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The dataset generation failed
Error code: DatasetGenerationError
Exception: ArrowInvalid
Message: JSON parse error: Missing a closing quotation mark in string. in row 166
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 153, in _generate_tables
df = pd.read_json(f, dtype_backend="pyarrow")
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 815, in read_json
return json_reader.read()
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1025, in read
obj = self._get_object_parser(self.data)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1051, in _get_object_parser
obj = FrameParser(json, **kwargs).parse()
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1187, in parse
self._parse()
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1403, in _parse
ujson_loads(json, precise_float=self.precise_float), dtype=None
ValueError: Trailing data
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1997, in _prepare_split_single
for _, table in generator:
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 156, in _generate_tables
raise e
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 130, in _generate_tables
pa_table = paj.read_json(
File "pyarrow/_json.pyx", line 308, in pyarrow._json.read_json
File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 154, in pyarrow.lib.pyarrow_internal_check_status
File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 91, in pyarrow.lib.check_status
pyarrow.lib.ArrowInvalid: JSON parse error: Missing a closing quotation mark in string. in row 166
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1529, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1154, in convert_to_parquet
builder.download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1029, in download_and_prepare
self._download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1124, in _download_and_prepare
self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1884, in _prepare_split
for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 2040, in _prepare_split_single
raise DatasetGenerationError("An error occurred while generating the dataset") from e
datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationError: An error occurred while generating the datasetNeed help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
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Home/Ahwaz/Ahwazis protest at Iran’s manmade drought
AhwazHuman RightsVideos
Ahwazis protest at Iran’s manmade drought
Faisal Alahwazi Send an email July 11, 2021
Hundreds of Ahwazi people held a peaceful protest in front of the governor’s office in the eponymous regional capital, Ahwaz, demanding that Iranian regime authorities open the sluice gates on the network of massive hydroelectric dams built upstream on the region’s main rivers, which divert most of the region’s water supply to other regions of Iran, to allow water to flow to the parched region where a manmade drought is causing humanitarian and environmental devastation. While deaths have so far been limited to birds, animals and plant life, many Ahwazis believe that Iran’s regime sees this dreadful policy as a way to reduce the region’s indigenous Arab population.
Protesters held up placards and signs in Arabic, English, and Farsi with messages including: ‘Water is a human right’, ‘We are thirsty – give us water!’, ‘Stop killing our environment!’, and ‘Stop drying out the Ahwazi rivers and marshlands!’ The protesters also chanted slogans condemning the regime for its policies, such as ‘The regime stole our rights and our wealth!’ and ‘The regime keeps us in poverty in the name of religion!’
The protests come as hundreds of sheep, cattle, buffalos and other creatures have already died in recent days of thirst as a result of the drought caused by the damming and diversion of the rivers in the area once known for its rich farmland, with 90 per cent of the waters now redirected to Persian areas of Iran. The Ahwazi people, most of whose livelihoods depend on fishing or farming, are struggling to survive in the searing summer heat, which regularly exceeds 50 o Celsius (122 o Fahrenheit); many villages and towns are dependent on water trucks bringing supplies due to the remaining river water which they once relied on being largely undrinkable even by livestock. The river water and the water at the marshlands feeding into the Gulf are heavily polluted by chemicals from the regime’s petrochemical refineries and sugar industry, which pump untreated chemicals, in addition to raw sewage into the rivers, whose greatly reduced flow due to the upstream damming means that there is insufficient fresh water to wash away this build-up of toxic waste products.
The rivers which once teemed with fish and other marine life are now largely lifeless due to the pollution, which has killed millions of fish, as well as decimating the birds that once made the region’s vast marshlands an unparalleled nature reserve, while the wild buffalo that once grazed along the riverbanks are near extinction.
The Iranian regime’s blatantly racist policy of transferring desperately needed water from the already marginalided Arab region, whose people are subjected to brutal oppression, to ethnically Persian regions of Iran is causing further resentment among Ahwazis, whose warnings about the environmental and human catastrophe caused by the river-damming and diversion programme have been either ignored or seen protesters and environmentalists beaten, arrested and often imprisoned on fabricated charges.
The regime only opens the sluice gates on the upstream dams during the winter rainy season in order to alleviate pressure on the dams, deliberately channeling the water away from its oil and gas fields and refineries to Ahwazis’ towns and villages, leading to the indigenous people facing drought and rapidly worsening desertification in summer and severe flooding in winter that drowns towns and villages. In both cases, this is exacerbated by the severe and unchecked atmospheric pollution from the aforementioned oil and gas industry, with Ahwaz containing more than 95 percent of the oil and gas resources claimed by Iran.
One of the protesters participating in the demonstration said, “I don’t know where the regime officials are – are they asleep or are they blind, or do they just not want to hear or see the pain and hardship of people struggling to survive from the water crisis and poverty?”.
He pointed out that the regime has built over 17 dams on Ahwaz’ rivers to date, adding that although these are supposed to produce electricity for the whole of Iran, Ahwazis face power cuts every day, as well as having no water to drink. He condemned the regime for keeping Ahwazis in poverty and denying them jobs, which he said was a regime strategy designed to drive the Ahwazi Arab population from their lands and replace them with ethnic Persians who the regime encourages to move to Ahwaz, providing them with well-paid jobs and specially built settlements furnished with all amenities, both of which are denied to the indigenous Arab population.
“No jobs to Arabs means that they – the regime – want to force Ahwazis to leave their lands,” the protester added. “We won’t go – we’ll resist and we’ll fight till we get our land back!”
Similar chants, vowing resistance to the regime’s efforts to drive out the Ahwazi people, were taken up by the protesters, including ‘We won’t give up!’, ‘We won’t leave our homeland!’, and ‘We will live and die here!’
Another angry protester shouted at the governorate office, “All of the regime occupiers should leave our homeland – you must get out of our lands with your oppressive arms and tanks – we do not want your water, we want our own! If you withhold it, we’ll dig and find groundwater!”
Another of the demonstrators dismissed claims by regime officials that the water scarcity is due to natural drought: “The dams are filled with water, but the water is sent via many underground pipelines to Persian areas,” he pointed out, adding, “Ahwazi environmentalists went and saw with their own eyes that all the dams built on Ahwazi rivers have more than enough water for the whole of Ahwaz in terms of drinking, household use, irrigation and for feeding the Hor al-Azim and Falahiyeh wetlands, but the regime officials are deliberately shutting off the water to Ahwazis to pressure our people to leave – they drown us in winter by opening the dams and starve us and our lands and our livestock in summer! The regime officials are fighting the livelihood of Ahwazis, who depend on farming and livestock.”
Another protester ( in the above video) said, “The more we’ve shown respect for this regime, the more brazen they’ve got in oppressing us, impoverishing us – we want our rights from the oil and gas wealth taken from our lands, we want the water of our rivers to be used first for our people, and not to be stolen for Persian areas while we are dying of thirst!”
The organisers of the protest issued a statement on the occasion of the demonstration, calling on environmentalists worldwide, on the people of the region and on the international community to hear the Ahwazi people’s voices and to help save Ahwaz:
To the great people of Ahwaz and to international environmental organisations We, the residents of the Ahwaz region in the south and southwest of Iran organised a peaceful rally today, 10 July 2021, in front of the governor’s office of Ahwaz capital city to demand the following: – Granting the water dedicated to agriculture in the cities located downstream from the Dez and Karkheh dams—Susa and Al Qunaitra cities, Maysan plain and Howeyzeh and its affiliated villages. Thousands of hectares of fertile agricultural lands in the aforesaid cities are about to be devastated due to being denied access to water – the Horalazim international wetland has been dried up. This prompted many villagers to flee and leave the place. Hence, we demand our fundamental right to irrigate the Horalazim wetland.
We also demand that the discharging of wastewater by municipalities and industrial refineries in this wetland be stopped as they led to the terrible deaths of hundreds of cattle as well as hundreds of tons of fish.
According to the remarks of the governor of Ahwaz, none of the cities of the region have access to drinkable water. Accordingly, we urgently demand our basic right: clean and healthy drinking water.
Most of the residents of Ahwaz city suburbs, whose population is estimated at 700,000, once lived in areas west of the Karoon river. But they were forced to flee and emigrate from this area due to the lack of water, salinity, desertification, and the establishment of petroleum installations.
We call for ensuring the return of a large number of the residents to their areas through providing the necessary tools and potentials such as discharging water, paving the roads, securing gas, electricity and drainage network services. The cities of Ahwaz, Jarahi, Ma’shour, Falahiyeh, Muhammarah and Abadan—once called the land of palm trees—have seen the deaths of hundreds of thousands of palm trees and the destruction of their yield, which forced 14,000 of the orchard owners to leave their homeland. We the residents of Ahwazi cities call for identifying the perpetrators behind horrendous crimes against human being, environment and residents, and inflicting the toughest penalties against the culprits.
By Rahim Hamid
Rahim Hamid is an Ahwazi author, freelance journalist and human
rights advocate. He tweets under @Samireza42.
Iranian regime intensifies persecution of Ahwazi activists as environmental devastation grows
Die Proteste in Al-Ahwas eskalieren weiter!
Confirming identities of 10 other citizens arrested in AL-Ahwaz by the Iranian Regime
Iranian intelligence arrested another Ahwazi in his return to Iran from Sweden
The assassination of an Ahwazi activist in the hospital
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Shortly before the United States entered World War II, the U.S. Army reinstituted the draft. Thanks to the selective service, many men entered the military who were not always prepared, physically, for this new endeavor. There were certain parameters set – such as minimum height, weight, and “circumference of chest” – but even those men who made it through were not necessarily ‘army strong.’
In 1942, the Army updated its requirements for both men and women, and developed a physical fitness regimen designed to prepare soldiers for the rigors of real-world combat. There are many anecdotal stories about the large numbers of new soldiers who lacked strength and stamina, and were woefully unprepared for army life; true or not, there were certainly some training needs, and new recruits enjoyed conditioning along with other equipment and weapons drills while in boot camp. Running, marching, strength training, and calisthenics were an important tool in preparing a soldier for war, and no doubt many young men did their best to follow similar routines at home before joining up to help the war effort. Let’s let a few World War II soldiers show us why these exercises were needed…
Three snapshots of his fellow GIs – carrying a bedroll, pounding in tent stakes, and loaded up with equipment – taken by Arthur Gutman, circa 1942. Gift of Arthur Gutman. JMM 1998.24.13, .367, .177
A soldier unloads a Fairchild 24 inch cone camera after a bomb mission over Germany, 1944. Gift of Alvan Schunick. JMM 2008.10.1
After the war, a new military training manual based on the war-time exercises was introduced, detailing the number and style of sit-ups, pull-ups, and other routines for a total of twelve conditioning drills. Though the military continued to update and enhance its physical training, the 1946 manual was recently ‘rediscovered’, providing fodder for plenty of “modern men have gone soft!” jokes in the media, and allowing a new generation of both military recruits and fitness fans to suffer… er, enjoy an old-school training regimen to get them into fighting shape.
Return to Fitness Fads Master Post
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Home › Business Development › 5 Big Changes Coming to Social Media in 2016
Kaity Mackert Posted on August 3, 2016 Posted in Business Development, Personal Enrichment, Sales & Marketing, Technology, Training No Comments
January 20, 2016 | by Ryan Holmes
It’s been a memorable year in social media. 2015 saw the birth of live social streaming, with apps like Periscope and Meerkat winning over early adopters. Snapchat fully shed its reputation as a niche network and now counts more than 200 million active users. Meanwhile, video dominated social headlines, with Facebook users now logging an estimated 8 billion video views a day (even more than on YouTube, by some counts).
What does 2016 hold for social media users? Expect to see new technologies fundamentally change how we interact with social media, opening up new options like shopping and enabling us to share ever-more vivid, real-time experiences. But new functionality and the widening universe of social options also threaten to leave some users in the dust. Here’s a peek into the crystal ball at five trends that will change how we use social media in 2016:
Virtual reality comes to social media: “Imagine sharing not just moments with your friends online, but entire experiences and adventures.” That’s what Mark Zuckerberg wrote after Facebook acquired Oculus, the virtual reality company, for $2 billion back in March 2014. Well, we won’t have to imagine much longer. Facebook has already begun incorporating Oculus technology into its 360 Video. The unique videos, which have rolled out on News Feeds, allow users to experience scenes from different angles (looking right, left, up, down, etc.), on both web and mobile devices, creating a more immersive experience.
Right now, there’s 360 Video available from the likes of Vice and The Disney Channel and a really cool clip from Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Expect to see more immersive videos in 2016 as publishers and even brands catch up with the technology and begin creating more content. As for true, fully immersive VR, the consumer version of the Oculus Rift headset is slated for release in early 2016, opening up even more interesting possibilities for our News Feeds. Meanwhile, Oculus VR has already released a new “social” app called Oculus Social Alpha, for use with the Samsung Gear VR headset. The virtual movie-watching app allows you to “sit” in a theater and watch a video in real-time with other users — perhaps the first truly social application of Facebook’s new technology.
