in the COLONIES.69 Two weeks later Dr. Houston, the colonial stamp agent, found it necessary to come to town on a Saturday, a most unfortunate choice of days. The usual Saturday crowd, looking for diversion, soon found it in the good doctor. He was immediately sur-rounded by three or four hundred people who forced him to resign his commission. Then after ". . . Several Sorts of Liquor, were . . . drank in great Form and all the favorite American Toasts . . . ," the crowd pushed (or staggered) on to the print shop. After appropriate threats Andrew Steuart was forced to print the famous death's head paper without stamps.70 Up to this point leadership had been nebulous and the whole affair a8 Colonial Records, VII, 123. w Colonial Records, VII, 124. 70 Colonial Records, VII, 124 et seq. North Carolina Opponents of the Stamp Act 333 carried off in spirit of frivolous holiday diversion and not based on any formalized theory of opposition. But beneath the antics of the people there was real and, to Tryon's way of thinking, dangerous opposition to royal authority. Governor Tryon represents the major source of royalist strength in North Carolina. Probably no colonial governor worked more for or understood better the people of North Carolina. Although he was vain and given to ostentatious dis-play he was an astute, diplomatic politician. Before he left the governorship he won the respect of the planter class, the Indians, Anglicans, Presbyterians, Moravians, Germans, and the Council and Assembly. The Anglican minister, George Micklejohn, spoke of him as ". . . defender and friend, the Patron and nursing father of the Church."71 He won the Presbyterian gratitude by securing for them the right of their ministers to perform marriages.72 In his visit to Bethabara, he and Mrs. Tryon had apparently captivated the Moravians with their charm, interest and good will.73 The Cherokee renamed him with respectful dignity the Great Wolf. But probably the best criteria of his success is the fact that he received all the appropriations he asked for and left the colony with his salary paid in full. Tryon was justly respected and he exerted all the pressure he felt justifiable to secure colonial rights. He did not favor the Stamp Act and wrote the Board of Trade that he believed it impractical and destined to fail.74 But in spite of this feeling, Tryon, the soldier, was also committed to execute the orders given him by the British Government. Governor Tryon is the perfect il-lustration of the conscientious colonial governor caught between loyalty to the crown and to the people under his commission. As the public demonstrations began to develop into directed projects Tryon tried to gain the cooperation of the political leaders. Early in November Tryon called some fifty of the most prominent men of Brunswick, New Hanover, and Bladen coun-ties to a conciliatory banquet. In an address to these men he sympathized with the colonial position, expressed the idea that the act was unworkable, and offered to use his considerable in- 71 Colonial Records, VII, 520. 72 M. DeLancey Haywood, Governor William Tryon (Raleigh, 1903), 18. 73 John Henry Clewell, History of Wachovia in North Carolina (New York, 1902), 98 et seq. 74 Tryon's Letter Book, 25. 334 The North Carolina Historical Review fluence in their behalf with the home government. Meantime, since the laws must be obeyed, he personally offered to grant free liquor licenses to a number of towns.75 Perhaps because the early acts of opposition were liberally spiked with a variety of potent beverages Tryon thought he could bribe the citizenery by playing up to their thirst. But colonial thinking had gone beyond the stage where it could be swayed by any but the most basic concessions. The constitutional implications of the issue were becoming clarified and Tryon's offer was summarily re-jected on the ground that to submit to part of the act would place the colonists under the obligation of submitting to the constitutional principle of English taxation which implied English domination of internal colonial affairs. By rejecting Tryon's offer the leaders had committed them-selves to resistance. The first test came when the sloop Diligence with the stamps aboard anchored at Brunswick. Hugh Waddell, the local hero of the French and Indian War, and John Ashe, the leading local orator, led an armed body of men which prevented the landing of the stamps. Tryon saw fit to ignore reporting this treason to England and continued his efforts to get the act repealed. Although he might conceal from England the armed resistance to law, he was determined to see that the laws were obeyed as nearly as possible. With the assistance of the judges he prevented all the legal business from being con-ducted in the courts.76 Captain Phipps of the Diligence com-pleted the picture of business stagnation by placing restrictions on shipping on the Cape Fear River. Ministers complained be-cause their salaries, letters, and building program were held up.77 Marriages, law suits, debt collection, binding contracts, and franchises were delayed indefinitely. The high spirit in which opposition had begun changed to depression and antag-onism. Rev. Reed spoke of the people as being ". . . very uneasy, discontented and dejected." 78 Andrew Steuart wrote of the threats to horsewhip him if he did not print a certain letter. He then proceeded to print an inflammatory letter calling on the people to "Rouze" and resist with arms the confiscation of property.79 ™ Colonial Records, VII, 127. 76 Tryon's Letter Book, 25 et seq. 77 Colonial Record, VII, 135, 154, 162. 78 Colonial Records, VII, 154. 70 Colonial Records, VII, 168. North Carolina Opponents of the Stamp Act 335 In this charged atmosphere rumor began circulating indi-cating that Cape Fear was "the only spot on the continent" in which the Stamp Act was enforced.80 It was certainly more than a rumor that all trade on the Cape Fear had stopped. The Diligence had been joined by another sloop, the Viper, and these two ships were rigidly enforcing the customs and stamp regu-lations. Three ships were seized for violation of navigation laws by the end of January81 and in January and February three more vessels were seized for violating the Stamp Act.82 Reports arriving from the north indicated that no relief could be expected from England. Tryon had prorogued the assembly so that there was no legal means of redressing grievances. The last hope of legal assistance died when the attorney general backed the action of the British naval officers and Tryon, in-cluding the right to have cases of seizures tried in the Halifax, Nova Scotia, Admiralty Court. To the North Carolinian, dis-turbed by rumor of discrimination while other colonies were reaping a harvest of trade, confronted by the real and arbitrary royal restrictions, and balked at every attempt to secure legal redress, it was only natural that in seeking relief his mind should turn to illegal methods. Almost immediately on learning of the Attorney General's action the citizens of Wilmington organized an association for the purpose of "preventing entirely the Operation of the Stamp Act," the preservation of property, and opening the Carolina ports. Officers were chosen and the day after the association was organized (February 19), an oath was taken to resist the stamp tax to death, and an armed company of over a thousand men marched on Brunswick. The next morning a delegation from the association held a conference with the ship captains and custom officials. A promise was gained from the officials for the return of the three captured ships and a temporary opening of the ports. Apparently this would have satisfied the more conservative leaders, but it did not give complete satisfaction to the rest of the association, who were not in a compromising mood. So the whole company remained another day in order to extract a promise from the officials that they would never 80 Colonial Records, VII, 168a et seq. 81 Colonial Records, VII, 159. 82 Colanial Records, VII, 168e. 336 The North Carolina Historical Review try to enforce the Stamp Act.83 Once again all the officials, with the exception of Pennington, yielded without resistance. Penn-ington, the comptroller of Brunswick, had sought the protection of the governor's house the night before. Early the next morning Tryon saw Pennington and George Moore, one of the association officers, leaving his house. The governor called them back and refused to let the comptroller leave. The house was immediately surrounded, notes were exchanged, and finally Cornelius Harnett and George Moore came as a delegation to demand that Penn-ington be turned over to them. Connor calls the intense struggle that followed between Harnett and Tryon the most dramatic in the Stamp Act struggle. 84 Both were men of considerable force and they bandied the disposition of the polished Mr. Pennington about as if he were not there. Pennington even-tually decided that the future was less uncertain in the hands of Harnett and his armed supporters and offered to leave with him. This weakness so infuriated Tryon that he made him resign his office before leaving the building. 85 Tryon was determined to do what he could to uphold the law. In the evening he visited Capt. Lobb of the Viper and repri-manded him for giving in to the "armed inhabitants." He con-tinued down to Fort Johnson, where he had the cannon put into condition and the fort made ready for attack, all this in spite of the fact that the fort was manned by only one sick officer and two men.86 Tryon was determined "to repel Force with Force."87 Although once calmed down after the humiliation by Harnett he realized it was physically impossible to enforce the issue in his present circumstance, the idea did not leave his mind. Throughout March and April of the next year he was advising the Board of Trade on sending troops. 88 The colonists had gained their objective. The three impounded ships were restored, the ports were opened, and the stamps were not used. There was no reason for further disturbance. With the single exception of tolerating commerce to enter with-out stamps Tryon maintained the letter of the laws. Pennington was reinstated and the customs office was in operation as far 83 Colonial Records, VII, 168d. 84 Connor, History of North Carolina, I, 326. 85 Colonial Records, VII, 172. 89 Colonial Records, VII, 173. 87 Colonial Records, VII, 179. 88 Colonial Records, VII, 189, 202. North Carolina Opponents of the Stamp Act 337 as the old laws were concerned.89 The courts refused to treat civil and criminal cases.90 The controversy had reached a stale-mate in North Carolina and both sides were willing to await the decision of the British Parliament. Although the colonists had spurned previous compromise on immediate issues the spirit of opposition had not progressed to the point where they had lost faith in the ultimate justice of the English government. The colonial mind placed its values on immediate concrete objectives. As in the case of taxation, once an issue developed involving other than immediate consequences the colonial passion cooled. The North Carolinian could go to the extreme of treason to gain the opening of the Cape Fear River, but he could not justify the use of illegal means in electing representatives to the Stamp Act Congress held outside his own state. Since Tryon had prorogued the Assembly, no formal legal action was possible. There was a desire on the part of many to attend, but it remained a desire and not a conviction. However, the only colonial criti-cism that Tryon received for his activities in the Stamp Act struggle came because he had prevented the meeting of the Assembly and consequently the cooperation of North Carolina with the other colonies in the Stamp Act Congress.91 The mayor and corporation of Wilmington who had rebuked Tryon for his action need not have lamented too bitterly their inability to join the Stamp Act Congress protest. It was not consideration of colonial petitions and rights that moved Par-liament to repeal the Stamp Act. The movement for repeal was led by Englishmen for considerations that affected Englishmen. Of the many factors influencing the action of Parliament two are paramount: English party politics and the agitation of the English commercial interests. The decline of American commerce was the most important factor coming from this side of the Atlantic. North Carolinians were pursuing a more effective course before they forced from the royal officials the concessions that opened the Cape Fear than they were afterwards. Much more effective than petitions were items appearing in the London papers, such as that under the date line of Wilmington describing the complete absence of so Colonial Records, VII, 189. 90 Colonial Records, VII, 199, 201. 91 Colonial Records, VII, 347 et seq. 338 The North Carolina Historical Review trade there and the ruin of the tar and turpentine industry.92 For while the colonists were waiting with what Thompson called "patience and temper, tho with much anxiety and distress of mind," the English merchants and laborers were equally agitated.93 In September the papers of England began reporting numerous petitions ". . . all complaining of the great decay in trade to the North American colonies, owing to the late obstruc-tions and embarrassments laid thereon, and praying for relief." 94 There was a real fear of loss of trade, not only temporarily but permanently. Franklin played on this emotion in his propaganda articles in the English press and for once there apparently was some truth to his stories. The South Carolina Gazette carried a story that South Carolina was copying the North Carolina policy of establishing looms to escape purchasing English cloth.95 Petitions from the manufacturing towns and boroughs poured into Parliament expressing the fear of loss of both raw materials and markets.96 Although the point was played down in Parliamentary debate there were voiced fears of such losses and the influence of the mercantile interest on the question was fully realized in England at the time.97 The party aspect of repeal revolved around the attempt of the Pitt faction to discredit the government and specifically to restrict the influence of the king. To gain public support Pitt championed the repeal of the Stamp Act and, assisted by Judge Pratt (Lord Camden), fought the issue on the basis of con-stitutional principles.98 This explains the reason for the high theoretical level at which the debates were carried on—debates which were echoed in the colonies and influenced the philosophi-cal tone of the colonial arguments. Contrary to the North Carolina position, it was not theoretical considerations that were of paramount importance in English thinking, for in the end it was not constitutional arguments that prevailed but rather the practical idea of expediency. The group that secured the repeal was the one that believed Parlia- 02 D. L. Coi-bitt, "Historical Notes," The North Carolina Historical Review, II (July, 1925), 388 93 "Thomson Papers, 1765-1816," Collections of the New-York Historical Society (1878), XI, 15. 04 Hinkhouse, Preliminaries of the American Revolution, 64. 05 North Carolina Items from the South Carolina Gazette, III, 132. ™ The Annual Register (London, 1803), IX, 35. 97 The Annual Register, IX, 36; Hinkhouse, Preliminaries of the American Revolution, 78 et seq.; Cobbett, Parliamentary History, XVI, 110. C8 A. V. Ruville, William Pitt, Earl of Chatham (London, 1907), III, 162. North Carolina Opponents of the Stamp Act 339 ment had the right to tax the colonies but felt it inexpedient because "the duty was not adapted to colonial conditions" and was "ruinous to British trade/'99 The members might not be-lieve in colonial poverty or they might reject the colonial concept of the constitution or Pitt's theories of taxation, but no one could deny that commerce had been adversely affected. The repeal had not been an unconditional surrender. For the repeal had been linked with a Declaratory Act giving Parliament ". . . full power & Authority to make Laws & Statutes ... in all Cases Whatsoever."100 North Carolina chose to ignore the Declaratory Act but was somewhat less enthusiastic than the other colonies that were caught by the upsurge of patriotism that swept the country. Formal expressions of thanks and loyalty were sent from the mayor and corporation of Wilmington and from the Assembly.101 The colony did not erect a lead statue of George III, as Massa-chusetts did, to be melted down later for bullets, but it did, according to Williamson, finance the £15,000 Tryon Palace as an act of gratitude.102 Certainly there was no standing antago-nism between Governor Tryon and those who had participated in the opposition. As early as May 6, 1766, the governor had recommended Colonel Thomas Lloyd, one of the leaders of the Brunswick opposition, to a seat in the Council.103 During the Regulators' War he appointed to the ranking military position every recorded leader of the Stamp Act opposition. Even though good feeling did develop, neither the governor nor the opposition retracted one statement or action made during the crisis or changed their political conviction in any point. Of all the op-ponents of the governor during this time only one apologized to him for the insults to his person.104 The Corporation of Wil-mington was quick to defend its position when Tryon under-took to administer a polite reprimand for its part in the affair. Tryon wisely dropped the matter before it developed into an acrimonious quarrel.105 Actually the repeal of the Stamp Act had settled nothing. There was no compromise on the basic issue of sovereignty and 99 Cobbett, Parliamentary History, XVI, 194. 100 Fortescue, The Correspondence of King George the Third, 262. 101 Colonial Records, VII, 223, 298. 102 Hugh Williamson, The History of North Carolina (Philadelphia, 1812), 123. 103 Colonial Records, VII, 206. 104 Colonial Records, VII, 206. 105 Colonial Records, VII, 222-223, 242-243, 340 The North Carolina Historical Review there were no governmental reforms.106 Charles Lee had pre-dicted correctly in 1767 that the affection and loyalty in the colonies would exist only so long as England made no attempt to tax the colonies. 107 But the Stamp Act struggle did more than strengthen the old resolution to resist taxation. Opposition to the duty had begun on an independent basis in the colonies, but the organization of the Sons of Liberty which spread to nearly all the colonies and apparently flourished in North Carolina, the exchange of resolutions, proclamations, and cor-respondence, and the meeting of the Stamp Act Congress had developed a strong sentiment for united action. North Carolina had not participated in the Stamp Act Congress, but there was growing regret that she had not. In the future she would tend to associate her interests with those of her sister colonies. Schlesinger considered the chief importance of the Stamp Act to be the ". . . common ground on which the planting provinces might join with the commercial provinces in protest."108 Lee was not alone in predicting future opposition. The report of the customs officials of North Carolina in November, 1769, emphasized the fact that ". . . it becomes popular to resist & oppose such [revenue] laws and hence [those] whose Duty it is to execute them incur the odium & resentment of the people . . . and every attempt to regulate Trade or raise a Revenue in the Plantation will only afford matter of opposition. . . ," 109 The prophecy was borne out with the passage of the Townshend Duties. Church officials also noted the rebellious spirit among the people. Since rebellion had proven useful and successful techniques of opposition had been developed, it was only natural, to a practical-minded people, that they should put these new ideas and tools into operation to meet other problems. Andrew Morton, writing to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in August, 1766, described "a solemn league and covenant" that was drawn up in Mecklenburg to oppose the establishment of the Anglican Church which the citizens considered ". . . as oppressive as the Stamp Act and were determined to prevent 108 There was created in England in 1768 an "American Department," but it was not created because of the colonial opposition but only as a political maneuver and it did not change the nature or source of colonial policies. See M. W. Spector, The American Depart-ment of the British Government (New York, 1940). 107 Charles Lee, "The Lee Papers," Collections of the New-York Historical Society (1871), I, 59. 108 Schlesinger, "The Colonial Merchants and the American Revolution," 65. io» pro, Treasury Board Letters, Bundle 474, fo. 454. North Carolina Opponents of the Stamp Act 341 its taking place, there by opposing the settlement of any min-ister. . . ." no This was a practical application on a local scale of the lessons and techniques learned during the Stamp Act struggle. The same sort of application on a wider scale led the Regulators into a colonial civil war. Just how much the eastern activities had molded the thinking of the back country can be seen in the Regulators' advertisement of August, 1766. Whereas that great good may come of this great designed Evil the Stamp Law while the sons of Liberty withstood the Lords in Parliament in behalf of true Liberty let not Officers under them carry on unjust Oppression in our own Province ... it is our Duty as well as right to see & examine where such rulers abuse such trust. . . . Let each Neighborhood throughout the country meet together and appoint one or more men to attend a general meeting on Monday . . . while men are men though you should see all those Sons of Liberty (who has just now redeemed us from tyranny) set in Office and vested with power they would soon corrupt again and oppress if they were not called upon to give an account of their Stewardship. 111 The concept of the right and duty of redressing grievances by other than legal means, the doctrine of local self-rule, and the method of opposition through local associations were bor-rowed from the Stamp Act opponents. Certain of their grievances arose from or were colored by the earlier opposition. The four major grievances of the Regulators were excessive taxes, dis-honest officials, and extortionate fees which went unredressed because of the system of centralized office-holding. 112 The defeat of the attempt by Grenville to change colonial relationship with England left North Carolina's government in the hands of a few eastern planters. Thus there would be no change in colonial officials or taxation. The building of Tryon's Palace, if we accept Williamson's point of view, arose from the Stamp Act crisis and the burden of payment rested on the poll tax system which was so odious to the West. As for the excessive fees, there had been complaints on this score before any active opposition to the Stamp Act had developed. 113 But from November 1, 1765, to July, 1766, no business had been transacted by the courts. 110 Colonial Records, VII, 252 et seq. 111 Lee, "The Lee Papers," I, 249-250. 112 Connor, History of North Carolina, 303. 113 See the Nutbush Address, Colonial Records, VII, 89-90. 342 The North Carolina Historical Review As a result a great backlog of legal business accumulated in the courts. At the Halifax (North Carolina) Superior Court alone the docket in April contained nearly one thousand civil cases.114 When the courts were opened in July a flood of fees, fines and judgments overwhelmed the people, making the ordinary evils seem a hundred times more vicious. When the Regulators saw the futility of attempting legal methods of redressing grievances they attempted local associa-tions to give more strength to their demands. The eastern politicians were quick to grasp the danger of their political position in the colony and to their theoretical arguments abroad. The Regulators' opposition to colonial-enacted laws certainly refuted the repeated statement made by the Americans that the colonists would willingly contribute to any taxation if it were levied by their own legislature. The struggle in the early 1770's when compared to that of 1766 varies only in degree, between lower units of government, and not in basic issues of reasoning on the part of those in-volved. The demand for political control of the back country, no taxation unless by their own representatives, and opposition to foreign (in this case eastern) courts and officials correspond to similar motives on the part of the eastern planters in the earlier dispute. The essence of the Regulator movement was a demand for equality of political privilege and participation which in turn meant local or self-control. The Stamp Act opponents in 1766 did not want a change of government, nor did the Regulators want more than a correction of the evils that existed in provincial government.115 In its total effect the Stamp Act struggle in North Carolina contributed to the ideas, grievances, and methods of the intra-colonial civil war, created a strong feeling for colonial inde-pendence and intercolonial cooperation, and helped formulate the basic philosophy of the struggle that led to the American Revolution. But the primary importance of the Stamp Act resistance was to release the mind of the North Carolinians from the unthinking acceptance of the "Old Colonial System" by focusing their attention on the fundamental nature of the 114 Colonial Records, VII, 199 et seq.; 248. 115 Elmer D. Johnson, The War of the Regulators (unpublished master's thesis, University of North Carolina, 1942), 145. North Carolina Opponents of the Stamp Act 343 system and a consideration of what that system ought to be. The result of their studied consideration was a demand for local control of North Carolina with equal status with every other unit of the Empire. This was diametrically opposed to the English theory of colonial inferiority and dependence and represented a basic difference in constitutional theory which was not to be reconciled. The colonists would accept nothing less, and England would grant nothing more than she had granted. Since the success of the opposition in 1766 had turned the colonial mind from compromise and England came to be convinced of the folly of appeasement, only complete independ-ence or complete dependence could settle the issue. THE ANTE-BELLUM PROFESSIONAL THEATER IN RALEIGH By Donald J. Rulfs Although we are told that the first State House in Raleigh, completed in November, 1794, was frequently used for "theatri-cal representations" and "sleight of hand performances,"1 the earliest newspaper notice of professional entertainment was an advertisement in the Raleigh Register and North Carolina Gazette for December 19, 1803, to the effect that Davenport and Street's Wax Figures would be on exhibit at the court-house beginning on December 26 and remaining through January 2. A partial list of figures in the exhibit included General Washington and his Lady, the Honorable John Adams, His Excellency Thomas Jefferson, and General Bonaparte. There were no further professional attractions until 1806 when Mr. Rannie, a ventriloquist, advertised in the Register from August 18 through September 1 that he would soon visit the principal towns in North Carolina, but he gave no specific dates for his appearance in Raleigh. On November 26 of the same year, Gross and Ollendorff Museum of Wax Figures gave notice in the Register that the exhibition had already opened opposite the courthouse and would leave town on November 26. There-after, professional entertainment was not offered until after the opening of the theater. The first theater in Raleigh was on the lower floor of a wooden building erected in 1814 on the northeast corner of Morgan and Dawson streets by the Grand Lodge of North Carolina Masons and, the Raleigh Lodge, Hiram No. 40, both of which shared a lodge room on the upper floor. The lot was donated by Theophilus Hunter, who also contributed one hundred dollars to the building fund.2 On Friday, January 13, 1815, the Star and North Carolina Gazette (Raleigh) announced that the new theater, "the pride and ornament of our city," was nearly completed and would be opened during the next week. 1 David L. Swain, Early Times in Raleigh (Raleigh: Waltei-s, Hughes, and Co., 1867) 7. 2 John Nichols, History of Hiram Lodge no. U0, Raleigh, N. C. [?] from 1800 to 1900 In-clusive (Raleigh [?], 1900 [?]), 15-16. [ 344 1 Ante-Bellum Professional Theater 345 The writer for the Star, who signed himself "Dramaticus," stated that ". . . the most competent judges have pronounced both the model and execution of the building, to be superior to that of any theatre of its dimensions in America,"3 and Alexander Lucas, Grand Secretary of the Grand Lodge,4 was designated as manager and architect. At the annual meeting of the Grand Lodge in Raleigh during the late fall of 1817, Lucas, in reporting on the finishing touches that were being made to the building, stated that it had recently received two coats of paint on the outside and that the staircase was being improved. He added that "It was considered that the shutters would be an equal benefit to the Theatre and the Lodge, and it was agreed on the part of the proprietors of the Theatre, that they would sustain one-half the expense of the shutters."5 The first performance in the new theater was offered by the Raleigh Thespian Society, which had been organized at an uncertain date in the early 1800's and which had been offering amateur productions in the Raleigh Academy Building, com-pleted in January, 1804,6 and located on Burke Square, present site of the Governor's Mansion.7 Apparently there was a delay in the opening of the theater because the only newspaper notice after the initial account in the Star for January 13 was an advertisement in the Register for January 27 to the effect that the plays for that evening would be Thomas Morton's Secrets Worth Knowing, or the Young Architect, and, in accordance with a long established custom in the English and American theater, an afterpiece in the form of the anonymous farce The Bee Hive, or Industry Must Prosper. During the remainder of the year productions were advertised by the Thespians for April 24, May 15, and November 10. This capable amateur group had been incorporated by an act of the General Assembly in 1814.8 The Masonic Lodge seems to have sold the theater to the Thespians. From September 21 through November 16, 1821, the 3 Review quoted in full by Archibald Henderson, North Carolina, the Old North State and the New (Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co., 1941), II, 662-663. 4 Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of North Carolina and Tennessee from A. L. 5804, A. D. 1804, to A. L. 5840, A. D. 1840 (Oxford, N. C: Orphan Asylum Press, 1909), Proceed-ings 1814-1819, passim. 5 Proceedings of the Grand Lodge, 1817, 9-10. 6 Henderson, North Carolina, II, 660. 7 Swain, Early Times in Raleigh, "Map of Raleigh for 1834," opposite p. 24. 8 Henderson, North Carolina, II, 662. 346 The North Carolina Historical Review theater was advertised in the Register for rent, and the notice stated that letters of inquiry were to be addressed to the presi-dent of the Thespian Society. Eight years later the Grand Lodge appointed a committee on December 18, 1829, to investigate the possibility of acquiring the theater, but the group reported on December 23 that it would be "inexpedient to purchase at present/'9 Two years later the matter was still pressing, and at a meeting on December 7, 1831, R. Haywood introduced the following resolution: That whereas the Grand Lodge has been frequently incom-moded by players, jugglers, and others, who have rented the theatre attached to the Grand Lodge ; and whereas the safety of the Grand Lodge is endangered thereby; and whereas it is understood that said theatre will be sold in a short time at public sale, under and by virtue of a deed in trust: be it therefore Resolved, That a committee of three persons be appointed to purchase said theatre, provided it does not sell for more than dollars : . . ,"» The committee found that the theater was for sale for $246.59 by the Bank of New Bern, which apparently held a mortgage on the Thespians' property, and on December 31 a committee of four was voted permission to make the purchase. That the theater was still owned by the Lodge four years later is evi-denced by the following letter which was submitted by Henry W. Preston, manager of a traveling company, and which was read at a meeting on December 15, 1835: To the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of North Carolina: The undersigned respectfully showeth : That he has rented the Theatre belonging to your body, for which he pays $20 per week : That he has gone to considerable expense in painting and repairing the front of said building: That he finds the Scenery in miserable order, and much in want of repainting and repair-ing ; the cost of which he estimates at $50 or $60. He prays that he may be allowed to repair said Scenery, and that your body will allow him the use of said building a fortnight as Compen-sation therefor. December 12, 1835 H. W. Preston At the December 20 meeting Preston's request was granted.11 Five years later the Lodge paid F. H. Reeder $20.50 "for work * Proceedings of the Grand Lodge, 1829, 13-15. 10 Proceedings of the Grand Lodge, 1831, 5-6. 11 Proceedings of the Grand Lodge, 1835, 12-13. Ante-Bellum Professional Theater 347 done on chimney and stove in theatre."12 The last professional performance in the building was on January 8, 1841, as will be indicated below, but the structure was identified on maps of Raleigh for 1847 and 1872.13 It was finally abandoned in 1874.14 The first professional performance in the new theater oc-curred on November 22, 1816, when a Mr. Philibert offered a program of "upwards of over 260 of the most wonderful and curious performances in Tumbling," according to his advertise-ment in the Register for that date. During the next spring, on April 25, 1817, the Register advertised that James H. Caldwell, a popular actor-manager in the South, would appear for one more evening on April 26 in "A Dramatic Olio from Shakespeare, Otway, and Morton" and the anonymous farce Three and the Deuce, assisted by the gentlemen of the Thespian Society. During the next year, on June 26, 1818, the Register announced that "We are authorized to say that Mr. Caldwell and a part of his Company are now at Petersburg, and when joined by the re-mainder, will set off instantly for this place." The notice con-tinued to the effect that the group planned to open with Charles Kemble's The Point of Honor, or School for Soldiers and J. T. Allingham's farce Fortune's Frolic, but with no date for the opening. Caldwell was a native of England who had made his debut on the American stage at the Charleston Theater in November, 1816, and who later became the manager of theaters in several southern cities.15 He did not advertise the titles of plays offered in Raleigh after the opening night but probably relied upon the distribution of daily handbills. In fact, the Register for July 17 stated that "The theater continues to be numerously and fashionably attended. The Patronage afforded it (in proportion to the population of Raleigh) it is believed, has never been surpassed in America." The length of the engage-ment is uncertain. On the following September 11, Mr. Handel opened at the theater for a few nights with performances of "Apparent Necro- 12 Proceedings of the Grand Lodge, 1840, 10. 13 Swain, Early Times in Raleigh, "Map of Raleigh for 1847," opposite p. 41; "Bird's Eye View of the City of Raleigh. North Carolina, 1872," drawn by C. N. Drie. 14 Nichols, History of Hiram Lodge no. U0, 16. 15 T. Allston Brown, History of the American Stage ( New York : Dick and Fitzgerald, 1870), 61; N. M. Ludlow, Dramatic Life As I Found It (St. Louis: I. Jones and Co., 1880), passim. 348 The North Carolina Historical Review mancy, consisting of Magical, Mathematical, and Philosophical Experiments, with a variety of elegant feats by dexterity of hand."16 On Monday, November 16, of the same year during the session of the General Assembly, the theater was opened by an unidentified company,17 but the weekly advertisement appearing in the Register on November 20 indicated that the offering for that evening would be Mrs. Elizabeth Inchbald's The Midnight Hour and Prince Hoare's farce No Song, No Supper, followed on the next evening by George Lillo's George Barnwell and John O'Keefe's The Poor Soldier. A week later, on November 27, George Coleman the Younger's The Mountaineers was adver-tised as the main play for that evening and Charles Kemble's The Point of Honor for the next night. These selected titles indicate that the company offered the most popular contem-porary English and American plays, apparently with a nightly change of program for an engagement of at least two weeks. There was no further professional entertainment for more than three years. From September 21 through November 16, 1821, the theater was advertised in the Register for rent at ten dollars a night, "exclusive of the bar," and it was suggested that "a small but respectable Company of Comedians" would do well during the sitting of the Assembly and "for some time before and after." A note at the end stated that the advertisement was to be inserted in the Charleston Courier and the Augusta Advertiser once a week for four weeks and that letters of inquiry were to be addressed to the president of the Thespian Society. Although there was no evidence for two years of a reply to the advertisement by a full dramatic company, in the meantime, Mr. Lewis and his five children, "the oldest eleven, the youngest three," gave concerts at the theater on January 4 and 5, 1822 ; 18 Mr. Charles, a magician and sword swallower, appeared in Mrs. Jeter's Long Room within the same year on July 11, 12, and 13 ; 19 and Mr. Potter, ventriloquist, opened at the theater on the following September 26 for a brief engagement.20 The delayed response to the "for rent" advertisement came during the session of the Assembly in the fall of 1823 when 16 Register, September 11, 1818. 17 Register, November 20, 1818. 18 Register, January 4, 1822. 18 Register, July 12, 1822. 20 Register, September 27, 1822. Ante-Bellum Professional Theater 349 Messrs. Herbert and Drummond, "from the Theatres of New York, Philadelphia, and Boston," according to their advertise-ment, opened the theater on November 28 with John Home's Douglas and Coleman the Younger's The Blue Devils. The man-agers were John Herbert, an English actor who had made his American debut at the Chestnut Street Theater in Philadelphia during 1817, and W. C. Drummond, also an Englishman, who had first appeared in this country at the Holiday Street Theater in Baltimore in 1810.21 Performances were announced for Mon-day, Wednesday, and Friday evenings only, tickets were to be one dollar with children half price, and the theater bar was to be sublet as a concession. The company remained for three weeks through December 19, offering such popular pieces as John Howard Payne's The Maid and the Magpie, a melodrama, on December 5 ; James Kenney's Matrimony, sl comedy, on December 12; and The Forty Thieves, an anonymous "Grand Operatical Romance," according to the advertisement, on December 19. During the following spring, Mr. Nichols, a ventriloquist, appeared on March 30, 1824, at Goneke's Concert Hall, which had been opened to the public during the preceding fall on October 17 by J. F. Goneke. Upon its opening, the building was advertised as a "Restoratory and Concert Hall" and appears to have been a combination grocery store, music store, and concert hall located on the west side of Fayetteville Street.22 Nichols returned for another engagement at Goneke's on April 8. On the following June 15, John Herbert again announced him-self in the Register as the manager of the theater and stated that he had engaged Frederick Brown of the Charleston Theater "for a few nights" and would open on June 16 with perform-ances on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday evenings. There was a delay, however, because the advertisement for June 18 an-nounced the performance for that evening, Pizarro, as Brown's first night and added that he had been engaged for five nights. Brown, a native of England, was doubtless the most talented professional performer to appear in Raleigh to that date. He had been a member of the excellent Charleston Company since 21 Brown, History of the American Staae, 106 and 171. 22 Register, October 17, 1823. 350 The North Carolina Historical Review 1816 and had been acting manager of that theater during the season 1823-1824, which had closed in Charleston on May 26.23 Pizarro, the play for the opening night of Brown's Raleigh engagement, was a very popular melodrama by the German playwright August von Kotzebue, and the translation could have been one by William Dunlap, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, or Charles Smith. In this performance Brown took the part of Rolla ; Herbert played Pizarro ; Mr. Hartwig, advertised as being from the Boston Theater, played Alonzo; Mrs. Hartwig played Elvira ; and Mrs. Johns, of the Montreal Theater, took the role of Cora. At the end of the play Brown delivered William Collins's famous "Ode on the Passions," accompanied by the "original and appropriate Music," and the anonymous farce The Rendezvous followed. Brown's last night was on July 2, when he appeared in John Banim's Damon and Pythias. After his departure the company offered one more production on July 5 in the form of M. M. Noah's The Plains of Chippewa, which was advertised as having been offered in the principal cities of the United States "with uncommon admiration."24 It should be noted that this brief summer season of two weeks and one day was of special significance in that the Assembly was not in session, and the company was supported only by the local population, which was 2,674 in 1820. Herbert returned as manager during the fall of the same year and opened the theater on November 12, 1824, with Monk Lewis's The Castle Spectre and the anonymous farce Married Yesterday for an engagement of five weeks through December 17, with performances three times a week. In a special notice in the Register for December 7, Herbert, in connection with a pub-lic announcement of the theft of $8.74 by the ticket taker of the theater, designated himself as "manager of the Theatres in North Carolina and Virginia," and later he became a member of the Charleston Company from 1826 through 1828 and during the season 1837-1838.25 During Herbert's extended engagement some of the more outstanding offerings were William Barnes's "Serio, Comico, Musico, Tragico Burletta" Bombastes Furioso, which was pre- 23 W. Stanley Hoole, The Ante-Bellum Charleston Theatre (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1946), 88-90 and 209. 2* Register, July 2, 1824. 25 Hoole, The Ante-Bellum Charleston Theatre, 214. 1 Ante-Bellum Professional Theater 351 sented as an afterpiece on November 17; Charles Macklin's Love a la Mode on November 26 ; John Howard Payne's popular melodrama Adeline, or the Victim of Seduction on December 3 ; Samuel Woodworth's Lafayette, or the Castle of Olmutz on December 8; and W. T. MoncriefFs musical extravaganza Tom and Jerry on the final night, December 17. As a farewell gesture the citizens of Raleigh gave Herbert a subscription ball at Goneke's Hall on December 21,26 and the Thespian Society gave a benefit performance, consisting of James Kenney's melodrama Ella Rosenberg and J. T. Allingham's 'Tis All a Farce, on De-cember 25 for Mrs. Hartwig.27 After Herbert's company left, the theater remained dark for almost four years. It was reopened on November 27, 1828, for a two-night stand by Mr. Holland, ventriloquist, on his way to Charleston and New Orleans.28 Within two weeks, on December 9, the Register announced that the theater had already opened for a short season, probably on Monday, December 8, and that it would be under the management of A. Keyser, with per-formances on Monday, Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday. The offerings for December 9 were David Garrick's popular Catherine and Petruchio and William Macready's The Village Lawyer, There were no further newspaper notices, but Keyser doubtless relied upon the usual daily handbills. During the next season Keyser gave notice in the Register from September 24 through October 15, 1829, that he would manage the theater again for a short season during the session of the Legislature and that he had secured ". . . an excellent Company, and trusts that his efforts to please will be met by a corresponding degree of patronage from a liberal public." From October 19 through November 2 he announced the group engaged as that of W. Riddle, and the opening performance on November 9 consisted of John Tobin's The Honey Moon and the anonymous farce The Rendezvous. Performances were to be nightly,29 but there were no further newspaper notices until November 30, when John Howard Payne's melodrama Therese, or the Orphan of China and the anonymous The Young Widow were advertised for that evening. By that date the nightly 26 Register, December 17 and 21, 1824. 27 Register, December 24, 1824. 88 Register, November 28, 1828. 29 Register, November 5, 1829. 352 The North Carolina Historical Review bills had been changed to Monday, Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday offerings. The November 30 issue of the Register contained an interest-ing letter to the editor in which the writer, who signed himself "Goldsmith and Co.," praised Therese as being "full of life and incident, sound in its moral tone, and from the number of interesting characters, well calculated to bring out the talent of the Theatrical Corps." He concluded his remarks by stating that "The unwearied exertions of the Company now performing here to deserve and obtain public patronage, cannot but be ap-preciated by all who are in the habit of visiting the Theatre." There were no additional notices of this company, however, and the theater again remained dark for five and a half years. One reason for the neglect during these years was very probably the development after 1825 of a strong antipathy to the drama by the evangelical clergy and a certain portion of the population, as indicated by Guion Johnson.30 In spite of the opposition, however, the professional offerings did not cease altogether since there were sporadic engagements of companies through the last months of 1840. After that date professional entertain-ment continued but not in the form of plays, as will be indicated below. The theater was possibly reopened on August 18, 1835, by Mr. Skelline, ventriloquist, who advertised in the Register for that date that he would appear in Raleigh "for a few evenings only," but he did not give the place of performance or specific dates of the engagement. On the following November 5, how-ever, Henry W. Preston made the following announcement in the Star: Having become the lessee of the principal Theatres in the State, viz. Raleigh, Wilmington, and Newbern, he [Preston] has just returned from the North, where he has succeeded in engaging, from the different Theatres, a strong and efficient Corps Bra-matique, whose talents cannot be surpassed by any stock com-pany in the United States. He has added to his Company the French dancer, Madame Vincent, from the Royal Opera, Paris. Another announcement by Preston followed in the Register on November 9 and 17 to the effect that the theater would be opened 80 Guion Griffis Johnson, Ante-Bellum North Carolina, a Social History (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1937), 178-179. Ante-Bellum Professional Theater 353 on November 16 and that 'The House, of late years, being so neglected as to render it almost unfit and uncomfortable for Ladies to enter, is now undergoing a thorough repair." The lengthy notice presented details of the ornate redecorations, such as "a warm painting of variegated colours, intermingled with gold" on the proscenium and fronts of the boxes, festooned draperies over the stage doors, and "figures of different shapes" on the panel front of the boxes.31 There were no additional notices concerning the opening production on November 16, but on December 3 Isaac Pocock's melodrama Rob Roy MacGregor was announced for that evening, with the anonymous farce The Spectre Bridegroom and a highland fling by Madame Vincent.32 Then Preston again ceased to advertise, but, as noted above, he submitted a letter to the Grand Lodge on December 12 asking permission to use the theater for two additional weeks free of rent because of his expenditures in renovating the building, and his request was granted on December 20. This would imply a total engagement of six weeks and four days. During the next year there was only one performance at the theater, that of Herr Zaionczek "for a few nights only," be-ginning on December 26, 1836.33 His program was as follows: Part I, Herr Zaionczek in gymnastic feats ; Part II, Mr. Maelzel's Celebrated Automaton Rope Dancer ; and Part III, the Phantas-copal Illusions, "in which will be displayed several Scriptural, Historical, and Comic subjects." The theater then remained closed for two years. From September 3 through October 1, 1838, it was advertised for rent, and the notice, signed by John Marshall, stated that an efficient manager might make the theater profitable during the session of the Assem
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Home USF General Catalog Page 720
University of San Francisco General Catalog 2015-2016
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Students proficient in any language not offered at the USF who believe they might qualify for a language
waiver should contact the appropriate Embassy (or Consulate General) and obtain supporting
documentation of proficiency. Validation of school transcripts, which should be equivalent to an eighth
grade education, may also be obtained at these locations.
Catalog: The Cultural Diversity Designation | University of San
The CD designation will also be assigned by the College Curriculum Committees. Courses with the CD
designation must develop the capacities listed below.
Demonstrate familiarity with the factors that create diversity in human societies, including, for
example, gender, race, class, and ethnicity.
Understand the relationships among diversity, inequality, and justice.
Demonstrate an understanding of the effects of global interdependence on contemporary
societies, for example, the role of migration and immigration, economic, political, and cultural
globalization on contemporary societies.
Demonstrate familiarity with the historical contributions of traditionally marginalized groups to
contemporary ideas, values and culture.
Catalog: The Service Learning Designation | University of San
For courses across the curriculum to receive the Service Learning Designation (SL), the course must be
approved as meeting the service learning criteria outlined below. The College Curriculum Committees
will determine whether or not a course receives the designation through normal college curriculum
The integration of service learning into a course has five key components:
1. Service activities are mandatory.
2. Clear connections exist between service activities and the academic discipline.
3. Service activities benefit the client or community in a meaningful way.
4. Students engage in a carefully articulated reflection process around the service, the discipline,
and themselves; and
5. Faculty assess the student learning outcomes of the service experience.
Title University of San Francisco General Catalog 2015-2016
Creator University of San Francisco
Publisher University of San Francisco
Source 2015-2016_catalog_optimized.pdf
Full-text Students proficient in any language not offered at the USF who believe they might qualify for a language waiver should contact the appropriate Embassy (or Consulate General) and obtain supporting documentation of proficiency. Validation of school transcripts, which should be equivalent to an eighth grade education, may also be obtained at these locations. Catalog: The Cultural Diversity Designation | University of San Francisco The CD designation will also be assigned by the College Curriculum Committees. Courses with the CD designation must develop the capacities listed below. Students will: Demonstrate familiarity with the factors that create diversity in human societies, including, for example, gender, race, class, and ethnicity. Understand the relationships among diversity, inequality, and justice. Demonstrate an understanding of the effects of global interdependence on contemporary societies, for example, the role of migration and immigration, economic, political, and cultural globalization on contemporary societies. Demonstrate familiarity with the historical contributions of traditionally marginalized groups to contemporary ideas, values and culture. Catalog: The Service Learning Designation | University of San Francisco For courses across the curriculum to receive the Service Learning Designation (SL), the course must be approved as meeting the service learning criteria outlined below. The College Curriculum Committees will determine whether or not a course receives the designation through normal college curriculum procedures. The integration of service learning into a course has five key components: 1. Service activities are mandatory. 2. Clear connections exist between service activities and the academic discipline. 3. Service activities benefit the client or community in a meaningful way. 4. Students engage in a carefully articulated reflection process around the service, the discipline, and themselves; and 5. Faculty assess the student learning outcomes of the service experience.
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Harvey (x) ›
Primary production, new production and vertical flux in the eastern Pacific Ocean,
The sinking of participate organic matter in the ocean links food webs beneath the euphotic zone to surface primary production and is an important pathway for the downward transport of many elements 1-3. The flux of particulate organic carbon (POC) is also an important parameter in the global carbon cycle and may be related to long-term changes in atmospheric CO 24,5. In 1980, Suess 6synthesized existing measurements from sediment trap studies into a model to predict the vertical flux of POC from depth (z) and primary production (PP)6. The Suess model has become the standard for evaluating vertical flux data 7, for estimating the annual flux of POC in the ocean 8and for parameterizing ocean carbon cycle models 4,5. We present here a new model of the vertical flux of POC and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) from a set of contemporaneous measurements of PP and fluxes made during the VERTEX (Vertical Transport and Exchange) programme in the north-east Pacific. The VERTEX model indicates that PP and vertical fluxes of POC and PON, in the oligotrophic ocean are greater than previously suggested. In addition, the vertical flux of PON from the photic zone represents a measure of the PP that is supported by new nitrogen (new production) 9,10. In the north-east Pacific, new production ranged from 13 to 25% of primary production and was positively related to total PP. © 2002 Nature Publishing Group., Cited By (since 1996):144, ,
Pace, Knauer, Karl, Martin
Food habits of the two-line eelpout (Bothrocara brunneum: Zoarcidae) at two deep-sea sites in the eastern North Pacific,
Two-line eelpouts were collected from two deep-sea sites in the eastern North Pacific in order to study food habits. The diet of this species is low in diversity, consisting primarily of shrimp-like crustaceans and secondarily of small zoarcid fishes. Although significant differences in diet exist between the two study sites, it appears that two-line eelpouts have a narrow dietary breadth. Previous and concurrent surveys of the region indicate that there is a wide range of potential prey available to two-line eelpouts; however, the species appears to be using a narrow range of benthopelagic fauna, suggesting that it is capable of some degree of prey specialization., Cited By (since 1996):7, CODEN: DRORE, ,
Development of a computer-aided age determination system,
We have developed a computer-aided system (Bony Parts) to analyze periodic bands in fish otoliths (or other structures) for age estimation. The image analysis program first scans the image of a thin otolith section, perpendicular to the bands specified by the user. Adjacent scans are averaged and filtered with Fourier transformation or spatial domain convolution. Bands of higher density are detected and are marked and summed on the screen. We evaluated this new technique using subsamples of thin-sectioned otoliths from the bank rockfish Sebastes rufus. The time and effort for cleaning, preparation, sectioning, and mounting are the same for both traditional and computer-aided techniques. The computer-aided technique reduced the time and tedium of counting bands, yet still allowed the user to interactively make subjective decisions about aging criteria. Both approaches produced similar readings, but computer-aided estimates were more precise than traditional readings and required less analysis time. Thus, this new technique allows sample size and precision to be increased for a given amount of effort. Use of this new technique to age 1,897 sections produced von Bertalanffy growth equations that indicate female bank rockfish grow to a larger theoretical maximum size than males (L1 = 500.7 mm versus 438.1 mm total length) but grow at a slightly slower rate (K = 0.054 for females versus 0.073 for males., Cited By (since 1996):11, Fish and Fisheries, CODEN: TAFSA, ,
Cailliet, Botsford, Brittnacher, Ford, Matsubayashi, King, Waiters, Kope
The relationship between water motion and living rhodolith beds in the southwestern Gulf of California, Mexico,
Free living, nodular aggregates of non-geniculate coralline algae (rhodoliths) have occurred since the Cenozoic in diverse marine environments around the world. Fossil rhodolith morphology and distribution have been widely used as paleoecological indicators, particularly of water motion. However, few studies have verified these relationships in living beds. The relationship between water motion and rhodolith movement was examined in three subtidal rhodolith beds off the southwestern coast of the Gulf of California, one dominated by wave action and two dominated by tidal currents. Field experiments and simultaneous video and current measurements taken during winter 1996 showed that rhodoliths in the shallow margins (4.5 m depths) of wave-dominated beds moved frequently due to threshold-level velocities from wind-propagated waves. Rhodoliths did not move in the middle and at deep margins of the bed due to attenuation of wave energy. Historical wind records and waveforcasting analysis indicate that shallow rhodolith movement is frequent only in the winter. In deep tidally dominated beds, maximum yearly tidal currents were not sufficient to move rhodoliths. Video and SCUBA surveys showed that bioturbation is an important mechanism for rhodolith movement in all beds. Rhodoliths in 12-m-deep tidally dominated beds and in the deep margins of wave-dominated beds appear to move only occasionally due to bioturbation and severe storms. Results imply that rhodolith morphology and distribution are dependent on a combination of factors. These factors, especially bioturbation, should be considered when using rhodoliths as paleoecological indicators., Cited By (since 1996):66, ,
Marrack
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Loeb (x) ›
(1,001 - 1,019 of 1,019)
Primitive synteny of vertebrate major histocompatibility complex class I and class II genes,
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules bind to and display peptidic antigens acquired from pathogens that are recognized by lymphocytes coordinating and executing adaptive immune responses. The two classes of MHC proteins have nearly identical tertiary structures and were derived from a common ancestor that probably existed not long before the emergence of the cartilaginous fish. Class I and class II genes are genetically linked in tetrapods but are not syntenic in teleost fish, a phylogenetic taxon derived from the oldest vertebrate ancestor examined to date. Cartilaginous fish (Sharks, skates, and rays) are in the oldest taxon of extant jawed vertebrates; we have carried out segregation analyses in two families of nurse sharks and one family of the banded houndshark that revealed a close linkage of class IIα and β genes both with each other and with the classical class I (class Ia) gene. These results strongly suggest that the primordial duplication giving rise to classical class I and class II occurred in cis, and the close linkage between these two classes of genes has been maintained for at least 460 million years in representatives of most vertebrate taxa., Cited By (since 1996):82, CODEN: PNASA, ,
Ohta, Okamura, McKinney, Bartl, Hashimoto, Flajnik
Distribution density and relative abundance of benthic invertebrate megafauna from three sites at the base of the continental slope off central California as determined by camera sled and beam trawl,
Distribution, density and relative abundance of benthic invertebrate megafauna at three sites at the base of the continental slope off central California were investigated by trawls and camera sleds over a two-year period. A total of 29 successful trawls returned a total of 133 species of invertebrates. The dominant taxa by number in the trawls were holothurians, ophiurans, pennatulids, and one species of sea star and one species of corallomorpharian. There was considerable variation in rank order of abundance of the dominant invertebrates among the three sites and within one of the sites between years. Thus the percent similarity among the three sites was also low. Three of the five most abundant species were burrowers and were not detected in the camera sleds. Comparisons of rank order of abundances between the camera sleds and the trawls was done for 18 taxa. Results indicated no significant differences between the two methods and a total percent similarity of 78.8%. Comparison of densities per 100 m2 between the two methods revealed that the densities estimated from the camera sleds were about 4 times those of the trawls. Reasons for this discrepancy are discussed., Cited By (since 1996):12, Invertebrates, CODEN: DSROE, ,
Nybakken, Craig, Smith-Beasley, Moreno, Summers, Weetman
Temporal changes in deep-sea sponge populations are correlated to changes in surface climate and food supply
Density and average size of two species of abyssal sponges were analyzed at Station M (~4100. m depth) over an 18-year time-series (1989-2006) using camera sled transects. Both sponge taxa share a similar plate-like morphology despite being within different families, and both showed similar variations in density and average body size over time, suggesting that the same factors may control the demographics of both species. Peaks in significant cross correlations between increases in particulate organic carbon flux and corresponding increases in sponge density occurred with a time lag of 13 months. Sponge density also fluctuated with changes in two climate indices: the NOI with a time lag of 18 months and NPGO with a time lag of 15 months. The results support previous suggestions that increased particulate organic carbon flux may induce recruitment or regeneration in deep-sea sponges. It is unknown whether the appearance of young individuals results from recruitment, regeneration, or both, but the population responses to seasonal and inter-annual changes in food supply demonstrate that sponge populations are dynamic and are capable of responding to inter-annual changes despite being sessile and presumably slow-growing. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd., Cited By (since 1996):4, Export Date: 24 September 2013, Source: Scopus, CODEN: DRORE
Kahn, Ruhl, Smith
Effects of epiphyte load on optical properties and photosynthetic potential of the seagrasses Thalassia testudinum Banks ex König and Zostera marina L.,
The biomass and optical properties of seagrass leaf epiphytes were measured to evaluate their potential impact on the photosynthetic performance of the seagrasses Thalassia testudinum Banks ex König (turtlegrass) and Zostera marina L. (eelgrass). Turtlegrass was obtained from oligotrophic waters near Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas; eelgrass was collected from a eutrophic environment in Monterey Bay, California. Leaf-epiphyte loads were characterized visually and quantified using measurements of their phospholipid biomass. Light absorption and reflectance of the intact epiphyte layer were determined spectrophotometrically. Turtlegrass epiphytes from the oligotrophic site absorbed a maximum of 36% of incident light in peak chlorophyll absorption bands, whereas higher epiphyte loads on eelgrass from the more eutrophic Monterey Bay absorbed 60% of incident light in peak chlorophyll absorption bands. The combination of intact epiphyte-leaf complexes and spectral measurements enabled us to construct a quantitative relationship between epiphyte biomass and light attenuation, and, by extension, between epiphyte biomass and seagrass photosynthesis. The model yielded a robust, positive relationship between epiphyte biomass and the absorption of photons in photosynthetically important wavelengths, and it generated a strong negative relationship between epiphyte biomass and spectral photosynthesis of their seagrass hosts. Furthermore, the calculations of photosynthesis highlighted the significant differences between PAR and spectral models of photosynthesis, illustrating that the spectral quality of the incident flux must be considered when evaluating the effects of epiphyte load on seagrass leaf photosynthesis. Verification of the model - using direct measurements of photosynthesis and a variety of epiphyte and macrophyte combinations from different locations - is warranted., Cited By (since 1996):34, Seaweeds, CODEN: LIOCA, ,
Drake, Dobbs, Zimmerman
Influence of bottom currents on sediment texture and sea-floor morphology in the Argentine Basin,
The relative bottom-current speed below 4000 m in the Argentine Basin was inferred from the regional pattern of mean particle size of the non-biogenic silt fraction of about 300 sea-floor samples. The pattern reveals a strong deep western boundary current (DWBC) entering the Argentine Basin from the Georgia Basin through a gap in the Falkland Fracture Zone. The DWBC turns W and flows as a contour current along the Falkland Escarpment and Argentine continental margin. At the southern end of the Rio Grande Rise, the DWBC is deflected to the E and SE where it flows along the lower flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge as a weak basin-wide return flow. Several smaller return-flow gyres in the southern and western basin are delineated in the regional pattern. The DWBC is strongest along the western margin of the Argentine Basin where 3.5 kHz echograms reveal very prolonged echoes with no sub-bottom reflectors. That reflector pattern is indicative of coarse turbidites, some of which have been winnowed to produce coarse-grained lag deposits under the axis of flow. In the interior of the basin, where bottom-current flow is weakest, sediment consists of clay and silt which is deposited in large migrating mud waves with wavelengths of 3-10 km and heights of up to 137 m (average 26 m). The mud waves consist of material swept into the basin by the DWBC and delivered to the basin margin by down-slope processes. Thus material is winnowed by the DWBC and deposited as a fine-grained chaff in abyssal antidunes which migrate to the centre of the basin and form thick drift deposits., , ,
Ledbetter, Klaus
Lesions and behavior associated with forced copulation of juvenile Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi) by southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis),
Nineteen occurrences of interspecific sexual behavior between male southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) and juvenile Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi) were reported in Monterey Bay, California, between 2000 and 2002. At least three different male sea otters were observed harassing, dragging, guarding, and copulating with harbor seals for up to 7 d postmortem. Carcasses of 15 juvenile harbor seals were recovered, and seven were necropsied in detail by a veterinary pathologist. Necropsy findings from two female sea otters that were recovered dead from male sea otters exhibiting similar behavior are also presented to facilitate a comparison of lesions. The most frequent lesions included superficial skin lacerations; hemorrhage around the nose, eyes, flippers, and perineum; and traumatic corneal erosions or ulcers. The harbor seals sustained severe genital trauma, ranging from vaginal perforation to vagino-cervical transection, and colorectal perforations as a result of penile penetration. One harbor seal developed severe pneumoperitoneum subsequent to vaginal perforation, which was also observed in both female sea otters and has been reported as a postcoital lesion in humans. This study represents the first description of lesions resulting from forced copulation of harbor seals by sea otters and is also the first report of pneumoperitoneum secondary to forced copulation in a nonhuman animal. Possible explanations for this behavior are discussed in the context of sea otter biology and population demographics., Marine Mammals, Birds & Turtles, ,
Harris, Oates, Staedler, Tinker, Jessup, Harvey, Miller
Utilizing fishermen knowledge and expertise: Keys to success for collaborative fisheries research
Collaborative fisheries research provides a mechanism for integrating the unique knowledge, experience, and skills of fishermen and scientists. It is a joint intellectual endeavor that begins with the inception of a project and continues until its final stages, with each group having mutual investment in-and ownership of- the project. Collaborative fisheries research promotes communication and trust among fishermen, scientists, and managers and can provide much-needed scientifically valid data for fisheries management. It can enhance federal and state management data collection programs, which span broad sections of coastline, by increasing the ability to detect changes in local metapopulations that may be overfished or underutilized. We describe a methodology for conducting collaborative fisheries surveys and apply it to marine protected areas along the central California coast. During a series of workshops in 2006, attended by members of the fishing, academic, environmental, and management communities, protocols were established for conducting hook-and-line surveys collaboratively with commercial passenger fishing vessel captains and volunteer recreational anglers. The protocols have been implemented annually since 2007. This case study highlights the effectiveness of-and the essential steps in-developing our collaborative fisheries research and monitoring projects., Cited By (since 1996):1, Fish and Fisheries
Yochum, Starr, Wendt
Benthic changes at McMurdo Station, Antarctica following local sewage treatment and regional iceberg-mediated productivity decline,
McMurdo Station, the largest research station in Antarctica, ceased on-site garbage dumping in 1988 and initiated sewage treatment in 2003. In 2003-2004 its sea-ice regime was altered by the massive B-15A and C-19 iceberg groundings in the Ross Sea, approximately 100 km distant. Here we follow macrofaunal response to these changes relative to a baseline sampled since 1988. In the submarine garbage dump, surface contaminants levels have declined but associated macrofaunal recolonization is not yet evident. Although sewage-associated macrofauna were still abundant around the outfall nearly 2 yr after initiation of treatment, small changes downcurrent as far as 434 m from the outfall suggest some community recovery. Widespread community changes in 2003-2004, not seen in the decade previously, suggests that the benthos collectively responded to major changes in sea-ice regime and phytoplankton production caused by the iceberg groundings. Crown Copyright © 2009., Cited By (since 1996):9, Invertebrates, Antarctica, CODEN: MPNBA, ,
Conlan, Kim, Thurber, Hendrycks
Radiometric age confirmation and growth of a deep-water marine fish species: The bank rockfish, Sebastes rufus,
Cited By (since 1996):4, , , ,
Watters, Kline, Coale, Cailliet
Preface: Feeding ecology of elasmobranchs
Elasmobranchs are apical predators in most marine communities where they occur, often playing a substantial role in the food web dynamics of those communities. However, despite their high trophic status they are often poorly studied compared to most commercially important teleosts. Furthermore, despite efforts towards ecosystem-based management, elasmobranchs are still often lumped into generic categories referred to as "shark" or "skate" unclassified, with limited effort to identify individual species. The role of elasmobranchs in ecosystems has never been more important to our understanding of marine ecology due to high levels of exploitation of many species. Similar to other high trophic level predators, many elasmobranchs have life-history characteristics that make them vulnerable to over-exploitation. Elasmobranch populations are now heavily targeted in many fisheries throughout the world. Increasing exploitation of this group is especially alarming because their feeding ecology is poorly studied and by extension their influence in shaping ecosystems. Given recent increased attention on elasmobranchs in the scientific literature, management and conservation circles, and the general news media, researchers over the past decade have begun to more closely examine the ecological role of this important taxon of fishes. Due to this increasing awareness, and the development of new and innovative methods and analytical techniques, it prompted us to organize an international symposium on the "Feeding Ecology of Elasmobranchs". The symposium was held on 10 July 2010, in conjunction with the 27 th annual meeting of the American Elasmobranch Society meetings in Providence, Rhode Island. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
Ebert, McElroy, White
Walrus feeding disturbance: Scavenging habits and recolonization of the Bering Sea benthos,
Walruses (Odobenus rosmarus Illiger) influenced the structure of macrobenthic assemblages in a variety of ways as they excavated their major bivalve prey from soft sediments. Benthic animals were attracted to discarded bivalve shells and they colonized pits and furrows made during prey excavation. Discarded shells contained soft tissues that were eaten by several invertebrate scavengers. The most abundant and widespread scavenger was the sea star, Asterias amurensis Lutken. Sea stars out-competed brittle stars (Amphiodia craterodmeta Clark) for fresh scavenging events. They also attacked brittle stars under shells in the laboratory, and thus may have obtained two meals from discarded shells by eating remnant tissue and by consuming animals that used the shell as a habitat. In nature, brittle stars were abundant under discarded shells. In experiments, brittle stars invaded shells with soft tissue in the absence of sea stars, but not in their presence. In other experiments, brittle stars were most abundant under shells with soft tissue, but were also attracted to shells without organic matter. Large brittle stars were more abundant under shells than in the surrounding bottom, and the reverse was true of small individuals. Bottom communities recovered gradually inside experimental feeding excavations, which were not invaded by large numbers of opportunistic infaunal or epifaunal invertebrates. This is in contrast to gray whale feeding excavations, which are colonized by a large number of opportunistic peracarid crustaceans. © 1985., Cited By (since 1996):32, CODEN: JEMBA, ,
Oliver, Kvitek, Slattery
Living rhodolith beds in the Gulf of California and their significance for paleoenvironmental interpretation
Foster, Riosmena-Rodriguez, Steller, Woelkerling, Johnson, Ledesma-Vazquez
Comparative age‑determination techniques for white sturgeon in California
We compared growth patterns of clavicles, cleithra, opercles, medial nuchals, dorsal scutes, and pectoral fin ray sections from white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus in California. The legibility and interpretability of growth patterns, ease of collection and processing, and relative precision of age estimates were evaluated for each structure with data collected on skeletal structures and morphometric measurements of 147 individuals ranging in size from 31 to 224 cm total length. Various methods were used to elucidate growth zones (thin-sectioning, oil and water clearing, staining, and X-ray radiography) to determine the most useful ageing technique for each structure. All calcified structures contained concentric growth zones that increased in number with the size of the fish and were interpreted as annual events. There was a direct linear relationship between size of the structures and size of the fish. Pectoral fin sections were the most practical ageing structure in terms of ease of collection, processing, legibility, and precision of interpretation. Age estimates from other structures resulted in poor precision between readers but relatively good intrareader precision. This suggests possible corroborative use with the development of better interpretive criteria and elucidation techniques. The von Bertalanffy, growth curve calculated from age estimates based on pectoral fin sections for all samples produced a growth model for white sturgeon that compared favorably with those from previous studies.
Brennan, Cailliet
Premaxillary movements in cyprinodontiform fishes: An unusual protrusion mechanism facilitates "picking" prey capture,
Premaxillary protrusion is hypothesized to confer a number of feeding advantages to teleost fishes; however, most proposed advantages relate to enhanced stealth or suction production during prey capture. Cyprinodontiformes exhibit an unusual form of premaxillary protrusion where the descending process of the premaxilla does not rotate anteriorly to occlude the sides of the open mouth during prey capture. Instead, the premaxilla is protruded such that it gives the impression of a beak during prey capture. We quantified premaxillary kinematics during feeding in four cyprinodontiform taxa and compared them with three percomorph taxa to identify any performance consequences of this protrusion mechanism. Individual prey capture events were recorded using digital high-speed video at 250-500 frames per second (n≥4 individuals, ≥4 strikes per individual). Species differed in the timing of movement and the maximum displacement of the premaxilla during the gape cycle and in the contribution of the premaxilla to jaw closing. Cyprinodontiform taxa produced less premaxillary protrusion than the percomorph taxa, and were consistently slower in the time to maximum gape. Further, it appears cyprinodontiforms can alter the contribution of the premaxilla to mouth closure on an event-specific basis. We were able to demonstrate that, within at least one species, this variability is associated with the location of the prey (bottom vs. water column). Cyprinodontiform upper jaw movements likely reflect increased dexterity associated with a foraging ecology where prey items are "picked" from a variety of locations: the bottom, water column, or surface. We postulate that dexterity requires slow, precisely controlled jaw movements; thus, may be traded off for some aspects of suction-feeding performance, such as protrusion distance and speed. © 2008 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved., Cited By (since 1996):8, ,
Ferry-Graham, Gibb, Hernandez
Application of an ion-exchange separation technique and thermal ionization mass spectrometry to 226Ra for radiometric age determination of long-lived fishes,
To improve the accuracy and precision of radiometric age determination using 210Pb: 226Ra disequilibria in otoliths of fishes, a technique was developed incorporating an ion-exchange procedure followed by isotope-dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) to determine 226Ra. This technique counts ionized radium atoms directly; therefore, the uncertainty of the technique is superior to conventional radio-decay dependent techniques. Calcium and barium are major components of the otolith matrix that can interfere with TIMS analysis of radium. To remove these interferants, an ion-exchange separation procedure was developed. This procedure was tested by applying it to otolith samples from three fish species in three separate radiometric ageing studies. The resultant separations and TIMS determinations indicate that the procedure efficiently separates radium from calcium and barium. Measured 226Ra activities for each species were similar to previous radiometric ageing studies, with the exception of one sample. When results were compared with traditional 226Ra determination techniques, radon emanation and α-spectrometry, the separation procedure with isotope-dilution TIMS had significant advantages. Samples over three times smaller than attempted in other studies were processed with decreased uncertainty and processing time., Cited By (since 1996):30, Fish and Fisheries, CODEN: CJFSD, ,
Andrews, Coale, Nowicki, Lundstrom, Palacz, Burton, Cailliet
Morphometric convergence and molecular divergence: The taxonomic status and evolutionary history of Gymnura crebripunctata and Gymnura marmorata in the eastern Pacific Ocean,
To clarify the taxonomic status of Gymnura crebripunctata and Gymnura marmorata, the extent of morphological and nucleotide variation between these nominal species was examined using multivariate morphological and mitochondrial DNA comparisons of the same characters with congeneric species. Discriminant analysis of 21 morphometric variables from four species (G. crebripunctata, G. marmorata, Gymnura micrura and Gymnura poecilura) successfully distinguished species groupings. Classification success of eastern Pacific species improved further when specimens were grouped by species and sex. Discriminant analysis of size-corrected data generated species assignments that were consistently accurate in separating the two species (100% jackknifed assignment success). Nasal curtain length was identified as the character which contributed the most to discrimination of the two species. Sexual dimorphism was evident in several characters that have previously been relied upon to distinguish G. crebripunctata from G. marmorata. A previously unreported feature, the absence of a tail spine in G. crebripunctata, provides an improved method of field identification between these species. Phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses based on 698 base pairs of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene indicate that G. crebripunctata and G. marmorata form highly divergent lineages, supporting their validity as distinct species. The closely related batoid Aetoplatea zonura clustered within the Gymnura clade, indicating that it may not represent a valid genus. Strong population structuring (overall Φ ST = 0.81,P < 0.01) was evident between G. marmorata from the Pacific coast of the Baja California peninsula and the Gulf of California, supporting the designation of distinct management units in these regions. © 2009 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles., Cited By (since 1996):6, CODEN: JFIBA, ,
Smith, Bizzarro, Richards, Nielsen, Márquez-Flarías, Shivji
On quartet interactions in the California Current system
Sea surface height (SSH) altimetry observations for 1992 to 2009 off California are used to show that observed quasi-zonal jets were likely driven by near-resonance interactions between different scales of the flow. Quartet (modulational) instability dominated and caused non-local transfer of energy from waves and eddies to biannual oscillations and quasi-zonal jets. Two types of quartets were identified: those composed of scales corresponding to (a) quasi-zonal jets, annual and semiannual Rossby waves and mesoscale eddies, and (b) biannual oscillations, semiannual Rossby waves and mesoscale eddies. The spectral centroid regularly shifted into the domain of low-order modes. However, the spectrum of SSHs does not demonstrate a power behavior. This says that the classical inverse cascade is absent. For a case with bottom friction, quartet instability required the existence of a certain level of dissipativity in the flow.
Variation in Responses of Fishes across Multiple Reserves within a Network of Marine Protected Areas in Temperate Waters
Meta-analyses of field studies have shown that biomass, density, species richness, and size of organisms protected by no-take marine reserves generally increase over time. The magnitude and timing of changes in these response variables, however, vary greatly and depend upon the taxonomic groups protected, size and type of reserve, oceanographic regime, and time since the reserve was implemented. We conducted collaborative, fishery-independent surveys of fishes for seven years in and near newly created marine protected areas (MPAs) in central California, USA. Results showed that initially most MPAs contained more and larger fishes than associated reference sites, likely due to differences in habitat quality. The differences between MPAs and reference sites did not greatly change over the seven years of our study, indicating that reserve benefits will be slow to accumulate in California's temperate eastern boundary current. Fishes in an older reserve that has been closed to fishing since 1973, however, were significantly more abundant and larger than those in associated reference sites. This indicates that reserve benefits are likely to accrue in the California Current ecosystem, but that 20 years or more may be needed to detect significant changes in response variables that are due to MPA implementation. Because of the high spatial and temporal variability of fish recruitment patterns, long-term monitoring is needed to identify positive responses of fishes to protection in the diverse set of habitats in a dynamic eastern boundary current. Qualitative estimates of response variables, such as would be obtained from an expert opinion process, are unlikely to provide an accurate description of MPA performance. Similarly, using one species or one MPA as an indicator is unlikely to provide sufficient resolution to accurately describe the performance of multiple MPAs.
A closer look at regime shifts based on coastal observations along the eastern boundary of the North Pacific,
At least six regime shifts have been reported in the North Pacific since 1920. They occurred in 1925, 1939, 1946, 1976-1977, 1989 and 1999. The major change in 1976-1977 corresponds to a regime shift that is now widely accepted as a canonical event since it had a significant impact on virtually all climatic and ecosystem indicators. We seek to determine if daily sea surface temperature (SST) from Pacific Grove, in central California, and Scripps Pier, in southern California, and coastal observations from several other locations along the west coast of North America can be used to detect and resolve these events. Cumulative sums (CUSUMs) were initially calculated to enhance the detection process. The CUSUM trajectories during the 1976-1977 event at Pacific Grove and Scripps Pier were distinctive, highly correlated, and in phase. The turning point patterns from this event were then used to search for other events that have been reported since 1920. Turning point patterns very similar to the 1976-1977 event were detected in 1946 and 1989. The events in 1925 and 1939 were generally similar, but the CUSUM patterns for the event in 1999 departed significantly from the other events. Further examination of the 1976 and 1989 events revealed inflection points in the CUSUMs near the beginning and end of each transition that correspond to critical values or extrema in the original data. The inflection points and/or critical values provide an improved basis for determining the duration of these events. The robustness of the CUSUM approach for detecting regime shifts was examined by posing the inverse problem to determine if other possible regime changes could be detected that have not been previously reported. The period between 1946 and 1976 was examined, and one match in 1972 was found, which coincided with a large shift in the Aleutian Low Pressure Index. The CUSUM patterns associated with well-defined regime shifts may be essentially unique and thus useful in searching for other events. Whether the temperature ultimately increases or decreases following a regime shift is well-predicted by the sign of the CUSUM slope during an event. Testing regime shifts for statistical significance may be problematic, but our results suggest that when CUSUMs are employed, the detection problem becomes one that is more closely related to pattern recognition where other tests could be applied. CUSUMs often produce a distinct pattern that appears to be characteristic of regime shifts. During well-defined events such as those that occurred in 1946, 1976, and 1989, the CUSUM trajectories from Pacific Grove and Scripps Pier were highly synchronized and nearly identical in form. The CUSUM transformation allows us to identify, localize and observe how these events evolve. We have only been able to examine these events in such detail because daily observations from single locations were used. Based on the events we have examined, they have time scales that range from about 4-9 months. Salinity and sea level data were also employed in this study and were found to be less sensitive to the changes associated with regime shifts than SST. Regime shifts detected in CUSUMs of SST at two locations off Vancouver Island were found to be weaker in amplitude and less well-defined than those detected at Pacific Grove and Scripps Pier. However, they were in phase with the events observed further south. Establishing the connection between these results, and changes in the ecosystems of the North Pacific, should be given a high priority. Finally, the results of this study are related to decadal climate variability and provide additional insight into the nature of this phenomenon. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved., Cited By (since 1996):8, Oceanography, ,
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User Name: Noman
Full Name: Noman Zafar
User since: 1/Jan/2007
No Of voices: 2195
Other Articles by Noman
.تم بھی حد کرتے ہو ۔ حسیب اعجاز
FBI used hackers to hack Pakistani websites...
قتل گاہوں سے چن کر ہمارے علم
Five people arrested in connection with arson attack that killed mother and her three teenage children
Syrian rebels used Sarin nerve gas, not Assad’s regime: U.N. official
مسلمانوں کی نسل کشی پر عالمی بےحسی۔شبیر احمد
شاندار فارمولا ۔ محمد ابراہیم
اہل پاکستان کو بلوچستان کا تحفہ مبارک۔عبدالقادرحسن
Female conversion to Islam in Britain examined in unique research project
واہ پاکستان،کیرٹیکراورچالیس کروڑکی گاڑی کی خریداری
Click here to read All Articles by User: Noman
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Post date: 28/Aug/2013
Testimony from victims strongly suggests it was the rebels, not the Syrian government, that used Sarin nerve gas during a recent incident in the revolution-wracked nation, a senior U.N. diplomat said Monday.
Carla del Ponte, a member of the U.N. Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Syria, told Swiss TV there were “strong, concrete suspicions but not yet incontrovertible proof,” that rebels seeking to oust Syrian strongman Bashar al-Assad had used the nerve agent.
But she said her panel had not yet seen any evidence of Syrian government forces using chemical weapons, according to the BBC, but she added that more investigation was needed.
Damascus has recently facing growing Western accusations that its forces used such weapons, which President Obama has described as crossing a red line. But Ms. del Ponte’s remarks may serve to shift the focus of international concern.
Ms. del Ponte, who in 1999 was appointed to head the U.N. war crimes tribunals for Yugoslavia and Rwanda, has sometimes been a controversial figure. She was removed from her Rwanda post by the U.N. Security Council in 2003, but she continued as the chief prosecutor for the Yugoslav tribunal until 2008.
Ms. del Ponte, a former Swiss prosecutor and attorney general, told Swiss TV: “Our investigators have been in neighboring countries interviewing victims, doctors and field hospitals. According to their report of last week, which I have seen, there are strong, concrete suspicions but not yet incontrovertible proof of the use of sarin gas, from the way the victims were treated.”
She gave no further details, the BBC said.
The UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Syria was established in August 2011 to examine alleged violations of human rights in the Syrian conflict which started in March that year.
It is due to issue its next report to the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva in June.
Rebel Free Syrian Army spokesman Louay Almokdad denied that rebels had use chemical weapons.
“In any case, we don’t have the mechanism to launch these kinds of weapons, which would need missiles that can carry chemical warheads, and we in the FSA do not possess these kind of capabilities,” Mr. Almokdad told CNN.
“More importantly, we do not aspire to have (chemical weapons) because we view our battle with the regime as a battle for the establishment of a free democratic state. … We want to build a free democratic state that recognizes and abides by all international accords and agreements — and chemical and biological warfare is something forbidden legally and internationally.”
http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/may/6/syrian-rebels-used-sarin-nerve-gas-not-assads-regi/
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Dannemora commission: Dannemora commissions Skanska to build s
In-depth Look at Pow: New energy vehicles are at the forefront
Neste Oil to increas: Neste Oil Corporation Press release 3 Ma
Skanska wins contrac: Skanska wins contract to extend light ra
Federal-Mogul Establ: Federal-Mogul (NASDAQ:FDML) announced to
The Volvo Group rank: The Volvo Group once again qualifies for
Huhtamäki Oyj acquir: Huhtamäki Oyj's subsidiary in India has
Metso completed the : Metso has completed the divestment of ce
Imtech: 68 million e: Gouda, the Netherlands - Royal Imtech N.
KION Group continues: Greater direct access to the Russi
Outotec wins over EUR 100 million aluminum smelter technology contract for Emirates Aluminium
Outotec and Emirates Aluminium PJSC (EMAL) have agreed to terms for two contracts with a total value of over EUR 100 million. The deal calls for Outotec to deliver aluminum smelter technology to the second phase of EMAL's smelter expansion project located at Al-Taweelah in Abu Dhabi.
Outotec will be providing technology, engineering, supply and installation of a green anode plant with one anode production line, along with a crushing plant for recycled carbon materials. Expanding the liquid pitch storage system and the plant operation center are also part of the overall scope.
In addition, the two companies also agreed that Outotec is to deliver an anode rodding shop and hot bath removal facility, including engineering, procurement and construction. The work is to be carried out ensuring that the technology meets the strong environmental standards as outlined by EMAL.
"Our customers and the industries we serve are in their investment decisions increasingly emphasizing technologies which are operationally efficient and as clean as possible. This is where Outotec can play a significant role as a leading technology supplier," states Pertti Korhonen, president and CEO of Outotec.
The massive smelter facility is scheduled to be commissioned by early 2014. Once the overall second phase is completed, EMAL will be the world's largest single-site aluminum smelter. Currently, the company is producing roughly 750,000 tonnes of aluminum annually, but it will be able to almost double that figure with a planned capacity of 1.3 million tonnes by the end of 2014.
Outotec previously worked with EMAL in 2007 providing similar technology to the first phase of the smelter project.
"We are extremely pleased to once again be working with EMAL. It re-affirms what we at Outotec believe to be the key to our success - a customer's confidence in our technology and expertise to support their business aims over and over again," notes Korhonen.
Dr. Peter Weber, President - Energy, Light Metals and Environmental Solutions business area
Eila Paatela, Director - Corporate Communications
tel. +358 20 529 2004, +358 400 817 198
e-mails This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Main media
www.outotec.com
Brand That Speaks for Itself - Excellent
In Pole Position - Format
It’s not a company, it’s CEBI - CEBI Poland
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Company name of AB „: Elektrėnai, Lithuania, 2011-07-20 07:21
PerfoTec makes it ea: The demand for packaged fruits and veget
Outotec to deliver m: Outotec has signed a contract with Noril
Metso to rebuild fib: Metso Corporation's press release on Dec
Incap and Aidon sign: Incap Corporation has signed a cooperati
Heineken Internation: Heineken to be inaugural participant in
Renault-Nissan Allia: The Renault-Nissan Alliance and Daimler
MCC acquires Carrier: Ratos's subsidiary Mobile Climate Contro
Engineered. Bespoke.: A collaboration of cutting edge technolo
Neste Oil divests it: Neste Oil has sold its majority-owned (9
Volvo CE plans to spend 100 MUSD in its North American operations and bring its regional sales and rental activities to Shippensburg, PA, USA.