Social shopping takes off: Over the last year, Twitter, Facebook, Instagram and Pinterest all unveiled or upgraded in-line buy buttons, which allow users to purchase clothes, crafts, gadgets and more without ever leaving their feeds. In many respects, this development is long overdue. We’re already discovering and talking about products on social media, and four out of five people say that posts from friends directly influence buying decisions. Plus, overseas in China, Korea and elsewhere, social channels have long incorporated ecommerce functionality.
So far, the primary stumbling block in North America has been ease of use. To buy on social media, we’ve had to click out to other sites (always problematic on smartphones) or we’ve been offered limited selection (a la the now defunct Facebook Gifts). But innovations like Pinterest’s Buyable Pins now let users browse color and style options and pay, all without leaving the platform. In 2016, expect to see networks’ role shift from being channels whose primary function in ecommerce is providing referral traffic to being platforms where users make purchases directly.
Facebook Live takes live streaming mainstream: 2015 started off with lots of excitement about the new crop of live streaming apps, which allow users to broadcast live video to their followings. By late summer, Twitter-owned Periscope already boasted 10 million active users, and just this month it was named by Apple the best iOS app of 2015.
Expect to see live streaming reach a whole new, mainstream audience in the year ahead as Facebook rolls out its own mobile streaming functionality, generally referred to as Facebook Live. Already being beta-tested among a small number of U.S. iOS users, the feature allows for instantly sharing live video using the Facebook platform. What’s key here is that you don’t have to download a special app or leave Facebook to use the new video functionality. If Facebook Live rolls out as expected, it’s likely to not only dominate other live streaming options but also to fundamentally change the way Facebook’s 1.5 billion users engage with the platform.
The social media skills gap at work widens: With the explosion of workplace social networks like Slack (which recently saw more than 1 million users logged in at the same time) and the imminent launch of Facebook at Work, using social media in the office has gone from taboo to requirement. Businesses are incorporating social tools to streamline internal communications, to help sales staff reach customers, and, of course, for marketing and advertising. The problem is that front-line employees aren’t up to the challenge. Among 2,100 companies surveyed by Harvard Business Review, just 12 percent of those using social media feel they use it effectively. Even millennials brought up on social media are falling short: “Because somebody grows up being a social media native, it doesn’t make them an expert in using social media at work,” explains William Ward, professor of social media at Syracuse University.
The consequence of this social media skills gap can be seen in mounting corporate social media gaffes, from misused hashtags (see #WhyIStayed) to scheduled posts gone awry, not to mention trillions of dollars (yes, trillions) in lost productivity and business value. In 2016, expect to see social media training finally begin to make its way into the workplace in an effort to close this gap — similar to initiatives launched when office software suites and later email and the Internet itself emerged as critical business tools. A number of online offerings now provide self-paced lessons and video modules designed for the workplace. (Hootsuite is giving our course away free.)
Social media customer service gets a lot better: Customer service on social media has always seemed like a great idea. Why wait on the phone when you can Tweet and get an answer immediately? But the reality has been quite different. A new study of 500 top retailers shows that only 20 percent answer questions sent via Twitter and 54 percent respond via Facebook. And the average response time ranges from 27–31 hours! Not to mention that not all customer service problems lend themselves to being handled out in the open in a public forum.
Fortunately, change is on the horizon. In the latter part of 2015, both Twitter and Facebook significantly upped their customer service functionality. Twitter ditched the “mutual follow” requirement for its DM (Direct Messages) feature, meaning companies and customers can now contact each other directly and privately. At the same time, it lifted the standard 140-character limit for Direct Messages, so DM now makes a great one-on-one channel for tackling customer issues. Facebook, not to be outdone, has launched a beta version of Messenger Business, offering a new chat-based avenue for companies to have real-time, personal conversations with customers. Considering that Messenger has more than 800 million users, it’s not hard to see it evolving into a ubiquitous, mobile-friendly channel for customer service in the years ahead.
Perhaps the biggest change in social media is the accelerated evolution of networks into “everything platforms.” Twitter isn’t just for blasting out 140-character updates anymore: It’s for one-on-one messaging, video-sharing, customer service and more. Facebook isn’t just about connecting with friends: It’s now (or soon to be) a workplace productivity tool, a video sharing and streaming platform, a place to shop, etc. Similar transformations can be seen across LinkedIn, Instagram, Pinterest and Snapchat, among other networks. Social media has become less a discrete thing that people do than a natural component of everything they do. And that trend shows no signs of slowing.
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h.r. 2003 ethiopia democracy and accountability act
Ethiopia: The Bedtime Stories of Meles Zenawi
Posted on May 21, 2012 , Updated on January 10, 2013 by Alemayehu G. Mariam
At the “World Economic Forum Meeting” in Ethiopia last week, dictator Meles Zenawi lectured:
…. My view is that there is no direct relationship between economic growth and democracy historically or theoretically. But my view is that democracy is a good thing in and of itself irrespective of its impact on economic growth. And my view is that in Africa most of our countries are extremely diverse, that may be the only possibility, the only option of keeping relationships within nations sane. Democracy may be the only viable option for keeping these diverse nations together. Sowe need to democratize but not in order to grow. We need to democratize in order to survive as united sane nations. That’s my view. But I don’t believe in this nighttime, you know, bedtime stories and contrived arguments linking economic growth with democracy. There is no basis for it in history and in my view no basis for it it in economics. And there is no need to have this contrived argument because the case for democracy and can stand and shine on its own…
While visiting Ghana in 2009, President Obama told the following “contrived bedtime story linking economic growth with democracy” to Africans:
Development depends on good governance. History offers a clear verdict: Governments that respect the will of their own people, that govern by consent and not coercion, are more prosperous, they are more stable, and more successful than governments that do not. No country is going to create wealth if its leaders exploit the economy to enrich themselves. No person wants to live in a society where the rule of law gives way to the rule of brutality and bribery. That is not democracy, that is tyranny. And now is the time for that style of governance to end…. In the 21st century, capable, reliable, and transparent institutions are the key to success — strong parliaments; honest police forces; independent judges; an independent press; a vibrant private sector; a civil society. Those are the things that give life to democracy, because that is what matters in people’s everyday lives…. History is on the side of these brave Africans, not with those who use coups or change constitutions to stay in power. Africa doesn’t need strongmen, it needs strong institutions. With better governance, I have no doubt that Africa holds the promise of a broader base of prosperity….
My Favorite Bedtime Stories
I enjoy bedtime stories as much as the next guy. My favorite is “Pinocchio in Africa”. The wooden puppet wanted to become a human boy but could not stop telling lies and tall tales. Whenever Pinocchio lied, his nose grew longer.
I like the story of “Puff the Magic Dragon and the Land of Living Lies”. Puff took a little girl called Sandy, who lies a lot, to the Land of the Living Lies where honesty and truthfulness are prosecuted. She meets the famous fibbers Pinocchio and the boy who cried wolf; and saw the famous purple cow that no one has ever seen and a pink elephant.
I also enjoy the morality tales of Aesop, the ancient Ethiopian storyteller. Once upon a time there was a wolf who schemed to snatch sheep grazing in the pasture, but could not because the shepherd was vigilant. One day the wolf found the shorn skin of a sheep and dressed himself in it and joined the flock. Soon he began dining on the sheep one by one until he was discovered by the shepherd. That was the end of the wolf; he could no longer steal, kill and eat the sheep.
George Orwell’s allegorical stories of doubletalk and doublespeak told in “political language” are rather delightful because they “make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and give an appearance of solidity to pure wind.” So, “War is peace. Freedom is slavery. Ignorance is strength.” George could have added, “dictatorship is democracy. Tyranny is liberty. Poverty is wealth. Famine is plenty. Censorship is press freedom. Brutality is civility. Mendacity is veracity. Opacity is clarity. Shadow is reality. Depravity is morality and greed is good.”
Oh, Yes! I like children’s rhymes too:
Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall Humpty Dumpty had a great fall….
Sane Nations, Insane Dictators and Democrazy
Zenawi said “democracy is the only option of keeping relationships within nations sane”. Here are some true stories of democrazy from the Land of Living Lies:
Freedom House/U.S. State Department (2010)
In April 2008 local elections were held throughout Ethiopia. Freedom House and USDoS report that opposition candidates were subjected to intimidation and arrest by the government prior to the elections making it difficult for them to compete, leading to the opposition boycotting the elections and resulting in a massive victory for government supporters. The ruling party won 99% of the more than three million seats contested.
The May 2010 parliamentary elections resulted in a 99.6 percent victory for the ruling EPRDF and its allies,reducing the opposition from 174 to only two seats in the 547 member lower house… Ethiopia is the second-most populous country in Sub-Saharan… At US$390, Ethiopia’s per capita income is much lower than the Sub-Saharan African average of US$1,165 in FY 2010, ranking it as the sixth poorest country in the world.
Amnesty International (2009)
The Ethiopian parliament has adopted a potentially repressive new law which could criminalise the human rights activities of both foreign and domestic non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The Charities and Societies Proclamation law (2009) is designed to strictly control and monitor civil society in an atmosphere of intolerance of the work of human rights defenders and civil society organisations. The law’s repressive provisions are believed to be an attempt by the Ethiopian government to conceal human rights violations, stifle critics and prevent public protest of its actions ahead of expected elections in 2010.
Human Rights Watch (2010)
Ethiopia’s citizens are unable to speak freely, organize political activities, and challenge their government’s policies—through peaceful protest, voting, or publishing their views—without fear of reprisal. Democracy’s technical framework will remain a deceptive and hollow façade so long as Ethiopia’s institutions lack independence from the ruling party and there is no accountability for abuses by state officials.
Global Financial Integrity/Wall Street Journal (2011)
Ethiopia lost $11.7 billion to outflows of ill-gotten gains between 2000 and 2009. That’s a lot of money to lose to corruption for a country that has a per-capita GDP of just $365. In 2009, illicit money leaving the country totaled $3.26 billion, double the amount in each of the two previous years. The capital flight is also disturbing because the country received $829 million in development aid in 2008. Ethiopia is one of the poorest countries on earth as 38.9% of Ethiopians live in poverty, and life expectancy in 2009 was just 58 years. The people of Ethiopia are being bled dry. No matter how hard they try to fight their way out of absolute destitution and poverty, they will be swimming upstream against the current of illicit capital leakage.
Committee to Protect Journalist (2011)
Ethiopia trails only Eritrea as the foremost jailer of journalists in Africa. Ethiopia’s repression of the independent press has also driven into exile the largest number of journalists in the world. Yet Zenawi told Aftenposten [Norwegian paper] that ‘We have reached a very advanced stage of rule of law and respect for human rights. Fundamentally, this is a country where democratic rights of people are respected.’
The Ethiopian government is exploiting its vaguely worded anti-terror law to crush peaceful dissent. The anti-terror law itself is a huge problem. The international community, especially the European Union, United States, and United Kingdom, should ask the Ethiopian government hard questions about why it is using this law to crack down on peaceful independent voices.
Committee Statement of Congressman Donald Payne (2007)
H.R. 2003 (Ethiopia Democracy and Accountability Act of 2007, sponsored by Cong. Payne passed the U.S. House of Representatives on October 2, 2007) requires the secretary of state to support human rights by establishing a mechanism to provide funds to local human rights organizations. The bill supports democratization by directing assistance to strengthen democratic processes, prohibits non-humanitarian assistance to Ethiopia if the ruling party obstructs United States efforts to provide human rights, fosters accountability for the actions the Ethiopian Government has taken that undermine rule of law and fundamental political freedoms…. and holds security forces accountable for human rights abuses related to the demonstrations of 2005…
Statement of U.S. Senators Russ Feingold and Patrick Leahy on Senate Bill 3457 (2008)
Mr. FEINGOLD. Mr. President, today I am pleased to introduce the Support for Democracy and Human Rights in Ethiopia Act of 2008. Senator LEAHY joins me as an original cosponsor. The purpose of this bill is to reaffirm policy objectives towards Ethiopia and encourage greater commitment to the underpinnings of a true democracy–an independent judiciary and the rule of law, respect for human and political rights, and an end to restrictions on the media and non-governmental organizations…. As we turn a blind eye to the escalating political tensions, people are being thrown in jail without justification and non-government organizations are being restricted, while civilians are dying unnecessarily in the Ogaden region–just like so many before them in Oromiya, Amhara, and Gambella….
2010 European Union Election Observer Commission Report on May 2010 Election
The separation between the ruling party and the public administration was blurred at the local level in many parts of the country. The EU EOM directly observed cases of misuse of state resources in the ruling party’s campaign activities. The ruling party and its partner parties won 544 of the 547 seats to the House of Peoples Representatives and all but four of the 1,904 seats in the State Councils…. As a result, the electoral process fell short of international commitments for elections, notably regarding the transparency of the process and the lack of a level playing field for all contesting parties.
Zenawi’s response to the 2010 European Union Election Observer Commission Report:
The EU report is trash that deserves to be thrown in the garbage. The report is not about our election. It is just the view of some Western neo-liberals who are unhappy about the strength of the ruling party. Anybody who has paper and ink can scribble whatever they want.
Such are the nightmarish bedtime stories of Meles Zenawi’s Democrazy in Ethiopia!
Amharic translations of recent commentaries by the author may be found at: http://www.ecadforum.com/Amharic/archives/category/al-mariam-amharic
Previous commentaries by the author are available at: http://open.salon.com/blog/almariam/ and www.huffingtonpost.com/alemayehu-g-mariam/
Posted in Africa, Analysis, Ethiopia, Featured, News Tagged ethio, Ethiopia, ethiopia amnesty international, ethiopia committee to protect journalist, Ethiopia Democracy, ethiopia donald payne, ethiopia european union election observer commission report, Ethiopia Freedom House, ethiopia global financial integrity, Ethiopia Human Rights Watch, ethiopia patrick leahy, ethiopia russ feingold, ethiopia u.s. state department, Ethiopia World Bank, ethiopia world economic forum meeting, geroge orwell africa, h.r. 2003 ethiopia democracy and accountability act, Meles Zenawi, obama accra, obama african dictators, obama human rights africa, zenawi bedtime stories 23 Comments
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Tag Archives: forest
2013 wildfire season way below average
November 6, 2013 Mitch Tobin
Wildfires were thrust into the national spotlight twice this year, first when 19 firefighters died in Arizona on June 30, and again in August, when the 257,314-acre Rim Fire burned in and around Yosemite National Park.
But if you look at the federal government’s statistics, 2013 is on track to be one of the quietest wildfire seasons in years. In the West and on Forest Service land, the season was closer to normal, but in the South and East, 2013 was a very quiet year for wildfires.
Year-to-date numbers
By the end of October, 40,775 fires had burned 4.1 million acres nationwide, which was only 63% of the 10-year average for the number fires, and just 59% of the 10-year average for acres burned (click on graphics to enlarge).
Some wildfires will break out between now and December 31, but the numbers aren’t going to jump as we head into winter. The time series below, for the full 12 months, shows that the lowest number of fires since 1990 was 58,810 in 1993, so unless there are more than 18,000 fires in November and December, 2013 is going to beat that record.
The graphics above illustrate national data. If you break it down by region, the number of acres burned has been below the 10-year average in every region except Southern California (which encompasses the Rim Fire).
The chart below shows the Southern region is at just 63% of average for fires and 12% for acres, while the number of fires in the Eastern region is 56% of average and the number acres burned is 41% of average. Very wet conditions in the South and East in 2013 were responsible for the diminished fire activity and this played a big part in suppressing the national totals (a map of the regions is here).
Going into the 2013 wildfire season, it looked like the West might be in store for a bad year. The preceding winter and spring were relatively dry, but some late spring storms and a strong summer monsoon in the Southwest reduced the danger. September was the wettest on record for many places in Colorado, Oregon, and Washington, as shown below.
Fire activity by landowner
Another way to look at fire activity is by landowner. The National Park Service, which saw a chunk of Yosemite National Park burned by the massive Rim Fire, stands out in 2013. But other agencies had fewer fires and acres burned than average. On November 1, the Forest Service was at 92% of average for fires and 93% of average for acres burned. Much of the land in Southern and Eastern regions is private and you can see that reflected in the sub-average total for the “state/other” category, which includes private property.
Historic, below-average season
The 2013 season raised the profile of the wildfire issue like few other in recent memory, but if it weren’t for the Yarnell Hill disaster and the Rim Fire, I think we would have seen a fraction of the media coverage.
As I noted in a previous post, national-level wildfire statistics, while interesting and easy to grasp, can obscure more interesting stories happening at the local and regional level. Wildfire manifests in manifold ways in the United States. A lightning-sparked blaze in the Alaskan tundra can scorch a half-million acres of wilderness and claim not a single structure. An arson fire in the suburbs can burn a couple thousand acres and cause $1 billion in property damage.
What seems odd is that even in a slightly below-average year, the Forest Service has once again run out of money for wildfire suppression. Consider these excerpts from an October 30 E&E story with the headline “‘It’s just nuts’ as wildfires drain budget yet again.”
Lightning bolts rained across the West in August, sparking hundreds of wildfires in California, Oregon, Idaho and Montana and pushing the cash-strapped Forest Service to the brink. The service had at that point spent $967 million battling wildfires that had torched more than 3.4 million acres in 2013. Its emergency fund exhausted, it had about $50 million left — enough for about half a week … The Forest Service this year siphoned $505 million from budgets for research, capital improvement and reforestation accounts, among other programs, according to a memo obtained by Greenwire.
In a previous post, we showed that federal wildfire suppression costs are soaring, not only in the aggregate but also per acre and per fire. It’ll be interesting to see if the costs continue the upward march in 2013, even though this season has been relatively tame.
The National Interagency Fire Center just published this summary of the 2013 wildfire season to date. NIFC provides data for the January 1 – October 31 time frame going back 10 years. It’s worth noting that if “average” were defined as the past 20 years or some other period, 2013 would rank differently.
Download Slides: 2013 Wildfire Season (1170 downloads)
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Download Data: 2013 Wildfire Season (1054 downloads)
acresburnedfiresforestgraphicsNational Interagency Fire CenterNIFCstatisticswildfires
Fuels, Wildfires
The fuels dilemma and Western wildfires
July 18, 2013 Mitch Tobin
When I was getting certified as a wildland firefighter in 2002, they taught us that fire behavior is based on three basic factors.
First, weather: not just the temperature, humidity, and wind at that moment, but also the climatic conditions over the preceding months and years. All else equal, if it’s hot, dry, windy, and you’re in a drought, you’d expect more extreme fire behavior.
Second, topography: drafty canyons, south-facing slopes exposed to the desiccating sun, and other natural features can encourage burning. Fire travels faster uphill, our instructors cautioned us, but firefighters move slower.
Third, fuels: the type of vegetation, its volume, its moisture content, and its continuity on the landscape. As a fire travels from grasslands to woodlands to dense forests, its personality can change radically.
The first two factors–weather and topography–are out of our control, putting aside the fact that we are changing the weather via climate change and loading the dice toward more fire-friendly conditions in the American West.
What we can directly influence are the fuels. We can break the natural cycle of wildfires by suppressing both human- and lighting-caused blazes, allowing the fuel to build up. We can mechanically thin and intentionally burn areas to reduce the amount of fuel available to future wildfires. We can go so far as to cut down all the trees and pave over a place, thereby eliminating the possibility of a wildfire (or a natural ecosystem).
Tracking fuels treatment to tame Western wildfires from EcoWest on Vimeo.
Fuels dilemma
Today, the American West is facing a fuels dilemma. The graphic below shows the condition of fire regimes across the country. Red illustrates areas where wildfires may be significantly altered from their historic behavior, yellow shows areas that are moderately altered from historic conditions, and green marks where conditions are near historical norms. This data is from 2000, but things probably haven’t changed much since then.
I’ve created slides like these to describe the fuels dilemma in a PowerPoint you can download at the bottom of this post. The presentation explains how the policy of fire suppression has disrupted the natural fire regime in many parts of the West. I’ve also analyzed federal statistics on the number of acres thinned and burned, both in the slide deck and on this dashboard page, but the government’s reporting on fuels treatment is lacking and I’m still in search of better data to characterize this crucial issue.
Fuels treatment
The graphic below distinguishes between a couple of different types of fuels treatment. The first distinction is between activity taking place within and beyond the wildland-urban interface. Known by its acronym, the WUI is where property and residents are at greatest risk of wildfires. The second distinction is between thinning with chainsaws (“mechanical”) and prescribed burns (“fire”).
The total acreage has been climbing in recent years, but the government only reports this data through 2009. I haven’t been able to find anything more current, but would welcome any suggestions from readers. The data source appears to have been created as part of the George W. Bush administration’s Healthy Forests Initiative but not continued by Barack Obama’s administration.
As of 2009, the federal government was treating an increasing number of acres, but it’s critical to remember that these totals are small relative to the size of the problem. Some 190 million acres of federal land face an elevated risk of catastrophic wildfire, according to one widely used estimate from the U.S. Forest Service (see here for technical report).
I was also struck by the considerable amount of thinning taking place outside of the WUI. Proposals to cut down brush and trees right around vulnerable communities often have the backing of environmental groups, but as these thinning projects move farther into the backcountry, they tend to face more opposition, especially if sizable timber harvesting is part of the equation.
Prescribed burns
On a per acre basis, prescribed fires are much less expensive than mechanical thinning projects, but conditions have to be just right to set a prescribed fire so that it doesn’t turn into a disastrous wildfire. That’s happened occasionally in the West, such as the 2000 Cerro Grande Fire in New Mexico and the 2012 Lower North Fork Fire in Colorado that killed three people. Many in the public remain skeptical or outright opposed to prescribed burns because of the risks and smoke.
The graphic below shows that the number of acres burned in prescribed fires was increasing for a while, but the national total is just a couple million acres annually. (This time series, from the National Interagency Fire Center, is part of their annual report and looks like it will continue.)
Wildland-fire use
The federal government used to report on instances of “wildland fire use,” essentially letting wildfires burn rather than suppressing them. This strategy is still practiced today when fires are in a wilderness or other remote area and not posing a significant threat to property and people. The graphic below shows the number of acres burned in these types of fires, by agency, but the feds stopped reporting this statistic in 2008.
In places like the Southwest, there’s pretty broad agreement among scientists, land managers, firefighters, and conservation groups that additional thinning in the WUI and increased prescribed burns could mitigate–but not eliminate–the risks of catastrophic fires destroying homes. The data I’ve found suggest there’s been a slight upward trend in such fuel treatments, but the overall totals are small and are likely to remain so in a time of fiscal austerity. Letting nature do the work for us would obviously be less expensive, even ecologically preferable, but the proliferation of homes in fire-prone landscapes has made fire suppression an imperative across much of the West.
Data on thinning comes from this report, part of a cooperative effort between the Interior and Agriculture departments. The information on prescribed burns and wildland fire use are from the National Interagency Fire Center.
This story from HowStuffWorks has a good discussion of the three key factors that explain fire behavior.
The Yarnell Fire disaster has generated some solid coverage of the wildfire issue. See this piece by Felicity Barringer of The New York Times on the rising number of homes in the WUI and this op-ed in the Arizona Republic by Don Falk of the University of Arizona. I’m quoted briefly in this story by Amanda Paulson in the Christian Science Monitor.
Download Slides: Wildfire Fuels (1331 downloads)
Download Notes: Wildfire Fuels (1189 downloads)
Download Data: Wildfire Fuels (1154 downloads)
fire behaviorfirefighterfiresforestfuelsfuels treatmenthazardous fuelsHealthy Forests Initiativeprescribed burnsthinningtopographyweatherwildfireswildland fire usewildland-urban interfaceWUIYarnell Hill Fire
Fire suppression, Wildfires
Arizona firefighter disaster could be pivotal moment
July 1, 2013 Mitch Tobin 6 Comments
The shocking deaths of 19 firefighters yesterday in Arizona is a grim milestone in the history of wildland firefighting. Will the Yarnell Hill Fire also be a watershed event in how this nation approaches wildfires?
Sadly, it often takes a national tragedy to raise awareness of problems and force action on solutions.
We know wildfires are getting larger, more people are living in the fire-prone wildland-urban interface (WUI), and climate change will only make the problem worse.
What remains to be seen is whether the disaster will lead to changes in how the nation approaches the wildfire issue. Will it lead to more funding for hazardous fuels reduction and prescribed burns? Will it spur more regulations on development and building practices in the WUI? Will it change how wildland firefighters do their work and make fire managers more risk averse?
A historic tragedy
Looking back over the past century, I think the Yarnell Hill Fire ranks up there with the Great Fire of 1910 (see Stephen Pyne’s Year of the Fires and Timothy Egan’s The Big Burn) and the Yellowstone Fires of 1988 (see Rocky Barker’s Scorched Earth) as defining moments in the history of U.S. wildfires. The 1910 inferno led to a massive increase in fire suppression; the Yellowstone blazes resulted in greater appreciation of fire’s benefits for many Western ecosystems.
The loss of 19 firefighters in one incident is actually a historic event for all of U.S. firefighting, not just the wildland form. It’s the greatest loss of life since 9/11 and it’s tied for sixth on the all-time list. Notice in the graphic below that almost all of these incidents happened decades ago (this data, from the National Fire Protection Association, has slightly different numbers for wildfire deaths than what the National Interagency Fire Center reports).
While the details from yesterday’s burnover are just emerging, we’ve known for many years that a tragedy like this could happen. We’ve had so many bad wildfires over the past decade or so that it seems the American public and media have become desensitized to hearing that hundreds of homes have been destroyed or hundreds of thousands of acres are ablaze.
The loss of 19 firefighters, however, is anything but normal and hard to ignore. The cynic in me says it may take a huge civilian death toll to really elevate the issue in the national consciousness.
Here are four of the key points that emerged from our research on wildfires:
1) Wildfires are generally getting bigger
The graphic below shows an upward trend in the average size of U.S. wildfires since 1990. This is very high-level national data, but in another post we provide more detail on the increasing size and intensity of wildfires in the West.