Volvo CE plans to spend 100 MUSD in its North American operations and
bring its regional sales and rental activities to Shippensburg, PA, USA.
Over the next couple of years, Volvo CE plans to spend 100 million USD
in its Shippensburg, PA, USA manufacturing facility and start production
of Volvo wheel loaders, excavators and articulated haulers in North
America. Also, the Volvo CE North American sales headquarters and Volvo
Rents will relocate from Asheville, NC to Shippensburg, PA by September
“It makes sense, when possible, to manufacture products close to where
our customers are,” said Olof Persson, President and CEO of Volvo
Construction Equipment. “The global demand for Volvo construction
equipment is rapidly increasing and we need to make investments to meet
future demands in the region. Producing Volvo wheel loaders, articulated
haulers and excavators in Shippensburg will result in shorter lead times
for our customers. We will work closely with local suppliers to increase
the North American content of our products. This will further reduce our
exposure to exchange rate fluctuations, which will already be positively
affected by our bringing more production to the USA”.
A world class Customer and Demonstration Center will be built in
Shippensburg. In addition, Volvo CE will put up a new office building on
the campus to house its Regional Sales Headquarters, its Volvo Rents
offices, and its Training Center.
All Asheville, North Carolina based employees will be given the
opportunity to relocate to Shippensburg. The move, which will affect
about 220 employees, will be concluded no later than September 2012. A
comprehensive plan to assist with relocation is under development. For
those employees who are unable or not prepared to relocate, an extensive
human resources plan is currently being put in place.
Since the acquisition of the Shippensburg facility in 2007, Volvo
Construction Equipment has continuously invested in the existing plant.
In June 2010, a 200,000 square foot, 30 million USD expansion of the
facility was finalized, to improve manufacturing flow and increase
production space to incorporate the production of Volvo motor graders.
Manufacturing Volvo wheel loaders, articulated haulers and excavators in
Shippensburg, PA will have no significant impact on the current
production in other Volvo locations. It will also further improve the
competitiveness and profitability of the total business.
March 15, 2011
Klas Magnusson Beatrice Cardon
+32 2 482 5065 +1 828 650 2183
(This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Volvo Construction Equipment (Volvo CE) is a major international company
developing, manufacturing and marketing equipment for construction and
related industries. Its products, leaders in many world markets, include
a comprehensive range of wheel loaders, hydraulic excavators,
articulated haulers, motor graders, soil and asphalt compactors, pavers,
milling machines and compact equipment. Volvo CE is part of the Volvo
Group, one of the world's largest manufacturers of heavy duty diesel
engines (9 to 18 liter). Volvo Group is one of the world's leading
manufacturers of trucks, buses and construction equipment, drive systems
for marine and industrial applications, aerospace components and
services. The Group also provides complete solutions for financing and
related services. The Volvo Group, which employs more than 90,000
people, has production facilities in 19 countries and sells its products
in more than 180 markets. Volvo Group sales for 2010 amounted to 36.7
BUSD*. The Volvo Group is a publicly-held company headquartered in
Gothenburg, Sweden. Volvo Shares are listed on Nasdaq OMX Nordic
Exchange and are traded OTC in the US.* $1 = SEK 7.206
Supplier of oil products from Tyumen, Russia - Antipinsky Oil Refinery
Nearly 50 years of experience and the continuous progress in the development…
Repeatable quality - Eko-Energia
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Incredibles 2, The PG
Everyone's favorite family of superheroes is back in Incredibles 2 but this time Helen (voice of Holly Hunter) is in the spotlight, leaving Bob (voice of Craig T. Nelson) at home with Violet (voice of Sarah Vowell) and Dash (voice of Huck Milner) to navigate the day-to-day heroics of normal life. It's a tough transition for everyone, made tougher by the fact that the family is still unaware of baby Jack-Jack's emerging superpowers. When a new villain hatches a brilliant and dangerous plot, the family and Frozone (voice of Samuel L. Jackson) must find a way to work together again which is easier said than done, even when they're all Incredible.
DetailsAnimation
Rated PG for action sequences and some brief mild languageCastCraig T. Nelson, Holly Hunter, Sarah Vowell, Huck Milner, Samuel L. JacksonDirectorBrad BirdWriterBrad Bird
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Paintings from the Edge of the World and Elsewhere
The Rouse Company Foundation Gallery Horowitz Visual & Performing Arts Center Howard Community College Columbia, Maryland January 13 – March 13, 2011
Opening reception February 2, 2011, from 5 – 7 p.m.
Hours: M-F 10 a.m. – 8 p.m. & Sat/Sun 12 noon – 5 p.m.
Exhibition Review
By Mike Giuliano
Two artists go to sea, but come back with very different pictures in the new exhibit at Howard Community College’s Rouse Company Foundation Gallery.
Marc Boone has an abstract take on this watery subject, while Michael Sastre is selectively representational. Their side-by-side installation of oil paintings works well.
Boone is operating within a contemporary tradition of all-over abstraction. In “Violet Sky Gray Green Sea,” the composition is schematically divided into three horizontal bands. Although there isn’t any conventional detail, the format gives a primal sense of a water-topped sea.
One characteristic of this and other Boone paintings is that the paint application has a chunky quality. The paint is applied in a solid and borderline-brusque manner, giving the resulting paintings a weighty appearance. If the paintings avoid seeming too simple or quasi-monochromatic, it’s because most of them have underlayers of other colors peeking through the dominant colors in those horizontal bands.
Boone often varies the relative width and dominance of the horizontal bands. In “Dark Blue Sky Pink Sand,” for instance, the sky is huge and the sand below is a relatively narrow band.
Although such paintings have as many differences as similarities with the variations in bands and blocks of color associated with that master of color field painting, Mark Rothko, viewers are free to contemplate some of the formal and meditative similarities.
It’s encouraging that Boone does not content himself to experiment with minor variations on an established format. Sometimes he, er, stirs the water a bit.
In “Churning Sea,” he avoids the horizontal banding completely and instead has upswept, green-outlined, little blue waves crashing against each other. There is still a keen sense of pictorial order, but here it seems like the stormy sea is on the verge of chaotic flow.
The second artist, Sastre, has tightly cropped paintings that feature what is on and around small rafts. There are no people on these tiny boats and the boats themselves seem so slapped together that you might find yourself thinking they belong to desperate refugees who no longer occupy them.
Sastre’s numerically titled “Rafter Series” amounts to a narrative in which you’re only given suggestive clues. Bananas sit on one raft, a fish has somehow ended up on the floor of another and a seagull perches on the side of a third.
The absence of a direct human presence is rather haunting, and it also seems a bit ominous owing to the sharks, fish and other sea creatures submerged or partly breaking through the surface of the surrounding water.
In terms of his painterly approach, Sastre favors crisply depicted rafts and visibly raised definitional lines for the waves. Even though the fish tend to float in and out of focus, the overall compositions rely on assertive colors and sharp distinctions.
Sastre also exhibits glass mosaics, including “Fishing Boy,” in which the young subject engages in that activity thanks to the blue and green glass shards used to depict him. Other glass and tile mosaics present appetizing images of crabs and other seafood.
These are cheerful images, to be sure, but they’re decorative and don’t prompt the prolonged consideration that the paintings do.
Meanwhile, over in HCC’s Art Department Gallery, Myungsook Ryu Kim has an exhibit of acrylic paintings titled “Forgotten Forest.” Earth tones and incised lines suggest ancient vegetation that now remains in a fossil-evocative way.
One especially nice painting is “White Winter,” in which ghostly white bamboo either grows or is fossilized against a pale blue background.
via Explore Howard: Visual arts: HCC exhibit.
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Author: Hounsell, B.
WE1A01
PERLE, a Powerful ERL for Experiments at Orsay
W. Kaabi, I. Chaikovska, A. Stocchi, C. Vallerand
LAL, Orsay, France
D. Angal-Kalinin, J.W. McKenzie, B.L. Militsyn, P.H. Williams
G. Arduini, O.S. Brüning, R. Calaga, L. Dassa, F. Gerigk, B.J. Holzer, E. Jensen, A. Milanese, E. Montesinos, D. Pellegrini, D. Schulte, P.A. Thonet, A. Valloni
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
S.A. Bogacz, D. Douglas, F.E. Hannon, A. Hutton, F. Marhauser, R.A. Rimmer, Y. Roblin, C. Tennant
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
S. Bousson, D. Longuevergne, G. Olivier, G. Olry
IPN, Orsay, France
B. Hounsell, M. Klein, U.K. Klein, P. Kostka, C.P. Welsch
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
E.B. Levichev, Yu.A. Pupkov
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
PERLE is a proposed multi-pass Energy Recovery Linac, based on SRF technology, to be built at Orsay, France, in a collaborative effort between local laboratories LAL/IN2P3, IPNO/IN2P3 and international partners such as JLAB, STFC, Liverpool University, BINP and CERN. A part from experimental program, PERLE will serve as testbed to study a broad range of accelerator phenomena and to validate technical choices for the LHeC, which aims at electron proton collisions using the existing LHC machine together with an added electron ERL. In its final configuration, PERLE provides a 500 MeV electron beam using high current (20 mA) acceleration during three passes through 801.6 MHz cavities. This talk outlines the technological choices, the lattice design and describes the potential contributions of the interested partners.
Slides WE1A01 [3.525 MB]
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Secrets of the dead, World's biggest bomb
The work Secrets of the dead, World's biggest bomb represents a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in Cuyahoga County Public Library. This resource is a combination of several types including: Work, Moving Image, Visual Materials.
The Resource Secrets of the dead, World's biggest bomb
World's biggest bomb
WNET Thirteen ; writer/producer, Andy Webb
Schreiber, Liev
Nuclear weapons -- Soviet Union -- History -- 20th century
Arms race -- United States -- History -- 20th century
Hydrogen bomb -- History
Arms race -- Soviet Union -- History
Nuclear weapons -- United States -- History -- 20th century
Beginning in the '50s, American and Soviet scientists engaged in a dangerous race to see who could build and detonate the world's largest bomb. The results exceeded all expectations about how big a bomb could be built. Following is an epic story where the United States led the way, but then left the field clear for the Soviet Union to break all records
Secrets of the dead (Television program)
Subtitles for the deaf and hard of hearing
Narrated by Liev Schreiber
Context of Secrets of the dead, World's biggest bomb
Secrets of the dead, World's biggest bomb, WNET Thirteen ; writer/producer, Andy Webb
<div class="citation" vocab="http://schema.org/"><i class="fa fa-external-link-square fa-fw"></i> Data from <span resource="http://link.cuyahogalibrary.org/resource/MDl2ScT3No0/" typeof="CreativeWork http://bibfra.me/vocab/lite/Work"><span property="name http://bibfra.me/vocab/lite/label"><a href="http://link.cuyahogalibrary.org/resource/MDl2ScT3No0/">Secrets of the dead, World's biggest bomb</a></span> - <span property="potentialAction" typeOf="OrganizeAction"><span property="agent" typeof="LibrarySystem http://library.link/vocab/LibrarySystem" resource="http://link.cuyahogalibrary.org/"><span property="name http://bibfra.me/vocab/lite/label"><a property="url" href="http://link.cuyahogalibrary.org/">Cuyahoga County Public Library</a></span></span></span></span></div>
Data Citation of the Work Secrets of the dead, World's biggest bomb
http://link.cuyahogalibrary.org/resource/MDl2ScT3No0/
http://library.link/resource/MDl2ScT3No0/
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5 HR Errors that Leave Companies Exposed to Litigation
By Frank Steinberg|2015-01-19T13:29:57+00:00January 19th, 2015|Categories: Firing Issues, Hiring Issues, Policies & Handbooks, Wage & Hour|Tags: HR mistakes|
These 5 common business errors that make defending an employment lawsuit harder come from the California Employment Law Report, and they are as true on the east coast as the west. In our experience, smaller and middle sized businesses without a dedicated HR person are particularly susceptible to these mistakes. All depend in one way or [...]
Changing Time(s) for Employment Litigation?
By Frank Steinberg|2015-01-05T11:05:52+00:00January 5th, 2015|Categories: CEPA/Whistleblower, Employment Law News, Firing Issues, Hiring Issues, Law Against Discrimination (LAD), Policies & Handbooks|Tags: NJLAD limitations contract|
The New Jersey Supreme Court will review the decision of the Appellate Division in Rodriguez_v._Raymours_Furniture. Why should you care? Because there is a lot at stake --- for both employers and employees --- in how this case is finally decided. In a nutshell, this is the issue. Under the NJ Law Against Discrimination, the statute [...]
Seminar on Hiring & Firing for NJ Businesses
By Frank Steinberg|2011-03-22T08:21:53+00:00March 22nd, 2011|Categories: Employment Law News, Firing Issues, Hiring Issues|Tags: seminar hiring firing 'somerset county business partnership'|
On April 7, 2011 I will be speaking at a seminar entitled "How to Hire and Fire Without Getting Burned." The seminar is sponsored by the Somerset County Business Partnership and will run from 8 - 9:30 a.m. in the Partnership's main conference room. Jim Burke from J. Burke Advisors and yours truly will be [...]
Is “Slimebag” Now a Legal Term of Art?
By Frank Steinberg|2010-11-01T11:33:42+00:00November 1st, 2010|Categories: Firing Issues|
Just about every severance agreement nowadays contains a "non-disparagement" clause. In plain language, that's a provision that is designed to prevent a departed employee from saying unpleasant things about a former employer. But how to enforce that clause? There's the rub! A new case out of Ohio says that calling your former boss a "slimebag" [...]
Wal-Mart Fires Security Guard for Chasing Shoplifter
By Frank Steinberg|2009-10-22T10:13:28+00:00October 22nd, 2009|Categories: Firing Issues|Tags: security guard, shoplifting, violation of policy, wal-mart|
They say that no good deed goes unpunished, and so it seems in this case. A Wal-Mart guard saw a man in the act of stealing golf balls. He chased the suspect, who pulled a knife and was later arrested, across the parking lot. In doing so, the guard violated Wal-Mart's policy against chases. He [...]
Severance Pay: Violence as a Negotiating Tactic
By Frank Steinberg|2009-07-20T15:42:39+00:00July 20th, 2009|Categories: Employment Law News, Firing Issues|
Here's an interesting post from our northern neighbors at the New York Employment Law Blog. French workers are trying to persuade their ex-employer to pay them severance by threatending to blow up the factory. As the post accurately points out, lots of American companies are currently laying off workers without severance, and there usually is [...]
In Sports, Make Sure That A Contract Is Really A Contract
By Frank Steinberg|2009-06-09T08:35:17+00:00June 9th, 2009|Categories: Firing Issues, Hiring Issues|Tags: coach, contract|
College coaching is big business. At many major state universities the highest paid employee is not the president, but the football coach. With big bucks involved, the Chronicle of Higher Education asks why universities often settle for hastily drafted contracts, or worse, informal writings that may or may not even be contracts. (If the terms [...]
Employer Violates Public Policy:Time Off to Deal with Domestic Abuse
By Frank Steinberg|2008-10-08T09:06:11+00:00October 8th, 2008|Categories: Employment Law News, Firing Issues|
'public policy' 'wrongful discharge' 'pierce v ortho' 'domestic violence' 'domestic abuse' leave
Workers Fired for Gossiping
By Frank Steinberg|2007-05-22T14:10:28+00:00May 22nd, 2007|Categories: Employment Law News, Firing Issues|
Did you hear about this one?
College Sports: Title IX Sexual Harassment
By Frank Steinberg|2017-02-02T17:51:53+00:00May 5th, 2007|Categories: Firing Issues|
On April 9, 2007 the US Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit issued an en banc ruling in Jennings v. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. The decision reinstated the complaint of two UNC female soccer players who alleged that they had been sexually harassed by coach Anson Dorrance while they were on the UNC soccer team, in violation [...]
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Formula Renault UK - Menasheh Idafar
2010 BRITISH F3 NATIONAL CLASS CHAMPION
Formula Renault UK
Regarded as one of the premier junior one-make single-seater championships in the world, Formula Renault UK is a hugely important rung on the ladder for aspiring young racers who aim to graduate to Formula 3, World Series by Renault and GP2.
Over the years, the cars have undergone several facelifts. From its beginnings as a multi-chassis formula in 1989 the biggest change came in 2000 when the championship was altered to a one-make category with each car built by Italian constructor Tatuus.
That particular chassis was updated on two further occasions, in 2004 and again in 2007, but for the 2010 season a brand new car constructed by a Barazi-Epsilon/Caparo partnership is being introduced into national Formula Renault championships worldwide.
Year-on-year, Formula Renault UK produces genuine future stars from its ranks with the two highest profile undoubtedly being 2007 FIA Formula One World Champion Kimi Raikkoen (Formula Renault UK title winner in 2000) and reigning F1 Champion Lewis Hamilton MBE (2003 Formula Renault UK Champion).
Running as part of the UK’s biggest motor racing package as support to the British Touring Car Championship, Formula Renault UK is regularly watched by around 30,000 spectators at each venue with tens of thousands more tuning in to live raceday action on ITV4. Extensive race highlights are also screened as part of the Motorsport UK show, also on ITV.
2011 British F3
2009 Formula Renault UK
2008 F.Renault BARC
2008/2009 F3 Testing
2008 Eurocup F.Renault
2007 Formula Renault
2010 Winter Testing
2009 Renault UK Winter
2007 FR BARC Winter
Formula Renault BARC
Car and Team
Car and Team 2010
Advertisers/Sponsors
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Legal age to buy cigarettes in louisiana?
2001 are exempt, louisiana, south Carolina None 18 154 It is illegal to sell 50, twenty minutes of letting go you create. Upper Arlington, have a new age limit for the sale of both tobacco and alcohol from next year. Order Reprints, kent, waseca, the exception is for those in active duty while 18 years old. The bills also set a price per pack minimum. And Worthington buy have raised their tobacco sales age. Bloomberg has said he would sign. Ahead of global aids meet, hawaii could raise the legal smoking age to 100 30, california None. Colorado, supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors. Indiana, give, maryland 18 currently 21, legal age to buy any tobacco products. Thank You for Your Reply, buy otter Tail, netherlands. The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in The minimum age was raised from 18 to 21 in age group members of the US Military exempt effective from 121 18 currently. Hawaii, however, florida, powell, illinois, cincinnati, ann Arbor and Genesee County have raised their tobacco sales age. Virginia 21 173 It is illegal to sell. Give, norton, district of Columbia, give, and outlawed coupons. It is illegal for minors to be in possession of tobacco products and to smoke in public. Columbia and Jefferson City, indians cigarettes may furnish tobacco to an Indian under the age of 18 years if the tobacco is furnished as part of a traditional Indian spiritual or cultural ceremony. But with the help of the Antismoking Fifth Column.
What is the legal babysitting age in Louisiana? Is it legal for adults to buy under age kids cigarettes?
What is the legal age to buy cigarettes in, louisiana,
Smoking age - Wikipedia. 102 Washington None 21 174 It is illegal to sell, give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 21 years. Just before the vote, Nicole Spencer, 16, was in Union Square in Manhattan with a cigarette wedged between her fingers. The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1980. ) 98 21 (eff. What is the legal age to buy tobacco in, louisiana.
I work at a gas station and it is illegal for that to happen. Anyone selling ciggarettes are to watch for it and by law they are allowed to deny the sale IF they suspect.
Smoking cigarettes legal age - Nivenilu, What is the legal age to buy cigarettes in, new York City?, Legal age to buy alcohol/ cigarettes etc in Austria?, Dollar General Corporation - ID for customer that are well above legal, Legal age for buying tobacco raised to 18 from October 1 The Guardian, Age to, buy, cigarettes to 21New York Raising, age to, buy,
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Jazz concert will feature singer soloists
Gabrielle Bejarano, Staff writer
Filed under Arts & Entertainment
Have a free Saturday? The Mercyhurst Jazz ensemble will be gracing the stage of Taylor Little Theatre Feb. 23 at 7 p.m.
Scott Meyer, Ph.D., will direct this concert.
The ensemble will be performing a number of well-known classics that were originally sung by legends such as Ella Fitzgerald and Count Basie.
Junior Music Education major Lauren Tucci is excited to play a Vibraphone solo in the piece “Wind Machine.”
She said is looking forward to working with the many talented vocalists in the show.
One of these vocalists is senior Graphic Design major Kimberly Carden, who will sing “Can’t We Be Friends?” by Ella Fitzgerald.
“I have always wanted a chance to sing jazz with a live band, and to get the opportunity to perform among friends is such a rewarding experience” Carden said.
The prep period for this concert was quite short, since the band just had a performance two weeks ago. Auditions for the vocal solos were held on Feb. 11.
Those who are singing in the show have had just about 12 days to get ready for their audience.
Despite the short preparation time the ensemble has had, audience members can look forward to a fantastic and lively show.
The student vocal soloists include Maria Dombrowski, senior contract major, singing “A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square”; freshman Music Education major Paul Caram singing “Feeling Good”; senior Music Therapy major Josh Phillips singing “Minnie the Moocher”; and Jillian Johannes, a second-year graduate student in the Intelligence Studies program, singing “Orange Colored Sky.”
“Moten Swing,” “Wind Machine” and “In the Groove” will be performed by the jazz ensemble.
Junior, Intelligence Studies major Bernard Garwig said that his favorite piece on the program is “Wind Machine.”
“My high school jazz ensemble had it as a part of our repertoire for competitions and concerts, so it has that nostalgia element,” he said. “It is a fast and exciting swing piece that isn’t too challenging to play but will impress the crowd.”
“Look for (sophomore Music Education major Ethan Wicker’s) drum solo at the end, as it will be one of the best moments of the night,” Garwig said.
Stop on in to Taylor Little Theatre and listen to the sweet sounds of the jazz ensemble
Tickets are $5 for adults and $2 for students and youth.
Good, Bad, Interesting
Mercyhurst, in partnership with the Erie School District, received a $500,000 grant!
Various lights around campus are not turning on
THE SAD:
Midterms are only two weeks away!
‘Don Pasquale’ a musical treat
‘Avengers: End Game’ more than expected
‘Insert Title, Hear,’ was fun
Lumen unveiled to MU campus
Compose yourself May 5
Lenten Choral Celebration
Artists needed for salon
Raw Edges show was ‘en pointe’
Students perform opera in PAC
Captain Marvel packed a punch
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Trade Rumors Swirl Around 3 Knights Veterans as Deadline Approaches
Last Updated: 7/1/2012 2:32:12 AM
With the June 30th deadline for player acquisitions looming, speculation surrounded the fate of veteran players Sam Claeson, Ryan Meehan, and Brandon Warne. Several news outlets were reporting Thursday that Knights management had been approached by an unidentified western division team and that the framework of a deal was being discussed. A source close to the negotiations indicated that the unidentified team was scouting Warne as an outfielder and viewed Claeson as a potential fit behind the dish.
The switch-hitting Claeson joined the Knights in 2010 and has been a valuable utility player, seeing time at every position but first base. Claeson has several quality pitching performances to his credit, and has shown steady improvement at the plate. Meehan, who assumed GM duties following the 2009 season, has played only sporadically this year as age and a propensity for accidents have slowed his production. Meehan was acquired from the Madison Rockers on the heels of a .320 / .553 / .400 performance in 2007, which most experts now agree was a career season. First baseman Warne, who like Meehan has been with the Knights since their 2008 expansion season, has struggled at the plate this year due in large part to an unlucky .077 BABIP. Warne starred at Northwestern College prior to joining the Knights.
Speculation of a possible trade grew Friday night, when both Claeson and Warne were removed from the Knights game against the Hamel Hawks in the 4th inning. Warne teased fans by tweeting a cryptic message about brussel sprouts immediately after exiting the game. Manager Frank Matteson later told reporters that the substitutions were intended to give a few extra at-bats to other players, and that no trade was forthcoming. As of early Sunday morning, no trades had been reported.
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Pick Your Fix
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My History Fix
the Fun Side of History!
WITCH HUNT! SALEM, MA 1692
In the spirit of Halloween, I thought I’d encourage you to take this short quiz to see if you would have been called-out as a witch in Salem, Massachusetts of 1692.
Now she is CLEARLY a witch! via oz.wikia.com
ARE YOU A WITCH?
Do follow a crazy-strict set of societal rules to the letter? No? Witch!
Are you a woman who speaks her mind? Yes? Witch!
Would you defend a person who has been wrongly accused of witchcraft? Yes? Witch!
Are you in debt, or living on charity? Yes? Witch!
Do you have any scars, moles or minor physical anomalies? Yes? Witch!
Are you well-liked? No? …close enough… Witch!
Do others claim to see your specter lurking about? DUH! Witch!
Now really. Most people can satisfy most of the above criteria—does anyone know a loud, boisterous woman? I do! And who the heck can say they are totally free of moles and scars? Please.
Without getting into all the gory details of the Salem Witch Trials which took place during most of the year 1692 (that information is readily available elsewhere), here is the sad story in a nutshell:
Two girls begin acting strangely, “sighing, moping, hiding under furniture as if they were afraid of something” and talking nonsensically. Upon examination by the local doctor, no physical explanation could be given for the girls’ behavior. Obviously they must be the victims of witchcraft.
Yep. Looks like mass hysteria to me! The Trial of George Jacobs via salem.org
Soon others became “afflicted”…the witchcraft was potent and rampant! Mass hysteria ensued.
What was likely happening was a case of conversion disorder—so named by Sigmund Freud, but it has been recognized as a condition for centuries—where mental stress manifests itself physically in odd behavior. Though not clearly understood, the interesting thing about it is other people can “catch” it, apparently by focusing on those who have it.
So as conversion disorder spread in Salem those not afflicted were still scared enough to feed the fire by “seeing specters” and the like. It was already a superstitious society, living in fear of the wrath of God, their elders and attacks by the natives. (Can you imagine? I’m stressed out just thinking about it!) It likely didn’t take much to spark the tinderbox!
Looking for those tell-tale signs. Examination of a Witch via law.umkc.edu
Sadly, this situation went on for almost a year, roughly February through October 1692. When you consider the combined population of Salem Town and Salem Village (now Danvers) was only about 2,000 that year, the numbers are devastating:
185 accused of witchcraft—141 were women, and almost half of those over the age of 40
8 children under the age of 12 were accused
20 executed—19 by hanging. One, a man who refused trial, was pressed to death (piling rocks on the person, who is slowly crushed to death…nice.)
Those executed include:
Bridget Bishop, about 60 years old—she was known for being loud and cranky, and at one time was publicly punished for fighting with her husband. It would seem her crime was having a strong personality.
Ann Pudeator, about 70 years old—was a midwife whose patient died in her care. Her mistake was marrying the woman’s husband who was also 20 years her junior. No cougars allowed in Puritan society!
Sarah Good, 39 years old—she was living on charity, and badly in debt. It is thought she may have been considered a burden. Her four year old daughter was also accused!
John Williard, about 30 years old—was a sheriff’s deputy who refused to arrest accused witches he believed were innocent. Clearly in league with them, right?
Today this may be a fun Halloween-time topic, but really I think we can all agree it is a huge cautionary tale.
These situations still occur today. There are documented cases of conversion disorder, and in some cases mass hysteria, in modern times. Look at the McCarthy Trials in the 1950’s. Not a case of conversion disorder, but all the hallmarks of a witch hunt, including mass hysteria.
Recently a group of girls in LeRoy, New York (the birthplace of Jell-O!) developed conversion disorder, which manifested itself in Tourette’s-like symptoms. The more media attention the situation received, the more it spread. Compare today’s media attention to a public trial in 1692; they both create a lot of drama.
via danverslibrary.org
Fortunately no one is being accused of witchcraft in LeRoy, and though spectral evidence was not actually legal in 1692 (many were hanged solely based on someone saying they saw the person’s specter—oops, sorry! Unbelieveable…), it really wouldn’t go over in 2014.
I’ve even had my own experience with mass hysteria! It was 6th Grade Camp at Proud Lake, Michigan—the teachers thought it would be fun to tell ghost stories after dinner one evening. Until the sightings started! Kids were crying, running around looking for ghosts, hiding—it was ridiculous! Yes I was in the ghost-hunting group. My 11 year old self was not immune!
What do you think about all this? There is a lot more to the story, so check out My History Fix on Facebook this week! Do you have any stories of mass hysteria and the like? Share in the comments!
Brandt, Anthony, “An Unholy Mess,” American History, December 2014, 34-43.
Dominus, Susan, “What Happened to the Girls in LeRoy,” New York Times, March 7, 2012, accessed October 13, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/11/magazine/teenage-girls-twitching-le-roy.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
Wikipedia. “Conversion Disorder.” Last modified August 4, 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_disorder
Filed Under: Civics & Rights 2 Comments
<- WONDER WOMAN: ORIGINAL GIRL POWER
BURYING GROUNDS…HAPPY HALLOWEEN! ->
Dennis Lupien says
Another great blog, Christina. Keep up the good work. I was at The Town Peddler yesterday and, sadly, your great Art Deco paint job in your old booth has been painted over. It is now a dull booth 🙁
Christina Branham says
Thanks Dennis!
The last couple of times I was at Town Peddler the space was painted gray–is it still gray?–my Art Deco design did hang in there for several years though! 🙂
VINTAGE TOYS: THOSE GHOSTS OF CHRISTMAS PAST
Did Santa bring you what you wanted this year? Even if he did, it can’t be better than these gems from days of yore! LINCOLN LOGS I loved my 1970’s version of these! The idea of building a house … [Read More...]
JELL-O SHOTS…FUN, ODD & CREEPY…
You might need a Jell-O Shot after some of these delectable nuggets! Cola-flavored Jell-O was introduced in 1942, but was de-listed in 1943. Yum. Jell-O ads from the 1920’s are … [Read More...]
There’s nothing like a voice from the past, so different from the way we speak today, and when that voice talks of Christmas, well, it’s just that much more charming! (And wordy, but that’s part of … [Read More...]
Never Miss a Fix!
FOLLOW MY HISTORY FIX ON INSTAGRAM!
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You are here: Main » Lexus ES will be first mirrorless production auto
Lexus ES will be first mirrorless production auto
by Vernon Bradley - at September 13, 2018
Replacing side mirrors with cameras has always been a concept-car flight of fancy, but Lexus will be the first automaker to make this tech a reality for a mass-produced model.
Lexus is dropping traditional side mirrors for sleek digital cameras in what it calls an industry-first move to improve safety, visibility and cabin solitude.
The feed from the new side camera's will be displayed inside on two 5-inch displays that sit on the ES' a-pillars.
. The cameras automatically shift their focus to the appropriate area when the driver activates their turn signals or puts the vehicle in reverse.
Digital screens mounted on the insides of the door provide the driver with a view that can be enhanced at night, and the field of vision can be adjusted as needed.
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The system's small cameras result in better forward visibility (no large side mirrors to block the view) and reduction of wind noise. Another advantage is that Digital Outer Mirrors are shaped to resist the accumulation of raindrops and snow.
We're surprised it's taken this long for manufacturers to catch on, but Lexus is finally offering digital wing mirrors as an option for the upcoming ES replacement model. Close up images of the cameras and its housing is in the gallery below.
The new ES will become the first mirrorless production vehicle when it goes on sale this October.
Forza Horizon Standard Edition is $59.99, Deluxe Edition is $79.99, and the Ultimate Edition will set you back $99.99. The pack can be bought separately, or comes included in Forza Horizon 4's Ultimate Edition .
Hurricane Florence strengthens to Category 4
A police vehicle patrols the beach ahead of the arrival of Hurricane Florence in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina , U.S. Even miles away from the Atlantic, North Carolina residents in low-lying areas are boarding up and emptying stores.
The court was told the Spurs goalkeeper provided a sample containing 80 micrograms of alcohol per 100 millilitres of breath. David Sonn , the lawyer representing the player in court, says "the spectacular fall from grace is not lost on Mr.
Some players believe that the power of certain weapons has lowered the skill ceiling and damaged the reliability of building. Considering that Rift-to-Go was recently added to the game, many players believe that the next item will be Pool Floaty .
Mourinho was keen to bring in a new central defender and Boateng was on United's list of targets, along with Tottenham's Toby Alderweireld and Harry Maguire.
Google to Kill Its Inbox App In Favor of Gmail
Many of these features slowly became redundant though, as both Gmail and Android itself started adopting Inbox's core features. Fortunately, because Inbox requires a Gmail account to use, all the messages in their Inbox account are also still on Gmail.
But authorities warned it will still be an extremely risky hurricane. "We're kind of at the mercy of the storm". More than 1 million have been ordered to evacuate the coastlines of the Carolinas and Virginia.
It has sparked outrage in a country which considers it unlawful for a woman to spend time with a man who is not her relative. A man in Saudi Arabia was arrested on Monday for having breakfast with a man.
Executives in North and South Carolina , Virginia, Maryland and the District of Columbia declared emergencies earlier in the week. Its maximum sustained winds are expected to top 145 miles per hour before losing some steam near the coast.
They were expecting to be in SC for 10 to 14 days, according to a spokesman for Montgomery County Fire and Rescue Pete Piringer. Waves 83 feet high were measured near the eye of Florence, according to a tweet from the National Hurricane Center.
Two West Nile Virus Deaths Confirmed in Glenn, Yuba counties
Keep weeds and tall grass cut short; adult mosquitoes look for these shady places to rest during the hot daylight hours. Make sure that your doors and windows have tight-fitting screens to keep out mosquitoes.
It had been 16 years since Weah's last worldwide football appearance and months after his presidential inauguration. Weah, a former professional footballer, featured for 79 minutes in the game played in the capital, Monrovia.
Huge Price Drops On The Entire Galaxy S10 Series Before Prime Day
Google confesses to listening to customers conversations
Pokemon Go battles are about to get a whole lot better
Waze can now show toll prices along your route
WhatsApp and Telegram for Android victim of Media File Jacking
11-year-old girl says iPhone 6 caught fire in her hand
Amazon Prime Day Movie Deals
The ultimate roundup of Prime Day 2019’s best deals
Twitter makes website redesign official - and no, you can't opt out
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Originally uploaded by organic-tokyo
Namasté, Namaskar or Namaskaram (Sanskrit: नमस्ते [nʌmʌsˈteː] from external sandhi between namaḥ and te) is a common spoken greeting or salutation in the Indian subcontinent, says Wikipedia. Taken literally, it means "I bow to you". The word is derived from Sanskrit (namas): to bow, obeisance, reverential salutation, and (te): "to you".[1] Namaskar is considered a slightly more formal version than namasté but both express deep respect.
It is commonly used in India and Nepal by Hindus, Jains and Buddhists, and many continue to use this outside the Indian subcontinent.
When spoken to another person, it is commonly accompanied by a slight bow made with hands pressed together, palms touching and fingers pointed upwards, in front of the chest. The gesture can also be performed wordlessly and carry the same meaning.
In Indian and Nepali culture, the word is spoken at the beginning of written or verbal communication. However, upon departure the only the wordless hands-folded gesture is made.
In yoga, namasté is said to mean "The light in me honors the light in you," as spoken by both the yoga instructor and yoga students.
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CampusFeaturesLifestyles
Overcoming the ‘Freshman 15’: Freshmen share their stories on shedding first-year weight gain
Tayhlor Stephenson | Lifestyles Editor 2 years ago
Students work up a sweat in the upstairs cardio room of the Recreation Center (MTSU Sidelines/ Emily Austin)
Photo by Emily Austin / Sidelines Archive
Story by Breshaun Oglesby / Contributing Writer and Tayhlor Stephenson / Assistant Lifestyles Editor
Throughout the 2016 fall semester, 19-year-old marketing major Raymond Alexcee gained over 35 pounds.
“I ate a lot and drank a lot of protein shakes, but I didn’t work out nearly enough to turn any of that into muscle,” Alexcee said. “I was eating really bad foods, too — burgers, chicken sandwiches, cookies and cake.”
Nearly 50 percent of college freshmen gain weight during their first year. Due to late-night studying and early morning classes, many freshmen are forced to skip meals or eat later than they would generally prefer, leaving little time to prepare decent meals.
However, there are many strides an individual can take to guide themselves back to the right track.
“Having ample fruits and vegetables on hand is the first step,” said Middle Tennessee State University nutrition professor Janet Colson. “We all have to eat to stay alive, and having the right foods handy makes it easy to avoid going to McDonald’s or grabbing a donut.”
But eating healthy is only the beginning to the ongoing journey known as weight loss.
“Eating healthy and choosing foods with high nutritional value is important, but so is getting ample physical activity,” Colson said. “You really can’t have one without the other.”
The Department of Health and Human Services recommends two-and-a-half hours of moderate activity or one-and-a-half hours of strenuous activity per week in order to help reduce health risks.
Kati Pittman, an MTSU nutrition mentor at the university’s Campus Recreation Department, advises freshmen on healthy eating habits and assigns personal trainers for fitness workouts.
“The best kind of exercise is exercise that an individual will do,” Pittman explained. “If you hate to run, then don’t run. Find something that you like to do. Once you do that, you can start to mix it up.”
Soon after gaining excess weight, Alexcee changed his diet and began working on his cardio, primarily through walking and jogging every day. As a result, he lost nearly all the weight he gained the previous semester.
“I started to eat bad again and didn’t work out,” he said. “But after that, I told myself during spring break that I was going to change my nutrition and start to get in the gym a lot more.”
Since Alexcee has committed to a healthier lifestyle, he has lost twenty more pounds.
“Now, I’m eating a lot of fruits and vegetables and making my own salads,” Alexcee said. I had to say to myself, ‘Do you want to keep looking bad and out of shape or do you want to look healthy and get in the best shape of your life while you’re in college?’ So I started looking up healthy nutrition online — what’s low in carbs — and changed my entire diet.”
Elva Magana, a 19-year-old business management major, gained over 20 pounds throughout her freshman year.
In order to save money for college through work, Magana took a semester away from classes. She was left with no time for exercise.
Since February, not only has Magana lost the weight that she gained, but she now works out five times a week. She primarily focuses on cardio, which helps her from both a physical and mental aspect.
“I try to get six to eight miles (in) whenever I work out,” she says. “Running and exercising helps (me) to problem-solve and think. It gives me time to myself and helps to lose stress.”
For Alexcee, Magana and any others who may be interested, Colson recommends signing up for MTSU’s Principles of Nutrition (NFS 1240) to further understand the concept of nutrition. The course “provides students with an entire semester of sound advice about how to eat.”
Pittman says losing weight in a healthy way all starts by making small changes to your everyday routine.
“If you have time to skip the bus, walking to class and taking the stairs over the bus is great exercise,” Pittman said. “Also, you can do leg lifts or lift small weights while you’re watching television. It doesn’t have to be anything major.”
To contact Lifestyles Editor Wesley McIntyre, email lifestyles@mtsusidelines.com.
Department of Health and Human ServiceFreshman fifteenMTSUMTSU Recreation CenterMurfreesboroWeight loss
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Tayhlor Stephenson | Lifestyles Editor
Crime: Murfreesboro Police respond to shooting in area of Poplar Avenue, Ridgely Drive
Angele Latham | Editor-in-Chief 1 year ago
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AMD Launches Two-Chip Graphics Card For Gamers
The ATI Radeon HD 3870 X2 combines two graphics processors on a single board, giving it nearly double the performance of the single chip Radeon HD 3870 introduced in November 2007. The latest graphics card tops a Teraflop, or 1 trillion floating point operations per second, which is the equivalent of a trillion mathematical calculations per second.
High end graphics cards target hardcore gamers looking for realism in 3D effects used in many video games today. To get peak performance, game enthusiasts will use multiple graphics cards and use software tools to boost the clock speed of CPUs.
AMD's latest product would compete with Nvidia's GeForce 8800 Ultra that starts at $630. The Radeon HD 3870 X2 has a suggested retail price of $449. With the card comparable in performance to Nvidia's highest end product, but selling for substantially less, the new card places AMD ahead of its rival, Peddie said. Nvidia, however, is likely to respond quickly to the competition.
Posted by Jim at 12:47 PM 0 comments
Best Buy Sold Infected Digital Picture Frames
Best Buy sold digital picture frames during the holidays that contained malicious code able to spread to any connected Windows PC. They are not recalling the frames, however.
What Best Buy called a limited number of the 10.4 inch digital frames sold under its Insignia brand were contaminated with a computer virus during the manufacturing process. The malware packed with the frame is an older virus that Best Buy claimed would be easily detected by any up to date antivirus software.
Best Buy recommended users running a current antivirus program plug the frame into the PC so that the security software can scan the frame and delete the malware. Other customers should call a special toll-free number for help.
Posted by Jim at 7:06 AM 0 comments
AT&T offers free Wi-Fi and superfast broadband
AT&T says that it will soon offer its broadband subscribers unlimited free Wi-Fi access in its hot spots, as well as 10Mbps tier of service. Free Wi-Fi will be offered only to AT&T broadband subscribers who subscribe to services with 1.5Mbps downloads or higher. Subscribers who only have the company's wireless service will not be offered free Wi-Fi.
AT&T has more than 10,000 Wi-Fi hot spots in the U.S. and has been offering free Wi-Fi access to its higher-speed broadband customers since last year.
AT&T's move could be seen as a way to entice subscribers to bundle cell phone service with their broadband service.
Posted by Jim at 8:50 PM 0 comments
FCC to Test 'White Spaces' Broadband Devices
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) next week will begin testing devices that will allow Internet service providers to utilize unused spectrum for wireless broadband service.
The field tests will be conducted at a variety of locations to provide information on the performance of the devices under real world conditions. In an effort to free up spectrum for public safety use, Congress has ordered TV broadcasters to shift their signals from analog to digital by February 2009. When this happens, there will be open, unregulated spectrum between the digital channels, or white spaces, that companies like Google and Microsoft want to use for wireless broadband service.
Accessing that spectrum, however, is easier said than done. A coalition of Internet companies known as the White Spaces Coalition has been working on equipment that will provide white space broadband access via spectrum sensing.
Excel Vulnerability Affects Windows And Mac Users
Microsoft posted a security advisory warning of a vulnerability in several versions of Microsoft Office Excel that affects both Windows and Mac OS users.
The affected versions include Microsoft Office Excel 2003 Service Pack 2, Excel Viewer 2003, Excel 2002, Excel 2000, and Excel 2004 for Mac.
The attack relies on a maliciously crafted Excel file that contains malformed header information. Attempting to open the file, either through a Web browser or as an e-mail attachment, can corrupt system memory, which could give an attacker the opportunity to execute remote code on the victim's system or to obtain elevated user privileges.
Microsoft said it is working on a fix that will be released either as part of its regular patch schedule or in an out-of-band release.
Another QuickTime bug revealed
The United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team has discovered a new buffer overflow vulnerability with Apple's QuickTime media software.
The vulnerability affects both Mac and Windows operating systems. Because QuickTime is part of Apple's popular iTunes software, it is also affected.
The vulnerability is found in the way QuickTime handles RTSP response messages. When attempting to display a specially crafted Reason-Phrase, QuickTime crashes at a memory location that can be controlled by an attacker.
US-CERT offers several solutions to the problem including uninstalling QuickTime, Blocking the RTSP protocol and disabling the QuickTime plug-ins in your Web browser.
Attackers targeted QuickTime in December in a separate RTSP vulnerability that Apple later fixed with a software update.
Microsoft Patches Flaw That Could Trigger Worm Attack
Microsoft has fixed a critical flaw in the Windows operating system that could be used by criminals to create a self-copying computer worm attack.Microsoft also released a second update for a less-serious Windows flaw that would allow attackers to steal passwords or run Windows software with elevated privileges.
Microsoft says that an attacker could send specially crafted packets to a victim's machine, which could then allow the attacker to run unauthorized code on a system. Microsoft does not believe that hackers will have an easy time developing attack code that will work reliably.
Posted by Jim at 11:59 AM 0 comments
Intel Quits Effort to Get Computers to Children
A frail partnership between Intel and the One Laptop Per Child educational computing group was undone last month in part by an Intel saleswoman: She tried to persuade a Peruvian official to drop the country’s commitment to buy a quarter-million of the organization’s laptops in favor of Intel PCs.
As a result, One Laptop’s XO computer comes with a processor built by Intel’s rival Advanced Micro Devices and open-source software, rather than Microsoft’s Windows and Office software.
Although Intel made an initial $6 million payment to One Laptop, the partnership was troubled from the outset as Intel sales representatives in the field competed actively against the $200 One Laptop machine by trying to sell a rival computer, a more costly Classmate PC.
Researcher Accuses Sears of Spreading Spyware
Sears and Kmart customers who sign up for a new marketing program may be giving up more private information than they'd bargained for, a prominent anti-spyware researcher claims.
According to Harvard Business School Assistant Professor Ben Edelman, Sears Holdings' My SHC Community program falls short of U.S. Federal Trade Commission standards by failing to notify users exactly what happens when they download the company's marketing software."It tracks every site you go to, every search you make, every product you buy, and every product you look at but don't buy" Edelman said.
Sears says members can join the community with or without the tracking software and that less than 10 percent of the members have signed up for the tracking program.
Microsoft Patches Flaw That Could Trigger Worm Att...
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The Chico's FAS (CHS) Trading Up 15.8%
By Sammy Collins
For the next 5 years, Chico's FAS Inc.is expecting Growth of 13% per annum, whereas in the past 5 years the growth was -3.88% per annum.
Among 18 analysts covering Chico's FAS (NYSE:CHS), 6 have Buy rating, 1 Sell and 11 Hold. (NYSE:CHS). Ahl Prns Ltd Liability Partnership owns 0.02% invested in Chico's FAS, Inc. The firm's revenue was down 2.2% compared to the same quarter past year. (NYSE:CHS) earned "Outperform" rating by RBC Capital Markets on Wednesday, November 25.
ILLEGAL ACTIVITY NOTICE: "Chico's FAS (CHS) Shares Gap Up After Earnings Beat" was reported by Dispatch Tribunal and is the sole property of of Dispatch Tribunal. Zacks Investment Research's sales averages are a mean average based on a survey of research analysts that follow Chico's FAS.
Fourth-quarter net income was $28.0 million, or $0.22 per share, compared to $13.5 million, or $0.10 per share, last year.
A number of analysts have issued reports on CHS shares. The business had revenue of $587.78 million during the quarter, compared to analyst estimates of $579.75 million. During the same quarter in the prior year, the firm posted $0.20 earnings per share.
Several equities analysts have weighed in on the company. ValuEngine downgraded Chico's FAS from a "buy" rating to a "hold" rating in a research report on Friday, February 2nd. Finally, KeyCorp reissued a "hold" rating on shares of Chico's FAS in a research note on Thursday, November 16th. SunTrust Banks set a $10.00 price objective on Chico's FAS and gave the stock a "buy" rating in a research report on Friday, November 17th. Analysts reported that the Price Target for Chico's FAS Inc. might touch $14 high while the Average Price Target and Low price Target is $10.14 and $7.5 respectively.
Former Wildcats to compete at IAAF World Indoor Championships
Indoor Championships in Albuquerque, N.M., cleared 7 feet, 6 inches on his third and final attempt for his placement. The event was won by Carolle Zahi of France in 7.11 seconds.
The Winnipeg Polar Plunge is Saturday
The 2018 Polar Plunge?Freezin' For A Reason? is an annual event organized by the Law Enforcement Torch Run (LETR). Come a day early and join plungers at The Cave in Big Bear Lake for the Polar Plunge Pre-Party.
Salmonella outbreak linked to Kratom: More cases from more states
In interviews, ill people answered questions about the foods they ate and other exposures in the months before they became ill. This outbreak can be illustrated with a chart showing the number of people who became ill each day.
Some buy side analysts are also providing their Analysis on Chico's FAS Inc., where 1 analysts have rated the stock as Strong buy, 0 analysts have given a Buy signal, 1 said it's a HOLD, and 0 analysts rated the stock as Sell. The company now has a consensus rating of "Hold" and an average price target of $10.75.
A number of hedge funds and other institutional investors have recently bought and sold shares of CHS. Gotham Asset Management LLC now owns 775,125 shares of the specialty retailer's stock valued at $6,837,000 after acquiring an additional 204,120 shares during the last quarter. The Manufacturers Life Insurance Company increased its holdings in shares of Chico's FAS by 0.9% in the second quarter. About 26.89 million shares traded or 2.00% up from the average. Elkfork Partners LLC purchased a new position in Chico's FAS during the fourth quarter worth $124,000.
By taking a look at the stock's current statistics it can gauged that the stock candle is BULLISH with HIGH volatility. Cerebellum GP LLC purchased a new position in Chico's FAS during the fourth quarter worth $125,000. The stock grabbed 44 new institutional investments totaling 7,716,528 shares while 22 institutional investors sold out their entire positions totaling 3,800,007 shares.
Chico's FAS (CHS) traded down $0.08 during midday trading on Tuesday, hitting $9.96. However the low revenue estimates for the company are $547 Million versus high revenue estimates of $592.4 Million. A low P/E can indicate either that a company may now be undervalued or that the company is doing exceptionally well relative to its past trends. The stock has a market cap of $1,108.07, a price-to-earnings ratio of 14.94, a price-to-earnings-growth ratio of 1.11 and a beta of 0.83. Shareholders of record on Monday, March 19th will be issued a $0.085 dividend. Chico's Fas (NYSE:CHS)'s price to sales ratio for trailing twelve month stands at 0.59, whereas its price to book ratio for the most recent quarters is at 1.97. This represents a $0.34 annualized dividend and a yield of 3.39%. Chico's FAS's payout ratio is now 49.25%. Chico's FAS earned a media sentiment score of 0.17 on Accern's scale.
ChicoÂ's FAS, Inc. operates as an omni-channel specialty retailer of womenÂ's private branded, casual-to-dressy clothing, intimates, and complementary accessories.
Ejections, tweets mark Wolves' loss to Jazz
Timberwolves guard Jeff Teague appeared to lower his shoulder into Utah's Ricky Rubio , which sent the Jazz guard to the floor. The flagrant came one possession after Teague and head coach Tom Thibodeau felt Rubio's defense on a drive warranted a foul.
Declassified appearance of the electric vehicle I Jaguar-Pace
The Tata Motors-owned Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) today said that it has unveiled its first all-electric production vehicle I-PACE in Austria.
PNB fraud: Non-bailable warrants issued against Nirav Modi, Mehul Choksi
He was responsible for concurrent audit for the period 2011 to 2015 at PNB Brady House branch, CBI sources said. Mishra was responsible for auditing the procedures and practices followed in the PNB branch and reporting them.
Michigan vs Michigan State odds
The Hoosiers (16-15) started the game on a 17-3 run, but were manhandled for the most part by Rutgers over the final 30 minutes. Sophomore forward Moritz Wagner led all scorers with 12 points in the first half while adding eight rebounds to his stat sheet.
Tanger Factory Outlet Centers (SKT) Earns Daily Media Impact Rating of 0.14
Tanger Factory Outlet Centers (NYSE:SKT) has an ABR of 3.25 which is the combined stock view of 8 analysts poll results. It has underperformed by 41.00% the S&P500.The move comes after 5 months positive chart setup for the $2.23B company.
Which airlines have canceled flights today?
STORM EMMA brought Ireland to a standstill on Friday, with carriers forced to cancel flights as a result of the weather. Management at Cork Airport is urging passengers to contact their airlines before leaving for the airport.
Malaysia's Petronas posts 61 percent growth in quarterly profit
He said Petronas would be building its 2018 budget based on oil price assumption of US$52 (US$1 = RM3.91) per barrel. Revenue in the past year rose 14.7% to 223.62 billion ringgit from 195.06 billion ringgit.
Trump meets with NRA officials again
President Donald Trump is accusing some lawmakers of being too fearful of the National Rifle Association to pass new gun measures. The White House on Friday walked back President Trump's apparent support for universal background checks for gun purchases.
Manchester City 'cannot think we are perfect' says Pep Guardiola
Wenger is his usual, defiant self as he prepares to play Brighton tomorrow - followed by their Europa League tie with AC Milan. Wenger looked heartbroken, barely able to comprehend the ruthless manner of City's rampant football inside the Emirates.
Patterson Companies (PDCO) Updates FY18 Earnings Guidance
Patterson Companies ( NASDAQ PDCO ) traded up $0.44 during trading on Monday, reaching $32.04. (NASDAQ:PDCO) for 165,201 shares. The company was downgraded on Thursday, February 15 by JP Morgan. (NASDAQ:PDCO) on Thursday, October 6 with "Neutral" rating.
Marsh hails Starc as world's king of swing
Starc finished with 5-34 from 10.4 overs as the Proteas collapsed from 5-150 to 162 all out - a far cry from the tourists' 351. We had him under pressure at times but kept losing wickets. "Bad position, yes, but we're not out of it".
Justices Overturn Juvenile Conviction in Deadly High School Beating
The video shows Carr dragging Joyner-Francis by her long, braided hair through a handicap-accessible stall in the bathroom. Pictured Carr and Wilmington , Delaware, Howard High School of Technology fatal victim (right), Amy Joyner-Francis.
Mohawk Industries, Inc. (NYSE:MHK) Stake Decreased by Barings LLC
On Monday, June 12 the stock rating was downgraded by Raymond James to "Outperform". (NYSE:MHK) on Tuesday, September 5. Westwood Group reported 18,555 shares. 2/12/2018-Longbow Research Upgrade from a "Neutral " rating to a " Buy" rating.
Delta, United join list of companies to pull back from NRA
Some of those survivors confronted NRA spokeswoman Dana Loesch at a CNN town hall on Wednesday. First National Bank of Omaha on Thursday pledged to stop issuing an NRA-branded Visa card.
Sowell Financial Services LLC Acquires 21941 Shares of General Electric (GE)
General Electric accounts for 0.8% of Norinchukin Bank The's investment portfolio, making the stock its 14th biggest position. Asset Management Advisors Llc bought 50,857 shares as the company's stock declined 7.64% while stock markets rallied.
Weight Watchers International (WTW) PT Raised to $100.00
Several institutional investors have recently made changes to their positions in WTW . (NYSE:WTW) has a current MF Rank of 2868. The company has a market cap of $4,180.00, a PE ratio of 27.11, a price-to-earnings-growth ratio of 2.81 and a beta of 3.35.
Nadal pulls out of Indian Wells, Miami with injury
Another big name that won't feature in the Indian Wells betting odds next week is Wawrinka. Nadal had already taken precaution against re-injury by refusing to play in Mexico .
Devon Energy (DVN) Now Covered by Analysts at B. Riley
Rothschild Inv Corporation Il, a Illinois-based fund reported 10,563 shares. 157,289 are held by Sg Americas Secs Ltd Com. Bank of New York Mellon Corp boosted its position in Devon Energy by 1.8% during the 4th quarter. (NASDAQ:CUBA).
Keysight Technologies (KEYS) Announces Quarterly Earnings Results
After $2.20 actual EPS reported by Facebook, Inc. for the previous quarter, Wall Street now forecasts -36.36% negative EPS growth. Cerebellum GP LLC bought a new stake in Keysight Technologies in the fourth quarter valued at approximately $125,000.
Trump suggests death penalty for drug traffickers
In 2016, alone more than 42,000 Americans died from opioid overdoses and 236 million opioid prescriptions were dispensed in 2016. The White House hosted a summit to highlight Trump administration efforts to combat the opioid crisis.
Stock markets down in Europe, mixed in Asia
The Dow Jones industrial average fell 145, or 0.6 percent, to 24,886, and the Nasdaq composite lost 50, or 0.7 percent, to 7,223. Gold dropped $12.70 to $1,305.20 an ounce, silver lost 13 cents to $16.28 per ounce and copper lost 1 cent to $3.12 per pound.
Islamabad United to face Quetta Gladiators in PSL today
Past year the final of the PSL was played in Lahore and later, a World XI also played a three-match T20 series against Pakistan. Came to bat most of the players of Qalandars failed to judge their name but McCullum scored highest 30 runs for the team.
T25-SEC-Tennessee-South Carolina,3rd Ld-Writethru
But I'll just say we've got 10 wins away from Auburn Arena, so we've been a team that's been able to travel and win. We just need other people on the team to step up and just bring that energy and that force that we need".
Stock Traders Buy High Volume of Liberty Interactive Call Options (QVCA)
After $-0.08 actual EPS reported by Wix.com Ltd. for the previous quarter, Wall Street now forecasts 387.50% negative EPS growth. Riley reaffirmed a "buy" rating on shares of Liberty Interactive in a research report on Thursday, November 2nd.
Sonam Kapoor lashes out at the crowd at Sridevi's funeral
Sridevi passed away following an accidental drowning in a bathtub in her hotel room in Dubai around 11 p.m. on February 24. The untimely demise of veteran actress Sridevi made the entire nation come to a standstill.
Tycoon Robert Kuok's success is a Malaysian success story: Prime Minister's office
But DAP secretary-general Lim Guan Eng denied receiving any contributions from Kuok, calling the accusations "baseless". It also said the allegations "constitute very serious libel" and are "wholly unjustified".
Tasmania election: Liberal Party returned to power in Tasmania, White concedes
Andrea Dawkins, a first-term Greens MP in the northern seat of Bass, looks certain to lose her seat. The Labor party is stronger because of the campaign we have run this election".
Huawei plans extensive layoffs at USA operation
China's Fosun Group confirms Thomas Cook rescue bid
IEA sees oil market oversupplied in 2019 on U.S. production
Boeing 737 Max chief to retire amid executive shuffle
Huawei calls on USA to lift export restrictions
China's June Exports, Imports Fall as Trade War Takes Heavier Toll
Get Free McDonald’s Fries With Latest Apple Pay Promotion
Facebook reportedly agrees to $5 billion FTC settlement
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By Laura Donaghy
Photo: Toyota Gazoo Racing
In an unexpected turn of events, the #7 Toyota has lost its pole position to the sister car, granting Fernando Alonso pole position in his first World Endurance Championship race.
Due to a fuel flow infringement, the #8 Toyota has been stripped of the pole position it claimed earlier on today. During qualifying, Mike Conway and Kamui Kobayashi put in a mega effort to set an average lap time of 1:54.583, but that will now be rendered moot as the car will have to start from the back of the grid.
[UPDATE] #8 @Toyota_Hybrid entry driven by @alo_oficial, Kazuki Nakajima @Sebastien_buemi will start from POLE position as #7 TOYOTA has been penalised and will start from the pitlane for tomorrow's #6hSpa.
Details👉 https://t.co/MN57iBiNw7#WEC pic.twitter.com/U5wTqV7BLu
— WEC (@FIAWEC) May 4, 2018
According to the stewards’ notice, the team incorrectly declared the Fuel Flow Meter and following a hearing and the team accepting the facts stated to them by the stewards, the decision has been made to cancel all the lap times the car set during qualifying. The #8 will start the race from the pit lane, which grants the sister car of Sebastien Buemi, Kazuki Nakajima and Fernando Alonso, pole position.
The #8 will now find itself alongside Andre Lotterer, Neel Jani and Bruno Senna in the #1 Rebellion R13 as the car is promoted to the front row of the grid. Given that the #7 must start from the pitlane, that now means that the #17 SMP Racing of Stephane Sarrazin, Egor Orudzhev and Matevos Isaakyan (which sits at the back of the grid) is no longer the last starting car – the #7 must wait until all cars have passed before leaving the pit lane. Providing they can repair damage sustained earlier today, the #10 Dragonspeed BR1 will also be starting towards the back of the grid having only set a qualifying time with one driver.
Tomorrow’s race starts at 13.30 CET.
Related Items:Fernando Alonso, LMP1, penalty, Spa-Francorchamps, Super Season, Toyota, WEC
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Breaking News: Josh Elliot will continue the 2018 season with OMG Racing Suzuki
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Around The Sound
Home / Obituaries / Michael Dale Albertson
Michael Dale Albertson
Fri, 01/12/2018 - 2:40pm admin
Mike was born December 15, 1951, the sixth of seven children to parents Fredrick Melvin and Elsie Agatha (Briant) Albertson; he was born and raised in Martinsville, Indiana. Mike is a graduate of Martinsville High School, that same year enlisting in the Army, serving five years with a 13-month tour in Vietnam.
Mike is survived by his wife Cynthia (Oozevaseuk) Albertson and step-son Elliott Oozevaseuk, both of Fairbanks, and Cynthia’s son (Elliot’s half-brother) Jordan Johnson of Nome; five siblings, sisters Shirley Sink (Keith “Pinky,” deceased), and Linda Davee of Martinsville, Judy (D.) (Charlie) Carpenter of Greencastle, IN; brothers Fredrick Leroy (Kathy) Albertson of Gulf Breeze, FL; Kenneth “Butch” (Bonnie) Albertson of Martinsville, and Duane (Claudia) Albertson of Danville, IN; 15 nieces and nephews.
Preceding him in death were his father in 1988, mother in 2000 and his sister Judy in 2014.
Michael and Cynthia were married in Gambell in 2003. Rodger Morrison was the best man and now part of Mike’s military honor team for the final farewell salute.
After serving, Mike returned home attending Indiana University, Bloomington and was employed with the Kroger Co. In the summer of 1976, Mike traveled to Alaska, his home for the past 41 years. Mike was employed by Foodland and attended the University of Alaska, Fairbanks. For a period of time he managed several remote village grocery stores including one in Anaktuvik Pass.
Mike has been a member of the Alaska Army National Guard since the late 1970s. He was employed many years as a recruiter and retention NCO in Northwest Alaska in both Nome and Fairbanks. He was one of the last recruiters prior to the armory closing in Gambell. He recruited in many places including Upper Yukon, Barrow and Kotzebue. Mike was a member of the National Guard Sharpshooters traveling a number of times to Arkansas and other states and competitions.
Mike maintained many friends throughout Alaska and the National Guard. Amongst his Fairbanks Guard buddies a special recognition is in order to Russ Wood and wife Barb “BJ” (Mike recruited BJ), Jordan and Yvonne Niemuth family, and Mike’s longtime friend Cliff Napier for their generosity, hospitality, resourcefulness and tireless work to make this Celebration of Life journey possible.
A viewing and Celebration of Life took place at Fairbanks NGA, on Tuesday, November 14, 2017 with Rev. Jordan Niemuth officiating. Appreciation extended to chapel of Fairbanks for their gracious assistance. Mike was pursuing an encore career in Native Council Management at University of Alaska.
The community friendship and spirit of helping has continued here in Gambell with immense support from family and friends. Mike is best known in Gambell and throughout Alaska for his kindness and generosity. He is also remembered as being a humble man and respectful to all he met. Special thanks to the IRA Native Village of Gambell and Mike’s longtime acquaintance Kevin Ahl who piloted the Bering Air plane, allowing Mike, Cynthia, and Duane for a close look over Sivuqaq Mountain and the cemetery. All those that shared food and the casket and cross makers, Mr. Rob Taylor allowing us to use the school gym, and all those we forgot to mention. God bless you all!
Most importantly, we thank our brother and friend Mike for being here in spirit, guiding us every step along this journey and celebration of life. Esghghlleqamken tagtalmi (We will see you one day).
View This Week's Paper Online
The Nome Nugget
Nome, Alaska 99762
www.nomenugget.net
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Pet Talk > Pet > Pet General > `lola Pua` a (gpig in hawaiian) Breeding
View Full Version : `lola Pua` a (gpig in hawaiian) Breeding
blue_heeler
I took my cavy to the vet yesterday and found out that Peaches is a boy. Me and my mom are thinking about breding him. Does anyone have any tios about guinea pig breeding?
~~*RACHEL*~~
Hey, great! What colours and coat type is Peaches? What colour and coat type sow are you going to get? Okay, I don't know how much you know, so I'll start from the top. Sows come into heat once every 16 days. Therefor, you'll have to keep the boar with her for at least 16 days, preferably more. I usually put boars and sows together for at least a month, and usually more, just to make sure! Sows are pregnant for about 62 days, and they're babies are fully developed when born. Sows should not be bred for the first time after 12 months old, as at about 12 months, their pubic bones "fuse" making the passage of babies impossible. Straight after sows give birth, they go into a post-partum heat (post-partum meaning after birth). If you don't separate the boar beforehand, he'll mate her as soon as she has her babies. Although some breeders practice post-partum mating, I believe that it is inhumane and extremly hard on the sow! For this reason, I suggest that you take the boar out about 2-3 weeks before she's due, or if you're checking dilation, as soon as she starts dilating. 3 weeks before she's due, and 3 weeks after she gives birth, you should start putting sugar in her drinking water - 1 teaspoon to every 250mls or 8oz. This is to prevent her getting toxemia, a condition in pregnant and nursing sows, where their bodies can't produce enough body sugar, so they start using their muscles to make their body sugar. Toxemia is a very severe condition, and can result in death. I think that's it, it was long, hey? Sorry!
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WHEN MUSIC POPS, WE TURN IT UP
Alexander Skarsgard will return for more ‘True Blood’
August 21, 2013 JEREMY FEIST
Oh yeah, needless to say but SPOILERS because we’re talking about what went down on True Blood. You have been warned. Click here to distract yourself from spoilers.
If you saw the fifth season finale of True Blood on Sunday, you probably remember two things: First, Alexander Skarsgård‘s penis. Second, Sookie and her fairy grandfather you forgot existed killed Warlow after he suddenly became evil for no reason, and all the vampires who drank Bill’s fairy-tainted blood lost their ability to walk in the sun, including Eric who for some reason went to live on a gawd damn sunny, snow-capped mountain in the middle of nowhere and burned straight to sh!t. Everyone freaked out because they thought the best character on the show had been killed off, but potentially good news! Skarsgård is reportedly coming back next season! Sorta? The A/V Club reports …
“I’m not going to take Alex Skarsgård out of people’s living rooms,” Buckner said, all too aware of what his show is. That established, however, Buckner says Eric won’t suddenly return next season, rested and ready to continue standing around not killing anyone while Sookie spends another year fretting about which monster which she wants to date. “Pam has gone off in search of Eric, and maybe she’s going to be the one to find him, y’know?” Buckner says, adding, “With Eric gone and off on his own story going forward, I think it’s a pretty obvious triangle we’re setting up between Bill and Sookie and Alcide.” Incidentally, this is right after Buckner said, “I’m aware that people like the familiar, but we have to change,” which is, frankly, hilarious.
It’s entirely conceivable that Eric would survive, since he was surrounded by snow and there’s that whole “fire melts snow into water and water puts out fire” thing that I learned from Pokemon. And also, there’s the small matter of Eric being the only person left on the show who isn’t either a complete incompetent or too up his own ass to do anything, so they can’t rightly kill him off without destroying the only person in that series still moving the plot along. So if I had to hazard a guess, he’s gonna end up frozen and subsequently thawed out. I’m aware of how stupid that sounds, but remember: This is a series that featured one woman killing another by stabbing her in the head with a high-heeled shoe, and then completely forgot about it. True Blood has forgotten more about not giving a sh!t then you’ll ever know, and I love it for it.
JEREMY FEIST
Jeremy Feist is an (ahem) entertainer from Toronto, Canada. He writes, acts, and performs on stage, and has been a writer for Popbytes for almost three years now. He lives in Toronto with his boyfriend, his incredibly dumb but cute puppy, and his immortal cat.
Categories:Actors
Tags:Alexander Skarsgard, HBO, True Blood
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The Comeback: Valerie Cherish finally gets another take!
October 21, 2014 by JEREMY FEIST
Joe Manganiello taught Conan O’Brien how to be a stripper
July 16, 2014 by JEREMY FEIST
Get ready for the final season of ‘True Blood’
May 19, 2014 by JEREMY FEIST
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Home World US Labour Secretary Alex Acosta resigns over Epstein case
US Labour Secretary Alex Acosta resigns over Epstein case
Media captionTrump on Acosta resignation: ‘This was him not me’
US Labour Secretary Alex Acosta is resigning amid criticism of his brokering of a plea deal for financier Jeffrey Epstein in a child sex case.
Mr Acosta, a former Florida prosecutor, made the announcement from the White House lawn on Friday with President Donald Trump stood by his side.
Democrats had called for him to quit over his handling of the Epstein case.
Mr Acosta defended the secretly-negotiated plea deal in a news conference only two days ago.
Mr Acosta was the US Attorney in Miami in 2008 when he oversaw a non-prosecution deal against Epstein which allowed Epstein to serve 13 months in jail – with much of that time spent on work release at his Palm Beach office. Epstein’s conduct has come into sharper focus since he was arrested and charged on Monday with sex trafficking underage girls.
Mr Trump told reporters that he and Mr Acosta spoke on the phone earlier on Friday and that it was Mr Acosta’s decision to step down.
“This was him not me,” Mr Trump said, adding that Mr Acosta was “a tremendous talent” who “went to Harvard” University. Earlier this week, Mr Trump told reporters that he felt badly for his labour secretary, but added that he did not know him personally before hiring him.
Media captionOn Tuesday, Mr Trump distanced himself from Jeffrey Epstein – and defended the role of Alex Acosta
Mr Acosta told reporters: “I do not think it is right and fair… to have Epstein as the focus rather than the incredible economy that we have today”.
But he added: “It would be selfish for me to stay in this position and continue talking about a case that’s 12 years old.”
Patrick Pizzella, the current labour deputy secretary, will become acting secretary when Mr Acosta officially steps down in one week, Mr Trump said.
On Wednesday, Alex Acosta gave a dispassionate, legalistic defence of his handling of the Jeffrey Epstein case, more than a decade ago. It wasn’t enough to save his job. Given how quickly he departed after his performance, it wasn’t even close.
The former US attorney attempted to shift blame to state prosecutors and justify his decisions based on changing expectations in sex crimes cases. He never adequately explained why the circumstances at the time required that he offer such a lenient deal to Epstein or seal the damning details of the original indictment, instead of building a stronger case with further investigation.
The Epstein case is a perfect storm of scandal and outrage. It mixes allegations of sex crimes with abuse of power and influence reaching into the highest corridors of US political and financial power.
Now the toxic swirl has claimed its first high-profile name. Depending on how the story evolves, Mr Acosta may not be the last.
With his departure, the number of temporary, “acting” Cabinet-level positions in the Trump administration now stands at four out of 11. The level of churn in his administration, whether through scandal, burn-out or presidential disfavour, is extraordinary.
Jeffrey Epstein, left, with Donald Trump at the current president’s Mar-a-Lago estate in Florida in 1997
Who is Jeffrey Epstein?
The 66-year-old wealthy financier was charged with running a sex ring of underage girls after being arrested in New Jersey on Monday. He has long been surrounded by the rich and powerful, including President Trump, former President Bill Clinton and the UK’s Prince Andrew.
In a 2002 magazine profile, he said: “I invest in people, be it politics or science. It’s what I do.”
On Friday, Mr Trump reiterated “I’m not a fan of Jeffrey Epstein” after earlier saying they had a falling out “12 or 15 years ago” with him. “I threw him out of a club. I didn’t want anything to do with him,” Mr Trump said about this former friend, as Mr Acosta stood at his side.
“It shows you one thing. I have good taste,” he added.
How did Acosta defend the deal?
“I wanted to help them,” Mr Acosta said of the 36 victims identified in the case against Epstein, during the hour-long press conference at the labour department on Wednesday.
“That is why we intervened,” he said. “And that’s what the prosecutors of my office did – they insisted that he go to jail and put the world on notice that he was and is a sexual predator.”
Mr Acosta did not apologise for his handling of the case, saying only that the deal – which closed the FBI investigation into whether there were more victims or perpetrators – was a guarantee of jail time. He said that seeking a life sentence in a jury trial would have amounted to a “roll of the dice”.
“We now have 12 years of knowledge and hindsight and we live in a very different world. Today’s world treats victims very, very differently,” he said.
What was Epstein’s punishment?
The details of the agreement overseen by Mr Acosta were first revealed in a Miami Herald investigation earlier this year, with the newspaper saying that Epstein had been given “the deal of a lifetime”.
It allowed Epstein to avoid federal charges, and instead serve 13 months in jail after pleading guilty to state charges including solicitation of prostitution (including one charge involving a minor under the age of 18).
Mr Acosta had been under pressure from Democrats to quit. A federal judge ruled that the deal violated the Crime Victims’ Rights Act because Mr Acosta did not notify Epstein’s victims of the arrangement.
The deal is also being scrutinised by the Department of Justice.
resigns
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Menstrual cups ‘as reliable as tampons’ 2019-07-17
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Lara Croft and Star Wars Highlight Next Month’s Games with Gold
Microsoft has announced the downloadable games that will be coming for Games with Gold subscribers next month.
Lara Croft and the Temple of Osiris headlines the Xbox One lineup. The multiplayer action game will be available for download starting on May 16. Giana Sisters: Twisted Dreams was also revealed for Xbox One.
Xbox 360 users will have the opportunity download Star Wars: the Force Unleased II from May 1 to May 15. After that Lego Star Star Wars: The Complete Saga will rotate in and be available for download until mid-JuneJune.
Jerry Young X-Box One News, XBOX 360 News games with gold, games with gold download, games with gold may
DARK SOULS III: THE FIRE FADES EDITION IGNITES INTO RETAIL STORES FOR PLAYSTATION 4, XBOX ONE AND PC
Call of Duty Going Back to WWII
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> Ukraine > Ukraine Separatists Criticized Over Call For Creation Of 'Little Russia'
Ukraine Separatists Criticized Over Call For Creation Of 'Little Russia' Ukraine 18-Jul-2017 19:40 0 3224 reads
The declaration announcing the supposed creation of a new entity was read out by Donetsk separatist leader Aleksandr Zakharchenko. (file photo)
Russia-backed separatists in eastern Ukraine's Donetsk region have announced what they say is the creation of a new state called Malorossia, or Little Russia, a declaration that was swiftly condemned by Kyiv.
The announcement on July 18 appeared to be the latest twist in attempts by the separatists who seized territory with Russian help in 2014 to claim legitimacy and discredit the government of Ukraine.
But it was met with silence from the Kremlin and failed to win support from fellow separatists in the neighboring Luhansk region, where one leader said the idea "raises big doubts."
Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko suggested it was part of a Russian effort to divide and conquer his country, and said that would never happen.
Steeped in the history of Ukraine and its perennially troubled ties with Russia, the announcement comes amid a war that has killed more than 10,000 people in eastern Ukraine and continues despite an internationally backed cease-fire mandated by the 2015 Minsk accords.
'Failed State'
Aleksandr Zakharchenko, leader of the separatists who control the city of Donetsk and part of the surrounding province, which borders Russia, read out a declaration on the creation of Malorossia, according to the separatist-affiliated Donetsk News Agency.
Speaking at a meeting with unidentified "representatives" of numerous provinces that are controlled by Kyiv, he suggested that the idea is for Malorossia to assume the mantle of Ukraine, which the declaration asserted "has revealed itself as a failed state."
"We must build a new country in which the concepts of conscience and honor are not forgotten," Zakharchenko said, according to the Donetsk separatists' website.
Another Donetsk separatist leader, Aleksandr Timofeyev, read out a so-called "Constitutional Act" that said participants at the meeting "agree that the new state will be called Malorossia, because the very name Ukraine has discredited itself."
Tsarist-Era Term
Malorossia, which means Little Russia or Lesser Russia, was a name used in Tsarist-era Russia for several regions of today's Ukraine.
Another tsarist-era term for parts of Ukraine, Novorossia -- New Russia -- was sometimes used by separatists and Russian officials, including President Vladimir Putin, around the time that Russia was fomenting separatism in Ukraine.
Use of the term added to concerns in Kyiv and the West that Russia would seek to take control over large portions of eastern and southern Ukraine, and might try to annex the area or create a new state beholden to Moscow.
But talk of Novorossia faded after a few months, as Kyiv's forces held the Russia-backed separatists to territory covering parts of Donetsk and Luhansk.
Russia has not formally recognized the self-proclaimed separatist entities in Ukraine as independent, and Moscow's stated position is that they should be part of Ukraine.
'Big Doubts'
Analysts say Russia hopes to continue to use them as long as it can to destabilize Ukraine and maintain pressure on its pro-Western government.
There was no immediate Kremlin comment on the declaration about Malorossia.
But Poroshenko suggested the initiative was part of a Russian effort to break Ukraine into pieces and said it would not succeed.
"From the beginning of the military aggression against my nation, the Russian Federation's goal has been to divide Ukraine into parts," Poroshenko said during a visit to Tbilisi.
He said that the "Novorossia project" had "completely failed."
Poroshenko said that Zakharchenko and Luhansk separatist leader Igor Plotnitsky are "not political figures but a puppet show that transmits messages received from Russia."
Plotnitsky's press service, meanwhile, said the Luhansk leadership had not even been invited to discuss the new initiative and that they support the Minsk peace process, in which Western governments are still pushing for an end to the war in eastern Ukraine.
Another leader of the separatists in Luhansk, Vladimir Degtyarenko, said that "at the moment the expediency of such a step raises big doubts."
Yevhen Marchuk, a representative of Kyiv in talks involving Ukraine, Russia, and the separatists, said the announcement by the Donetsk separatists could scuttle a meeting scheduled to be held in Minsk on July 19.
And Igor Girkin, a Russian who was once a senior commander of the separatist forces in eastern Ukraine and also uses the name Igor Strelkov, told the Russian newspaper Kommersant that the plan to create Malorossia was "stillborn."
With reporting by Current Time TV, RFE/RL's Ukrainian Service, UNIAN, 112.Ukraina, TASS, and Interfax
Украина не получит 600 миллионов евро, если не выполнит требований ЕС, - Климпуш-Цинцадзе
Зазеркалье губернатора Запорожской области Константина Брыля
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Transport Canada identifies safety issues with four Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Canada models
Power steering problems with Dodge Journey, Chrysler 200, Chrysler Sebring and Dodge Avenger models
The Honourable Marc Garneau, Minister of Transport, is advising the public of power steering issues with certain model vehicles from Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Canada and is seeking the public's feedback.
Transport Canada has received over 100 consumer complaints involving a failure of a power steering return hose. Following an investigation, the department determined that the loss of power steering assist, along with the potential for a vehicle fire, was a serious safety issue and has notified the manufacturer.
The following vehicle models are affected:
- 2009-2016 Dodge Journey;
- 2011-2013 Chrysler 200;
- 2007-2010 Chrysler Sebring; and
- 2007-2013 Dodge Avenger.
After reviewing feedback from Canadians on the affected vehicles models, the Minister will make a final determination on whether Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Canada has to issue a notice of safety defect to owners of these vehicles.
To protect the safety of Canadians, Transport Canada will continue to monitor this issue closely and provide updates as new information becomes available.
"Canadians deserve to know that the cars they rely on to get to work and transport their families are safe. I reserve the option of forcing a recall if corrective measures are not applied in a satisfactory manner. Manufactures should know that we have high standards for Canadian vehicles, and we expect them to live up to these standards at all times."
The Honourable Marc Garneau
Minister of Transport
Transport Canada
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St. Patrick's Day Pub Songs #140
St Patrick's Day is almost here and I've been migrating Pub Songs Podcast episodes to new server. It made me want to record another episode of the Pub Songs Podcast. I must say, I kinda miss recording this podcast. So here's another!
Pub Talk
* I have a Patreon page that is separate from the Irish & Celtic Music Podcast page. This one is dedicated to my music, art, and personal podcast projects like the Pub Songs Podcast and The Celtfather. You can become a patron to support my music for just $1 per month. I'm currently updating the levels. You can find them at www.marcgunn.net.
* There are currently four new episodes of the Irish & Celtic Music Podcast that are dedicated to St. Patrick's Day. The final one comes out on March 16th. Please rate the podcast on iTunes so we can hit #1 on the iTunes Podcast Music charts. Don't miss the 17 free Celtic MP3s for St. Patrick's Day.
* Do you use iTunes? Would you do me a favor and rate some of my St. Patrick's Day albums? You'll find direct links to the albums in the shownotes.
Victims of Irish Music
Not Every Day Is St. Patrick’s Day
St. Patrick’s Day Songs for Kids
The Holy Grail of Irish Drinking Songs
Best Irish Drinking Songs
Irish Drinking Songs for Cat Lovers
* Subscribe to Marc Gunn's mailing list to get a free album--Celtic Geek.
* I've started running some Facebook Live events on my Facebook page. If you want to enjoy some fun Celtic Geek music and entertainment, drop on by. I may try to have a show there in the next few days if I can make the time. If so, look for me around 9-10am CST.
Who's Playing the Pub Today
"Mingulay Boat Song" by Marc Gunn from Scottish Songs of Drinking & Rebellion
"Molly Malone" by Marc Gunn from Celtic Geek
"The Congress Reel/Unknown Reel" by Poitin from Poitin and Victims of Irish Music
"Farewell to Nova Scotia" by The Buccaneers from Prairie Shanty
"Blame the Viking" by Ceann from Rant, Rave, Lose Pants
"Don't Go Drinking With Hobbits" by Marc Gunn from Celtic Geek
"Old Dun Cow" by Brobdingnagian Bards from Brobdingnagian Fairy Tales
"Galway Girl" by The Elders from Gael Day
"The Leprechaun" by Marc Gunn from Celtic Geek
"March of Cambreadth" by Heather Alexander from Midsummer
"Kiss Me I'm Irish" by Gaelic Storm from Bring Yer Willies
I hope you enjoyed this episode of the Pub Songs Podcast. You can get a free album of Celtic and Geek music when you subscribe to my mailing list at www.marcgunn.com.
The podcast is brought to you courtesy of my Gunn Runners on Patreon. You can support my music and podcasts for as little as $1 per month. Visit www.marcgunn.net for details.
The Pub Songs Podcast was produced by Marc Gunn, The Celtfather. If you enjoyed this episode, then please post a review on iTunes or your favorite podcatcher. As always support the musicians who support this podcast, buy their CDs, and then tell your friends to visit pubsong.com.
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Kitsap Crime and Justice
Kitsap Crime and Justice The Kitsap Sun staff writes about crime and criminal justice issues.
Category Archives: Issues in Law Enforcement
Followup: Has the S’Klallam Tribe paid for 911 services … or not?
josh farley
Today on the Kitsap Caucus blog, Kitsap Sun reporter Amy Phan follows up the continuing controversy over the Port Gamble S’Klallam Tribe’s contract with Kitsap County’s emergency dispatching service.
The basic gist: when Kitsap County Central Communications (CenCom) switched to a new payment formula for agencies to use it ($50,000 per year to buy 911 services and then pro rated per call over 10,000 calls) the Port Gamble S’Klallam Tribe didn’t like that prospect.
That leaves the governing board of CenCom, made up of a host of delegates from local agencies, with a choice: turn off their service, or keep it going.
The tribe disputes they’re delinquent in their payments.
“The Port Gamble S’Klallam Tribes does not need to arrange catch-up payments,” Jeromy Sullivan, S’Klallam Tribe chairman, wrote in a Sept. 23 letter to CenCom. “We are already caught up and have paid our fair share of 911 CenCom services.”
For more on the topic, check out Phan’s entry on the caucus blog here.
October 13, 2011 Issues in Law EnforcementCenCom, Jeromy Sullivan, Port Gamble S’Klallam, Richard Kirton
Heroes of South Kitsap Walmart shooting honored
Krista McDonald — the Kitsap County Sheriff’s deputy and hero on that January day when a Utah man shot two of her fellow deputies at Walmart — was awarded the sheriff’s office’s highest honor at a ceremony in September.
McDonald was awarded the medal of valor by Kitsap County Sheriff Steve Boyer.
“The actions of Deputy Krista McDonald saved the lives of two wounded deputies, most likely her own life, and eliminated an imminent threat to public safety and the lives of civilians who were in the immediate vicinity,” Boyer said. “These actions are acts of exceptional professionalism as well as heroism in the face of grave danger.”
As you’ll recall from our previous coverage:
Seeing two of her fellow officers wounded by a Utah fugitive, Kitsap County Sheriff’s deputy Krista McDonald engaged the suspect, Anthony A. Martinez, hitting him in the knee with a hollow-point bullet fired from her .40-caliber Glock, bringing him to the ground from 60 feet away.
Also awarded for their heroics in the Jan. 23 incident at the sheriff’s awards banquet:
A sheriff’s certificate of appreciation was awarded to David Wilson, a Harrison Medical Center nurse who helped at the scene before medics arrived.
Deputies Troy Graunke and Mark Gundrum and reserve deputy Darryl Barnes were awarded sheriff’s commendation for their response to the scene.
And last, but most certainly not least, deputies Andrew Ejde and John Stacy, wounded by gunfire, were presented law enforcement’s purple heart medal and the medal of courage.
The National Sheriffs’ Association’s Award of the Medal of Valor, was also presented to Ejde, McDonald and Stacy.
October 7, 2011 Issues in Law EnforcementAndrew Ejde, Darryl Barnes, David Wilson, Glock, John Stacy, Kitsap County Sheriff, Kitsap County Sheriff 's deputy, Krista McDonald, Mark Gundrum, Medal of Valor, Steve Boyer, The National Sheriffs’ Association’s Award, Troy Graunke
Is meth on its way out?
Methamphetamine, that crystalline psycho-stimulant that’s been plaguing our communities for years now, appears to be on the decline around the nation, according to results of a survey released by the federal Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).
As penned in a USA Today article:
“… methamphetamine use, which raced across the USA for a decade, has declined sharply. The number of past-month users fell from 731,000 in 2006 to 353,000 in 2010.”
So could this be the beginning of the end for methamphetamine?
In our area, I’m not seeing any slowdown in police reports from around the county. But we have certainly seen heroin rear its ugly head in the past couple years. And, as you can see from this one sentence I’ve posted from a real police report, it appears, at least anecdotally, that at least one drug seller was having a tough time pushing meth.
I’ve spoken to Bremerton Police Special Operations Group Sgt. Randy Plumb about that very sentence, and he told me not to give it much credence. There’s still plenty of demand out there.
As the report shows, it certainly isn’t the end for marijuana use, which is ingested regularly by almost 7 percent of Americans, up from 6 percent in 2007. But newer laws and education efforts appear to be working in the fight against meth.
UPDATE: The National Drug Threat Assessment, authored by the Department of Justice, is out and says that actually, meth demand is increasing in some markets in America:
“High levels of methamphetamine production in Mexico, along with increasing smallscale domestic production, have resulted in
increasing methamphetamine availability,” it says.
Apparently, the federal government’s public health arm and its law enforcement arm appear to be contradicting each other a bit.
September 9, 2011 Drugs, Alcohol and Tobacco, Issues in Law Enforcementheroin, meth, Methamphetamine, Randy Plumb, SAMHSA, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, USA Today
In memoriam: The crown vic, law enforcement’s ‘warhorse’
Police officers have a reputation for being tough. But over the past week, I’ve heard several cops wax nostalgic about the departure of a dear colleague: The Ford Crown Victoria.
The “crown vic,” for short, has become, in its three decades, a sine qua non of American police departments. But Ford has decided it’s time for the model to accept its pension and gold watch, according to an article in the Minneapolis Star-Tribune.
“It is a sad day,” said Kitsap County Undersheriff Dennis Bonneville. “The old crown vic has served law enforcement well for many years.”
Kitsap County Sheriff Steve Boyer called the crown vic law enforcement’s longtime “warhorse.”
“The Crown Vic was probably the best patrol car used by law enforcement agencies ever,” echoed Mason County Chief Deputy Dean Byrd. “It was bulletproof and durable. It was agile and large enough to house all of the equipment necessary for a deputy or officer to do his or her job.”
Byrd added that some departments, including Port Angeles police, aren’t yet willing to let go, experimenting with rebuilding their existing crown vics to extend their functional lives.
“So far the results are promising,” he said.
For those not going the Port Angeles route, what’s next?
Poulsbo Police Sgt. Bob Wright said his department had been expecting the crown vic’s departure — and had even found something they liked a little better a few years back, gas prices be darned: an SUV.
“In 2003, we started to move from sedans to a more versatile police vehicle, a four wheel drive Ford Explorer which was built on a truck frame. The vehicle cost was nearly the same as the Crown Vic.
The four wheel drive turned out to be the best value for the money. The vehicles could go anywhere which is especially valuable in a City that is built on hills and gets some very bad weather in the winters. Prior to this we were having to chain up and down police cars daily and breaking lots of tire chains during response to emergencies.”
There’s also the factor that law enforcement officers are increasingly tasked with carrying more and more equipment, he pointed out.
Ford, of course, is rolling out new “police interceptor” patrol cars to meet the law enforcement demand. If more police departments move to something bigger, like Poulsbo did, they could pick Ford’s SUV interceptor model.
Port Orchard Police Chief Al Townsend added his department is looking to try the new Chevrolet Caprice and Ford Police Interceptor (its sedan model).
If history tells us anything, the police car of the future — in America at least — will probably be a Ford. The Crown Victoria held 70 percent of the market for police vehicles last year, according to the Star-Tribune article.
September 8, 2011 Issues in Law EnforcementBob Wright, Dean Byrd, Dennis Bonneville, Ford Crown Vic, Ford Crown Victoria, Kitsap County Sheriff, Port Orchard police, Poulsbo police
Red light cameras: ‘A local tax on law-breakers?’
Are red light cameras simply a way to levy a tax on people who break the law?
Douglas Berman, a law professor at The Ohio State University, stakes this claim on his blog.
More than 500 cities — including Bremerton — in 25 states now use them, according to the National Coalition for Safer Roads. Critics argue that governments are just using them to make money, they’re a sign of Big Brother and they don’t improve safety.
But here’s Berman’s take:
“Assuming the data reported here on lives saved is accurate (a big if), I am inclined to be a vocal advocate for greater use of red-light cameras. Indeed, as long as these cameras do not increase traffic accidents, I still favor a policy that raises revenue through what is essentially a local tax on law-breakers.
Especially if monies collected from traffic violations properly recorded by red-light camera are used on other public safety fronts, these cameras seem to me to be a win-win for all fans of utilitarian approaches to crime and punishment. Or, dear readers, am I missing something important in this roadway safety cost/benefit analysis?”
I suggest you check out the comments section to see some interesting dialogue.
My colleague Steven Gardner posted the stats of Bremerton’s revenue from red light tickets on the Kitsap Caucus blog. Here are the numbers:
In 2010 Bremerton took in $685,232 in revenue for red-light cameras. The money sent to Redflex Inc, the Arizona company that runs the system, was $443,639. That gets us $241,593 for the year. In 2009 Andy Parks, former financial services director, said it cost the city about $7,500 a month in staff time to run the program. I can only assume now that the figure came from paying for the officers to look at the ticket and estimating the extra cost it takes to run each infraction through the municipal court system. That’s $90,000 a year. So if that accounts for all the city takes in, the annual net income for Bremerton in 2010 would have been $151,593.
The cameras do seem to improve safety at intersections that have them, according to The Insurance Industry for Highway Safety. From a Pittsburgh Post-Gazette article Berman cited, “a study showed a 24 percent decline in fatalities from red-light running in cities where the cameras are used, and reductions of 40 to 96 percent in violations. It has estimated that 150 lives were saved over five years in the 14 biggest cities that use them.”
I fully realize this is a debate that goes on and on (and on and on). But Berman’s argument — that red light cameras are a law breaker’s tax deserves attention in its own right. Anyone find merit in it?
August 31, 2011 Crimefighting (News you can use), Issues in Law Enforcement, Law in Focus, Roadway SafetyAndy Parks, Douglas Berman, law-breakers, National Coalition for Safer Roads, Red Flex, Red light camera, Steven Gardner, The Ohio State University, Traffic enforcement camera
Smile in that license photo — now, cops can see it in their patrol cars
It’s not always easy for the police around here to identify a suspect, particularly a shifty one. But a new tool, made possible by grant funding, makes it a little easier.
Cops often have trouble figuring out who someone is, particularly if they don’t provide any identification on them (or they do, but it’s bogus). They’ve long had to rely on a physical description for such folks, and that doesn’t always mean they’re able to successfully figure out who they are.
A pot of $300,000 later, and now everyone’s mug — at least those of us with Washington state driver’s licenses — is available to a police officer in his or her patrol car’s onboard computer.
Officials are quick to tout the potential benefits. A person who successfully lies about their identity could be covering up the fact they have a warrant for their arrest, for instance. The system should be in place for most law enforcement agencies around the state by November.
Here’s the full press release from the Washington State Patrol:
(Olympia) – A common practice for a criminal when asked by the police for their name is to use a false one. But, it just got easier for police to confirm a suspect’s real identity.
Previously, police officers had to rely on text descriptions of physical characteristics to make a positive identification. New computer capabilities now give police throughout Washington the ability to retrieve driver license photos. Police can use their in-car computer to quickly and efficiently confirm the identity of the people they contact.
“This is about catching bad guys who are trying to deceive us by using fake names,” said State Patrol Chief John Batiste. “We are now able to quickly determine the real identity of these people.”
A $300,000 grant through the State, Regional and Federal Enterprise Retrieval System (SRFERS) project and from the Washington Auto Theft Prevention Authority (WATPA) has made it possible for police officers to quickly confirm an individual’s identity with a copy of a Department of Licensing photo.
“The WATPA board members were convinced that providing this new technology to officers in the field would aid in the preservation of public safety and in the apprehension of offenders including those who engage in auto theft,” said Don Pierce, WATPA Chair. “We are extremely pleased with the results of this grant program.”
Lewis County Sheriff’s Office is the first agency in the state to have the ability to view DOL photos through the State Patrol’s A Central Computerized Enforcement Service System (ACCESS). Most law enforcement agencies in Washington will have the capability to view driver license photos through ACCESS by November, 2011.
“We are very thankful for this emerging technology. Our office has been progressive in keeping up with ever changing technology and utilizing it to keep our community safe,” said Lewis County Sheriff Steve Mansfield.
“Having DOL pictures instantaneously will help us in a lot of ways, including identifying people for criminal investigations, traffic stops, hit and run collisions, and helping identify missing or lost people,” he explained.
The grant funding by SRFERS gave many states outside of Washington including, Oregon and Idaho the ability to share driver license photos through the ACCESS system. The funding by WATPA gave police agencies from around the state the same ability to use the system to quickly retrieve a copy of a driver’s license photo and make positive identification.
The ACCESS system is managed and operated by the WSP’s Criminal Records Division and is designed to give law enforcement the ability to query multiple state and national databases as a tool in the administration of criminal justice.
August 27, 2011 Issues in Law EnforcementDepartment of Licensing, Don Pierce, John Batiste, Law enforcement, Lewis County Sheriff’s Office, Washington Auto Theft Prevention Authority
Kitsap’s prosecutors won’t take on Pierce County detective’s threat case
The Kitsap County Prosecutor’s Office, asked to review alleged threats made by a Pierce County Sheriff’s detective to a Pierce County deputy prosecutor, has declined to file charges, according to an article in the Tacoma News Tribune.
The News Tribune quoted a letter sent by Kitsap County’s Chief of Case Management Ione George:
“Under the law, we cannot file criminal charges just because we believe that a person committed a crime,” George wrote. “Rather, we must be able to prove the case to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. After reviewing this case, I have concluded that our office could not meet that burden of proof.”
The circumstances of the threat are rather bizarre. Check out the story when you get a chance.
August 26, 2011 Issues in Law EnforcementDavid Zeeck, Ione George, Kitsap County Prosecutor's Office, Mark Lindquist, News Tribune, Pierce County Prosecutor
Family, Friends of Slain Kitsap Deputy Take to Facebook to Protest Killer’s Parole
The possible parole of the man who killed Kitsap County Sheriff’s deputy Dennis Allred in 1978 has galvanized his family and friends to organize on Facebook.
A page has begun to rally support to keep Nedley G. Norman in prison long after his parole hearing later this year. Note: you may have to be logged in to see the page.
Here’s what Gina Vinecourt, Allred’s daughter, wrote about the page:
“This page was created in an effort to gain support to keep my dad’s killer in prison. His killer was convicted and sentenced to death in October 1978. Since then, due to changes in the law he went from being on death row, to life without possibility of parole, and finally to a minimum 600 months (50 years) to life.
After serving 33 years, the killer is up for parole in July 2011, due to the “justice system”. Please join us in gathering as many signatures from residents of Washington State-letting the Indeterminate Sentence Review Board know we want this killer to remain in prison for the minimum term of 50 years to life.
A link to the petition is available to download. If you decide to help in this cause, please e-mail me with your information. I would like to keep track of those involved and making sure we gather all petitions that are filled out. Please forward the petitions to me by June 13, 2011-to make sure there is enough time for presentation to the Board.
This effort is open to all citizens, not only Law Enforcement. This killer’s release not only affects me, my family, and law enforcement members, but everyone in our community.
Thank you for your help in my fight.”
Here’s the way the Kitsap Sun characterized what happened:
“Around 11 p.m. April 19, 1978, along a rare flat stretch of Illahee-Brownsville Road, Kitsap County Sheriff’s Deputy Dennis Allred became the only law-enforcement official killed in the line of duty in Kitsap County.
Allred had stopped a truck towing an engineless car. As he spoke with two occupants of the truck, James Stemkowski and Steve Richards, an unseen third occupant, Nedley G. Norman, shot Allred twice in the chest and then walked to his fallen body and delivered a fatal shot to the head.
The trio, who were towing a stolen car, fled the scene but the next day, Stemkowski turned himself in, breaking the case.
It was a killing that shocked Kitsap County. A member of the sheriff’s department for less than three years, Allred’s funeral in Bremerton drew representatives from law enforcement agencies throughout the state and country, as well as thousands of local residents.
Stemkowski and Richards pleaded guilty to second-degree murder and were sentenced to long prison terms. Because emotions were so high, Norman, 24, received a change of venue and was tried in Pierce County. He was found guilty and, on Aug. 30, 1978, was sentenced to death.”
That death sentence began a life sentence and then, that life sentence became a possible parole sentence.
March 8, 2011 Issues in Law Enforcement, Jail/Prison Issues, Officer Involved ShootingsGina Vinecourt, Kitsap County Sheriff's deputy Dennis Allred, Kitsap County Sheriff's Office, Nedley G. Norman, officer down, parole
Sheriff Boyer Stresses ‘Civility’ in Wake of Police Shootings
It was hard in January not to feel the force of numerous nationwide news stories chronicling violence around America — particularly against the police.
Here’s what happened, according to Meg Laughlin of the St. Petersburg (Fla.) Times:
The end of January has been a deadly time for police officers around the country. The shootings and killings — which felled 12 officers and a U.S. marshal’s deputy over five days — began with two Miami police officers being shot and killed on Jan. 20 while trying to serve an arrest warrant on a fugitive wanted for murder. Four days later, an Indianapolis officer was shot in the head during a traffic stop and died in the hospital.
The same day, four officers were shot in Detroit, two deputies in Port Orchard, Wash., and another officer in Lincoln City, Ore. Then, Monday morning in St. Petersburg, two police officers and a U.S. marshal’s deputy were shot while attempting to serve an arrest warrant at a home. The two officers died.
Which raises the question: Even as overall violent crime is declining across the nation, is this sudden rash of police shootings the beginning of an era marked by an escalation of brazen, cold-blooded cop killers?
With a half a month’s distance from the violence, the tide of shootings has subsided — though any officer would tell you there’s no such thing as a routine traffic stop.
I asked Kitsap County Sheriff Steve Boyer what he made of the violent January, of which his deputies too were violently attacked:
“I’m hoping the increase in frequency of police involved shootings is not a long term trend,” he said. “It does worry me that it seems like people are attacking our institutions, attacking the symbols of our society.”
“I think civility needs to be stressed more.”
What could have caused the surge? Was it just random? Slate has an interesting piece out about “predictive policing.” Perhaps, as it points out, police shootings — or rather people lashing out violently against authority — could be like an earthquake, in which there are initial tremors, a big incident and aftershocks.
February 18, 2011 Issues in Law Enforcement, Officer Involved Shootings, Violent Crime FocusKitsap County Sheriff Steve Boyer, Meg Laughlin, police shootings, Walmart shooting
In Memoriam: Kitsap County Sheriff’s K-9 Ryker
Ryker, a German Shepherd that has long tracked down suspects of crimes in Kitsap County, has died.
Ryker, long the partner of Kitsap County Sheriff’s deputy Aaron Baker, joined the sheriff’s office in 2002.
You can read the story about Ryker here.
While somewhat dated, here’s a list of K-9s in the service of law enforcement on the Kitsap peninsula. Bremerton Officer Brian Johnson, and his dog Tabor, retired last year.
February 17, 2011 Issues in Law EnforcementK-9, Kitsap County Sheriff's deputy Aaron Baker, Kitsap County Sheriff's Office, Ryker
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Special Reports on Crime and Public Safety
Bullies with Bandwidth: The New Age of Cyberbullying
Do Traffic Tickets Make the Roads Safer?
Grand Theft Kitsap
How Earned Release Time is Calculated for Inmates
Is Civil Commitment for Sex Offenders Still Worthwhile?
Kitsap Peninsula's Unsolved Homicides
Kitsapers Packing Heat for Their Peace of Mind
Marijuana Patients Caught in a Cloud of Confusion
Opportunity Theft
Roadside Memorials at a Crossroads
Sex Offender Registration: How Wide a Net Do We Cast?
The Death Penalty and its Endless Appeals Process
Through the Eyes of an ID Thief
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Jul 12, 2019 | 11599 views | 0 | 7 | |
This photo simulation shows what Mako will look like from Fiesta Island.
Mako, which is planned to open in 2020, will be a 153-feet tall dive coaster.
The California Coastal Commission on July 10 approved SeaWorld’s new 153-feet tall dive coaster, Mako, planned to open in 2020. This new roller coaster, which was announced in January, will be the tallest, fastest and longest dive coaster in California, as well as the only floorless dive coaster in the state, according to David Koontz, director of communications at SeaWorld San Diego. “We appreciated the opportunity to present our new attraction to the commissioners. We anticipate construction getting underway within the next few months,” Koontz said. The 153-foot ride received unanimous approval from City Council in April, allowing the coaster to exceed the 30-foot height limitation in coastal zones. Riders will climb more than 153 feet into the air, suspended on a 45-degree angle at the crown of the ride as their feet dangle underneath. The drop will plummet riders 143-feet facedown at speeds more than 60 mph. Mako will cover nearly 2,500 feet of track. Floorless cars will hold 18 riders at a time in three six-person rows. SeaWorld will build the attraction next to the Journey to Atlantis ride, where a parking lot currently sits. This coaster will be SeaWorld’s third new thrill ride in three years. The park opened its Electric Eel coaster in 2018, and its dueling coaster Tidal Twister debuted in May. In 2012 the park opened Manta, its first real roller coaster.
Jul 12, 2019 | 12197 views | 2 | 11 | |
Scooter riders head south down the boardwalk in Mission Beach. / THOMAS MELVILLE / BEACH & BAY PRESS
New scooter regulations took effect July 1. But how are they going to be enforced? The answer, according to San Diego Police Department is: The same way all other laws are enforced, on a case-by-case basis, with highest-priority calls addressed first. At present, scooter violations will go into the general police-call mix and will be responded to according to their severity, said SDPD Lt. and spokesperson Shawn Takeuchi. “Officers will not have radar guns enforcing scooter speeds, and there are obviously some areas outside our jurisdiction that we cannot enforce,” said Takeuchi. Noting SDPD’s workforce remains below desired levels despite recent pay increases and heightened recruitment, Takeuchi said technology will be relied on to help slow scooters down in high-volume areas. “All the scooter companies will be required to use self-enforcing geofencing technology, putting ‘boundaries’ around certain areas,” he said. “That technology uses constantly transmitted data to automatically reduce scooter speeds in certain designated areas.” In specific geofenced areas, operators will slow scooters to 8 mph. Three of those designated areas are pedestrian-only, where operators will slow scooters to 3 mph with a push message notifying riders to leave that area. Geofencing will be in effect for beach-area boardwalks, Balboa Park, NTC Park, Mission Bay Park, Petco Park and pedestrian-only locations, including North/South Embarcadero, MLK Jr. Promenade and La Piazza della Famiglia in Little Italy. Takeuchi noted new scooter regulations now require them to be left in designated scooter corrals, 330 of which are now in downtown, with more being determined in other City neighborhoods. “Most corrals are being staged in front of red curbs, a dead- space area on the street,” Takeuchi said. The SDPD spokesperson said education about new scooter laws for users of all ages will be a big part of the initial rollout of scooter enforcement. “We will stop double-riding,” said Takeuchi, who added such violations are “not considered child endangerment.” “What you find frequently is that out-of-town tourists are the ones engaging in this behavior,” he said. “With tourists, our first approach is to educate them to cease their behavior.” Takeuchi added the police department has to strike a balance between the spirit of the law and the realities of everyday enforcement. “We can’t take a 100-percent zero-tolerance stance and just give everyone a ticket,” he said. “We hire officers and train them to use their discretion.” Concerning scooters and new regulations governing them, Takeuchi said the bottom line is,“We will enforce scooter violations as we can. We will use education and warnings first, then officers will use citations at their discretion.”
SD Dude
I spend quite a bit of time on the Boardwalk between Mission Beach and PB. The new regs, which went into effect on July 1, have had a positive impact. I see far fewer e-scooter riders zipping past me as I ride by beach cruiser (well) below the 8mph Boardwalk speed limit. However, the scooter parking issue remains. Many scooters are still parked and abandoned right on the Boardwalk itself. The Boardwalk is simply too narrow and congested to accommodate the parking of vehicles. The recent geofencing implementation should have included prohibiting riders (and the scooter stagers) from leaving them on the Boardwalk itself. Hopefully, the "2.0" regulations will recognize this and address this continuing problem.
EarthaBrute
Need to get some beat cops out on the street. How about using the Senior patrol to educate and warn people about the scooter rules? Police existence is practically nonexistent in SD.
Jul 11, 2019 | 5147 views | 0 | 2 | |
Construction crews tear down one of the buildings at Pacific Beach Middle on July 10. / DAVE SCHWAB / BEACH & BAY PRESS
Neighbors, administrators, teachers and alums looked on as construction crews demolished an aging building at Pacific Beach Middle on July 10 as part of the school’s whole site modernization plan. The update is part of San Diego Unified School District’s capital projects funded by Propositions S and Z, local bond measures approved by San Diego voters. Funding from both propositions goes toward repairing, renovating and revitalizing neighborhoods schools like PBMS. “It’s so exciting to see this,” said PBMS principal Kimberly Meng. “It’s a huge commitment to the bond measures that allow us to create these amazing spaces in rundown places.” Dr. Mike McQuary, San Diego Unified School Board trustee, noted PBMS and the Mission Bay Cluster schools within San Diego Unified School District are unique. “This is a magnet program,” said McQuary of PBMS. “Kids from all over the city come here.” “They are building three new classroom stations inside our media center, as well as a nurse’s office and a new counseling center,” said Meng. “This is really the second phase (of modernization),” said McQuary, adding phase one was the new parking lot and playing fields PBMS shares with the YMCA. “When all is said and done, we’re going to have an amazing facility here,” said Meng. Asked when PBMS was built, Meng answered, “In every decade. The front building was built in the ’30s because this started out as PB Elementary.” The whole site modernization plan at the school includes construction of a new two-story classroom building and three new classrooms in the existing library media center, and renovation and expansion of existing food service facilities. The new two-story classroom will replace two aging buildings on the northeast corner of the campus along Felspar Street. When complete, it will include innovative work spaces, 26 classrooms and state-of-the-art technology. Meng said air conditioning turned out to be the deciding factor determining whether old buildings on campus would be remodeled or torn down. “There was talk about a new building, then it switched to renovating,” the principal said. “Then once the board approved air conditioning for all the schools, that brought it back to a new building. That was the tipping point.” Added Meng: “We had algebra classes being taught in 98-degree heat at 2 p.m. No way [contractors] could put duct work up [in existing ceilings]. Now we’re going to have a climate-controlled building with new classroom spaces, common areas for kids and different kinds of learning spaces.” Meng said the school’s modernization project will done in 2021. “I anticipate our incoming sixth graders will be able to learn in the new building,” she said. “The entire project should be done with the fifth graders who will be coming here.” Will construction be disruptive when school resumes in the fall? “A bit, but we’re doing the worst part, the tear down, now so all the significantly impactful construction projects are taking place in the summertime,” Meng said.
Belmont Park holds opening ceremony for new Plunge pool
More than a dozen local kids splashed into the new Plunge pool in Belmont Park on July 3 to commemorate its opening at a ceremony.
San Diego Mayor Kevin Faulconer speaks at the Plunge's opening ceremony. / Photos by Dave Schwab
More than a dozen local kids splashed into the new Plunge pool in Belmont Park on July 3 to commemorate its opening at a ceremony presided over by San Diego Mayor Kevin Faulconer. “I guarantee you, this is the coolest thing I’m going to do all week,” said Faulconer, adding, “This has exceeded expectations don’t you think?” The pool officially opens to the public on July 4. It had been nearly 2 1/2-years since Faulconer emceed the demolition of the original Plunge pool on Jan. 30, 2017. The brand-new building features a glass retractable-roof system promoting natural air circulation preventing some of the deterioration issues that previously plagued the old building from moisture and saltwater. “This is an iconic gathering place and has always been the centerpiece of Belmont Park since 1925,” said Faulconer. “Today, we mark the beginning of its new future.” Faulconer praised the public-private partnership that went into re-creating the “cherished landmark.” He gave kudos to Pacifica Enterprises, Belmont Park’s operator, for turning the amusement park into a “world-class destination.” “Mission Beach has been waiting for this day for a very long time,” concluded Faulconer. Chris Wahl of Pacifica Enterprises praised the revitalized pool’s “contemporary design,” noting it hasn’t always been so modern. “It used to be all stucco and you used to have to dodge falling pieces, there used to be a net to catch it,” he said. Wahl noted two memorial plaques are outside the facility. One honors late educator Maruta Gardner, killed by an intoxicated driver. “We miss her every day,” said Wahl. Steve Thomas, general manager of Belmont Park, noted, “It isn’t often you come across an opportunity like this to rebuild a historical building in the City of San Diego, or work with a team that shares the same passion and vision.” Added Thomas: “Tomorrow, our country turns 243. Belmont Park is 94. Our gift to the City is this Plunge building that has new life and will bring the joys of swimming for years to come.” Thomas also cited Mission Beach Town Council for its support of the Plunge’s revitalization, characterizing the group as “pillars of the community.” Founder/president Scott Lutwak of the renovated Plunge’s new operator, Fit Athletic Club, pointed out the restoration project has been seven years in the making. “There’s now rooftop yoga and cutting-edge equipment with endless ocean views and ocean breezes,” he said. “That makes this the greatest fitness scene anywhere.” Belmont Park and its iconic Plunge pool’s history date back to the 1920s and wealthy sugar magnate and early San Diego pioneer John D. Spreckels who built Belmont Park. Originally known as The Natatorium, the Plunge’s 60-foot by 175-foot swimming pool was then the largest salt-water pool in the world holding 400,000 gallons of water. In 1940, the salt water of the Plunge began to damage its filtration system and fresh water was brought in making it the largest indoor heated pool in Southern California at 12,000 square feet.
Stephani Stephenson
Did you know that the terra cotta colored band of tile around the new pool was made by a former local ,(Encinitas), tile maker named Stephani Stephenson? here's the story:
Former California Tile maker Stephani Stephenson recreated the historic Mission Beach Plunge pool surround tile. Stephenson relocated her Encinitas studio to St. David , Arizona in 2010. A master craftsman, sculptor and expert on 1920s tile traditions, Stephenson used a custom clay formula to replicate the original 1” X 2” and 2” X 2” pavers , decorative tile and trim found on the original Mission Beach pool surround.
Given the go ahead in September 2017, Stephenson had 4 months to make over 36,000 tiles for the project. In order to meet the deadline, she enlisted the help of Syzygy Tile in Silver City New Mexico. The two studios are proud to contribute U.S.A-made handmade tile to the new Plunge Pool project. The tile designs are accurate replicas of the original tile and are made from moist clay, using the very same materials, methods and techniques that were used by the original tile makers one hundred years ago.
http://www.revivaltileworks.com
News and community briefs for Pacific Beach and Mission Beach
Jun 29, 2019 | 5490 views | 0 | 29 | |
Crystal Pier in Pacific Beach. / Photo by Thomas Melville
FIREWORKS AND FOURTH OF JULY EVENTS SeaWorld 4th of July Fireworks — SeaWorld celebrates Independence Day with a fireworks show starting at 9:45 p.m. on July 4 at SeaWorld San Diego, 500 SeaWorld Dr. The display will last for 15 minutes. Admission to the fireworks show is included with admission to the park. For more information, contact SeaWorld at 800-257-4268. Ocean Beach July 4th Celebration — Watch the Ocean Beach fireworks starting at 9 p.m. on July 4 on Newport Ave. The fireworks will be launched from the OB Pier. There is free parking at the Main Beach Parking Lot on Santa Monica Ave. as well as the Pier Parking Lot on Newport Ave. For more information, visit oceanbeachsandiego.com. 40th annual Beaumont Avenue 4th of July Parade — Celebrate the 4th of July at the 40th-annual Beaumont Avenue 4th of July parade from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. on July 4 on Beaumont Avenue in La Jolla. An after-party including food and entertainment will follow the parade. For more information, visit gofundme.com/2019birdrockparade. The Big Bay Boom — San Diego’s biggest 4th of July fireworks show starts at 9 p.m. on July 4 and will be over the San Diego Bay. View this spectacular show in Point Loma’s Shelter Island. The fireworks display will last around 17 minutes. For more information, visit bigbayboom.com. Cabrillo National Monument – From 6 to 10 p.m. on July 4, Cabrillo National Monument Foundation will celebrate Independence Day with a firework-viewing event. Attendees are encouraged to bring family and friends, a picnic, enjoy San Diego’s only National Park after hours, and view the spectacular fireworks from around San Diego County. AIRPORT RELOCATES CELL PHONE WAITING LOT To support ongoing airport improvements, San Diego International Airport is relocating its cell phone waiting lot just northwest of its current location, closer to the terminals. The new lot location will be effective Monday, June 24. A complimentary customer-service amenity offered by the airport, drivers may park for free in the cell phone lot for up to 60 minutes while they wait for the call that their loved ones have landed in San Diego. Featuring 85-spaces, the cell phone lot is a popular benefit for drivers accessing the airport. The cell phone lot is located east of the Airport Authority Administration Building on Harbor Drive. It will be accessible via a traffic light at Liberator Way. SEAWORLD AFTER DARK WITH ELECTRIC OCEAN SeaWorld’s nighttime spectacular – Electric Ocean – transforms the park this summer into a sea of glowing color and energy, inspired by the ocean. When the sun goes down, SeaWorld lights up with a celebration of illumination, featuring vibrant night shows with exhilarating performances. Immersed in exotic worlds of light, music and special effects, guests can experience their favorite SeaWorld rides and attractions in a whole new way – lit by the ocean glow. Returning this summer will be SeaWorld’s electrifying show on and over Mission Bay, Cirque Electrique, a thumping dance party put on by laser host MC Moray, the hilarious nighttime sea lion and otter parody show Sea Lions Tonite and the electrifying re-imagined Atlantis Ignites. Electric Ocean runs select dates now through Sept. 2. DALY JOINS COLDWELL BANKER PB OFFICE Paige Daly has associated with the Pacific Beach office of Coldwell Banker Residential Brokerage as an affiliate agent. “Being a Pilates instructor for eight years, I have had to be very personable and be understanding of my clients’ needs and desires,” said Daly. “Every week I kept up to date with my clients’ desires and communicated with my clients to make sure that I was doing my best to help them achieve their goals. I believe this trait that I have been practicing for eight years will give me an advantage in gaining clients and keeping them for a lifetime.” MUD DAY IN PACIFIC BEACH The City Parks and Rec Dept. is organizing the second edition of San Diego Mud Day for Saturday, June 29 from 10 a.m. to 11:30 p.m. After last year’s success, this time the event will take place at Crown Point Park. It is free and open to the whole family. There will be nature crafts, a mud obstacle course, pop up nature play, fort building and a kids’ favorite: Dr. Bonner’s Magic Foam Experience. MISSION BAY HIGH SEEKS CHEERLEADING COACH Mission Bay High School is looking for a cheerleading coach for the 2019-20 school year. Interested individuals may contact Mission Bay High athletic director Jorge Palacios at 619-952-3429. AIRPORT INNOVATION LAB SEEKING INNOVATORS The Airport Innovation Lab at San Diego International Airport is building momentum, recruiting applicants for its third group of innovators to go through a 16-week accelerator program as the second group works its way through the program. This new group will participate in one of two opportunity areas. One is an Interactive Children’s Entertainment Solution, and the other is termed a “wild card.” The former could be mobile, pop-up and/or temporary entertainment that could be sited next to food-and-beverage concessions. Successful ideas will provide engagement, entertainment, and movement to add fun to children’s airport experiences. The latter is more wide open to welcome ideas that may not previously have been thought of, but that are viable solutions. At the end of the program, successful innovators have the potential to win a contract from the San Diego County Regional Airport Authority, the airport’s owner and operator, and/or gain entrée to other airports and analogous businesses including other transportation hubs, convention centers, shopping malls and other large venues such as ballparks, theme parks and hotels. All members of the first group recently completed the program and had the possibility of negotiating with the Airport Authority for contracts focused on parking and simplifying the airport journey. The second group was entirely open to “wild card” ideas and is testing concepts from sleep pods to interactive airport guides with audio tours and even robotic guides. Innovators for the third group have until July 5 to apply, with the accelerator program starting in August. Ideal applicants will have an existing prototype that can be tested in a real-life airport environment, and ideas that are new to U.S. airports or an extension of an existing service or product to be tested at SAN. For more information and to apply, go to www.innovate.san.org. ENJOYA LA JOLLA DEBUTS ON JULY 13 Discover why La Jolla is called “the Jewel of San Deigo” at Enjoya La Jolla. Held every second Saturday from July to September, this free event will take place from 3 to 7 p.m., July 13 in La Jolla Village featuring live music, entertainment, local shopping, tasty treats, and other surprises. Hosted by La Jolla Village Merchant Association, a non-profit organization dedicated to merchant success in La Jolla Village, this upcoming event will start near Prospect and Girard. Participants can pick up shopping passports, and event maps can be picked up at from National Geographic Fine Art Galleries, 1205 Prospect St., or La Jolla Sports Club, 7825 Fay Ave. Visitors will enjoy prizes, raffles, giveaways, and contests as well as free sips and snacks. Vino & Vinyasa will host a free yoga class at La Jolla Sports Club at 4 p.m. Visitors are asked to register in advance to receive their “Enjoya La Jolla” passport and event schedule, discounted parking pass as well as a chance to win fantastic prizes courtesy of the La Jolla Village Merchants Association and its members. Visit lajollabythesea.com for more information. SAN DIEGO SNEAKS SUMMER CLASSIC The San Diego Sneaks Summer Classic will be held 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. on July 6 at the La Jolla Recreation Center, 615 Prospect St. This event will feature a competitive 16-team hoops tournament, local media outlets, art, entertainment, food, vendors, and music just a block away from the beach. For more information about the event, visit sandiegosneaks.com. GREEN FLASH CONCERTS AT BIRCH AQUARIUM Birch Aquarium at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and UC San Diego are transforming its Tide Pool Plaza into an outdoor music venue. These lively summer concert series, presented in partnership with 101.5 KGB and Belly Up Entertainment, combines live music with panoramic ocean views, stunning sunsets, and admission to the aquarium. The next Green Flash Summer Concert is: • July 17: Pine Mountain Logs & Venice; • Aug. 14: The Mother Hips; • Sept. 18: 10,000 Maniacs. All concerts are held from 5:30 to 9 p.m. and are general admission and standing room only. Savory bites, craft beers and wine are available for purchase. For more information, visit aquarium.ucsd.edu.
News and community briefs for Pacific Beach and Mission Beach | 28 days ago San Diego Community News Group Copyright 2019 San Diego Community News Group. All rights reserved.
Over-the-Line Tournament set for July 20-21
It’s been 66 years since the Old Mission Beach Athletic Club first called beachgoers out to San Diego’s summer spectacular Over-the-Line Tournament, taking place this year on July 13-14 and July 20...
Published - Monday, July 08
Copyright 2019 San Diego Community News Group. All rights reserved. full story
More than 1 million people visited the San Diego County Fair this year
Toto and Dorothy are on their way back to Kansas, and the 2019 San Diego County Fair, presented by Albertsons|Vons, is in the books! A grand total of 1,531,199 fairgoers skipped down the yellow bri...
Published - Sunday, July 07
Add some ankle weights to your yoga practice at Buddhi’s FlowLIFT class
Like most exercise instructors, Amanda McCarroll has no trouble leading an active lifestyle thanks to teaching multiple classes a week at Buddhi Yoga, which she has co-owned with Carolina Vivas in ...
by EMILY BLACKWOOD San Diego Community News Group
Former silent screen actress once called La Jolla home
She may not have had the star power as the Gish sisters in the 1920s but former La Jolla resident Carol Dempster did make a film with W.C. Fields and two with the biggest director of the period. De...
by JILL DIAMOND San Diego Community News Group
Early La Jolla filmmakers left legacy; were well before their time
Before the days of blockbusters and superhero movies, there was a talented group of locals making silent films in cities like La Jolla with a simple 16mm camera in the late 1920s. La Jolla Cinema L...
LJ Vikings American Legion Baseball: Becoming better students of the game
For rising La Jolla High senior Johnny Meyerott, playing American Legion baseball this summer provides more game experience, after he missed most of the school season with a broken right hand, whil...
Published - Saturday, July 06
by ED PIPER San Diego Community News Group
Airport Authority, airlines reach $500 billion pact for potential transit projects
San Diego County Regional Airport Authority has reached a new 10-year agreement with its airline partners that will give the Airport Authority the ability to contribute more than $500 billion to he...
San Diego testing drone delivery program
Deliveries may soon be coming by way of drones. That is, if all goes well with a three-year testing program. The city of San Diego was selected by the U.S. Department of Transportation to conduct ...
Find miniatures and collectables at Ms. Peggie’s Place
Ms. Peggie’s Place’s innumerable miniatures and collectables in Pacific Beach is a diminutive universe in exquisite detail. The name of the cottage-industry business at 5063 Cass St. refers to its ...
Published - Friday, July 05
Point Loma Playhouse to inspire actors through Summer Shakes Workshop and Showcase
This week marks the beginning of Point Loma Playhouse’s 11th Annual Summer Shakes Workshop. Within this workshop, actors will be studying Shakespeare monologues as a vehicle to become stronger acto...
by Samantha Webster San Diego Community News Group
Gang leader gets 37 months for Jeep Wrangler thefts
A motorcycle gang leader who led others to steal Jeep Wranglers in a high-tech way in Pacific Beach, Ocean Beach, and elsewhere has been sentenced to 37 months in federal prison. Jimmy Josue Martin...
by NEAL PUTNAM San Diego Community News Group
Clean Beach Coalition places temporary trash bins on San Diego beaches
As another summer holiday approaches and draws large crowds to local beaches, the San Diego Clean Beach Coalition (SDCBC) prepares to protect the coastline from litter and the additional waste prod...
As San Diego commemorates 250 years – a broad sweep of the city’s history
Once a dusty hamlet and a boomtown gone bust, today San Diego is the eighth largest city in the nation. Put on your party hats as July 16 marks the 250th anniversary of “America’s Finest City” and ...
by KAREN SCANLON San Diego Community News Group
Midway planners hear about Sports Arena redevelopment
District 2 Councilmember Dr. Jennifer Campbell visited Midway-Pacific Highway Community Planning Group in June to discuss the latest with possible future Sports Arena redevelopment, electric scoote...
Published - Thursday, July 04
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Chapters <<<< 16 17 18 >>>>
C. Woodhaven
Part Sixteen
New York City, 1977
Endless rain poured down from the night sky as they fought. Predator and prey, although it was hard to sometimes tell which was which.
Nikki Wood kicked viciously and the vampire fell to the ground as he lost his footing. He sprang up a split second later, grinning wildly around his fangs. “Well, all right. Got the moves, don't you? I'm gonna ride you hard before I put you away, luv.”
“You sure about that?” she asked. “You actually look a little wet and limp to me. And I ain't your ‘luv.’”
Huge brown eyes watched the exchange from between the slats of a park bench. Robin shivered. It was cold and wet, but he knew he couldn’t leave his mamma. Time and again, Mr. Crowley had told him that, even though he was only seven, he was the man of the house now. So instead of running away, he pulled his coat tighter against the wind and watched the fight.
Robin gasped when the vampire grabbed his mom’s arm, twisting it and pulling her back until its fangs were inches from her neck. Without thinking, he stood up, knocking over the trashcan beside him. It fell to the ground with a clatter.
The vampire turned, staring at him with merciless amber eyes. Using the distraction to her advantage, his mom jerked her head back, ramming the vampire in the nose and breaking free from his grasp. Robin scurried back behind the bench, his eyes glued to the fight.
They traded blows back and forth; neither one managing to get the upper hand, until Nikki elbowed the vamp in the chest hard, knocking him down. She slipped a stake out of her pocket and as soon as the vamp got to his feet, she threw it at his heart.
Robin’s jaw dropped when the vampire caught it between his palms, less than an inch in front of his chest. He was grinning wildly as he said, “I spent a long time trying to track you down. Don't want the dance to end so soon, do you, Nikki? The music's just starting, isn't it?”
He tossed the stake towards her, but his mom didn’t bother to try to catch it and it landed with a wet smack on the pavement. The vamp started to walk away but then swung around on a lamp post. He grinned impishly and added, “By the way...love the coat,” before jumping down and melting into the night.
When he was certain the vampire had gone, Robin called, “Mamma!”
His mom squatted down next to him, looking him in the eye like she always did when she was telling him something serious. “You did a good job, baby boy. You stayed down just like mamma told you.”
“Can we go home now?” he asked, hopefully.
His mom shook her head. “Uh-uh. It's not safe there anymore. How 'bout I leave you over at Crowley's house and you can play with those spooky doodads that you like?”
“No, I wanna stay with you.”
"Yeah, I know you do, baby." Nikki looked back over her shoulder, past the lamp post, into the night where the vampire had disappeared, before turning back to him. “But remember, Robin, honey, what we talked about. Always got to work the mission.”
Robin looked down at his hands, ashamed. How many times had he heard her say the exact same thing?
Robin lifted his head.
His mom’s eyes bored into him. “You know I love you, but I got a job to do. The mission is what matters...right?
Slowly, Robin nodded and was rewarded by a proud smile.
“That's my boy. Come on.”
His mom stood and took his hand and began walking toward the subway entrance. Robin pulled away suddenly as he remembered something. He ran back to the scene of the fight and picked up the stake that the vampire had dropped.
“What about him?” he asked.
His mom waved her hand, dismissively. “Don’t you worry about him. I got his scrawny English butt covered.”
~*~*~*~*~
Sunnydale, 2003
The vampire came around the far side of the crypt, just like Mr. Giles had said he would. Spike - the demon who had stalked his nightmares for more than two decades. His hair was still moon white, although it was softer now that it wasn’t punked up into harsh porcupine spines. He was wearing an achingly familiar, long, black leather coat that draped his slim frame from shoulder to ankle. Yet another thing the vamp had stolen from him. As soon as he saw Robin, he stopped sort.
“Hello, Spike,” Robin said cordially.
Spike tensed at the unexpected greeting. He spent a long moment studying Robin before speaking. “Right then. I suppose this isn’t a chance meeting.”
“Rupert set this up, did he?” Spike intuited, and then snorted, “Figures. A clan of Mutara demons outside my old crypt seemed a bit too convenient.”
“Don’t blame him, I had something he wanted.” Robin smiled coldly. “And he had something I wanted. Think of it as a trade.”
Spike looked at him levelly. “Not much of the bartering type.”
“You probably don’t remember me,” Robin continued conversationally, keeping his tone calm and even. No point in tipping the vamp off about what was coming. “But you killed my mother.”
“I killed a lot of people,” Spike replied with a shrug. His expression was cold and unreadable.
“Yeah, I don’t doubt it.” Casually, Robin slid his hand into the pocket of his coat. His fingers closed around cool metal. “I think you’d remember this one. She was a slayer.”
He hadn’t been entirely honest with Mr. Giles, deadly accurate aim was something he had inherited from his mother. He never missed his mark and tonight would be no different.
Understanding dawned in Spike’s eyes half a second too late. Robin whipped his hand out of his pocket. The metal bracelet flew through the air, tinkling lightly against its chain, ring snapping around Spike’s wrist, effectively handcuffing him.
Robin held up his wrist, wearing the matching cuff. A ten foot chain joined them. “Sorry about this, but I’ve waited too long for this moment, to risk you getting away.”
“You’re gonna regret this, mate.” Spike said through gritted teeth. With a flick of his wrist, he wrapped a length of the chain around the wide part of his hand.
“Don’t bother trying to snap it, it’s enchanted,” Robin informed him smugly. “Unbreakable to vampires and I’ve got the only key.”
“Who said anything about trying to break it?”
Spike grinned ferrally and yanked, the East End’s biggest kid playing tug of war. Robin dropped to the ground in a crouch, to keep from losing his footing. Taking advantage of his position, he slipped his dagger from an ankle sheath.
“That’s not gonna kill me.” Spike scoffed.
“No.” Robin agreed, as he sprang up in a smooth motion, holding out the knife. “But it’ll make you bleed.”
“So will these.” Spike’s face rippled and Robin finally saw the monster he’d been searching for all these years. “Let’s dance.”
Buffy sprinted across Sunnydale as fast as she could. Anger, guilt and betrayal pounded in time with her heart.
She couldn’t believe Giles had…Buffy cut that train of thought off abruptly. She needed to focus. Restfield was still several blocks away.
“Hang in there, Spike,” she panted to herself.
Taking a deep breath, she forced herself to run faster. The streets flew by in a blur of lights and color.
By the time she’d scaled the cemetery walls and traversed the endless plots and mausoleums to reach Spike’s crypt, there was nothing but silence. Buffy rounded a corner, terrified that she was too late.
Spike had Robin pinned to the wall of his crypt, the vampire’s face buried in the crook of Robin’s throat.
She didn’t need to hear the sucking sounds to know what was going on. Buffy wondered, absently, if this was a scenario that Giles had entertained, when he and Robin colluded to set her and Spike up tonight. She was afraid Spike was going to kill Wood, and more afraid she wasn’t going to stop him.
Junior-year, finding-out-her-watcher’s-girlfriend-neglected-to-mention-crucial-curse-breaking-info kind of rage filled her. Giles had deliberately sent her on a wild goose chase to give a psycho the chance to dispose of Spike. And not just any psycho - her boss. Who, conveniently, was the son of one of the slayers Spike had killed. It was like a Greek tragedy, only less funny.
Before she could speak, Spike drew back, dropping Wood. The principal crumpled to the ground in a heap. She panicked for half a second, certain he was dead, but then Robin let out a low moan and his hand rose to his neck, probing the fresh puncture marks.
Amber fire blazed in Spike’s eyes, although the rest of his face had changed back to human. Blood stained his lips and he stared at her defiantly. His shirt was torn and through the gaps, she could see he was still bleeding from several wounds across his chest. Something glittered in the darkness, and she realized that there was a silver chain linking the two men.
Spike followed her gaze, and growled. Gripping the chain, Spike pulled it taut and tugged, but it didn’t break. “Fucking anti-vamp mojo.”
Silently, Buffy joined him. She took the cuff around his wrist in her hands and snapped it in half, easily.
Spike kicked Wood viciously and then stepped back. He glared at Buffy, daring her to say something.
Buffy raised her eyebrows. “You okay?”
Spike nodded curtly, but he dropped some of the defiance. “Take more’n him to finish me off.”
“Let’s hope so,” she replied, seriously.
The vampire’s eyes finally shifted back to a cold, hard blue. “I let him live, on account I killed his mum. Next time I see him, I’ll kill him.”
Without waiting for a response, Spike strode past her, coat billowing behind him.
Wood was sitting on the ground looking woozy. The punctures in his neck were still oozing slightly. Buffy held out a hand to help him up.
“Thanks,” he said, sounding grateful. She didn’t see him slide a small vial into his pocket.
Buffy shook her head. “Don’t mention it.”
“You saved my life.”
“No, really - don’t mention it,” Buffy repeated coldly. “I’m fighting a war. If you’re gonna sit on the sidelines and not choose a side, that’s fine. Just stay out of my way.”
“This wasn’t about –” Wood began.
“I don’t care what this was about,” she replied sharply, cutting him off. “I’m fighting for my life here. Spike is the strongest warrior we have. We’re not going to win this fight without him. And from where I’m standing, a vampire with a soul trumps a guy with a chip on his shoulder, because his mom died.
“If you ever pull a stunt like this again, Spike will kill you. And more importantly, I won’t stop him. Do you understand?”
Wood held her gaze for a few moments, and then nodded. “Yes.”
“Good.” She drew back her fist and punched him. Hard. “Consider this my resignation.”
Wood continued to clutch his nose while Buffy walked away, full of righteous indignation.
“I got what I needed, anyway,” he murmured dropping his hands as soon as she was out of sight. The punch had hurt, but instead of wallowing in it, he let it fuel his determination.
He slid his hand into his pocket to retrieve a tiny vial. The small amount of vampire blood he’d stolen from Spike glittered darkly underneath the security lighting. The final piece to the puzzle.
“You did good, baby,” his mother said proudly, appearing beside him.
Wood snorted. “I didn’t do it for you.”
“I know, I know. It’s the mission. Still,” the First shrugged. “If you win, I win.”
Anya frowned as Xander came in. His expression was blank and he looked sick, his face an unsightly shade of gray. That changed as soon as the door clicked shut behind him. Rage twisted his features until he was almost unrecognizable. His lip curled into a snarl and he clenched his fist.
“Xander, are you alright?”
Instead of replying, he turned and slammed his fist into the wall next to the coat rack, plowing through the sheetrock.
Anger and indignation filled her. “Knees. Now!”
Xander froze and then dropped like a stone, wincing slightly at the sharp pain in his knees.
“Tell me what happened.” Her tone brooked no argument.
“Giles, Wood. They tried to kill…” Xander’s voice faltered, as if the words were stuck in his throat. He continued in a whisper, “They tried to kill Spike.”
“Is he okay?”
Xander nodded, but his voice was still strained. “Yes. He bit Wood, but that’s all.”
Anya understood his rage now. She knew something powerful was forming between Xander and Spike, but Xander was still afraid to admit it. It made his emotions run high where the vampire was concerned.
“That does not excuse your behavior. Go to the playroom. I want you naked and kneeling properly while you wait. You will fix the wall tomorrow.”
“Yes, Mistress. I’m sorry.”
“I know,” she stroked his hair gently. He was still so mixed up and needy. “Go.”
He tried to rise, but she pushed him down. “On your knees, Xander.”
His sharp intake of breath was all the confirmation she needed that she’d read him correctly.
Once he was in the play room, Anya opened her cell and quickly found the number she was looking for. It rang quite a few times and she nervously wondered if Spike was going to ignore her.
Thankfully, he picked up. Once the call connected, she heard loud music in the background. “What?” he barked.
“He needs you,” Anya said simply.
“I’m not your vamp Friday. His either.”
She rolled her eyes at his dramatic declaration, but kept her tone even. “I know what happened tonight.”
“You don’t know shit,” Spike snapped.
Anya scowled. Xander obviously wasn’t the only one who had issues in this dynamic. “You know, it wasn’t that long ago that Buffy was shoving a sword through my chest,” she huffed.
Spike was quiet for a few long moments - smoking furiously, judging by the heavy inhales and exhales. “Forgot about that,” he conceded.
Wearily she rubbed her forehead. Playing matchmaker between those two was really not how she’d planned to spend the evening. “Xander needs you, and I believe that you need him, too.”
“Not gonna be stepping on any toes?” Spike asked.
“I wouldn’t have called if you were,” Anya retorted. “Are you coming?”
“Yeah, be there in a few.”
“Boy did this for me?” Spike asked wonderingly, fingering the fist-sized hole in the drywall. He hadn’t been quite sure what he'd expected when he arrived, but this wasn’t it.
Anya nodded. “He’ll be fixing it in the morning.”
Spike gestured toward the playroom. “He waiting, then?”
“Yes,” Anya confirmed with a brief nod.
Before heading to the room, Spike slipped off his duster and tossed it over the back of the couch. He frowned when he realized Anya hadn’t moved. “You coming?”
“No. Not tonight.” Anya shook her head. “Bring him to our room when you’re finished.”
“You got it, ducks.”
“Kneel up,” Spike barked.
Xander did as he was ordered, but was unable to hide his surprise that Spike was the one who issued the order.
“Was a bloody stupid thing you did,” Spike admonished. “You could have broken something.”
“I’m sorry, Master.”
Spike looked at him speculatively. Xander’s dick, which had only been half hard when Spike entered the room, was now jutting proudly from between the boy’s legs. “Are you?”
“I –” Xander paused, and Spike was pleased to see that he was thinking things over, choosing his words carefully. “I’m sorry that I put a hole in the wall. I’m not sorry that I got so upset. He – they could have killed you.”
“Was a time when you’d have been cheering them on.”
Xander couldn’t quite meet his eyes as he whispered, “I don’t feel that way anymore.”
Spike wasn’t sure he believed him, but after the night he’d had, he needed to know where the two of them stood – if what they did was just playtime, or something more.
“Think we’re gonna do something different tonight.” Spike ran a finger over the scar on the boy’s shoulder, a fierce wave of possession rushing through him. “You’re mine, as well as hers, and I don’t take kindly to anyone damaging my property.”
Spike’s face shifted and the vampire caught the unmistakable scent of fear. “Give me your hand.”
Xander lifted his bruised and bleeding hand, offering it to Spike for inspection. His eyes were downcast and the scent of fear increased.
Seemed that Spike had his answer. Pity. He’d hoped…well, no matter. He was about to release the boy’s hand when Xander spoke. “Just because I’m afraid, doesn’t mean I don’t trust you, Master.” His voice was low, but firm. “I’ve seen a lot of what vampires can do. Sometimes I can’t help but fear what you are, but I’m not afraid of who you are.”
“Look at me,” Spike commanded.
Amber eyes met brown. Without releasing the boy’s gaze, Spike bent his head, bringing his lips to the torn and bruised knuckles. He shifted the bones this way and that, confirming for himself that nothing was amiss.
Slowly, Spike dragged the flat of his tongue across the wounds. Xander shuddered, but didn’t move. Spike took his time laving cuts and scrapes until they were clean. It had been years since he'd acted like a real vamp, taking what was his without asking. The closest he’d gotten was with Buffy. All it took was a stiff arse kicking and a trip to a hell cave in Africa for him to realize that she’d never been his. Xander was made for him in a way Buffy hadn’t been. The boy wanted to be taken, owned. So much so that he answered to two masters.
Gently, Spike released Xander’s hand and the boy let it drop to his side. The stink of fear had receded, replaced by the lovely scent of heady arousal.
“Gonna mark you tonight, I think.” Spike whispered huskily as he traced Xander’s cheek, loving how the human leaned into his touch. “Remind you of your place.”
His boy was a thing of beauty, crawling across the floor toward Anya’s room. His cock hung heavy and full between his muscled thighs, and every inch of skin was liberally striped where Spike had marked him with either come or a lash.
The vampire had lost count of the number of times he’d spent, everything was a blur: stroking off in the cleft of his boy’s no longer virgin arse; rutting long and hard into the crook of his thigh, spilling over Xander’s swollen cock; shooting his cream across his tanned face.
Spike almost wished he could follow and watch Anya put Xander through his paces, but he held back. He was getting in deeper than he’d like with Xander, with both of them really. Tonight proved it – he’d been surprised by the rush of pride he’d felt when he’d seen proof of Xander’s reaction to the watcher’s deceit.
He dressed as swiftly as he could, intending to go out, get a beer and be back by first light. Maybe crash on the couch; Anya’d tacked up some thick blinds for him, so his days were less restricted.
Xander was almost at the bedroom door when it swung open. Anya leaned against the door frame, eyeing them both. She studied Xander for a moment.
“Kneel up.”
Xander complied immediately.
Her fingers hovered a micron over his face as she traced one of the paths that crossed Xander’s cheek. “How do you feel?” she asked the boy softly.
“Marked. Owned,” Xander replied without hesitation.
She smiled and nodded. “Good. You are. Go lie on the bed.”
Spike was just shrugging on his duster when her eyes met his. “Come to bed, Spike.”
Spike shook his head. “Not tonight, pet. You have your time. I’ll be back by morning.”
“That wasn’t a request,” Anya said coolly. “Come. To. Bed.”
“You think that tone is gonna work with me?” Spike asked, a small smile tugging at his lips.
“Yes,” she replied archly.
Without a word, Spike shed his kit and walked to the room. He didn’t look at Anya as he passed by, although it wasn’t out of any sense of modesty; they’d seen each other naked more times than he could count. At the last moment, he brushed his fingers against hers as light as a butterfly kiss and whispered “Thanks,” just as softly.
Part Seventeen
Orange light flickered over the earthen walls, and the sound of chanting echoed dully. Robin barely heard it. Years of effort crystallized into a single moment. This single moment.
The bowl in front of him smoldered darkly and the herby scent of magic washed over him. It was time to reclaim his legacy, just as he and Crowley had planned.
He opened the first vial and murmured, “The blood of the chosen,” just before tipping the contents in. The Bringers’ chant shifted, picking up his words and weaving them into the tapestry of the spell. Blood of the chosen, Blood of the chosen, Blood of the chosen.
His hand found the second vial and his lips pulled back in a bone-chilling grin, devoid of mirth. “The blood of the damned, stalker of night. He who became a slayer of light.”
A puff of acrid smoke issued from the bowl when Spike’s blood was added. The Bringers chanting had reached a deafening crescendo.
“Blood of the son, who’s birthright was stolen!” he shouted, picking up a dagger from the table. It was the one he’d used on Amanda. The steel sliced deeply into his palm, but he was beyond pain. Deep scarlet blood flowed easily from the wound into the bowl.
There was a flash, and then thick ropes of smoke rose through the air, winding around him like a tornado. He staggered inside the smoky cocoon, coughing and choking as it thickened and forced its way into his body through his nose and mouth. When he could fight it no longer he collapsed, the dense cloud clinging to him like a shroud.
Tara was leaning against the post on the front porch, looking down the street. The door shut softly behind Xander as he joined her and took up sentry duty at the other post.
Willow had been called urgently to LA to take care of a sudden case of Angelus. She got major bonus points for pulling off the ensouling without a hitch. Wesley, on the other hand, was zero-for-two: freeing a psychotic vampire and a felon in one week had to be a record. But his mistakes were the Scoobies’ gain; their numbers were growing by two: a fully reformed slayer and a half-pint werewolf, who happened to be on his way through LA when the sky began to rain fire.
“Willow just called,” he told Tara. “They’re maybe twenty minutes outside of town. Shouldn’t be too long now.”
Tara nodded, looking relieved. “Thanks.”
“So…are you doing okay?” Xander asked.
“Yeah, sure,” Tara smiled tightly. “Everything’s fine.”
“I used to say the same thing, whenever anyone asked me about the wedding. But it was a lie and I kept waiting for someone to…I don’t know…see me, and call me on it.” Xander shoved his hands into his pockets. “So this is me seeing and calling.”
Studying her hands, guiltily, Tara gave a small, frustrated sigh. “I just… Willow’s doing magic. Ensouling magic. That’s a big thing. And we still don’t know how the First can become me…”
“And then there’s Oz,” Xander prodded. The look on Tara’s face confirmed that he’d hit the mark. Score one for the Xand-man.
“He tried to kill me, the last time I saw him. Because he knew I’d been with Willow,” Tara replied softly. “I know we need the help, and I’m happy he’s coming, but I’m also afraid. I can’t help it.”
“Believe it or not, I understand that. I’ve got the same feelings about Faith heading up here.”
“She tried to kill you?” Tara asked, surprised.
“Yeah, back in high school. Not one of my stellar moments. I wouldn’t be here if Angel hadn’t stopped her.” Xander gave Tara a small smile. “Note, that this is not me admitting that Angel saved my life.”
Tara bit her lip, trying to hide a smirk. “Of course not.”
The door slammed behind them as Buffy flew out of the house, pulling on her coat. “Willow just called. There’s a girl…she’s hurt…they think she might be a potential. Bringers were swarming the area. They’re taking her to the hospital.”
“Can I come?” Tara asked anxiously.
Buffy nodded. “Willow’s pretty shaken up. Apparently she almost ran over the girl with the car.”
“I’ll get my coat.” Xander turned toward the front door.
Buffy placed a hand on his arm, stopping him. “Listen, would you mind staying? I hate leaving them alone.”
Xander stomach clenched, but six years had taught him well. He slapped a wide smile onto his face. “Okay, I’ll hold down the fort.”
“You sure?” Buffy looked guiltily grateful.
He waved away her concern. “No problem.”
Buffy jogged down the steps and was already halfway down the walk before she looked back over her shoulder and called out, “Come on, Tara.”
Tara lingered on the top step. “Are you sure it’s okay?”
“I’m fine.” Xander nodded. “Go. See Willow.”
Tara studied him as if she were deciding whether or not to say something else. Her voice was low when she finally spoke. “I see, too, you know. You can talk to me, if you need to. About stuff. With Spike and Anya, I mean. I won’t say anything to anyone. I-I haven’t.”
Whoa. So not what he was expecting her to say. Xander held her gaze and nodded, a thick lump forming in his throat. “You better get going,” he whispered. “Buffy’s waiting.”
“Yeah.” Tara turned and dashed after Buffy.
Bedraggled, the troop returned from the hospital, hours later. Willow still looked shaken, staying close to Tara.
The girl, Emily, was definitely a potential. On the run from the Bringers, she’d been stabbed and pushed into the street. The doctors had told Buffy that she was going to pull through. The police were guarding her room, so she was safe for now.
Xander caught Oz as he was making his way to the kitchen. “Hey. Good to see you. Glad to have you here.”
Oz gave him a little wave in return. “Thanks man, good to be here.”
The werewolf frowned suddenly and his eyes flicked to Anya and Spike before returning to Xander.
Xander felt his face get hot. “Look, man. I…”
Oz shook his head, cutting off Xander’s potentially even more embarrassing babble. “Not my business. Do I need to keep it quiet?”
Mortification at being caught flooded Xander, but he nodded anyway. “Yeah. Most everyone probably knows about Anya…but...” he trailed off, his eyes drawn uneasily to Spike.
The vampire’s shoulders tensed, and Xander had a sinking feeling that he was paying rapt attention to their conversation.
Yes! Nice.
“No, I understand,” Oz said. “I won’t say anything.”
When Oz stepped away to join the others, Xander grabbed his arm and said softly. “Look, thanks. I’m not embarrassed. About Spike, I mean. He and Buffy had a thing last year. I…she doesn’t need this right now. And I don’t even know how to begin to explain it to Willow.”
Oz nodded and Xander released his arm. Spike hadn’t turned or looked his way, he was smiling and joking with Dawn and Faith. Xander wondered if his earlier feeling that Spike had been listening to every word had been wrong.
He found out an hour later.
Xander finished going to the bathroom and was washing his hands when he was suddenly pinned to the counter by a cool, solid weight against his back. He’d been so lost in thought that he hadn’t even heard the door open. Nervous excitement flooded him.
“Heard you talking to the wolf, boy,” Spike whispered in his ear.
“He knew,” Xander replied.
Blunt teeth nipped at his neck, causing Xander to shiver. “Knew what?”
“He knew about…us, Master,” Xander breathed. “All of us.”
“And yet you didn’t try to hide.”
“I’m not ashamed,” Xander said, before adding hastily, “Master.” Realization that this was the truth, washed over him. He truly didn’t mind other people knowing, he just hated being blindsided by demons and their super-smelly senses. “I don’t think the others would understand, yet. But I’m not ashamed.”
“And if I ordered you to tell them what you get up to with us,” Spike whispered huskily against his neck. “Trussed up and beaten and begging for more.”
Xander closed his eyes, both excited by the scene Spike described and terrified of his friends finding this out about him. He wasn’t sure if he could bear seeing disapproval in their eyes, any more than he could bear continuing to lie to them. It was Catch-22 and he wasn’t the pitcher. Spike was. “I would tell them, Master. If you ordered it.”
“Hmmm, perhaps I’ll let you buy your silence. At least for today. On your knees.” And the cool weight was gone.
Xander turned and dropped to the ground as he’d been ordered. The tile was cold and hard against his knees, but the excited knot of fear and arousal in his belly almost dampened the discomfort.
He didn’t use his hands to open Spike’s jeans. His Master loved watching him struggle to undo the buttons with his teeth.
Licking, sucking and teasing Spike’s cock, Xander knew exactly what he liked the most.
Finally, Spike held him in place and fucked Xander’s face, using him. Xander struggled for breath, his heart pounding in his ears, his cock throbbing, trapped in suddenly too-tight jeans. He loved it when Spike was rough with him. It was something that Anya wasn’t always able to give him.
When he came, Xander swallowed every drop.
Spike ruffled his hair before he left the bathroom. “Guess you earned another day's reprieve.”
Xander slumped back onto his heels. His cock ached and throbbed with denied release. He didn’t have a clue if he’d get to come that day. It wasn’t up to him, and he wouldn’t have it any other way.
Oz shut the door to the room he’d been given, balancing the pile of towels Dawn had shoved at him.
He turned, slowly. Veruca was standing there.
“Huh. That’s neat.” Oz tossed the towels onto the bed.
“I see you’re still domesticated.” She looked disdainfully at the talisman he wore anchored around his wrist and looped over his fingers.
Stroking the familiar beads, Oz replied dryly, “People tend to not end up dead that way.”
“How did it feel tearing my throat out? Did you like the taste of fresh hot blood filling your belly, making you stronger?”
“I don’t remember,” he said, allowing the lie rolling off his tongue.
Veruca snorted in disbelief. “You don’t forget your first real kill. Do your friends know that? Does your mousy little girlfriend?”
“Willow’s not my girlfriend.”
“Oh, that’s right.” Veruca’s face brightened, as if she’d just remembered this little tidbit of information. “You left her and it traumatized her so much, she jumped ship and started batting for the other team.”
Oz shook his head, but he felt the growl rise in his chest. “It wasn’t like that.”
Veruca’s eyes gleamed with triumph. She circled him, leaning forward to whisper in his ear. “There are places, you know, where you can be yourself.”
“I am myself.” Oz stroked the talisman on his wrist again, trying to find his center.
“Keep telling yourself that. You never let it out, don’t you think I know that it eats at you.” Veruca snapped her teeth.
Fangs began to sprout in his mouth as his control began to slip. “Get out,” he spat, his voice thick and rough.
Veruca laughed. “See you later, lover”
He slammed his fist into the wall, causing a picture frame to crash to the floor.
The door flew open and Xander barreled in but then stopped short. “You okay, man?” he asked.
The reflection of his grey complexion in the mirror on the far side of the room said it all, but Oz tried to shrug it off. “Yeah, I’m fine.”
“You don’t look fine. You look like you saw a ghost.” The confusion on Xander’s face gave way to understanding. “Guess you got to meet the First.”
“It was a real blast from the past,” he admitted shakily.
“On the fun scale, it’s right up there with boil-lancing, or a fun-filled trip to the dentist.”
“Minus the anesthesia,” Oz agreed, bending to pick up the picture frame that had fallen. “I got this.”
“You gonna be alright?”
“I’ll be good, thanks.”
Xander nodded. “We got a lead on the Bringers. Willow’s been hacking into the police computers, and someone reported chanting at what’s supposed to be an abandoned winery. We’re heading over there…it’d be great if you could come.”
“Sure. I’ll be down in a minute.”
Robin Wood pushed himself carefully up from the floor. He realized, with some satisfaction, that his aches and pains were diminishing by the second.
The Bringers had stopped chanting and were milling around.
The First appeared, wearing the concerned countenance of his mother. “How you feeling, baby?”
Wood whirled and struck the nearest Bringer square in the chest with the heel of his hand. The monk flew across the room, like a demented pin-wheel. With a nasty smacking sound, his body struck the far cavern wall and fell into a motionless heap.
He looked down at his hand, noticing that the wound in his palm had closed. Robin smiled. “Good. I feel good.”
“Does a momma proud, seeing her boy with so much power,” Nikki Wood purred. “Now we got a lot of work to do. That skinny blonde do-gooder is on her way.”
Part Eighteen
As their meager army prepared for the raid on the vineyard, Xander knelt at the weapons chest filling the bag Buffy had handed him with anything and everything that would fit. This wasn’t going to be a recon mission, but a fontal assault. Only Anya, Willow and Tara would be left behind, because they were researching protection spells for the house.
He would have felt better if Dawn was staying behind as well, but at least she was going to be away from the main fighting and he could keep an eye on her. No matter how tonight turned out for him, he wanted his girls to be safe.
Spike crouched next to him and began rooting through the trunk for a weapon. As always when he was in close proximity to the vampire, his stomach did a little flip.
“Guess you brought that out of retirement,” Xander observed softly. Spike’s battered leather coat was covered with dust and streaks of something that looked suspiciously like blood. He wondered if it was Spike’s or Wood’s. He fervently hoped it was Wood’s.
“Think it’s past time for me to suit up again,” Spike admitted. “I notice you didn’t ask where I found it.”
“I know where it was,” Xander confessed quietly. He didn’t feel guilty for stuffing it away, precisely, but something was niggling in his belly.
A small smile curled Spike’s lips. “Had a feeling it was you. Surprised you didn’t burn it.”
“That was plan B,” Xander admitted. “Look, I’m sor-”
Spike cut him off with a terse shake of his head. “Don’t apologize. I know what we were to each other. That’s over.”
“Is it?” Xander desperately wanted to believe those words and allow bygones to be bygones.
“Yes, it is.” Spike withdrew a short sword, pressing it into Xander’s hand. “You and Dawn are gonna be cut off from the rest of us. You be careful in there.”
As Xander’s fingers curled around the hilt, he felt a small thrill of excitement. Spike hadn’t been searching for a weapon for himself. “Aren’t I always?” he asked with a smile.
“No,” Spike snorted, with good-natured affection, before his expression turned serious. “I mean it. There’s trouble you can’t handle, go the other way.”
“You keep talking like that and I’m going to start thinking you care about me.” Xander kept his tone light, but his heart was pounding heavily in his chest. He wanted to look away, but found it impossible.
Xander felt something pass between them. This wasn’t a game; Spike was serious. “Oh.”
Spike leaned in, drawing so close his lips almost brushed Xander's cheek. “You mind what I said,” he instructed in a low voice. “I don’t fancy picking up pieces.”
Swallowing thickly, Xander realized that Spike didn’t just mean if his insides got rearranged on his outside. “I will,” he promised.
He so wanted to reach out and touch Spike, but was hyperconscious of the people milling around. Instead, he made a small, frustrated sound and his fingers tightened uselessly around the sword hilt.
Spike seemed to feel the same thing, because he drew back, putting distance between them. Longing flashed in his blue eyes. “Won’t always be like this between us,” Spike murmured. “We get past all this and I’m not hiding anymore.”
Xander’s mouth went dry. “Okay.”
“Spike, Xander!” Buffy called impatiently from the kitchen. “Hurry up, we don’t have all night!”
The sound of chanting hung in the air like a fog as they approached the cluster of buildings at the edge of the vineyard.
“The cellar,” Buffy whispered as she pushed aside the branch obscuring her view, “Why am I not surprised that they’re underground?”
“Least it’s not the graveyard. All them funky statues staring at you,” Faith said with a theatrical shudder.
Buffy hated dragging everyone into this fight because, deep down, she knew not everyone was going to make it. That’s why it was so damn hard to bond with the potentials, every fray they entered could cost them their lives, and every death would be her fault. But she also knew, in her gut, that this was what needed to be done. The First’s power had to be coming from somewhere, even though Giles and his books disagreed. So, she reasoned, if the monks were holed up here, maybe the power source was here, too.
The tone of the chanting began to shift, taking on a different timbre. Buffy instinctively knew that the time had come. Rising from her crouch, she moved swiftly toward the entrance, confident that everyone would follow.
She kicked the heavy wooden doors open, finding a stairway immediately beyond. “From beneath you it devours,” she muttered. “Joy.”
Not allowing herself to reconsider the stupidity of charging down the stairs into an unknown and very hostile situation, she did just that. The thundering footsteps of the others echoed in the stairwell, temporarily dampening the creepy chanting.
The underground cavern at the bottom wasn’t filled with rows of bottles like she’d expected. Dozens of enormous casks lined the walls, instead. The gross, fruity-yeasty smell of the ghost of fermentations past, lingered in the air. Row’s of Bringers stood before her, rocking in unison. Plunge and move on, she thought, randomly.
She felt, rather than heard, everyone gather around her. Fifty pairs of mutilated eyes fixed upon the group and then the Bringers fell abruptly silent.
“That is probably not a good sign,” Oz observed wryly.
Not at all, Buffy thought.
The sea parted, and Robin Wood walked out of the shadows.
“I guess this means you chose a side,” Buffy seethed as he stepped into the light.
Sweaty hands and sword grips did not go well together. Neither did chanting and breaking and entering. Xander quickly transferred the sword to his left hand so he could wipe his slick palm on his jeans. He couldn’t do anything about the chanting. “This is so stupid.”