2) Many fire-prone ecosystems are out of whack
Decades of fire suppression in forests, woodlands, and grasslands that frequently burned under natural conditions has led to an excess of fuel in some areas. The map below shows that the natural cycle has been degraded in nearly all U.S. ecoregions, according to an analysis by The Nature Conservancy.
3) More people are living in vulnerable wildland-urban interface
The map below shows where homes are most at risk from wildfires in Arizona. As the West’s population has risen, so has the number of people living in these higher-risk areas. Learn more about the WUI in this post.
4) Climate change will exacerbate problem
Scientists have already found that the warming experienced over the past few decades in the West has led to an increase in wildfire activity. A 2006 paper in Science (graphic below) concluded that “large wildfire activity increased suddenly and markedly” starting in the mid-1980s, with most of the change due to a warming climate rather than fire suppression. Higher temperatures led to a thinner snowpack that melted earlier in spring, leading to more-flammable conditions in summer and a lengthening of the wildfire season by an average of 78 days.
We have more analysis and data on our main fire page and on dashboards that cover fire trends, suppression, firefighters, ignition, fuels, and the WUI.
Wildfire metrics send a clear signal that this problem is getting worse, especially in places like Arizona, but solutions are anything but simple. There’s no quick fix for forests and woodlands that are ecologically out of balance due to a century of fire suppression. There are already millions of homes in vulnerable locations and only so much that homeowners can do. Some local communities have taken big strides toward reducing their vulnerability and discouraged building in the WUI, but there is political resistance in the West to statewide mandates.
Fighting wildfires will always be an inherently perilous business, but perhaps the Yarnell Hill disaster will force the public and policymakers to confront this increasingly dangerous issue, evaluate the options, and take action.
Download Slides: Wildfires in the American West (1970 downloads)
Download Notes: Wildfires in the American West (1881 downloads)
Download Data: Wildfires in the American West (1638 downloads)
ArizonafirefirefighterforestpolicysuppressionwildfireYarnell Hill
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F*ck7thGrade
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With an adolescent romance and a brief rise to pop stardom, “F*ck7thGrade” is a queer musical memoir (about how we’ll never get out of middle school) conceived by award-winning singer-songwriter Jill Sobule – whose 1990’s hits include “Supermodel” and the original “I Kissed a Girl.”
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You are here: Home / News / Parents and children come together from two sides of the world
Parents and children come together from two sides of the world
By Ninette Cheng
When Shelley Baer of Ephrata, Wash. found out that she could not have children, she and her husband decided to find an alternative solution: The couple, who are both white, decided to adopt. Immediately, they decided on an Asian child.
“He’s enamored with the culture, and I grew up in the culture,” Baer, who had spent five years of her childhood in Okinawa, Japan, said. “I was very comfortable when he said it.”
The process took 32 weeks through the Washington Association of Concerned Adopted Parents (WACAP, now known as the Washington Association of Caring Adopted Parents), Baer brought home two twin girls from Korea.
Baer’s daughters, Jada and Jasmyn Pock, traveled to the United States on a plane with church group volunteers. The sisters did not recognize anyone, including each other.
“In the Korean culture, twins are considered bad luck,” Baer said. She explained that they are usually separated at birth.
Arriving in the United States was a shock for Baer’s daughters.
“If you were raised in one culture and you only hear certain noises, certain sounds, and certain music — that would be what you are accustomed to,” Baer said. “When they were in our arms, the noises are different, the smells are different. Then there’s the fact that the two of them have never bonded together.”
Jada and Jasmyn Pock are just two of 1.6 million adopted children, according to the 2000 census. Many are adopted into families of other races.
Some families, such as Baer’s and Heather Bowser’s, a Korean adopted by white parents, choose specifically to adopt an Asian child. For other families, such as Jennifer Chan’s, a Chinese adopted by a white and Chinese couple, adopting an Asian child was purely coincidental.
Growing up in one culture while looking like another often required some explanation for the families.
Neither Bowser, Chan, nor Jada Pock recall being told they were adopted.
“I don’t even remember the first time I was told,” Chan said. “I’ve just always known.”
Baer raised her daughters in a small town with little diversity. “Some people would ask the silliest questions,” she said.
“They asked, ‘Because they’re Asian, do they cry differently? When they grow up old enough to talk, will they speak English?’ We wanted to educate those people and let them understand as much about the children so that there would be acceptance.”
Baer was concerned about enrolling her daughters in school and whether they would make friends.
“It was me who worried about someone doing racially unkind things to them,” she said. “I don’t think anyone said anything unkind.”
“They kind of made fun of us sometimes,” Jada Pock said. “They don’t know how to treat someone who’s different.”
“When I was young it was always annoying because people would never believe me when I introduced my family to them,” Bowser said.
Chan, who grew up in Seattle, experienced different difficulties.
“I think the only disadvantage is dealing with narrow-minded people who don’t understand what it is like to come from two or more cultures,” she said. “For instance, I’ve encountered a lot of non-Asians who expect me to adhere to the stereotypes. I’ve had strangers come up to me wanting to know what language I speak and think I’m being difficult when I tell them I speak [only] English.”
“On the other hand, it’s just as bad, if not worse, from the Asian community,” Chan said. “Some of them have told me in the past that I am a bad person for not speaking Chinese and not embracing Chinese culture as much as they think I should. Both sides think I belong more to the other side than theirs, and thus, I do not think I truly belong to either one.”
Bowser and Pock were both impacted by the lack of Korean culture growing up.
“To be honest, I really do not consider myself to be bi-cultural,” Bowser said. “I have the physical appearance of a Korean and some other things like that, but in every other sense, I am Caucasian.”
“Growing up, I always knew I was different and that I didn’t look like my parents,” Pock said. “When I lived in Ephrata, I always wished that I did. I always wished I was white because I didn’t like being Asian when everyone else was white.”
Pock said this changed when she moved to Seattle at 18.
“Because I have so many Asian friends [in Seattle], I can learn the culture, and being in Seattle, there’s more Asian culture.”
Pock said she no longer wishes she were a different race. However, she also points out she does not value either culture over the other.
“I value it pretty much the same,” she said.
Chan said her upbringing has shaped the way she thinks.
“It’s definitely advantageous in the sense that it opens your mind,” she said. “I feel like people who are raised in multicultural environments are better suited to understand various points of view because you are born doing it. In turn, it helps me understand other people from other cultures as well.”
Baer said she has continually tried to educate her daughters and community on their differences, but also to celebrate what they share.
“One of the conversations that we did have was about the time that they had to put their family tree together for school,” she said.
“‘If we made a family tree of your biological mom and dad, you will see they all have dark hair,’” Baer told her daughters. “‘Those are science things. Those are things that are in your genes. … There’s no difference on the inside. Your blood is red. Your heart is the same as my heart.’” (end)
Ninette Cheng can be reached at info@nwasianweekly.com.
Filed Under: News Tagged With: Chinese, Heather Bowser, Jada Pock, Jennifer Chan, Korean, Neither Bowser, Ninette Cheng, Northwest Asian Weekly, Seattle, United States, culture
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There is, however, a major variation that differs from the present arrangement of the King James Version (and maintained by virtually every other version since the invention of the printing press). General Epistles. Calls Paul a beloved brother in a superior and commending way 3:15. The General Epistles get less attention than Paul's epistles, but they are an integral part of the Bible and contain vital information for Christians. They are not evangelistic; rather, they are regulatory in nature. General epistles (also called Catholic Epistles) are books in the New Testament in the . James.
These are a group of texts which are too often neglected for several reasons.
Unlike the Pauline epistles, which were primarily directed toward specific persons or groups, these letters were addressed to general audiences (except for 2nd and 3rd John), and the character of their content is more universal in comparison with Paul's letters. Be able to identify characteristics of early proto-gnosticism. Description.
Issues of the Churches Addressed by the General Epistles The Apostle Paul wrote a lot of the New Testament history, but the history did not end after his death (Lecture 7 2013). The General Epistles (Hebrews to Jude) 7. Description. Contradictions between the writings of Paul and the letters penned by James, Peter, John, and Jude do not exist. book of james april 24, 2014 ross arnold, spring 2014 lakeside institute The Prison Epistles - . Each of these three epistles was written by the Apostle Paul.
The General Epistles are named for their author instead of the church or person to whom they were written. 1 Thessalonians. If the original order of the apostolic epistles had been retained by the translators of the New Testament, perhaps the scriptural teachings concerning grace and . Dr. S. Lewis Johnson explains the significance of Christ's genealogy as it is found in the Gospel of Matthew. Paul & Pauline Epistles (Galatians, 1-2 Thessalonians, 1-2 Corinthians) 5. The General Epistle address the issues that early church face. In this volume, Jeremy Painter brings his creative pen and deep insight to Hebrews, James, Jude, and I and II Peter while Jeffrey Brickle deftly tackles the Epistles of John and the Book of Revelation. The Pastoral Epistles are the three epistles of 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, and Titus. Paul wrote this letter before he had visited the Roman church. For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord. These ancient epistles contain valuable insight into modern-day Christian living, while also providing us a snapshot of the early . Paul's Epistles - End Times Prophecy - Part One. While the title may not be the most accurate one possible, these books deal with critical areas of living well the Christian life. Let your mercy, O Lord, be upon us. This course examines the role of the General Epistles in the first-century Church as well as their continuing importance for Christians today. Yet, very obviously, it does comment on the intended meaning of the text. Modern editions have . o 2 from Peter. As I had explained in the opening presentation in this short series, I had hoped to gather into one place my interpretations of the time and place of the writing of each of the epistles of Paul of Tarsus, as well as a general chronology of the events recorded in the Book of Acts. The Epistles of Paul are letters that were written by Paul to first glorify God. There were many other writings written after Paul's death. However, many note the dramatic . Where is the faith chapter of OT characters found? The Epistles of Paul. Paul mentions going to Athens alone but leaving Timothy behind ( 1 Thess 3:1-3 ).
First Mode. Through Paul's own super-natural journey on the Damascus Road, 1 his passionate theology was the . Jewish Christians in Rome or in or near Palestine. There were many other writings written after Paul's death. The only exception to this is Hebrews. 1 Corinthians - Paul wrote 1 Corinthians to confront and correct the young church in Corinth as it was struggling with matters of disunity, immorality and immaturity. This course emphasizes the unity of the doctrinal teaching and belief of the authors and their harmony with the teachings of Jesus Christ and the apostle Paul. With the exception of Hebrews, the Book's titles denote the author of each epistle. The Epistles of Paul. Ephesians 1: 1-2. a study of the letters paul wrote while imprisoned in rome. are the books put together because they. Paul's Prison Epistles . The Pauline epistles are usually placed between the Acts of the Apostles and the Catholic epistles in modern editions. Introduction to General Epistles. 1.
These letters are all named for the one who wrote them. Issues of the Churches Addressed by the General Epistles The Apostle Paul wrote a lot of the New Testament history, but the history did not end after his death (Lecture 7 2013). The names of the general epistles are the names of their author. pl.n. 2 John. Pauline Epistles. By the time Thessalonians was written, Timothy had returned to Paul ( 1 Thess 1:1; 1 Thess 3:6 ). Scriptural Evidence for the Order of the Epistles. Having gone up to . 1 Peter.
The Seven General Epistles. The seven letters of James, 1 and 2 Peter, 1, 2, and 3 John, and Jude are often called the General (or Catholic) Epistles because they seem to speak to the Christian church in general, rather than to individual churches. Books of the Bible The 66 books are color coded into major categories. Rather than experiencing the earthly blessings of the prophesied and long-awaited kingdom, the Jews were persecuted, imprisoned, killed, and dispersed. Psalm 32.22,1. There were many other writings written after Paul's death. 4. General Epistles or "Epistles General" (called ''Catholic Epistles by Catholics") are books in the New Testament in the form of letters. 1, 2, and 3 John. General Character. What are the General Epistles or non-Pauline Books? They are the books of Hebrew; James; 1and 2 Peter; 1, 2, 3 John; Jude and Revelation. Third section of books in NT. This event occurred in Acts 17:14-15. 1. The author of the book Hebrews is greatly debate (Cates 2011). These writing are known as the General Epistles.
In these epistles we receive the doctrine of the Gentile church. 1. Phone: (248) 477-1677 Fax: (248) 477-0231 Email: office@holycrossgo.org; . the Writings, the Synoptic Gospels, the Gospel and Epistles of John, Paul, and Hebrews and the General Epistles; the role of the doctrine of sin in the theology of rabbinic sources, Irenaeus . Paul's letters are named for the church or person addressed. 1. The names of the general epistles are the names of their author. The word "epistle" comes from the Greek word epistol, which means "letter". The Pauline Epistles are the 13 letters written by the apostle Paul that are included in the canon of Scripture. The General Epistles of the New Testament: Study Guides for LIFE: James; 1, 2, & 3 John; 1 & 2 Peter and Jude Paperback - February 19, . Baptism in Spirit .