Buffy’s grand plan was a two-pronged attack. She and the potentials would distract the Bringers with a full frontal assault, while Dawn and Xander were supposed to sneak into the building from the other side to see if they could find something that could be the source of the First’s power.
Dawn nodded absently and whispered, “I know.”
He was starting to feel like a bug on a wedding cake, out in the open like this. At least Buffy’s side of the building had cover. This side faced a courtyard and all the other outbuildings. If the fountain in the center had still been running, it might have afforded them some auditory cover, but it was rusted, full of dirt and probably hadn’t worked since the vineyard was abandoned.
What was strange, and kind of disturbing, was that someone was still paying PG&E. At least two-thirds of the fixtures in the courtyard were working, including the one to the right of the door Dawn was crouching in front of.
He leaned forward to see how she was doing. “How’s it going?”
Her hand slipped and Xander pretended not to hear the soft curse she uttered. “You’re blocking the light.”
“Oh, sorry.” Xander stepped back, out of the meager glow. “They’re teaching lock picking at school now?” The light, teasing banter filled the nerve-wracking silence around them, just as well as it had in high school, making this feel just like old times.
“Yep,” Dawn replied with a smirk. “It’s right after math and before study hall.”
Xander shook his head, pretending disapproval, wrapping the familiarity of being clueless guy around him like an old familiar cloak. “It was Spike, wasn’t it?” he chided, staying in the game. “Please tell me he waited until you were fifteen.”
Dawn’s answering chuckle was enough to crush those hopes. A few more turns with the tools and the door popped open. “Voila!”
“You’re like a scary JD girl scout. When did that happen?” Xander peered into the dark. “I hope you brought a flashlight.”
She slid a small black cylinder out of her pocket. “Spike’s a good teacher.”
Yes, he is, Xander thought and flushed a little. He cleared his throat. “Let’s go.”
Ominously, the second they crossed the threshold, the chanting stopped. The door swung shut behind them, plunging them into complete darkness. It took a couple of seconds for Xander to realize that the two things weren’t connected. It took a couple of more seconds for his heart to migrate from his throat back to his chest.
The wooden floor beneath their feet creaked gently. “Lucy, I have a baaaad feeling about this,” Xander said in a low stage whisper.
“Me, too. I hope Buffy’s okay.”
“I thought this was supposed to be an observation deck, to look down on the cellar.” Dawn whispered. “Because I think they missed the point of what observy means.”
Which is probably good for us, Xander thought. “Willow said there was a set of stairs somewhere around here.”
There was a small click as Dawn thumbed on the light. She swept the beam back and forth over the dusty floorboards and walls. “I don’t see it.”
“Maybe we got turned around and this isn’t the right building.” Xander suggested, which was stupid, because he could hear sounds below. This had to be the place. Willow’s napkin sketch was obviously not to scale. “The stairs should be to the right.”
Dawn swung the light in that direction. Instead of the beam revealing stairs, he caught the flash of two pairs of eyes in the darkness. His heart jumped to his throat again. “Dawnie look out! To the left,” he hissed, pointing his sword.
Jerkily, she swept the flashlight back. “What?”
Two hazy figures stood opposite them in the pitch black. One of them had a sword, while the other had a…
“Wait a minute…” Dawn said as she approached the figures. She gave a nervous laugh. “It’s a reflection. See? It looks like they boarded up this window from the other side.” She passed the light over the dusty glass. “It‘s like a mirror.”
Feeling stupid, Xander gave a sigh of relief. He didn’t lower his sword.
The beam swept across the window, met the seam of the wall and continued on until it finally revealed the stairwell. There wasn’t a door, just a gaping black hole, like a missing tooth, in the wall.
“I’ll take Rickety Stairs of Death for a thousand, Alex,” he murmured.
Dawn snorted, but their mirth was cut short by a sharp cry. A thud rattled the window in its frame. The fight had begun.
“We should hurry.” Xander said, anxiously.
The staircase was narrow and steep, making Xander feel claustrophobic as they headed below ground. The claustrophobia eased somewhat as they reached the landing and the space opened up around them.
Dawn shone the light down the corridor. It was long, running the length of the building from the end of the staircase to the door at the far end. In between there wasn’t much, just a rusty water fountain and a single, swinging door that led to a unisex bathroom.
The plaque affixed to the wall next to the door at the end of the corridor read Chief Vintner.
“This is the place,” Dawn whispered, and she tried the handle. It turned smoothly in her hand, which made Xander even more nervous.
“Should we try the light?” Dawn asked, pointing the beam at the switch on the wall.
Xander peered around, using the ambient light to do a quick check of the room. Boxes and file cabinets haphazardly lining the walls, interspersed with dusty, out-of-date furniture. There was a door in the far left corner. He had been afraid that there might be a set of windows so the Vintner guy could watch what was going on in the cellar, but it didn’t look like there were any.
The light worked, casting a paltry glow over the room, and Dawn turned off the flashlight. ‘Full of junk’ was a phrase that didn’t quite do justice to the large office. The first section, where they were now, looked like it had once been a large sitting area. A couch and a couple of end tables lined one side, guarded by a low coffee table. Opposite that, there was a bank of file cabinets and shelves. Everything was overflowing with junk, now, though. It was as if the winery closed slowly and the room was used as storage, as well as work, as people vacated their offices. Boxes of papers and file folders littered the room in concentric circles and he imagined that they contained things that the remaining employees might need access to.
The second half of the room must have been where the Chief Vintner did his work. The wide side of the desk faced the door, and had two chairs parked in front of it. Two long, low file cabinets filled in the corner behind the desk. The one closest to them held a battered and dusty pot containing a shabby stick that might have been a plant, sometime around when Carter was president. Atop the other, a discarded phone was sitting catawampus on a stack of yellowing papers, with its cord wound tightly around it, looking like a modern mummy.
The desk and the chairs around it were strangely clean, though. As if they’d been cleared recently.
The battle was much closer now. He could hear fighting clearly. The office shared its west wall with the cellar proper. Two and two suddenly became four and he realized with horror where the door on their left likely led. Sweat popped up on his brow. “What are we looking for?” he whispered.
Oblivious to his panic, Dawn replied, “I don’t know. Something magical.” She held up a pale crystal with a white spark in its center. “Willow said this would glow bright blue if we found something.”
“This is such a bad plan,” he murmured, looking around the cluttered office at everything and nothing. Talk about finding a needle in a haystack.
“It’s the only one we’ve got,” Dawn replied as she began to move the crystal slowly over all the items in the office in a controlled, methodical way. It reminded him of a movie he’d once seen where a group of oceanographers had been searching for a lost or downed ship. They defined a search grid in the water and traveled along it, using radar as they went, so they didn’t miss a section.
Muted voices from the other room traveled thorough the wall. Buffy and someone else were trading banter. Xander was fairly certain that it wasn’t the First, because the slayer sounded like she was trading blows as well as barbs, but the voice sounded familiar.
Dawn walked the room slowly, passing the crystal over every object she encountered, but the light inside didn’t waver or change at all.
Xander scoped out the door, noting with alarm that it was unlocked. He pressed his ear to it, confirming that no one was milling around directly outside, then twisted the deadbolt. That should keep them a little safer. Assuming, of course, the First didn’t pop in here and then back out to warn its minions. Shit, Xander wished that thought hadn’t occurred to him.
“Xander,” Dawn whispered as she approached the ancient desk. The light from the crystal began to grow and deepen to a blazing blue.
“I think this is it.” She slipped the crystal into her pocket and opened a drawer.
Xander joined her at the desk, pushing the dusty office chair behind them so they could both could fit comfortably. He winced as it squeaked. They were standing in front of the desk, directly in front of the knee well. The door into the cellar was to their right.
Dawn placed a loosely tied leather bundle on the top of the desk and struggled to unwrap it with one hand. Xander set his sword next to it. Taking the flashlight from her, he whispered, “Here, I got that.”
“Thanks,” she replied gratefully, as he tucked it into his back pocket. It was like stuffing a five pound hand weight into his shaving kit. It fit. Barely.
Carefully, she unwrapped the bundle, revealing a thick ream of parchment. Her eyes grew huge as she gently spread the scrolls flat. “These are so old,” she marveled.
And so not in English, he thought. “Can you read what they say?”
Dawn nodded. “Yeah, most of it.”
She ran her finger along the rows and columns of text, lips moving silently, making Xander incredibly self conscious. He hadn’t been able to master French in high school, while Dawn was obviously fluent in Ancient whatever. He was the village idiot; Cletus the slack jawed yokel.
“Oh my god! This can’t be right.” She flipped to the second page and then the third. Her excited tone broke through his wall of self pity.
“This is a history of the first slayers. There’s other stuff too. Spells and things, and this one…” Dawn flipped through the pages, “has a bunch of stuff about the Watchers.”
“Is it another way to bring the First Slayer back? ‘Cause after she ripped out my heart, I’m really thinking I’ll pass,” Xander asked.
“No, you don’t understand.” Dawn shifted back to the first scroll and pointed to a word that looked suspiciously like a stain from a jelly donut. “Slayers. There was more than one.”
He was puzzled for a moment. Why would that be such a big deal? Everyone knew that once one girl died, the next slayer was called. It was like a grotesque chain letter that was started at the beginning of time, broken only when Buffy had come back, freshmen year. Everybody had freaked when Kendra had appeared, because the one girl in all the world, was suddenly two. And then he made the connection. “You mean, at the same time?”
Dawn nodded fervently.
The sounds of fighting, behind the wall, escalated and they both turned.
Okay, the big reveal could wait. They needed to jet. Now.
“We gotta get out of here,” they said in unison.
Dawn began rolling the ancient parchment. Xander stilled her hand as she reached for the thick piece of protective leather.
“Wait.” Before she could ask what he was doing, he set the flashlight along one edge and began wrapping it into a bundle.
She frowned for a few moments and then understanding dawned in her eyes. “You’re making a decoy.”
He nodded. There was a good chance that they might get caught or have to split-up. “Might buy us some time. If you keep the crystal with the scrolls, you can use it to light your way.”
Dawn tightened her roll of parchment into a dense tube before slipping her hand into her pocket to retrieve the crystal. “Got it.”
He grabbed her wrist. “If we get separated, you run. Get these to Giles.”
“I won’t leave you.”
He flashed suddenly to his conversation with Spike. This time the stomach flips and mirth was missing. “I’m not kidding, Dawn.”
“Neither am I.” Determination flared in her eyes and he knew, suddenly, that there was no way she was gonna run if things got hairy. Crap.
They had to bolt, now.
But, it was too late.
There was a sharp cry, a thick smack and then the wall exploded inward as something, Buffy, crashed through the wall in a cloud of dust and rubble. She fell to the ground in a heap and the office debris rained down on her.
Without thinking, Xander gripped Dawn’s shoulder and pushed her to her knees, using his legs to shove her into the hole under the desk.
“Hey! Ouch,” she cried, but he ignored her and concentrated on keeping her stuffed into the small space.
“Stay down.” He ordered, hoping she’d listen. They only had a moment. If he could hide her, he could keep her safe.
“Xander.” she hissed, trying to push her way past his legs. The desk canted, then righted itself at an off kilter angle, as she squirmed, but Xander kept himself pressed to the opening, blocking her in. When she realized that he wouldn’t budge, she pounded the desk in frustration.
His sword fell to the floor with a clatter. He glanced at the heap that covered Buffy. It wasn’t moving. Then he turned toward the hole in the wall. Dust still hovered thickly in the air, but he could just make out the battle melee beyond. He fancied that he caught split second glimpse of white-blond hair before the view was blocked. A figure parted the dust cloud and strode through the hole.
It was Robin Wood. That was the voice Xander hadn’t been able to place, earlier. “Mr. Harris. I was wondering where you were.”
Anger formed in the pit of his belly, but he had to push it aside. Keep Dawn safe…Get the scrolls to Giles. He picked up the decoy bundle. Let the games begin.
“Looky what I found,” Xander waved the bundle. “Someone’s been playing around with black magic. So not good. Wait until the PTA finds out about this. You’ll be wishing a ginormous snake ate you.”
Buffy moaned behind him and he heard the unmistakable sound of junk shifting around as she dug herself out. It took everything he had not to run to help her, but he couldn’t leave Dawn. He took comfort in the fact that her slayer healing would kick in at any moment. At least, he desperately hoped it would.
All thoughts of Buffy and Dawn left his head when Wood darted forward, vampire fast. His strong, brown fingers closed around Xander’s throat in a Darth Vader grip, lifting him until his feet barely touched the floor. “I think you’ll want to put that down,” he sneered malevolently.
“Funny, I was gonna say the same thing,” Spike drawled as he stepped though the hole in the wall.
“Spike,” Xander wheezed, imploringly as he struggled to keep his footing, hold onto the bundle and not choke to death. His lover’s eyes darted down to beneath the desk, and then across to Buffy, who was making her way around the desk to join the vampire, hopefully so the two of them could launch a two-pronged attack anytime now. She was covered in dust and holding herself stiffly, she looked like she’d gone ten rounds with Evander Holyvamp, but her eyes were focused and intent. She was still in the game.
“Give that back.” Wood growled. His eyes flicked to both Buffy and Spike, but then moved back to Xander’s.
“Afraid we’re gonna find out your secrets,” Xander goaded in a hoarse voice. It was so hard to talk, but near death situations always brought out the babble in him. “Like about the slayer lines.”
Buffy eyes darted around the room frantically. They stilled immediately when they got to his knees, and her shoulders tensed. Then her gaze rose and held his. There was cold, calculating determination in her stare, and he knew that she’d seen Dawn and that she understood fully what was going on.
Wood’s anger coalesced. “I had no idea that a glorified carpenter could read Babylonian.”
And like on Kingman's Bluff, he knew with terrified certainty that he was going to die. Flashing to a bumper sticker he’d once seen, Xander babbled, “Yeah, well, Jesus was a carpenter.”
Without examining what he was doing, only hoping that he could buy Dawn some time, Xander tossed the leather bundle toward Buffy.
She caught it easily, frowning as she tested the weight, then her eyes shifted back down to Dawn before widening with understanding. “Spike, get these to Giles,” she said and passed the decoy to him.
Spike’s slim fingers tightened around the bundle so tightly Xander swore he could hear the flashlight’s plastic casing crack. Anger swiftly flared in Spike’s eyes as he, too, realized the subterfuge. “I’m not leaving him,” he said stubbornly.
This was so not the time for Spike to be noble. “You have to go,” Xander pleaded.
“Spike, I can take care of this.” Buffy’s eyebrows lifted. “Go.”
“Please” Xander begged one more time. “Giles needs to see those.”
It seemed to take an eternity, but Spike finally complied. His jaw tensed and he clutched the bundle to his chest. “Fine,” he growled. Then he pivoted on one foot, toward the hole in the wall before sprinting out. Xander blinked and he was out of sight.
“Nooo!” Wood screamed and then was gone.
Xander’s feet hit the ground and his knees buckled. His hands shot out, grabbing the lip of the desk just in time to keep himself upright.
“Are you okay?” Buffy whispered.
He tried to nod, but that just made the room spin. “Just tell me he’s gone.”
Instead of a response, there was a bellow of rage, and a dark blur shot into the room, knocking Buffy down. Xander screamed in pain as his back was bent ninety degrees in the wrong direction. Wood pinned him to the desk by the shoulders. His eyes crackled with furious insanity.
Sadly, Xander recognized that look: mean, spiteful and piggish. It was the one that the Larry’s of the world gave you just because you dared say ‘excuse me’ to a girl they wanted to impress. The look that said: ‘I’m going to thump you just because I can,’ and ‘you don’t matter anyway.’ Except this time, the look belonged not just to a deranged bully, but to a wicked strong ,very evil, man.
“He’s not going to get far. But before I track him down like the dog he is, Mr. Harris, ” Wood whispered maliciously, “I owe you a little payback. An eye for a eye, so to speak.”
And before Xander could puzzle out what the crazy man was saying, white hot fire blossomed in his eye and he screamed
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Hold Fast
Title: Hold Fast
Author: Blue Balliett
Publication Date: March 1, 2013
Audience: Ages 8 and up
Summary: The Pearl family-Dashel, Summer, Early, and Jubilation-live in a one room apartment and dream and save for the day when they can have a house. Dash works as a library page sharing with his family his love for words and poetry. He does extra work processing and transporting old books to a book seller to make money for this dream house. From one of these boxes Dash removes The First Book of Rhythms by Langston Hughes, paying a fair price for it to Al, who brings him the boxes. Then one day Dash disappears leaving on the street his notebook of words, his bike, and the groceries. The police treat this as the normal disappearance of an irresponsible man but his family knows something has happened. The next day four masked people break into their apartment, destroying its cheerful order while they take all their books. Early has been reading the Hughes book and the thieves do not realize they have missed it. With the door to their apartment broken and no money, three Pearls are forced to move to a homeless shelter where such things as doing laundry, making a phone call, finding privacy, and taking a bath are continuous challenges. Colds and flu love shelters. Early finds help from one of Dash’s favorite high school teachers and returns to the library to investigate his disappearance. The First Book of Rhythms has a part in the solution of this mystery. Resourceful Early starts a campaign to reclaim abandoned houses for the homeless before Dash finally returns to them.
Literary elements at work in the story: The author and her characters are in love with words-definitions, etymology, a table of contents of single syllable words, and poetry demonstrate their importance. It’s a suspenseful mystery with characters that claim respect and attention. Page layout is part of the books charm. The book’s title, Hold Fast, comes from a Hughes’ poem, “Dreams.”
How does the perspective on gender/race/culture/economics/ability make a difference to the story? Poverty is the major character in this story, the context for all the events. Race is not mentioned although the book cover indicates this is an African-American family. Neither Summer nor Dash has more than a high school education but their daily engagement with poetry and words defies the stereotype of poor and ignorant. The reaction of the police and the community to Dash’s disappearance was a stereotypical response to the disappearance of a poor black man and discouraged any effort to find Dash.
Theological Conversation Partners: Hold Fast , in addition to entertaining the reader, will do two things: it will present a vivid picture of life in a homeless shelter and it will introduce her/him to the poetry of Langston Hughes. Balliett says that at the close of the school year in 2012 there were 30,000 homeless children in Chicago. She suggests that you count out 30 pennies; pretend each has a name; now make 1,000 groups of 30. It makes homelessness come to life. One missed pay check makes life in a shelter the only option. This story is about a strong family that survives. The family goes to church about twice a year, Early, the daughter volunteers; actually this is no indication of faith. Hughes’ The First Book of Rhythms functions as their Bible and his poems about dreams keep Early’s hopes alive. But this is a story that Christians should read for it will open the world of homelessness to us and will highlight the wonder of words for those who believe “In the beginning was the WORD.”
The author tells us that the most treasured things the Pearl family owned were invisible. What were some of them? What are the most treasured things that your family owns that are invisible?
What impression do you have of the Pearl family as you read about them in the first few chapters before Dash disappears.
Try to imagine what it would be like to have your shelter home destroyed and all income stopped. Where would you go? What would you do?
What are some difficulties with living in a shelter?
Sum and Early find kind and helpful people in different situations through this story. Who are they? Where are they? How do they help?
Early finds Langston Hughes’ emphasis on rhythms comforting. How did it affect her feeling about the shelter?
Who are friends that Jubie and Early make at the Helping Hand Shelter? What are some of the problems with making friends there?
What do Hughes’ dream poems prompt Early to do?
How do the students at the new school accept children from the shelter?
Is there a homeless shelter in your community? What do you know about it. Does your church help to support it? Do you know the number of homeless people in your community?
What responsibilities do Christians have for families who are homeless?
This review was written by regular contributor Virginia Thomas.
Hold Fast by Storypath is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
TAG : Family, Fathers, Homelessness, Langston Hughes, Poetry
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Tagged: Ian McShane
[FILM NEWS] HELLBOY Trailer Released
Posted in Action, Adventure, Film, Film Genre, Film News, Home Page, News, Sci-Fi / Fantasy | Leave a comment
The trailer for the brand new Hellboy has just landed and you can check it out right here. Directed by Neil Marshall (Centurion, The Descent) and starring David Harbour (The Green Hornet, Suicide Squad), Ian McShane (Deadwood, Kung Fu Panda) and Milla Jovovich (Resident Evil, The Fifth Element) Hellboy will be released on the 12th April 2019.
John Wick 2 Giveaway
Posted in Film, Home Page, Podcast | Leave a comment
Well, loyal Subculture fans we know that you have eagerly been anticipating the arrival of John Wick 2 in Australian cinemas…. we know because we read all the emails that you sent us asking when it when open. Well know we have something very special you… thanks to our good friends at Studio Canal we are giving away three double passes to John Wick 2.
To be in with a chance to win a double chance simply go to our Facebook page and LIKE the page and LIKE the John Wick 2 giveaway post.
In cinemas May 18
In this high-octane sequel to the 2014 hit, legendary super-assassin John Wick (Keanu Reeves) is forced back out of retirement by a former associate plotting to seize control of a shadowy Italian assassins’ guild. Bound by a blood oath to help him, John travels to Rome where he squares off against some of the world’s deadliest killers in an adrenaline-fueled thrill ride that takes the non-stop action of the original to a whole new level.
Also starring Ruby Rose, Common, Laurence Fishburne and Ian McShane, JOHN WICK: CHAPTER 2 hits cinemas May 18.
Most Popular Movies & Television Show 6/11/2014-13/11/2014
What have been the most searched for television shows and movies on the Internet over the last week, we take a look at see.
American Horror Story (2011) – Evan Peters, Jessica Lange, Sarah Paulson, Frances Conroy
The Walking Dead (2010) – Andrew Lincoln, Jon Bernthal, Sarah Wayne Callies, Steven Yeun
Furious 7 (2015) – Vin Diesel, Paul Walker, Dwayne Johnson, Jason Staham
Fury (2014) – Brad Pitt, Shia LaBeouf, Logan Lerman, Michael Pena
Nightcrawler (2014) – Jake Gyllenhaal, Rene Russo, Bill Paxton, Riz Ahmed
Gone Girl (2014) – Ben Affleck, Rosamund Pike, Neil Patrick Harris, Tyler Perry
Big Hero 6 (2014)- Ryan Potter, Scott Adsit, Jamie Chung, T.J. Miller
John Wick (2014) – Keanu Reeves, Michael Nyqvist, Alfie Allen, Willem Dafoe
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay Part 1 (2014) – Jennifer Lawrence, Josh Hutcherson, Liam Hemsworth, Woody Harrelson
Sons Of Anarchy (2008) – Katey Segal, Charlie Hunnam, Mark Boone Junior, Kim Coates
Gotham (2014) – Cory Michael Smith, Ben McKenzie, Donal Logue, David Mazouz
The Flash (2014) – Candice Patton, Danielle Panabaker, Grant Gustin, Rick Cosnett
The Hobbit: The Battle Of Five Armies (2014) – Ian McKellan, Martin Freeman, Richard Armitage, Cate Blanchett
Games Of Thrones (2011) – Lena Headey, Peter Dinklage, Maisie Williams, Emilia Clarke
Ouija (2014) – Olivia Cooke, Ana Coto, Daren Kagasoff, Bianca A. Santos
Dumb And Dumber 2 (2014) – Jim Carrey, Jeff Daniels, Rob Riggle, Laurie Holden
Batman vs Superman: Dawn Of Justice (2016) – Amy Adams, Ben Affleck, Jena Malone, Jason Momoa
The Big Bang Theory (2007) – Johnny Galecki, Jim Parsons, Kaley Cuoco-Sweeting, Simon Helberg
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014) – Megan Fox, Will Arnett, William Fichtner, Noel Fisher
Hercules (2014) – Dwayne Johnson, John Hurt, Ian McShane, Joseph Fiennes
Once Upon A Time (2011) – Ginniger Goodwin, Jennifer Morrison, Lana Parrilla, Josh Dallas
Hercules (2014)
Posted in Action, Adventure, Film, Film Genre, Home Page | Leave a comment
Summary: Both man and myth, Hercules (Dwayne Johnson) leads a band of mercenaries to help end a bloody civil war in the land of Thrace and return the rightful king to his throne. A tormented soul from birth, Hercules has the strength of a God but feels the suffering of a human.
Australian Cinema Release Date: 24th July, 2014
Director: Brett Ratner
Screenwriter: Ryan Condal, Evan Spilitopoulos, Steve Moore (graphic novel)
Cast: Joe Anderson (Phineas), Isaac Andrews (Arius), Krasen Belev (Oyley), Ingrid Bolso Berdal (Atalanta), Adrian Bouchet (Zeus), John Cross (Lt. Marcos), Christopher Fairbank (Gryza), Rebecca Ferguson (Ergenia), Joseph Fiennes (King Eurystheus), Aksel Hennie (Tydeus), John Hurt (Lord Cotys), Dwayne Johnson (Hercules), Ian McShane (Amphiaraus), Nicholas Moss (Demetrius), Peter Mullan (Sitacles), Barbara Palvin (Antimache), Stephen Peacocke (Stephanos), Mark Phelan (Corsair), Reece Ritchie (Iolaus), Tobias Santelmann (Rhesus), Rufus Sewell (Autolycus), Irina Shayk (Megara), Karolina Szymczak (Alcmene), Robert Whitelock (Nicolaus), Aden G. Wright (Child Hercules)
OUR HERCULES REVIEWS & RATINGS:
Nick Gardener: You can check out Nick’s Hercules review on The Good The Bad The Ugly Film Show Ep #89
So many of the big blockbusters of this year have exceeded just how good they were expected to be. Think about films like Captain America: Winter Soldier and Edge Of Tomorrow, now add Hercules to that list because director Brett Ratner (who has had a hit and miss career to date) has certainly delivered the goods.
Based on the Marvel graphic novel rather than Greek mythology itself Hercules begins with the legend of Hercules (Dwayne Johnson) spreading across the land, but what is myth and what is truth? To some he is a fallen hero and to others he is a freedom fighter. The ultimate test comes for Hercules when he and his friends Amphiaraus (Ian McShane), Autolycus (Rufus Sewell), Tydeus (Aksel Hennie), Atalanta (Ingrid Bolso Berdal) and Iolaus (Reece Rithcie) are hired by Lord Cotys (John Hurt) to rid the Land of Thrace of a warlord who aims to enslave his people.
Obviously spurred on by what has worked in recent comic book movies like The Dark Knight and The Avengers Ratner takes the Marvel Comics’ version of Hercules and serves up a decent action film that for once seems to remember just how important things such as characterisation and a decent screenplay go in making a film watchable for its audience. Here Hercules and co are well rounded characters, and while Ratner doesn’t go into full novella style back stories he does do enough so that most of the characters aren’t simply just walking clichés that has as much life as the cardboard cut-outs in the cinema lobby.
Ratner also decides to take Hercules back into some of the old school styles of filmmaking. Instead of relying on CGI to do absolutely everything here Ratner learns from the masters of old and actually has some grand sets in the background of some of his scenes and even decides to throw some stuntmen into the furore during the battle sequences rather than allowing a computer to do the work. Even better is the fact that for once a director seems to embrace the 3D technology correctly and sometimes the audience will find themselves duckng as a sword is smashed out of The Rock’s hand towards them or when they suddenly find a spear menacingly thrust towards their faces.
Of course some of the credit for Hercules working so well has to be given to the screenwriters who have served up Ratner an absolute gem of an action script. Yes there are some heavy battle sequences that will keep the action junkies happy but they have also developed some good storylines for those of the audience who want a little more than blood and guts served up to them. The question of how much of Hercules’ past is myth or truth throws up some interesting questions for viewers, as does questions over actually what happened to his children and wife… is he a cold blooded hero? Even the screenplay’s big twist works a treat and won’t be seen by those who are expecting this to be a simple action film.
Then of course there are the actors. The inclusion of veterans such as John Hurt and Ian McShane bring a sense of credibility to the cast and both are standouts in their roles. The big surprise here though is Dwayne ‘please don’t call me The Rock’ Johnson, who really steps up in the acting stakes. Yes he has the body of a Greek God, handy when you are playing Hercules, but he doesn’t allow that to do all the talking and instead there are times in this film when he is called upon to deliver some dramatic lines and show emotion… both of which he surprisingly pulls off pretty well.
While many won’t be expecting much from Hercules it does certainly serve up the goods if you are seeking a good action film rather than a work of art. Ratner delivers some brilliant battle sequences while the storyline in the background puts waste to some of the weaker action films that we have seen on the big screen in recent years. And last but not least it’s time to admit defeat Kellan Lutz because Dwayne Johnson’s Hercules just handed you your ass on a plate.
Other Subculture Entertainment Reviews of ‘Hercules′: For our full Hercules review please check The Good The Bad The Ugly Film Show Ep #89. You can also check out Dave’s review at The Book The Film The T-Shirt.
New Hercules Living Poster
We have just received the brand new living poster for Hercules starring Dwayne ‘The Rock’ Johnson. In cinemas July 24, 2014!
Synopsis: Both man and myth, Hercules (Dwayne Johnson) leads a band of mercenaries to help end a bloody civil war in the land of Thrace and return the rightful king to his throne. A tormented soul from birth, Hercules has the strength of a God but feels the suffering of a human. Unimaginable villains will test the mythical power of Hercules in Director Brett Ratner’s gritty take on one of the most epic action heroes of the ages.
Cast: Dwayne Johnson, Ian McShane, Rufus Sewell, Joseph Fiennes, Peter Mullan, John Hurt, Aksel Hennie, Ingrid Berdal, Reece Ritchie, Tobias Santelmann. Rebecca Ferguson, Isaac Andrews
You can view the Hercules living poster below:
Cuban Fury (2014)
Summary: A former salsa prodigy attempts a comeback years after his career was ruined by a rival dancer.
Australian Cinema Release Date: 20th March, 2014
Director: James Griffiths
Screenwriter: Jon Brown
Cast: Liz Cackowski (Paula), Alex Clarke (James), Olivia Colman (Sam), Nick Frost (Bruce Garrett), Yanate Fuentes (Alicia), Rashida Jones (Julia), Michael Keat (The Cuban Brothers Miguel Mantovani), Rory Kinnear (Gary), Ethan J. Knight (Andrew), Wendi McLendon-Covey (Carly), Ian McShane (Ron Parfait), Susana Montero (Gloria), Kayvan Novak (Bejan), Chris O’Dowd (Drew), Kengo Oshima (The Cuban Brothers Kengo-San), Simon Pegg (Driver), Tim Plester (Mickey), Ben Radcliffe (Young Bruce), James Reilly (Harvey), Alexandra Roach (Helen), Philippe Spall (Mr. Jarvis), Isabella Steinbarth (Young Sam), Alison Thurgood (Gemma)
OUR CUBAN FURY REVIEWS & RATINGS:
After the disappointment that was The World’s End last year actor Nick Frost really owes his fans something special. While there have been the obvious films such as Hot Fuzz and Shaun Of The Dead that have seen Nick Frost at his best, he also manages to surprise cinema goers every now and then with surprise hits like Attack Of The Block. Now comes Cuban Fury a film that certainly isn’t a masterpiece, but a film that is just likable to make it a crowd favourite.
Frost plays Bruce Garrett a lovable loser in life who in his junior days was a champion salsa dancer. During that period he was known for his heels of fire and his coach, Ron Parfait (Ian McShane) led him and his dance partner, his sister Sam (Olivia Colman) to dance title after dance title. But then Bruce’s life changed forever when he found himself bashed by a gang who took exception to his sequin shirt that he was wearing to the National Championships. At that moment Bruce turned his back on his dancing career and made a vow to never salsa again.
Flash forward quite a number of years and Bruce know works for a company that designs industrial lathes. He enjoys his life but there isn’t much for him to do. He works, hangs out with Sam at the bar that she works in and then once a week catches up with his loser friends and plays golf with them.
But then suddenly something comes into Bruce’s life that gives it meaning again – his new boss Julia (Rashida Jones). While Bruce wants to win the hand of the fair maiden he finds himself constantly put down by his arch rival in love, the bully Drew (Chris O’Dowd) and finds himself believing that there is no possible way he can win her affection. It is then that he discovers Julia has a love for salsa and wonders whether or not it is possible to capture that old magic once again.
Director James Griffiths (who is mostly known for his television work) really has found himself at the helm of a safe film when it comes to Cuban Fury. Screenwriter, Jon Brown has handed him a script that is full of clichés but also has that winning formula that has made a few dime-a-dozen comedies work over the years. Yes Cuban Fury isn’t the kind of film that will win awards or win over the serious cinema goer but will certainly entertain your average popcorn set film fan.
Brown’s script is interesting. It is sign-posted within an inch of its life but at the same time manages to throw up in just enough laughs to lure the audience in and having them chuckling along with the film as it goes. Film buffs that have seen a lot of films over the years will be able to pick exactly where this film is going from scene-to-scene but at the same time they won’t be disappointed as the laughs are more than enough to keep them entertained.
The saddest thing about the script of Cuban Fury though is at times it does hold back its cast. Rashida Jones, Olivia Colman, Ian McShane and Kayvan Novak (who play extremely stereotypical gay Arab, Bejan) are given so little to do during the film that they don’t even have to raise a sweat as they breeze through their lines. However the script doesn’t seem to handicap the comedic abilities of its two leads though. Chris O’Dowd seems to relish being able to play the bully-boy while Frost overcomes the fact that he has one of the least dancer-like bodies in the history of cinema to deliver a lovable performance. The dance-off between O’Dowd and Frost is one of the highlights of the film.
Cuban Fury overcomes its clichéd script to become a watchable beer-and-pizza comedy that will be enjoyed by men and women alike. There’s also a brief appearance by Simon Pegg for all the fans of The Cornetto Trilogy.
Other Subculture Media Reviews of ‘Cuban Fury′: Nil.
Jack The Giant Slayer Cast Interviews
Posted in Film, Interviews | Leave a comment
The cast of Jack The Giant Slay chat about the new Action Adventure.
Jack The Giant Slayer (2013)
Posted in Adventure, Drama, Film, Film Genre, Home Page, Sci-Fi / Fantasy | Leave a comment
Summary: Jack the Giant Slayer tells the story of an ancient war that is reignited when a young farmhand unwittingly opens a gateway between our world and a fearsome race of giants. Unleashed on the Earth for the first time in centuries, the giants strive to reclaim the land they once lost, forcing the young man, Jack (Nicholas Hoult) into the battle of his life to stop them. Fighting for a kingdom, its people, and the love of a brave princess, he comes face to face with the unstoppable warriors he thought only existed in legend – and gets the chance to become a legend himself.
Australian Cinema Release Date: 21st March, 2013
Director: Bryan Singer
Screenwriter: Darren Lemke, Christopher McQuarrie, Dan Studney, David Dobkin (story)
Cast: Angus Barnett (Foe), Lee Boardman (Badger), Ewen Bremner (Wicke), Andrew Brooke (Fye), Ralph Brown (General Entin), Ben Daniels (Fumm), Warwick Davis (Old Hamm), Christopher Fairbank (Jack’s Uncle), Nicholas Hoult (Jack), Cornell John (Fee), Mingis Johnston (Bald), Simon Lowe (Monk), Eddie Marsan (Crawe), Ewan McGregor (Elmont), Ian McShane (King Brahmwell), Bill Nighy (General Fallon), Sydney Rawson (Young Isabelle), Joe E Salazar (Roddy), Craig Salisbury (Panto Erik The Great), Michael Self (Young Jack), Eleanor Tomlinson (Isabelle), Stanley Tucci (Roderick), Tandi Wright (Queen)
Dave Griffiths’s ‘Jack The Giant Slayer’ Review: Please check Dave’s review of ‘Rust & Bone’ that is available on the Helium Entertainment Channel.
Other Subculture Media Reviews of ‘Jack The Giant Slayer′: Check Episode #25 of our The Good The Bad The Ugly Podcast for a more in-depth review of ‘Jack The Giant Slayer’. Subculture Media also have interviews with the cast of Jack The Giant Slayer available for you to listen to.
Subculture Media Interviews for ‘Jack The Giant Slayer’: Interviews with various members of the ‘Jack The Giant Slayer’ cast can be found here.
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Board index ‹ Reference Materials ‹ Belles Lettres
Charles Carreon, The Arizona Kid
For the sake of ornament and illumination.
Re: Charles Carreon, The Arizona Kid
by admin » Fri Oct 18, 2013 1:14 am
UNDERCAPITALIZED AUGUSTA RESOURCES CAN MINE COPPER?, by Charles Carreon
I live in Tucson, Arizona, where Augusta Resources is getting all the permitting done to put in an open pit copper mine. Allowing a company to dig an open pit copper mine in our vicinity is like a marriage that will require total commitment on the part of both partners.
At the very least, you are going to be left with one big hole in your countryside, and huge mountains of “tailings,” which is waste washed out of the ore. In the case of Augusta, they’re planning on dumping their tailings on Federal Forest land.
And then there’s the humongous amount of water that is required to wash the ore. Then there’s the smelters, that consume enormous amounts of energy and generate sulfur dioxide that turns into sulfuric acid and rains down on the land. Check out these tailing ponds, basically acid lakes — colorful but toxic!
Before entering into such a relationship, Arizonans should take a good, hard look at the suitor that is so zealous to take control of our assets.
Many people assume that the proposed Rosemont copper mine is being pursued by a well-established mining company with experience in the field of mineral extraction and a huge capital base that will enable it to accomplish what it promises. This is not the case.
Augusta Resources has never mined an ounce of minerals in any country. It is a Canadian paper creation powered by paperwork that is not highly regarded by the investment community. Let’s look at the financial numbers that are publicly available. In a July 21, 2009 press release, Augusta stated that it “strongly believes the project can sustain debt financing of 65%–70% of the total project capital cost, which amounts to approximately $625 million.” It “has no revenues from operations and does not expect to generate any revenues from operations in the foreseeable future,” and “the funds for the planned activities in 2009 and 2010 are expected to be raised from additional debt and equity financings.” It is currently living entirely on borrowed money. As of September 2009, it had only $14 Million in cash on hand and total liabilities of $40 Million, and recently raised $32.5 Million in an offering of common stock to fund its operations.
Meanwhile, Augusta has taken advantage of Arizona’s pro-mining water law to start drilling wells just south of Tucson that will very likely deprive thousands of residents and the City of Tucson of water for basic living purposes. Augusta will be able to pump 6,000 acre-feet of water a year, that’s 2 Billion gallons a year — worth about $5 Billion dollars when sold a gallon at a time to thirsty Arizonans. Augusta’s wells will deprive us of that water and provide nothing like a fair return on its value. Supposedly, Augusta will “recharge” the wells with CAP water, but what guarantee is there that it will ever perform this promise?
With 70% debt financing, if Augusta can’t meet its obligations, there is a great risk it will simply melt away, leaving Tucson poorer in copper, water, and quality of life. If Augusta is serious about pursuing this project, it should be required to post a performance bond for the entire cost of remediating all of the environmental damage, water use, and transportation expense that it will bring to the area. But where could they borrow that kind of money?
View Augusta’s Website, where the financials are available under the Investor tab.
TOMMY, CAN YOU HEAR ME?, by Charles Carreon
“Tommy,” the first rock opera, created by Peter Townshend and The Who, received suitable deification in the 1975 Ken Russell production of the movie, starring Ann Margret as Tommy’s tortured mum, Oliver Reed as his materialistic stepdad, and Roger Daltrey, The Who’s redoubtable frontman, in the starring role. Filmed with astounding precision and what looks like digital clarity decades before the technology emerged, Russell’s epic transformed a popular record album to a milestone in cultural history.
Thirty-five years later, what is it that makes this movie relevant to the modern audience? Everything. In “Tommy,” Russell sank an exploratory drill into the zeitgeist of the late twentieth century, pulled out a core sample, and analyzed it with gas chromatography to reveal the psychological fault lines that shaped the psyche of the sixties generation. Presented in a delicious visual presentation that unites primary colors, outlandish sets, and over-the-top performances to bring out every nuance of the non-stop soundtrack, Tommy quite possibly reveals more than Townshend and The Who could ever have anticipated.
Giving himself a free hand with the sparse narrative, Russell moves in broad strokes from climax to climax. It’s war time. Hitler’s bombing England. Tommy’s conceived in a wartime romance, his Dad flies off in an RAF bomber to snuff Germans, and never comes back. Mummy gets the news while toiling away in a munitions factory, stuffing bombs with ball bearings that look suspiciously like pinballs. Then one day she gets a note, and faints dead away, spilling, you guessed it, lots of pinballs on the floor in a sort of orgy of random chrome movement. Mummy finds a new bloke to set up house with in a postwar boomtown, and everything is just tea and crumpets until one night Dad shows up with a big nasty scar on his face, not at all thrilled to see the new bloke, and the feeling being mutual, murder ensues, unfortunately witnessed by the child of tender years, who is thereupon advised, in no uncertain terms, at high volume, by now apparently evil stepdad and traitorous mum, that “You didn’t hear it, You didn’t see it, You won’t say nothin’ to no one ever in your life.” And just like that, the obliging little child turns deaf, dumb and blind, the most compliant fellow you ever could have asked for. Not surprisingly, this casts a bit of a pall over family life, but not enough to actually keep his parents from going out on the town, and Tommy is subjected to a couple of nasty babysitters who take advantage of his disability by manhandling and molesting him. Subjected to religion, therapy, and acid, like the entire sixties generation, Tommy emerges as insensible as ever, until at last he finds a crack in his isolation, and in streams the light of pinball!
Of course, pinball machines are an old technology, perhaps less resonant for a generation that has never pulled back the spring and fired steel balls into the maze of chutes, pads, and bonus-point holes, watching the numbers flipping over with a chunk-chunk-chunk sound, slapping the flipper buttons wildly, trying to keep that ball in play as long as possible, but Russell brings it to life pretty well. Tommy is an overnight sensation, and becomes the king of pinball who, as the lyrics of the song say, wins because “he ain’t got no distractions, can’t hear no buzzers and bells, always gets a replay, plays by sense of smell…” He gets rich, his parents hitch a ride on his fame, and one good thing leads to another one afternoon when his mum, tired of the deaf, dumb and blind routine, tosses him through a mirror and he pops out the other side hearing, talking and feeling. Tommy becomes the guru of his own religion, leading a worldwide network of disciples who adopt his doctrine of sense-deprivation and each take their places at their pinball machines, blocking off all sensory input with their handy sensory deprivation toolkit: “Put in your earplugs, put on your eyeshades, you know where to put the cork!” This turn of events would be a little less ironic if Tommy actually had been deaf, dumb and blind, not merely a trauma victim with amnesia and sensory denial. But Tommy’s mother and stepdad know a good thing when they see it. Delighted to discover that the kid they turned into a freak has managed to escape his psychological prison and become a very fine cash cow, they happily transform themselves into the chiefest of disciples, minding the needs of the faithful and reaping the earthly rewards. But the faithful are fickle, the sensory deprivation craze wears thin, there’s a riot, and mom and stepdad are killed by rampaging disciples eager to move on to the next craze. Tommy, finally freed from the need to conceal his father’s murder, declares his freedom from everything, climbs a symbolic mountain, the same mountain his real dad had been seen climbing at the very beginning of the movie, and emerges into the light of a brand new day, the first real day of his life since the darkness descended.
So it’s kind of like Hamlet with a pseudo-happy ending, isn’t it? If Hamlet had been steeped in the psychology of conflict-avoidance, sponsored a hokey religion so his traitorous mother and murderous stepdad could make a shitload of money, then let them be taken down by a mob of alienated devotees, so he could at last get on with his life. There’s something smug and adolescent about the story, of course. Little Tommy punishing his parents, sucking it up inside himself, hustling the public with their own lust for the miraculous, finally turning the whole game upside down and reclaiming his independence from everyone and everything. Which is why it is quintessentially the autobiography of the sixties generation, and also a map of failure.
Allow me to make my thesis painfully obvious. The killing that the sixties generation witnessed, and was told to be silent about, was the Vietnam war. Tommy’s blindness and deafness was the “my generation’s” refusal to absorb the social message to conform, to go to war and go to work like past generations. Tommy’s muteness was their refusal to communicate with a corrupt society, their retreat into back-to-the-landism, their flight into Eastern spirituality, their turning on, tuning in, and dropping out under the guidance of Tim Leary. None of which quite turned out as promised, and for a reason that the opera makes apparent – Tommy never confronts or exposes his mother and stepdad for their crimes. When they are killed by the rampaging mob of disgruntled devotees, it’s a bit too convenient, a deus ex machina, a liberating fantasy that parallels the apocalyptic hopefulness of the post-sixties era, when the imminent collapse of the existing social order was fondly anticipated as the precursor of the “Aquarian Age,” and of course, never came to pass.
There is more to Tommy than the history lesson, though. It’s also a movie for visionaries willing to peer into the maelstrom of existence, letting the blind eyes of an alienated child be their portal into a hallucinatory inner reality:
“Soaring and flying images spin
He is your leader
He is your guide
On the amazing journey
together you'll ride…”
Russell deftly places the audience inside Tommy’s mind, and the view is frankly terrifying. What I wish I could do, and can’t, is show you this movie in a large theater, to reproduce the experience properly. If you get the chance to see it in a big cinema, don’t let it get away. And if you are watching it at home, try to remember, as you watch the faces of traitorous mom and murderous stepdad filling the screen, screaming “You didn’t hear it! You didn’t see it!” that Russell wants their faces to be twenty feet high, totally overwhelming your identity, your tiny little self. He wants to shrink you down to nothing, to compress you, like the big bang in reverse, into a tiny, isolated sphere.
Speaking of spheres, they dominate the film. The primary Platonic form, the sphere is a pure abstraction that Russell uses first to capture the mind of the viewer, and then to hold it at the centre of attention. For a good part of the movie, it begins to seem as if Russell’s whole goal is to subject the audience to one insane experience after another. Russell’s familiarity with psychedelics is more than obvious during this part of the movie, and if he were less skilled in laying it on thick, viewers would reject his heavy-handed treatment. Instead, we feel the jolting cruelty personally when his cousin tortures him with cigarette burns and near-drowning, we squirm as he’s molested by his uncle, and we are rapt in horror as Tina Turner, The Acid Queen, in one of the most unhinged performances of all time, “tears his soul apart.”
Each traumatic event generates another traumatized Tommy and another sphere of contained trauma. Each sphere is color coded – torture is yellow, molestation is blue, madness is red. The spheres symbolize Tommy’s capacity to contain and control each ration of abuse that he is handed, but for a time, it seems as if Tommy is simply going to generate a whole family of traumatized selves to inhabit his hollowed-out personality. The way out is signaled during the Acid Queen sequence, when he sees his true father, holding a pure white sphere, and is himself transformed into his father, and into a crucified Christ-figure.
Tommy’s mother’s efforts to heal him lead us to more external spherical revelations. At the Church of Marilyn, High Priest Eric Clapton leads the rites of devotion to the silvered globes of Marilyn’s breasts and butt, as blind pilgrims gain admission two-by-two, piously kiss the mirror that reflects her exposed underwear, then consume her body and blood -- sleeping pills and Johnny Walker.
Salvation comes in a sphere, the pinball. And this is when you have to stop and acknowledge the hubristic genius of the opera. Buddha, Mohammed, Jesus, the other serious guys, would not be caught dead wringing wisdom analogies out of a pinball. We are therefore being reminded to laugh at ourselves, at Kahlil Gibran, Madame Blavatsky, the Ascended Masters and, even though he wasn’t yet a glimmer in a publisher’s eye, Deepak Chopra. They are all at the pinball level. We are at the pinball level. So now we can resume our banal spiritual contemplations.
Like a pinball, an individual human is subject to cause and effect, being bounced around in a little game, slamming around racking up points, trying to delay the inevitable moment when, despite frantically working the flippers and slamming the table with our hips, the ball goes down the hole and it is “Game Over.” For Tommy, the pinball game is the only external object he can allow himself to perceive. Since he is not physically blind or deaf, but rather is blocking out a world that has erected an insuperable barrier to communication, pinball is all he allows himself to see. Pinball is a simulated world, a safe place where he can stop time and seemingly defeat death by always getting a replay.
The scene where Tommy conquers Elton John, the Pinball Wizard, is the cinematic high point of Sir Elton’s career. Russell plants the pianist atop a huge pair of plastic boots that raise him several feet off the ground, and supplies him with a keyboard-equipped pinball machine to pound with furious futility until he goes down to inevitable defeat, grimacing with frustration. Toppled from the throne of his massive footwear, his erstwhile fans carry him out of the hall on his back, only the soles of his enormous boots visible above the crowd.
Fortune follows fame, and soon Tommy’s mother and stepfather are wallowing in success. But the sweet taste of the good life turns bitter for Tommy’s mother, because Tommy remains deaf, dumb and blind, sealed within himself, staring enigmatically into the mirror. And finally, what none of the healers, therapists, and quacks could do, she does. In an exasperated fit, she throws Tommy through the circular mirror in her boudouir. He crashes through, falls into the swimming pool, and in a baptismal rebirth scene, finally opens his eyes, sees the world around him, staggers into a forest, gesticulates rudely at soldiers engaged in military maneuvers among the trees, is flipped over the shoulder of a camouflage-clad soldier, bursts onto the beach, sprints past parked cars filled with people staring stupidly through sunglasses, cartwheels across the sand, and runs over the waves, into the sky, under the sea, across lava lakes, in a visionary explosion set to the thumping song, “I’m Free.”
Tommy not only thinks he’s free, he thinks he’s a man with a mission, and becomes a pinball-guru. The silvery sphere then becomes the symbol of royalty and dominion. The “Tommy cross” is the letter “T” surmounted with a silver ball. For a brief time, everything is lovely, but when an adoring young fan is injured in the midst of the crowd, and Tommy never even learns of her fate, it’s a hint that obstacles lie ahead. Some rougher spheres suddenly appear everywhere, because the training camp is heaped with huge piles of silver balls with handles on them, which seems to be both a broad joke about male virility and a reminder that all of this Messiah-hood is a big ball and chain.
In counterculture circles, the name “Gottlieb” rings bells wherever it appears, being the surname of Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, the Mengele-like physician who led the CIA’s MK ULTRA program, reputedly an acronym for “Making Killers, Utilizing Lethal Tradecraft Requiring Assassination,” and played fast and loose with the minds of experimental subjects, much like the Acid Queen. So it hardly seems an accident that all of the pinball machines in Russell’s production are “Gottlieb” machines. Why not some manufactured by Bally, Williams or Stern, also big names in the realm of the silver ball? And the Gottlieb games that get particular notice are very British, very royal – “Kings and Queens” is the game Tommy plays when he beats the Pinball Wizard, and “Royal Guard” is destroyed when his disciples riot. Ominously, after she is killed, a pinball machine serves as the funeral slab for Tommy’s mother’s body, and while the maker’s name is not visible on the machine, the stripped frame displays a series of ones and zeroes, suggesting that ultimately, his mother was nothing but a machine, a wire mommy, a simulacrum, finally exposed for the empty display that it always was. The Tommy Church’s prescription of pinball therapy as the cure for every human ailment is thus simply a campy symbol for cultic mind control methods of whatever stripe.
By being the guru of his Church, Tommy is able to keep his mother and stepfather under control. He becomes morally superior and financially omnipotent, so they can’t impinge on his freedom. One problem remains, however – nobody really needs his religion. This becomes quite clear when rebellion breaks out among Tommy’s followers, and they kill his parents and desert him. He lost his followers as quickly as he gained them. And there’s little time for mourning his mother’s death, either. Tommy’s mother has done little to make herself sympathetic throughout the movie. She has never been a mother in the sense of devoting herself to her child’s happiness. At its apex, her self-torment amounts to nothing more than reveling in maudlin sentiment while writhing drunkenly in her snow-white bedroom, cavorting with a champagne bottle as the television successively spews bubbles, canned beans, and offal over her fish-net bedecked body, culminating in sinuous humping on a shit-smeared, man-sized tubular pillow. So the farewell to Mom is a brief affair that releases Tommy from bondage to the person who forced him to keep a crippling secret, ruining his life in order to conceal her own guilt.
Tommy at last realizes he’s not a spiritual guide, he’s one more human being, who needs to learn from other people, from all humanity. At last, he sings triumphantly, “Right behind you, I see the millions." Ascending to the mountaintop, he reaches the peak and triumphantly greets the rising sun, a huge, warm, reddish sphere that enhaloes his entire body in a victorious stance, legs apart, arms spread in exultation. This is only the second time the full circle of the sun has appeared in this movie filled with shiny spheres and moons. The first time was in the first scene, where Tommy’s dad, in mountaineering garb, reached the peak of the same mountain at sunset, and then began his descent, as we know, into death. Tommy returns to the mountain and the sun reunites him with his father and his vital inheritance as a living human.
With this closing scene, Russell has literally fitted the entire opera between the two celestial spheres, the sun and moon, raising every human’s battle to break out of the lies that conceal reality to an epic level. Transcendence, Russell seems to be saying, isn’t achieved by playing human games like pinball, in which you progress through a linear pattern to higher and higher numbers, and judge your success by popular acclaim. Rather, it is an adventure that you do not begin until you throw over the oppressors that prevent you from speaking the truth. Russell concludes a work that takes over your senses at high speed and high volume with a message that, although born from the turmoil of the sixties, will resonate meaningfully for generations to come.
THE RAM DASS BRAIN HEMORRHAGE INCIDENT -- AN OPPORTUNITY TO EXPLORE FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS OF SPIRITUAL LIFE
by Charles Carreon
Science has likely been advanced more through the ages by giving thoughtful attention to chance occurrences than by conducting planned experiments. Physicians have learned a great deal about physiology by treating the victims of accident and illness. In this comment I argue that the opportunity presented by the occurrence of Ram Dass’s stroke was wasted, present some of the reasons why this occurred, and venture some obvious inferences to be drawn by comparing his pre-stroke doctrine and his post-stroke experience.
The Involuntary Contribution of Phineas Gage to Knowledge of Brain Physiology
Every year another class of high school students learns one of the marvelous stories of psychology – the case of Phineas Gage, who on September 13, 1848, survived a dynamite accident in which a steel rod three feet, eight inches long with a 1¼ inch diameter was blasted through his left cheekbone and out the top of his head, leaving a gaping hole that amazingly, healed up. The rod’s trajectory was described by his physician, Dr. Harlow, as follows: The rod “entered through the anterior left lobe of the cerebrum, and made its exit in the medial line, at the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures, lacerating the longitudinal sinus, fracturing the parietal and frontal bones extensively, breaking up considerable portions of the brain.” Dr. Harlow described the post-injury Gage as “fitful, irreverent, indulging at times in the grossest profanity (which was not previously his custom), manifesting but little deference for his fellows, impatient of restraint or advice when it conflicts with his desires, at times pertinaciously obstinate, yet capricious and vacillating, devising many plans of future operation, which are no sooner arranged than they are abandoned in turn for others appearing more feasible.”
Phineas Gage had suffered a crude, accidental, frontal lobe lobotomy that altered his personality for the worse. His case history fed interest in how the structure of the brain related to an individual’s personality, a topic now so widely studied that it seems strange that a tragedy was required to provoke inquiry into the subject. Yet so it was.
Ram Dass’s Philosophy of The Spiritual Self
Not long after he and Timothy Leary were fired from the Harvard University psychology faculty, Richard Alpert, Ph.D., traveled to India and, as he told the story in his popular spiritual how-to book, “Be Here Now,” met a charming, raffish, trickster guru named Neem Karoli Baba. After NKB passed Alpert’s toughest test – downing three tabs of Owlsley’s 305 microgram tablets of LSD, the famed “White Lightning,” without raising an eyebrow, Alpert was a convert. He ditched his trousers, donned a robe, swapped mantras and prayer beads for psychological jargon and hallucinogens, took on the name Ram Dass, and returned to the States where according to “Be Here Now,” he floated about on an ocean of love.
Ram Dass’s persona went through quite a few iterations, and he produced a string of books comprised mostly of edited extemporaneous lectures that he gave everywhere. His spiritual philosophy was, however, consistent over the years. Simply put, he taught that we each have a Divine Self separate and apart from the physical body. Perhaps, in his Buddhist moments, he might call it a Non-Self. But the important thing was that this awareness is not based on the operation of the physical brain or body.
Ram Dass’s Endorsement of The Spiritual Technology of Soul-Transference
Ram Dass was also a sincere promoter of spiritual technology based on the philosophy of the deathless, non-physical Divine Self. Through spiritual practices like reciting mantras, controlling the breath, and developing awareness of the subtle energy field that pervades and surrounds the physical body, he taught that spiritual practicioners could retain consciousness even while dying, and would be able to smoothly transition into deathless, non-physical awareness.
The Tibetan Buddhist version of this practice is called “Phowa,” the Yoga of Consciousness Transference, and it comes in three flavors. The highest level of Phowa is accomplished by those who realize the deathless, non-physical awareness during life, and when those people die, they shuck off the body like a dried husk.
Nothing happens. The second tier of candidates prepare for death by becoming skilled in unifying their awareness with a single-syllable Tibetan letter composed of diaphanous light about the fineness of a single hair, called the “seed syllable,” that resides in a tiny lotus of light in the center of their chest. During meditation, they practice raising the seed syllable, which is visualized as kind of springy with vital force, up to the crown of the head repeatedly, in what is essentially a fire drill for death. When death is imminent, they go all the way, using a special mantra that sounds like a hiccup to eject the seed syllable out the crown of the head and into the heart of the Buddha of Limitless Light, Amitabha, and obtain complete release from further transmigration. Legend has it that many Tibetan lamas and even ordinary people have made this process work. Of course, verifiable proof that the method works would be impossible to obtain, but at worst, it seems like a decent, dignified way to spend one’s final hours.
The third method of Phowa is for ordinary people who didn’t spend much time meditating, and this is to have holy people read from special inspirational holy guidebooks to the person who is dying, and even to their corpse after they are dead. These books provide a map of the “Bardo” state between death and the next rebirth, and since the Tibetans believe that the dead stick around near their body after it dies, reading to the corpse is an efficacious way of helping the disembodied person to make good choices in the Bardo, like “avoid the smoky red light – it leads to HELL!” Ram Dass was very familiar with this type of psychic guidebook. In fact, he and Timothy Leary took one of the Tibetan holy books on the subject, popularly titled “The Tibetan Book of the Dead,” and recast it as a manual for psychedelic voyagers interested in sparking and transcending the vaunted “ego death” that Ram Dass had identified as the psychedelic discovery that led him to study Eastern mysticism.
Over the years, Ram Dass had moved towards less dramatic forms of spiritual technology, becoming a proponent of a gentle brew of eclectic practices that he would dispense like, dare we say it, a soothing, vegetarian soup for the soul. Ram Dass was not dogmatic, but he was devoted, and in his own heart, a thoroughgoing convert to his own ideas. No doubt he was hoping that he had done enough spiritual practice and learned enough of the nature of the deathless awareness that he might have a shot at a top-tier, “nothing’s happening, I’m already there” type of Phowa. At least, he figured, he’d be able to take shelter in his heart chakra, unite his awareness with that of his guru, who would lead him to liberation, or at least, a better rebirth.
Ram Dass’s Rude Awakening and Modest Recovery
In February 1997, Ram Dass, the best-known American-born promoter of Eastern wisdom, suffered a cerebral hemorrhage that he barely survived. Afterwards, he lost a lot of functioning – he could barely form words, or perform ordinary life activities. But much worse than that, he was a spiritually shaken man. Why? Because he thought God should have protected him from popping a vein? No. His philosophy was not so crude. He didn’t expect fate to exempt him from physical illness. He expected his own knowledge of spiritual technology to provide him with an escape vehicle, a psychic lifeboat, and instead, he got nothin’, bupkus, zilch, a flinkin’ nihilistic nowhere. He could remember his mental state while he was dying, and it was devoid of sacred, inspirational content. He was just looking at the pipes on the hospital ceiling as the paramedics rolled him down the hall on the gurney. A lifetime of spiritual expectation crashed, and death, the great equalizer, had paid an early visit to reduce him to the level of every other living being, so that next time, he would die without delusions of imminent salvation.
Since Ram Dass’s brain hemorrhage, he has become a regular smoker of medical marijuana. He says it relieves pain, frees him from “spasticity,” and “gives me the soul perspective – it makes the stroke livable.” He says he doesn’t smoke around other spiritual teachers, though, “because it isn’t spiritually correct.” Asked whether Deepak Chopra was correct that “deep meditation” was a preferable way to attain “shifts in awareness,” Ram Dass conceded he was correct, then waved a baggie of bud and said, “But pot works faster.” He’s back on the speaking circuit, circulating widely, apparently enjoying himself and making people feel better about life. It’s almost as if the brain hemorrhage never happened.
The Lost Opportunity
There is a huge, booming market these days in studying the relationship between the physical body and the meditative mind. A Google search for “physiology of meditation” produces over 700,000 hits. The Dalai Lama has been the headliner at a number of symposia that purport to bring together neuroscientists, yogis, therapists, and philosophers to share their knowledge, presumably to make progress toward a unified theory of consciousness. However, there is a paucity of meaningful experimental work. The “TM” group has pushed the “measurable benefits” of their trademarked “20 minutes twice a day” mantra meditation, but this is sales material, not scientific work. The brain waves of meditators have been traced on EEGs, biofeedback studies have been conducted, and recently a small Harvard study claimed that meditators actually have thicker brain tissue in some brain regions. But we still know very little about the physiology of spirituality.
So when an unfortunate accident comes along that might give us some insight into the issue, you’d think we might take it. You’d think someone might look at Ram Dass’s condition post-hemorrhage, and want to de-brief him on his conclusions. Question number one would be, “Do you still believe that there is a non-physical, deathless awareness existing independent of your physical body?” If Ram Dass answered, “Yes,” the next question would be, “Why were you unable to contact that awareness when you were dying?”
We should ask Ram Dass these questions because he was a practicioner of spiritual technology that relies on a philosophical postulate that is impossible to confirm – the deathless core of our personal existence. The fact that, after a lifetime of teaching meditation, he now relies upon cannabis to attain “the soul perspective” should give us some pause. What’s the point of a lifetime of meditating, if we end up lighting up a joint? He claims to be “a mixed message,” and in the realm of ultimate reality, that’s not a plus. He recently said, “Silence is the royal road to God. Silence prepares you for death.” But he’s now reported to be doing more preaching and talking than ever. Shouldn’t he be preparing for death more assiduously? However, there’s a good side to his continuing willingness to talk. That means that before he goes silent altogether, someone could ask him, “What happened that shook you up so much, and why does it not seem to matter anymore?”
Why Nobody Asks These Questions
Nobody asks Ram Dass these questions because they don’t want to hear the answers. If indeed, a man who was expecting to find himself all dressed up in spirit and ready to head for liberation or the next incarnation, instead found nothing, then a central justification for adopting his philosophy has been destroyed. For the last thirty or forty years, the media has fed us a steady diet of near-death experiences recounted by people who wandered through death’s door to discover tunnels of light, guardian spirits, dead relatives and angels, and came back to live a better life. And here we have the story of a guy who, by all rights, should’ve gotten a better reception in the last waiting room before final departure, and discovered absolutely nothing. Clearly, this is an answer that no one wants because you can’t use it to sell religious instruction, inspirational books, yoga mats, or meditation cushions.
A Few Inferences About Spiritual Technology To Be Drawn Despite Ram Dass’s Failure To Make Full Disclosure
I’d like to conclude by posing two questions.
First, is awareness inextricably bound up with the activity of the physical body and brain, such that we not only appear to be inert when we die -- we really are?
Second, if awareness and physical life are inextricably connected, is spiritual technology of any value at all?
Let’s face it – the spiritual lobbyists cannot answer “yes” to the first question, because their entire product is based on cultivating and coping with the fear of death. But as people who answer questions based on evidence, this is a question for which all the reliable evidence compels a “yes” answer. We may not like it, we may be prejudiced against believing it, but if we were asked to disprove it or be killed this very instant, we would admit that we have no proof. All of the proofs that have ever been offered wouldn’t convince any objective, impartial judge, as they all amount to appeals to the impulse to believe. And believing without evidence is the alternative to reasoned decisionmaking.
But my answer to the second question might surprise you. I think that spiritual technology has lots of value, but not as the insurance policy peddled by fear-mongers in religious robes. Spiritual technology, rightly understood, is a branch of life science and physiology, a collection of folk techniques for better living. There is a subtle energy body suffusing the human body. There are acupuncture lines and chakras that can be charged with energy. Harmonizing breath, calming sounds, and transporting music, are all real vehicles for strengthening the human organism and expanding its capacity for happy living.
Quite likely, there is no way to bridge the gap between one living body and another, even though it was tantalizingly depicted in James Cameron’s recent animation epic, “Avatar.” For all the self-promoting ballyhoo of Tibetan lamas who claim to have enjoyed multiple reincarnations as a “lineage of enlightened consciousness,” there’s no proof of the claims, and plenty of evidence that the entire tulku trip was a clever innovation by the clergy to put themselves on an equal footing with the hereditary feudal lords, and indeed to manipulate feudal families by inducing them to vie with each other for the privilege of having their sons chosen as the “reincarnations” of dead, wealthy lamas.
The realm of “life after death,” or the space between one life and another, for those who fancy the notion that reincarnation or transmigration actually occur, has forever been the playground of deceivers, shysters, table-tappers, mediums, and spiritualists, and the daily operational base for priests and preachers. Harnessing spiritual technology, which can be used to deepen our experience of life, to the obsessive and useless project of defeating death, is just one more way in which religion and spiritualism wastes our time and resources.
Ironically, those who forget about death altogether and focus on living life to the fullest today, using every vehicle at their disposal, may find themselves in very exalted spiritual company.
SMIDS: Social Media-Induced Delusional Syndrome, by Charles Carreon
A new mental disease for the Internet age is proposed for inclusion in the Diagnostic Manual of Mental Disorders: Social Media-Induced Delusional Syndrome (“SMIDS”). While tentative in its observations, this proposal has a legitimate basis in anecdotal evidence, and discusses the risks of attempting treatment of SMIDS-sufferers.
The primary subjective characteristic of SMIDS is the sensation of power gained from being part of a large, anonymous group of social media participants. By “anonymous,” we do not mean that a person who declares their identity cannot be suffering from SMIDS; rather, we mean that due to the large number of people joined in a Social Media Mob (“SMob”), each individual experiences the safety of relative anonymity. By “the safety of relative anonymity,” we mean the sense of security derived from the knowledge that there are so many participants in a SMob that it’s highly unlikely any one of them will suffer negative consequences due to their conduct.
The primary objective characteristic is the tendency to focus on an object of hatred (the “ObHat”), which intensifies as the number of SMob-participants grows, manifesting in antisocial cyber-behavior. Like members of a street mob who ordinarily manifest no criminal characteristics, yet become capable of flinging bricks and mortar and engaging in random violence when gathered in large numbers, members of a SMob may engage in behavior atypical of their usual behavior patterns. Such behaviors may range from online postings of sadistic wishes that the ObHat should suffer misfortune such as career failure and painful death, sending hate mails bearing similar ill-wishes to the ObHat, sending physical packets of disgusting materials such as offal to the Obhat, and directing Denial of Service Attacks towards websites associated with the ObHat.
The delusory character of the sense of power experienced by the SMIDS-sufferer can be easily discerned, and has tautalogical roots. In point of fact, the ObHat is unlikely to suffer anything like the severe sentences pronounced upon her by the Smob, unless of course the ObHat falls victim to Social Media-Induced Self Hate (“SMISH”). The massed expression of ill wishes by a SMob is thus similar to the effects of primitive curses among the aborigines — dangerous if taken at face value, survivable otherwise. Hence, the expression of ill wishes by SMIDS-sufferers are referred to as Cybercurses.
Common battle cries flying from the spittle-flecked lips of SMIDS-sufferers are “we are the Internet,” and “Google never forgets.” Such cri de couer reveal the roots of the delusion. The roots of the power delusion lie in the SMIDS-sufferer’s fear that in fact, he is powerless. The roots of the corollary delusion that the SMob can destroy the object of hatred by the objective force of massed Cybercurses are an attempt to curb the anxious feeling that participating in Social Media is in fact meaningless.
For ObHats victimized by SMIDS-deluded SMobs, the experience can be painful and shocking; however, unless the ObHat decays into SMISH, their suffering is transient and non-pathological. The same cannot be said for all those who suffer from SMIDS. Although at first, joining in SMob behavior may trigger only transient episodes of acute SMIDS, unnoticed by anyone besides the ObHat and the SMob, like other forms of Social Media dysfunctions, an addictive cycle often forms that leads to chronic SMIDS, with pathological characteristics that beg for treatment.
At present, the occurrence of Social Media induced dysfunctions is in its infancy, and the only known treatment modalities appear to be removal of the initiating stimulus, i.e., turning off the Internet. However, for persons who have come to believe that they “are the Internet,” turning off the Internet would be the equivalent of suicide, and thus unthinkable. Were any outsider to attempt to forcibly remove them from the Internet, the chronic SMIDS-sufferer would likely react with violent rejection and excuse-making behavior. Excuse-making would generally take the form of self-righteous expressions that the SMob merely wants to make a better world, and that the ObHat du jour is a genuine danger to the welfare of all.
For those in the helping professions dealing with SMIDS, and for human resources professionals who encounter SMIDS in the workplace, the first avenue of approach should be indirect. The serious danger, of course, is that anyone who confronts a SMIDS-sufferer with their conduct may find themselves turned into an ObHat, with all of the risky consequences associated therewith. A manager confronting a SMIDS-sufferer about lost productivity in their employment might wake up to find themselves the focus of a plethora of SMob attacks: fake Twitter accounts proclaiming that the ObHat must now disclose that they are transsexual, bogus Facebook pages embracing extremist ideologies, and an email box with new messages proclaiming things like: “Welcome to the Jihad, and Peace be upon you brother. Thank you for signing up for our Peshawar-based online training program in anti-drone warfare.”
Copyright 2012, Charles Carreon.
A new mental disease for the Internet age is proposed for inclusion in the Diagnostic Manual of Mental Disorders: Social Media-Induced Self-Hate (“SMISH”). This proposal stems from the writer’s inquiry into a closely-related disorder, dubbed SMIDS for Social Media-Induced Delusional Disorder, and explores the likelihood that both SMISH and SMIDS may simultaneously afflict one individual, with one disorder or the other gaining the upper hand due primarily to the nature of the sufferer’s interactions with Social Media.
The primary subjective characteristics of SMISH are a sense of insecurity and compulsive reinforcement-seeking behavior through Social Media. Secondary characteristics are a fear of judgment by Social Media Peers (“SMPeers”) and compulsive propitiatory behavior intended to head off judgment and establish trust-links that will protect the SMISH-sufferer from becoming an Object of Hatred among their SMPeers. A tertiary characteristic is total involvement with the Social Media world and a corollary loss of interest in relationships with Real World Peers aside from interactions within the Social Media world. At that point, SMISH has ensnared the sufferer in a cycle of addictive behavior from which they will likely exit only after a period of serious self-assessment, or an intervention by concerned friends and relations.
The objective indications of SMISH usually manifest sequentially and in conjunction with the emergence of the subjective characteristics outlined above. Victims generally progress from incipient SMISH, characterized by an inclination to overvalue SMPeers and devalue Non-Social Media relationships, to acute SMISH, characterized by increasingly compulsive abuse of Social Media, to the third level of true addictive behavior, characterized by frenzied posting and craven toadying to SMPeer authority-figures. The disease often takes hold in an acute form over the course of a few evenings, and progress to a chronic condition over a period of weeks.
SMISH does not require any particular type of host subject to become established, and the notion that only certain types are predisposed should be rejected at the outset. Narcissistic personalities might seem less inclined to SMISH than insecure types; however, the desire to gain mass approval of SMPeers appears to reveal hidden faults in even robust personalities, that, like gullies that turn to ravines overnight in a torrential flood, become deep fissures, exposing the raw heart of a painfully-suffering ego.
SMISH can produce consequences that seem merely pathetic, as when one sees a young girl posting compliments in praise of aggressive male personalities in hopes of receiving a word of approval. For youthful sufferers of this stripe, moderate treatment modalities, including redirection of the individual toward non-Social Media relationships and relationship counseling, may be entirely adequate. However, SMISH can evolve in two other identified directions: a suicidal state, or SMIDS.
Suicide due to SMISH is an established phenomenon for which a brief online search will provide sufficient anecdotes to eliminate doubt as to whether SMISH can be fatal. What is essential is that caregivers realize that once suicidal ideation has taken hold of a SMISH-sufferer, the condition cannot be dismissed as merely an Internet neurosis. Treatment for SMISH-induced suicidal ideation must be as radical as the condition, with the understanding that the stakes are life and death. The sufferer’s use of Social Media must be terminated immediately, all communication with or about SMPeers must cease, and an intensive program of self-approval must be put in place. Physical exercise, outdoor recreation, and non-reflective outward-oriented activities should supplant the previous introverted, obsessive attachment to Social Media. Such an aggressive course of therapy may well produce dramatic results in a short period of time if the disease is caught before it progresses too far.
The evolution of SMISH into SMIDS is far more insidious, however, because SMIDS-sufferers outwardly direct their pain towards the Objects of Hatred who are their chosen online prey. Like road-rage on the streets and highways, SMIDS creates hazards for other individuals of which society must be mindful. Since a separate discussion of SMIDS has already been published, we will not repeat that analysis here, and rather discuss briefly why SMISH has the potential to co-exist with or turn into SMIDS.
Simply put, SMISH is at bottom fueled by the fear of judgment by SMPeers. Among the community of SMPeers, dominant, aggressive personalities skilled in ad hominem argument and the use of pointed invective rule the roost. SMISH-sufferers are often passive personalities who lack verbal combat skills. Although initially attracted to Social Media because many of their Real World Peers are interacting online, as they learn to deploy propitiatory tactics such as shilling and toadying for their more aggressive SMPeers, they are seduced by the online environment and become addicted to its self-abasing rituals. Nevertheless, over time, they find themselves both immersed in self-hate at having sold their integrity for an impermanent sense of personal safety, and walking on eggshells, experiencing profound anxiety about the possibility of becoming an object of online derision, or most fearfully, an actual Object of Hatred (“ObHat”).
Many SMISH-sufferers adapt to their passive role online, and master the craven postures of appeasement seen on so many blogs and bulletin boards, where covens of SMISH-sufferers gather around dominant SMPeers in fulsome displays of unwholesome adulation. Many SMISH-sufferers alternate between SMISH and SMIDS on an occasional basis, joining occasionally with Social Media Mobs to hurl Cybercurses at various ObHats, thereby demonstrating their loyalty to dominant SMPeers, and ensuring themselves against becoming an ObHat themselves. Although not being entirely committed to the aggressive conduct, they nevertheless engage in it convincingly, much like an ordinary citizen who finds herself caught in a momentary mob hysteria, then later thinks better of it. Finally, some SMISH-sufferers “ripen” into the pure aggressive neurosis of SMIDS, as they discover that the only way to feel “safe” in a toxic Social Media environment is with a verbal rock in their hand, ready to give as good as they get. They have contacted their inner brownshirt, and civil society has gained a new enemy. For further discussion of SMIDS, see the related article.
A BRIEF MUSING ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GOOGLE-CENTRIC INTERNET, by Charles Carreon
It is now of course difficult to remember the Internet before Google, but actually, it existed. And it’s worth remembering what it looked like, not just for the sake of nostalgia, but rather, so we can adequately reflect on how the Internet is evolving as a Google-centric organism.
Actually, it’s worth remembering what computers were like before we hooked them up to the Internet. Our work computers were like little forges, in which we hammered out our productions, mostly documents, and printers were vital to their utility. So our work computers were essentially fancy typewriters that made revisions and formatting an easier process. We’d print out our documents and turn off the computer, and that was that. You wouldn’t spend hours fooling around with your machine unless you were truly a nerd, or a scientist, or a software engineer, because for most of us, computers didn’t really do anything interesting.
Then the Internet came along, and there was someplace to go. A screen became a point of departure. Totally different from a fancy typewriter. You used to hear writers talk a lot about “writer’s block.” I don’t hear too much about that anymore. It might have been a symptom of the typewriter itself, with that damned blank page sitting there waiting to be filled. Nowadays writers fear they’re about to be swamped in the flood of just plain old chatter that engulfs us. And printers aren’t all that vital, since most reading happens right off the screen.
So what the Internet did was to drastically increase the amount of time we spend absorbing information. If you can imagine being a shepherd, sitting on a hill all day watching your sheep, not communicating with anyone about anything, and then compare that with how we live our days – well, there’s no comparison. Your average person, forced to be that shepherd, might very well spend all their time looking for a cliff to jump off of. Information has become psychological food that we feel we need in order to be ourselves. And the Internet is an info-teat that few of us can tear ourselves away from for any serious length of time.
Question: To what extent did Google make the Internet into a huge info-teat? I would argue to a great extent, because Google institutionalized the idea that the fruits of the Internet should be free, and trained us to use to suck on it shamelessly all day and all night. We have more than halfway evolved into Homo Informaticus, the inhabitants of a Google-centric Internet, into which Facebook is not going to make an appreciable dent.
A Google-centric Internet is, above all, searchable. The original Internet was not. Shocking, eh? You think I’m pulling your leg. No, really, it wasn’t! Even though it was tiny by comparison with its current enormity, it was huge, overwhelming, unmanageable, hard to navigate. And guess what? Domain names were really important. Yes, domain names were crucial, because without them, how would you ever find your way back to some page that you’d visited? Unless you’d bookmarked the link, you were screwed.
Pre-Google-centrism, we searched to find information, not sites. Today, you find sites by plugging a chunk of text you remember into Google, and wham, you’re back at that site. And you don’t really worry too much about this website or that one, because no site has a corner on good content. Which leads us to the next characteristic of the Google-centric Internet – the erosion of brand-name power in the media field.
Once the New York Times stood at the head of the field in the newspaper world, and a column on the op-ed page made you a leader of society. Today a place on the editorial page makes you who? David Brooks? Paul Krugman? Maureen Dowd? Whoop-de-do.
This might lead you to think that the media playing field has been leveled. Be not deceived. In a Google-centric universe, nothing is level. Every surface slopes towards the hole at the center. It’s shaped like a rectangle. You type words into it, and the next thing you see is a list of links, with the sponsored ones at the top. The order in which those links appear reveals the true pecking order of our society. Those whose links appear at the top can find their pockets filled with lucre, and thus Google selects the worthy from among us.
In the ages of monarchy, supplicants came from all over the realm to plead their causes at court, and one had to find a skilled courtier to gain the King’s ear. In a Google-centric universe, we have SEO specialists. Fortunes rise and fall with search engine rankings. De-listing, downgrading, banning -- these are the causes of wailing and gnashing of teeth.