These New Testament . Here's the list of Paul's epistles to churches: Romans . The Pauline epistles, also known as Epistles of Paul or Letters of Paul, are the thirteen books of the New Testament attributed to Paul the Apostle, although the authorship of some is in dispute.Among these epistles are some of the earliest extant Christian documents. ephesians, philippians, colossians, . Ephesians: Paul is transported to the limits of language in order to describe the enthroned Christ. Jude. The Pauline epistles, also called Epistles of Paul or Letters of Paul, are the thirteen books of the New Testament attributed to Paul the Apostle, although the authorship of some is in dispute. Letter to the Romans: Written by Paul to address the division between the Jewish and gentile Belie. "But God demonstrates His own love toward us, in that while we were still sinners, Christ died for us" (Romans 5:8). The letters attributed to Paul are not included. John. Nice work! the 8 non-pauline books. Because they were written for a general audience, they are often called the "general epistles." The book of Revelation was also written for a fairly general audience, being addressed to seven . 32 Related Question Answers Found What are the three themes of Hebrews? It was written in behalf of Onesimus, a slave of Philemon, who had run away from his master, had landed in Rome, had turned to the Lord under Paul's preaching, and for a while had been assisting Paul in his ministry ( Philemon 10-15 ). This is taken from the authorship 'hints' at the end (Hebrews 13:22-25), which allude to Paul without mentioning his name. For reasons too elaborate to be given here, the last is now very generally understood to . General epistles synonyms, General epistles pronunciation, General epistles translation, English dictionary definition of General epistles. This is one of the epistles of the imprisonment; that is, of the first imprisonment in Rome ( Philemon 1:1,13 ).
Fr. The General Epistles lay a firm scriptural foundation for understanding Paul's words concerning law and grace, not only in the Epistle to the Romans but in his other epistles as well. The Epistles are generally divided into the Pauline Epistles and the Non-Pauline (General) Epistles. o 2 from "th. 1 Corinthians . These books aren't addressed to a specific individual, so . General epistles (also called Catholic Epistles) are books in the New Testament in the form of letters. Following the letters of Paul in the New Testament are the General Epistles - eight letters, written by five different authors, covering a wide range of topics and apparently intended either for all Christians believers or for an audience much broader than Paul's more targeted epistles. Hebrews . General Information. The Pauline Epistles. . The Epistle to the Hebrews written by Paul or unknown author ~ 62: Paul writes Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians and Philemon while imprisoned in Rome ~ 62: James (the brother of Jesus) stoned to death in Jerusalem ~62-64: Paul writes 1st Timothy and Titus (from Macedonia?) God preserved many of those letters for us as books of the Bible.
The letters attributed to Paul are not included. The General Epistles. They are relatively short texts, which means though they . General Epistles & Revelation (NT6) - . This isn't Catholic as in the specific religion but instead means the church as a whole or the 'universal' church. The Ordering and Chronology of the Ministry and Epistles of Paul, Part 2: The Prison Epistles . General Epistles or "Epistles General" (called ''Catholic Epistles by Catholics") are books in the New Testament in the form of letters. The General Epistles, also known as the Catholic Epistles, are the seven New Testament letters written by James, Peter, John, and Jude. The Handbook on the General Epistles and Revelation is part of the eight-volume Apostolic Handbook series. . In the second volume of the Apostolic Handbook Series, Handbook on the Epistles of Paul, Jeremy Painter's insightful commentary takes the reader through an inductive study of the letters of Paul starting with Romans, I and II Corinthians, and followed by the rest of Paul's writings to the churches in ancient Greece and Asia Minor, the Pastoral Epistles, and Philemon. . The purpose of the church, which is the body of Christ, is revealed in the epistles of the Apostle Paul. Most Greek manuscripts, however, place the General epistles first,[4] and a few minuscules (175, 325, 336, and 1424) place the Pauline epistles at the end of the New Testament. The Pauline Epistlesor the Epistles of Paulwere letters written to the early Church by the apostle Paul. General epistles can be referred to as the non-Pauline epistles, since they are the books of the New Testament that show up not to have been written by Paul the Apostle. 3. The Apostle Paul wrote about the end times and the Millennium period in which the Lord Jesus Christ reigns supreme. This is then followed by eight Hebrew Christian epistles . Called the Katholics letters . The letters attributed to Paul are not included. New Testament Conclusion; Final Exam Unknown.
A large portion of the pastoral epistles deals with church order and discipline. These epistles, with the exceptions of 2 and 3 John, are addressed to a general audience of believers rather than to a specific church. The term Catholic was used in the sense of general or universal to distinguish them from the Pauline Epistles which were addressed to churches or persons.73 In their addresses (with the . James. Thirteen of the New Testament Epistles bear the name of the great apostle to the gentiles. Paul was a man of Tarsus and indeed a Greek, the son of a Greek mother and a Greek father. Paul's 14 epistles found in our present New Testament were written to members of the Church who already had some knowledge of the gospel. Jude 24-25. 2. Pauline Epistles 2 (Romans, Philemon, Colossians, Ephesians, Philippians, 1-2 Timothy, Titus) 6. In 55 A.D., Paul admonished the local church that he had founded in Corinth. These writing are known as the General Epistles. Paul's letters are named for the church or person addressed. Epistle Reading Prokeimenon. Paul shows clearly that we can be saved from the death penalty only by Christ's sacrifice. General Epistles. General Epistles. Hence they are generally known as the Pauline Epistles. These General Epistles are placed at the end of the letters because there has sometimes been controversy 14. Brethren, glory and honor and peace for every one who does good, the Jew first and also the . Paul's Epistles were written within a period of about twelve years, between a.d.52 or 53 and 64 or 67, when he stood at the height of his power and influence. Paul's epistles fall into two categories: nine epistles written to churches (Romans to 2 Thessalonians) and four pastoral and personal epistles (1 and 2 Timothy, Titus and Philemon). He "labored more than all." . Epistles resemble the thirteen Epistles of Paul in their character. As an introduction to the first of the synoptic gospels, The Genealogy of Christ expounds the discrete link between Jesus and the royal line of David. NT: Quiz 11. The Pauline Epistles; and, 2. These epistles (letters) include: Hebrews. Those traditionally attributed to Paul are known as Pauline epistles and the others as catholic (i.e., "general") epistles.
They are the books of Hebrew; James; 1and 2 Peter; 1, 2, 3 . They will then live eternally in the presence of the . Based on the traditional view that 2 Timothy was Paul's final epistle, chapter 4 mentions (v. 10) about how Demas, formerly considered a "fellow worker", had deserted him for Thessalonica, "having loved this present world". Shorter Epistles of Paul the Apostle: Galatians: one of Paul's most commanding epistles. It is through Jesus Paul learns that he is to be the Apostle to the Gentiles and it is through Paul's teachings and doctrine all Gentiles are to live. As to doctrinal matters, the general epistles are in complete harmony with Paul's letters. Answer (1 of 11): Here are the epistles (letters) and their central themes (* I have included the Book of Revelation as an epistle because of the letters to the Churches - making it 22 Epistles) 1.
The term "Pastoral Epistles" generally applies to the letters from Paul to Timothy and Titus (1 and 2 Timothy, Titus). Any outline of the book of Romans, apart from that one which might someday be offered by the Apostle Paul . At the time of Paul it was a bawdy port city controlled by Rome. The Apostle Paul, General Epistles, and Revelation "Few figures in Western history have been the subject of greater controversy than Saint Paul. o 2 anonymous: Hebrews and 1 John . navigation Jump search Book the New Testament.mw parser output .hatnote font style italic .mw parser output div.hatnote padding left 1.6em margin bottom 0.5em .mw parser output .hatnote font style normal .mw parser output .hatnote link .hatnote. Hebrews and GE. They are the books of Hebrew; James; 1and 2 Peter; 1, 2, 3 . . The General Epistles are named for their author instead of the church or person to whom they were written. Revelation Study Guide; Revelation Survey; Revelation 20-22; Bible Doctrine & Methods. The early Church gave the title "General" (or "Catholic," meaning universal) to the seven epistles that bear the names . Old Testament -Law -History -Poetry -Major Prophets -Minor Prophets New Testament -Gospels -History -Paul's Epistles -General Epistles -Prophesy The posters are available in three different fonts and an English/Russian set. The Pauline Epistles are Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 Thessalonians, 2 Thessalonians, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Titus, and Philemon.
They're also known as the Catholic Epistles. Peter, the bold and impetuous disciple, had taken seriously Christ's command to "feed My sheep" (John 21:17) and, with the help of the Holy Spirit, had become a loving shepherd for the Church. Romans Revisited is not intended to be a commentary so much as it is a guide to understanding the general flow of thought in this very important epistle of Paul. They provide an insight into the beliefs and controversies of early Christianity.As part of the canon of the New Testament . The reading is from St. Paul's Letter to the Romans 2:10-16. This course examines the role of the General Epistles in the first-century Church as well as their continuing importance for Christians today. A general epistle is an epistle recognised as being written to Christians in general rather than individual persons or congregations.The pastoral epistles are the pseudo-Pauline epistles, 1Timothy . His apostolic commission was to teach doctrine while educating, equipping, and encouraging the church toward unity and spreading the Gospel. They are called General or Universal Epistles to differentiate them from the Letters written by Paul to specific . 60-70. These notes deal with the group of New Testament books commonly referred to as the General Epistles: that is, James, Hebrews, 1 & 2 Peter; 1, 2 & 3 John; and Jude. Paul's Epistle to the Romans. KidzSearch Safe Wikipedia for Kids. The epistles (letters) not written by Paul are called the General Epistles. Paul wrote 13 letters in the New Testament. Between 60 and 62 CE, the Apostle Paul was . The themes of the General Epistles include faith, hope and love. In the earliest and best manuscripts the seven epistles of James, 1 & 2 Peter, 1, 2 & 3 John and Jude are placed before the fourteen epistles of the apostle Paul. Paul's Epistle to the Romans is one of the most extensive statements of theology in the entire Bible, because in it he attempts to outline and describe the entire process by which mankind is initially condemned for its sinful nature, and therefore doomed for a final judgment according to the actions.. Save Paper; 5 Page; 1172 Words Dr. Paul wrote 13 letters in the New Testament. The 'general' or 'catholic' epistles are a group of texts within the New Testament consisting of the epistles of James, 1 and 2 Peter, 1, 2, and 3 John, and Jude. Paul's two epistles to the Corinthians serve to counsel the new Christians. Introduction We now come to the final eight epistles of the New Testament canon, seven of which have often been called the General or Catholic Epistles, though Hebrews has been excluded from this description. Peter's first epistle was written to the brethren in the regions that are now northern Turkey. Paul prophesied on the Lord Jesus Christ's second coming, when the saints will be raptured and receive their rewards. They are also united by their interest in practical matters such as organizational . Nice work! There is an occasional for the writing. Romans 6:23. Churches near Ephesus? Among these letters are some of the earliest extant Christian documents. None has suffered more misunderstanding at . Paul was the greatest worker among the apostles, not only as a missionary, but also as a writer. 1 and 2 Peter. Where are the famous benediction from the general epistles found? There were three eminent disciples by this name, James the son of Zebedee, James the son of Alphaeus, both apostles; and James the brother of the Lord. to Paul, written from Rome during his first imprisonment. Stephen De Young. The epistles were written by apostles, who were key Christian teachers infused with the power of the Holy Spirit and inspired to tell people how they, too, can live, think, and behave as a Christian. Hebrews and General Epistles- test 1. 2 Corinthians [] The New Testament includes eight letters that were written to churches in multiple cities rather than to churches in a single city. By some the Epistle to the Hebrews is added to this number, though it nowhere claims to have been written by Paul. What are the Pauline Epistles? Few have caused more dissension and hatred. The General Epistles are named for their author instead of the church or . 20. in. Acts 8:3 tells us that Saul (Paul) "made havock of the church, entering into every house, and haling men and women committed them to prison.". To summarize, the general epistles were written to bolster and strengthen the early church. These three letters are called the Pastoral Epistles because they focus on instructions for pastors and the necessity of standing firm in the faith. 85-95. Hebrews chapter 11. . NT: Quiz 11. 2 Corinthians. What was Paul's last epistle? These writing are known as the General Epistles. None was composed before the Council of . Notes on the General Epistles. 1 John. The proper manuscript order has the fourteen epistles of Paul following the seven General Epistles. NT6 - The General Epistles and Revelation. Paul's letters are named for the church or person addressed. What are the "General Epistles" and what makes them different from the letters that Paul wrote? ~ 62-65: Book of the Acts written by Luke (a frequent companion of . This course emphasizes the unity of the doctrinal teaching and belief of the authors and their harmony with the teachings of Jesus Christ and the apostle Paul. Many people get confused as to what "epistle" means. The Pauline Epistles contain much of the . Of the 27 books, 21 are epistles. There are then seven Epistles, and we shall speak of them in order in which we now find them.
The arrangement is neither chronological, geographical, nor alphabetical, but by length, in descending order from the . The Pauline Epistles Romans - The book of Romans, the Apostle Paul's inspirational masterpiece, explains God's plan of salvation by grace, through faith in Jesus Christ. Paul explains how the gospel works and how to respond. Ephesus. The pastoral epistles were among the first letters written by Paul. Book of Revelation; Expectations for Fulfillment 8. Epistles make up the majority of the Bible's New Testament. James; James 2:14-26; 1 Peter Comments; 1 John; Keys to Understand John's First Epistle; First John Outlined, Summarized, & Paraphrased; Expressions & Key Words in John's Epistles & Gospel; Revelation.