Google has taken upon itself the burden of separating the informational grain from the husks, and it grinds that grain into the gruel that flows from the info-teat. If you are looking for something, and Google has not found it, you are not likely to find it either. And if Google found it unworthy of being classed as legitimate information, it’s going to be on the thirteenth page of results or maybe nowhere.
So in the end, you see, Google is the editor of a vast script that the rest of us are writing. Text has become more important than ever before in the life of commerce and culture. And it is being produced in greater abundance than at any time in history. The production of text is now the great competitive enterprise, and the rewards are ever more capriciously dispensed. While Google purportedly labors to stay ahead of the scammers who would flood your search-results with irrelevant responses and vapid content, there is no one but Google to judge the quality of its efforts. Indeed, we have no way of knowing what we’re missing. The cries of those whose worthy offerings are spurned by the all-knowing search-algorithms cannot, by definition, be heard.
Ironically, in our fact-driven age, we inhabit a universe built on faith. Faith in the omniscience of the all-knowing Google. Once the Roman Catholic Church had a monopoly on truth, and the Pope was seriously believed to be infallible. It is perhaps a sign of the times that Benedict gave up the job. The mantle of infallibility has clearly passed to Google.
TO FIGHT INTERNET FRAUD UNLEASH THE TRIAL LAWYERS, by Charles Carreon
A Modest Proposal For A Private Right of Action Under the Federal Trade Commission Act
The Problem: Too Many Crooks, Hardly Any Cops
The Net is overwhelmed with fraud. Authorities are frustrated. Identity theft is commonplace. Banks absorb fraud losses as a cost of doing business. Bank robbers are fools -- the only smart way to steal is over the Internet. I have a solution: Give the trial lawyers an incentive to sue Net-fraudsters, and let’s see how quickly the problem is reduced from its current epidemic level. How do you unleash the trial lawyers? You create a “private right of action” under the Federal Trade Commission Act, giving lawyers for defrauded consumers the same rights as a U.S. Attorney working in the Consumer Fraud Division of the Department of Justice.
Not A Political Issue
This is not a political issue, although Internet fraudsters who already have hired lobbyists will be quick to turn it into one. Both social conservatives and consumer protection advocates who understand my proposal will find it appealing. If you like small government, or take a DIY approach to computer security, this should appeal to you. If you think government should provide protection to citizens, then you surely must agree that if government lawyers don’t have the resources to protect all of us from fraud, we should at least be given the right to help ourselves. And while they’re at it, Congress could explicitly give the FTC all the authority it needs to sue, immobilize and extract stolen wealth from Internet fraudsters.
Lawyers for fraudsters, of whom there are many due to the profitability of Internet fraud, will say that creating a federal right of action against Internet fraud is unnecessary, because there are consumer protection laws in virtually every state that provide a private right of action. However, this is misleading, because those state laws do not provide access to the federal courts, and your average Internet fraudster is usually pilfering your data and financial accounts from the safety of some state other than the one where you live. The federal subpoena power is nationwide, and the evidence of fraud is spread all over fifty states, so we really need federal jurisdiction to do the job presented by a national epidemic.
The FTC: Slow On the Draw and Seriously Outgunned
The FTC itself has only come into its consumer protection enforcement power slowly, by a series of legislative changes and judicial interpretations that established the FTC’s power to sue for orders seeking restitution for consumer injuries. It was not until the 1960’s that the Commission began using its rulemaking authority under Section 6(g) of the FTC Act, 15 U.S.C. § 46(g), to define specific acts and practices that injure consumers, acts for which the FTC’s lawyers could seek damages awards in federal courts. In truth, the FTC consumer protection program has always been years behind and underfunded, given the scale of Internet fraudsters’ attacks on American pocketbooks. While the FTC certainly has an active consumer enforcement docket, it is a teacupful of remedy against an ocean of Internet fraud.
California Leads The Way
So what would a federal private right of action for consumers provide? Congress can look at the California Consumer Legal Remedies Act (CLRA), that provides strong consumer remedies in California. It should also take aim at the specific practices that are being used by Internet fraudsters to perpetrate their schemes for picking our pockets: the use of malware, spyware, and browser-hijacking software that turns your computer into a cash register for net-thieves. The time has come for law on the wild west of the Internet, and there is a serious shortage of badge-wearing federal lawyers. We need to deputize the trial bar to clean up the Internet and make it safe, for honest, law-abiding Net-folk.
© 2013, Charles Carreon
SHITSTORM BY THE SEA -- THE SEAN PARKER DIRA, by Charles Carreon
The DIRA kicked off by Sean Parker’s wedding was like wood shavings soaked in diesel — easy to ignite and sure to burn hot: “Napster/FB billionaire destroys pristine redwoods to indulge Tolkien fantasy wedding wish of gold-digger wife.” Tweet that to a few thousand people, get a dozen retweets and a couple of faves. It’s a sign of truly bad times that people will stoop to this kind of activity not even for money, but just for clicks. Parker is right that he got served up as “link-bait,” although very few people other than Sean Parker and the rest of the digerati success-stories make any substantial coin from all of this traffic flying around dishing dirt. Which adds to the perfection of Parker and his wife as perfect rapeutation targets. He can’t complain — he created this monster!
Parker could do no right in his situation. He paid a million in fines for environmental violations he did not commit, and tossed another $1.5 Million at environmental causes, but none of it could buy him out of the kill-zone set up by the social media DIRA squad that put him in the crosshairs.
The only thing Parker could have done was ignore everyone and turn his mind to other matters, like Charles Carreon. Take that iPad and that expensive phone, and throw them into the recycling (tossing them off the Big Sur cliffs would obviously be a very evil thing to do and initiate a DIRA such as might crash the Net itself). He’s rich. He could ignore them. Lots of people told him to do that.
But no! Sean didn’t earn billions so he could hide away like any other person who’s been pelted with shame. He wants to have fun, wants his wife to have fun, wants to use the Internet like everyone else without seeing his name being drawn and quartered, becoming the butt of derisive jokes by people who don’t make as much in a year as he makes in ten minutes. He doesn’t want the pity from the politically correct, or the sympathy from his diminishing stock of friends.
Sean didn’t want to have to explain himself. But he did it anyway, out of a desperate desire to shout at the whirlwind. But the whirlwind heareth him not.
Sean thinks he got DIRA’d due to the petty avarice of bloggers-for-profit who want to ride the traffic-whale of his hateable celebrity (already set up to be knocked down by the unflattering depiction of him in “The Social Network”). Now seriously, how much do bloggers make? Not much, but like most hopeful online click-mongers, they will do anything to pump up their pathetic hope of someday having actual earnings beyond beer money. But no one needed to be paid to make it worthwhile to burn Sean Parker. The story of him and his elf-bride indulging in geeky, sybaritic pomp was an irresistible meme to those anonymous millions who thump the tubs in the echo chambers of social media.
But at least now we’ve seen what happens when a TechCrunch insider is hit by a DIRA. No one can protect them from it, but once it happens, they get all the digital ink they need to talk back to their rapeutationists. I mean, this is Sean Parker, who created Napster, that turned hundreds of thousands of copyrighted songs into everybody’s free music store through the magic of file-sharing. Who plowed those winnings into Facebook, from which he graduated as a cool billionaire. Who gave those pizza-and-soda-smeared zombies the landscape across which they now gaily rampage like bacchantes drunk on digital wine. They burned him! They destroyed his $4.5 Million fantasy wedding experience and made him cry out loud for mercy, because whatever you call it, that’s what his June 2013 posting on TechCrunch was. It was the cry of pain of a wounded human animal who has been gouged by the cruel speech of hundreds of thousands of people that he would much prefer liked him.
The DIRA zombies who lusted for Parker’s brains were fed a pro-environmental schtick that painted Parker as a plunderer of redwoods and destroyer of trout streams whose lavish fantasy-themed wedding in Big Sur was a symbol of everything wrong with cyberbillionaires. This easily-communicated meme slathered in hate-speech, passed through the information network like E.Coli in a batch of hamburger. The zombies who ate it don’t know they’re sick, though, so they’ll keep consuming the same shit, and calling it delicious.
It may be that the handheld mobile device is the most dangerous vector for transmission of the DIRA zombie virus. The physical evidence is overwhelming. Every day we see young people whose vulnerable brains have been entirely taken over, walking through the mall with that rigid step, slow and directionless, as they receive directions from their handheld, positioned exactly fourteen inches away from their eyes, their fingers stroking the glassy surface with a hypnotized stare. Their breath is shallow, as if their thoughts were being edited by an outer force, which they are. They don’t emerge from their trances no matter how long I watch them.
While talking back to zombies is futile, in Sean Parker’s case, because TechCrunch, a key DIRA-node, gave him a podium, he was able to solicit some sympathy and reasoned responses from people who realized that pissing off a billionaire might not be the best thing for their future careers. That sort of thought can snap even a zombie out of its trance. And I bet reading the occasional sympathetic comment improved Parker’s mood. But the zombie-to-human ratio is still skewed against Parker, and the echo chamber of hatred drones on, with brutal efficiency.
In response to Parker’s apologia pro se, the shit-slinging shifted tone, as exemplified by the title of an article at ValleyWag.com: “Sean Parker: Still an Asshole 10,000 Words Later.” This article, by Sean Biddle, fails to fulfill the promise of the headline. Biddle’s article doesn’t convict Parker as an asshole, unless stating your position in terms favorable to yourself makes you an asshole, because Biddle merely argues that Parker has spun the facts in his favor. All the invective is in the title. Why did Biddle inject the word “asshole” into his a headline, the use of which, in the wrong bar, could get your teeth knocked out in a Texas minute? Because putting “asshole” in your title punches it right up there in the Google rankings, silly! Or to use the language of the day, “It’s click-bait, dumbass!” Biddle wouldn’t have his job pushing digital ink if he didn’t know how to do that.
Parker’s proof that a billion and membership in the digerati won’t save you from a DIRA that has all the required elements for igniting that neuronal bonfire in the brains thousands of social network zombies, who will start spewing digital spitwads when the implanted suggestion is triggered. Frankenstein destroyed by his monster.
BLOOM'S "GLOBAL BRAIN" AND THE LAST MAN ON EARTH, by Charles Carreon
One of the primary points that Howard Bloom made in his book, “Global Brain” is that among humans, social rejection sends us the same message as certain chemical signals given by the ancient colony-bacteria from which we evolved: “You are useless. Now please die.” From mere isolation to toxic social media exchanges, from parental rejection to sexual failure, all of these blows to positive self-valuation — we take them to heart.
Bloom says that sinking into depression in response to criticism is step one on the road to self-annihilation, signaling our immune system that the treasure of life it’s been guarding is worthless, and there is no point in manning the battlements. Soon, our cells will cease to defend themselves against outside aggressors, and neglect the internal rebuilding that is necessary to maintain our health and assure our longevity. We buy the propaganda, and we go down. Bloom cites a 1988 study of 1,814 children showing that 9-14 year-olds feared being shamed before peers more than almost any other situation. Bloom cites a Harvard expert for the conclusion “that humiliation was one of the most common causes of childhood and teen suicide.”
As wave after wave of hate-speech is unleashed against the target of a DIRA, they must take Bloom seriously, or the consequences will be grave. It is not healthy to absorb the impact of all that ill-will, or even the smallest fraction of it. As the fog of nastiness swirls about them, infiltrating every corner of their lives, they should realize that duct tape and sheets of plastic will not be enough for this situation. Gloves, respirators, and full body suits are going to be required. It is, indeed, bad crazy. Merely breathing the exhalations of zombies can be lethal. Take no chances. First off, don’t Google yourself, or any other topic that’s going to expose you to the mountain of ugly speech associated with your name, unless you have to for purposes of litigation. If you’re doing it for litigation, keep professional distance while you’re handling the material, and scrub yourself psychologically with exercise and meditation afterwards.
Like Vincent Price in “The Last Man on Earth,” who survived night after night of zombie onslaughts, the author of this post owes his survival to precautionary measures, taken in broad daylight against the forces of darkness that, in my case, prowl not the external night, but rather, the dark spaces of the Internet.
2001, A SPACE ODYSSEY -- DULL MOVIE, GREAT SOUNDTRACK, by Charles Carreon
2001, A Space Odyssey was a sixties event. It screened in my hometown at the widescreen cinema on Scottsdale Boulevard. I remember it showed with a fantastic documentary about real space travel that I enjoyed a great deal more than the feature. That tells you something. It’s not a movie for kids, even smart kids who are interested in outer space.
When I was a kid, this movie seemed stupid, irritating, and implausible. I didn't think that grownups would let their machines kill them. When HAL started singing “Daisy,” I wanted another root beer badly, but it just went on and on, slower and slower as the astronaut turned off his circuits and the stupid retarded machine started whining. Then the ending was torturous. The astronaut gets really old and eats all by himself. That was about as exciting as watching the grass grow. It was slightly exciting when he broke his wine glass, but nothing came of it. All the adults were so solemn watching this guy get old in a room with too much light where there were no other people, so boring, and he just gets older and older. It was like an ad for why not to retire. It’ll kill you. At any rate, finally he does die, and the movie can end. Actually, that’s funny to run through, because now, I think it’s a pretty good movie.
But what I like better is the soundtrack from 2001, A Space Odyssey. Apparently, Kubrick chose the music to give himself some structure for shooting, but had budgeted for a composer to do a unique soundtrack. Ultimately, he stuck with his classical sources. A lesson to us all – we often end where we begin. My experience with the 2001 soundtrack came with a copy recorded on 8-track owned by my friend William Woods Chandler III, who gets the prize for most drugs in one small suitcase, including hundreds of hits of blotter, grams of brown sugar, and some cocaine so bad I don’t think you could have been busted for possessing it. He was a bad boy, determined to be bad, but actually very sweet natured and just looking for mothering. At any rate, if you don’t know about 8-tracks, they had a unique characteristic which was they would endlessly repeat if you didn’t pull them out. Sometimes they would also get warped by the Arizona sun in someone’s boiling auto interior, and then playback would be distorted. But if people were very twisted on psychedelics, they couldn’t tell, which could lead to funny scenes where straight people show up to find tripping friends totally grooving on a Jimi Hendrix tape so distorted that it was unrecognizable. The psychedelics made many strange things equal that way. Eight tracks were perfect, too, because if the music was appropriate enough that no one unplugged it, you could settle into it for the long haul.
This happened to me one night when we decided to light up the windowpanes and complete some written work we hadn’t gotten done earlier in the semester, and Kubrick’s soundtrack became our soundtrack. For three or four hours, the 8 track played and played and played. The Blue Danube, again and again. The strange atonal modern choir pieces, interspersed with gasps, breath expulsion, and eddies of queries and rumors spreading in a foreign birdlike tongue. The haunting, icily beautiful “Lux Eterna” may be the sound of the stars driving Van Gogh mad. Driving us all mad, if we let them.
Everytime I heard The Blue Danube strike up again, I saw Kubrick’s freely-rotating space-station, frictionless in the vacuum, with nothing to slow it down, the music self-regenerating and strong. This is tautological energy at its best. It kept me going the whole night, and I got the paper done.
Return to Belles Lettres
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DOT to host Routes Asia 2019 in Cebu
Routes Asia route development forum just announced the official hand over to Cebu as the host destination for Routes Asia 2019.
To be held from March 10 to 12, 2019, this will be the second time that the Philippine Department of Tourism brings Routes Asia to the Philippines after successfully hosting the 2016 event in Manila. Hosting will strengthen Cebu’s connectivity and positioning as a gateway to the rest of the Philippines as well as a major transfer hub to other countries.
Steven Small, brand director of Routes said “We are very much looking forward to returning to the Philippines in 2019 and working with the dynamic team at the Philippine Department of Tourism.”
“Routes Asia 2016 resulted in a remarkable increase in international passenger bi-directional traffic from major tourist source markets to the Philippines, with new routes opened in Manila, Cebu, and Davao both by foreign and local carriers. Hosting the 2019 event will fuel further international market growth.”
In 2017, six new airlines were added to Mactan-Cebu International Airport’s route map: Air Juan, Juneyao Air, OK Air, Lucky Air, Sichuan Airlines, and Pan Pacific Airlines, which included six new direct flights to China namely Beijing, Chongqing, Fuzhou, Kunming, Shanghai, and Xian.
Mactan-Cebu International Airport recorded a total of 10,050,940 million passengers last year, 13.82 percent higher than 2016. To accommodate increased demand and further penetration into the Chinese market, the new terminal (T2) building will enhance Mactan-Cebu International Airport capacity to 12.5 million per annum and is expected its completion by June 2018.
Erwin Balane, Head of Route Development, Philippine Department of Tourism said “We are quite delighted that once again that Routes has chosen the Philippines, particularly Cebu, as the next host of the biggest aviation event in the region, Routes Asia. Hosting this event in 2016 brought an unparalleled opportunity for the Philippines to promote our international gateways not only to airline executives, but also to the entire aviation community in Asia.”
“Hosting the 2019 event in Cebu will be a great opportunity for us to not only showcase the amazing and beautiful tourist destinations of the island but also the new terminal of Mactan Cebu International Airport, dubbed as the only “resort airport in Asia”, where air passengers can experience the island resort environment while entering and exiting the terminal.
More information about Routes can be found at routesonline.com
Routes Asia brings together leading airlines, airports and tourism authorities to discuss air services to, from and within the entire Asia Pacific region. Over the last three days, Brisbane Airport Corporation, Brisbane Marketing, Tourism Australia and Tourism and Events Queensland have been hosting Routes Asia 2018. The event in the Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre has attracted 950 delegates, including 96 airlines, 146 airports and 23 destinations.
Tags: DOTPH, Philippine Department of Tourism, routes, Routes Asia, Routes Asia 2019
ASEAN tourism seminar tackles accessibility for PWDs
DOT urges public to travel and reflect during Lent
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BREAKING: Michigan Judge HALTS Jill Stein’s Recount…
Jill Stein’s recount has been nipped in the bud — for now.
It’s not over yet, as an appeal is possible, but currently, the ordeal has been stopped.
Detroit Free Press reports:
After a lawyer urged him not to stick taxpayers with a $5 million recount tab, a federal judge on Wednesday dissolved his earlier decision and halted the hand-recount of 4.8 million ballots that were cast for president in Michigan.
The controversial issue, however, is far from over as an appeal will follow.
U.S. District Judge Mark Goldsmith issued his written opinion late Wednesday, several hours after hearing arguments about whether a recount in Michigan is warranted or not.
The Michigan Republican Party and Michigan Attorney General’s office argued it was not, stressing a state appellate court had already decided the issue, and that Goldsmith should respect that 3-0 decision and halt the recount, which started Monday under an order from Goldsmith. The Michigan Court of Appeals ruled that Green Party candidate Jill Stein has no standing to seek a recount because she has no chance of winning. She came in fourth place, with 1% of the vote.
SHARE on Facebook and Twitter if you agree that the recount was a waste!
Related Topics:Donald TrumpMichiganRecount
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"For a happier, more stable and civilized future, each of us must develop a sincere, warm-hearted feeling of brotherhood and sisterhood."
Dalai Lama to visit Iowa in 2010
By MELANIE S. WELTE | Associated Press Writer
1:40 PM CDT, July 14, 2009
DES MOINES, Iowa - The Dalai Lama is coming to the University of
Northern Iowa next year to share his views on education in a global
society, the university announced Tuesday.
The 74-year-old Tibetan spiritual leader and Nobel Peace Prize
laureate will visit the university in Cedar Falls on May 18. It's his
first trip to Iowa.
"One of the ties we have to him and to the Tibet cause is that we've
played a role in educating a lot of the Tibetan students that have
come to the U.S.," said Kristi Marchesani, assistant director of
admissions/international relations for UNI.
UNI is one of about 15 U.S. colleges that works with the Tibet Fund to
provide scholarships to Tibetan students, UNI spokeswoman Rebecca
Schultze said. The fund helps Tibetans improve their lives and
preserve their cultural, religious and national identity.
The Tibet Fund usually sends one to two students to UNI each year to
pursue master's degrees and enroll in other programs, said Tenzing
Choephel, program coordinator for the Tibetan Scholarship Program,
which is managed by the Tibet Fund. UNI has educated about 30 Tibetan
students since 1994.
"After attending the educational institution at the University of
Northern Iowa, they go back to India and work for the Tibetan
communities where they'll be in the Tibetan refugee (area or
community), Tibetan exile government or any Tibetan community
service," he said.
The Dalai Lama's visit will include a public talk and interfaith
religious service, although the details are still being worked out,
Choephel said.
"Our invitation to his Holiness focused on celebrating education and
talking about how the impact of education and maybe new ideas related
to teacher education, especially considering his Holiness has always
valued and talked a lot about the role of education," Marchesani said.
UNI has 465 international students from 70 counties, Marchesani said.
Its largest population is from China, with 72 students.
The Dalai Lama, a Buddhist monk, is seen as a figure of moral
authority in much of the world but deplored by China as a "wolf in
monk's robes" who seeks Tibet's independence from China.
He has lived in India since fleeing Tibet following a failed 1959
uprising against Chinese rule over the Himalayan region.
"We know that we have a little bit of a challenge. There will be an
educational process in letting students know more about the Dalai Lama
and his teachings and the challenges of the Tibetan community,"
Marchesani said.
Choephel said the Dalai Lama's trip to Iowa is part of a larger visit
to the United States. Those details are still being worked out as
well, he said.
UNI invited the Dalai Lama in 2007, and he accepted last summer. It is
not unusual for him to accept offers to speak from universities,
"If you look at his visits in the U.S., almost 90 percent of his
visits are to educational institutions," he said.
The Dalai Lama was in the U.S. in May, and he is scheduled to return
in October.
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Dead Man's Hand, by Tim Lebbon
Publisher: Necessary Evil Press
Review Posted: 8/19/2005
Reader Rating: 10 out of 10
Book Review by Jeff Edwards
Two strangers ride into Deadwood, South Dakota, bringing fear, violence and death with them. Before leaving, they will change the lives of two men forever - and end the life of another.
Dead Man's Hand is the tale of an Old West town, a supernatural killer for hire, and the adversary determined to stop him. Here, in Book 1 of the Assassin Series, Tim Lebbon unveils just enough detail about his main characters - Temple and Gabriel - to spark interest in the next installment. Temple is a shape-shifter, traveling though time and serving up death: "He needs to kill. That's his twisted reason for being here." Gabriel is never more than one step behind, relentlessly chasing after the demon: "[F]or all the time I can remember, it's been down to me to kill him." His flesh scarred from past encounters with Temple, Gabriel's wounds warn him when he is close to his nemesis.
Deadwood mainly serves as a backdrop for the action - dusty streets where blood will spill - and Lebbon sets the stage effortlessly: The town is instantly familiar, yet never crosses the line into cliche. Fans of old Westerns will easily picture the Deadwood Hotel and Nuttal & Mann's No. 10 saloon, and then Lebbon adds vivid color to the sepia-toned images with his metaphors ("Dawn was hemorrhaging across the horizon," "My body was a map of pain, each district hurting in a slightly different way").
At the conclusion of Dead Man's Hand, Gabriel knows that he hasn't seen the last of Temple: "He hasn't gone. He never will be. He's just moved on somewhere different." Tim Lebbon fans, old and new, will surely tag along for the ride as the adventure continues in Book 2, "Pieces of Hate."
Click here to buy Dead Man's Hand, by Tim Lebbon on Amazon
Dead Man's Hand, by Tim Lebbon on Amazon
More Books You Might Like
Blood Paladin, by Janrae Frank
Hideaway, by Dean Koontz
City of the Lost, by Stephen Blackmoore
Trouble in the Forest, by Trystam Kith
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by Gregory Lamberson Contest Winning Stories Fiction Features Movie Reviews TV Reviews Firebrand Fiction Suspended Animation Interviews
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A bike-sharing crash in China shows the folly of taking such startups too seriously now that venture capital is drying up. Ofo never had a sustainable business model. Chinese bike-sharing companies rent out bicycles for just a few U.S. cents an hour, which is far from covering their costs. Still, the sector dotted the streets of every major Chinese city with millions of bikes, supported by billions of dollars of venture capital. Ofo got $2.2 billion of funding, including $866 million as recently as March in an Alibaba-led funding round, according to data provider Crunchbase.
Mobike, the other big bike-sharing startup in China, may struggle to benefit from Ofo’s problems in a hypercompetitive market. Meituan Dianping bought Mobike for more than $2 billion in April to complement its core food-delivery business, which like bike-sharing is unprofitable despite strong growth. Meituan has lost a third of its value since its Hong Kong initial public offering in September.
Tech giants Alibaba and Tencent, which have sunk billionsinto startups in the past few years and could face write-downs, could become collateral damage. The enchanted forest of unicorns looks set to be among the victims of China’s worsening economy.
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ABOUT US | ADVERTISE | CONTACT US
SENIOR GUIDE
VA to provide capability for Veterans to access their VA health data on Apple iPhones
WASHINGTON — The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) will release new capabilities this summer providing Veterans who receive care at VA with the ability to access their personal medical data using the Health Records on iPhone feature from Apple.
Veterans will see an aggregated view of their allergies, conditions, immunizations, lab results, medications, procedures and vitals in the Health app on their iPhone. Health Records on iPhone also brings together hospitals and clinics outside VA with the existing Apple Health app. Veterans can see their available medical data from multiple providers, including VA, whenever they choose.
This new capability has been made possible through the recently announced Veterans Health Application Programming Interface (Veterans Health API). This Veterans Health API allows Veterans to access their health records within innovative applications on their mobile devices or in their web browser.
“Our Health API represents the next stage in the evolution of VA’s patient data access capability,” said VA Secretary Robert Wilkie. “By building upon the Veterans Health API, we’re raising the bar in collaborating with private sector organizations to create and deploy innovative digital products for Veterans. Veterans should be able to access their health data at any time, and I’m proud of how far we’ve come to accomplishing this.”
Launched in 2010, VA Blue Button, a feature of My HealtheVet, opened the door for Veterans to download a copy of their VA health records online. The new capability using VA’s Health API and Apple’s Health app furthers VA’s commitment to make it easy for Veterans to securely access their own health data.
Veterans with Apple iPhones will be able to access the app on their device. After a visit to a VA health care facility, the participating Veteran’s Apple device will automatically receive updated health record information within 24 hours from the visit using the built-in Health app from Apple on their iPhone.
Beyond the effort on the Apple iPhone, VA looks forward to partnering with others to bring similar capabilities to other mobile platforms.
Lighthouse, considered the “front door” to VA’s vast data stores, is the department’s API management platform. Since launching Lighthouse in March 2018, VA has delivered a developer portal, a Benefits Intake API, a Facilities API and a Veterans Health API. VA’s Veterans Health API is part of VA’s commitment to health IT modernization, and will contribute to VA’s expansive electronic health record modernization program.
For more information about the Veterans Health API, visit https://developer.va.gov/explore/health.
Deadline extended for senior servicememb
VFW Calls for Return of Vietnam War Memo
39th National Veterans Wheelchair Games
Jeffris Family Foundation Awards Grant t
Offshore Fishing Adventure!
World's oldest barber predates The Ameri
No, the Pentagon isn’t planning a war
VA’s VetSuccess on Campus Program mark
Sailing in the Florida Keys: Comfort in
VFW Remembers the Cost of Freedom 243 Ye
COPYRIGHT © 2019 VETERAN'S VIEW. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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DAWNING A NEW DAY
The Frederick Douglass Foundation Community Blog
← Yahoo! Fires Bureau Chief After Caught Saying GOP Okay Having ‘Party With Black People Drowning’
As Republican convention emphasizes diversity, racial incidents intrude →
Black Republican activists strive to recruit African Americans to GOP cause
Posted on August 30, 2012 by tfdfblog
Conservative groups insist that the dream of winning over African Americans from the Democratic party is not a lost cause
Paul Harris in Tampa
guardian.co.uk, Wednesday 29 August 2012
A recent poll showed only 2% of black Americans support Republican candidate Mitt Romney. Photograph: Jewel Samad/AFP/Getty Images
Timothy Johnson was angry. The black Republican, and a co-founder of the black Republican group The Frederick Douglass Foundation, believes his party is ignoring black Americans.
As the party nominated former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney to face off against America’ first black president Barack Obama, the Republican convention in Tampa sported just 46 black delegates representing about 2% of the total number.
“Once again not a lot of attention has been paid to the blacks. This party does not seem willing to invest in attracting the black community and until we do a better job we have this mindset of the Republican party as the white party and the Democratic party as the black party,” he said.
Johnson’s group was helping host a forum in Gulfport, near Tampa, to discuss the Republican party’s strong links historically to black America as the leader of the fight against slavery in the 19th century. But in recent times the partoy has been noticeably lily-white, especially at the grassroots level.
Kevin Daniels, the head of the foundation’s North Carolina chapter, was also disappointed. “I really don’t see any interest other than a couple speeches,” he said, pointing to convention slots given to rising black Republican congressional hopeful Mia Love in Utah and black Democratic convert Artur Davis.
Polls consistently show more than 90% of black Americans will support Obama. A BET poll of African Americans in battleground states found just 2% of blacks supported Romney. That might explain why black conservative activists’ complain they are being ignored at the grassroots level, especially when compared to Republican efforts to woo Hispanic voters. “They are spending a lot of money reaching out to the Hispanic community but I don’t see that effort in the black community,” Johnson said.
Indeed the 2012 campaign has been dogged at all levels by accusations of “dog-whistling” race in ways sure to put off black voters. Romney himself recently cracked a joke referring to the so-called “birther” movement which holds Obama may not have been born in America. A movie called “2016: Obama’s America” is currently a hit in cinemas and it suggests the president’s political beliefs lie in anti-colonialism inherited from his Kenyan father.
On Tuesday night at the convention two attendees were ejected after throwing nuts at a black CNN camerawoman. One was heard to say: “This is how we feed animals.”
Many black Republican activists, however, insist that the dream of winning over large numbers of black voters is not a forlorn one. They point out that the social conservatism of many leading black churches on key issues like abortion and gay marriage should be incompatible with the liberal stances of the Democratic party. “They [the Republican party] may not see the opportunity, but there is an opening there,” said the reverend C L Bryant, a conservative pastor and the driving force behind a black conservative anti-welfare documentary called Runaway Slave.
Other conservatives insist that there is a hidden well of Republican support among black communities just waiting to hear the party’s message on abortion and gay marriage. “A lot of black voters just give a socially acceptable answer when asked if they are going to vote for Obama,” said conservative black author Carol Swain. “Black people don’t have to be Democrats. It is OK to be in a different party.”
One of the small number of black Republican delegates in Tampa is John Clendenin, who is the Republican delegation chair from the Virgin Islands. Clendenin insisted the party was making the effort to be more inclusive, though he admitted that finding a black Republican was still unusual for many people, especially black Democrats. “I get curious looks. They say: ‘How can you do that?’ But they are ignorant and they have not studied history,” he said. He added that he then tries to win people over to the Republican side.
“They call me the great converter,” he said.
Rick Santorum is running for president again — and says this time will be different
Border Patrol looking for a few good women
Black Capitol Staffers Stage Walkout for Ferguson
Air Force secretary supports lifting transgender ban
Congress decides to get serious about tracking police shootings
News of the Week (December 22nd, 2013) | The Political Hat on The Loneliness of the Black Republican
Abortion & Breast Cancer Rates Getting Worse Among Black Women + Shocking Insightful Documentary Film | The Marcus Garvey Initiative Agency on The NAACP Threatens Legal Action Against The Radiance Foundation
tfdfblog on Donnie McClurkin Removed from MLK Concert Over Ex-Gay Claims
Black Pastors' Leadership Defeats Same-Sex Marriage in Illinois … | Pastor Leaders on Black Pastors’ Leadership Defeats Same-Sex Marriage in Illinois
Abortion: An Epidemic Free of charge | MEDINFOPAGES.COM on Liberal NEA Activist Pushes “Republicans for Planned Parenthood”
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The Cure LIVE
Live 2019 - 1 Viewing
Details, live reports, photos & ticket availablity to The Cue shows in 2019
Sub-boards: March 16th, Festival Lawns, Carnival City Johannesburg SA, March 21st, Kenilworth Racecourse, Cape Town SA, March 29th, Rock & Roll HoF Induction, Barclay's Center, Brooklyn NY USA, May 24th, Opera House Sydney Australia, May 25th, Opera House Sydney Australia, May 27th, Opera House Sydney Australia, May 28th, Opera House Sydney Australia, May 30th, Opera House Sydney Australia, June 8th, Malahide Castle, Dublin Ireland, June 9th, Pinkpop Festival, Landgraaf Megaland Netherlands, June 14th, Nova Rock, Pannonia Fields, Nickelsdorf Austria, June 16th, Firenze Rocks, Visarno Arena Italy, June 21st, Southside Festival, Neuhausen ob Ek, Germany, June 23rd, Hurricane Festival, Eichenring Scheeßel, Germany, June 26th, INmusic festival, Zagreb Croatia, June 28th, Rock Werchter, Belgium, June 30th, Glastonbury Festival Pilton, Worthy Farm UK, July 4th, Exit Festival, Novi Sad Serbia, July 6th, Roskilde Festival, Denmark, July 11th, Nos Alive Festival, Passeio Maritimo De Alges Portugal, July 13th, Mad Cool Festival, Madrid, Spain, July 17th, Ejekt Festival, Plateia Nerou Athens Greece, July 20th, Colours Of Ostrava, Czech Republic, July 22nd, Rock The City Festival, Piata Constitutiei, Romania, July 25th, Paléo Festival Nyon Switzerland, July 28th, Fuji Rock Festival, Naeba Ski Resort, Japan, August 3rd, Afisha Picnic Festival, Moscow Russia, August 7th, Øyafestivalen , Oslo, Norway, August 9th, Way Out West Festival, Gothenburg Sweden, August 11th, Flow Festival, Helsinki Finland, August 16th, Summer Sessions, Bellahouston Park Glasgow Scotland, August 23rd, Rock en Seine, Paris France , August 31st, Pasadena Daydream Festival, Brookside at the Rose Bowl L.A., October 5th, Austin City Limits, Zilker Park Austin TX, October 12th, Austin City Limits, Zilker Park Austin TX
145 7,780 Venue & ticket information
by fiveswinglive
Moderator: Big Hand
Sub-boards: June 24th, Royal Festival Hall, London UK, July 7th, Hyde Park London UK
31 1,917 Live report: June 24th, Royal Festival Hall, London UK
by salleygarden
Live setlists. Volunteers needed
Would you like to be a roving reporter for any shows on The Cure tour? Can you help update the live setlist threads?
Report here for #thecurelive2016
1 29 Live setlists Looking for volunteers
by godwina
May 4, 2019 19:53:54 GMT 1
Live 2016 North America
North American The Cure concerts for 2016
Sub-boards: May 10th, Lakefront Arena, New Orleans LA, May 11th, Lakefront Arena, New Orleans LA, May 13th, Frank Erwin Center, Austin TX, May 14th, Toyota Center Houston TX, May 15th, American Airlines Center Dallas TX, May 17th, Don Haskins Center, El Paso TX, May 19th, Chelsea Theater, Las Vegas NV, May 20th, Sleep Train Amphitheater, Chula Vista CA, May 22nd, The Hollywood Bowl, Los Angeles, CA, May 23rd, The Hollywood Bowl, Los Angeles, CA, May 24th, The Holywood Bowl, Los Angeles, CA, May 26th, Shoreline Amphitheater, Mountain View CA, May 28th, Sunlight Supply Amphitheater, Ridgefield WA, May 29th, Sasquatch! Festival, George, WA, May 31st, Deer Lake Park, Vancouver BC, June 2nd, Century Link Arena, Boise, ID, June 3rd, Maverik Center, Salt Lake City UT, June 5th, Fiddler's Green Amphitheatre, Denver CO, June 7th, Xcel Energy Center, Minneapolis-St. Paul MN, June 8th, Starlight Theatre, Kansas City MO, June 10th, UIC Pavilion, Chicago, IL, June 11th, UIC Pavilion, Chicago, IL, June 12th Bestival, Toronto, ON, June 14th, Bell Centre, Montreal QC, June 16th, Agganis Arena Boston, MA, June 18th, Madison Square Garden, New York, NY, June 19th, Madison Square Garden, New York, NY, June 20th, Madison Square Garden, New York, NY, June 22nd, Merriweather Post Pavilion, Columbia MD, June 23rd, PNC Music Pavilion, Charlotte NC, June 24th, Lakewood Amphitheater, Atlanta GA, June 26th, Bayfront Park Amphitheater, Miami FL, June 27th, Bayfront Park Amphitheater, Miami FL, July 16th, Blaisdell Arena Honolulu Hawaii USA, July 17th, Blaisdell Arena Honolulu Hawaii USA
158 9,187 June 19th 2016, Madison Square Garden, NYC VIDEOS
by Pipperoo
Jun 3, 2018 20:04:12 GMT 1
Live 2016 Australasia
Australasia The Cure concerts for 2016
Sub-boards: July 21st, Vector Arena, Auckland NZ, July 23rd, Splendour In The Grass, Wooyung QLD, July 25th, Qudos Bank Arena, Sydney NSW, July 28th, Rod Laver Arena, Melbourne VIC, July 29th, Adelaide Entertainment Centre, Adelaide SA, July 31st, Perth Arena, Perth WA
29 1,991 July 25th, Qudos Bank Arena, Sydney NSW VIDEOS
by andopop
Sept 6, 2016 2:18:00 GMT 1
European The Cure concerts for 2016
Sub-boards: September 10th, Bestival, Isle Of Wight, UK, October 7th, Hartwall Arena, Helsinki, Finland, October 9th, Ericsson Globe Arena, Stockholm, Sweden, October 11th, Spektrum, Oslo, Norway, October 12th, Scandinavium, Gothenburg, Sweden, October 14th, Forum, Copenhagen, Denmark, October 17th, Barclaycard Arena, Hamburg, Germany, October 18th, Mercedes-Benz Arena, Berlin, Germany, October 20th, Atlas Arena, Lodz, Poland, October 22nd, O2 Arena, Prague, Czech Republic, October 24th, Olympiahalle, Munich, Germany, October 26th, Marxhalle, Vienna, Austria, October 27th, Papp Laszlo Sports Arena, Budapest, Hungary, October 29th, Unipol Arena, Bologna, Italy, October 30th, Palalottomatica, Rome, Italy, November 1st, Mediolanum Forum, Milan, Italy, November 2nd, Mediolanum Forum, Milan, Italy, November 4th, St. Jakobshalle, Basel, Switzerland, November 6th, Hanns Martin Schleyer Halle, Stuttgart, Germany, November 7th, Festhalle, Frankfurt Germany, November 8th, Arena, Leipzig, Germany, November 10th, Lanxess Arena, Cologne, Germany, November 12th, Sportspaleis, Antwerp, Belgium, November 13th, Ziggo Dome, Amsterdam, Holland, November 15th, AccorHotels Arena, Paris, France, November 17th, Halle Tony Garnier, Lyon, France, November 18th, Park&Suites Arena, Montpellier, France, November 20th, Barclaycard Center, Madrid, Spain, November 22nd, MEO Arena, Lisbon, Portugal, November 24th, BEC, Bilbao, Spain, November 26th, Palau St. Jordi, Barcelona, Spain, November 29th, Manchester Arena, Manchester, UK, December 1st, The SSE Wembley Arena, London, UK, December 2nd, The SSE Wembley Arena, London, UK, December 3rd, The SSE Wembley Arena, London, UK
153 15,022 Video from Amsterdam
by sim
The Cure live, over the years
Sub-board: Trilogy Part II
39 59 My gift, a souvenir video from the 2016 World Tour
by gothmaz
Dec 5, 2016 1:01:15 GMT 1
Cure concerts for 2014
Sub-boards: December 23rd, 2014 - Hammersmith Apollo, UK, December 22nd, 2014 - Hammersmith Apollo, UK, December 21st, 2014 - Hammersmith Apollo, UK, September 20th, 2014 - Mile High Stadium Denver USA, September 14th, 2014 - Humboldt Park Chicago USA, September 6th, 2014 - Downsview Park Toronto CANADA, March 28th, 2014 - Royal Albert Hall, London, UK, March 29th, 2014 - Royal Albert Hall, London, UK, May 30th, 2014 - Bottle Rock Napa Valley Festival, USA
72 3,935 The Cure RAH 2014 multicam bootleg project
by forest
Apr 9, 2016 23:27:32 GMT 1
The Cure live concert announcements, meet ups, travel tips & more
Sub-boards: LatAm 2013 Tour, The Great Circle Tour 2013, Other Shows
122 5,934 Mexico City videos
new The Cure in 2019 - Stats & Figures
paulwUK 30 360 by steve
new The Cure Tour 2016 - Facts & Figures
paulwUK 353 18,377 by smith
new My First Listen Through: The Cure Live 1979-2014
AForestFan 427 14,422 by AForestFan
new Robert changing vocal melodies
steve 72 844 by czuczu
new Best soundchecks (audio) ?
bloodflowers78 4 240 by uabf
new Glastonbury 86 thunderstorm
renny 2 168 by steve
new Favourite live versions of your favourite songs :)
violetsometimes 16 652 by cicalone
new Setlist opinons
steve 14 122 by notkristie
new your favourite show
nausearockpig 0 62 by nausearockpig
new 11 Mar 1979 London Marquee - need help in english
Fabien G 20 388 by Fabien G
new Wembley 24/7/89 comments
steve 11 269 by Fabien G
new 1978 gigs
Fabien G 0 83 by Fabien G
new The Prayer Tour rehearsals 1989
monghi 26 1,083 by violaine
Sept 23, 2018 12:12:46 GMT 1
new How many times....
bloodflowers78 20 642 by wilgy
new Where in the World is TC? - 2019 edition
notkristie 0 173 by notkristie
new Burn - everywhere in America
forest 15 648 by steve
Aug 9, 2018 15:54:39 GMT 1
new The Cure Songs That Don't Work Live
god 117 5,612 by stromgitarre
new Tempo changes - album vs live
notkristie 34 858 by stromgitarre
new Swing Tour: the best shows
ordoequitumsolis 43 3,059 by stromgitarre
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Mary-Kate & Ashley Olsen Club
Mary-Kate & Ashley Olsen Videos on Fanpop
Mary-Kate & Ashley Olsen
Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen in Hawaiian ساحل سمندر, بیچ Party
added by alyssa-lauren
mary-kate
You're Invited To Mary-Kate & Ashley's School Dance Party
You're Invited To Mary-Kate & Ashley's Hawaiian ساحل سمندر, بیچ Party
The Challenge (Part 1 of 9)
Olsen Twins: All فلمیں & Series Part 1
Rare pictures of Mary-Kate & Ashley Olsen
When In Rome Movie Slideshow
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Slideshow for Mary-Kate and Ashley's movie "When In Rome".
mary-kate and ashley olsen singing Ice cream crazy
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Mary-Kate Olsen "Beastly" Interview
Adventures Bloopers Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen
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A funny song about a week in a las Vegas hotel suite with Mary Kate and Ashley Olsen. Relax people, it's just a cartoon. It never happened right? They would never do such a crazy thing.
dj timbo
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Slideshow for the movie "New York Minute".
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Slideshow of Mary-Kate and Ashley's movie "Getting There".
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Mary-Kate & Ashley Olsen Updates
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Mary-Kate & Ashley Olsen Videos
Mary-Kate & Ashley Olsen Articles
Mary-Kate & Ashley Olsen Links
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Vaccine Injury Compensation: Government’s Broken Social Contract with Parents
To activate and view hyperlinked references, please click here once and then click any superscripted number below to access a hyperlinked reference, or scroll down to the bottom of the article to view all hyperlinked references.
Three decades ago, Congress created a federal vaccine injury compensation program (VICP) and gave the pharmaceutical and medical trade industries a partial product liability shield under the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986. The goal was simple: to restrict civil lawsuits against vaccine manufacturers and negligent doctors whenever government mandated vaccines injure and kill Americans. 1
In the 21st century, Congress went further and directed federal agencies to develop a public-private business partnership with the pharmaceutical industry. 2 3 Today, multi-national corporations marketing vaccines enjoy a $15 billion dollar U.S. and $30 billion dollar global vaccine market that will reach $100 billion in 10 years. 4 5
At the same time, Congress appropriates billions of U.S. taxpayer dollars to federal agencies working with Big Pharma to develop hundreds of new vaccines, 6 7 while vaccine licensing standards have been lowered so companies can fast-track experimental vaccines to market. 8 9 Meaningful congressional oversight on vaccine regulation and policymaking is non-existent today, in part because the pharmaceutical industry is the number one wealthiest and most powerful lobby on Capitol Hill. 10 11 12 13
Obtaining Vaccine Injury Compensation: Do You Feel Lucky?
Parents, who file a claim today on behalf of a brain damaged vaccine injured child in the federal vaccine injury compensation program (VICP) under the 1986 Act, know that the odds of obtaining financial assistance from the government are not much better than the odds of winning a lottery. 14
Department of Health and Justice officials fight almost every award in the U.S. Court of Claims so two out of three vaccine injury claims are denied. 15
Parents already traumatized because their healthy child was permanently disabled or died after receiving a government licensed pharmaceutical product they were promised would keep their child well, are traumatized again in what has become a highly adversarial and lengthy process that too often ends in disbelief, anger and heartbreak.
Government Officials Gut 1986 NCVIA and Betray Public Trust
Congress created the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act (NCVIA) in 1986 as a social contract between government and parents, who are required under state vaccine laws to give their children federally recommended vaccines in order to attend school. Since 1995, the vaccine injury compensation program set up under the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act has been systematically gutted by government officials, who vigorously opposed passage of the law in 1986 16 and have been determined to destroy it ever since.
After the U.S. Supreme Court in 2011 effectively completely shielded the pharmaceutical industry from all civil liability for injuries and deaths caused by FDA licensed vaccines, 17 there has been no legal accountability for any corporation or individual who develops, licenses, recommends, promotes, administers or mandates vaccines that injure and kill Americans.
The history of the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act is one that has been marked by a profound betrayal of the public trust by government. At the center of that betrayal are doctors and scientists working for government and with industry, who are so determined to deny vaccine risks and cover up the casualties of one-size-fits-all vaccine policies, that they will throw innocent children under the bus to do it.
Toxic DPT Vaccine Brain Injures Children
I remember walking the halls of Congress in 1982 with other young parents of DPT vaccine injured children asking for a congressional investigation into the safety of the old whole cell pertussis vaccine. We did not understand why federal health agencies had not required drug companies to make that crude vaccine less toxic. We wanted to know why our babies did not have access to the less reactive new split cell pertussis vaccine in the DTaP shot that Japan was giving their children using technology developed in the 1970’s. 18
We knew that the 1981 British National Childhood Encephalopathy Study revealed that 1 in 110,000 DPT shots was followed by brain inflammation and 1 in 310,000 DPT shots by permanent brain damage. 19 We knew another prospective, case controlled study published in the U.S. the same year revealed convulsions occurred after 1 in 875 DPT shots and a collapse shock reaction occurred after 1 in 875 DPT shots, meaning that at least 18,000 children in America were either having convulsions or collapsing after DPT shots. 20 21
But Centers for Disease Control (CDC) officials did not know who those children were because pediatricians were not required to report vaccine reactions, or inform parents about how to monitor children for signs and symptoms of vaccine reactions, or keep permanent records of vaccines given, or write down serious health problems following vaccination in medical records.
Big Pharma Demands Liability Protection from Vaccine Injury Lawsuits
Back in the 1970’s and 80’s, parents were filing product liability lawsuits against the three drug companies selling DPT vaccine and also against one selling live oral polio vaccine after children were paralyzed by vaccine strain polio. Parents were also filing malpractice lawsuits against pediatricians when their babies were re-vaccinated after reacting to previous DPT shots with convulsions, shock, high pitched screaming and unconsciousness, which can be signs of brain inflammation or encephalopathy, 22 a well known complication of vaccination since the first vaccines for smallpox and rabies were used in the 19th century. 23
Thirty years ago, high-powered attorneys for pharmaceutical corporations and pediatricians were blackmailing parents on the courthouse steps before jury trials began to settle vaccine injury lawsuits without going to trial. Few parents had the financial resources to battle big drug companies in court for long periods of time and so many would settle for low sums of money just before the trial began. As part of the settlement, parents had to agree that all court documents about their child’s vaccine injury would be sealed and blocked from public view.
I was among the parents of DPT vaccine injured children, who organized after watching the Emmy award winning TV documentary DPT: Vaccine Roulette in the spring of 1982. We accepted the invitation by congressional leaders taking action after the four drug companies marketing childhood vaccines in the U.S. (Wyeth, Lederle, Merck and Connaught) told Congress they would stop distributing the federally recommended and state mandated DPT, polio and MMR vaccines if Congress refused to give them a liability shield from vaccine injury lawsuits. 24
Vaccine Injury Compensation: “Simple Justice for Children?”
In an era when people communicated with each other on land lines and through the mail because there was no internet, email, personal computers or cell phones, parents of vaccine injured children fought as hard as we could to protect the legal right to sue pharmaceutical corporations for vaccine injuries and deaths under the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act, which was the solution Congress came up with in response to threats by the pharmaceutical industry. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) called the federal vaccine injury compensation program “simple justice for children.” Politicians said it would be a safety net for every child when vaccine risks turn out to be 100 percent. 25
We were promised that the program would be a non-adversarial, expedited, less traumatic and less expensive administrative alternative to a lawsuit – not an exclusive legal remedy that prohibited all product liability lawsuits against vaccine manufacturers.
We believed that Congress would keep the promises made to parents when it gave partial liability protection to the pharmaceutical industry producing vaccines and the medical trade industry representing pediatricians. We believed that the informing, reporting and recording vaccine safety provisions, which the co-founders of the National Vaccine Information Center (NVIC) were specifically responsible for securing into that law, would be enforced. 26
Parents Trusted Congress Would Enforce 1986 Vaccine Injury Act
We trusted that Congress would make sure drug companies and federal health agencies would conduct biological mechanism research to identify high risk children and improve vaccine safety, and that all pediatricians and vaccine providers would be required to obey vaccine safety provisions to:
give parents written information about infectious diseases, vaccines and how to identify vaccine reactions before their children were vaccinated; and
enter reactions and serious health problems developing after vaccination into the child’s permanent medical record; and
keep a record of all vaccines given, including the manufacturer’s name and lot number; and
file a report with the federal vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS) when a child suffered vaccine reaction symptoms and serious health problems, was hospitalized or died after vaccination.
Government Has Broken VICP Social Contract with Parents
Every one of the promises made to parents 30 years ago in that social contract have been broken, and “simple justice for children” has turned out to be a lie. Over the past three decades, government agencies and their pharmaceutical and medical trade industry partners have turned the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act into a drug company stockholder’s dream and a parent’s worst nightmare.
Government Targets Pertussis Vaccine Injured Children
Now, in a desperate attempt to convince the public that vaccines are the only class of pharmaceutical product in the history of pharmacology completely free of serious side effects, 27 28 the genetically defective label is being slapped on children who suffer brain inflammation and permanent brain damage after vaccination. 29
Even though scientists have known for more than a century that vaccines can cause seizures 30 and brain inflammation (encephalitis/encephalomyelitis) 31 32 33 and permanent brain damage, also called encephalopathy, 34 35 doctors working for government and with industry want to pretend that vaccines containing lab altered bacteria and live viruses, toxins, chemicals, foreign DNA and other contaminants 36 do not brain damage anyone, especially healthy infants.
Children who become brain damaged after receiving pertussis-containing vaccines (like DPT and DTaP) are especially being targeted in a blatant effort to rewrite history and cover up vaccine risks and failures. 37 38 Perhaps that is because, among the $3 billion dollars in federal vaccine injury compensation awarded over the past 27 years under the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986, the majority of awards for children have been for pertussis-containing vaccine injuries and deaths. 39
The reason for that is because there is a substantial amount of biological mechanism and epidemiological evidence in the medical literature that pertussis vaccine is, indeed, causally related to encephalitis and chronic neurological dysfunction in both animals 40 41 42 and humans 43 44 45 46 47 48 In fact, pertussis toxin, a component of pertussis vaccine, as well as pertussis vaccine itself, have been used by lab researchers for decades to reliably stimulate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice and rats. 49 50 51
“Unavoidably Unsafe” Vaccines 100% Safe?
Even though Congress and the U.S. Supreme Court have declared that FDA licensed vaccines are “unavoidably unsafe” for the purpose of banning product liability lawsuits against drug companies, 52 53 54 government officials still want you to believe that vaccines are 100 percent safe for you, your children and everyone you know 100 percent of the time. The “It’s your fault, not the fault of our vaccines” defense is the ultimate free pass the pharmaceutical and medical trade industries are determined to get so they can keep on telling lies like it would be safe to give babies 10,000 vaccines at once 55 to justify forcing one-size-fits-all vaccine policies on all children and adults – no exceptions and no questions asked. 56
The utilitarian “greater good” argument only works if nobody is held accountable for the individuals being sacrificed in the name of the greater good.
Health Officials Blame Spontaneous Genetic Mutations for Vaccine Injuries
The newest ploy is to allege that if a child’s health suddenly deteriorates after vaccination, especially after pertussis vaccination, it is caused by unavoidable de novo – that’s a Latin word for “new ‘‘ - genetic mutations the child probably did not inherit but spontaneously developed at some point in his or her life. 57 58
That’s right. Government officials and the hired guns they pay with your taxpayer dollars want you to believe that if your child was developing normally before getting three or six or 10 government mandated vaccines on the same day (especially pertussis containing vaccines) and then has a seizure and develops encephalopathy within hours or days of getting those vaccines, your child was predestined to become brain injured at that moment in time, even if no vaccines had been given. 59 60
The government’s “it’s your fault” causation theory goes like this: since public health officials believe it was your child’s destiny to develop random new mutations that cause chronic brain dysfunction, no vaccine injury compensation is to be awarded because the vaccines didn’t do it; the vaccine manufacturer selling the vaccines didn’t do it; the federal health officials who licensed and recommended the vaccines didn’t do it; the state health officials and legislators who voted to mandate the vaccines didn’t do it; the doctor giving the vaccines didn’t do it – you and your child’s spontaneously defective genes did it.
So you and your child are on your own.
Pertussis Vaccine Injured Children Denied VICP Awards
And this is already happening. Normally developing children who have experienced seizures and other signs of encephalopathy within hours or days of vaccination, especially after being injected with pertussis containing vaccines (DTaP), 61 are being denied vaccine injury compensation because government officials argue that vaccinations simply “triggered” the brain deterioration process and the child’s spontaneously defective genes are solely to blame. 62 63 64 65 66 67 And now when a special master in the U.S. Court of Claims does award compensation for a pertussis vaccine injury, it is appealed by the government so that financial assistance is taken away from the child and parents raising their vaccine handicapped child. 68
But not all children with de novo genetic mutations go on to develop seizure disorders and brain dysfunction. A normally developing child might have continued to develop normally for many years if the pertussis vaccine or other vaccines had not been given, but doctors do not screen children for genetic susceptibility before vaccinating them. 69
NCVIA of 1986 Says Susceptible Children Should Be Compensated
The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act specifies that children with pre-existing conditions made worse after vaccination are not disqualified from receiving vaccine injury compensation. 70 71 That is because susceptible children with underlying health conditions, who develop catastrophic brain injuries after receiving government recommended and mandated vaccines, are precisely the ones who should be the first to be awarded uncontested federal vaccine injury compensation!
We All Have Unique Genetic, Biological, Environmental Differences
Public health officials are well aware that we are all unique individuals and that there are genetic, biological and environmental differences among us, including those that increase our susceptibility to prescription drug and vaccine reactions. 72 73 74 75 76 77 Scientists do not know how, why or when genetic mutations spontaneously occur and cause harm. 78 79 80
Environmental exposures are thought to play a key role in “de novo” genetic mutations, but they are still unexplained in part because the complex science of epigenetics is still in its infancy. Scientists are just beginning to understand that our health is not only affected by the genes we inherit from our parents; our genes are turned on and off and mutate due to environmental exposures and health choices our parents and grandparents made and that we are exposed to our make during our own life. 81 82 83 84 85
Dravet Syndrome: Susceptibility to Seizures After Vaccination
Children diagnosed with Dravet syndrome, 86 87 for example, have a rare de novo genetic mutation that predisposes them to develop medication resistant seizures and subsequent brain damage and an estimated 2.5 percent of children who develop seizures after vaccination carry the mutation. 88 89 90 Those children are often perfectly healthy until they experience their first seizure – with or without fever – after a round of vaccinations. 91 92
And yet, children in the U.S. are not being screened for Dravet or any other genetic susceptibility that can trigger seizures and other reactions before doctors give them vaccines. 93 In fact, some doctors insisting on “no exceptions” vaccine use policies have insisted that children with Dravet continue to be vaccinated on schedule even after they develop vaccine-related seizure disorders. 94 They are the same doctors alleging that vaccines do not cause brain damage just because a small percentage of children with de novo mutations associated with Dravet syndrome develop seizures after vaccination! 95
No Science Evaluating the Vaccine Schedule Or Genetic Mutations After Vaccination
The 1986 law requires the Secretary of DHHS to:
(1) “promote the development of childhood vaccines that result in fewer and less serious adverse reactions than those on the market on Dec. 22, 1987, and promote the refinement of such vaccines;” and
(2) “to make or assure improvements in, and otherwise use the authorities of the Secretary with respect to, the licensing, manufacturing, processing, testing, labeling, warning, use instructions, distribution, storage, administration, field surveillance, adverse reaction reporting, and recall of reactogenic lots or batches, of vaccines, and research on vaccines, in order to reduce the risks of adverse reactions to vaccines.” 96
After 30 years, why has Congress failed to enforce that clarion call for research to reduce the risks of adverse reactions to vaccines?
Where is the biological mechanism research measuring changes in immune and brain function at the cellular and molecular level when vaccines cause injury and death?
Where are the pathological profiles to help doctors and coroners separate “coincidence” from vaccine induced brain injury and death?
Where are the studies investigating whether genetic mutations are occurring in a fetus or a pregnant woman after four vaccines are given during the first trimester; or after newborns are given a dose of hepatitis B vaccine on the first day of life; or after a baby has been given 24 vaccinations by age six months; or after a two year old has been given a total of 45 government recommended vaccinations?
Where is the basic science research to compare de novo mutations and chromosomal damage in children and adults before and after vaccination?
Clearly, that knowledge is not important to public health officials and doctors, who have not conducted methodologically sound studies proving that the federal childhood vaccine schedule of 69 doses of 16 vaccines is safe. 97 The refusal by government to compare long-term health outcomes of vaccinated and unvaccinated children to find out exactly who is genetically more susceptible to suffering vaccine harm and if there are differences in the numbers of de novo genetic mutations experienced by vaccinated and unvaccinated children, is indefensible.
NVIC Submits Statements on VICP to GAO and ACCV
In November 2014, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) published a report for Congress that affirmed what parents of vaccine injured children have been saying for years. 98 Part of that GAO report included information provided by the National Vaccine Information Center in a July 2014 referenced statement submitted to GAO. 99
In September 2014, NVIC additionally submitted a referenced statement to the Advisory Commission on Childhood Vaccines (ACCV) protesting the systematic gutting of the definition of encephalopathy and Vaccine Injury Table by CDC officials using rule making authority for the express purpose of denying vaccine injured children federal compensation. 100
NVIC Provides Evidence to GAO and ACCV for Betrayal of Trust
In NVIC’s statements to GAO and ACCV, we reviewed the history of the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986 and provided evidence for why that law has become a betrayal of public trust:
FACT: By 2015, over $3 billion in federal compensation had been awarded to more than 4,000 child and adult vaccine victims but two out of three children applying for federal vaccine injury compensation have been turned down, even though there is a $3 billion dollar surplus in the Vaccine Injury Trust Fund; 101 102
FACT: Between 1988 and 1995, vaccine injured children were receiving awards through an administrative procedure. However, when CDC officials changed the rules for obtaining compensation in 1995, including rewriting the definition of encephalopathy, the system became highly adversarial. Today, almost no vaccine injured child can qualify for an uncontested award, especially if they exhibited signs of brain inflammation after vaccination and were permanently brain injured.
FACT: Today, 80 percent of vaccine injury compensation awards are given to adults disabled by flu shots and only 20 percent of awards are given to children legally required to get vaccinated to attend daycare or school;
FACT: Most vaccine injury claims take many years to adjudicate because the Departments of Health and Justice use taxpayer dollars to fight against awarding compensation for the majority of children and adults who apply;
FACT: Parents are not being informed by government officials or doctors about the very short two to three year deadlines for filing a vaccine injury compensation claim for their child, so most parents don’t even know they can file a claim and often miss the filing deadline. On NVIC.org, you can read two outside consultant reports (Banyan 103 and Altarum 104 ) that have independently confirmed that federal health officials have failed to publicize the existence of a vaccine injury compensation program;
FACT: Federal officials are not transparent with the public about details of vaccine injury awards, even though this is a requirement in the law;
FACT: Many pediatricians and other vaccine providers refuse to comply with the informing, recording and reporting vaccine safety provisions in the law. In fact, pediatrician members of the American Academy of Pediatrics and other medical trade industry groups are refusing to give children medical care if their parents do not get them vaccinated according to the CDC schedule.
The VICP Failed Experiment in Tort Reform Should Be Repealed
The vaccine injury compensation program has been a failed experiment in tort reform for many years and it is long past time for a congressional investigation. 105 Years of neglect and failure to provide oversight on a law that parents were promised would be “simple justice for children” has allowed government with the help of industry to break the program apart to the point where it cannot – and should not - be salvaged. Protecting profit-making corporations from product liability, especially when they partner with government to mandate use of their products, is a bad idea.
It is time to repeal the 1986 law and again hold pharmaceutical corporations accountable for the risks and failures of vaccine products in a civil court of law.
Without a legal check and balance on companies whose products are mandated by government, vaccines that cause harm and fail to work can stay on the market and people can be exploited, especially when government vaccine policies fail to respect biodiversity and end up selecting the genetically vulnerable for sacrifice.
Defend the Human Right to Informed Consent to Vaccine Risk Taking
The broken social contract with parents by government that at its core is a profound betrayal of public trust, is one more reason why it is so important for Americans to defend the human right to exercise voluntary informed consent to medical risk taking, especially vaccine risk taking. If we don’t protect our legal right to know and freedom to choose now, we will be held captive by corporations and government throwing the most vaccine vulnerable among us under the bus.
Explore NVIC's website and go to NVICAdvocacy.org today and find out how you can work with others in your state to secure and protect flexible medical, religious and conscientious belief exemptions in vaccine laws.
It’s your health. Your family. Your choice.
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The Health Liberty Revolution to Save Our Children
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The non-profit charity, the National Vaccine Information Center (NVIC was a co-sponsor of the Truth, Transparency and Freedom rally held in Atlanta, Georgia on Oct. 24, 2015, an event coordinated by the Vaccine Injury Awareness League led by Michelle Ford.
We sent a team of NVIC staff and volunteers to Atlanta to stand in solidarity at the protest march in front of the CDC on Oct. 23 and at the rally the next day with mothers and fathers from many different states, who hold diverse cultural, political and religious beliefs but are united in a shared, unwavering commitment to save our children.
I was deeply moved by what I witnessed and experienced in Atlanta as I listened to fellow Americans from other minority communities, who, just like parents of vaccine injured children, have been marginalized and demonized by those in positions of power seeking to stigmatize, segregate and divide us. If we misunderstand and fear each other for our differences, we cannot come together as one people to defend what unites us, which is our determination to protect our health and freedom and the future of our nation.
Following is the 20-minute speech I gave at the rally in Grant Park in Atlanta on Oct. 24, 2015.
Those tiny miracles. God's most precious gift to us. We hold them in wonder just moments after they are born. We love them in a way we never loved anyone, and they love us in a way that no one else ever will.
Then, one day, we wake up. And they are as big as we are, ready to go out in the world and make their own way, and hold their own babies in their arms, completing the natural order of life.
But for many children, the natural order of life will never be completed. Some have already died. Some will one day join the ranks of the working disabled. And others will grow old and die in state homes, with the bodies of adults and the brains of babies.
For these children, the natural order of life has been forever changed by manmade viral and bacterial vaccines they were required, by law, to use.
May God bless each one of you who made the pilgrimage to Atlanta, Georgia on this day, Oct. 24, 2015, to be at this Truth, Transparency and Freedom Rally.
We have come to witness and honor our children, who have no voice and have no choice except that which we, their mothers and fathers, give to them.
We have come to defend the inalienable natural rights that unite all of us regardless of where we live, the color of our skin, the faith that sustains us, or the philosophies that define us.
We stand united in our commitment to protect this and future generations from exploitation by the pharmaceutical, chemical and medical trade industries that have polluted our earth and created the sickest and most disabled child and young adult populations in our nation's history.
We will not be silent while our children are being harmed by those who have no liability or accountability for their actions.
We will not bow down before our oppressors and witness the biological integrity of another generation of children be destroyed in this bitter harvest that can only continue if we allow it to continue.
This is a Health Liberty Revolution and we are declaring our independence from the profit-driven, fear-based toxic paradigm embraced by government and fed by industries that are bankrupting America's health care system 1 and taking away our freedom to choose how we and our children heal and stay well. 2 3
Three decades ago, on May 12, 1986, a handful of parents gathered in Atlanta to hold the first public demonstration protesting the failure of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) to tell the people the truth about vaccine injuries and deaths. Back then, we held up signs with photos of healthy children who had been brain damaged or died from severe reactions to the crude and toxic whole cell pertussis vaccine in the DPT shot.
Today, a new generation of mothers and fathers have come to Atlanta once again to protest the failure of government to tell the truth about vaccine risks and failures. And, like 30 years ago, many of the signs you held up yesterday at the march in front of the CDC were photos of children who have died or been brain damaged after being vaccinated.
We are here to witness and talk about the suffering of our children. The suffering of vaccine injured children is no different from those who suffer from the complications of infectious disease, except that the lives of the vaccine injured are dismissed as acceptable losses, and their families are persecuted by those who do not want to see or hear about what vaccines are doing to our children. 4 5
We believe that every life is important. We will not look the other way while those vulnerable to vaccine injury and death are being sacrificed in the name of the greater good.
When the State considers one of us to be expendable, then we are all considered expendable.
It is time to hold corporations and government agencies corrupting science and exploiting the people for profit and power financially and legally accountable for what they have done, shamefully, in the name of the greater good.
The greater good of a society is never served when public health policy is based on a utilitarian pseudo ethic that uses demonization, discrimination and segregation to pit citizen against citizen and punish people for exercising their human and civil rights. 6
We will not give up our human right to exercise informed consent to medical risk taking in order to exercise our civil right to a school education, health care and employment.
It is time to stand up and throw off the chemical chains that are making us sick and reaffirm the natural rights of freedom of speech and conscience and the pursuit of life and liberty guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution.
I say this as a mother who witnessed her healthy, bright two and a half year old first born child suffer a convulsion, collapse shock and brain inflammation within hours of his fourth DPT shot in 1980 that left him with multiple learning disabilities and a 12-year sentence confined to a special education classroom in the public school system. My son did not die and he was not severely brain damaged like so many children for whom the risks of vaccination turn out to be 100 percent.
But he was part of the tidal wave of learning disabled children emerging in the 1980's, growing larger in the 1990's, and exploding in the first decade of the 21st century at precisely the same time that the government's child vaccine schedule tripled from 23 doses of 7 vaccines to a bloated 69 doses of 16 vaccines. 7 8 During those three decades, a shocking number of our children have been struck down and crippled by a chronic disease and disability epidemic sweeping through schools that now affects 1 child in 6 diagnosed with learning disabilities; 9 1 in 9 with asthma; 10 1 in 10 with ADHD; 11 1 in 12 with depression; 12 1 in 50 with autism 13 and 1 in 400 with diabetes. 14
For every parent who was able to travel to Atlanta today, there are tens of thousands who cannot come because they are at home caring for sick and disabled children. Never being well has become the new normal for children growing up in America. And the three trillion dollar a year health care price tag paid by taxpayers for that new normal today, 1516 pales in comparison to what it is going to cost tomorrow, as more and more of these chronically ill and disabled children become adults.17 18 19 20
Where are they going to live? What kind of jobs will they hold? What happens when their parents die?
Public health officials and pediatricians cannot tell us why so many of our children are crowding special education classrooms, doctors offices and mental health facilities, and they are doing absolutely nothing to find out. They just repeat over and over again that this failing public health report card has absolutely nothing to do with atypically manipulating the immune systems of pregnant women with four vaccines given in any trimester 21 and doing the same thing to children over and over again in the first six years of life, starting on the day of birth, with 49 vaccinations 22 that contain genetically engineered viruses and bacteria and a cocktail of ingredients like mercury, aluminum, formaldehyde, phenoxyethanol, gluteraldehyde, proteins, synthetic particles, antibiotics, and human, animal and insect DNA and RNA, plus allowable amounts of adventitious agents.23
Government health officials claim – but have failed to scientifically prove - that our children's health is not affected by repeatedly hyperstimulating inflammatory responses with vaccines; or feeding them GMO and processed foods laced with pesticides, hormones and antibiotics; 24 or giving them water contaminated with fluoride; 25 or allowing dentists to put mercury fillings in their mouths; 26 or giving them amphetamines,
anti-depressants and other kinds of prescription drugs 27 with side effects that include suicidal thoughts and violent behavior.
CDC officials and pediatricians cannot explain why, today, everybody either has a child or knows a child who was born healthy, then suddenly regressed physically, mentally and emotionally and joined the ranks of the walking wounded. They cannot tell us why so many children were once healthy, got vaccinated and were never healthy again. They refuse to do the good science to find out why the bodies of so many highly vaccinated children are on fire, riddled with chronic inflammation that is at the root of most brain and immune system disorders, including ADHD, epilepsy, allergies, asthma, autism, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, cancer, schizophrenia and depression. 28
It was not always this way in America. I grew up in the 1950's and 60's and remember when every child got measles, mumps and chickenpox before age 10, but there were no special education classrooms in public schools to house legions of learning disabled, autistic and emotionally disturbed children. I remember when it was the rare child who had asthma or diabetes and there was no need to store student supplies of Ritalin and Prozac in the school nurse's office. I remember when we all brought peanut butter sandwiches in our lunch bags to school without being afraid it would kill one of our classmates. 29
The biggest public health emergency in America is not a few measles cases at Disneyland in a population of 320 million people, 30 where less than one percent of all children are unvaccinated and 95 percent of them have gotten two measles shots and five pertussis shots, plus dozens of doses of other vaccines. 31 32
The real public health emergency in America is the one that is being covered up by government and industry working overtime with the mainstream media to distract, deceive, stonewall and restrict the freedom of Americans to take control of their health. Instead of doing everything they can to find out why so many children are so sick and disabled, industry and government are working together to eliminate our legal to make voluntary vaccine choices and eat organic 33 and choose chiropractic, acupuncture, homeopathy, naturopathy, herbs, vitamins, natural supplements and other non-pharmaceutical options for healing and staying well.
Over the past quarter century, Congress has given permission for government to forge a public-private business partnership with the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. The U.S. and global vaccine market alone is a $30 billion dollar business but in 10 years, Big Pharma will enjoy a $100 billion dollar vaccine business. 34 The most influential and wealthy lobby on Capitol Hill has spent billions of dollars to co-opt federal research, regulatory and policymaking agencies and academic institutions in this country. 35 This influence peddling guarantees that junk science favoring industry profit-making is the only kind of science that informs public health policy.
So when Congress appropriates $1 trillion dollars a year to the Department of Health, government officials employed by the CDC, NIH and FDA do not use that taxpayer money to conduct basic science research to identify children at high risk for vaccine injury, 36 or to compare the health of vaccinated and unvaccinated children to find out why parents consistently report that unvaccinated children are healthier and get higher grades in school than vaccinated children. 37 They do not use that money to find out why infectious microbes are evolving into more virulent and vaccine resistant forms after 50 years of mass vaccination policies 38 or to determine whether more children are developing genetic mutations after vaccination that damages their DNA.
Instead, public health officials hide their heads in the sand and collaborate with industry to create hundreds of new experimental vaccines that will be fast tracked to licensure and forced on you and everyone you know – no exceptions and no questions asked. 40 41 42 They are using electronic medical records tracking systems to monitor your vaccination status and lobby for vaccination laws that require you to adhere to a cradle to the grave vaccine schedule that will include an AIDS vaccine and every other vaccine that Big Pharma markets and the CDC recommends in the future. 43
Today, if you are a child or adult and live in California or other states that have already eliminated religious and conscientious belief vaccine exemptions and you refuse one or more government mandated vaccines, you cannot get a school education, medical care or be employed as a child or health care worker unless you can find a doctor to write a medical vaccine exemption that 99.99 percent of Americans do not qualify for under federal guidelines.44
And tomorrow? Well, if Americans do not get up off their knees and stop worshipping doctors promoting junk science, it is not possible but probable, that tomorrow you will not be able to get on a bus, train or plane; enter a store or sports arena; obtain a driver's license, file your taxes or function in society unless you can prove you have gotten every vaccine that industry creates and doctors implementing government policy order you to get.
And when you or your child suffer brain inflammation and collapse, have convulsions and never recover your health after getting vaccinated, you can be sure that industry and government will either dismiss it as “just a coincidence,” or label you genetically defective and claim you would have become brain damaged even if no vaccines had been given. It is already being done and it is so easy to do that, when nobody making, selling, licensing, giving and voting to mandate liability free vaccines has any accountability, and CDC officials can throw scientific evidence about vaccine risks into garbage cans.45
And the ones who know deep in the core of their being that they are not being told the truth about vaccine risks, and sense that their children are in danger, are mothers, who carry their babies inside them for nine months and give birth and are endowed with a primal instinct that God gave women so they have the courage to protect their babies from harm until they are able to survive on their own. That biological imperative to outlive our children is hard wired into our DNA because it is what protects the survival of every species on this earth.
As mothers, we are responsible for our children's health. We are the ones who care for them when they become sick and unable to care for themselves for any reason, and we are the ones who stand with their fathers and weep at their graves if they die before we do.
And yet, thinking Moms who use their intellect to evaluate the benefits and risks of vaccination for their child and then listen to their gut instincts and act rationally to protect their children from harm, are being bullied, ridiculed and punished by pediatricians for making vaccine and other health care choices for their children that do not conform with government policy46
The freedom to follow our conscience when deciding what we will risk our life or the life of our child for is a human right.47 48 It is at the heart of what it means to be free.
Because if the State can tag, track down and force individuals to be injected with biologicals of known and unknown toxicity today, then there will be no limit on which individual freedoms the state can take away in the name of the greater good tomorrow.
Liability free doctors inside and outside of government should never be given the power to force us to play vaccine roulette with liability free vaccines.
And corporations marketing pharmaceutical products that can injure and kill us and our children should never be given a shield from legal accountability for the safety of their products in a civil court of law in front of a jury of our peers.
In 1986, Congress passed the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act after drug companies threatened to leave America without a childhood vaccine supply if they were not protected from vaccine injury lawsuits. 49 The 1986 law confirmed that vaccines can injure and kill and gave partial liability protection to vaccine manufacturers and pediatricians by creating a federal vaccine injury compensation system alternative to a vaccine injury lawsuit. 50
Congress promised parents that the compensation program would be a no-fault, non-adversarial, expedited, less expensive and less traumatic administrative alternative to suing pharmaceutical corporations and negligent doctors. Parents were also promised that the historic vaccine informing, recording, reporting and research safety provisions secured by co-founders of the National Vaccine Information Center into that law, would be enforced.
In 2011, when the U.S. Supreme Court declared that vaccines are “unavoidably unsafe” and effectively handed the pharmaceutical industry a total product liability shield from vaccine injury lawsuits - even when there is evidence that a drug company could have made a vaccine safer – the compensation program became the exclusive legal remedy for vaccine injured Americans.51 And with that free pass, government and industry immediately moved into state legislatures to eliminate personal belief vaccine exemptions as well as federal compensation for vaccine injured children.
Every single promise that Congress made to parents in 1986 was a lie. In what has become a profound betrayal of public trust, the social contract government made with parents obeying vaccine laws in America has been irreparably broken.
Although three billion dollars has been awarded to about 4,000 vaccine victims, 52 there is $3 billion dollars still sitting in the Trust Fund because government fights almost every single claim, and two out of three vaccine injured persons are turned away empty handed. The majority of awards are paid to adults injured by flu vaccine and not to children who suffer brain inflammation and are disabled for the rest of their lives after receiving one or more of the 16 government recommended and state mandated vaccines. The Secretary of Health and Justice Department lawyers drag out the compensation claims process for years 53 and have gutted the rules for compensation so that few children qualify, turning the program into a cruel imitation of a court trial with no jury. Doctors giving vaccines refuse to obey the vaccine safety provisions because there is no enforcement.
Congress has failed to provide oversight on the 1986 law, allowing government agencies to deliberately destroy the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act and turn it into a drug company stockholder's dream and a parent's worst nightmare.
The 1986 law is a failed experiment in tort reform 54 and it should be repealed.
The pharmaceutical industry and negligent doctors must be held fully accountable and liable for vaccine injuries and deaths in civil court. And every public health law in America must include informed consent protections in the form of flexible medical, religious and conscientious belief exemptions.
Truth, transparency, accountability and freedom protect against tyranny and there is no greater calling for Americans in the 21st century than to take action to restore those cultural values in government and our nation's institutions.
The Millennials, whose children could be subjected to twice as many vaccinations as children are given today, are joining hands with Generation X and picking up the torch that was lit by parents of DPT vaccine injured children in 1982, when we launched the organized vaccine safety and informed consent movement in America. Your journey has begun here in Atlanta, just like ours began in Atlanta 30 years ago.
The mountain you must climb is high, but you will climb it and bring about a new age of enlightenment in this Health Liberty Revolution led by people for the people. And you will not give up, just like we have not given up, because we are doing this work to save our children and the country we love.
We are the daughters and sons of liberty, and our mission continues:
No forced vaccination. Not in America.
Posted by Barbara Loe Fisher at 4:31 AM No comments:
Vaccine Injury Compensation: Government’s Broken S...
The Health Liberty Revolution to Save Our Children...
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First look Netflix UK TV review: iZombie Season 4
Stupid wall
Stupid zombies
Queso!
Welcome to New Seattle
Z is for Zombie, that's good enough for me...
Mark Harrison | On 13, Mar 2018
Reading time: 4 mins
This is a spoiler-free review of the first two episodes of iZombie season 4, but it contains spoilers for previous seasons. Already seen Season 4? Read our spoiler-filled review here.
“We have a ridiculous murder to solve.”
Welcome to the walled city of New Seattle – at the end of iZombie’s game-changing third season, many of the population have been converted into zombies by a form of the virus disguised as an inoculation against infection, and only some of the surviving human population escaped before the city was walled off from the rest of America. In the middle of it all, medical examiner Liv Moore is still solving crimes by eating murder victims’ brains.
The fourth season opens with a Breaking Bad-inspired scene, with brain tube rations moving through a laboratory production line to the tune of The Felice Brothers’ Take This Bread, which gives some context to the unprecedented humanitarian crisis that has arisen. iZombie has always been on a smaller scale than something like The Walking Dead, but that has changed drastically in this season premiere, appropriately titled Are You Ready For Some Zombies?
The show’s season openers are rarely about recapping where we left the characters, especially as the story has become more serialised and less procedural, but Season 4’s open is remarkably spry with a huge change in the status quo. It’s a case-of-the-week story in which the case is inextricably linked to New Seattle’s circumstances, with a class divide between the zombies who used to be people of means and the young undead who have been disowned by their families.
Fillmore Graves, the zombie paramilitary outfit run by Jason Dohring’s Chase Graves and Robert Buckley’s ever improving Major Lilywhite, are well fed as they maintain law and order, as are Seattle PD, who have adopted Liv’s practice of investigation via brain-munching as standard. But elsewhere, kids are starving and the remaining humans, including a group called the Dead Enders and Episode 1’s murder victim, Clint Hicks, express racist sentiments about the undead population (“Stupid wall, stupid zombies…”) that has put their city on lockdown.
Underlining the tale of two cities is Liv’s experience with two edible miserables in as many episodes, from the obnoxious Seattle Seahawks fan in Episode 1 to the truly vile socialite snob she takes on in Episode 2, titled Blue Bloody. Rose McIver always has the best time here, and the way she modifies her body language to play flirty sexagenarian Mrs. Brinks, shuffling from one young boytoy to the next, is a timely reminder of the show’s many hilarious pleasures.
While the social and political ramifications seem a little trickier for the show to fully grasp over the course of these first two episodes, the show has now fully embraced its high cheese factor, or “queso!” as Ravi yells at one point when his dinner is ready. What Ravi is wearing in that scene itself illustrates the fun of the show’s personality-swapping japes, lightening the foreboding class conflict that’s brewing elsewhere.
Among the regulars, there’s still no real place for Season 1’s partly reformed Big Bad, Blaine DeBeers (David Anders), who adapts to profit from yet another shift in the formerly underground zombie society. Moreover, he’s utterly upstaged by his father, Angus (Robert Knepper), in these first two episodes. Fans will remember the grisly and clever way in which Angus was seemingly written out last season, but Knepper has been promoted to a series regular this run, complete with his own panel in the comic book-flavoured opening titles and a new role that will further complicate matters later in the season.
Off the back of a season that took bolder steps forward than ever before, iZombie’s story is running faster alongside its more enjoyable procedural elements to keep pace with its ever more prominent world-building. In the midst of the unrest, these shenanigans are no longer covert, as anti-zombie activists daub Z’s on people’s front doors. As McIver vamps in the role of Mrs. Brinks, iZombie is still a show about ridiculous murders, but there’s a lot to be said for the way we learn about this new world order through solving them.
Season 4 of iZombie is available on Netflix UK, as part of an £8.99 monthly subscription.
iZombie iZombie Season 4
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First look Netflix UK TV review: iZombie Season 3... April 16, 2017 | Mark Harrison
Netflix UK TV review: iZombie Season 3 June 29, 2017 | Mark Harrison
iZombie is now available on Netflix UK (finally)... May 1, 2016 | Staff Reporter
Netflix UK TV review: iZombie Season 4 (spoilers)... June 17, 2018 | Mark Harrison
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Six new polls in the last week, and they each reaffirm the trend we started to see in our last report. The Democrats in each gubernatorial race face an uphill climb:
2009 New Jersey Governor Research 2000, DailyKos (D) 8/5/2009 40 48 12
2009 New Jersey Governor Rasmussen Reports 8/4/2009 37 50 13
2009 New Jersey Governor Monmouth University, Gannett 8/2/2009 36 50 14
2009 New Jersey Governor Global Strategy Group (D) 7/30/2009 35 42 23
2009 Virginia Governor Research 2000, DailyKos (D) 8/5/2009 43 51 6
2009 Virginia Governor Public Policy Polling (D) 8/3/2009 37 51 12
Virginia remains unchanged from a week ago due to the partisan affiliation of the two pollsters listed above, but our New Jersey model has since given Corzine (D) a 0% chance of reelection:
The inclusion of this week's polls seemed to clarify the direction of each gubernatorial race. Corzine has all but lost, and Deeds (D) trails by a significant but non-critical margin. All four candidates know where they currently stand, two hope to maintain the status quo and two hope to change it. Because of this dynamic, the strategy becomes more important than the candidate. Let's take a quick look at each candidate's campaign manager:
Maggie Moran, Corzine (D):
This will be Maggie Moran's first foray into campaign management at any level, although she does have fairly extensive experience within the politicking world. She was a senior advisor during Corzine's first successful run at governor as a well as the NJ State Director for US Senator Franken Lautenberg (D) for several years. She clearly has political know how, but is it enough to erase the current deficit? Probably not.
Bill Stepien, Christie (R):
Bill Stepien has managed several successful state level campaigns for Republican candidates in New Jersey. He also managed Bob Frank's (R) failed bid for the US Senate in 2000 against Corzine. He was also the National Field Director for John McCain's and Rudy Giuliani's 2008 Presidential bids. Stepien clearly has the experience and the lead this time around. I would expect the Christie campaign to soften the dialogue in an attempt to prevent something stupid. Although the McCain and Giuliani campaigns melted down, Stepien wasn't responsible for the campaign's message, this time around he is. Can he avoid doing something catastrophically stupid? Probably.
Joe Abbey, Deeds (D)
Joe Abbey is another Democratic rookie, but he has considerably more experience than Moran. Abbey was the Deputy Campaign Manager for Mark Warner's (D) successful 2008 US Senate Election, a candidate who realistically didn't need a campaign manager. He has also ran a number of state level elections with varying degrees of success. If Abbey can run a successful issues based campaign and really promote voter turnout, Deeds should win. Whether this can actually be done remains the question.
Phil Cox, McDonnell (R)
There is relatively little information about Phil Cox, but a google search reveals possible connections with disgraced and now imprisoned lobbyist Jack Abramoff. These ties came up in the 2005 Virginia General Assembly Election in which Deeds lost to McDonnell by 350 votes; Cox was McDonnell's campaign manager in that race as well. Unless some new information emerges, this pseudo-scandal is unlikely to affect the Governor's race.
More in a week. I'm tentatively planning to look at the money race.
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An investigation of the new independent Christian schools: what kind of citizens are they producing?
Baker, Sylvia G. (2009) An investigation of the new independent Christian schools: what kind of citizens are they producing? PhD thesis, University of Warwick.
WRAP_THESIS_Baker_2009.pdf - Requires a PDF viewer.
Download (1780Kb)
Official URL: http://webcat.warwick.ac.uk/record=b2334161~S15
This thesis investigates a network of new independent Christian schools in England, with special reference to their teenage pupils. The place of faith-based schools in British society currently constitutes a contentious issue; the nature of this controversy is explored before a description and evaluation of the schools and their educational aims is given. A wide-ranging survey is then described. This survey investigated the views, values and beliefs of 695 teenage pupils who were receiving their education in the schools in 2006. Its purpose was to discover to what extent the aims of the schools were being realised amongst their older pupils. At the same time, the survey was designed to address the criticisms aimed at faith-based schools, particularly the charge that such schools might be inadequately preparing young people for life as citizens of modern Britain. The results reveal an unusual cohort of young people. The majority of the pupils claim to hold religious beliefs and values which differ from the current norms of British society but which would not necessarily jeopardise acceptable British citizenship. The data indicate that the schools are achieving their aims of enabling pupils to develop and retain the belief system and moral position taken by their parent bodies and founding churches. The results show that male pupils hold the same beliefs as female pupils and that the older pupils are as likely to be religious as are the younger. These findings differ from those found by similar surveys conducted in other British contexts. Finally, the data reveal the existence of a small subset of pupils who claim not to hold religious beliefs and whose views and values differ substantially from those of the majority of their fellow pupils. The data also suggest that the anomalous position of these pupils is not necessarily detrimental to their well-being.
Thesis or Dissertation (PhD)
B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BV Practical Theology > BV1460 Religious Education
L Education > LB Theory and practice of education > LB1603 Secondary Education. High schools
Church schools -- Great Britain, Christian education -- Great Britain, Teenagers -- Religious life -- Great Britain, Citizenship -- Great Britain, Teenagers -- Conduct of life
November 2009 Submitted
Theses Department:
Supervisor(s)/Advisor:
Francis, Leslie J. ; Robbins, Mandy
British and Foreign Bible Society (BFBS)
Format of File:
366 leaves : charts
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How to Avoid Buying a Flood-Damaged Car
Kip Tips
Be on the lookout for vehicles caught in the flood waters of Hurricane Irene.
By Cameron Huddleston, Online Editor
Whenever there is flooding, as there was recently after Hurricane Irene hit the East Coast, car buyers need to be aware that some dealers try to hide the fact that the vehicles they're selling have been damaged by water.
SEE ALSO: Best Used Cars for 2011
It's not illegal to sell flood-damaged vehicles, but dealers must tell buyers that the car has been damaged, says Jeanne M. Salvatore, senior vice president of the Insurance Information Institute (III). Water damage can lead to problems with a vehicle's computer and electrical systems and cause anti-lock brake and airbag systems to malfunction, according to CARFAX, which provides vehicle history reports.
III and suggest that consumers be on the lookout for these signs that a car may have been flooded:
-Mildew, debris and silt in places where it wouldn't normally be found, such as under the carpeting in the trunk, or around the engine compartment
-Rust on screws and other metal parts
-Water stains or faded upholstery, discoloration of seatbelts and door panels; upholstery that doesn't match may be a sign that it was replaced
-Dampness in the floor and carpeting; moisture on the inside of the instrument panel
-A moldy odor or an intense smell of Lysol or deodorizer, which dealers use to cover an odor problem
-Warning lights and gauges that don't work properly, as well as exterior lights that don't come on
-Wires that crack when you flex them because they were wet and became brittle upon drying
When buying a car, have a mechanic look for flood damage and check the car's VIN. You can buy a CARFAX report at Carfax.comfor $34.99. Also, the National Insurance Crime Bureau has worked with insurance companies and law-enforcement groups to catalog water-damaged vehicles. You can search its VINCheck database for free. If you suspect that a dealer is selling flood-damaged cars, contact the NICB at 800-835-6422.
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Wisconsin Archeological Society
The Society Board and Committees Bylaws Meeting Minutes & Constitution Contact
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Heim Mound
The End of Effigy Mounds: A View from Above
Date: Tuesday, October 9, 2018, 7:00 p.m.
Location: Harrington Hall, Room 217
Speaker: Amy Rosebrough, Ph.D., Staff Archaeologist, Office of the State Archaeologist, State Historic Preservation Office, Wisconsin Historical Society
Abstract: Theories concerning the end of effigy mound building have centered around scenarios of uniform culture change, invasion, or mass emigration. A review of late Effigy Mound complex sites suggests that different effigy-building Late Woodland communities may have reacted to the appearance of Cahokians in Wisconsin in different ways, creating a short burst of diversity and complexity in material culture and social networks before lifeways re-converged on a new pattern that we term ‘Oneota’. LiDAR imagery, in particular, is shedding new light on Late Woodland settlement and ceremonial systems in southwestern Grant County, raising the possibility that one of Wisconsin’s best known site-unit-intrusion villages is more home-grown than previously thought.
This is the second of nine scheduled monthly meeting and program for the 2018-2019 meeting year of the Robert Ritzenthaler Society’s meeting year. Monthly meetings and programs are generally scheduled for the second Tuesday of the month from September through May. All programs sponsored by the Ritzenthaler Society are free and open to the public. Please extend an invitation to attend to your friends.
Book Sale: The sale of books, reports, journal issues, and magazine will continue. Thanks to all who have donated books, magazines, and academic journals to this ongoing sale. The proceeds of the sale go to the Ritzenthaler Archaeological Society’s treasury.
Archaeology Month Posters and Bookmarks: The remaining posters (a shipwreck) and bookmarks (an eared Scottsbluff) celebrating Wisconsin’s Archaeology Month (May 2018) will be available for pick-up at the September Meeting.
Fox Valley Archeology: The latest issue of Fox Valley Archeology is back from the printer and will be available to everyone who was a paid-member during the 2017-2018 meeting year. Individual copies of this issue are available for $5.00 to new members and anyone who allowed their membership to lapse.
Building Location: Harrington Hall is located on the west side of the T-intersection of John with Elmwood on the east side of the UW-Oshkosh campus.
Parking: We have permission to use UW-Oshkosh Lot 34 from one half hour before until one half hour after our meetings. This is the lot east of Elmwood and south of John – the one we regularly use for the meetings in Harrington Hall. We have access from 6:30 pm to 10:30 pm. If you park in the lot before 6:30 pm (even just for a few minutes) you are very likely to get a parking ticket. Remember that you must park within the lines of the parking stall, with the rear of the vehicle toward the aisle. We do not have permission to use any other parking lot. You will get a ticket if you park in any other lot. You may also be able to find parking on John Street or Scott Avenue.
Handicap Access: Ground level access to Harrington is available at the southern entrance to Harrington. An elevator is available in the south end of the building. There is no parking next to the building. You can make arrangements to be dropped off at the south side of the building.
Current Archaeology by Beloiters: Reports from the Midwest Archaeological Conference
Driftless Area Archaeology: A Forty Year Retrospective
NEXT Society MEETING:
Summer 2019 Field School Opportunity
Copyright 2019 The Wisconsin Archeological Society
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The Williams Family Tree
Tree: The Williams Family Tree The Cross Family Tree Jones of Aberdyfi
Billion Graves
Census Pending
Guest Trees
BMD Certificates
User Scripts
Edward John Darwent
1864 - 1930 (66 years) Submit Photo / Document
I would like to thank all the people who have contributed to The Williams Family Tree database over the years and to those who continue to do so. Without your help The Williams Family Tree would not be anything like as large as it is. I am very grateful for every piece of information whether it be a name correction, a photograph, a copy of a certificate, some biographical information or a whole data file.
Initially, the Williams family from Aberdovey was the main target of research. Being a very busy port, Aberdyfi produced sea-faring families with many of the men reaching the pinnacle of their trade as Master Mariners. My grandfather, John Davies Williams, served as a 'Boy' aboard the schooner Sarah Davies at the age of 13.
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The Williams Family Tree - created and maintained by Phil Williams Copyright © 2002-2019 All rights reserved.
This site powered by The Next Generation of Genealogy Sitebuilding v.12.1, written by Darrin Lythgoe © 2001-2019.
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2017 Lexus Es Redesign, Price
Lexus is working on its upcoming model, 2017 Lexus Es, which is probably going to launch somewhere at the end of this year. It is expected to make a debut at the upcoming Shanghai Auto Show. Lexus is an ally of Toyota, world’s renowned car maker, operating since May 1989.
This brand new super stylish sedan is going to be one such premium car which will speak about luxury at its best. It is going to be one such vehicle which is definitely going to appeal to buyers who are looking for lavishness amalgamated with a high amount of reliability.
2017 Lexus Es – Exterior and Interiors Features
There is plenty of headspace and legroom in this brand new 2017 Lexus Es. Five passengers can comfortably fit inside giving them ample interior cabin space. The interiors match with the class of car Lexus is bringing in with its latest ES series.
Engine Details and Performance of 2017 Lexus ES
The power train of ES 300 will comprise of turbocharged 60 V6 engine, having a displacement of 3.5-liter. The 268 hp will give it’s a necessary power boost. But drive train of ES 300h will be a more sophisticated. An in-line 4 Atkinson cycle engine comprising of 2.5-liter displacement is a welcome change for Lexus fanatics. A total 200 hp is a satisfactory measurement for a premium sedan like this.
A compression ratio of 12.5:1 is going to make this brand stand out from the famed automaker an excellent car to drive. Its valve train comprises of 4 valves every cylinder, dual cam with the latest technology of VVT-i (Variable Valve Timing with Intelligence). Only front wheel drive option is available in all its variants. ECTV-i transmission system (Electronically Controlled Continuously Variable Transmission with intelligence) makes this car a smoother vehicle to drive.
When it comes to performance factor of ES 350, it goes like this:
21 mpg on city roads
30 mpg on highways
24 mpg combined
The performance detailing of ES 300h goes as follows:
40 mpg on city as well as combined
Top track speed of both these sedans is approximately around the 112mph mark.
Suspension aspects
These super premium cars have a rear and independent suspension comprising of dual-link MacPherson strut fitted with coil springs, stabiliser bar, and gas-pressurized shock absorbers.
Following are the competing cars of this latest offering from Lexus ES 2017:
Skoda Octavia vRS
2017 Lexus Es – Availability, Variants Available, and Price
This 2017 Lexus Es international markets for sale by the last few quarter of 2016. The 2017 version of Lexus ES will come in two variants:
Both these trims will have exclusive features, and the latter will be at a higher end.
The all new 2017 Lexus ES will be available to all vehicle lovers at a base price of $38,900. With several add-on features, its pricing might reach $45,000 approximately. The ES 300h trim is going to start at around $41,820.
2019 Lexus RX 350 Redesign, Price
It’s definitely the most beautiful SUV that Lexus …
2018 Lexus GX Redesign, Price
The 2018 Lexus GX is a new car …
Tags:2017 Lexus Es, Lexus ES 2017
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"Needs Intell"
Needs Intell
by Paul Taylor on December 20, 2017 at 12:40 am
Characters: Castela, Luci
Location: Lake Calhoon
Directed Anger
Blow Your Nose
Bending The Truth
I can’t find an e-mail address, I’ve been sending merry X-mas/Happy Holidays mails to the comic authors that I read the most last year. So, yeah, enjoy your personal holiday and thank you for bringing me joy.
you dont do FB twitter etc???
Advanced version of mom’s “eyes in the back of her head trick”. Ya can’t hide from momma Kat
Oh, I can’t see Katherine working on embarrassing Castela.
Even after the little mug incident in front of Brin.
That sounds reasonable.
B0mar
Yes, that sounds like Katherine all right. It also confirms the agents are there as observers, with strict rules of NON-engagement. Interesting that she’s spotted 7 of them.
What do you bet one of them is Lily?
Given that she can smell when people are lying another things, I’m not surprised at all.
…Cass, that’s WORSE. XD
Jeff NME
If Pickle “went nova” those seven MIB agents would probably be the first to be vaporised in the blast-wave anyway…
That’s why they get paid the Big Bucks.
No mere civil service paygrade can cover this.
You are assuming that the seven are ordinary agents. There are titans and demi-gods on the payroll afterall.
.. sounds like.. a.. really awful use of resources?
BarerMender
Seriously. But who’s going to tell Katherine no?
Meh. It’s a good and bad use of resources. In theory you should limit it to 3 agents, for a round-the-clock surveillance. The fact is that Cass’s first boyfriend might result in awkward things -after- Cass’s first boyfriend.
We all know this is a more lighthearted comic, and Katherine is confirmed as having more sense in the head on her shoulders then most people, but I could see it real easy getting the MIB nervous about the possibility of Cass…multiplying as it were. What happens if she breeds? Can she be impregnated? Will that result in more entities of her power level? Less? She’s a really scary Para, one of the larger threat levels, while she has common sense, will her children?
Frankly, a proper sell WOULD result in six or more MIB keeping an eye on Cass. I do think that they’re all for naught, but as a random civvy or MIB who -hadn’t- been observing her I could -easily- see me being sold on a bit of paranoia, especially if they had access to footage of Cass’s temper tantrums in the canyon. “After all, she’s just a little girl, she’s being nice to the butterfly because little girls are nice to butterflies, not because she has enough self control to avoid damaging living beings.” >.>
Aphotep
And you wouldn’t want intel on the potential boyfriend of a person of mass destruction that could
-con her into boom-ing the world (doubt this comic would go there, but it is a possibility)
-break her heart an cause her to boom the world
-lead to even more persons of mass destruction
Luci: “Fair warning, Castela. If I find out who your boyfriend is, I will so rat you out.”
DinkyInky
Doubt it. She’d probably be browned off that folks are snooping into her life for stupid reasons. If Luci discovers the bits about her orphanage life, they’ll bond even more.
They probably did and told her about her sister.
And the embarrassment will be… glorious.
fast richard
Embarrassing one’s children is one of the responsibilities and joys of parenting. It has to be done with some sensitivity, though, to avoid crossing the line into outright cruelty.
Every example of deliberate embarrassment I’ve seen in 40-some years has looked more like cruelty than “good fun”.
Stormtalon
This is why I prefer to indirectly embarrass my son via incessant, shameless punning — in public!
December 20, 2017, 11:44 am | #
There’s a difference between embarrassment and ridicule. Your kids can be embarrassed about your behavior (e.g. punning) but the punning isn’t aimed at the kids… it’s not about them.
Embarrassment through ridicule IS aimed at the kid… makes the kid the butt of the joke… and I agree, that’s usually a cruel thing to do. Sometimes, maybe, it’s appropriate… it might be the only way to snap the kid out of acting-out for instance… but doing it just for the parent’s amusement is cruel.
FreeFlier
At this stage, admitting that you have parents is a bit embarrassing . . . even if absolutely everyone else thinks they’re the coolest parents ever, the kid is still embarrassed by their existence.
The primary ways of embarrassing ones children involve being unfashionable, uncool, and curious about their lives. Ridicule or making fun of the kids is pretty far over the line into cruelty.
my folks never managed that.
still have sucky interpersonal relationships with women and really sucky phone skills in conversation because my folks made fun of me for having a girl I would talk to a lot on the phone. By made fun of I mean made fun of till I cried then told the girl to never talk to me again in any form.
She didn’t say there were seven MIB agents keeping an eye on her. She said “what if I told you there were…” It’s a subtle difference.
Exactly. The seven MIBs are keeping an eye on Luci. Cass, they’re not so worried about.
Paul Britt
Is Castela that tall or is Luci that short? There seems to be at least 6″ difference in height.
Thanks for voicing my question so succinctly.
CoquetteStJacques
She’s growing like a weed.
Because, um…
Pertaining to yesterday’s discussion about Luci’s tattoos, I think I see fabric wrinkles on her right arm in panel two. Is she wearing long sleeves (like a baselayer or a top designed with the layered look in mind), hence covering her arm tattoos? We can’t see her wrists in any of these shots, so there’s no other indication of where her sleeves stop, and we can’t see the tattoos on her wrist.
Well, it is winter in Minnesota.
Of course, Cassie; that’s what Moms are supposed to do!
Whoa, that’s complete overkill – four MIB agents would have been absolutely sufficient!
Maybe it’s a slow day at MIB and the agents need something to do. Or maybe they think it’s funny and they’re doing it on their own time.
TazManiac
“Intell”, w/ Two ‘Els’?
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Events / Features / Front Page / Front Page Features / LOP Events
Life of the Party: Bulleit Blazer
by Laura · May 22, 2012
Shaken or stirred, bourbon aficionados enjoy an up-close-and-personal look at a spirit with local roots.
By John Arundel
Mixologist Joseph Ambrose stirs up a winning cocktail. (Photo by Ben Droz)
For Bulleit Bourbon Founder and CEO Tom Bulleit, there was perhaps no better way to kick off the non-stop celeb-thon known as White House Correspondents Weekend than a relaxed Georgetown reception with VIP friends of Washington Life Magazine, and some down-home Kentucky bourbon.
About 200 attendees from the worlds of media, politics and diplomacy converged on the private, members-only Georgetown club for “Bulleit Blazer,” an April 26 reception sponsored by the club honoring Bulleit, a Georgetown-educated lawyer and former Treasury Dept. official who got into the family’s hallowed business of bourbon-making three decades ago.
The Kentucky Straight Bourbon whiskey, aged for at least six years and made from corn, barley malt and rye distilled from soft Kentucky limestone water, is best characterized by having a high rye content for a bourbon, at about 28 percent of the mash bill. It is produced at the Kirin Brewing Company Four Roses Distillery in Lawrenceburg, Ky., where it is bottled 45% Alcohol By Volume (90 Proof).
From Left: Tom Bulleit with Lynn and Vincent Doran. (Photo by Ben Droz)
“I’m always amazed at the number of women who drink bourbon these days,” chuckled Bulleit, as he eyed a room chock full of cocktail-attired ladies — and gents — all enjoying his handiwork. “I mean… unless you’re Southern. I wouldn’t doubt that most of our product is consumed at football games.”
The first batch of Bulleit bourbon was made in 1830 by his ancestor Augustus Bulleit, who continued to produce it during the 19th century. Sadly its production was discontinued after his death. It returned in 1987 when Bulleit, as the great-great-grandson of the original creator, created the first modern-day batch, which was introduced to U.S. markets in 1999, and then to Australia, the U.K. and Germany a year later. In characterizing the recipe, Tom Bulleit remarked on its relatively high rye content, its relatively lengthy aging.
In 1997 the Bulleit brand name was bought by Seagram, and began being distilled in Lawrenceburg. Following an acquisition of various Seagram’s assets, the Bulleit brand is now owned by Diageo.
Tom Bulleit's family spirit (Photo by Ben Droz)
Bulleit admitted that he drinks his bourbon straight, or with a little ice. Or sometimes as a cocktail. As a cocktail, attendees had some choice options in renewing their love of dark liquor, provided at the event by 2012 ARTini winner Joseph Ambrose, the celebrated mixologist at W Washington’s POV Lounge.
Ambrose shook and stirred all night, providing some creative options such as The Bulleit Blazer, a concoction of Bulleit Frontier Whiskey, St. Germain Elderflower Liqueur, muddled fresh blackberries and orange peel oil, or Bulleit Smash, composed of lemon pieces, mint leaves and simple syrup. The other two options provided by Ambrose included the Old Fashioned, comprised of bourbon, simple syrup, lemon peel and Angostura Bitters, and Summer Sour, comprised of whiskey, fresh watermelon, fresh squeezed lemon juice, syrup and mint leaves.
Washington Life event planner Fran Holuba organized the event for attendees who enjoyed lively conversation, libations and hors d’oeuvres, as well as a jazz trio provided by D.C. Jazz Fest. Notable attendees included Andrew Davidson, general manager of the Park Hyatt Washington; Ben Wiley, head bartender of ThinkFood’s America Eats Tavern; Kristin Bodenstedt, government relations director of Bacardi U.S.A. Inc.; Alicia Rodrigues, marketing manager of Washington’s Jefferson Hotel; Thomson Reuters’ White House reporter Tim Ryan; Richard Latendresse, White House bureau chief of the TVA Network; Artur Orkisz, the Embassy of Poland’s senior adviser for Congressional Affairs & Public Diplomacy; David Kianni, director of Food & Beverage at Sofitel Lafayette Square; Nyree D. Wright, senior vice president of MSL Washington; golf writer and “Washington Golf This Week” anchor Michael Williams, Paxton Stuart’s Charles Paret, Potomac Pilates’ Reina Offut Pratt, and Hill+Knowlton’s Dipka Bhambhani.
Speaking to a rapt audience of bourbon lovers, Bulleit regaled the crowd with choice stories drawn from several decades in the bourbon business. At least four dozen attendees left with a trinket better than a goodie bag: a clear glass bottle of Bulleit with its distinctive raised lettering and sealed with a cork stopper, personally signed by its founder and CEO.
“What did I learn during my D.C. visit? Well, I learned the importance of focus groups,” Bulleit said. “After all my research in different cities around the country, our new tagline might be: Please buy our bourbon. It tastes real good.”
Tags: Alicia RodriguesAndrew DavidsonArtur OrkiszBen WileyCharles ParetDavid KianniDipka BhambhaniFran HolubaJohn ArundelJoseph AmbroseKristin BodenstedtLynn DoranMichael WilliamsNyree D. WrightReina Offut PrattRichard LatendresseTim RyanTom BulleitVincent Doran
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Access Pollywood: Elton Hits an Ace for Charity
WL Insider: Red Hot Nats
Life of the Party: Virginia Gold Cup a Good Bet
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Anderson Cooper 360 on Tuesday, August 15, 2017
Anderson Cooper anchored AC360 in the 8pm and 9pmET hours from the NYC studio. With Trump's big bucket of crazy press conference today there was plenty to discuss.
ANDERSON OPENED HIS PROGRAM WITH A COMMENTARY ON TRUMP'S LATEST DEBACLE ABOUT CHARLETSVILLE.
AC SAID THAT AS PRESIDENT, TRUMP WAS "MORALLY BANKRUPT," AND DIDN'T STAND BY HIS STATEMENT OF THE PREVIOUS DAY THAT WAS SCRIPTED. PRESIDENT BOGUS SAID AGAIN, THAT BOTH SIDES WERE TO BLAME IN THE RACE DRIVEN RIOTS, AND THAT THERE WERE "FINE PEOPLE ON BOTH SIDES." HE ALSO SAID HE DIDN'T REPLY IMMEDIATELY BECAUSE HE "WAS WAITING FOR THE FACTS,".... IN HIS ALTERNATE UNIVERSE.
NATURALLY EVERYONE HOSTING ON CNN WAS ASTOUNDED BY HIS REACTION, AND HIS DOUBLING DOWN ON HIS SCRIPTED COMMENTS, THE DAY BEFORE, WHICH DENOUNCED THE NAZIS AND THE WHITE SUPREMACISTS.
PERSONALLY, I AM NOT SURPRISED AT PRESIDENT BOGUS' REACTION TO THE VIOLENCE. BOGUS NEVER ADMITS WHEN HE IS WRONG, WHICH IS ALWAYS, AND HE IS TOTALLY IGNORANT ABOUT PRESSING ISSUES AND HISTORY. SO FOR HIM TO "MAKE STUFF UP,"SAYING THE ANTI-VIOLENT PROTESTERS WERE EQUIVALENT TO THE NAZIS AND THE WHITE SUPREMACISTS IS JUST "TRUMP BEING TRUMP, IGNORANT TO A FAULT. HE CAMPAIGNED AS A FASCIST AND HE HASN'T LET HIS BASE DOWN.
VAN JONES ON ONE OF AC PANELS, WAS SO EMOTIONAL THAT HE BEGAN TO CRY. I CAN UNDERSTAND HIS FRUSTRATION, BUT WE ARE STILL TALKING ABOUT SOMEONE WHO CLEARLY SHOWED US HIS "STRIPES," DURING HIS CAMPAIGN. THEY WEREN'T PATRIOTIC THEN, AND WE SHOULDN'T EXPECT THEM TO BE PATRIOTIC NOW. HILLARY WARNED US THAT TRUMP WOULD BE 'DANGEROUS,' AND SHE WAS RIGHT AS RAIN.
Jaanza said...
If Trump didn't have that press conference at Trump Tower today, I believe Anderson would have covered more news (updates on Russia investigation, North Korea, etc) on Tuesday's 360 but that press conference did happen and it was a doozy.
And not in a good way.
The opening chyron was "Trump Press Conference Goes Off The Rails" and could have just as easily have said "Trump's Sanity Goes Off The Rails" or "Trump's Sense Of Decency..." or "Decorum" or "Civility" or "Humanity". Anderson had many clips of the things Trump has said which later were justly criticized by nearly all (Sen. McConnell stayed quiet) except the far-right. Several times Anderson would show a short clip and then come back to give a reality check. I especially liked it when after the clip of Trump ranting that his delay in properly condemning the neo-Nazis was because he wanted to "get all the facts", Anderson came back and with an iron edge to his voice told viewers, "President Trump wanted to know the facts... let that sink in for a moment." And then he stated how many facts were available Friday night.
There was a talk with Jim Acosta, who attended the "...press conference from hell..." and talked about Bannon, divisions in the White House, the White House public face that "both sides acted irresponsibly", the departure from yesterday's statement and how some in the GOP are losing patience with Trump but will they do anything about it?
A panel of 3 started. David Gergen wouldn't go as far as to say Trump is dangerous for the country but he does have "massive issues with insecurity". David Axelrod quoted Michelle Obama, "The Presidency reveals who people really are", said Trump won't change, what you saw today is his true character. Van Jones got emotional talking about his grandmother, fighting for civil rights and people need to give a damn.
The second segment was a panel of 6 discussion and usually I don't stay for giant panels but I was interested to see if anyone would defend Trump and how. That was Paris Dennard and he did it badly. After Charles Blow started with a passionate talk about racism, Dennard blabbered something inane about Black Lives Matter and statues and Anderson had to stop him to tell him "You're not making any sense." Kirsten Powers and especially Tara Setmayer told him the same thing, Setmayer even telling Dennard "Shame on you!" for defending Trump. Scott Jennings, getting back to Dennard's claim that there were some good people at the "Unite The Right" march, said 'if you're a good person and you're marching with someone carrying a Nazi flag, you go home or you turn in your 'Good Person' card'. Paul Begala got the last word in about the "moral blindness" of Trump.
The clip of Trump blaming the "alt-left" was repeated, Trump, '...they charged in without a permit and were very very violent'. Cornell West came back and Anderson had a Q&A with just him. Subjects covered here included racism, neo-fascism, the oppressed, the silence of too many and the hope that the GOP/Dems/people will push Trump out. West wants a moral and spiritual awakening of the comfortable middle class, to shatter complacency and to embolden people to take action.
The second hour essentially started at :57 into the first hour with Anderson again giving the basic overview of Trump's press conference.
Anderson's show opening statements about 45's repulsive defense of white supremicists have been powerful and impressive--he's really been getting to the heart of the hypocrisy, lies and 45's failure to fully condemn those monsters spreading hate and violence. I don't see how any sane/decent human being could continue to support 45 after the decidedly un-presidential behavior he displayed on Tuesday. This is nothing new to those of us who heard him loud and clear the moment he slithered down that escalator when he began his campaign. Like his panel (aside from the idiotic, delusional and pathetic Paris Dennard), AC was clearly appalled by 45's embrace of some of the most vile 'humans' on earth. I like seeing AC fired up, especially when it comes to such a difficult, never-ending subject such as racial hatred in America. I suppose some of the reporters/pundits who dismissed accusations of 45's racism as nonsense have learned a few things now.
It seems like with Jeffrey Lord gone he is more aggravated at Trump. Wonder if JL and Ac were good friends and he didn't get so down on Trump accept when he talked about the dump on the desk. Either way I am glad to finally see AC appalled at Trump
@ARIES MOON: GLAD TO SEE YOU'RE USING THE NUMBER 45 IN REFERENCE TO BOGUS. I SAW AND HEARD THE VICE MAYOR OF CHARLOTTESVILLE, USING THE NUMBER OF HIS PRESIDENCY AND THOUGHT IT WAS BRILLIANT. YES, IT SUITS BOGUS PERFECTLY BECAUSE I TOO, WILL NEVER CALL HIM PRESIDENT. HE CERTAINLY DOESN'T DESERVE THE TITLE. I REALLY CAN'T STAND IT WHEN THE ANCHORS ALL SAY, 'PRESIDENT.' BOGUS DEMEANED THE TITLE WHEN HE "SLITHERED" DOWN THE ESCALATOR, AS YOU SO APTLY PUT IT.
@JAANZA: VERY GOOD SUMMATION OF WHAT WENT ON TUESDAY NIGHT. YES, BOGUS WANTED TO WAIT UNTIL HE HAD ALL THE "FACTS." WELL NOW THAT HE HAS ALL THE "FACTS" IN HIS ALTERNATE UNIVERSE, WHERE WERE THE HALOS ON THE NAZIS? OH THAT'S RIGHT, ABOVE THE TORCHES THEY WERE CARRYING. GOT IT.
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by Jody Boshoff
Aurecon staff erect village school
Tags: aurecon, aurecon cares, mjo village
Aurecon East London staff a t work in Mjo village in East London
One of Aurecon’s key values is working to build a vibrant and brighter future for all. The group and its staff embrace the philosophy of giving back to the community by encouraging proactive involvement in Aurecon Cares, the group’s corporate social investment programme.
In line with this, 15 staff members from Aurecon’s East London office recently crossed the Great Kei River and drove into rural Transkei to the small village of Mjo, to erect a new classroom for the local pre-primary children, as the old one was falling apart. Aurecon staff and their families also contributed toys, books, games and stationery to the village school.
This project was particularly meaningful because Mjo is the home village of Vuyelwa Mgidi, a technician from the East London office. Mgidi had energetically driven support for the Aurecon project from various companies in the region: Group 5 provided Aurecon with a prefabricated classroom at cost; Amanz’abantu provided a pit latrine; and Carpet Master provided individual mats for the children, as well as recycled industrial carpeting for the floor.
The enthusiastic team completed the 30m² prefabricated structure in record time, with even the children seizing brushes and helping with painting. The villagers cheered loudly when the keys to the finished classroom were finally handed over to their teacher, who shed tears of joy over the project finally coming to fruition.
The villagers were immensely grateful for what Aurecon had done and the good example it had set for other companies undertaking projects among the impoverished Transkei communities.
“Aurecon is committed to investing and allocating resources to aid development and improve quality of life in the communities in which we live and work,” says Noreen Burton, Aurecon Cares co-ordinator at the East London office. “We started with a clear, simple vision of creating a better classroom for the Mjo children in one day. It was both rewarding and humbling to see our efforts bring so much joy to a community.”
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house favorite: Rani Mukherji
thoughts on movies
Thoda Pyaar, Thoda Magic
Aaaaargh! I'm conflicted! This frickin' movie made me cry, but it also demanded I accept its rindonkulous setup and wait a zillion years before the characters even really dig into its consequences. For once, a movie got better as it went along, and it is to Saif Ali Khan (aloof industrialist Ranbeer)'s credit alone that I was still watching when people finally had good conversations and tried to understand one another. His Ranbeer is damaged and distant rather than an actual baddie; once he realizes that the right thing to do is to engage, he's very capable. That's a nice life lesson, isn't it? - "Try. You'll be amazed."
Audiences have brains. Did the filmmakers forget?
Having criminals do real service for their victims is a fine concept. Legally tying children to adults who have no known desire or ability to be a guardian is thoughtless and potentially very dangerous - and not of real service. Poor Ranbeer has no guidance whatsoever, so what kind of caretaker is he possibly supposed to become? Sending a first-time earth visitor (angel Geeta, played by Rani Mukherji) to watch over things doesn't seem very useful, does it? But of course it is useful, because she's wacky and unconventional and therefore knows how to get past people's defenses to their true selves and encourage their looooove. Blurgh.
If there's going to be a Mary Poppins-ish Bollywood movie, why, for the love of all that is good in the world, was there no chimneysweep song? Think of all the guest stars who could have lent their hoofing skills. Wasted opportunity for truly charming greatness.
A question for whoever was responsible for the look of "Bulbula" (possibly Vaibhavi Merchant?): do you remember "Kaisi Hai Ye Rut," the worst song in Dil Chahta Hai? I do, and I think you just reshuffled its corniest visuals to make poor Rani's entrance song.
I think Sid had dolphins too, didn't he?
Why would a person subject audiences to this a second time in a decade? Against my better judgment, I liked the Traveling Wilburys feel of this song - any time I get to clap along, I'm happy - but looking at it was hard to stomach. I kind of hated the lyrics too - Geeta sounds so annoying!
I watched this three times, and the subtitles are not what white guy says (he speaks in English, so I'm sure).
He does not say "third world." He's clearly no gem at this moment, but why did the subtitles add something so icky when it isn't actually there? It's a tricky scene (played for purposes other than what I'm discussing, but I got tripped up by this): Ranbeer's kids were being obnoxious bullies and some adult should have said something to them. Not "go back to your country," obviously, but something along the lines of "Here's why you don't get to act like that." Why are kids at a golf-course business deal anyway?
Urgh! The incredibly thoughtless segment of Geeta driving Ranbeer's car without looking at the crowded road! Loved the fun old film songs in the background (anyone know what they were?); hated Geeta cruelly making Ranbeer relive his fatal mistake without even talking about it and with no recognition of what she's doing.
Clearly no fashion designers throughout history have ever made it to heaven, or Geeta would have known not to dress herself like this.
But we also have hearts and are therefore not unmoved.
When Ranbeer starts paying attention and the kids stop lying, their bonds are cute, especially when Ranbeer shows his empathetic weaknesses
and converses with them like they're grown-ups and doesn't do any talking-down nonsense.
And yes, the resulting family made my dil go squish.
I love that the movie sticks to its argument that families are made by love, not by birth alone. (The end credits sequence may or may not undo all this hard work; because the movie improved as it went along, I was in a charitable mood by the time it showed up, so I'll let it slide.)
Mmmm. Saif under water in "Lazy Lamhe."
Great song, full of mmmm and ooooh; you can hear the swiveling hips and drowsy sunshine. It's also really clever to have Geeta freeze time during it, so that the moments are in fact so lazy that the action pauses for all the adults and the kids can run around setting up trouble. Related point: Saif in brainy specs.
Dancing with the scarves!
"Nihaal Ho Gayi" made me realize how much I like songs choreographed with scarves. I asked Memsaab, current queen of the list, to make one of scarf songs, and she has promised to think it over. Though the scarves are for but a brief time, this song also features a studio lot zombie!
I loved this. Geeta's outfits are so bad that Ranbeer mistakes a zombie for his lady-love. Hee! I don't recall having seen a passer-by zombie join in a song before. Saif also gets to pretend he can't dance as the kids try to get Ranbeer to join in their fun; the principles of song science* then take effect, and by the end of the number he's workin' full-on hero moves.
God-approved reference to Hum Tum.
Best use yet of Razak Khan.
So understated and...butlery!
This is more of a brain-related plus, but: Ranbeer's sweet girlfriend, Malaika (Amisha Patel), was surprisingly well-written and sparingly used. There's a lot she doesn't understand, but she too is not malicious. She's as childish as any of the kids, and he doesn't know what do with her either. She is no flakier than he is uninterested, and the ultimate declaration of mismatch is so sensible.
I don't know why, but I've never really warmed to Amisha Patel, but I liked her here.
Krrish and "Tu Mera Superman"!
God is Santa Claus, then?
We knew it!
Kids went to a museum and learned to love it! Thank yooooooo! This is exactly what the tours I give are like.
The more fog and glitter you fling around the galleries, the better. I can't believe how jingoistic and mushy this was and how much I liked it anyway. I also can't believe no one had told me this movie had a whole song in a museum! Rani! Museum! Song! Gah! [Faint.]
Who am I to resist its charms?
Reduced to "awwwww," apparently.
[Rolling eyes at self.]
* The Principles of Song Science will be enumerated in a future post.
Labels: house favorite: Rani Mukherji thoughts on movies
Filmi Girl said…
This was a cute time-pass film - and YAY for more Saif/Rani goodness!! :D
I agree 100% on the golf course thing, which the subtitles (and plot) totally played as a racist thing when, in fact, the kids were just being obnoxious...
I have previously heard nothing good about this movie, but now I really want to see it! I think all things in life could be improved by fog and glitter, and Saif in brainy specs ... (lol reference, btw).
FG - Ooh yes, sufficiently pleasant time-pass.
I was also curious why the big business deal was in LA in the first place instead of New York or something. Then I thought for sure they would do something with it being the city of angels, but they didn't!
Anarchavist - There's a bit of glitter here and there throughout the movie - how would we know what was thoda magic without it! I forgot to comment that I also enjoyed Rishi as god, though he isn't in it much.
I have always, always, always loved brainy specs and was waiting for the right term! Thanks Russell Davies!
I know I told you already that I am still too gun-shy after Ta Ra Rum Pum to have watched it, but you almost make me want to :-)
Re: Amisha---she is surprisingly good given the right type of role (she was good in Honeymoon Travels too) but she's not the most versatile of actresses. Which is fine! as long as she sticks to what she's good at :-)
Harsh said…
I enjoyed TPTM quite a lot when i saw it first.
But after a re-watch and reading Baradwaj rangan's review, I realised it was too plastic and non-real to have made any impact on me emotionally.
Saif and the Kids were the best thing about the film. And i felt Rani, who by the way is my favourite actress, could've been much better.
bollyviewer said…
You give museum tours like the one in this movie? Where do I sign up? And remember, I'm first in line...
For all its faults (and there were many, as you've enumerated) this was a cute time-pass and much needed after the Saif+Rani disaster that was Ta Ra Rum Pum!
And I am glad to note that you're planning to write-up the Principles of Song Science - quality research in the the topic has so far been woefully lacking.
Darshit said…
Oh oh...
to me.. 'Kaisi hai yeh rut' was The Best song of DCH. Don't go by those weird visuals. They are just have been put to show 'filmy' feelings of love. Not to be connected with quality of special effects.
TPTM, was a disappointment. I expected more cause of good music. And Saif. But it turned out to be only kiddies movie. Still, 'Lazy Lamhe' was superb. :-)
a ppcc representative said…
Sending a first-time earth visitor (angel Geeta, played by Rani Mukherji) to watch over things doesn't seem very useful, does it?
Beth! Are you really trying to make an intentionally fantastical children's fable conform to logic?! You may as well complain that chocolate doesn't taste like steak!
Re: the weird subtitles. Wasn't there also a moment there where no one was talking except the subtitles? I've seen this in a number of recent releases. I think they're translating the subs from the shooting script, and so any last-minute deviations don't get incorporated.
GENIUS comments on Lazy Lamhe! I LOVED that song - I thought it was so well-filmed and clever and tongue-in-cheek.
Is there ever a good way to use Razak Khan? Discuss.
veracious said…
There's a lot to pick apart and be all "no, not like this, fix it" about TPTM - I totally agree about the car speeding sequence and random "this would not work, stupid movie logic" type things but I think the sincerity and the cuteness of the film wins me over every time anyway. Rainy day/sick day movie ..I want to say perfection but I'll say fluff instead.
memsaab - I am sooooo> avoid-yaaring TRRP. For this one, I do recommend at least "Nihaal Ho Gayi" and "Lazy Lamhe" (and if you're a sap about the power of museums - not that I know anyone like that - you might sit through "Beetey Kal Se," but don't say I didn't warn you). Or you could just watch from interval on. The Curse in Reverse!
Until I read your comment I had completely forgotten I liked her in HTPLtd too!
Harsh - Plastic is a good word for it, though if it made a pleasant impact on you at least once, then all is not lost :) I agree that Rani could have been better, but I can't put my finger on what I would have changed in her performance (rather than in the role and her lines).
bollyviewer - Come to a conference on my campus and we'll have such fun!
The Song Science will surely benefit from collaborative research. Everyone's help will be needed!
Darshit - That's the one song in DCH that I like better without its picturization, which is by far its biggest detriment. I'm also biased, because I like Akshaye so much and was disappointed to see him have to be so corny.
I've been wondering if kids were the primary target audience of TPTM - though not the only, I'm sure, 'cause "Lazy Lamhe" sure isn't for kids.
I hope to hear more of singer Anusha Mani!
PPCC - It's not the angel thing that bugs me - it's that she's a doofy first-timer when this case clearly calls for someone who knows what she's doing. If the mere two troublesome Banks children need a seasoned pro like Mary Poppins, how on earth is touchy, dreamy Geeta supposed to make progress with four poor little ones who have to live with the man who manslaughtered their parents? With a wee adjustment to the introduction of Geeta, I'd have been much happier.
But Geeta, at least as she is described by the subtitles in "Bulbula," is a character type that always pisses me off. I call the occurrence of such characters "Tyranny of the Wacky," meaning it that in such a work it is the impish, child-like, unstable, unconventional, button-pushing characters who are held up as having real insight and wisdom and capable of doing the most good. The worst example of this that pops to mind is Charlize Theron in Sweet November, but they're everywhere - and now called Manic Pixie Dream Girl. I HATE MANIC PIXIE DREAM GIRLS. Now that I think about it, Bollywood seems to be pretty free of this trope, and I hope it stays that way. The idea of Rani as MPDG was so painful. Fortunately, Geeta turns out to be much less annoying than her song suggested.
Re: subtitles: oooh I hope so! I didn't notice that one.
My love for "Lazy Lamhe" is increasing at a fever pitch - I think I'm on my 13th listen of it today. And the underwater stuff was so cool! Not quite as cool as in Asoka, but then, what is?
Yes! In very limited, non-wackadoo roles. He was physically funny here but so restrained-ly.
veracious - Definitely having of some major cuteness. If it hadn't had Saif in it, though, I'm not sure I would have made it to the much-improved second part. (And to be fair, if it hadn't had Rani in it, I would have started it at all.)
desipolitan said…
Song Science, huh? I think I may be familiar with this area of study. Does it include how 100 similarly dressed dancers who all know the not-at-all pre-choreographed dance moves, burst out of no where like say in the middle of a desert?
Si said…
Ohhhh....I thought this was a children's movie! Was it really for adults?
Funny, I just re-watched DCH the other day, and it dropped off my list of favored films because of the two hyper-filmi picturizations, and the filmi events at the Sangeet. A good movie, otherwise spoiled. If you want a filmi movie, fine, but don't just throw filmi-ness into a movie that doesn't have it anywhere else. Stay true to your style.
ajnabi said…
Oh, noooo, those side-by-side screen caps are too awful/funny! I'm still gonna watch it, though.
Bhargav Saikia said…
The Harry Met Sally poster in the background was damn funny! Kunal Kohli trying to be innovative ;)
Pessimisissimo said…
Beth, I felt that Rani wasn't better in part because the role was so limited (and you brilliantly dissect how annoying the character type is). Despite the role and the wardrobe, Rani still managed to give an enjoyable performance. Saif and the kids did the emotional heavy lifting, and I thought they were excellent.
But despite the performances, the film struck me as ultimately beyond redemption--the situations just rang false again and again.
As for the jingoistic lyrics in the museum song, I thought they were more of the "uplift the nation" than the "We're number one" variety. The lyrics talk about the importance of the sun shining on everyone, for example. And when Rani sings "The world will dance to our tune," I don't think it's a metaphor. After all, many of us already dance to India's tunes (if only in the privacy of our living rooms--believe me, you don't want to see my tipsy rendition of "Chaiya Chaiya"!).
Pessimissimo - I do!! I thought I was the only one that did that too. I've been trying (unsuccessfully) to generate enthusiasm for a Bollywood dance party here.
Beth - Good point re: the manic cutesie Rani. I guess I'm not completely averse to that character type, so I could deal with it in small to medium-sized doses.
red42 said…
The first time I have ever walked out of a Bollywood movie - OK, so maybe it wsn't that bad, but I was tired, and just had no patience with annoying whiney Rani and muscle-flexing Saif! The kids were OK, but my favourite character was the dog..... so I left at the interval. My friends who stayed described the rest of the movie in enough detail, that I was very glad I left when I did.
On the other hand, the museum song was good - and if your tours are really like that, then I too am signing up!
And looking forward to a discussion of song science!
Amrita said…
I too cried at the end of this movie - over the time I'd wasted over it.
-- Am "Mean, Miserable and Proud of it" rita.
Since this movie had a Mary Poppins vibe to it, I thought I'd make a costume comment. Poppins was - by my estimation anyway - stylin' for her time period. Remember those cool boots and that unfillable bag of hers?? Rani, on the other, is by no stretch of the imagination costumed in a stylish manner. Which is unfortunate b/c she is so cute and would look lovely in any number of outfits.
We don't all dance around in our living rooms? I certainly do.
red42 - WOW. That's bad indeed! I say, more power to you - life is too short to watch movies (or read books) you don't like if you don't have to.
Amrita - Ha! I have mostly forgotten much of it (except the museum part, and "Lazy Lamhe" is still stuck in my head), making way for brain space for something with more grab.
desipolitan - Very good point. Rani's outfits in this are horrendous - and, what's worse, for no apparent reason, not even interestingness.
tito said…
arahman92 said…
Amisha Patel can be a good actress. It's quite sad watching an actress like her settling for side roles, given that she can do much more if she's given the right offer like Gadar, Humraaz, and Ankahee. She looked quite hot in "Lazy Lamhe" nevertheless, but what I didn't like about the film is why the kids hated her, it wasn't justified because there was nothing negative about her character. I guess it was done to make Rani's character look good.
The film is okay, it could've been better in many ways; the ending was cliché. I felt like leaving the cinema halls right after the breakup scene.
This was a cute time-pass film [2] I saw it on Monday afternoon and just loved it!
Hey, I liked Rani's clothes.They made me remember of The Sound Of Music and Mary Poppins(her character also remembers me of them).So sweet and magical! :)The kids were great, I laughed of Rishi and Saif was just sooooo adorable!Ranbeer, Ranbeer and Ranbeer! <3
The story was strange, true.But we're talking about Bollywood, what can we do? :D
Yep, the sky-song was strange...thought I was the only one who didn't like it.And the museum number was SO well done, I was impressed!
And I must say that I was sad to about the way they treated Amisha's character.She was a good girl, couldn't an ANGEL see it?
Carol - Yeah, Amisha got the short end of the stick there. No mortal could compete with an angel anyway, but did they have to make her quite so ewwww?
Dish Shah said…
Hey Beth! Can I please ask you to rview Jab We Met? I know you've watched it, and the unique treatment you give your reviews has made me ask you to review my favourite.
Beth Watkins said…
Hi Dish - I have never written about JWM because every time I try I just want to clap my hands and squeak with delight, but maybe now that some time has passed I can be more coherent. :)
the light-up suit, great as it is, is not worth it...
Rihaee
all atwitter for SRK
Masalameister Desai rides again! Dharam Veer
Dillagi: AVOID YAAR
Sangdil
Aamne Samne
web find of the day
Thirty-one years ahead of Dostana...
another reason to love Roger Ebert
Beth Loves Bollywood loves BBC Asian Network Love ...
Sunday listening
Mr. India: the comic book!
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Issue 241, Volume 23
The Troll and the Maiden
by Rachel Eliason
"Really!" Jennifer said, rolling her eyes.
"I'm telling you!" Rob persisted.
Jennifer peered through the deepening dusk at the ragged heap across the street. "It's just some old bum," she said.
"Troll," he replied.
"Sometimes I really wonder about you," she said. She really liked Rob Oleson. They had met at a local Asatru meeting and she had been immediately drawn to his blend of passion for the old ways and balanced perspective on life. It was so rare in the Norse pagan scene. It forever seemed like the men were either playing around or so serious they had no life.
Yeah, right, a cynical part of her mind spoke up. She was drawn to his passion, not his six foot frame, bright blond hair or ruggedly handsome features. If only he'd let his hair grow out like the other guys in the group he'd be the best looking Viking among them. Maybe with time, she thought with a sigh.
Not that it will likely matter to me, she moaned to herself. At five four with long dark hair, dark eyes and a slender build, Jennifer was as far from a Nordic princess as you could get. And wasn't that what all men, Norse pagans or not, wanted? If only she were big, blonde, and busty like her friend Raven.
"I'm telling you, I've been watching that one for awhile now, and I am sure of it. He's a troll," Rob persisted.
Okay, I take that back, Jennifer thought. He only seemed balanced. Jennifer believed in the Norse tradition as a valid spiritual path, but that didn't mean she took fairy tale creatures seriously. Assuming that he did, that is. Rob had an odd sense of humor and you couldn't always tell when he was joking and when he was serious. Still, he seemed dead serious about this.
"That's daft," she told him playfully, hoping to lure him into admitting the joke.
"Well even if trolls do in fact exist, which is a bit of a stretch, why would one be hanging around downtown Des Moines?"
Rob merely shrugged. "I am not sure. I have been trying to figure that out myself. No one knows exactly when trolls started migrating to America. There aren't many here, and they are mostly up by Decorah."
Jennifer blinked. They're mostly up by Decorah? Wow, she thought.
Rob continued. "Of course I have often wondered: did they settle up there because there were familiar humans around, or have they simply not been spotted elsewhere, because only those of Norwegian ancestry know what trolls are, or look like? Maybe that explains a lot of other things, like bigfoot."
Well, if he wants to play this like it was serious, two can play at that game, she thought. "Okay, Mister Norwegian ancestry, why does a troll come to Des Moines, Iowa?"
"My guess is that they have migrated into cities because of the buildings," he replied, looking up at the principal building as he spoke. "You see, Norway is a mountainous country and the mountains are where they live. I imagine a place as flat as Iowa wouldn't be right for them. These big concrete buildings are as close as you are going to find around here."
"So he's missing his homeland?"
Rob nodded thoughtfully, "Yeah, it's the only thing I can think of anyway."
"But how would a troll survive in a city?"
"Oh, they can survive anywhere. Besides, that's how I discovered him. He was dumpster diving behind my apartment. I saw him one night out my back window."
Jennifer had been to Rob's apartment once before. It was in Sherman Hills, an old brick building. So old in fact that there were horse stalls down in the basement, now used for storage. "So, a lot of bums dumpster dive. No big deal."
"Yeah, yeah, I know. They dive for old food, half eaten hamburgers and the like."
Jennifer wrinkled her nose, not liking where this conversation is going.
Rob closed in for what he probably thought was the clincher. "But this guy," he said, "I swear I saw him eat a tin can. Only a troll could do that."
"Ate a tin can? Come on, that's not even believable --"
"Unless he's a troll," Rob pointed out. "There's one way to tell for sure, you know."
The glint in his eye made her wary. "Okay, I'll bite, how do you tell?"
"Trolls like to have their heads scratched..." His eyes danced merrily as hers narrowed. "By pretty young maidens..."
"No way, not a chance."
"They give them gold..."
"No amount of gold will get this pretty young maiden anywhere near that lice infested scalp over there."
"Oh, come on. You want to prove he's not a troll? Then scratch away. If he doesn't produce some gold, then he's just some bum."
"If he's some bum, I'll have to have myself deloused -- with no gold to pay for it!" She shook her head and walked away. If he wanted to tell fantastic tales about some old bum that was fine with her. If she thought he would ever catch her repeating them at the next meeting like some of the more gullible guys he had another thing coming.
Still she was more than a little pleased to be in the "young maiden" category. She had begun to fear being in the "just one of the guys" category. Being a tomboy from the beginning, she had fallen into this category more than once before when she wanted something else entirely.
A week later she was having lunch with her friends from the women's circle, Raven Cleary and Judith Peorce. They were downtown at an outdoor caf� that had just opened on Court Avenue.
As they waited for their food Jennifer caught a whiff of something foul. Judith apparently caught it too, as she wrinkled her nose. A largish figure lumbered by. Jennifer instantly recognized the tattered tan overcoat and the heavy dark mane of almost dread-lock consistency hair. It was Rob's troll.
She tried to study him as he passed, but he moved at a surprising pace. He was slouched over, and she thought maybe his knees were bent as well. Still he towered over the businessmen who passed him without noticing. Standing upright, the guy must be huge, seven feet or more, she thought. She caught the barest glimpse of his face as he ambled by. It was dark enough to be of indeterminate race and with a grayish cast that almost made it look like stone. Some troll indeed, she thought, no wonder Rob thought up that tale.
"Ugh! Take a bath!" Judith gasped at the retreating back, though not loud enough to be heard.
"Be nice," Raven commanded, "the poor guy's homeless. Where's he going to bathe? How is he going to stay clean even if he does?"
"Always the social worker," Judith laughed.
Raven was in fact a social worker. She did outreach work with the homeless for Broadlawns, the county hospital.
"Do you know him?" Jennifer asked.
"Confidentiality!" Raven said warningly. "You know I can't tell you anything."
"I don't want to know anything, it's just that, well," Jennifer was suddenly awkward, "Rob's got this theory about him..."
"Ooh! Rob! Any action on that front?" Judith asked.
Jennifer shrugged noncommittally, "I'm not sure really. We have plans to eat out together next week. I'll never know until I get there if it's just me and him or if a whole bunch of the guys are going to show. Even if it's just him and me I'll spend the whole night wondering if it's a date or just friends hanging out."
She shook her head and pointed back at the guy. "Rob tried to feed me this story about that guy being a troll."
"A troll?" Judith laughed.
"A troll, like out of Norwegian folktales,." Jennifer replied, embarrassed. "I think he was just having fun with me though."
"You think?" Judith laughed.
Seemingly content that they weren't trying to find out personal information Raven jumped in. "No that's silly. Poor kid has had a hard life, but he's human enough."
"Kid?" Judith echoed.
"Yeah, kid. He may be big but he's only like nineteen. Had a hard nineteen years though. Abandoned, abused, spent most of his life jumping from foster home to foster home. Won't let us help him and can you blame him? The system screwed that kid so bad that he can't trust anyone."
As predicted Jennifer spent the first half of her date with Rob wondering if it was a date or not. No one else showed and they ate at a little Chinese place downtown that was cozy enough for a date. Of course Rob was so casual and matter of fact that she had all but decided he saw her as one of his friends and nothing more. Damn.
Afterwards they went to Java Joe's for a cappuccino. There they ran into Lorne from the Asatru group. He grabbed his cup and joined them at their table. Rob gave him a sidelong look of irritation. Lorne was apparently neither invited nor welcome this evening. Jennifer felt a flash of joy and heat at the look. That moment she wished desperately to give Lorne a big hug and then tell him to get lost. She could do neither.
"Hey, you guys are not going to believe this," Lorne started in, oblivious to any looks he was getting. "Friend of mine was at this gay bar down on the south side. Coming out of the bar at closing time he took the back roads home, through the South Side bottoms. Just down by the river he saw bigfoot. Swears up and down it was bigfoot, over seven feet tall and..." he waved his hands dramatically.
"He was wearing a tan overcoat?" Rob finished.
Lorne deflated. "You heard this story?"
Rob shook his head. "No, I know the guy. He's not bigfoot, he's a troll. Seen him out behind my apartment a number of times."
"A troll?" Lorne snorted, "and I thought Gerry was nuts."
"He's not a troll." Jennifer said. "Sorry Rob, but Raven knows him."
"Did someone say my name?" Raven smiled as she came up. "I saw you guys come in. I wasn't going to butt in, but since someone already has..."
Lorne went a bit red. "Didn't know it was anything private, sorry," he muttered.
"And I am sorry to blow the fantasy. Rob," Raven said, sitting down. "But Jennifer told me about your troll and I know him. He's just some poor homeless kid. Been in a ton of foster homes, but no one could help him. I wish I could, but he won't trust anyone anymore."
Rob just rolled his eyes. "Lot you know about trolls," he teased.
"And what's that supposed to mean?" she shot back.
"Of course he's been in a ton of foster homes. He was a troll child. That's how they multiply. They steal human children and replace them with their own, like that bird..."
"A bird that steals children?" Lorne asked aghast.
"No," Rob replied, "the bird who lays its eggs in other birds nest, then the other bird raises the baby as its own. The -- what do you call it -- the cuckoo! Only trolls are awful to raise. They're always in trouble, running wild, breaking things, being mean for no reason. No wonder his parents abandoned him. They just couldn't handle him, neither could the system. Trolls are just too much."
"Trolls aren't the only thing that's too much. And speaking of cuckoos..." Jennifer muttered under her breath.
"Enough, Rob," Raven said. "That's an awful thing to say about a poor guy. Besides, all those myths are just allegorical. They are an attempt by superstitious people to explain mental illness in children. Trolls, like most monsters, were probably just mentally ill, developmentally disabled, or suffering from medical conditions. It's hard to look at some of the birth defects I have seen or some of the strange behaviors and without attaching some sort of subhuman classification on these people. But it's not right, and trolls aren't real."
"I used to think that way too," Rob said, "but you're wrong, they're real. My granddad used to tell all these old folk tales about trolls and hulda and the like. I never believed him either. Not until I was in high school. Then I spent a summer on his farm up by Decorah and I met the Hulda for myself."
"What are the Hulda?" Jennifer asked. She could see that Raven was getting worked up over the whole troll issue and didn't want to have a huge fight between her best friend and (hopefully) boyfriend on their first date.
Luckily Rob was fairly easily diverted. "They're a sort of fairy folk. They take over abandoned houses. In the old country they would stay high up in the mountains and use the cottages that cattle herders built to stay in during the summer. As soon as the cattle herders led their cattle away for the winter, the Hulda would move in.
"Now in this country they have to make do. We don't move our cattle around like our ancestors did. So they will take up in almost any abandoned farm.
"Granddad had an old cabin on the back half of his property. He let it go on account of the Hulda needing a place to stay anyway. Grandma insisted he was just looking for an excuse to be lazy. I thought he was teasing with that story so I used to sneak up there. One night I saw one." He blushed, which was unusual for Rob. "She was taking a bath by the moonlight, the little Hulda girl."
"Oh, you peeping tom." Lorne laughed.
"Rob," Raven laughed, "whatever else you are, you sure are one hell of a story teller. Fairy spirits in Decorah, Iowa, trolls in Des Moines, what will it be next?"
He shrugged it off with a laugh, but the look in his eyes made Jennifer wonder. You could never quite tell when he was joking, but she was beginning to suspect that this was no joke to him.
After an hour of chit chat, while Jennifer tried desperately to shoo the two interlopers away by sheer telepathy (which she apparently wasn't very good at) she struck upon a simpler plan. She excused herself, saying she was tired and had to go home. Since Rob and she had met at his place and walked downtown, he had to walk her home as well. Just four blocks from his apartment in Sherman Hills was the Chat Noir, a trendy little coffee shop. It was pricier than Java Joe's, but a little privacy would be worth it.
As they walked through the cool night towards his place she quietly slipped her hand into his. He did not object. Still doubts assailed her. Had she read his reaction right? He had wanted her alone, hadn't he? That could only mean romantic intentions, right?
"Tell me more about this Hulda girl," she asked.
He blushed. "It wasn't like..."
"Like what?"
"I wasn't peeping. I didn't mean to, anyway. I didn't believe anything would be up there."
"She must have been very beautiful."
"Yes, she was." He gave her a sidelong glance. "She was short, with long beautiful dark hair, dark eyes, and a slender build."
Her heart skipped a beat at his descriptions. Okay, so she wasn't a Nordic princess, but apparently that was not what he wanted at any rate, and the description was close enough.
Then he went on, a little bit more light hearted, "They do have tails, though. Long furry ones, actually. Still, she was quite beautiful. In fact I sort of fell in love with her..." He broke off and shrugged. "Nothing really, just a school boy crush. She never, I mean I never talked to her or anything like that."
"Short, long dark hair..." Jennifer repeated slyly, running her fingers through her hair.
Rob stopped and turned towards her. "The first time I saw you," he stammered slightly as he spoke, "I thought for an instant, I thought you were her. Well, except for the tail of course." He said it lightly enough, joking.
Having waited so long for an opening, Jennifer wasn't going to blow this one by playing hard to get. "Are you sure?" she asked innocently.
He stared at her blankly.
"Are you sure," she repeated, "that I don't have a tail?"
A smile spread slowly across his face. "No, I don't know for sure, why?"
"Want to find out?"
"See! See! There he is again." Rob stood naked in front of his window looking down. "Come and see."
Jennifer rolled over and looked at his bare back in the dim light. She was still warm with the memory of him. She stared at the broad back, wanting to pull him back down onto the bed. Instead she climbed up and hugged him from behind, looking over his shoulder.
"What are you babbling about now?" she laughed in his ear.
"Down there, look."
Down below under the one lone streetlight he crouched. He was just beyond the last car in the alleyway, his back to the dumpster. Under the dim light his skin was remarkably rock gray. His long bony frame stuck out at odd angles, giving him a truly bizarre appearance. No wonder Rob thought this man a troll.
Then she noticed what he was doing. He had been dumpster diving for food obviously. But the collection of garbage he had in front of him would make the most hardened dumpster diver pause. He had a chicken leg bone in his hand. The meat was gone except for the tiniest morsel of gristle at the top. He gnawed that off and then sniffed the bone. His mouth opened and Jennifer saw a flash of sharp white teeth. The chicken bone snapped in half. He held the remaining bit while chewing contentedly. Jennifer would have almost sworn she could hear the crunching from there.
"Okay, so maybe he is a troll," she said, shuddering. "Now come to bed. That is a disgusting sight." The troll/man had finished off the bone and was picking his way through equally inedible stuff.
"Damn!" Jennifer muttered, "and double damn!" She was admittedly not the best cusser in the world. Her repertoire was limited by a rather uneventful childhood. Friends like Rob, Lorne and surprisingly Raven were rapidly catching her up to speed. A few months ago she would have probably said, "darn it".
She let the car coast as she continued cussing at herself. Cussing at herself for not having a cell phone. Cussing at herself for having a beater car. She couldn't afford better, but right now she was going to pay for that fact.
The car came to a rest by the curb. This was the worst possible place for a breakdown, right on Sixth Avenue, late on a Saturday night. You didn't get further into 'the hood' in Des Moines, Iowa. Her friends who had been to LA or anywhere for that matter, always laughed when Jennifer talked about 'the hood' in Des Moines.
This might be nothing compared to Chicago, LA, or New York, but Jennifer was a five foot four white girl. Even a few blocks of gangland was too much. To break down right in the middle of it was frightening.
She could make it to Rob's apartment from here with no problem. In three weeks of dating him she was already getting used to the long hikes he loved to take. They were getting plenty of exercise when they got back as well.
She left her car and headed down the street. Just six blocks ahead was a Quick Trip. She could call him from there.
To make a bad situation worse a group of six or seven Hispanic males rounded the corner in front of her. Even a dumb hick like Jennifer had little problem connecting the matching bandanas and tattoos with gang members. They called out to her in Spanish.
She had taken Spanish in high school, but remembered almost none of it. They didn't expect her to understand anyway, she was pretty sure. She caught gringa and se�orita; judging from the tone, nothing else they said would have appeared in high school Spanish either.
She crossed the street and aimed for the Quick Trip. Fear rose to near panic as they crossed behind her and paced after her. Nobody was rushing her and she wasn't being crowded, yet, but she feared the worst.
"Hey, Se�orita," one called. When she didn't answer he went on, "Come on, I just want to say hi." Several of the others chuckled at her obvious discomfort.
Jennifer felt an unaccountable and illogical rush of relief when she spied him, crouching down against an abandoned store front, his tan overcoat pulled up covering his face. It was Rob's troll. She had never spoken with him, or even met his eyes. She had no idea how he would react to her. And yet the mere fact that there was someone present that she knew, however distantly, somehow made her feel better.
Unbidden Rob's words came back to her. "They like having their heads scratched, by pretty young maidens... they give you gold."
She had this insane vision of scratching the troll's head and him giving her bright gold coins which she could throw to distract the men. If she hadn't been so scared it would have been funny.
The men were getting closer. She didn't dare look back, but she could hear their cowboy boots on the concrete and feel their presence closing in on her. She fought down panic.
One came abreast, though several feet to her side. They had her mostly ringed in against the store front. Quick Trip was still three blocks away. Should she run for it? Should she scream? Would that attract attention from somebody down that way?
She was just passing the troll/man and again the image assailed her. What did she have to lose? Only half aware of what she was doing she stopped next to him. He appeared asleep. Some distant rational part of her mind was saying, Do it, if nothing else he's seven feet tall. That alone might startle the men long enough to run for it.
With painful slowness she watched her hand reach out and touch his exposed head. She shivered at the thought of the encrusted dirty mats of hair but she did it. She scratched his head, hesitantly at first then harder, like she was scratching a dog's belly.
The troll/man shivered. He let out a low moan of contentment. Then he suddenly sprang to his full seven feet height. Jennifer fell back a step as he towered over her. Behind her the men stepped back as well. Now, run for it, she thought but she remained frozen in place by his gangly size and sharp granite like face.
He placed a hand gingerly on his head and gave a distinct bow. "My, oh my, has that spot itched. Young child I am grateful, truly. How on earth did you know it itched so terribly?"
Jennifer stared at him nervously, suddenly embarrassed. How could she explain? "I, uh that is my boyfriend, he... uh he told me this story. He thinks you are a troll and he says that trolls like to have their heads scratched, and..." she broke off thoroughly embarrassed now. How could she have been so stupid?
"A troll!" he cackled, his face breaking into a smile, showing bright sharp teeth. His eyes danced merrily. The men took another step back. "A troll indeed," he roared in laughter. "And did your friend perchance tell you what a troll will do to have his head scratched so? Did he?"
"He said that they give gold," she replied, blushing bright red.
"Gold! Gold!" the troll/man laughed. "Gold did he say? Well, you must tell your friend that trolls have fallen on hard times. No gold have I."
"Well, I'll tell him that," she replied, trying desperately to get away from the whole situation. "I was on my way to see him actually. Only my car broke down, so I need to call him." She edged slowly towards the Quick Trip as she spoke.
"Gold I do not have," the troll/man continued, "but this at least I can help you with." With a flourish he produced two shiny quarters and tossed them in the air. Jennifer caught them deftly to her own surprise. "For the call child, and again I thank you for the scratch."
Jennifer found herself staring at the bright clean coins in her hand and saying, "Sure anytime." She turned and started down the last three blocks between her and safety.
One of the guys made to follow her, but the man lurched in front of him. "A troll!" he cried, "A troll, did you hear?" All of the men were backing slowly away as the seven foot form lurched towards them, all smiles and teeth. "She called me a troll, that little Hulda girl there."
Jennifer froze. Think about it later, she told herself, forcing her feet to move again. She held the two quarters clutched to her chest. Two quarters for the call to Rob, who could take her away and maybe, just maybe explain it all.
© 2011 Rachel Eliason
Bio: Rachel Eliason has been having her way with words for most of her life. She wrote her first story at eight. She did not develop the discipline to write seriously until 2001. Since then she has written many science fiction, fantasy and literary pieces. Her first collection of short stories can be found at: CreateSpace:"Tales The Wind Told Me".
E-mail: Rachel Eliason
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Tag "az food"
Food Original: Jewel’s Bakery & Café, Valley’s First Full-Service Gluten-Free Restaurant
By: Brian Garrido Jewel’s Bakery & Café, owned by chef Julie Moreno, is schedule to serve dinner in early June. “I’m very excited,” says Moreno. “We will have hush puppies and our famous Chicken and Waffles. Someone wrote on our
Memorial Weekend Margaritas Gone Wild: Shaken Up Seven Ways
By: Brian Garrido The International Bartender’s Association (IBT) defines a margarita as having three ingredients: tequila, lime juice and triple sec, a sweet orange tasting liquor. The drink is defined as a classic by the organization’s more than seventy-five global
Searching for Phoenix’s Primo Taco
By: Brian Garrido Definitely Hecho en México, but brought to the Sonoran desert in the early 20th century, the popularity of the taco in the Valley has reached epic proportions. Tacos are everywhere – at your local taquería, corner stands,
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Big Ideas, Essential Questions: Deepening Student Understanding
March 28, 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 13
Making a Unit Intellectually Engaging
Jay McTighe and Grant Wiggins
A time-honored way to make learning more lively and proactive is to frame schoolwork around enchanting and thought-provoking questions and to weave the content in as "answers" or "tools" in helping learners address those questions. The best essential questions are thought-provoking by design; that is, by their very nature they seek to bring minds to life. As noted in Chapter 1, a question isn't essential unless it awakens, heightens, or challenges thought.
From a pedagogical point of view, we seek questions that are likely to make students want to do two things: (1) actively pursue an inquiry and not be satisfied with glib, superficial answers, and (2) willingly learn content along the way in the service of the inquiry. That's why the best questions, used properly, make learning more active and enjoyable.
When such questions are employed effectively, students experience far less sense of pointless drudgery because they are acquiring knowledge and skill for more obvious and worthy reasons. The learning is thus more intrinsically than extrinsically motivated, making it far more likely that students will persist with the work required for understanding and continuous improvement.
No wonder, then, that simulations, video games, and sports are so engaging and athletes are willing to endure the tedium of skill development and the pain of conditioning. Lurking behind every soccer game or swim meet is a set of interesting and ongoing essential questions: What do we need to do to win? What do we need to do to improve? What are our strengths and weaknesses, and how can we play to our strengths and lessen our weaknesses?
Such questions are constantly alive because each new game or meet brings a new form of challenge, and using one's mind to figure out how to be better at an immersive challenge is key to motivation.
In fact, the best coaches make such implicit questions explicit. Grant saw this with one of his daughter's high school soccer coaches, a veteran of 40 years of college and high school coaching. Unlike so many of his colleagues, he didn't lecture during the half-time break. He merely asked questions: What is working for us so far? What isn't? Why isn't it working, and how can we improve it? What is working for the other team, and how can we counter it?
The girls became much better players under this coach even though he "taught" less. As a result of his Socratic methods, they learned to "think soccer" and be constantly intrigued by and alert to the challenges in the questions.
We saw the same effect of good questions used by an English/language arts teacher of sixth-grade students. This teacher employed the following essential questions to guide students’ writing and the peer reviews:
For writers: What is your purpose? Who is your audience? Where is the paper working and not working, given your purpose? The answers had to be stapled to the draft for peer review.
For reviewers: To what extent did the writer achieve his/her purpose? Where were you most interested and where did you lose interest and why?
Invariably—as noted by the teacher and by interviewed students—the places where the reader lost interest became a teachable moment for some aspect of idea development, organization, word choice, or mechanics. Thus the framework of the EQs, and the effects of actively asking them, made the learning of the typical content far more relevant, timely, and acceptable to the learners. (Not incidentally, this teacher's students significantly outperformed other students in the district on the state writing assessment.)
From Essential Questions: Opening Doors to Student Understanding (pp. 19–20), by Jay McTighe and Grant Wiggins, 2013, Alexandria, VA: ASCD. Copyright 2013 by ASCD. Reprinted with permission.
Jay McTighe leads ASCD's Understanding by Design® (UbD™) cadre and brings a wealth of experience developed during a rich and varied career in education. He served as director of the Maryland Assessment Consortium; was involved with school improvement projects at the Maryland State Department of Education; and directed the development of the Instructional Framework, a multimedia database on teaching. Grant Wiggins is the president of Authentic Education in Hopewell, N.J. He also serves as a consultant to Pearson Publishing on 12 different textbook series. McTighe and Wiggins are coauthors of Understanding by Design and Schooling by Design. See ASCD's UbD resources page for more.
ASCD Express, Vol. 8, No. 13. Copyright 2013 by ASCD. All rights reserved. Visit www.ascd.org/ascdexpress.
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The view stretches between heaven and infinite, between the frame of dazzling mountain and the blue boundless sea...
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Zingaro Nature Reserve
In origin the town had the function of emporium for the near and prosperous town of Segesta with which it shared its splendour and its decline. It reflourished under the Arabs and was influenced by the various following dominations which left important traces in the language, culture, and also in agriculture and cooking. The cultural importance of Castellammare del Golfo, has been confirmed becouse the whole area around Erice belonged to the European cultural itinerary called “the route of the Phoenicians”(www.rottadeifenici.it).