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african artists: from 1882 to now3 inch metal rings for crafts
A ground-breaking A-Z survey of the work of over 300 modern and contemporary artists born or based in Africa. Modern and Contemporary African art is at the forefront of the current curatorial and collector movement in todays art scene. Publication Date: December 1, 2021. Make room for African Artists: From 1882 to Now, a stunning coffee-table title that is itself a substantial, gorgeous display.Conceived by internationally renowned art publisher Phaidon, this impressive compilation showcases 316 modern and contemporary artists who were either born within the continent or have lived there at some time, representing 51 of Africas 55 MetPublications is a portal to the Met's comprehensive publishing program featuring over five decades of Met books, Journals, Bulletins, and online publications on art history available to read, download and/or search for free. Rosa Cecilia. Chika Okeke-Agulu - African Artists. A groundbreaking A-Z appraisal of the work of over 300 modern and contemporary artists born or based in Africa In recent years Africa s booming art scene has gained substantial global attention, with a growing number of international exhibitions and a stronger-than-ever presence on the art market worldwide. This groundbreaking new book, created in collaboration with a prestigious global advisory board, represents the most substantial appraisal of contemporary artists born or based in Africa availa at the best online prices at eBay! A groundbreaking A-Z survey of the work of over 300 modern and contemporary artists born or based in Africa African Artists: 1882 to Now. Wet Paint is your neighborhood art supply store, frame shop, and classroom on Grand Avenue in St. Paul, Minnesota, serving professionals, beginners and enthusiasts all over the Twin Cities and the world beyond since 1976. Anne Spencer (1882 to 1975): poet. This groundbreaking new book, created in collaboration with a prestigious global advisory board, represents the most substantial appraisal of contemporary artists born or based in Africa available. Rent textbook African Artists From 1882 to Now by Unknown - 9781838662431. This groundbreaking new book, created in collaboration with a prestigious global advi Select search scope, currently: catalog all catalog, articles, website, & more in one search; catalog books, media & more in the Stanford Libraries' collections; articles+ journal articles & Oct 30, 2015. Here, for t Artists were granted permission to accompany the Australian Imperial Force to record the activities of its soldiers. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for African Artists: From 1882 to Now at the best online prices at eBay! Underwood, Joseph L. Okeke-Agulu Chika. Published: 21 Oct 2021. Albert Bierstadt, Among the Sierra Nevada, California, 1868, oil on canvas, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Bequest of Helen Huntington Hull, granddaughter of William Brown Dinsmore, who acquired the painting in 1873 for "The Locusts," the family estate in Dutchess County, New York, 1977.107.1 Extract from African Artists: From 1882 to Now .
This is a groundbreaking A-Z survey of the work of over 300 modern and contemporary artists born or based in Africa. Free shipping for many products! A groundbreaking A-Z survey of the work of over 300 modern and contemporary artists born or based in Africa. As featured in the New York Times, ARTnews, Colossal, Metropolis and New York Magazines The Strategist. MY ACCOUNT HELP DESK; A groundbreaking A-Z survey of the work of over 300 modern and contemporary artists born or based in Africa. A groundbreaking A-Z survey of the work of over 300 modern and contemporary artists born or based in Africa. Hardcover / Release Date November 17, 2021 Modern and Contemporary African art is at the forefront of the current curatorial and collector movement in todays art scene. Source: From Protest to Challenge, A Documentary History of African Politics in South Africa 1882-1964, Edited by Thomas Karis and Gwendolin Carter, Vol.3, p.403, Challenge and Violence 1953-1964, Thomas Karis and Gail M Gerhart, Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University, 1977. Rudyard Kipling was born on 30 December 1865 in Bombay, in the Bombay Presidency of British India, to Alice Kipling (ne MacDonald) and John Lockwood Kipling. Modern and Contemporary African art is at the forefront of the current curatorial and collector movement in todays art scene. New York Times, All you need to know about African Artists From 1882 to Now. This groundbreaking new book, created in collaboration with a prestigious global advisory board, represents the most substantial appraisal Modern and Contemporary African art is at the forefront of the current curatorial and collector movement in todays art scene. R 1500. African Artists: From 1882 to Now is out now from Jonathan Ball Publishers. African Artists: From 1882 to Now Phaidon Editors with introduction by Chika Okeke-Agulu and glossary by Joseph L Underwood. Artists. Subscribe. SEND A RESPONSE TO INBOX. African Artists: From 1882 to Now by Phaidon Press and Joseph L. Underwood and Chika Okeke-Agulu available in Hardcover on Powells.com, also read synopsis and reviews. African Artists: From 1882 to Now. Item# 031754. Extract from African Artists: From 1882 to Now, a groundbreaking A-Z survey of the work of over 300 modern and contemporary artists born or based in Africa published by Phaidon in English and French. This political ca Add to cart -Agulu and glossary by Joseph L Underwood. Skip to content. Modern and contemporary African art is at the forefront of the current curatorial and collector movements in todays art scene. by Phaidon Editors (Author) , Joseph L. Underwood (Author) , Chika Okeke-Agulu (Author) Format: Hardback 352 pages. Modern and Contemporary African art is at the forefront of the current curatorial and collector movement in todays art scene. A groundbreaking A-Z survey of the work of over 300 modern and contemporary artists born or based in Africa. During his lifetime, Wyeth created over 3,000 paintings and illustrated 112 books, 25 of them for Scribner's, the Scribner Classics, which is the work for $69.95. As featured in the New York Times, ARTnews, Colossal, Metropolis and New York Magazines The Strategist A groundbreaking A-Z survey of the work of over 300 modern and contemporary artists born or Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Siam Thailand MNH Block Of 4 Jubilee Issue Chulalongkorn Rama 5 Very Fine 1908 at the best online prices at eBay! Wet Paint is your neighborhood art supply store, frame shop, and classroom on Grand Avenue in St. Paul, Minnesota, serving professionals, beginners and enthusiasts all over the Twin Cities and the world beyond since 1976. The editors of the book are: Chika Okeke-Agulu (Professor of African and African Diaspora Art at Princeton University) and Joseph L. Underwood (scholar and curator whose research addresses the transnational networks of modern and contemporary African art, with an emphasis on artists from Senegal.-Efi Michalarou. Get in her good books this Mother's Day + chance to WIN* SHOP GIFTS Help As featured in the New York Times, ARTnews, Colossal, Metropolis and New York Magazines The Strategist. Shipping calculated at checkout. Alice (one of the four noted MacDonald sisters) was a vivacious woman, of whom Lord Dufferin would say, "Dullness and Mrs Kipling cannot exist in the same room." $70.00. Publisher: Phaidon Press Ltd. Imprint: Phaidon Press Ltd. ISBN: 9781838662431. I'm glad to see some of my favourites: Roger Ballen, Ibrahim El-Salahi (you can see the painting in the book at the Tate Modern in London), and Colette Oluwabamise Omogbai (the painting in the book was one of the best at an exceptional exhibition at the Barbican in London called "Into the Night"). Modern and Contemporary African art is at the forefront of the current curatorial and collector movement in todays art scene. African Artists: From 1882 to Now | Print Books - Troisieme Dry Goods | As featured in the New York Times, ARTnews, Colossal, Metropolis and New York Magazine's The Strategist A groundbreaking A-Z survey of the work of over 300 modern and contemporary artists born or based in Africa Modern and Contemporary African art is at the forefront of the current He was the pupil of artist Howard Pyle and became one of America's greatest illustrators. african artists from 1882 to now, Phaidon, 2021. Find books like African Artists: From 1882 to Now from the worlds largest community of readers. Modern and Contemporary African art is at the forefront of the current curatorial and collector movement in todays art scene. African Artists: From 1882 to Now. A groundbreaking A-Z survey of the work of over 300 modern and contemporary artists born or based in Africa Modern and Contemporary African art is at the forefront of the current curatorial and collector movement in today's art scene. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for African Artists: From 1882 to Now at the best online prices at eBay! Price: $51.94 Free delivery on qualified orders. Oct 30, 2015. Modern and contemporary African art is at the forefront of the current curatorial and collector movement in todays art scene. Art Surveys, Art History, By: PHAIDON PRESS. Published in the October 2021 Issue. A groundbreaking A-Z survey of the work of over 300 modern and contemporary artists born or based in Africa Modern and Contemporary African art is at the forefront of the current curatorial and collector movement in todays art scene. During the Second World War, the Australian War Museum, later called the Australian War All you need to know about African Artists From 1882 to Now In recent years Africas booming art scene has gained substantial global attention, with a growing number of international exhibitions and a stronger-than-ever presence on the art market worldwide. From the publisher: "Modern and contemporary African art is at the forefront of the current curatorial and collector movement in todays art scene. Women's resistance in the 1960s - Sharpeville and its aftermath A groundbreaking A-Z survey of the work of over 300 modern and contemporary artists born or based in Africa. $69.95 . Amazon.in - Buy African Artists: From 1882 to Now book online at best prices in India on Amazon.in. The editors of the book are: Chika Okeke-Agulu (Professor of African and African Diaspora Art at Princeton University) and Joseph L. Underwood (scholar and curator whose research addresses the transnational networks of modern and contemporary African art, with an emphasis on artists from Senegal.-Efi Michalarou. - New York Times, Holiday Gift Guide "A comprehensive guide to the continent's brightest stars." Description Specifications Shipping A groundbreaking A-Z survey of the work of over 300 modern and contemporary artists born or based in Africa Modern and Contemporary African art is at the forefront of the current curatorial and collector movement in todays art scene. William Myron Keck oil entrepreneur and philanthropist who is now best known for giving his name to the W. M. Keck Foundation, of 3/4 German and 1/4 African-American ancestry; Claudia Christian actress; mother is a German immigrant (18821965) German-born American art The Australian tradition of "official war artists" started with the First World War. She was the first African American to have a poem included in the Norton Anthology of American Poetry. African Artists: From 1882 to Now by Phaidon. $69.95. This groundbreaking new book, created in collaboration with a prestigious global advisory board, represents the most substantial appraisal See more. Newell Convers Wyeth (October 22, 1882 October 19, 1945), known as N. C. Wyeth, was an American artist and illustrator. This new book, created in collaboration with a prestigious global advisory board, r Phaidon Editors with an introduction by Chika Okeke-Agulu and glossary by Joseph L Underwood. phaidon.com. A groundbreaking A-Z survey of the work of over 300 modern and contemporary artists born or based in Africa Modern and Contemporary African art is at the forefront of the current curatorial and collector movement in todays art scene. By Chika Okeke-Agulu, professor of African American studies, art, and archaeology, Phaidon editors , Joseph L. Underwood. The books cover is created by Cape Town-based designer Gabrielle Guy and is inspired by the art of celebrated Ndebele painter Esther Mahlangu, making use of a colour palette drawn from Mozambican textiles. From 1882 to Now, Hardback - A groundbreaking A-Z survey of the work of over 300 modern and contemporary artists born or based in AfricaPublisher: Phaidon Press LtdAuthor(s): Chika Okeke-AguluNumber of pages: 352Publication date: 2021Dimensions: 259 x 299 x 35Cov African Artists: From 1882 to Now : Okeke-Agulu, Chika, Underwood, Joseph L., Phaidon Editors: Amazon.sg: Books Aicon. Add to cart. African Artists From 1882 to Now is an innovative A-Z survey of the work of over 300 modern and contemporary artists born or based in Africa.
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african artists: from 1882 to now 2022
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Tag: 113th Congress
Ireton makes a splash
A comparatively modest gathering stood by Salisbury City Councilman (and former mayor) Jim Ireton as he embarked on his quest to unseat current Congressman Andy Harris in Maryland’s First Congressional District. And his opening salvo naturally was critical of the incumbent:
I’m here (in Crisfield) today because the 1st District needs a Congressman who won’t just say no and vote no. In just 6 years in Washington, Andy Harris has done nothing for the people of the 1st District.
Crisfield, the southernmost city in Maryland, was chosen by Ireton because it was hit hard in 2012 by Hurricane Sandy, with Ireton contending it has not recovered. Jim chastised the incumbent because “he voted against $9.7 billion in hurricane relief.”
So I did a little research. It turns out the $9.7 billion bill Harris voted against was a measure to extend the borrowing authority for FEMA. Harris later voted against the overall supplemental appropriations bill but supported a substitute which would have offset $17 billion in approved aid by making other cuts (making it budget-neutral.) He ended up voting for a different appropriations bill that improved the original but did not clear the Senate. You may recall many were concerned about the budgetary impact in that era of sequestration.
Ireton went on about how Harris doesn’t support farmers and voted multiple times to repeal Obamacare before stepping boldly into Jim Crow territory.
He wants to return us to the days of insurance companies legally discriminating against Americans. Just like landlords in the 1950s could tell a black family no, and do so legally, Andy Harris wants to give insurance companies the legal right to say no to people with pre-existing medical conditions.
I think Jim forgets that insurance companies are like any other business as they need to be profitable to survive. Then again, that can be expected of a mayor who enacted the “rain tax” in Salisbury and decided landlords shouldn’t charge what he considered excessive rent.
And in the department of “it takes two to tango”:
From here on, it’s going to get ugly – Andy Harris will make sure of that. He will attack me as a person, and attack the issues you care about. He will issue dire warnings about taxes, even though I have a record of cutting fees as the mayor of Salisbury. He will issue dire warnings about crime, even though Salisbury’s Part I Violent Crimes dropped every year I was in office, and dropped almost 50% over my 6 years as mayor. He will try and scare farmers, even though the Wicomico River is now healthier than it’s been in decades due to the work of the city while I was in office. And I can only imagine what he will make up to say about me personally. (Emphasis mine.)
I noted back in October when the rent stabilization program was bounced out of City Council that Ireton is in a catbird seat of sorts. During the next 9 1/2 months, assuming he wins the primary – and he is the prohibitive favorite given the field – Ireton can take credit for all of the city’s successes by saying that he initiated them as mayor, yet any failures will see Jake Day thrust in front of the nearest Shore Transit vehicle. I figured that Jim was simply using the office to cool his heels for a later political run, but my error was in assuming that he’d have the decency to at least wait until the results became official before jumping into his next campaign, not spill the beans on election night. (Had he upset just 33 of his prospective voters enough to make them change their minds. he would have had a lot more time to run.)
Harris now has a challenge from both the Democrat and Republican sides, with both being uncommonly well-known entities. It’s the first time he’s had elected officials against him since he took office in 2011. And it already is ugly with push polls and charges of not doing his job, so we’re already on the glide path to a nasty campaign.
Author MichaelPosted on January 27, 2016 January 27, 2016 Categories All politics is local, Business and industry, Campaign 2016, Delmarva items, Maryland Politics, National politics, PoliticsTags 113th Congress, Andy Harris, Campaign 2016, Hurricane Sandy, Jake Day, Jim Ireton, Obamacare1 Comment on Ireton makes a splash
AC Week in review: August 17, 2014
I put together a few things this week, and what’s apparent to me is that the political world doesn’t really take a break in August.
Take for example the late-session attempt to promote “Buy American.” Does it really have a chance in Congress before the session ends? Probably not, but it keeps Ohio Sen. Sherrod Brown in the headlines and the favor of his friends in organized labor.
But labor should be more concerned about some of the points brought up by my AC cohort Ed Braxton in two articles this week, particularly if his assertion that manufacturing is moving beyond labor is correct. But he also contends that American-made is gaining credibility again in the global marketplace.
On the other hand, we seem to have an Environmental Protection Agency which is bound and determined to drive jobs back overseas. Coal miners and their allies came out in force to recent EPA hearings in Pittsburgh, driven by a proposed standard which they contend would all but wipe out their industry. As a buttress to their contention, it was also revealed that a separate EPA effort to reduce ozone standards to as low as 60 parts per billion (from a current level of 75 parts per billion, established in 2008) would cost the American economy dearly. Perhaps the worst thing is that the EPA doesn’t even know itself how compliance can be attained.
Having sat down and written a couple pieces for next week, I can tell you trade will be on my radar screen. As is often the case, politics will play a role there but you’ll have to wait and see how I interpreted it.
Author MichaelPosted on August 17, 2014 August 15, 2014 Categories Business and industry, Campaign 2014, National politics, PoliticsTags 113th Congress, American Certified, Business and industry, coal, Congress, Environmental Protection Agency, ozone standards
The quest for energy security – and sanity
It’s been awhile since I wrote about the energy industry but things are always happening there and I decided to take a peek because of some items I’ve spied in daily updates I receive from the American Petroleum Institute. I like to know what’s going on in important growth industries which profoundly affect our daily lives.
As one might expect, API CEO Jack Gerard is a leading spokesperson against what he calls Barack Obama’s “irrational” energy policy. It makes sense when you consider that the United States is now the world’s leading producer of both natural gas and oil, thanks in large part to recent advancements in fracking technology which have revitalized the once-moribund American energy industry. Speaking before an audience in New Orleans, Gerard noted:
The choice before us is whether we pursue an American future of energy abundance, self-sufficiency and global leadership or take a step back to the era of American energy scarcity, dependence and economic uncertainty.
It is that simple.
There’s a clear benefit to having the abundant resources we do. I was only nine years old when the first oil crisis hit in 1973, but I remember the long gas lines and jump in prices. If you consider the long-term effects in policy and marketing, such as the adoption of fuel economy standards and the push toward smaller cars, ask yourself what may have happened if we hadn’t become so dependent on Middle Eastern oil. Would we have had the resulting mid-1970s recession?
Obviously we have recessionary conditions now in spite of the current oil boom, but there’s a valid argument that opening up the spigots (so to speak) and allowing more extraction would push the economy into more consistent growth.
Another example of an irrational energy policy is our continued ethanol mandate, about which API is asking for another cutout of a mandated increase. The EPA decided not to change the allotment for this year, but needs to finalize the rule.
To me, there are two telling facts about this story: one is that API has given up on legislative relief from Congress and appealed directly to the EPA, which speaks volumes about the transition of our supposedly limited government into a fiefdom unto itself.
The second is the sheer volume of interests on the side of eliminating the mandates entirely – everyone from motorcyclists who complain about ethanol’s deleterious effects on their engines (as is the case for other small engines from boating to lawn equipment) to the poultry producers who have seen corn prices artificially propped up due to the amount of corn necessary for creating ethanol and even environmental groups who fret that the corn-based product is actually worse for the environment. Obviously the corn growers love the price support, though, and farmers have their own determined lobbyists who would love to see an even higher ethanol blend called E-15 allowed.
API and other ethanol opponents are hinging their future hopes on a more business-friendly Congress in the next term, though.
Irrational energy policy on the state level may occur after this fall in Colorado, a state which has taken advantage of the energy boom but may fall prey to the scare tactics environmentalists use to portray fracking in a negative light. There Governor John Hickenlooper, a Democrat, sees his state’s energy success being threatened by a petition drive to place further restrictions on fracking on their November ballot. Hickenlooper is quoted in Bloomberg as pointing out, “(t)hese measures risk thousands and thousands of jobs and billions in investment and hundreds of millions of dollars in state tax revenue.”
I found this interesting because the proposed restrictions would prohibit drilling within 2,000 feet of structures, a change which energy companies complain would “effectively ban” fracking in the state. Their current restriction is 500 feet.
Now something which came out the other day to little fanfare was a draft report outlining some of Maryland’s proposed fracking regulations. The original recommendation, based on other states’ best practices by the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Appalachian Laboratory, was for a 500-foot setback from wells. That guidance was expanded by the Department of Natural Resources and Maryland Department of the Environment to – you guessed it – 2,000 feet. (Page 18-20 here shows the recommended DNR/MDE changes.) In short, these regulations are intended to “effectively ban” fracking in Maryland to the detriment of not just our far western counties, but any of the regions of the state (including the Eastern Shore) that have shale deposits underneath. Talk about an “irrational” energy policy!
So here’s the deal: Maryland wants to depend more and more on methods of generating electricity which lack reliability and increase cost to consumers. Yes, that’s sounds like “smart, green, and growing” to me – not too bright, costing more green, and growing the desire of businesses to leave the state to find a place where energy exploration and extraction is encouraged and rates therefore are cheaper.
I know the Hogan administration would want a “balanced approach” to energy in the state, but I would have to hope part of that balance is returning to the best practices suggested by UMCES and not the onerous restrictions which would effectively ban fracking in the state.
Author MichaelPosted on July 21, 2014 July 19, 2014 Categories All politics is local, Business and industry, Campaign 2014, Delmarva items, Maryland Politics, Politics, Radical Green, State of ConservatismTags 113th Congress, American Petroleum Institute, ethanol, fracking, Larry Hogan, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Maryland Department of the Environment, oil and natural gas5 Comments on The quest for energy security – and sanity
AC Week in review – July 13, 2014
I had a varied palette of posts last week at my Sausage Grinder blog, touching on such diverse subjects as immigration, business climate, and entitlements. Segregated from each other, they may not make as much sense to the whole but the idea behind the site is to look at regulatory aspects and how they affect the practice of “made in America.”
Let me begin by noting that my AC cohort Ed Braxton may have stepped on my toes a little bit, but his contribution was a nice look at the sheer volume of regulations businesses in our nation have to deal with on a federal level. One Congressman is trying to SCRUB all that away. (The bill text is here.)
Those regulations, at all levels of government whether federal, state, or local, are chipping away at the perception business owners have about the local business atmosphere. For the third consecutive year, the website thumbtack.com partnered with the Kaufmann Foundation to gauge business friendliness – and the results were an overall disappointment. With states like Maryland and Delaware already shut down legislatively for the year, relief is nowhere in sight.
Meanwhile, with the number of Congressional calendar days for the 113th Congress dwindling to a precious few, there’s really not much action we could expect on the federal level; moreover, that time limit will also stop us from addressing entitlements like Social Security. I thought the “big, smelly elephant in the room” characterization was apt, particularly as we’ve let it linger for nearly a decade without a serious crack at reform.
There is an added bonus this week. I noticed two pieces I sent in over the Independence Day holiday weren’t picked up – not sure if my editor missed them because he was out or just what happened. (I do a lot of AC work on the weekends, so it should have been nothing unusual.) Since they actually relate with each other, and I don’t believe in letting good writing go to waste, I will post them – slightly modified for flow, of course – here this evening.
And don’t worry – my editor has three new pieces I wrote yesterday, on hot-button issues, to help fill the AC site. They should be up this coming week.
Author MichaelPosted on July 13, 2014 July 12, 2014 Categories Business and industry, National politics, PoliticsTags 113th Congress, American Certified, Business and industry, Social Security, Thumbtack.com
I don’t know about the rest of you, but I am not a big fan of the holidays. Perhaps it’s because of other tasks I have to do in my life, but nearly seven weeks out of the year between Thanksgiving and New Year’s Day is a lot of festivity to deal with all at once. (It seems to me more like about three solid months, what with some store getting out their Christmas stuff in early October.) Meanwhile, we sometimes lose sight of other important things when we let our guard down during that period.
I thought about calling this post “back to normalcy” but then I pondered: what is normal anymore? While the holiday season masked a lot of what was going on, the fact that a lot of bad law took effect at the stroke of midnight last night wasn’t lost on me. For example, the Obamacare taxes, by and large, weren’t on the fiscal cliff table.
And about that fiscal cliff: what kind of compromise is it when one side gets practically all of what it wants while the other gets hollow promises of something happening in the future? Let’s try it this way: make $1 trillion of annual spending cuts now and eliminate Obamacare, and we’ll discuss raising taxes later. How far do you think that would fly? They’re asking conservatives to sell out and why should we? Democrats lied to both Reagan and Bush 41 about making spending cuts (remember, they were in the House majority then and generally held sway in the Senate.)
Wouldn’t it be a refreshing change to come into a year not fearing the end result but confident things will get better? I sort of sense the same feeling those Baby Boomers among us who were struggling through the Carter era had among a lot of people today who weren’t yet in the workforce back then. (You can count me in among that group, since I was only 12 when Carter was elected.) We really didn’t come out of the Carter recession until about 1984 where I lived; fortunately that was just in time for Ronald Reagan to be re-elected easily. (He even carried Lucas County, my birthplace and home of union-heavy Toledo, by a slim margin. The county in which I was living at the time, GOP stronghold Fulton County, went 73% for Reagan. By comparison, it was only 55% for Romney this time.)
Yet look at what we now think is “normal.” Is 8 percent unemployment acceptable when we had under 5 percent a half-decade ago? Economic growth at 2 percent or less? Seems like the only governmental figure growing at over 5 percent annually is the national debt, as we tack another trillion dollars annually onto a toll now exceeding fifteen trillion dollars. By my public school math, then, that’s increasing at around 6 to 7 percent every year. Is that the new norm as well?
We can – and should – do better.
On Thursday we induct the 113th Congress, which will inherit the still-warm seats of the 112th Congress which seemed to be in no rush to get out of town. Next Wednesday legislators in Maryland will begin their annual session, one which promises higher taxes on working Marylanders who have to fill up their gas tanks, make a certain amount of money, or use tobacco products. It also promises more restrictions on counties and localities who already have their hands firmly tied by Annapolis.
Freedom lovers will also face an increasing headwind in the area of Second Amendment rights as “assault weapons” have become the scapegoat of choice for other societal factors leading up to the Sandy Hook massacre. It’s nothing for certain members of Congress and other lawmakers to wish to violate the Second Amendment in the best of times, but emotions are still running high in the aftermath of the Connecticut incident. Those who are more sane tend to point out that Connecticut was already one of the more restrictive states for gun control, but law didn’t save those murdered. (Isn’t murder against the law? Didn’t seem to stop the assailant, did it?)
So call my glass half-empty right now. I’ll do what I can to restore the country to greatness, but I can’t do it alone.