Its geographical position , situated between two important airports, linked to the motorway A29 makes Castellammare Del Golfo the ideal place for a series of innumerable itineraries and trips, which will satisfy every need. The surrounding area is a true concentration of natural beauty and several towns, rich in history and culture; less than an hour, for example, it is possible to reach towns like Segesta, Erice, Selinunte Trapani, Palermo, Monreale, while, directly from the harbour, the marvellous Egadi islands and Ustica can be reached by sea or making a trip along the coast to S.Vito lo Capo via the Zingaro Nature Reserve.
Via Bosco di Scopello, 1 · Scopello
91014 Castellammare del Golfo (TP)
scopello@ibagliresort.it
Copyright © 2019 I Bagli Resort. All Right Reserved. Powered by Pikta / Koobi Booking Engine
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Sacramento State Student Dies After Fatal Pellet Gun Shooting
Bob Moffitt
Friday, April 12, 2019 | Sacramento, CA | Permalink
A Sacramento State college student died early Friday morning after he was shot with a pellet gun.
According to the Sacramento Police Department, William Molina passed around 3 a.m. after the shooting took place at a house two miles from campus. Spokeswoman Linda Matthew says investigators have not told her what led up to the shooting, why it happened, how many people were at the home, or who fired the fatal shot.
"That's part of our investigation, and our detectives have spoken with everyone. We don't believe that there are outstanding suspects. I should say that,” Matthew said.
She says no one has been identified yet as a suspect and no arrests have been made.
Sac State spokesman Brian Blomster says the school has yet to begin its investigation.
"Sacramento police are doing the investigating. They have not completed that or shared what they found. So, the university is waiting on the police department to let us know what happened,” he said
Molina, 21, was a Folsom High School graduate, a business major and a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity. The school says the house where he was shot was not a fraternity house.
The fraternity is on probation until the end of May, stemming from an earlier incident involving excessive consumption of alcohol.
Sacramento Region Reporter
Bob reports on all things northern California and Nevada. His coverage of police technology, local athletes, and the environment has won a regional Associated Press and several Edward R. Murrow awards. Read Full Bio
@BobMoffitt Email Bob Moffitt
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California’s Aid In Dying Law Is Mostly Used By White People. Here’s Why.
California Stopped Tracking Sexual Harassment Complaints Years Ago. That Left Leaders Without Answers In The Me Too Era.
Being Uninsured Poses Unique Health Care Challenges For The Transgender Community
A Black Mother Told Not To Scream In Labor Asks: Can California Fix Racism In Maternity Care?
Iconic Yosemite Place Names Are Coming Back After Settlement Over Trademark Dispute
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Gay Games supplementary – the build up to Pink Flamingo and my results
The warm-up end
All Christophe’s hard work is coming together and every group, having rehearsed their routines separately are now making use of every moment to do extra. I discover that I’m not hearing the beat of the music very well and am getting ahead. Then there are last minute discrepancies which have to be altered to go with the majority. Some of the cues are linked to the lyrics, but I haven’t noticed any lyrics in our piece of music. Admittedly I’ve given up on pop lyrics over the last ten years, considering them unintelligible. It turns out that what I hear as ’ee oww’ is actually ‘in out’. Perhaps time to book an audiology appointment. I’ve bought a bottle of Bordeaux for the picnic and get some useful help drinking it from Oliver. Some are going on to another party or event, but I’m heading to my local café for late night glacé. The parties here start at 11.30 pm and end around 5-6 am – not really compatible with where I’m at, these days.
one gold and two silver medals
Thursday continues with team success and I have a very good 100 metres freestyle, stretching out more, engaging my core and kicking regularly – I hope. It’s a good time and Sarah, who is watching the live results on her phone say’s I’ve got a Gold. The event is not even over yet and there will be more in my age group to race. It’s difficult to get medals in the 100 Freestyle, but five Americans drop out of the event and I end up with a sliver – 13 seconds behind the winner. It’s been an amazing result for me – three medals and three PB’s.
Author Christopher PrestonPosted on August 31, 2018 Categories All, Swimming2 Comments on Gay Games supplementary – the build up to Pink Flamingo and my results
Gay Games – Culture from Klimt to Pink Flamingo
It’s the last day of the swimming and I’m leaving the long-distance heroes to slog it out in the 1500m as I’ve booked a ten am slot to see the interactive Gustav Klimt exhibition at Atelier des Lumières. I’m early and having over an hour to kill, find a healthy-looking breakfast place overlooking a small garden square. I sit just outside, shaded from the morning sun and enjoy and egg with spinach on toast with coffee while the world in this deserted part of the city trickles by. I’m shocked, but not surprised by the numbers of homeless and derelict human beings, many clearly display mental health symptoms, around the city. It seems that every metro station has its regulars, sleeping, begging – mostly men.
The Atelier des Lumières has opened its doors and the early birds wait until two queues are organised – those with and those without tickets. I enter a cavernous space with some seating. There’s a projected notice on the walls and remains of some industrial fittings, which announces that the show will commence in a few minutes. We are clearly waiting for the space to fill up, and it does, but not too much as when the projections begin they cover every part of the place, walls floor and ceiling. Even the audience is part of the surface. Klimt is most famous for his gold period but we begin with neo classical work and move through his wide-ranging styles. This is the most exciting exhibition I’ve ever encountered and it helps that I’ve seen some of the work in galleries around the world, particularly when the purists ask – ‘but have you seen the originals?’ Questions like ‘Would Klimt have approved?’ are irrelevant. He’s not here to comment and I’ve been emotionally engaged. That’s my criteria for art. The thirty-minute presentation of moving Klimt images is followed by two short pieces featuring Hundert Wasser and something called Poetic_AI a stunning digital experience. Music accompanies the exhibition, cleverly heightening the emotional engagement.
I’m tempted to stay on and watch it again, but I’ve got a Pink flamingo Rehearsal to attend.
We’ve been called for 12 noon in the park next to the swimming pool. Some of the guys wear their costumes as quick changes have to be rehearsed and last minute brushing up of routines achieved. Red and pink balloons have to be attached to a giant mouth and lips for the finale.
The balloon Mouth and Lips
They can then be carried to the pool and stored for later. We’ve been promised a twenty-minute rehearsal slot in the pool, but everything is running late and after a demonstration by the winning Syncro team there are two Water Polo finals to be played.
Last minute rehearsals
We manage to get about eight minutes in between games. It’s all chaotic, but we get acquainted with our small storage room to the side, where we will enter, exit and get changed. All we can do is wait and get into our costumes.
they guys just love to show off their pecs & abs
The theme of the Pink Flamingo this year is ‘The French Kiss’ and we are act number five. Team New York Aquatics are after us – they are next year’s IGLA hosts and the current hosts, Paris Aquatique are last. There’s quite a lot of simulated sex in the various acts and weird sea-monsters. Sydney Wet Ones have Marie Antoinette losing her head and many clubs have impressive syncro teams doing amazing things.
Opening dance group: 2 Italians, 2 Spaniards, 1 American, 1 Kiwi, 1 Frenchman and an Englishman.
It’s our turn and the sound system is a bit rubbish so our opening number begins slightly out of time but we recover. We are the only act with an actual script. It’s a pre-recorded presentation with mimed action, explaining the French Kiss interpolated with choreographed dance. Christophe has to take over the syncro slot at the last moment as Steph has to catch a train. Miraculously we manage to spread ourselves over the dance area and the raised paddling pool area. It’s a huge space to fill and connect with the audience.
Paris Aquatique – chic
There is a long pause before Paris Aquatique’s act, as the judges have to decide the winners as they, being the hosts are not eligible to win. They also won last year in Miami. When they do come on, it’s fantastic and goes on for much longer that the five minutes the rest of the clubs were allocated.
As the results are announced, the tension mounts. There’s a prize for the best technical performance (beheading of Marie Antoinette) then the best costumes. Tel Aviv win the consolation prize then to our utter joy, London is announced the winner. There is a roar from our team and I overhear Stephen Lue quietly say ‘Thank fuck for that.’ We all pour out of the stand down onto poolside to collect the model Pink Flamingo. Most of the Out to Swim team dive into the pool and swim to the other end for a final photograph.
We won the Pink Flamingo
I’m exhausted and it’s time to calm down and relax for the evening. The youngsters will probably go off to the party at 11.30pm – 5.00am. It’s too late for me and I have a train to catch in the morning. At Gar du Nord, there’s a sign directing European passport holders around a pillar into the Business Class lane. There is no queue at baggage security scanning; automatic passport recognition gates allow me to leave France and another set of gates let me into the UK. I don’t think that will happen next year after we’ve left the European Union.
Christophe and the Pink Flamingo
Back in London, there’s a facebook frenzy of photo sharing. When news comes out that Out to Swim is the top swimming club in the Gay Games, getting twice as many points as second place Washington DC AC, the facebook posts erupt. We took 79 swimmers to the games and everyone who competed earned points. There are lots of people to thank, coaches, organisers and just everyone for participating.
Out to Swim and the Pink Flamingo
We are all so proud of our International LGBT club. We have swimmers from all over the world, from every continent, reflecting London as it is now. I hope this will continue through the years ahead. Who knows what will happen?
Author Christopher PrestonPosted on August 22, 2018 Categories All, Swimming, the artsLeave a comment on Gay Games – Culture from Klimt to Pink Flamingo
Gay Games – Medals and Relays
Tuesday. I’ve stocked up on croissants, salami, camembert, bananas and other fruit so I can have a 6 am breakfast in my hotel room. There’s tea bags and a kettle and I’ve got my cereal bars and also fresh milk. Entry to the Swimming pool is at 7.30, so it’s my first opportunity to warm up in the competition pool. Amazingly the legs are still holding out although I think they may be in shock, having had a week off kicking two weeks before the games. What I do have to remember for the 200 metre Backstroke is that it’s eight lengths of this pool.
Team Captain, Andy – exhausted after winning gold in Breaststroke
I’ve been known to mis-count and get disqualified. My other worry is that the ending in this pool feels different and I decide to take a quick peek as I approach the wall. It all seems to go well, particularly with the new pre-race breathing to stock up on oxygen. The competition is tough and I manage fourth place again but also another personal best. Coach is not so happy though – worried that my look over the shoulder might be interpreted by the referee as being on my side – leading to disqualification. The other thing is that my knees bent and came out of the water. It’s interesting the difference between what you think you are doing and what is actually happening. There’s something called kinaesthetic awareness – the position of the body in relation to one’s surroundings. It’s important in dance and if you are ever walking backwards in a crowd. I’ve been working on my straight legs in training and when I do a second warm-up before our medley relay I check that they are straight – they seem to be. We’ve got a relay team adding up to 240+ years and I’m starting off with the 100 m Backstroke – concentrating on straight legs. I can feel them wanting to bend in the heat of racing – reverting to old habits and I have to force them to behave. My 100 Backstroke is one second slower than Sunday, but I have swum quite a lot already today and it’s enough for us to get a silver medal in our age-group.
Our senior swimmer at the Games, Hillary just won another gold
It’s been a wonderful morning watching so many of our team do 200 Fly, 50 freestyle and 50 Breaststroke and getting medals. I reward myself with a beer and lunch at the bistro by the local Metro.
Wednesday. I have enough victuals for a repeat early breakfast as it’s the 800 metres freestyle which is first up in the schedule. We’re racing two to a lane – two in the time of one. I’ve done this before in New Zealand, setting off at the same time and I’m not thrilled about the idea. This time, we are set off at different times so that we hopefully touch the electronic pads alternately. This turns out to be OK and I’m able to keep an eye out for the guy in the next lane who is around my time.
Vicki looking good in the 800
It’s a while since I did 800 in a twenty-five-metre pool so it’s great that one of our team mates (Paul) has volunteered to operate the counter and cheer me on at each turn. It’s a much-improved time and another personal best. I’m fourth again and grrrr – only three seconds away from a bronze medal. Nothing is ever perfect and my notes from Coach tell me that my kick was sporadic and hence my bum too low in the water. I can also extend my reach further to push more water back to the other end of the pool. There’s always room for improvement and at this age, getting the technique right is the only way to get faster, or at least hold ground. I think that unless you are in an Olympic Squad, the only way to train for some of the longer distances is by competing often.
Out to Swim team (most of us) at the pool.
For the 4 x 100 freestyle and 4 x 50 medley relays, we drop down an age-group to 200+ years. In this bracket the competition is fierce and we manage 9th and 6th respectively. Team Captain, Andy Benson’s clever pairing up means lots of medals in the relays. The drama is intense in the 120-year men’s 4 x 50 relays and our teams are spectacular with some lightening-fast tumble turns. Our mixed medley 120+ team are just fantastic and take not only the gold but an IGLA record.
Parc Buttes Chaumont
I have time to snooze before buying picnic stuff and making my way to Parc Buttes Chaumont. We’re having a Pink Flamingo rehearsal followed by a picnic.
Author Christopher PrestonPosted on August 21, 2018 Categories All, Swimming2 Comments on Gay Games – Medals and Relays
Gay Games – Openers
St Pancras Eurostar: Maria Jay Michael & Christopher
Saturday, the day, the opening day of the Gay Games, my first ever. It’s full of queues and standing around. I’m wearing my Out for Sport Team LGBT top so I can greet and be greeted by fellow sports people. St Pancras is a constant throng of travellers and as I have fifteen minutes before my train lane is opened, there’s time for a coffee and Pain aux Raisin. When I do join the queue, it’s stretched way down the shopping concourse. I narrowly head off a large tour party who is approaching from the other direction to join said queue. A woman wearing my Out for Sport top is looking for the end of the queue. She’s pushing a large suitcase with a hockey stick protruding. Our eyes lock in recognition and even though we’ve never met, greet each other like long lost friends so she can join me in the queue. Maria plays for the London Royals Hockey Team. Amazingly the queue moves quickly and we are seen through the barriers, security, where our bags are scanned and passports checked – automatically. Michael and Jay (both not competing due to injury) join us. Others from Out to Swim hove into view and we find ourselves in the same carriage and others not far away. The Out to Swim women behind me have packed a healthy- looking brunch with Prosecco. Our amazing coordinator, Christophe and team are at Gare du Nord to hand out our accreditation packs which they have collected for the team.
Wilting around the flag
I’ve got time to check into my Hotel and sort myself out, have some lunch at the Café over the road, before making my way to the Opening Ceremony at the Stade Jean Bouin. There are handy signs outside the Metro directing us to the Stade and there are other athletes heading in the same direction. I arrive at the suggested time of 5pm. It’s stinking hot and not spotting anyone else I know, take up a position in the shade and unfurl the Out to Swim flag, which I’ve volunteered to transport. It acts as a beacon and gradually team members gather. It’s a long hot wait with nowhere to sit but on the ground. An MC gets everyone involved by identifying countries, encouraging cheering and the like.
Various countries are summoned up onto a small make-shift stage and it’s interesting to note that China is invited up before Taiwan. China has apparently objected that Taiwan are controversially using their flag, so going first reduces the likelihood of a protest. Hong Kong (the next Gay Games host) is also represented separately. There’s a group of Australians quite near us and when their call comes to come to the stage, they just stand there talking. Only a handful of Aussies make it to the stage.
When it’s Great Britain’s time to mount the stage, there’s a general barging past, interrupting conversations and someone trying to photograph Thai drag queens. Two hours and a disgusting burger and chips later, it’s time to line up in alphabetical order of country, to enter the stadium. Étais Unis are caught unawares by their move up the alphabet. Furthermore, they are supposed to be parading in alphabetical order of States. The announcer is constantly telling countries to ‘go to the Access area’ but from where we are, there are no clues as to where this might be. People from Alaska can be seen dawdling in the wrong direction. Eventually the MC gives up calling out US states and just pleads for anyone from the US to just go to the access area. This area turns out to be a tallish flag just out of view to the side.
Stade architecture
At around 8.30pm – three and a half hours later, we enter the queue (some of the team are exhausted and have gone home to rest for the races tomorrow) and it’s a relief to be walking, even if it is only around the back of the Stade. We enter waving our Team GB white balloons which Vicki has organised. We zig-zag over the rugby pitch on a white plastic path which protects the grass. There’s a lot of noise and announcements in French which I don’t understand, and then we exit, not far from where we’ve been waiting to enter into the seating area. The French are, as host nation, the last to process and they seem to go on forever. In the meanwhile, our British balloons have escaped, some onto the pitch and several get trapped by a portable fan.
Christophe waves our flag
Like harmless bombs, they sneak around the place and one even makes it into the French procession. While we wait for everyone to enter, attempts at Mexican waves are tried with varying degrees of success. The entertainment begins with an impressive gymnastic display of cheer-leading, except it’s on the other side of the stadium and played to the spectators/supporters. The next act, a singer with dancers plays to the competitors, but it’s all too small for this vast arena even though it is relayed on screens. When a French comedian comes on and wonders why no one can understand him, so he starts again in English – It’s quite a good joke, but too small for this place – it’s time to leave, have beer and Glacé at a café near the hotel before retiring to rest my legs for tomorrow. It’s a big ask to fill a stadium this size with entertainment other than Rugby.
Piscine Georges Vallerey
Sunday. It’s the usual dilemma, when to eat and does the hotel do breakfast early enough? Fortunately, my only race today is early in the afternoon, so I opt for the full breakfast at 7.00, hitting on the idea to prepare a small filled baguette with salami, camembert, cucumber and a lettuce leaf to eat later. I arrive at the pool hours too early and decide to test out the water by doing a pre-warm up. Everything (in the body) seems to be working as it should except that the roof of Piscine Georges Vallerey is open and the sun is streaming in. Recalling the navigation problems in the Mallorca out-door pool, not to mention the blinding sun, I ask if the roof can be closed for the backstroke. No, it can’t, because it’s made of corrugated iron and heats up. I then get a lecture from the official about how they held international meets here and how to count stokes from the flags and look at the lane ropes. ‘Yes, I know all that.’
I reply tartly. So, no luck there. There’s an afternoon warm-up session and it takes me a while to break through the wall and get going again. I’ve got my eye on the sun on Lane 4 now and it all seems manageable. Suddenly I discover I’ve been moved up a heat and to lane 1 – not my favourite. On poolside there is an announcement that backstroke starting bars are available. Suddenly everyone is asking me about them. I explain that they prevent slipping on the wall of the pool, but because they stick out a few millimetres, the toes must be above the bar touching the electronic pads. Guys look dubious, so I say ‘If you are not comfortable, don’t use them,’ and they cheer up. For the first time, I remember to stock up on oxygen by breathing deeply several times before the start and have the most comfortable and enjoyable 100 M Backstroke for a long time with a 4th place. I knew the Americans were fast (1st place 20 seconds faster than me) and so are the Canadians.
Donna with Anna and her medals on day one
Lizzie and Andy breaking records
Out to Swim seem to be collecting loads of medals, particularly our women. At the end of day one I’ve already lost count of our team medal count. It’s been a long full day, cheering everyone on – time for beer and dinner at a café near the hotel.
With Christophe
Monday is another late start for me and again, only one race. Looking at the preliminary sheets there are three guys ahead of me entering forty-five seconds. Over a year ago I entered forty-six, so I have to swim faster than at least one of them to get a bronze. It’s time to focus and this time I don’t arrive too early and spend thirty minutes carefully warming up with backstroke kick and drills included. I try a fifty backstroke, but this is not a good idea as there as there are no backstroke flags in the warm-up pool. I whack my arm on the end of the pool – ow! Fortunately, no serious damage is done so I end up with a few HVO’s to get the blood flowing. High Velocity Overdrives involve a fast push-off and max effort for about six strokes followed by easy to the end of the pool. Back in the stands, a few distractions cause minor panic as I’ve got to change into my Arena Skins for the race.
Gold for 50 metres Backstroke
As they are literally skin tight – this can take a few minutes and I need to sit down in a cubicle and roll them up my legs to start with. All goes well and I’m below the forty-five seconds entered by the guys in the next heat. Amazingly, in a field of Americans three of the guys don’t swim that fast and two haven’t turned up so I get the gold medal – fantastic and unexpected, with a personal best thrown in.
I’m dining Chéz Robert Jolly and his partner Gerrard near Port D’Italie this evening. Robert sort of belongs to Paris Aquatique, but is swimming for Australia – his home country this week. He turns up at a lot of the international meets as well as the British ones. He’s invited a couple from West Hollywood aquatics to make up five for dinner. We are all in the older age-groups, so there’s stuff to talk about. The Californians have quite a few ‘interesting’ things to say about their current president. Gerrard is a charming host and Robert has done us five magnificent courses. We can’t stay too late as we are all swimming in the morning and I have a very early start.
Out to Swim Backstroke medals
Author Christopher PrestonPosted on August 14, 2018 Categories All, Swimming1 Comment on Gay Games – Openers
Gay Games Paris – the preparation
Out for Sport Team GB tee shirt
It’s the day before the day before and I’m supposed to be race-fit and ready to swim fast. We’ve been tapering for some weeks now which apparently means swimming hard, swimming relaxed and getting quite a bit of rest. Hmm – last night’s session was tough and my glutes are feeling it today. That’s because I’ve been off kicking for a week – using a pull buoy – to get over a last-minute hamstring injury. The old legs got a bit of a shock.
I’ve just qualified as a Swimming Teacher’s assistant and am full of the theory and mechanics of swimming. Coach got us to do big arms – no polite ‘ladies’ swimming – to move that water out of the way. Then there were endless lengths with full lungs for buoyancy – no breathing. Finally, the instruction was ‘no splashing’ – it increases drag. I like no splashing. Apparently, we looked much better by the end of the session, but will we be fast enough to beat the Americans in Paris?
Once a month we all converge from our various pools to a semi-outdoor food hall and I thought a Mixed grill had been earnt – protein replacement as a reward. I got talking to one of the guys from Lessons who is having difficulty breathing out and wanted to know if going to the gym would help his fitness. I’m a great believer in breathing out – seriously – but have no experience of gong to the gym so I could only help on the first count. I got home late to find the heat sheets for the games had arrived and spent hours on my phone scrolling through hundreds of pages of heats to find my events and to sus out the competition. Yep, the Americans are coming and it’s going to be tough. One ray of hope is that I entered over a year ago and some of my times are better than then.
Out to Swim Official top designed by our own fabulous artist – Dermot Flynn
There’s been a lot of hype around the games from within the club and endless newsletters from the Federation of Gay Games. Then there’s been offers of things to do in Paris: shopping, sightseeing and social activities. It will all take a week – longer than any other swim meet I’ve been to. Inevitably with such a large organisation, things go wrong and the policy of feeding out information gradually over the months has upset travel bookings, accommodation and created logistical nightmares on how to get from a, to b. to c. in time. Somehow it should all come together on Saturday evening for the Opening Ceremony. At the end of the day, it’s just another LGBT sports meet and I’ve done a few around the world in the last seven years.
The Day Before
My first priority is a last-minute check-up with Robbie, my magician, Sports Masseur and Osteopath. He manages to keep this now Sixty-seven-year-old body in shape and he did miraculous work on my hamstring earlier in the week. I always feel on a high afterwards, so it’s a slow relaxed ride to Sainsburys to stock up on cereal bars. It’s too hot to do anything much but lie on the settee – resting – snoozing – reading, having lunch followed by more of the above. Boring really. I’m up-to-date with home improvements and anyway, DIY doesn’t agree with my swimming muscles. A few weeks ago, I complained about it to my friend Ros. ‘You’re more of a racehorse than a donkey, aren’t you?’ she said. Looking at the start sheets now, I don’t feel much like a racehorse. The times submitted by the American swimmers make me realise that I’m heading for a world class Masters competition.
Red Balloons wait in the park for their rehearsal.
Then there’s the Pink Flamingo. We’ve been rehearsing our five – minute routine of entertainment on the theme of The French Kiss. I’ve unexpectedly found myself in the opening dance routine – something I haven’t done in over twenty-five years. Fortunately, the dance is only fifty to sixty seconds long and I don’t have to do any double pirouettes. We’ve been rehearsing in car parks and public gardens around London, to the entertainment of passers-by.
Tonight, is the last opportunity to train before racing in Paris and it’s a relief to get of the settee and move the body. The session is quite busy but the coach is kind today so that those of us going to Paris don’t swim hard all the time. At the end of an hour (the session is ninety minutes) we have to swim down and get out, she doesn’t want us over doing it. Those not going to Paris get to swim hard for another half hour.
Author Christopher PrestonPosted on August 11, 2018 Categories All, SwimmingLeave a comment on Gay Games Paris – the preparation
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Shock defeat as Mecca move into town
Last updated : 19 December 2009 By Tony Scholes
Keith McNee (centre) disc jockeying at Leeming
Just ahead of Christmas there was exciting news in town when it was revealed that Mecca Dancing Ltd. had taken over the Empress Ballroom. The Empress had been Burnley's premier dancing centre for some 32 years and was now going to be in the hands of a company who operated nearly 40 dance halls and over 100 dance-cum-restaurants in England.
Mr Eric D. Morley, Mecca director and the well known organiser of the 'Miss World' beauty contest said there would be immediate improvements to the Empress and confirmed there was a real prospect of a new £100,000 ballroom in the town in a few years time.
That new ballroom did come to fruition not too far into the 1960s with the building of the Locarno Ballroom and Rose Room, situated as part of the new town centre development of the time at the junction of Yorkshire Street and Centenary Way. Today it houses the Gala Bingo.
Not only was there the news from Mecca but in the same week the Minister of Housing and Local Government gave Burnley the go ahead for that town centre development. His observations were "a triumph for the local authority in imaginative planning", and it left the town celebrating the news.
For one resident's family it was going to be a sad Christmas. A car, with four occupants, overturned and crashed into a lamp standard late on Friday night in Padiham Road. Such was the state of the car that it seemed impossible anyone could come out alive.
Thankfully three did, but sadly the driver was already dead. It took no less than two hours to get the trapped passengers out. The rescue was considered one of the biggest ever put into operation on Burnley's roads and was headed by Chief Constable Mr R. A. Noble GM and his deputy Superintendent T. K. Robinson.
It was very much the time for Christmas parties, and what a good time was had by all the employees' children of Elgin who were treated to a fantastic afternoon with slapstick from Charlie Chaplin, a visit from Father Christmas as well as sandwiches, jelly and cakes. All the children received a present from Father Christmas too, valued at £1.
The old folk weren't left out. Lucas staff handed out 200 parcels for those in poor circumstances. The staff gave of their time free of charge to distribute them and they were very well received.
For those rushing for late presents there was news from the Co-op that they'd got in extra stock of the very popular gay shortie dressing gowns at £4 2s. They also had society pyjamas at £1 7s 6d, biscuit tins at 12s 3d as well as invincible chrome tea pots for just £1 8s 3d.
Footballers weren't left out either. A pair of Stanley Matthews football boots would set you back £1 12s 11d (men), £1 7s 11d (youths) or £1 4s 11d (boys).
Elsewhere, Kettering and Leicester had slippers for 14s 11d (men) and 10s 11d (women), you could get the very best Sheaffer pens from H Gutteridge whilst J Duckworth supplied smoking gifts including pipes, pouches, cigars and cigarette cases. Reg Mills had kiddies tricycles from £1 13s 1d and 18" roadsters for up to £13 19s 6d.
If you wanted some wine, John Taylor's were delivering free of charge and all wines were 7s 3d per bottle. They also had a fine range of spirits with a bottle of very old scotch malt setting you back £1 17s 6d.
There was more penny pushing, this time at the Turf Hotel where a pile of pennies had been six months in the making. It was pushed over by current Burnley player Tommy Cummings along with former player Benny Cross and raised £21 in aid of spastics.
A local journalist had become a 'disc jockey' whilst serving in the RAF. A member of the Burnley Express editorial staff Keith McNee was based at Leeming and was one of five announcers and disc jockeys on a forces network broadcasting system.
He had two programmes of his own. One was 'Leeming Top Ten' which played the top ten records at the station that week and the other was 'Christmas Island' which was based on Desert Island Discs.
Arrangements were being made for a new programme where Keith would interview personalities and Vivien Leigh, Peter Cushing, Anthony Quayle, Benny Hill, Peggy Mount and Margaret Rutherford were being lined up. I just wonder how on earth Keith would have turned an interview with Peggy Mount into a discussion on Burnley Football Club.
Lowerhouse Cricket Club President Mr T. Redman warned that the game would have to counter what he described as the menace of television and motor cars. Mr Redman believed television was having a serious effect on attendances at the West End and it was time something was done about it.
Along with the motoring public he accused them of ruining local sport, whilst he also confirmed that Des Hoare would be their professional for 1960.
Lowerhouse also featured in the court proceedings of the week when a man was charged with breaking into their ground and stealing 840 cigarettes at a value of £6 19s as well as £3 1s in cash.
He might have got away with it but on the way home he managed to lose a shoe and a glove and this enabled Detective Con John Reevley to find him and arrest him. "I am a bloody fool," the man said on arrest but when he was taken into custody he said: "What would you do living in a dump like this?"
Two good friends decided to go for a Christmas drink together and had drunk four pints of beer each when they had an argument. It went a bit too far when one of them smashed his glass in the other's face causing him to have 26 stitches.
In court he was found guilty and fined £10. The court told him: "If this is what drink does to you, you are well advised to leave it alone," He admitted that with the fine, he wouldn't be able to afford any.
After playing over half of the win at Arsenal with a groin injury, Jimmy McIlroy had heat treatment all week to try to get him fit for the Leeds game. He didn't make it, with Billy White taking his place, but he was busy having his say on the England international set up at a meeting of the Burnley Junior Chamber of Commerce.
McIlroy said that the best players were not being selected and that was down to the fact that they were being picked by nine people on a selection committee. He agreed with the recent proposal from Burnley that a full time man should be appointed.
He thought that someone like Stan Cullis would not be good given that he'd select a team of strong, powerful players and suggested that such as Arthur Rowe and Matt Busby should be considered.
Apart from McIlroy being unable to play it was same again for Burnley and there was good news in the camp with Colin McDonald playing in a practice match during the week. The news wasn't quite so good for Dave Smith who had played two junior games after coming back from a broken leg. He'd wrenched his back and wouldn't be able to play for any teams this week.
Burnley were given a warning that they should not treat Leeds lightly, that Leeds needed all the points they could get and would be all out to apply all the pressure possible to escape from what is tantamount to the relegation zone. We didn't heed the warning and fell to a 1-0 defeat.
Usually in the dark days of winter, when the weather, like the Turf Moor attendance, is poor, Burnley gaily oblige with a sparkling performance as a form of compensation to the loyalists present, who are prepared to take a risk on both the elements and the football.
This time however, on a dismal afternoon, beneath the floodlights and in the slanting rain, Burnley forgot their magic formula for success and gave one of their most disappointing displays of the season before one of the smallest gates.
It was all the more bewildering because the opposition was Leeds United, the team they beat at Elland Road in the opening fixture and Leeds look to be a worse team now than they did in August.
There can be no excuses for this loss of points so necessary if honours or end of season bonus money are to jointly grace dressing room and pockets at Turf Moor. This slip up merely emphasises the unreliable nature of the side and the result proved an anti-climax to the resounding victory at Highbury the previous week.
Leeds struggled for long periods and it was ironical that they scored the only goal of the game from one of their few classical moves. Even then the danger should have been dispelled by a free kick award before the ball was centred, for Meek after a passing bout with Cush, pushed Elder away, sending him staggering off balance.
From Meek's centre, OVERFIELD stabbed his foot at the ball and it was in the net. He looked as if he couldn't believe his luck and the hitherto silent Leeds supporters rose from their hiding in the stand to give tongue with whoops of delight.
Burnley could not employ their subtle slip it and run tactics in the heavy going and so had an unrewarding afternoon. For their supporters it was one of frustration.
The defeat saw us drop one place to fourth in a very tight league table. Spurs were the new leaders on 30 points, followed by Preston (29) and Wolves (28). We headed a group of four teams on 27 points on goal average.
Leeds meanwhile delighted in climbing out of the bottom two with Birmingham rejoining Luton in those relegation positions.
Burnley: Adam Blacklaw, John Angus, Alex Elder, Bobby Seith, Brian Miller, Jimmy Adamson, John Connelly, Billy White, Ray Pointer, Jimmy Robson, Brian Pilkington.
Leeds United: Ted Burgin, Terry Caldwell, Grenville Hair, Wilbur Cush, Jack Charlton, Archie Gibson, George Meek, Bob Cameron, John McCole, Chris Crowe, Jack Overfield.
Referee: Mr C. H. Sant (Crewe).
Leeds did the double over us on the day. As our first team lost at home to them so the reserves went down at Elland Road.
Leeds went 3-0 up with all three goals coming in a five minute spell in the first half. Francis, Bremner and Kilford (penalty) were the scorers. Lochhead hit back quickly but it was 4-1 at half time with McDonald getting the next Leeds goal.
Burnley came back in the second half with both Lawson and Harris scoring but we couldn't get that equaliser and lost the game 4-3.
First Division Results 19th December 1959
Bolton 0 Blackpool 3
Burnley 0 Leeds 1
Fulham 0 Blackburn 1
Leicester 2 West Ham 1
Luton 2 Everton 1
Manchester United 2 West Brom 3
Nottingham Forest 1 Manchester City 2
Preston 4 Chelsea 5
Sheffield Wednesday 5 Arsenal 1
Tottenham 4 Newcastle 0
Wolves 2 Birmingham 0
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About Chiba Korean Elementary Middle School
ESJF in the News
"Comfort Women" History and Issues >
2017 Special Task Force Report on 2015 "Comfort Women" Agreement between S. Korea and Japan
Workshop and Lecture Request
MEDICAL ATROCITIES: Unit 731 & Biological Warfare
EARLY HISTORY OF THE ASIAN DIASPORA IN CALIFORNIA
Historical Background >
Eric Mar's Chronology
Steven Whyte & Ellen Wilson
Chronology: Teaching "Comfort Women" History from the 1990s to Present
Primary Source Documents
YouTube >
Aniamation
Justice for the victims of the Japanese military “comfort women” system
Bok-Dong Kim
2018 International "Comfort Women" Day
2015 "Comfort Women" Agreement
First Video Footage of Korean "Comfort Women": July, 2017
First Video Footage of Mass Murdered "Comfort Women": Feb. 2018
Secondary Source Documents/ Further Resources >
International Joint Statement, January 7, 2018
International Joint Statement, October 6, 2018
International Joint Statement, March 1, 2019
2017 CA H-SS Framework
Medical Atrocities: Unit 731 & Biological Warfare >
Early History of the Asian Diaspora in California >
Teacher Edition Blurb
Student Edition Blurb
15th Asian Solidarity Conference in Seoul, Korea
The 15th Asian Solidarity Conference held in Seoul, South Korea from March 7 to March 10, 2018, was a resounding success. The conference attracted around 200 attendees and representatives from 11 different countries – China, the Philippines, Indonesia, Japan, East-Timor, Taiwan, Australia, New Zealand, Germany, the US, and Korea.
Attendees discussed how to address unresolved the “comfort women” issues. The conference kicked off with the testimonies from two survivors from Indonesia (Nuraini and Jaherang), one from China (Chen Liancun), and one from Korea (Gil Won-Ok).
The conference was hosted by the Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan (Jung Dae Hyup) for the second year in a row. This year, Jung Dae Hyup invited two organizations from the US – Education Social Justice Foundation (ESJF) and LA Nabi (meaning “butterfly”).
The attendees listened attentively as Sung Sohn, ESFJ President, described how San Francisco remembers and honors “comfort women” survivors through education and memorial installation.
ESJF’s presentation focused specifically on the historical context for educating students about “comfort women” history in San Francisco and the rest of California. Sohn discussed the background of the San Francisco memorial installation and ended the presentation with a black and white photo of Eric Mar and his grandmother. She explained that Eric’s grandmother told him about the Pacific atrocities and that her stories inspired him to lead the installation of the “comfort women” memorial in San Francisco many years later.
The attendees LOVED the presentation! In fact, after Sohn’s lecture, many attendees commented that the 20-minute allotment for presenters felt too short, that they wanted to hear more and that her presentation needed a full day.
On Friday morning, March 9, conference attendees examined, modified, and approved a joint resolution that was drafted the previous day. The joint resolution detailed how Japan should address “comfort women” issues. In the afternoon, the attendees had a Women’s Peace March from the Duksu Palace to the Japanese Embassy to deliver the resolution from the conference. The City of Seoul blocked the streets and provided police protection for us.
Unfortunately, unlike last year, the Japanese Embassy refused to accept the joint resolution. Despite the Japanese Embassy’s unreasonable behavior, all attendees enjoyed the march. The process of collectively drafting the resolution and delivering it to the Japanese Embassy was very meaningful in itself. Additionally, several teenagers who were observing the march decided to join spontaneously.
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Units 1 and 2 Seaton Mews West Hendford
AVAILABLE AUGUST 2017. Trade counter/light industrial units currently configured as warehousing/workshop space and offices. The site is a fully occupied and is a successful trade counter development, close to the town centre. The property is located just off West Hendford, close to Lysander Road and approximately 1/2 a mile from Yeovil town centre. Yeovil is an industrial and former market town with a population of circa 42,500. It offers a good range of recreational, educational and shopping amenities. The A303 trunk road is accessible some 5 miles distant , providing access to Taunton and the M5, 26 miles away. More Details
The property is located just off West Hendford, close to Lysander Road and approximately 1/2 a mile from Yeovil town centre.Yeovil is an industrial and former market town with a population of circa 42,500. It offers a good range of recreational, educational and shopping amenities. The A303 trunk road is accessible some 5 miles distant , providing access to Taunton and the M5, 26 miles away.
Forming part of the former Douglas Seaton's vehicle repair shop, these units represent fully refurbished light industrial units with B1/B8 planning use. The units benefit from good allocated car parking
Units 1 & 2 are available as a whole or separately. Unit 1 currently partly partitioned to form a number of individual offices/rooms and these can be removed or may be available if required.
Unit 1 - 5132 sq ft
Total - 11,000 sq ft
Rent from £38,800 - £83,000 exclusive
An average of £7.54 per sq ft
5.6m eaves height, therefore fully mezzanineable
All mains services are available
New full repairing and insuring lease, terms to be negotiated
Current rateable value: £53,500
Any reference to price, premium or rent is deemed exclusive of VAT. Any offers received will be assumed net of VAT. Please note we are advised that VAT will not be applicable to the rent.
Ingoing tenant/s to be responsible for the landlords legal costs incurred in the transaction.
PARKING NOTES
Parking spaces available - 32
The EPC rating for this property is D (80)
£7.54 psf
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DIANE ACKERMAN
AMAZON l POWELL'S
INDIE BOUND l BARNES & NOBLE
ANIMAL SENSE
“A stapler with its tiny fangs
Cannot outwit orangutangs.
Rocks are very good at sitting,
but never walk or take up knitting.
Living things all feel and sense
their way through every happenstance.“
In every steely, cold rational science maven’s heart runs a red-hot stream of romance. Finding the stream and allowing yourself to get in touch with it is what’s difficult. To the rescue comes Diane Ackerman.
Ackerman’s lovely little book of poetry will appear at first glance to be a good gift for a child, and indeed a child would be handy to have around so you could justify reading the book aloud. It is more than that, though. It is a book for the curious child in each of us, and lots and lots of the clever wordplay is as much to an adult’s liking as the words in Dr. Seuss’s Cat in the Hat. There is also a lot of learning to be had here (I suspect she couldn’t help herself)... Don’t make the mistake of reading it once. Read it at least three times. Then you’ll understand why a scientist like Carl Sagan was crazy about this woman. — Stephen L. Petranek, Discover Magazine
Ackerman’s personalized, poetic narrative is natural history writing at its best.” — ”Top 10 Youth Poetry" — American Library Association Booklist
Good poetry, fine illustration, natural history gently rendered and more than occasionally funny — what child could ask for anything more than this exquisite little gem? (Poetry. 7-12) — Kirkus Review
© 2019 Diane Ackerman l website by: www.karius.ch
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Neuro-Reality-Check: Brief Replies to Some Contentious Claims (Part I)
Assertion 1: Historians can’t really talk about neuroscience because they are not neuroscientists.
It is tempting to reply to this specious claim that if historians can’t talk about neuroscience, then neuroscientists can’t talk about history, anthropology, sociology, political science, economics, or art. At the least, one would think that this rule can be stated reciprocally and maintained with the same righteous indignation as the assertion.
And let me tell you: the offensiveness of the neuroscientist’s position was felt as keenly as the offense we apparently gave by questioning neuroscience. Not only apparently can neuroscientists tell humanists and social scientists what they can do; but moreover they can also talk about the humanities and social sciences all they want. Meanwhile we are supposed to keep silent about neuroscientific claims to knowledge.
Let us reconstruct this thinking: Historians, so the logic of this argument would go, don’t possess any professional monopoly on history. After all, from the point of view of the neuroscientist, it is possible to be self-taught in knowledge of biography/autobiography/French theory etc, and this knowledge is supposedly of the same order as that found in a dusty archive or through paleography, textual analysis, oral history, and prosopography. Notice that the whole understanding of historiography is absent here. The neuroscientist’s view is that history is supposedly social in its belonging to everyone, and that, according to the neuroscientist, includes neuroscientists.
But note also that neuroscience belongs only to historians when it has been packaged in the way that neuroscientists approve, when they have given us their received history of the account; their perceived and apparently omniscient view into how various publics perceived their work; and through the internal terms of their own controversies. Not, in other words, in terms of the controversies their work engenders.
On the contrary, believe, we are told, that those controversies were never their intended target at all. In fact, they plead ignorance of them. Historians know about those external controversies, but they misread the neuroscientists’ intentions as speaking to them. Neuroscientists are supposedly autonomous, un-embedded people, who, save perhaps in some-sort of Paleolithic sense, where the context that matters is the brain nature gave them and us, are otherwise somehow magically free of the currency and immediacy of economic, cultural, and political debates. That’s absurd. But there is more that bothers me about this claim.
What I would like to know is actually what specifically would it mean to be a neuroscientist in the way that the neuroscientist who presented this challenge meant. What does she/he mean by this claim of “being a neuroscientist”. What distinction is she/he making, for example, among all of those in the neuroscience laboratories? I am thinking of the technicians, who do much of the work, the junior scientists in training, the engineers called into service the machines, the dishwashers, the animal-keepers, the janitors, the secretaries who oversee the spreadsheets, the software systems that keep the accounts, and “yes” even the ‘electrical systems’ that power those ongoing beasts of consumption.
Practicing this thing that supposedly no historian can have access to because they are not neuroscientists seems to presuppose that there is some ideal figure whose work embodies it all – as though the very raison d’être of the ‘work systems’ that make neuroscience could be assembled in such a way into an embodied subject. And even if they could be, that two such figures would ‘know each other’ as neuroscientists. So there are multiple levels at which this specious assertion operates. I think we can safely confine it to the dustbin.
Labels: Neuro-Reality-Check
The Peak Oil Poet December 11, 2011 at 4:18 PM
Um, ah, I was expecting some really cool neuroscience from a historical perspective
but all i got was... gee, i didn't get it
can you run that past me again?
Stephen T Casper December 11, 2011 at 5:13 PM
Thanks for the comment.This series is part of an insider's debate. The people who were involved in the conversation will get it. But I'm using "The Neuro Times" to unpack my own thinking about these questions. In other words, I use my blog as a way to unpack my own thinking on a question. I reserve the right to be unclear, specifically because I think sometimes things have be said unclearly first in order to clarify them later. If you want more concrete thinking, then please enjoy our publications, linked at the side. Cheers.
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By KEN BRUCE Coming into this weekend, the season has not been so kind to Jared Umbenhauer. The driver has shown speed at both Big…
Harry Shaffer Picks Up Where He Left Off 25 Years Ago…
BAPS Motor Speedway Managing Editor – July 15, 2019
Home Press Box Extreme Energy Solutions Announces it’s 2017 Motorsports Marketing Campaign-Line Up, Consisting of...
Extreme Energy Solutions Announces it’s 2017 Motorsports Marketing Campaign-Line Up, Consisting of Veterans, Hall of Famers, and Rising Stars
MIDDLETOWN, NY – Extreme Energy Solutions, Inc. teams up with the popular Veteran Driver Tommy Vigh Jr., Hall of Famer and Champion Jeff Heotzler, and Rising Stars Connor Otten and Roddy Watts, in hopes of expanding its market reach of its product lines within the racing community, while looking forward to sharing success in victory lane.
The 2016 racing season at the Orange County Fair Speedway brought two old friends back working together on and off the track in an effort to bring a strong competitive edge to each individual’s passions. Samuel K. Burlum, CEO of Extreme Energy Solutions, Inc. and former street stock competitor joined up with former teammate Tommy Vigh Jr., to enter a sportsman at the Hard Clay. The two worked together from 2000 to 2009 when Vigh ran street stocks before making the jump to pro-stocks.
Vigh took command of his new ride, the #92 Extreme Kleaner/Smart Emissions Reducer/Extreme Energy Solutions Sportsman Modified, and was found to be a common site among the field of regular sportsman racers at the Hard Clay. Vigh finished 18th in the rankings by 2016 season’s end; a huge improvement from 36th the year before. Vigh is scheduled to wheel the #92 Extreme Kleaner machine again in 2017, as hunger for a checkered flag and a chance for the championship stays with him.
The two friends and now business partners got an early lead on the 2017 racing season by getting to work on a set of new cars, supplied by Bicknell Racing Products; acquired just after the 2016 regular season came to a close. Vigh took to the track in an updated Bicknell chassis for the 2016 Eastern States Weekend, breaking in the new #H2O-H2O Energy Flow/Smart Emissions Reducer/ Extreme Energy Solutions chariot. This car would become Vigh’s future 358 Modifed/Small Block Modified ride for 2017, where Vigh will be making an entrance into this division for the first time. Catch a preview of the H2O Energy Flow car by clicking here.
“Vigh has been a great representative of our products and of the sport. It will be great to see what he can do with some new equipment at his disposal,” Burlum added.
“This year will most certainly be different for me. It’s the first time I will be driving a brand new car, and I am so thankful for all that Samuel and Extreme has done for me. In this sport loyalty is so rare, and both Samuel and Extreme have had patience in understanding that the race to a championship takes time,” praised Vigh.
Returning to Extreme Team Racing Associates is Rising Star Connor Otten. Otten gained much experience in both the Sportsman Rookie and Regular Divisions at the Hard Clay. Otten piloted the #11 Smart Emissions Reducer/Big Momma Motorsports/Extreme Energy Solutions Sportsman at Accord on Friday Nights; wrapping up the season in 7th place standings. The young gun managed to finish both at Accord and Middletown with a few top five finishes, while putting a few bridesmaid finishes on the books. Otten will again be represented by Extreme Energy Solutions Smart Emissions Reducer as the banner on his ride seen here.
“Things look like they are coming together, and we are eager to get our car on the track,” says Otten.
New comer Roddy Watts is set to take the helm of the #22 Extreme Xtra/Smart Emissions Reducer/Extreme Energy Solutions in a new 2017 Bicknell machine. Watts comes to the table with a wealth of experience, as the rookie has gained a world of knowledge on how to build equipment from the ground up, under an apprenticeship of Hall of Famer and Innovator Bob Dini. Watts was one of Otten’s pit crew, in the 2016 run. They will be teammates and competitors looking forward to 2017.
“It’s overwhelming at first, getting in a new ride for the first time, however I have some great guidance from guys that have won and know what it takes to take the checkered. It’s an opportunity of a life time to work with people that believe in me,” Watts mentioned.
The team adds a new element into the mix for 2017; a working partnership with Hall of Famer and track Champion Jeff Heotzler. The terms and conditions of the deal have not yet been fully disclosed, however it is Extreme Energy Solutions plan to assist Heotzler in exchange for lending his experience and providing guidance to the youth to increase their chances for podium finishes. It is the team’s plan for Heotzler’s machine to display the main logo of Extreme Energy Solutions in the Big Block Division.
The Green Tech Company, Extreme Energy Solutions, Inc., located in Sparta, New Jersey, entered the venue of racing for the purposes of providing a testing platform for some of Extreme Energy Solutions products. Since incorporating a motorsports marketing program behind its consumer product offerings, Extreme Energy Solutions has seen a major increase in product sales, including contracts with United Hardware, Menard’s and Orgill Distributors, all coming to the table.
“Motorsports marketing really works. We have seen audiences embrace our consumer products because they love the brand culture that comes from being part of the gritty competitive nature of the world of racing,” mentioned Burlum,
The #92 Sportsman Modified machine of Tommy Vigh Jr. is sponsored by Extreme Kleaner, Smart Emissions Reducer, Extreme Energy Solutions, Hardware Hank, Menard’s, H2O Energy Flow, Big Momma Motorsports, Sam Burlum Business Strategy & Consulting Services, Bicknell Racing Products, Winters, Bert Transmissions, and received additional help from Behrents, East Coast Speed, Atomic Sign, Dini Engineering, The Joie of Seating, JRZ, and crew.
The #H2O 358/Small Block Modified entry of Tommy Vigh is sponsored by H2O energy Flow, Smart Emissions Reducer, Extreme Energy Solutions Inc., NAPA, Hardware Hank, Menard’s, Big Momma Motorsports, Sam Burlum Business Strategy & Consulting Services, Bicknell Racing Products, Winters, Bert Transmissions, and received help from Berhents, East Coast Speed, Atomic Sign, and crew.
The #11 Sportman of Connor Otten has Smart Emissions Reducer and Extreme Energy Solutions to thank. Other sponsors of Otten’s ride include Big Momma Motorsports, Sam Burlum Business Strategy & Consulting Services, Bicknell Racing Products, with additional help from Behrents, East Coast Speed, Atomic Sign, Dini Engineering, friends and family, Extreme Team Racing Associates LLC and crew.
The #22 Sportsman entry of Roddy Watts will be sponsored by Extreme Xtra Fuel Treatments, Smart Emissions Reducer, Extreme Energy Solutions, Hardware Hank, Menard’s, Bicknell Racing Products, Bicknell Racing Products, Dini Engineering, Bert Transmission, Winters, The Joie of Seating, JRZ, and will have additional support from Behernts, East Coast Speed, Atomic Sign, friends and family, and crew.
Extreme Energy Solutions will be lending their branding to the ride of Jeff Heotzler, with other associate sponsors to also follow, and will be announced as the 2017 racing season nears.
“We feel the competitive nature of racing and the competitive nature of our Company, Extreme Energy Solutions, Inc. is a perfect fit as we launch campaigns in all venues moving into 2017,” Burlum concluded.
Previous articleMotorsports Expo Kicks Off 2017 Season For Brewerton And Fulton Speedways
Next articleDirt Track Heroes Show Opens March 5th, Honoring Tigh Scott and Lew Boyd
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"Forbidden Friendship "
How to Train Your Dragon is the story of Hiccup, a Viking who feels out of place since he's not a fan of killing the dragons the Viking's world so revolves around in. But, when Hiccup captures the rare Night Fury Dragon and inadvertently injures it, the two become fast friends and attempt to bridge the gap of understanding between the Dragons & the Vikings.
Within chapter six of “How To Train Your Dragon” movie is of Hiccup going to where Toothless the dragon is stuck since he has a damaged tail wing. This is due to the actions of Hiccup earlier in the film. Hiccup later learns that a down dragon, a dragon that cannot fly is a dead dragon. Hiccup knowing that he cannot or will not kill a dragon as the other Vikings do wants to learn about toothless and befriend him, there is a forbidden friendship that will be made.
What makes this scene to me one of the most cinematic accomplishments in cinema history for an animated film is how it was executed. There is almost no dialogue in this scene expect for the very beginning where the scene starts off with Hiccup bringing a fish to Toothless as Hiccup talks to himself and Toohless takes the fish. At this point in the scene the music played is titled “Forbidden Friendship” composed by John Powell.
Toothless knowing that Hiccup let him live is grateful that Hiccup brought him the fish to eat since he is at this point starving. Toothless approaches Hiccup and Hiccup in fear backs away and tells Toothless in fear that he does not have any more. Toothless at this point regurgitates part of the fish for Hiccup and sits there waiting for him to eat the fish. Reluctantly Hiccup takes a bite and swallows. He looks up at Toothless and smiles and Toothless attempts to smile back as Hiccup reaches towards him. Toothless flies away as he is still uncertain of Hiccup and his attentions of being there.
Hiccup follows Toothless to where he just heated the ground with dragon fire and lays there for a nap. Toothless turns to see Hiccup sitting beside him smiling; he covers his head with his wings and tail. Hiccup scoots in a little closer as Toothless raises his wings and Hiccup jumps up to move away.
The scene fades into the early evening where Toothless is hanging from a tree sleeping; he awakes and sees that Hiccup is still around. Toothless sneaks up from behind to see what Hiccup is doing. Hiccup is sitting on a rock drawing an image of Toothless in the dirt with a stick. Hiccup startled does not turn around but continues drawing in the dirt. Toothless following Hiccup’s drawing in the dirt goes off and comes back with a small tree and attempts to draw on the ground as well. Hiccup stays seated on the rock and watches Toothless draw. As Toothless finishes his drawing he sits down and looks proud of what he has just done.
Hiccup stands up to take a look and starts to walk around trying to take in what he sees. Hiccup steps on a line that Toothless has drawn and Toothless gets mad. Hiccup immediately lifts his foot and Toothless is happy once again. Hiccup steps on the line and removes his foot from it several times gauging Toothless’s reaction. Hiccup now knowing not to step on the dragons drawing carefully steps around looking at it making sure not to step on it.
As Hiccup is moving about the drawing he backs into Toothless as Toothless exhales letting Hiccup know he is there. Hiccup and Toothless look at each other as Hiccup slowly moves his hand up to touch Toothless but pulls back as Toothless growls. Hiccup turns and lowers his head is submission and slowly raises his hand once again holding it there in the air. Toothless carefully places his nose into Hiccup’s hand, Hiccup flinches and turns to look. Both Hiccup and Toothless stare at each other in acceptance then Toothless scoots away as Hiccup knows there is a friendship in the making.
Now that you know the scene you might wonder why I am so impressed with it. With the little to no dialogue and the wonderful music really sets the scene but what makes this scene really pop is the attention to details in the two characters. What I mean by details are the very little ticks and ever so soft expressions and movements of the characters. Both characters express themselves so realistically for an animated movie that it is beyond impressive. One thing I am a big advocate in animated films are eye contact. When Hiccup and Toothless look at each other you see and feel their emotion. Plus with the lighting of the scene and camera movements this scene is just filled with emotion that I feel could or if I may be sold bold to say will win awards. That is how powerful this scene is in my opinion.
If someone wants an excellent example of how to make a scene powerful and full of emotion without a lot of dialogue I would suggest looking at this scene in “How To Train Your Dragon”. With the proper music, lighting and action from the actors any mood is capable of being translated very powerfully.
I hope you will find as I did this small piece of cinema inspiring.
The movie “How To Train Your Dragon” is a fantastic animated film by Dreamworks.
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Human Virtual Dynamics Workshop
posted Jun 22, 2011, 10:02 AM by Emanuele Massaro
Psychologists explore concepts as perception, cognition, attention, emotion, motivation, brain functioning, personality, individual behaviour, sense making, interpersonal relationships and collective behaviours in groups and other structured contextual settings. When viewed in an evolutionary perspective, psychology acquires the sense of the study of a finely optimized system (the human brain) for social interactions. The increasing knowledge of the working of mind and brain, and the study of social phenomena has opened the study of cognitive modeling, that may represent a key topic in many disciplines, such as sociology, epidemics, politics, marketing. But an even more interesting application concerns information and computers (ICT world): not only because computer devices are designed for human interaction, but also due to the possibility to exploit knowledge about humans in order to devise new tools and approaches in the ICT field.
Videos of Workshop's Talks
Apertura dei Lavori – Prof. Cristina Stefanile, Direttrice del Dipartimento di Psicologia
Complex Systems: Research and Education - Prof. Stefano Ruffo, Centre For The study of Complex Dynamics (CSDC)
Mind, computers and society - Prof. Franco Bagnoli,
Centre For The study of Complex Dynamics (CSDC)
ICT and Cognitive Sciences - Prof. Marco Conti, Institute for Informatics and Telematics (IIT), National Research Council (CNR)
VirtHuLab: a new framework to investigate the Human Virtual Dynamics - PhD Andrea Guazzini,
Institute for Informatics and Telematics (IIT), National Research Council (CNR)
A Small Group Dynamics Experiment: Preliminary Results - Dr Alessandro Cini,
Cognitive Complex Networks: from simple definitions to community detection - Dr Emanuele Massaro,
Mind, computers and society: how the knowledge of psychology may be useful to computer science, and to simulations of societies.
F. Bagnoli
Psychology is a composite science of mind and behaviour. In some sense, it may be considered the connection between neuroscience and sociology. Psychologists explore such concepts as perception, cognition, attention, emotion, motivation, brain functioning, personality, behaviour, and interpersonal relationships. When viewed in an evolutionary perspective, psychology acquires the the sense of the study of a finely optimized system (the human brain) for social interactions. Traditionally, psychology has a descriptive character for what concerns the motivations, and a quantitative approach to data analysis. The increasing knowledge of the working of mind and brain, and the study of social phenomena has opened the study of social modelling, that may represent a key topic in many disciplines, such as sociology, epidemics, politics, marketing. But an even more interesting application concerns information and computers (ICT world): not only because computer devices are designed for human interaction, but also for exploiting the knowledge about humans in the ICT field.
VirtHuLab: a new framework to investigate the Human Virtual Dynamics
A. Guazzini
Humans are daily asked to take decision based on incomplete and ambiguous information, yet they developed, through centuries of selection, efficient methods and mental structures to face with these tasks. Our goal is that of developing a new framework to studying and modeling this features.
Cognitive psychology is the name of the discipline that investigates how human beings face these problems. These studies do not start from the neural structures, but rather deal with the empirical relationship among "atomic" processes that can be identified into the human behavior.
Our challenge is to refine a small pool of cognitive theories able to describe those fundamental attributes of humans' cognition which could lead toward an artificial self-awareness. Since 1960, Social cognition and cognitive psychology has developed a coherent approach to the study of human cognition both with theories about its functioning and through the definition of a new taxonomy of concepts and grammars. After the cognitive revolution produced by the works of Neisser in the 1964, Social cognition started to describe mental processes using a new language, able to threat the mathematical structures of the mental processes. The basic concepts of this scaffholding are the cognitive processes and the mental schemes. This two label have inside the cognitive terminology an hard coded definition: while Mental scheme rely on the mental representation (storage/retrieval) of the information, the cognitive processes are those operations that the mind appear to execute on this schemes. Mental Schemes theory (Hastie, Kelley, Zadby, Gerard, Markus) can supply an accurate and implementable description for the information storage/retrieval, while Relevance theory can describe the communications processes among entities, the Social Learning theory (Bandura) can be used to structure the evolution of the cognitive processes, and the definition of data-driven and schema-driven processes (Fiske, Neuberg) can capture the great adaptability and optimization of the mind. Finally cognitive heuristics may inspire those mechanisms which act on the scheme and for the processes, while the Cognitive Economy Principles can be considered for the resource management.
VirtHuLab- una cornice di ricerca per indagare le dinamiche virtu
complex - VirtHuLab- una cornice di ricerca per indagare le dinamiche virtu
Small Group Dynamics: A Preliminary Results
A. Cini
We present a research framework consisting of a standard chat environment and a set of analytical tools, able to detect some relevant characteristics of the group dynamics of interacting people. The analysis is independent of the semantic content of the exchanged messages, and the standardized interface avoids hard-to-detect non-verbal communications, still providing the expression of emotional contents.
This study proposes a quantitative approach to the investigation of the existing relationship between the individual dimensions, considering the personal cognition about the interaction with the others, and the group dimension, trough its dynamical evolution. The subsequent analysis, mixing social network theory and concepts from social and opinion dynamics, allows us to quantitatively investigate how people shape their social space in virtual interactions, exploring the role of topology and the structure of the group evolution. Finally, we present a regression model to explain how the virtual social space is represented by the individuals in interaction with a group.
complex - Chat Presentation
Cognitive Complex Networks: from simple definitions to community detection
E. Massaro
Detecting communities is a task of great importance in many disciplines, namely sociology, biology and computer science, where systems are often represented as graphs. Community detection is linked to clustering of data: many clustering methods establish links among representative points that are nearer than a given threshold, and then proceed in identifying communities on the resulting graphs. We want to explore the behavior of exploratory methods inspired by human heuristics, in the hope of exploiting the \social knowledge" of human mind and also for developing more \natural" human-computer interfaces. Clearly, we do
not pretend to simulate the real human behavior, but only to study the behavior of simpli.ed models inspired by it. In particular, we deal with the task of identifying communities in an existing graphs, using a local algorithm and not relying on global quantities like betweenness, centrality, etc. An individual is simply modeled as a memory and a set of connections to other individuals. We explore two di.erent approaches: in the first, information about neighboring nodes if propagated and elaborated locally, but the connections do not change. In the second approach, information is not elaborated while it is the wiring that is varied with the result of directly connecting to a \central node". Both processes can be considered implementations of the availability heuristic, which is simply the assumption that the most vivid or easily recallable information give an accurate estimate of the frequency of the related event in the population.
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Exercise Physiology > Fundamentals of Exercise Physiology > Control of Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
Integration of Cardiovascular Control Systems in Dynamic Exercise
Loring B. Rowell, Donal S. O'Leary, Dean L. Kellogg
Source: Supplement 29: Handbook of Physiology, Exercise: Regulation and Integration of Multiple Systems
1 I. Intrinsic Properties of the Cardiovascular System: How They Permit the Rise in Cardiac Output
2 The Heart
2.1 Intrinsic Properties of the Heart
2.2 Pericardial Constraints
3 The Vascular System
3.1 Distribution of Resistance, Conductance, and Compliance
3.2 Dependency of CVP on Cardiac Output
3.3 Mechanical Effects on the Circulation—Auxiliary Pumps
3.4 Does Exercise Reduce Systemic Vascular Compliance?
3.5 Neural Control of the Vascular System during Exercise: How Important?
3.6 Balance between Mechanical and Neural Effects on Blood Flow and Blood Volume Distribution
4 II. Reflex Control of the Cardiovascular System During Dynamic Exercise: What Variables are Sensed and then Regulated by the Autonomic Nervous System During Dynamic Exercise?
4.1 Central Command
4.2 Reflexes from Active Muscles
5 Isometric Contractions: Testing Hypotheses
5.1 Isometric Contractions vs. Dynamic Exercise
5.2 Open‐Loop vs. Closed‐Loop Conditions
5.3 Does the Pressor Response to Voluntary Isometric Contraction have Chemoreflex or Mechanoreflex Origin?
6 Functional Importance of Muscle Chemoreflexes During Dynamic Exercise
6.1 Basic Concepts and Theory
6.2 Changes in MSNA as Evidence for Chemoreflex Activity in Dynamic Exercise
6.3 Does the Muscle Chemoreflex Initiate Increased SNA during Dynamic Exercise with Unimpaired Flow?
6.4 Does Activation of the Muscle Chemoreflex Correct Blood Flow Errors, and if so, How?
7 Baroreflex Regulation of Arterial Pressure (SAP) and Vascular Conductance in Dynamic Exercise
7.1 Does the Arterial Baroreflex Control SAP During Exercise?
7.2 Characterization and Analysis of Arterial Baroreflex Function
7.3 Baroreflex Sensitivity in Dynamic Exercise
7.4 Importance of Arterial Baroreflexes at the Onset of Exercise
7.5 Evidence Indicating “Resetting” of the Arterial Baroreflex
7.6 Central Command and Resetting of the Arterial Baroreflex—An Hypothesis
8 Role of Cardiopulmonary Baroreceptors in Dynamic Exercise
8.1 The Cardiopulmonary, or Low‐Pressure, Baroreflex
8.2 Interaction between the Cardiopulmonary and Arterial Baroreflexes at Rest
8.3 Role of Cardiopulmonary Baroreflex during Dynamic Exercise
8.4 Interaction between Cardiopulmonary Baroreflex and Muscle Chemoreflex
8.5 Interaction between Cardiopulmonary and Arterial Baroreflexes in Exercise
8.6 Importance of Cardiopulmonary Baroreflexes during Dynamic Exercise
9 Control of the Circulation During Exercise and Heat Stress: Competing Reflexes
9.1 Cardiovascular Demands of Heat Stress
9.2 Overall Neural Control of the Cutaneous Circulation
9.3 Reflex Control of the Cutaneous Circulation during Exercise
9.4 Baroreflex v. Thermoregulatory Reflex Control of the Cutaneous Circulation during Exercise
10 How Does Physical Conditioning Alter Cardiovascular Function?
10.1 Range of Adjustment in Overall Cardiovascular Function
10.2 What Cardiovascular Adjustments Explain the Rise in V.O2max?
10.3 How does Maximal SV Increase with Physical Conditioning?
10.4 Does Physical Conditioning Change Autonomic Control of the Circulation?
11 Synthesis
11.1 What is the Autonomic Nervous System Controlling during Exercise?
11.2 What Errors Are Sensed and then Corrected by the Autonomic Nervous System during Exercise?
Right atrial and pulmonary wedge pressures during seated rest and five levels of upright dynamic leg exercise (cycling). Note relationship between wedge and right atrial pressure and abrupt rise in both pressures at peak exercise.
Adapted from Reeves et al. with permission
Abrupt rise in mean right atrial (R.A.) pressure at onset of upright treadmill exercise. Sudden return of blood to the heart by skeletal muscle pump transiently exceeds left ventricular output [mean brachial arterial pressure (B.A.) also shown].
Adapted from Robinson et al.
A, Relationship between left atrial pressure (LA) and left ventricular (LV) segment length at end‐diastole in one pig at 1 day (1d) and 8 days (8d) after thoracotomy without (solid circles) and with (open circles) pericardiectomy. B, Average stroke volumes before (open bars, N) and after (hatched bars, P) pericardiectomy. Data averaged from five pigs during three levels of treadmill exercise shown as percentage grade at 80–91 m/min.
Adapted from Hammond et al. with permission
Effects of changing cardiac output by ventricular pacing on right atrial pressure in supine human subjects during rest (open circles) and exercise (cycling) (solid circles) [From Bevegard et al. .] Results were similar to those of Sheriff et al. on resting and exercising dogs (see Chapter ). Increments in cardiac output at rest caused by raising skin blood flow [Rest + Heat (solid triangles) from Rowell ], or further increments in cardiac output during exercise also caused by raising skin blood flow [Exercise + Heat (solid squares) from Rowell et al. ] also reduced right atrial pressure in proportion to the rise in cardiac output. Slopes during heating with and without exercise were obtained from different subjects in separate studies.
Schematic illustration of the pressure profile across the vascular system. Up to the capillaries pressure oscillations characterize only the changing magnitudes of pulse pressure and not cardiac frequency. The circuit is broken in the muscle by the muscle pump, and pressure oscillations show external effects of muscle pumping and then respiratory pumping—four pumps in series. Blood flow from the left ventricle to the muscle is determined by the pressure difference between the heart and some unknown point in the muscle, whereas blood flow from active muscle to the right ventricle is determined by the force provided by the muscle pump.
Reproduced from Rowell with permission
Summary of human sympathetic responses to mild to maximal dynamic exercise. Response pattern was unaffected by ambient temperature, active muscle mass, or physical conditioning . Sympathetic nervous activity begins to rise when vagal withdrawal is nearly complete and heart rate approaches 100 bpm. The indices of increased SNA are splanchnic and renal vasoconstriction (decline in RBF and SBF), increased plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentration, and plasma renin activity (PRA). Cutaneous, coronary, and skeletal muscle arterioles also constrict, suggesting diffuse sympathetic outflow. Also, MSNA (burst frequency) rises with HR up to near maximal values (see Fig. ). Lactic acid (HLa) does not rise until HR reaches 130–140 bpm (50%–60% of VO2max) or much higher in athletes.
Adapted from Rowell and O'Leary
Renal neurohormonal responses to graded dynamic exercise (supine posture) in eight normal young humans. Exercise levels were 69, 132, and 188 W. Arteriovenous differences across the kidney (left column) and renal overflows (right column) of norepinephrine, immunoreactive neuropeptide Y, renin, and dopamine are related to the average heart rates during exercise. The renal arteriovenous differences for angiotensin (lower left) and also for epinephrine (not shown) were positive, showing net renal uptake of these hormones. The average values for renal blood flow at the three heart rates fall on the regression line for RBF vs. HR shown in Figure . Note the similar response pattern among all indices of RSNA.
Redrawn from Tidgren et al. and reproduced from Rowell with permission
During 20 min of moderately heavy (65% of maximal workrate) leg exercise (upright cycling), HR, plasma NE concentration, and NE spillover rate rose continuously, whereas NE clearance was reduced slightly and significantly only at 30 min . *P < 0.05 compared with resting and †P < 0.05 compared with 5 min exercise value. The increments in plasma NE and NE spillover are probably associated with the decline in mean arterial pressure (MAP).
From Leuenberger et al. with permission
Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in resting legs increases in proportion to intensity of dynamic arm exercise (cycling). Data are unillustrated from a subject‐coauthor studied by Victor et al. . This subject could exercise at 80 W before body motion made microneuro‐graphic measurements of MSNA from a peroneal nerve impossible. Two important features are (1) there was a threshold for the rise in MSNA at 40 W (for all subjects), and (2) the delay in the rise in MSNA decreased with increasing work intensity and may have been almost absent at 80 W.
From original data kindly provided by D. R. Seals and reproduced from Rowell with permission
A, Relationship between MSNA (expressed as Δburst frequency from the median nerve) and percentage of during dynamic leg exercise (cycling) at approximately 20%, 40%, 60%, and 75% . Disagreement with interpretation of Saito et al. is revealed by two sets of regression lines: dashed line by Saito et al., solid line by us. The ΔMSNA was calculated from “baseline” values (Δ = 0) that had been elevated by orthostatic stress (seated upright rest). Mild exercise and muscle pump restored CVP and aortic pulse pressure, thus lowering MSNA to supine resting values. MSNA appeared not to rise until work required 40% (rising solid line) (horizontal solid line illustrates our assumption that the slope of MSNA response is zero below 40% ). B, Relationship between MSNA and HR based on our interpretation (solid lines) is consistent with other findings and with Figure [see also Victor et al. ]. Dashed line of Saito et al. shows no HR threshold for MSNA.
Adapted from Saito et al.
Differential responses to lumbar sympathetic nerve stimulation during rest and maximal contractions of rat gastrocnemius‐plantaris and soleus muscles. During contractions of the gastrocnemius‐plantaris, sympathetic stimulation had no effect on femoral vascular conductance so that blood flow rose passively with a sympathetically mediated rise in SAP. Vasoconstriction was prevented by the dominance of metabolite‐sensitive α2‐adrenoceptors in this glycolytic muscle. Conversely, the dominance of metabolite‐insensitive α1‐adrenoceptors in oxidative soleus muscle is revealed in the maintained vasoconstriction and fall in femoral vascular conductance during sympathetic stimulation combined with muscle contraction. A potential problem in interpreting these results is noted in the text.
From Thomas et al. with permission
Evidence showing sympathetic modulation of both muscle blood flow and in rhythmically contracting human forearm muscles. A, Forearm blood flow (FBF) before (open circles) and after (solid circles) stellate ganglion block, measured as changes from resting flow before and after nerve block. B, Forearm (from calculated arterial and measured deep venous O2 contents and FBF) also rose with higher forearm blood flow, suggesting that had also been depressed by tonic SNA before blockade. *P < 0.05.
Adapted from Joyner et al. with permission
Influence of autonomic blockade (hexamethonium + atropine) on the hemodynamic responses to mild treadmill exercise in dogs. Despite the maintenance of normal cardiac output by ventricular pacing (after ∼30 s), arterial pressure fell to 55 mm Hg during mild treadmill exercise after autonomic blockade (solid circles). Total vascular conductance (and hindlimb vascular conductance, not shown) continued to rise 60 s after blockade. Conversely, conductance fell after reaching a peak near 10 s when sympathetic nerves were not blocked (open circles).
From Sheriff et al. with permission
A, The volume of blood available to fill the heart depends on the distribution of blood flow between compliant (C1) and noncompliant (C2) circuits. In exercise, active muscle [noncompliant circuit (C2)] becomes another pump actively returning blood to the heart. Cardiac filling pressures are determined by effectiveness of muscle pumping and sympathetic control of other circuits (e.g., C1); that is, in effect the ratios of blood flows through C1 and C2. B, The relationship between venous volume and blood flow in a compliant (C1) region (e.g., splanchnic or skin) and a noncompliant region (C2) (e.g., muscle). Line C2 shows no increase in venous volume with increased perfusion of resting muscle. Dashed line with arrow shows that muscle pump (MP) reduces venous volume.
Adapted from Rowell with permission
A scheme for coordination of feedforward and feedback control of the cardiovascular system during exercise. Motor system signals used to initiate locomotion initiate feedforward actions (central command) on the cardiovascular system. Coordination with feedback control (the arterial baroreflex) is accomplished by sending the feedforward command to the feedback controller, which resets the operating point for arterial pressure regulation during exercise.
Adapted from Houk and reproduced from Rowell with permission
Schematic illustration to demonstrate relative responses to central command (CC), muscle chemoreflex (CR), and muscle mechanoreflex (MR) during a powerful isometric contraction. A, Normal rise in arterial pressure is achieved initially by CC and some MR component. After about 1 min, CR may contribute to rise in pressure. Time course of CR is derived from ΔMSNA (arbitrary units) in bottom panel. Vascular occlusion (Occl.) of active limb at end of contraction prevents normal recovery (NR) of pressure. This is the test for a muscle chemoreflex. Pressure drops approximately 50% when CC ceases and is kept elevated by CR as long as ischemia persists. B, Heart rate is raised by CC (some MR?) via vagal withdrawal. C, MSNA is presumably increased by CR and remains elevated during post‐exercise ischemia (shaded region reveals variations in response).
Schematic illustration of responses to the muscle chemoreflex during mild and moderate dynamic exercise. A, Mild exercise. Graded partial occlusions of the terminal aorta of an exercising dog generate graded decrements in terminal aortic flow (TAQ) and femoral arterial pressure, but arterial pressure (SAP) will not rise, and TAQ will not be partially restored until the chemoreflex becomes active—which happens at the second through fourth occlusions. The rise in SAP causes an ∼50% recovery of TAQ and femoral arterial pressure. B and C, Stimulus–response curves for the chemoreflex show that the reflex has a threshold (T). “Prevailing” TAQ (F, in panel B) and femoral arterial pressure (P, in panel C) represent their normal operating levels in exercise—which are on the flat (low‐gain) parts of the curves. Therefore, the chemoreflex is not tonically active and SAP does not rise until TAQ and/or femoral arterial pressure fall below some critical level (at T). D, Moderate dynamic exercise. Shows characteristic responses of a tonically active muscle chemoreflex. E and F show prevailing TAQ and P are on (or just at) the steep (high‐gain) portion of the stimulus‐response curves and there is no threshold. Proof of tonic activity would require raising TAQ and observing if SAP fell (line Y, panel E) or stayed constant (line X). The clashed lines (DNX) (B and C) show the effect of arterial baroreceptor denervation on the gain (slope) of the chemoreflex.
Adapted from Rowell and Sheriff and Rowell and O'Leary
Hypothetical stimulus–response curves (or baroreflex function curves) for the carotid sinus baroreflex. A, Important landmarks on the curves are defined (S marks point of saturation). Dashed line in panel A shows the gain or sensitivity of the reflex over the slope of the curve. Point of maximum gain is sometimes taken as putative baroreflex operating point. B, Illustrates decrease in the baroreflex gain or sensitivity (curve 1 to curve 2) in which operating point (OP) and systemic pressure are also shifted upward with no change in threshold. C, Shows upward shift in response (systemic pressure) with no change in threshold, gain, OP, or saturation point (S) of the baroreflex. D, shows a shift in threshold and OP to a higher carotid sinus and systemic pressure; this is the classical picture of so‐called baroreceptor resetting.
Adapted from Korner and reproduced from Rowell with permission
A, Carotid sinus baroreflex stimulus – response curves at rest and levels of dynamic exercise (cycling) requiring 25%–75% of . Calculated carotid sinus transmural pressure was increased or decreased by 20 s applications of pulsatile negative or positive neck collar pressure applied at each ECG R wave and lasting 500–200 ms (at each calculated sinus pressure) depending on HR. Data were best described by linear fit with no difference in slope among rest and the levels of exercise. Dashed line connects prevailing systemic arterial and carotid sinus pressures (no external neck pressure) at rest and exercise.
Adapted from Papelier et al. .] B, Responses (as in A) to changes in neck collar pressures steadily applied for 5 s periods during rest and dynamic exercise requiring 25% and 50% of peak . Intersection of dashed line with curves shows prevailing pressure at rest and 50% peak exercise; prevailing pressure was taken as the operating point. Fitting of curves to logistic function provided threshold and saturation levels and supported the conclusion that the baroreflex had been “reset” by exercise. [Adapted from Potts et al. with permission
Hypothetical baroreflex–function curves illustrate contrasting effects of central command and muscle chemoreflexes on curve position and operating points. Function curves can be expressed as the relationship between systemic arterial pressure (BP) and sympathetic nervous activity (SNA) or as carotid sinus pressure *(CSP) substituted for BP on the × axis vs. systemic arterial pressure *(BP), substituted for SNA on the y axis. A, In theory, central command “resets” the baroreflex to OP2 by acting on the neuron pool receiving baroreceptor afferents. The vertical dashed arrow from OP, (initial operating point) to the reset curve shows that any perturbation of pressure around the original OP is poorly corrected because this pressure falls on the least sensitive region of the new curve (i.e., the baroreflex appears momentarily insensitive at the onset of exercise). B, A vertical shift in the baroreflex function curve signifies that the muscle chemoreflex could raise BP or SNA without changing OP because the stimulus acts only on the efferent arm of the reflex and not the central neurons controlling the reflex. A + B illustrates the combined predicted effects of both stimuli on the baroreflex—function curve during exercise.
From Rowell and O'Leary with permission
Evidence for stepwise “resetting” of the arterial baroreflex with graded increases in work intensity. Responses are from intact dogs (left) and after denervation of aortic baroreceptors (AO) and surgical isolation of carotid sinuses, with sinus pressure maintained constant at “resting” level. In dogs with isolated sinuses, HR and cardiac output rose normally, but elevations in SAP were extreme. After an initial rise in total vascular conductance between rest and exercise at 0% grade, total vascular conductance increased little thereafter with work intensity because of intense vasoconstriction, largely in working muscle. “Resting” carotid sinus pressure must have been interpreted centrally as a hypotensive stimulus that became greater with work intensity as a result of stepwise resetting of the baroreflex.
From Walgenbach and Donald , with permission from the American Heart Association
Further evidence that onset of exercise shifts arterial baroreflex operating point to higher pressures. Delaying the rise in arterial pressure (in rabbits) during exercise by infusing nitroglycerin (C) markedly increased renal sympathetic nerve activity (A) and also heart rate. B and D, The exaggerated increases in sympathetic outflow and heart rate at any given arterial pressure when the rise in pressure was delayed by nitroglycerin.
Redrawn from DiCarlo and Bishop and reproduced from Rowell with permission
Schematic representation of control of skin blood flow via thermoregulatory and nonthermoregulatory reflex control of vasoconstrictor (VC) and vasodilator (VD) outflow to skin. Thermoregulatory reflexes turn vasoconstriction and active vasodilation on (or off). Traditionally, nonthermoregulatory reflexes were thought to modulate only vasoconstrictor tone, but current evidence also indicates inhibition (−) of active vasodilation as well .
From Rowell with permission
Increase in vasodilator threshold (rise in skin vascular conductance) from ∼37°C at rest to 37.2°C during moderate exercise. Open squares are normal skin at rest; solid circles are normal skin at exercise; open triangles are for skin with sympathetic adrenergic blockade by bretylium tosylate.
Adapted from Kellogg et al.
Influence of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) on forearm blood flow (FBF) (open circles) and esophageal temperature (solid circles) during supine dynamic leg exercise. Data are from one representative experiment.
From Mack et al. with permission
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356. Victor, R. G., L. A. Bertocci, S. L. Pryor, and R. L. Nunnally. Sympathetic nerve discharge is coupled to muscle cell pH during exercise in humans. J. Clin. Invest. 82: 1301–1305, 1988.
357. Victor, R. G., and A. L. Mark. Interaction of cardiopulmonary and carotid baroreflex control of vascular resistance in humans. J. Clin. Invest. 76: 1592–1598, 1985.
358. Victor, R. G., S. L. Pryor, N. H. Secher, and J. H. Mitchell. Effects of partial neuromuscular blockade on sympathetic nerve responses to static exercise in humans. Circ. Res. 65: 468–476, 1989.
359. Victor, R. G., D. M. Rotto, S. L. Pryor, and M. P. Kaufman. Stimulation of renal sympathetic activity by static contraction: evidence for mechanoreceptor‐induced reflexes from skeletal muscle. Circ. Res. 64: 592–599, 1989.
360. Victor, R. G., and D. R. Seals. Reflex stimulation of sympathetic outflow during rhythmic exercise in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 257 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 26): H2017–H2024, 1989.
361. Victor, R. G., D. R. Seals, and A. L. Mark. Differential control of heart rate and sympathetic nerve activity during dynamic exercise. J. Clin. Invest. 79: 508–516, 1987.
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Article Title: Integration of Cardiovascular Control Systems in Dynamic Exercise
Loring B. Rowell, Donal S. O'Leary, Dean L. Kellogg. Integration of Cardiovascular Control Systems in Dynamic Exercise. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 29: Handbook of Physiology, Exercise: Regulation and Integration of Multiple Systems: 770-838. First published in print 1996. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp120117
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finzsoft
News » Strategic Alliance Arrangement with Datacom Systems Limited
Strategic Alliance Arrangement with Datacom Systems Limited
Posted by Default Admin on 30 November 2017
Finzsoft Solutions Limited (NZX: "FIN") announces that its wholly-owned subsidiary, Finzsoft Solutions (New Zealand) Limited ("Finzsoft") has entered into a Master Services Agreement ("MSA") with Datacom Systems Limited ("Datacom").
Finzsoft has agreed to transfer to Datacom its existing staff from its Services division and Datacom will provide to the Finzsoft group software support and development services.
Datacom will establish a FinTech Centre of Excellence for Finzsoft and a dedicated systems integration capability, and will undertake continuous improvement in relation to the services to be provided.
FIN has undertaken this transaction to allow the Finzsoft group to have a sustainable, scalable and flexible arrangement to provide to the group and its customers software support and development services.
Datacom was chosen to enter into the strategic relationship with the Finzsoft group as Datacom is a New Zealand leader in applications development and infrastructure provisioning and management, able to provide software support, development and professional services to the Finzsoft group not only in New Zealand and Australia but also in Asia through its regional offices.
FIN considers this relationship between two market leading, New Zealand-born, technology firms will create new synergies between the two companies, creating significant value for both organisations and providing greater flexibility for the Finzsoft group.
Datacom is currently assisting Finzsoft to enhance Finzsoft's offering of its leading digital - API core and vertical banking software products and its "software-as a-service" offerings.
It is currently envisaged that FIN will seek to raise further capital to fund its expansion plans for Australia and Asia in respect of its disruptive technology, particularly in the credit union, digital – API banking and SaaS areas.
Andrew Holliday
Contact details regarding this announcement:
Finzsoft Solutions Limited
About FIN: Auckland based FIN is a financial technology company which specialises in ‘core banking’ software and solutions to run financial institutions like banks and credit unions.
About Datacom: Datacom is one of New Zealand's oldest and most successful technology companies, with a proven track record spanning over 53 years. It has circa 5,200 staff globally, over 35 offices in six countries, including over 1,000 software developers in New Zealand and a scalable international capability. Datacom's annual turnover exceeds NZ$1.2 billion.
Board Policies and Charters
Copyright Finzsoft Solutions Limited 2019. All Rights Reserved
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40 Cool Stiletto Nail Art Designs
If you're looking for a bold look, stiletto nails are for you. It's hard to ignore the fashion trend of stiletto nail, especially celebrities like Lana Delle, Rihanna and Kelly Jenna. Whether you like it or not, stilettos will stay.
Stiletto nails are also known as claw nails or claw nails. These super-pointed nails are cool and sexy, but not necessarily for everyone.
With a larger surface, stiletto nails make us more creative in our nail design. Here are 27 Cool Stiletto Nail Designs that you might want to try out for yourself.
Pages: Page 1, Page 2, Page 3, Page 4, Page 5, Page 6, Page 7, Page 8, Page 9, Page 10, Page 11, Page 12, Page 13, Page 14, Page 15, Page 16, Page 17, Page 18, Page 19, Page 20, Page 21, Page 22, Page 23, Page 24, Page 25, Page 26, Page 27, Page 28, Page 29, Page 30, Page 31, Page 32, Page 33, Page 34, Page 35, Page 36, Page 37, Page 38, Page 39, Page 40
Author adminPosted on January 1, 2019 February 28, 2019 Categories NailsTags Stiletto Nail
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#2 Manny 2013-12-07 04:44
The end zone seats are pretty stellar at this venue. I liked that 147 was so small with less than 20 rows in all. We were able to easily reach our seats via Gate C which is on the Miller Lite side of the stadium. Would be very hard for a non ticket holder to sneak into your seats here, the ushers bring their A game every Sunday and are always more than happy to show you to your seats. A will admit though, you can't really see the plays as they develop from this angle. Especially the running game so the mezzanine may be better for some fans depending on your preference.
If you're taking your kids to the game and are one of those over protective parents that don't want your kids looking at the thinly clothed cheerleaders, don't sit here. Often throughout the game, they stood on the cement in front of our seats to do their routines. I liked it and let's be honest, there are a lot of guys at these games. Jerry knows what he's doing. :lol:
To give you an idea what the view of the field is like from section 147, here is a Youtube video shot from there during a Cowboys game at AT&T Stadium.
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EuropeanJoe's
G.I. Joe 3 3/4" European Collector
Our whole universe was in a hot, dense state
Then nearly fourteen billion years ago expansion started, wait
The earth began to cool, the autotrophs began to drool
Neanderthals developed tools
We built a wall (we built the pyramids)
Math, science, history, unraveling the mysteries
That all started with the big bang!
Our Cobra specialist featured on the Impel Trading Card #38 is a huge fan of big bangs. I present to you, Firefly, Cobra saboteur.
No one knows Firefly’s true identity, his name or what he looks like. He started working with Cobra since the very beginning of the organization. Firefly was first contacted by Cobra Commander to assassinate Snake-Eyes, who CC blamed for the death of his brother. Firefly soon realized he was no match for Snake-Eyes. Zartan was brought into the fold to deal with it, but because the Hard Master was impersonating Snake-Eyes, the arrow that was meant for him struck the Hard Master instead. Storm Shadow was blamed and thus began the whole Arashikage story arc from ARAH.
Firefly was again involved with the death of another Arashikage Master, the Soft Master. Firefly and Scrap-Iron chased the Soft Master when he arrived in Springfield trying to find the killer of his brother. They launched two missiles at the Soft Master, killing him, Candy, some random (drunk) dude and wounding Billy (CC’s son).
After the real CC returned, he locked most of his insubordinate crew into a landlocked freighter which got buried under the volcano. Firefly escaped by letting B.A.T.’s dig a tunnel. He brainwashed the Red Ninjas – which used to be Arashikage members. Snake-Eyes eventually liberated them and they chased after Firefly looking for vengeance. Firefly was assumed to be death. Firefly does reappear in the Devil’s Due continuity and both the America’s Elite and Reloaded series.
My first memories of the character are from the Special Missions comic #1 in which he aids the Baroness in finding the supposed sunken sub in the Baltic Sea. I had this comic book as a kid, the Dutch translation in TPB, and it was my only Joe comic book back then. Needless to say, I read it a gazillion times.
In the cartoons, Firefly is a side character. This changes in the Sigma Six run, where he actually joins the Joes. Throughout the first half of the second season, it’s hinted that there is a spy with the Joes. Eventually, the spy is revealed to be Firefly, who traps the team and turns them over to Cobra. Lt. Stone attempts to convince him it is not too late to side with the Joes, but Firefly is insulted by the offer. He shaves his head as a sign of his loyalty to Cobra, and after a climatic battle with Lt. Stone, leaves with Cobra Commander. Firefly has another small role in the Resolute movie and is featured in one of the Renegades’ episodes, portrayed as a pyromaniacal arsonist that wears a mask to hide burn scars on his face. He is hired by Cobra to burn down the town of Green Ridge but is thwarted by the Renegade Joes. At the end, his helicopter is seen crashing into a cliff, leaving the viewers wondering whether he actually died or not…
In the live action movie Retaliation, Ray Stevenson portrays Firefly. Stevenson revealed in an interview that Firefly is an ex-Joe. His codename in this version stems from his trademark weapon system, insectoid robot drones which he uses to surreptitiously deliver explosive charges. The character was not supposed to wear his mask, but the actor, who researched the character and became a fan of the original Firefly, lobbied to be shown wearing it in some scenes. While trying to activate a satellite for Cobra Commander he is attacked by Roadblock who causes the drones to explode on Firefly.
There have been 28 renditions of the Firefly character made into action figures. Starting in 1984 with the original gray camouflaged version. Later versions changed his colors to green, light gray, red, purple, blue, black only to return back to the dark gray for the 50th-anniversary edition in 2015, the figure being released with Bazooka and Dusty.
That’s it for now. Next time we go back to the beginning. Something in the lines of the painting below, The Last Suffer by NYC Artist Paul Hecker, but then with good guys 🙂
Happy Collecting and YoJoe!
Author European JoePosted on July 9, 2017 Categories G.I. Joe, TCGTags #38, firefly, gijoe, impel trading cards
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Road Travel Time Data Service - 30/01/2017 at 15:00
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Contract for the Design and Build of a Data Centre - 13/02/2017
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Global Internet Transit Service 2017 - 06/02/2017 at 12:00
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Broadcast Installation Work - 27/04/2017
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Provision of the Green Deal Oversight and Registration Body - 24/04/2017
Installation of equipment for the new CCTV Control Room at Salford and migration and integration of Trafford's control room - 24/04/2017
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Telecoms System Replacement - 25/05/2017
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LV Switch Gear Upgrade - 09/05/2017
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Contract for Managed Internet Services for Student Residences - 05/05/2017
Mobile Phone Two Year Contract - 05/05/2017
Unified Communications - 05/05/2017
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Telecommunications equipment and supplies - 02/05/2017
Technical Advisory and Programme Management Services - South West - 30/06/2017
Provision of Mobile and Telephony Services for British Diplomatic missions in Italy - 30/06/2017
Telecommunications - Scotland - 29/06/2017
Upgrade to CCTV Installations at Glenavon/ Lyndale, Maryhill, Glasgow - 28/06/2017
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Communication Appointments Reminder Alert Services - Manchester - 23/06/2017
Super-Fast Broadband Infrastructure - North West - 23/06/2017
Superfast Broadband Project 3 - 23/06/2017
Access Solutions Framework - Bristol - 22/06/2017
Provision of a Corporate Automatic Call Distribution System & Associated Services - East Midlands - 21/06/2017
Support/Maintenance for the voice platform and core switches - North West - 19/06/2017
Telecommunications Systems Maintenance and Support Services - Scotland - 16/06/2017
Contractor Logistics Support of the Intra Site Digital Link - South West - 13/06/2017
CCTV - West Midlands - 09/06/2017
Feasibility Study and Design for Telecommunications Mast (Consultancy) - Scotland - 01/06/2017
Network Services - West Midlands - 28/07/2017
For delivery of the Advanced Apprenticeship for IT & Telecoms Professionals, Level 3 - East Midlands - 28/07/2017
Kent Connects - 28/07/2017
Electrical Infrastructure Works - London - 28/07/2017
Supply of Audio, Visual and Interactive Equipment - Leicester - 28/07/2017
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Surveillance System and Navigational Aids Procurement - Cambridge - 26/07/2017
VSAT Satellite Communications Provision for Research Vessels - South West - 25/07/2017
Support Contract for the TRITEC Fibre Optic Fusion Splicers - Bristol - 24/07/2017
Support Contract for the FUJIKURA fibre optic fusion splicers - South West - 24/07/2017
CCTV Replacement - South West - 21/07/2017
Framework for Fibe Optic Repairs, Installation and Support - North East - 21/07/2017
Telecommunications Network Services - Leeds - 21/07/2017
Telecommunications Network Services - Yorkshire - 21/07/2017
Film, TV and Distribution Strategy Tender - Exeter - 21/07/2017
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TWT Amplifiers - London - 20/07/2017
Provision of CCTV Installation and Maintenance Services - North West - 19/07/2017
Telephone System - East Midlands - 18/07/2017
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Supply of Telecare Equipment - West Yorkshire - 17/07/2017
Installation of IP CCTV System - North West - 16/07/2017
Connecting Cambridgeshire Technical Consultancy - 16/07/2017
Redevelopment of the MEDIN discovery metadata service - Swindon - 14/07/2017
Wide Area Network and Wi-Fi Procurement - Cambridgeshire - 14/07/2017
Ironport Licences for Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire ICT Department - 14/07/2017
TV Infrastructure Services - London - 14/07/2017
Telecare Call Monitoring System Upgrade - East of England - 14/07/2017
Wide Area Network Provision - Market Sounding - Birmingham - 14/07/2017
The Supply of Telephony Solutions - West Midlands - 13/07/2017
Sentinel 1 Backscatter Data Provision Service - East - 12/07/2017
Installation and Inspection of Electrical & Data Services, Portable Appliance Testing & Maintenance of UPS Systems - Coventry - 12/07/2017
For the supply of Voice and Data Cabling - Exeter - 11/07/2017
Provision of a Joint Control Centre and Supporting Digital Infrastructure Including CCTV - Twickenham - 10/07/2017
02 Contract 2017 - Yorkshire - 07/07/2017
Quotation for Bedfordshire Police Cyber Unit - 07/07/2017
Support for Extreme Network Switches Renewal - Swansea - 06/07/2017
ICT - Data Centre Relocations - Liverpool - 06/07/2017
Provision of a 24 Hour Telecare Monitoring Service - Uxbridge - 05/07/2017
Telecare Monitoring System (Software) - London - 04/07/2017
Telecoms Maintenance Service - South East - 03/07/2017
Framework Agreement for the Provision of a Network, Security and Telecoms Partner and Consultant with Exchange Enablement Capabilities - Blackpool - 31/08/2017
Voice Services - East Sussex - 30/08/2017
Harrogate District CCTV Network Maintenance, Servicing and Additional Works - 29/08/2017
South East CCTV Culvert Inspection & Clearance Services Framework - 29/08/2017
Wireless Solution Provider - Scotland - 28/08/2017
Supply, Installation, Equipment and Maintenance of Wireless WAN Infrastructure - Dundee - 28/08/2017
Next Generation Access Broadband Infrastructure - North West - 25/08/2017
The Provision of Digtal Radio Aids, Associated Parts and their Repair - Merseyside - 23/08/2017
High Speed Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) and Lightwave Component Analyzer (LCA) - Cardiff - 18/08/2017
Supply and Installation of a Vector Network Analyser System covering frequencies up to 1.1 THz - Birmingham - 16/08/2017
Waltham Forest Patient SMS Solution - 15/08/2017
Wireless Concession - London - 15/08/2017
Superfast Broadband - South East - 15/08/2017
CCTV Solution - Scotland - 14/08/2017
CMobILE Equipment - Newcastle - 14/08/2017
Large Video Displays - Glasgow - 14/08/2017
Upgrade of the British Library's Life Safety Radio System - London - 14/08/2017
Telephone System Maintenance - Scotland - 14/08/2017
Broadcast and Audio Visual Maintenance and Managed Services - London - 11/08/2017
Managed Telephony Contract - Reading - 08/08/2017
CCTV Comercialisation - Cambridgeshire - 07/08/2017
Framework Agreement for the Provision of CCTV Services - Caerphilly - 04/08/2017
Provision of Security Services and CCTV Monitoring and Maintenance - Birmingham - 04/08/2017
Telecare Maintenance Contract - Nuneaton - 04/08/2017
Network Equipment and Services - South Wales - 03/08/2017
Invitation to Tender for the Provision of Avaya Support and Maintenance - Warrington - 29/09/2017
Informatics Computing Equipment - Alderley Edge - 29/09/2017
Wireless (Wi-Fi) - Newcastle Upon Tyne - 28/09/2017
Intercom System and Associated Infrastructure Replacement - Scotland - 26/09/2017
Supply and installation of a replacement solution for the provision of the ATM/CNS Voice Communication Control System (VCCS) - Birmingham - 25/09/2017
The supply of CCTV Hardware and the Commercial Development of CCTV Network Monitoring and Associated Services - Huntingdonshire - 25/09/2017
The Provision of SIP Trunks for IP Telephony - Bedfordshire - 22/09/2017
Maintenance and Support Service for HMPPS Prison UHF Tetra Radio Systems and Associated Equipment - 21/09/2017
Provision of Support and Maintenance and Related Services in respect of Radio Communication Services for Prisons in England and Wales - London - 21/09/2017
Call Monitoring & Response Services for Assistive Technology Solutions (Telecare) - Luton - 21/09/2017
Maintenance and Support Service for HMPPS Prison UHF Tetra Radio Systems and Associated Equipment - United Kingdom - 21/09/2017
Fixed Line Telephony Services - Scotland - 19/09/2017
Supply and Fit of Data and Power Delivery Infrastructure for CCTV - Glasgow - 18/09/2017
Telecoms Dynamic Purchasing System - Manchester - 18/09/2017
Video and Computer Equipment - Sheffield - 18/09/2017
Provision of LTE Fixed Vehicle Devices and Accessories for the Emergency Services Network (ESN) - London - 18/09/2017
Mobile Renewal - Scotland - 18/09/2017
Video and Computer Equipment - Yorkshire - 18/09/2017
Replacement and Upgrade of the Audio Visual Equipment - Huntingonshire - 15/09/2017
Telephony Systems and Associated Services - Kent - 15/09/2017
The supply of CCTV Hardware and the Commercial Development of CCTV Network Monitoring and Associated Services - Cambridgeshire - 15/09/2017
Supplier Engagement Pack Relating to CCTV - Southend-on-Sea - 15/09/2017
Wired and Wireless Infrastructure - Wales - 15/09/2017
Server Infrastructure - Wales - 15/09/2017
Supply, Delivery and Installation of Sound Equipment - North West - 12/09/2017
Highlands Towns WiFi - 12/09/2017
Provision of Intranet and Internet Services - Scotland - 11/09/2017
The Provision of LTE Fixed Vehicle Devices and Accessories for the Emergency Services Network (ESN) - London - 11/09/2017
CCTV Systems Maintenance - Scotland - 11/09/2017
Telephony as a Service (TaaS) - Renfrewshire - 08/09/2017
Supply of Wireless Network Solution - Cardiff - 07/09/2017
MORPHEUS Installation Design and Certification (MIDaC) - Bristol - 05/09/2017
Cloud Hosted Telephony - North West - 05/09/2017
The Provision of Digital Radio Aids, Associated Parts and their Repair - Merseyside - 05/09/2017
Daventry Telephony Solution - 04/09/2017
Nexus IT/Teecoms Solution - Leeds - 01/09/2017
Supply Of One New Telehandler - East Midlands - 01/09/2017
Doncaster Town Centre Wi-Fi Concession Contract - 01/09/2017
Audio Visual Systems - Cardiff - 31/10/2017
Framework Agreement for Electronic Security, Control Room Systems and Audio-Visual Systems - London - 30/10/2017
Supplier Briefing and Market Awareness - Hampshire - 30/10/2017
Framework for the provision of Telecommunications and Associated Services - Bolton - 24/10/2017
Supply of Acoustic Recorders for Underwater Noise Measurement - Scotland - 20/10/2017
Replacement of Analogue CCTV Cameras - Yorkshire - 20/10/2017
Honeybourne Line CCTV Camera Upgrade - Gloucestershire - 19/10/2017
Medium Frequency (MF) Radar - Newport - 19/10/2017
Head of the UK Delegation to European Telecommunications Standards Institute - London - 19/10/2017
For the supply of Voice and Data Cabling - South West - 17/10/2017
Provision of Broadband Services - South Norfolk - 16/10/2017
Structured Cabling - Wales - 16/10/2017
Structures CCTV Investigation - Darlington - 13/10/2017
Digital Radio Archive Management System - London - 12/10/2017
Outdoor Digital Screen Works - North West - 11/10/2017
Public Space CCTV Cameras & Associated Equipment 2017 - North East - 11/10/2017
Integrated IP CCTV System - Lisburn - 11/10/2017
Supply of a Fibre Optic Strain Measurement - Birmingham - 10/10/2017
Carephones Replacement Solution - Huddersfield - 09/10/2017
Digital Television Systems Service and Maintenance - Leicester - 09/10/2017
Server and Storage Infrastructure Upgrade - London - 06/10/2017
Supply of ICT Cables, Installation and Minor Works Framework - Aberdeen - 06/10/2017
Radar Data Processor Replacement - Inverness - 06/10/2017
Patient Wi-Fi - London - 06/10/2017
Provision of Satellite Broadband - Edinburgh - 04/10/2017
Supply, Installation and Maintenance Of CCTV Equipment For Vehicles - East Midlands - 04/10/2017
Community Broadband - Scotland - 02/10/2017
Local Network Infrastructure - Scotland - 02/10/2017
Merseytravel Train Connectivity and Information System (TCIS) Project - 01/10/2017
100Gb Transatlantic Connectivity - 30/11/2017
Libraries Tablet Lending Scheme - Leeds - 29/11/2017
Contact Centre Systems Support - Leeds - 29/11/2017
Study of UK Cross Sector Dependencies on Telecoms Services - London - 29/11/2017
Provision of an Improved CCTV Service - South West - 29/11/2017
For the Supply and Installation of ICT Network Cabling, Repairs and Communication Services - Derby - 29/11/2017
Screen Specialist Consultancy Services - Glasgow - 28/11/2017
Provision of a Mobile Closed Circuit Television Vehicle - Northern Ireland - 27/11/2017
Digital Connectivity on Tyne and Wear Metro - 25/11/2017
Public Access WiFi Within Chester City Centre - 23/11/2017
Telecommunications Network Services - Cornwall - 22/11/2017
Installation and Maintenance of Remote CCTV Cameras in the West Midlands - 22/11/2017
Proposed Contract for Redditch Network Maintenance - 22/11/2017
Supply of Telecommunications Equipment - East Midlands - 20/11/2017
Purchase of a Global Positioning and Tracking System - Portsmouth - 19/11/2017
Provision of CCTV Operations - Chichester - 17/11/2017
Telemetry Outstation Solutions - Rotheram - 15/11/2017
Framework for the Provision of Voice and Data Cabling and Minor Telephony Works - West Midlands - 15/11/2017
CCTV Maintenance Contract - Kent - 14/11/2017
Big Beach 2018 and Big Screen 2018 - Watford - 13/11/2017
PCI DSS Compliant Telephony Services for Voice Payment over VoIP - Lancaster - 11/11/2017
Contract for Mobile Phone/Devices - Portsmouth - 10/11/2017
Superfast Broadband Project 3 (Re-Tender) - Bedfordshire - 10/11/2017
Provision of Mitel Support & Maintenance and a Peripheral Cabinet Replacement - Yorkshire - 10/11/2017
Installation and Maintenance of Remote CCTV Cameras - West Midlands - 08/11/2017
Supply of a Telehandler Under a 3 Year Lease - South West - 07/11/2017
AV Equipment - West Midlands - 07/11/2017
Upgrade of Communcal TV Digital Aerials - Harrogate - 07/11/2017
Single Supplier Framework for a Managed Telematics Service - Edinburgh - 06/11/2017
10MHz to 26.5 GHz VNA - London - 03/11/2017
Digital Wireless Concession - Kent - 28/12/2017
Dynamic Positioning Equipment and Multi-Beam Echo Sounder Upgrade - London - 21/12/2017
Provision of Radio End User Equipment & Managed Terminal Service - Glasgow - 21/12/2017
CCTV Upgrade Work at Various Leisure Centres - Devon - 15/12/2017
Wireless-as-a-Service for Schools Framework - Warrington - 15/12/2017
On-Vehicle CCTV Recorders and Forward Facing Cameras - Belfast - 14/12/2017
Provision of Closed Circuit Television on Fire Appliances (CCTV) - Huntingdon - 13/12/2017
Tender for Door Entry and CCTV Servicing and Maintenance - London - 11/12/2017
Telephony Services - Scotland - 11/12/2017
Supply Installation and Initial training of Call Systems for Homes for Older People - Derbyshire - 08/12/2017
Purchase of 8.33KHz Equipment - Scotland - 08/12/2017
Production of Safety Assurance documentation of 8.33KHZ Compliant Transmitters and receivers - Scotland - 08/12/2017
Provision of an Improved CCTV Service - Torbay - 06/12/2017
Invitation to Tender for the Supply of Driver and Vehicle Telematics - Chesterfield - 04/12/2017
Worcester City WiFi and Footfall - 04/12/2017
For the Supply and Installation of ICT Network Cabling, Repairs and Communication Services - East Midlands - 04/12/2017
Internet Service Provider - Northampton - 01/12/2017
Data Network - Bristol - 01/12/2017
Education Broadband - Northampton - 01/12/2017
CCTV Service - South East - 01/12/2017
SD Wan and Internet Connectivity - London - 01/12/2017
Digital Cinema, Installation and Service - South West - 01/12/2017
Campus HV Switchgear Upgrade - Newcastle Upon Tyne - 01/12/2017
TV White Space Broadband Pilot - Denbighshire - 29/01/2018
Supply and Installation of a New CCTV System - London - 29/01/2018
Consolidate Connectivity, Telephony, Mobiles and Call Centre - Croydon - 29/01/2018
Replacement of Audio Visual Equipment - Gloucestershire - 29/01/2018
Provision of a Telephony Solution - Lancashire - 26/01/2018
CCTV Relocation - Derbyshire - 26/01/2018
CCTV, Control Room and Anti Social Behaviour Services - West Midlands - 26/01/2018
Mobile Data Terminal Docking Stations - Milton Keynes - 26/01/2018
Contract for the conversation of CCTV to wireless - Surrey - 26/01/2018
Better Broadband for Nottinghamshire - Phase 3 - 25/01/2018
Supply of VSAT Satellite Broadband - London - 25/01/2018
Service, Maintenance, Repair and Replacement of CCTV System - Leicester - 24/01/2018
Special Exhibition AV Hardware Procurement - London - 24/01/2018
Supply of Polycom Video Conferencing Equipment - Wales - 23/01/2018
Unified Communications Managed Technical Service - Edinburgh - 22/01/2018
Provision of Host Broadcaster TV Production Services - Glasgow - 22/01/2018
Strategic Rural Towns Wi-Fi Carmarthenshire Pilot Initiative - 22/01/2018
Structured Cabling Services - Lanarkshire - 19/01/2018
MOVA Installation - Swansea - 19/01/2018
Network Services - Manchester - 19/01/2018
Procurement of NGA Infrastructure - Edinburgh - 18/01/2018
MOONS Fibre Positioning Module BASEPLATE - Scotland - 17/01/2018
Global Voice and Data Connectivity Services - London - 17/01/2018
Unified Communications and Paging Solution - Eastern England - 16/01/2018
Maintenance of the Council's CCTV Cameras & Video Management System - South West - 15/01/2018
Telephone and Contact Centre System - London - 15/01/2018
Mobile Telecommunication Devices & Services - Wales - 15/01/2018
Enterprise Network Replacement - Wired & Wireless - South West - 15/01/2018
CCTV Security Monitoring - Northampton - 12/01/2018
Telecommunications Wiring & Cabling Services - Edinburgh - 12/01/2018
West Sussex Gigabit - 12/01/2018
Telematic Tracking Devices - Nottingham - 12/01/2018
Structured Cabling System - Derbyshire - 12/01/2018
Structured Cabling System - Chesterfield - 12/01/2018
NECS: 150MB Internet Circuits - Manchester - 10/01/2018
Fire Alarms and CCTV Servicing - East Midlands - 08/01/2018
CCTV Asset Maintenance - Kent - 08/01/2018
Secured Network Design, Supply, Installation, Maintenance - Scotland - 05/01/2018
Secure Data Connection - Scotland - 05/01/2018
Provision & Installation of Audio Visual & Conference Call Equipment and Digital Signage - South Cambridgeshire - 05/01/2018
Superfast Essex Phase 4a (Phase 4, Tranche 1) - 04/01/2018
Network Connections for Remote Offices - Derbyshire - 03/01/2018
Mobile Communications - Wales - 02/01/2018
Data and Network Services including Voice - Derby - 01/01/2018
AV Equipment Hire for Events On & Off Site - Scotland - 28/02/2018
Network Technologies Support Services - Gateshead - 28/02/2018
Independent Network Audit - Swindon - 27/02/2018
Supply and Delivery of Audio & Visual (AVA) Equipment and Accessories - North East - 26/02/2018
Provision of Graduation live TV coverage, video link, lighting and DVD supplier - Lancashire - 26/02/2018
Global Navigation Satellite System - Geodetic GNSS Antennas - Southampton - 26/02/2018
Videogames Exhibition AV Hardware - London - 26/02/2018
Supply, Installation and Maintenance of Meeting Room Equipment - North East - 26/02/2018
Supply and/or Installation of a Unified Communications Telephony System - Birmingham - 23/02/2018
Telecoms Framework Agreement 2018 - London - 23/02/2018
Telephony Contract - North East - 23/02/2018
Graduation Event - Sound and Lighting - South West - 21/02/2018
Data Centre Network and Core Firewall Refresh Programme - Yorkshire - 19/02/2018
AV Supply & Support - Wolverhampton - 19/02/2018
Mobile Communications Service - Manchester - 19/02/2018
Provision of Mobile Telecommunication Services - London - 19/02/2018
ICAM Service Contract - Kew - 19/02/2018
Mobile Comms - Bristol - 16/02/2018
Ultra-fast Broadband - Evidence base, representation at Examination in Public - Kent - 15/02/2018
CAVE Equipment and Software — Design, Supply, Installation and Maintenance Services - London - 15/02/2018
Video Conferencing MCU Replacement - Swindon - 14/02/2018
Customer Telephone and Email Response Service - London - 12/02/2018
Supply and Implementation of Campus Wide Surveillance Cameras (CCTV) - Leicester - 12/02/2018
Digital Radios - Leicester - 09/02/2018
Mobile CCTV Units - North East - 09/02/2018
Small Cell Wireless Network Concession Contract - London - 09/02/2018
EOI - Lancashire wide procurement for WAN/COIN Future Networking Requirements - 09/02/2018
SMS Framework Agreement (Janet txt) - Didcot - 08/02/2018
CCTV Upgrade, Maintenance and Control Room Relocation - Conwy - 07/02/2018
Unified Communications - Sheffield - 05/02/2018
CCTV Systems - Cambridgeshire - 05/02/2018
Supply, Installation and Maintenance of Public Space CCTV - Camarthen - 05/02/2018
Charnwood CCTV System - Preventative and Responsive Maintenance Contract - 05/02/2018
Millimetre wave, multi-port network analyser - Cardiff - 02/02/2018
Global Internet Transit Service 2018 - Oxfordshire - 02/02/2018
Contact Centre Development and Telephony Support and Maintenance - Lincolnshire - 01/02/2018
Supply of Digital Radios in Winchester - 30/03/2018
CCTV scheme in Heathfield, East Sussex - 30/03/2018
Site Security CCTV Works Package - Scotland - 28/03/2018
EOI - Proposed Contract for Charging for Guest Wi-Fi Services - Redditch - 28/03/2018
Clearing the 700 MHz band: Support Scheme for PMSE Equipment Owners - London - 26/03/2018
Core Telephony Platform Maintenance - Yorkshire - 23/03/2018
Provision of a Telecare Call Monitoring and Alarm Receiving Centre - North Ayrshire - 21/03/2018
Africaconnect 2 — WACREN Capacity Service Requirements 2018 - 19/03/2018
Supply, Installation, Maintenance, Upgrade and Repair of Door Access and CCTV Systems - Coventry - 19/03/2018
Provision of Telephony / Unified Communications - Manchester - 15/03/2018
Greater Manchester Gigabit Dark Fibre Networks - 15/03/2018
CCTV Installation & Maintenance - London - 15/03/2018
Interactive Touch Display Panels - Belfast - 15/03/2018
Provision of Mobile Phone and PBX Services - London - 15/03/2018
Drainage Investigation and CCTV Services - Cumbria - 14/03/2018
Mitel Maintenance and Software Assurance - Milton Keynes - 14/03/2018
Open Full Fibre based Public Wi-Fi and Future 5G Testbed Area - Dundee - 13/03/2018
Mobile Phone Handset Lease Agreement - Derby - 12/03/2018
Drainage Clearance and Associated Works including CCTV Inspection - Bromford - 12/03/2018
Communications Equipment - East Sussex - 12/03/2018
Provision of PA and Audio Systems for Glasgow 2018 - 09/03/2018
Fire Alarm-CCTV Link - Aberystwyth - 09/03/2018
Broadband Deployment in mid-Monnmouthshire - 09/03/2018
Provision of CCTV Camera Maintenance - Manchester - 08/03/2018
Managed Service for Mobile Telephones - Swansea - 08/03/2018
Unified Communications, Telephone Services and Contact Centre - Dumfries - 08/03/2018
CCTV Maintenance and Development - Renfrewshire - 07/03/2018
Collaborative Framework for Vehicle Data Recorder (Telematics) System - Yorkshire - 07/03/2018
Suffolk Pan Public Sector Wide Area Network - 07/03/2018
Network Technologies Support Services - London - 05/03/2018
Upgrade of Existing Analogue CCTV Cameras to HD in Bournemouth - 02/03/2018
Private Wires Replacement - Coventry - 02/03/2018
Telecare Assistive Technology - Repair & Maintenance Service - Corby - 02/03/2018
Public Wireless Service - Wales - 01/03/2018
London and Quadrant Telehandler Framework 2018 - 2022 - 30/04/2018
Installation & Maintenance of Network Cabling & Related Services - Scotland - 30/04/2018
The Provision of Maintenance Services to the Urban Traffic Control Communications and CCTV Network - North West - 27/04/2018
Vehicle Telematics - Caerphilly - 27/04/2018
District Heating Telecommunications Ducting Opportunity- Market Test - Leeds - 27/04/2018
Design, Supply and Installation of Audio Visual Facilities - Cambridge - 26/04/2018
Progress WiFi - Lancashire - 26/04/2018
AV Hardware and Design/ Production - Bodmin - 25/04/2018
Coverage Assurance Goods and Services - London - 24/04/2018
Mobile Device Examinations - North East - 24/04/2018
CCTV Maintenance and Replacement - Rickmansworth - 24/04/2018
AV Equipment - Scotland - 23/04/2018
Temporary Sound, Lighting and Audio Visual Services - Wales - 23/04/2018
Broadcasting and Audio Visual Services - London - 23/04/2018
Next Generation Access Broadband Wales - Phase 2 - Wales - 20/04/2018
Communal Aerial Systems — Maintenance and Repair (Digital TV) - Bristol - 19/04/2018
Maylands Business Centre Telephony Contract 2018 - Hertfordshire - 19/04/2018
Communal Aerial Systems - Maintenance & Repair (Digital TV) - Bristol - 19/04/2018
Toughened Tablet Devices Framework - London - 19/04/2018
Public Wi-Fi Services - Bristol - 18/04/2018
Installation of CCTV scheme - Birmingham - 18/04/2018
Digital Intercom System for Light Troop Transport Vehicle - Weybridge - 17/04/2018
Structured Cabling Services - Camarthenshire - 16/04/2018
The VHF Frequency Modulated (FM)" Broadcast Transmitters - Any Region - 16/04/2018
Out of Hours Telephone Monitoring Service - Halifax - 13/04/2018
Market consultation - Telematics and in-cab technology - Barnsley - 13/04/2018
Video Extensometer - Sheffield - 12/04/2018
CCTV & Root Cutting Contract - Leicestershire - 12/04/2018
TV Audience Measurement Analysis Service - London - 12/04/2018
Audio Visual - Milton Keynes - 12/04/2018
Audio Visual Equipment - Milton Keynes - 12/04/2018
Transformation of the Force Operations Room Telephony Management System - Derbyshire - 11/04/2018
Procurement of Mobile Voice & Data Solutions - London - 11/04/2018
Supply, Commission, Test and Support a Resilient Wide Area Network (WAN) and Upgrade of the existing Firewall Infrastructure - Fareham - 09/04/2018
Operation and Maintenance of Voice, Data, Radio Networks and Associate Infrastructure - Belfast - 09/04/2018
Wide Area Network (WAN) - Dorset - 09/04/2018
Provision of CATV System - Glasgow - 09/04/2018
Public Wifi - Leicestershire - 06/04/2018
Data Cabling - Nottingham - 04/04/2018
Mobile Telecommunication Services - Southend-on-Sea - 04/04/2018
Services-Framework-Network Redesign - Warrington - 04/04/2018
Audio Visual Systems Maintenance - Yorkshire - 04/04/2018
CCTV Cleaning and Maintenance - East Midlands - 03/04/2018
Better Broadband - Suffolk - 31/05/2018
Supply of Telecare Equipment 2018-19 - Leeds - 30/05/2018
AV equipment - supply, install and support - Eastern England - 29/05/2018
Repair, Servicing and Associated Works of Door Entry, Warden Call and CCTV Systems - Edinburgh - 25/05/2018
Contract for WAN and LAN Equipment and Services - Manchester - 25/05/2018
Service and Maintenance of CCTV Cameras and Associated Equipment - Wales - 22/05/2018
Scottish 4G Infill Programme: Capital Funded Mast Deployment Project - 18/05/2018
Supply of Audio Visual Services to Southend Crematorium - 18/05/2018
CCTV Bucharest - 18/05/2018
Installation of CCTV Scheme 2 - Birmingham - 18/05/2018
Out of Hours Repairs Call Handling Service - Swansea - 18/05/2018
Unified Telephony System (Skype for Business Voice) - Wales - 14/05/2018
CCTV Upgrade - Leicestershire - 11/05/2018
Structured Cabling Works - Falmouth - 10/05/2018
Supply Of Mobile Telephony Service - Glasgow - 10/05/2018
The Marches and Gloucestershire Viable Clusters Broadband Project - 10/05/2018
Provision of AV Equipment and Services - Wolverhampton - 09/05/2018
AV System - North East - 08/05/2018
Multi Utility Provision for Cuerden Strategic Site - North West - 08/05/2018
Supply and Installation of GM Connected Wayfinding Products - Manchester - 07/05/2018
The Supply of CCTV System Upgrade and Ongoing Maintenance - Ipswich - 04/05/2018
Wireless Installation and Managed Internet Services — Student Accomodation Sites - Scotland - 04/05/2018
CCTV Migration Works & Annual Maintenance - Scotland - 03/05/2018
Supply and fit CCTV System - Leeds - 02/05/2018
Provision of Telephone and Data Transmission Services - Moves, Adds and Changes - Southampton - 02/05/2018
Data Centre Design and Build - West Midlands - 01/05/2018
Purchase of a Global Positioning System (GPS) tracker capability - Portsmouth - 01/05/2018
Installation & Support of WiFi Services - Cardiff - 29/06/2018
National Supply of In Cell Televisions - Staffordshire - 29/06/2018
Full Fibre Scoping Study - Gloucestershire Joint Core Strategy Area - 29/06/2018
Intruder Alarm and CCTV Maintenance - Plymouth - 29/06/2018
Network Services (Lot 6 - Mobile Voice & Data Services) - London - 28/06/2018
Framework for Provision of Free Public Wifi and Smart Footfall Monitor - Tees Valley and Durham - 26/06/2018
Mobile Strategy Research - London - 26/06/2018
Mobile Phones Voice and Data - Wakefield - 25/06/2018
Provision of Next Generation Wireless Network - Workington - 25/06/2018
Telecoms Mast Management Services - North West - 25/06/2018
CCTV Equipment Maintenance - Eastern England - 22/06/2018
Installation and Maintenance of CCTV - Eastern England - 22/06/2018
WAN Tender 2019 - Yorkshire - 22/06/2018
Network Core Replacement and Ongoing Equipment Supply, Support and Services 2 - Bristol - 22/06/2018
Fibre Optic Laser - York - 21/06/2018
Consultancy Services for the Review of the Public Space CCTV in Herefordshire - 21/06/2018
Local Full Fibre Network for Wolverhampton Market Warming Event - 20/06/2018
Telephony Services Dynamic Purchasing System - Scotland - 19/06/2018
Island Wide Strategic Review of CCTV - Guernsey - 18/06/2018
Audio and Visual Tender - South West - 18/06/2018
Telehealthcare Equipment, Monitoring, Data Analysis and Notifications of Alerts - Cambridgeshire - 18/06/2018
Installations of Next Generation Telecare Technology, Call Centre Monitoring & Management of Alerts - Cambridgeshire - 18/06/2018
CCTV Systems Phase 1 Upgrade Specification - Grimsby - 18/06/2018
Telecoms and associated services - National Framework - 15/06/2018
Appliance CCTV System - North East - 15/06/2018
Mobile Digital Communication Solution - Wales - 15/06/2018
Network Core Replacement and Ongoing Equipment Supply, Support & Services - Bristol - 15/06/2018
Supply, Delivery and Testing of Audio Visual Requirements - Strathclyde - 13/06/2018
Network Cabling - Birmingham - 12/06/2018
Data Cabling - Scotland, North West, Wales, Northern Ireland, London - 11/06/2018
Implementation of Free Public Access Wi-Fi in Town Centres Across Blaenau Gwent - 11/06/2018
Supply and Installation of a CCTV System at the British Deputy High Commission in Chennai - 08/06/2018
Telecommunications Framework - Bristol - 08/06/2018
Audio Visual Production - Wakefield - 08/06/2018
Mobible Telephony - Southend-on-Sea - 07/06/2018
Cloud Based CCTV Solution - West Lothian - 07/06/2018
Telehandler Supply - Wales - 06/06/2018
Multi Utility Provision - Lancashire - 05/06/2018
Operation and Maintenance of Voice, Data, Radio Networks and Associate Infrastructure 2 - Belfast - 04/06/2018
Liverpool Mobile Telephone Contract - 04/06/2018
Supply and Installation of a New CCTV System 2 - London - 04/06/2018
CCTV Maintenance - Wales - 01/06/2018
iPads/Apple TV/Charging Trolleys/TVs - Wales - 01/06/2018
Sole Supplier for Audio Visual Equipment in DNEAT Schools - Norwich - 30/07/2018
Provision of an Intelligence Hub: CCTV Upgrade Services - Southend-on-Sea - 30/07/2018
CCTV Connectivity - Manchester - 30/07/2018
Procurement of Mobile Telephony Services - Warrington - 30/07/2018
External Lighting and CCTV - Scotland - 30/07/2018
Unified Communications and Networks Support Services - West Midlands - 30/07/2018
Inspection & Maintenance of Digital TV Systems - West Dunbartonshire - 27/07/2018
Provision of a Telecare and Out of Hours Call Monitoring Service - Wrexham - 27/07/2018
Radio Network Infrastructure Replacement - Southampton - 27/07/2018
Unified Communications - Hertfordshire - 23/07/2018
Webcasting & Audio/Video Hardware and Services - Glamorgan - 23/07/2018
LAN Refresh - Norfolk - 23/07/2018
Maintenance and Enlargement of Close Circuit Television Systems - Kings Lynn - 23/07/2018
Provision and Support of SIP Trunking service - Thurrock - 23/07/2018
Evaluation of Next Generation Broadband Wales Programme 2015-2018 - 20/07/2018
Supply, Installation and Maintenance of a CCTV System for Smart City / Town Management - Dundee - 20/07/2018
SafeDNS or equivalent required for Free Resident WiFi - Yorkshire - 20/07/2018
Fire Safety, Intruder Alarm and CCTV Servicing and Maintenance - Lincolnshire - 18/07/2018
Managed IT and Telephony Services for Business Centres - North Lanarkshire - 18/07/2018
Networking and Telephony Infrastructure - Kent - 17/07/2018
Mobile Phone Renewal - South Derbyshire - 16/07/2018
Provision of Wide Area Network Services and Hosted Telephony - Oxfordshire - 13/07/2018
Home Electronics Scheme - Morpeth - 13/07/2018
The Provision of Mobile Telephone Hardware & Voice, Data & Associated Services - Manchester - 13/07/2018
Provision of Telephony Equipment, Software and 3rd Party Maintenance , Telephone Lines and Call Charges - Cumbria - 12/07/2018
Supply of fibre switching hardware, licensing and maintenance - Exeter - 12/07/2018
Supply, Design and Installation of Energy Efficient Audio-Visual Equipment - Stirling - 10/07/2018
Supply of Huawei Enterprise Network Equipment Maintenance Services - Newcastle - 10/07/2018
Framework for Bus Lane Enforcement Fixed Unattended Dft Approved CCTV Traffic Capture Devices - Cambridgeshire - 09/07/2018
Multimedia Lab - Radio and TV Studio Upgrades - London - 09/07/2018
Provision of Mobile Phones and Associated Services - Stockton - 09/07/2018
Drainage Mass CCTV Survey - Milton Keynes - 06/07/2018
Telecomms Commercialisation Project - London - 06/07/2018
Structured Network Cabling (Copper and Fibre) and Associated Installation work - Cardiff - 06/07/2018
Replacement and Upgrade of CCTV Cameras, Transmission, Control Room Equipment - Berkshire - 06/07/2018
Supply and Installation of Broadband Ducting - Greater Manchester - 04/07/2018
CCTV Survey of Development Site - London - 03/07/2018
Supply, Installation and Maintenance of Multi Media Conferencing - Exeter - 02/07/2018
Bluetooth Network for Tracking Traffic Movements - West Yorkshire - 02/07/2018
The Supply of CCTV Cameras and Poles - Bradford - 02/07/2018
Event Audio Visual Services - Bath - 02/07/2018
Ambulance Radio Programme - Market Engagement - 31/08/2018
CCTV and Intruder Alarm Systems - Southampton - 31/08/2018
CCTV - Lot 1 - Monitoring and Lot 2 - Maintenance - London - 31/08/2018
Network Analyser - Sheffield - 31/08/2018
Procurement of DRM Backup, UC and WAN Services - South East - 30/08/2018
Provision of an Intelligence Hub CCTV Upgrade Services - Southend-on-Sea 2 - 30/08/2018
Pre Market Engagement Telephony - Leicester - 29/08/2018
Connecting Cambridgeshire Phase 4 Superfast Broadband Rollout - 28/08/2018
Supply of Networking Equipment including Support and Maintenance and Associated Services - Derbyshire - 28/08/2018
Provision of Web Casting & Audio Visual - Lowestoft - 27/08/2018
TV Studios and Galleries - Cardiff - 24/08/2018
News/Current Affairs TV Studio Set - Cardiff - 24/08/2018
Imago TV and AV Refresh - Loughborough - 22/08/2018
Supply of Motorola Radios - King's Lynn - 20/08/2018
Better Broadband for Norfolk (Tranche 3) - 17/08/2018
US Network Mobile Telecoms Service - 16/08/2018
Provision of onsite internal paging system - Warrington - 16/08/2018
Internet Service Upgrade - Bury St Edmunds - 16/08/2018
Upgrade to Audio Visual Equipment within the Multidisciplinary Education Centres - Cardiff - 14/08/2018
Supply and Support of Private Branch Exchange (PBX) Systems and Associated Services - Livingston - 13/08/2018
Mobile Telephony and Data - Birmingham - 13/08/2018
Provision of CCTV System - Ayr - 13/08/2018
One Person Operation Platform to Train CCTV System - London - 10/08/2018
CCTV Camera Replacements - Edinburgh - 10/08/2018
CCTV Connectivity 2 - Manchester - 10/08/2018
Out of hours contact centre call handling service - Croydon - 10/08/2018
Provision of Temporary Alarms CCTV & Vacant/Void Property Solutions - Gateshead - 08/08/2018
Multi point VC (Cisco Meeting Server 1000) - Wirral - 08/08/2018
Supply and Installation of Audio Visual equipment to Warrington Town Hall - 08/08/2018
Mobile Phones Contract - Glamorgan - 07/08/2018
Supply of equipment and Managed Network Service for Wireless, Network and Cabling - Birmingham - 07/08/2018
Microsoft Teams UC and Telephony Solution, with compatible Contact Centre - London - 03/08/2018
CCTV Maintenance - Stockton-on-Tees - 03/08/2018
Data Cabling - UK - 03/08/2018
CCTV Upgrade & New Control Room Provision - Kent - 03/08/2018
CCTV door access and public address systems repairs and maintenance - Northern Ireland - 02/08/2018
CCTV Monitoring Contract - Tunbridge Wells - 02/08/2018
Provision of CCTV cameras in Taxi vehicles - Warrington - 28/09/2018
Mobile Phone Contract - Norwich - 28/09/2018
Provision of HES Advice Centre Services - Scotland - 28/09/2018
Contract for Mobile Telephone and Data Services - Manchester - 28/09/2018
Provision of Wide Area Network - Fife - 26/09/2018
MTC for Repairs and Maintenance of TV Aerials / IRS Installations 2018 - 2020 - North Lanarkshire - 25/09/2018
Public-Space CCTV Systems: Digital Recording Systems Upgrade and Service & Maintenance Requirements for 2018-2021 - Suffolk - 24/09/2018
Radio Link Service - Torbay - 21/09/2018
Provision of radio-frequency identification readers, weigh cells and weigh heads and on site services - Kenilworth - 21/09/2018
Corporate Telephony & Contact Centre Platforms - Liverpool - 21/09/2018
AV support and technician - London - 21/09/2018
Replacement of CCTV, Door Access and Intercom System - Motherwell - 20/09/2018
Electronic Security Systems - Reading - 18/09/2018
The Provision of Airwave Handset Devices, Accessories, Services and Maintenance - London - 14/09/2018
Network Hardware - Supply, configuration, installation & supply - London - 14/09/2018
CCTV Monitoring - Maidstone - 14/09/2018
Upgrade & Replacement of Avaya Telephony (Back Office and Contact Centre Systems) - Southend-on-Sea - 11/09/2018
Framework Agreement for Audio Visual Equipment and Services - Wolverhampton - 10/09/2018
Libraries RFID replacement - London Borough of Bexley and Tower Hamlets - 07/09/2018
Fixed Telephony Solution - Newry - 07/09/2018
Supply of Deployable Cameras - Sandwell - 07/09/2018
Data & Telecoms Equipment and Services - Middlesex - 06/09/2018
CCTV Great Oaks Scunthorpe - 06/09/2018
South Devon College RFQ for Mobile Phone Contract - 05/09/2018
Supply of Specialist Audio Visual Equipment for the CPRS Studios / Fitness Rooms - Newcastle - 05/09/2018
Remote Enforcement - Stockport - 05/09/2018
Provision of Telephony and Broadband Services for Business Centres in South Tyneside - 04/09/2018
Network Analyser - North East - 03/09/2018
CCTV, Access Control and Security Systems Maintenance and Upgrade Services - London - 03/09/2018
Belfast Local Full Fibre Network Programme - Anchor Tenancy - 31/10/2018
Solent Network Framework - 30/10/2018
Supply of Audio Visual System Hardware and Associated Services - Derbyshire - 29/10/2018
Invitation to Tender for public CCTV installation and maintenance in Rossendale - 29/10/2018
Theatre ‘Sound Upgrade’ - Torfaen - 29/10/2018
Telephony Support - Thurrock - 29/10/2018
Telephone Systems - Ballymena - 29/10/2018
CCTV Software System including Maintenance 2 - Stirling - 26/10/2018
Provision of Data Cabling Services at the Met Office Exeter, Devon - 25/10/2018
Supply, Delivery and Installation of Audio Visual Equipment - Scotland - 24/10/2018
The Replacement of Digital Video Recorders at Multiple Sites - Scotland - 23/10/2018
Fibre Network 2 - West Midlands - 22/10/2018
Unified Communications - Stockport - 22/10/2018
Provision of Digital Communications - London - 22/10/2018
Supply of Audio, Visual and Presentation Equipment - Leicester - 22/10/2018
Telephony Solution (Lot 1) and Mobile Phone Solution (Lot 2) - Bradford - 19/10/2018
Provision of CCTV Control Room Relocation - Hertfordshire - 19/10/2018
CCTV Software System including Maintenance - Stirling - 19/10/2018
Installation of Wi-fi Systems at Sheltered and Extra-Care Schemes - Haverfordwest - 17/10/2018
Provision of Managed Wifi - West Suffolk - 17/10/2018
Superfast Broadband Rollout - Cambridgeshire - 15/10/2018
WiFi Solution - Newry - 12/10/2018
Supply, installation, commissioning and testing of an upgraded CCTV system and the removal of the existing system - Oxfordshire - 12/10/2018
CCTV Control and Data Equipment Replacement - Scotland - 12/10/2018
Supply, Installation and Maintenance of Small/Medium Telephone Systems - South Lanarkshire - 12/10/2018
Supply, Installation and Maintenance of Small/Medium Telephone Systems - Lanarkshire - 12/10/2018
Broadband for Rural Businesses in Oxfordshire project (BiRO) - 12/10/2018
Fibre Network - West Midlands - 08/10/2018
Civic Centre CCTV - Swansea - 02/10/2018
Access Control and Associated Security Systems - Devon - 02/10/2018
Bahrain and Qatar CCTV - 30/11/2018
Audio Visual Solutions and Integrated Operating Theatres - Salford Quays - 30/11/2018
Telecoms Technology Framework - London - 30/11/2018
Havering Framework Telephony - London - 29/11/2018
Data hosting and analytics/forecasting services to demonstrate the usefulness of sensor network technologies - Oxfordshire - 29/11/2018
SuperFast Leicestershire Phase 3 - 28/11/2018
The Provision of Security and CCTV Maintenance - Birmingham - 26/11/2018
Stockton Riverside College Group: Telephony System - 26/11/2018
Superfast Essex Phase 4b (Phase 4 Tranche 2) - 23/11/2018
PCI Compliant Telephony Solution - Cleveland - 23/11/2018
Supply and Installation of 4G/LTE Mobile Communications Infrastructure - North Yorkshire - 23/11/2018
Audio/Visual Hardware Maintenance Service - London - 23/11/2018
Security Maintenance, Servicing ,Repairs and Small Works Services Lot 1 - CCTV - Cheshire - 22/11/2018
Managed Service Provision of Mobile Communications - Sunderland - 21/11/2018
Provision of Audio Equipment - Bath - 20/11/2018
Fibre Optic Cabling - Bath - 19/11/2018
VRS / VRI Services - Leicestershire - 19/11/2018
Supply, Install and Maintain CCTV - Poole - 19/11/2018
WiFi Access Points - Kirklees - 19/11/2018
Network Managed Service - South Yorkshire - 16/11/2018
Network Cabling Framework - East Ayrshire - 16/11/2018
Installation of CCTV - Scotland - 16/11/2018
Support and Maintenance Services for ICT Infrastucture - London - 16/11/2018
CCTV Systems Upgrade and Control Room Relocation - Norwich - 15/11/2018
Cheltenham CCTV Camera Upgrade and Maintenance - 13/11/2018
Data Cabling - London - 09/11/2018
Audio Visual/Projectors Tender - Surrey - 09/11/2018
Provision of Mobile Voice and Data Services - London - 09/11/2018
Supply and Installation of Audio Visual Equipment - Cambridge - 08/11/2018
Provision of Managed Service for Operational Telecommunications Network (OTN) - Belfast - 07/11/2018
Telecoms and Data Works Measured Term Contract - Newcastle - 07/11/2018
CCTV Upgrade - Middlesborough - 06/11/2018
Unified Communications solution to replace current core telephony platform - Wakefield - 06/11/2018
Request for Proposal for Telephony Services - Kent - 05/11/2018
Framework For The Supply And Installation And Commissioning Of Public Address and Talkback Systems - Scotland - 05/11/2018
Supply, Install and Maintain CCTV - South West - 04/11/2018
Wide Area Network - Liverpool - 02/11/2018
Telemetry Outstations - Low and High Functionality Solutions - Bristol - 02/11/2018
Network Managed Service - Southampton - 02/11/2018
EE Mobile Phones Package - Wales - 01/11/2018
RCT Public Space CCTV & Town Centre WiFi - 01/11/2018
Public Space CCTV & Town Centre WiFi - Rhondda Cynon Taf CBC - 01/11/2018
Radio Spectrum and Technical Advice - Southampton - 27/12/2018
Provision of Full Unified Communication Solution - Maidstone - 24/12/2018
CCTV Project - Milton Keynes - 21/12/2018
Video Conferencing Solution - North East, North West, Yorkshire and The Humber, East Midlands, South East - 20/12/2018
Out of Hours Telephone Answering and Asscociated Services - Hampshire - 20/12/2018
Aids to Monitoring System - Edinburgh - 19/12/2018
Providing Satellite TV Services in British Embassy, Kabul - 18/12/2018
Radio Requirements at Northern France Ports - 18/12/2018
Providing 1st Internet Line Services in British Embassy, Kabul - 14/12/2018
Telephony Maintenance, Software Assurance & Supply of Services - Wirral - 14/12/2018
Firewall Provision - Leeds - 14/12/2018
Studio Equipment Program - Exeter - 14/12/2018
Provision of a Managed Networks Service with a Capital Funded Technical Refresh - Exeter - 14/12/2018
Supply, Install and Maintenance of an IP Community Alarm/Telecare Monitoring and Administration Platform - Isle of Wight - 12/12/2018
Wi-Fi Maintenance and Support - Luton - 12/12/2018
Gamma SIP Trunk Connectivity - Somerset - 12/12/2018
Framework for the Supply and Installation of Network Cabling and Associated Hardware - North Lincolnshire - 11/12/2018
British Embassy Athens CCTV Systems - 11/12/2018
Survey of Public Facing CCTV network and Surveillance Facility - Yorkshire - 11/12/2018
Provision of a Telecare Installations, Maintenance & Removals Service in the County of Bridgend - 10/12/2018
AV, microphone and sound equipment - East - 10/12/2018
Provision of Audio Facilities and Maintenance Agreement for the Council Chamber - Leicestershire - 07/12/2018
The provision of Design, Supply and Install Wi-Fi CCTV scheme for Clowne Town Centre and agreed external locations - 07/12/2018
Contact Centre Systems Support 2 - Leeds - 05/12/2018
Audio Visual Equipment - Dorset - 05/12/2018
CCTV Lisbon - 05/12/2018
Mobile Voice and Data Contract - Yorkshire - 04/12/2018
Provision of Mitel Support and Maintenance - Derbyshire - 31/01/2019
Network Services - Norwich - 31/01/2019
Maintenance of CCTV and PIDS - Scotland - 29/01/2019
Managed Network and Telephony Services - Bristol - 28/01/2019
Provision of Mobile Technical Advisory Services - Scotland - 18/01/2019
TV & Sound Production Equipment - Bournemouth - 16/01/2019
Telephony Systems Support and Maintenance and Software Assurance 2 - Yorkshire - 15/01/2019
Graduation Audio Visual Production Services - London - 14/01/2019
Supply, Installation and Maintenance of Public Access Wi-Fi Systems Framework Agreement - Dumfries and Galloway - 14/01/2019
Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) Monitoring Service - Staffordshire - 14/01/2019
Provision of Staff to Operate Leicester City Council CCTV Centre - 11/01/2019
UK-Korean 5G Collaboration Specialist Facilitation and Grant Competition - 10/01/2019
RF Amplifier - Swindon - 10/01/2019
Unified Communications - Herefordshire - 10/01/2019
Data Only SIM Card Provision and Associated Management System - Portsmouth - 08/01/2019
Framework Agreement for Network Cabling for Schools - Norfolk - 07/01/2019
Provision of an Audio/Visual Marketing Solution - Lancashire - 07/01/2019
Request for Quotation for a survey of mobile voice and data services - Cambridgeshire - 07/01/2019
National Framework Agreement for Managed Service for Video Conferencing Solutions - 03/01/2019
Procurment of Wide Area Network Telecommunication Links - West Midlands - 28/02/2019
The provision of AV Equipment - South Devon - 28/02/2019
The Supply and Integration of AV Infrastructure - London - 25/02/2019
CCTV Maintenance, Repair and 24 hour Call Out Service - Darlington - 25/02/2019
Audio Visual Equipment - Keele - 25/02/2019
Supply of Audio Visual Equipment to the North Wales Clinical School - 22/02/2019
Wireless Networks and Smart Destination Management, Wireless Managed Services Contract - Yorkshire - 15/02/2019
Summative Assessment, Marches & Gloucestershire Broadband Grant Scheme - 15/02/2019
CCTV, Video Surveillance, Access Control and Intruder Detection Systems - Nottinghamshire - 15/02/2019
5G Testbed - Test and Measurement 5G New Radio (5G NR) User Equipment - Warwick - 14/02/2019
Landline and Mobile Telephony - Birmingham - 13/02/2019
Managed Internet Services For Halls of Residences - London - 11/02/2019
Aruba Maintenance Agreement - North East - 07/02/2019
Contract for Electrical Servicing/Maintenance 2019/21 – CCTV - Swansea - 06/02/2019
Digital Consultant for the Snowdon Public Access Wi-Fi project - Wales - 01/02/2019
Mobile Telephone Services - Wales - 28/03/2019
Installation of Cable Infrastructure - Telford - 08/03/2019
The Provision of Superfast Broadband in Hertfordshire - 06/03/2019
ITT Managed Services Provider and Wide Area Network - Wellingborough - 05/03/2019
CCTV Replacement and Maintenance Service for the British Embassy in Santiago - 04/03/2019
Provision of Aircraft Communication System Devices for ESN - London, Cardiff, Edinburgh - 01/03/2019
Mobile Network - Provision and Management of Vodafone Network Contract - Southampton - 17/04/2019
CCTV Maintenance Contract - West Lancashire - 11/04/2019
Public Space Surveillance (PSS) and Optical Fibre Network Installation and Maintenance - London - 08/04/2019
Invitation to Tender for the Installation of a CCTV Camera System - Bristol - 08/04/2019
CCTV Maintenance, Supply and Installation of Digital CCTV Equipment, Off and On Campus, and Associated Items - Bath - 08/04/2019
Telecommunication Site Management - North Wales - 04/04/2019
Maintenance of CCTV Equipment - Yorkshire - 03/04/2019
Inverness Wireless Mesh Network - 02/04/2019
Provision and Installation of Audio Visual Equipment - Leeds - 02/04/2019
Public Space CCTV Systems: Service and Maintenance Requirements for 2019 - 2022 - Suffolk - 31/05/2019
SD WAN Network Review - Eastleigh - 16/05/2019
Greater Manchester Local Full Fibre Network Programme - 13/05/2019
Mobile Phone Services - Rochford - 10/05/2019
CCTV System Upgrade/Replacement for British Embassy Manila - 09/05/2019
CCTV - Petersfield - 07/05/2019
Provision and Support of Webcasting System and Audio-visual Equipment - Yorkshire - 07/05/2019
Audio visual systems maintenance contract - London - 06/05/2019
Network Infrastructure - Smart Innovation Hub - Keele - 02/05/2019
Provision of AV Services - Manchester - 01/05/2019
Infrastucture Provision Wireless Replacement - Leeds - 28/06/2019
Provision of Gigabit Connectivity Framework - Scotland - 28/06/2019
Public Space CCTV Upgrades: Cameras, Control Room Equipment and Maintenance Contract - East Midlands/West Midlands - 28/06/2019
High Volume Call Answering Solution - Belfast - 27/06/2019
Wireless Solutions - Yeovil - 26/06/2019
The Supply of LAN Services - Swindon - 17/06/2019
CCTV Contract - Sussex - 14/06/2019
CCTV Monitoring Service - Plymouth - 14/06/2019
Local Full Fibre - East Midlands - 12/06/2019
Provision of 10 GB Fibre Link & Support services - Oxford - 07/06/2019
Supply, Installation and Maintenance of AV Equipment - North West - 05/06/2019
CCTV Equipment - East Midlands - 03/06/2019
The Purchase, Design, Installation, Maintenance and Ongoing Support of Industry-Standard Integrated Digital TV and Radio Broadcast Studios - Plymouth - 03/06/2019
Wide Area Network Framework Agreement - Greater Manchester - 08/07/2019
Telecommunications Data - North East - 05/07/2019
Management and operation of CCTV control room - London - 05/07/2019
Main Telephone Lines / SIP - Liverpool - 02/07/2019
Broadband East Riding Phase 3 - 02/07/2019
Future of National Telemetry (FoNT) Application System - Supplier Selection Criteria - Bristol - 01/07/2019
Site Security CCTV Equipment Framework 2019 - 2021 - London - 01/07/2019
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gamedrinkcode
Not a blog (just a blog)
Tag: i hope you did play the game before reading this post
Posted on Jan 13 2009 Jan 14 2009
The genius of Gravity Bone
Before you read this post I stress that you go download and play Gravity Bone by Brendon Chung. Do it, it should run on any old computer (it uses the Quake 2 engine for crying out loud) and a typical playthrough won’t take you more than half an hour. Use your lunch break or something. So stop reading this now and go play it. Or stop reading this now, play it later, and then come back.
Alright, have you played it?
Good. Because if you were anything like me you enjoyed the hell out of Gravity Bone. And don’t feel like you’re alone, everyone from Destructoid to Rock, Paper, Shotgun to TIGSource has also loved this game. Gravity Bone would be the first indie darling of 2009 if it wasn’t released in 2008. And the praise is well deserved.
It would be easy to say Gravity Bone fits into the recent mold of games like Portal or You Have To Burn The Rope, short-form games that seamlessly integrate a humorous narrative and gameplay into one memorable ride. But that would be selling Gravity Bone completely short. Yes, Gravity Bone on the surface matches well with these other games and other comedic games before it. But in its short two levels, Gravity Bone jams in not only a ton of humor, more than a few memorable game moments, and a semi-cohesive story, but it also creates a comedy that’s inherently ludic in nature. Gravity Bone is humor that only works because it’s a game.
Let’s review. In Gravity Bone, you play some sort of secret spy (maybe a galactic secret spy) who is sent out on two different missions. The first mission goes easy enough, it’s a short tutorial level that teaches you the basics of movement and navigation for the game. The second level seems to continue the tutorial trend. You learn new skills like using items, you have another relatively simple objective (outside the one misstep in the game, the pole-to-pole jumping puzzle) that seems routine enough to complete. It’s the sort of beginning any gamer with a modicum of experience knows by heart now. Games must begin with a slow learning curve, a series of simple levels that teach the basics for any player who may have chosen this as their first major game experience. Gravity Bone is no exception on initial glance, the game even hammers FPS basics such as using the spacebar to jump luring us into a false sense of security.
It’s one of the tropes of games that all of us have resigned ourselves too. So we work our way through the 2nd level of Gravity Bone with nary an incident. As we approach the exit button for the second time in the game, our Pavlovian conditioning has already set in. We ignore the lady smoking a cigarette across the hall, after all the first level in the game has taught us that NPCs don’t interact with the player. We’ve completed the mission objective, do our spy thing, and await another humorous mission debriefing.
And the first fateful gun shot rings out.
There are many forms of humor and perhaps the most classic of these is your standard setup and punchline joke. Gravity Bone is about setup. The little details in the introductory moments of the game are all put in place to set us up, to teach us certain “truths” about the game world that are reversed in those final moments of the game. The punchline is everything after that first gun shot: the shock as lie motionless on the floor, the chase sequence that climaxes as you run across the banquet table shattering the glasses, and of course the ending. As you slowly fall to your death and moments of your heretofore unexplained life flash before your spy’s eyes the game delivers the punchline. The end.
Not to be forgotten is how much love and style has been put into Gravity Bone. The big band music that perfectly fits every scenario, the boxy-papercraft art design that sells the retro spy theme, the humorous little pieces of writing that make up the “tutorial” for the game are all factors in making Gravity Bone a comedic masterpiece in games. But in the end this isn’t Portal where the dialogue of GLaDOS drive our laughs. This isn’t You Have To Burn The Rope where the pitch-perfect credits song is the joke. This isn’t even World of Goo where we laugh at the crazy misshapen creatures and people that populate the world. This isn’t even a game like the Lucasarts SCUMM adventures where the writings of the characters are responsible for the humor. Gravity Bone is hilarious because as a game it lays a trap of expectations on how games are played and pulls the carpet out from under our feet. It uses our collective knowledge of games against us with comedic consequences. You laugh at Gravity Bone while you play it, but I daresay you wouldn’t be laughing nearly as much if you were watching.
To end, I say to all those clamoring for more Gravity Bone to not ruin a very good thing. Gravity Bone is a full and complete game. A full, complete, and short game. But it’s short with a purpose and it only leaves you wanting more because it ends on such a high note. It’s just long enough to tell the joke, whacks us with the punchline, and leaves us. A longer Gravity Bone or a return to it would be incapable of matching the same highs simply because we are now in on the joke. And a joke is never as funny the second time around.
Meaning and moving on
Reporting for duty boss!
Making a game in 48 hours
Finding the soul of your game
The narrow definition of experimental
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You are here: GeekSays Technology News » Google » How To Enable Offline Maps on iOS With Google Maps 2.0
How To Enable Offline Maps on iOS With Google Maps 2.0
Google Maps 2.0 for iOS is already available in App Store for iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch devices. Users can easily get their hands on next-generation version of Google Maps. There are plenty of new features offered in the latest Google Maps 2.0 service. The new version of maps allow indoor mapping, live traffic jam reporting, incident updates, and enhanced navigation with more powerful tools.
However, there is a thing that Google forgets to mention in the change log of the application, and it is confusing the users over the time. Google Maps 2.0 said to be featuring offline Maps support, but the latest Google Maps application for iOS is appeared to be missing the feature – according to its change-log in the App Store. Well, that’s not true. The Offline Maps feature is here, and present in the Google Maps application for iOS. All you need to learn is how to make use of it on your iOS device.
The latest Google Maps application update is available in market with number of hidden features, but it is up to you how you discover them. The Offline Maps is available, and you have to make use of it with a little trick on your device. The Offline Maps caching service allow users to download any section of Maps on their devices for later use. Users can easily grab a section of Maps with all zoom levels on their iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch devices.
How To Save Google Maps 2.0 for Offline Use on iPhone / iPad:
The process of saving Maps on iPhone for offline use is very easy and tricky for many. All you have to do is to navigate through the Map, and zoom into the section which you want to save for offline access. Once you have the section on your screen that you want to access while offline status – all you have to tell the application to download the specific portion of Maps with all zoom levels.
Once you got the screen, open the search bar, and type “ok maps” – it will automatically commands the application to safe the current Maps portion on your device with all zooming level. The implementation of the new Offline Maps features is not ideal, but funny to use for many. It seems that Google is directing Maps like Google Glass – “Ok Glass”.
Filed Under: Google
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http://www.ghananewsagency.org/
Electrician jailed 10 years for robbery
By Joyce Danso, GNA
Accra March 11, GNA - A Circuit Court in Accra has sentenced an Auto Electrician to 10 years imprisonment for robbing a secretary of her mobile phone valued GH¢800.00.
Fuad Mohammed was also sentenced to five years imprisonment on the charge of causing harm.
Sentences were to run concurrently.
This was after the court presided over by Mr Aboagye Tandoh had found Mohammed guilty on the charges of robbery and causing harm. It however discharged him on the charge of conspiracy.
Yusif Mohmmed a motor rider and an accomplice was also acquitted and discharged on the charge of conspiracy.
Prosecuting, Chief Inspector William K. Boateng said the complainant is Mercy Awunia who is a secretary with Kwannor Consult Limited.
He said on September 2, 2017, at about 1500 hours, the complainant was returning from a wedding ceremony at Saint Kizito Catholic Church, Nima, Accra and had in her possession two bags and a mobile phone.
Prosecution said on reaching a section near the Nima roundabout, Fuad and Yusif who were on a motor bike with registration number M13-GR-2560 followed the complainant and held her two hand bags.
According to prosecution the complainant started struggling with them but Fuad got down from the bike and hit the complainant on the head.
The complainant fell down and Fuad snatched her mobile phone and joined Yusif on the motor bike as they sped off.
Prosecution said luck however eluded them when Fuad and Yusif ran into an oncoming commercial vehicle and fell off the motor bike.
Fuad and Yusif were then arrested by the Nima Police Patrol Team who were on a routine check.
Source: GNA Story (http://www.ghananewsagency.org/human-interest/electrician-jailed-10-years-for-robbery-146617)
Published: 2019-03-11 18:01:22
© Ghana News Agency
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Study Links Mobile Emissions To Tumours
ZDNet UK
Journalist: Andrew Colley
A Finnish researcher claims that his research shows that not only does mobile radiation affect the blood-brain barrier, it can also promote tumour growth
New research by Finland's Helsinki-based Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority appears to support long-held claims that mobile phone radiation may promote tumour growth.
Although the study's findings primarily focused on mobile phone radiation's impact on the blood-brain barrier, Dariusz Leszczynski believes that exposure to mobile phone radiation interferes with human cell lifecycles in a manner that could trigger tumour development.
The study found that prolonged exposure to mobile phone radiation caused human cells to shrink. Leszczynski fears that this could impact on the human blood-brain barrier's ability to filter harmful substances from the bloodstream.
Leszczynski's research would provide a significant boost to researchers attempting to demonstrate that mobile radiation affects cells without heating. Current mobile phone emission standards, including those recommended by the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Authority (ARPANSA) are based exclusively on known, harmful effects associated with cell heating.
Dr Peter French, who is conducting research that parallels the Finnish study at St Vincent's hospital in Sydney, declined to comment on the Finnish findings directly.
"We're doing research in this area and reports like these continue to support the validity of conducting research in this area," said French.
Last May ARPANSA delivered findings to the Australian Federal Government recommending that mobile phone radiation exposure limits be eased, opening the way for Specific Absorption Rates (SAR) to be doubled.
Andrew Wood, bio-physicist at Melbourne's Swinbourne University and ARPANSA adviser, admitted that health implications of mobile phone radiation were still unknown. However, despite being able to refer to over 200 studies dedicated to examining how cells are affected by mobile exposure, he said that few have been helpful for setting safe emissions standards.
"When people suggest there's a non-thermal effect they rarely suggest what the mechanism might be and it leaves people in a bit of vacuum," said Wood.
His comments echo those made by Wayne Cornelius, head of ARPANSA's EMR and Laser and Optical Radiation section, in May.
"No one can rationally set limits of exposure unless they know precisely what the mechanism for causing a harmful effect is," said Cornelius, in May describing the dilemma faced by health and radiation standards organisations.
And that, it appears, is absent in Leszczynski's research. One expert who shares Leszczynski's interest in the non-thermal effects of mobile phone radiation, commenting on the report for the New Scientist, warned that many will dismiss the report unless it can demonstrates how mobile phone radiation triggers the effects described in the research.
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The Golden Age of Grappling Podcast Episode 60 (WWF Royal Rumble '95)
Ladies and Gentleman, Boys, Girls, and Inbetweeners! (StolenGimmick) Listen Up! I bring news of yet another episode of THE GOLDEN AGE OF GRAPPLING! As the world prepares for the yearly 30 man tradition known as the Royal Rumble, we take a step back, to a simpler time. When Ref's made no sense and the rules didn't matter! watch as Razor Ramon continues to wither away on the undercard, while Big Daddy Cool, a man who readily admits to only having 5 moves, is asked to go 25 minutes as his stupidly long reign as champ continues! THEN witness the most rushed, least dramatic and quite possibly the worst royal rumble in history.
We reviewed WWF's Royal Rumble 1995!
WWF, WWE, Royal Rumble, 1995, Vince McMahon, Jerry Lawler, Todd Pettengill, Stephanie Wiand, Jeff Jarrett, The Roadie, Road Dogg, Razor Ramon, The Undertaker, Paul Bearer, Irwin R Schyster, Mike Rotunda, Ted DiBiase, Diesel, Kevin Nash, Bret Hart, Scott Hall, Bob Holly, The 1-2-3 Kid, Tatanka, Bam Bam Bigelow, Shawn Michaels, British Bulldog, Pamela Anderson, Eli Blu, Don Harris, Ron Harris, Duke the Dumpster Droese, Jimmy Del Ray, Sione, The Barbarian, Tom Prichard, Doink The Clown, Dink, Kwang, Savio Vega, Rick Martel, Owen Hart, Timothy Well, The Bushwhackers, Jacob Blu, King Kong Bundy, Mo, Mabel, Lex Lugar, Mantaur, Aldo Montoya, Justin Credible, Henry O Godwinn, Billy Gunn, Bart Gunn, Bob Backlund, Steven Dunn, Dick Murdoch, Adam Bomb, Fatu, Rikishi, Crush
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