Author MichaelPosted on January 2, 2013 January 2, 2013 Categories Business and industry, Delmarva items, Maryland Politics, National politics, Politics, State of ConservatismTags 113th Congress, fiscal cliff, Obamacare, Ronald Reagan, Sandy Hook shooting, Second Amendment
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My Favourite Planet > English > People > Medusa > part 6
back Medusa – part 6 Page 6 of 8
Gorgons on armour
breastplates, shields, helmets ...
A marble statue of Jupiter, the Roman equivalent of Zeus, standing, with the aegis
and a winged Gorgoneion draped over his left shoulder. To the right of the figure,
at the base of the tree trunk support, stands an eagle, a symbol of the supreme god.
Roman Imperial period, 2nd century AD. From Utica, Tunisia.
Height 175, width 60 cm, depth 40 cm.
Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden, Netherlands. Inv. No. H II BB 8.
In Greek mythology, the supreme Olympian god Zeus wore the aegis, the hide of the goat Amaltheia which had suckled him in his infancy, as armour, particularly during the Titanomachy (the war of the gods against the Titans). Homer referred to Zeus by the epithet "Aegis-Bearing" (Αἰγίοχος, Aigiochos; Latin, Jupiter Aegiochus). To this impenetrable goatskin was added the Gorgoneion, the severed head of the Gorgon Medusa, for its fearsome and deadly power. The Romans later borrowed many of the symbols of Zeus to depict their chief deity Jupiter, including the aegis and Gorgoneion, as well as other attributes such as the thunderbolt and eagle (see photo below).
In the The Iliad, Homer also mentioned that his divine children Apollo and Athena on occasions borrowed the aegis. From around the second half of the 6th century BC, during the late Archaic period, Athena was depicted wearing the aegis. The tassels (θύσανοι, thisanoi) along its fringe, which Homer wrote were made of gold, became deadly snakes like those sprouting from the Gorgon's head (see photos on Athens Acropolis gallery page 18 and Homer part 2). Although the aegis is sometimes shown being worn like a cloak or a shield over the left arm (the shield arm), from the Classical period Athena often wears it as a cuirass (breastplate), and the Gorgoneion also appears on her shield. For further information about Athena, the aegis and the Gorgoneion, see Pergamon gallery 2, page 13 and page 14.
As we have already seen (Medusa parts 1-5), the Gorgeion was used to decorate a wide variety of objects from around the beginning of the 7th century BC (see also Medusa part 7), and from at least the 6th century BC these included shields and armour.
After his death, Alexander the Great was depicted as "Alexander Aigiochos", wearing the aegis with Gorgoneion as a cape (see below), and Roman period works show him wearing a Gorgoneion on his cuirass (see below). Roman emperors were portrayed wearing a cuirass with a Gorgoneion.
An Archaic marble relief of Athena
wearing a snake-tasseled aegis.
From the east side of the frieze
on the Siphnian Treasury, Delphi.
Circa 525 BC (see Homer part 2).
Delphi Archaeological Museum.
A silver tetradrachm coin of
Antigonos Gonatas, from
Amphipolis, Macedonia, Greece,
circa 270 BC. Helmeted Athena
wearing the aegis and holding
a shield with the Gorgoneion.
Bode Museum, Berlin.
A marble statue of Jupiter Aegiochus with the aegis
and winged Gorgoneion draped over his left shoulder.
Roman Imperial period, 4th - 5th century AD. A dedication to Zeus Optimus Maximus
was later inscribed on the semi-circular base by the senator Neratius Palmatus.
Found on the Piazza dei Quinuecento, on the corner with Via Cavour, Rome.
Baths of Diocletian, National Museum of Rome.
A fragment of a Roman marble votive relief for Jupiter Dolichenus and Juno.
Jupiter Dolichenus (left) wears a tall tiara, a sword and a cuirass decorated with a Gorgoneion,
below which are two seated gryphons facing each other. In his raised right hand he holds a
double axe, and in the outstretched left hand a thunderbolt. To the left of his head stands an
eagle (a symbol of both Zeus and Jupiter) with a wreath in its beak. Juno stands on a stag.
In her outstretched right hand she holds a mirror, and with her left hand she holds a sceptre.
Early 3rd century AD.
Neues Museum, Berlin. Inv. No. Sk 1778.
Acquired 1921 in Rome from the Dressel Collection.
Read more about the cult of Jupiter and Juno Dolicheni on the Dioskouroi page.
An Archaic bronze statuette of Athena, with a
crested helmet, shield and brandishing a spear.
One of the earliest depictions of the goddess
wearing the Gorgoneion.
From the Sanctuary of Athena Alea, in Alea
(Tegea), Arcadia, Greece. Around 550 BC.
National Archaeological Museum, Athens.
Inv. No. 14828.
The "Endoios Athena", an Archaic marble
statue of seated Athena wearing the
aegis and Gorgoneion on her breast.
Around 525 BC. Attributed to Endoios.
Found in 1821 below the Erechtheion
on the North Slope of the Athens
Acropolis. Insular marble.
Height including the plinth 147 cm.
Acropolis Museum. Inv. No. Acr. 625.
Photo © Konstanze Gundudis
The fragmentary, badly worn figure, wearing a long chiton (tunic), is missing its head, forearms and hands, but is recognizable as Athena from the Aegis (with holes for the attachment of bronze snakes around the edge) over her shoulders and the Gorgoneion on her breast. It is earliest extant identifiable statue of Athena from Athens, perhaps depicting the goddess as Athena Ergane (Ἐργάνη, the Worker), who originally held a distaff and spindle.
It has been suggested that it may be the statue of Athena seated mentioned by Pausanias (Description of Greece, Book 1, chapter 26, section 4) as being made by Endoios and dedicated by Kallias on the Athens Acropolis.
For further details, see Endoios on the Ancient Greek artists pages.
Zeus on his throne gives birth to Athena.
From an Archaic Attic black-figure panel amphora, circa 540 BC, now
in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. See photos at perseus.tufts.edu.
Athena springs "fully armed", with spear and shield, from the head of Zeus. Present to assist and cheer on with music are (left - right): Hermes, Apollo, Eileithyia (goddess of birth) and Ares. Beneath Zeus' throne is a winged figure, perhaps Nike.
Apollo plays his lyre and Zeus clutches his thunderbolt. Ares carries a shield decorated with a Gorgoneion, a symbol which was also to become associated with Athena, and which she is often shown wearing on her breast.
Source: lithograph made by A. Ray for Kaeppelin & Co. Published in Elite des monuments céramographiques: matériaux pour l'histoire des religions et des moeurs de l'antiquité by Charles Lenormant (1802-1859). Leleux, Paris, 1844-1861.
In the numerous versions of this scene on ancient ceramics, various figures are shown beneath Zeus' throne. The small winged figure here has been labelled as "Sphinx", though similar vases more clearly show a winged female in human form.
Athena wearing the aegis and Gorgoneion, now barely recognizable,
on a fragment of an Archaistic marble relief depicting a procession
of gods from Piraeus (see the photos on the Hermes page).
Piraeus Archaeological Museum. Inv. No. 2087.
Athena wearing the aegis with a Gorgoneion and a fringe of snakes on
the "Athena Farnese", a restored Roman period marble statue thought
to be a copy of the Classical Greek bronze original by Pyrrhos, which
was set up by Pericles on the Athens Acropolis.
National Archaeological Museum, Naples. Inv. No. 6024. Albani Collection.
See Athens Acropolis gallery page 10.
The Gorgoneion and fringe of snakes on the aegis of the "Athena Farnese".
Detail of a marble statue of Athena wearing a Corinthian helmet,
with the aegis and a winged Gorgoneion on her breast.
2nd century AD.
National Archaeological Museum, Naples. Inv. No. 6321. Farnese Collection.
The Gorgoneion and snakes of the aegis on the statue of Athena above.
The Gorgoneion in the centre of an Amazonomachy relief on the "Strangford Shield",
a fragment of a marble replica of the shield of Athena Parthenos.
From Athens, 3rd century AD.
British Museum. GR 1864.2-20.18 (Sculpture 302). Strangford Collection.
The fragment was acquired in Athens by the British politician Percy Clinton Sydney Smythe, 6th Viscount Strangford (1780-1855), one of the antiquities he collected while British ambassador to Ottoman Turkey, 1820-1824. It was purchased by the British Museum in 1864 from Percy Smythe, the 8th Viscount Strangford.
During the Roman period many copies were made of the colossal chryselephantine (gold and ivory) statue of Athena Parthenos by Pheidias, which stood in the Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis. The "Strangford Shield" is the only surviving part of one of these replicas (see two smaller replicas: the "Athena Lenormant" statuette and the "Varvakeion statuette" on Athens Acropolis gallery page 13). Traces of the original paint have survived. Only the front of this shield has a relief, the back is blank. Ancient authors indicate that the outside of the original shield showed an Amazonomachy (battle between Greeks and Amazons), and the inside a Gigantomachy (battle between gods and the Giants).
According to Plutarch (Life of Pericles, 13), Pheidias was accused by enemies of Pericles of stealing gold intended for the Athena Parthenos statue, and of impiety for portraying Pericles and himself among the figures of the Amazonomachy on the statue's shield. On this replica, Pheidias and Pericles are thought to be the two men standing back-to-back below the Gorgoneion: Pheidias is the balding, naked figure on the left with an axe in his raised arms; Pericles stands to his right, wearing a helmet and armour, his left foot resting on a fallen Amazon, his right arm raised and obscuring his face. Having been warned by Pericles to carefully weigh the gold, Pheidias was able to disprove the charge of theft, but he was found guilty of impiety, and died while in prison.
Winged, baby-faced head of Medusa on the shield
of the "Varvakeion statuette", a small replica of
the Athena Parthenos statue by Pheidias.
(See Athens Acropolis gallery page 13)
National Archaeological Museum, Athens. Inv. No. 129.
A reconstructed marble statue of Athena wearing
the aegis and Gorgoneion. It covers her right breast,
and is tied at the right shoulder and above the waist
on her left side.
Roman Imperial period. Late 1st century AD. Height
with restored head 209 cm, width 72 cm, depth 59 cm.
One of two almost identical Roman period, reconstructed
marble statues of Athena in the Albertinum, Dresden
(the other Inv. No. Hm 049) controversially identified
by the German archaeologist Adolf Furtwängler as copies
of the bronze "Athena Lemnia" statue by Pheidias
(450-440 BC) from the Athens Acropolis, mentioned by
Pausanias as "the best worth seeing of all the works
of Phidias" (Description of Greece, Book 1, chapter 28,
section 2) and Lucian (Imagines, 4 and 6).
Skulpturensammlung, Albertinum, Dresden.
Replica B. Inv. No. Hm 050.
High relief of Athena wearing the
From the theatre of the Lower City,
Pergamon. Marble. Roman period.
Bergama Archaeological Museum.
Detail of a relief on the front panel of a restored Roman marble
sarcophagus depicting Apollo, Athena/Minerva and the nine Muses.
Left: Apollo of the Lykeios type with kithara and griffin.
A crow or raven stands in a tree to the right of his head.
Centre: Athena wearing a Corinthian helmet
and the aegis and Gorgoneion on her breast.
Right: Two Muses, one playing a kithara with a plectrum.
From the Via Appia, Rome, around 200 AD. The Latin inscription on the
sarcophagus lid states that Ulpia Eutychia dedicated it to her parents.
Altes Museum. Berlin. Inv. No. Sk 844.
Athena wearing the aegis and Gorgoneion on an Etruscan ceramic high relief
depicting two episodes from the Greek myth of The Seven against Thebes.
From the rear pediment of Temple A of the sanctuary of the Etruscan goddess
Uni (equivalent of the Roman goddess Juno, Greek Hera and Phoenician
Astarte) at Pyrgi, the port of Caere (today Cerveteri), Latium. 470-460 BC.
National Etruscan Museum, Villa Giulia, Rome.
Bronze statuette of the Etruscan goddess
Menvra, modelled on Greek figures of Pallas
Athena, or Palladion, with raised spear and
shield and wearing the aegis in the form
of a short poncho-like cape. The helmet,
similar in form to the Attic helmet on Greek
copies of the Athena Parthenos statue
by Pheidias, is shown with the cheek flaps
raised. Unusually, the goddess is barefoot,
lacking the usual sandals.
From Apiro, Italy. 4th century BC.
Height 24.3 cm.
Altes Museum, Berlin. Inv. No. Fr. 2176.
Acquired from the Bartholdy Collection.
Bronze statuette of Menvra wearing
the aegis and Gorgoneion. The head
of the Gorgon is as large as that of
the goddess. Her right rather than
left leg is bent. The handle in her
left hand and spigot on the forearm
indicate where a shield was
attached to the figure.
From central Italy. Circa 500 BC.
Acquired from the Dorow Collection.
Minerva (here inscribed Menerva), the Roman equivalent Athena and the Etruscan
Menvra, wearing the aegis and Gorgoneion on the side of a cylindrical bronze
cista with an engraved depiction of a myth concerning the war god Mars (centre).
The names of the participating deities are inscribed in Latin. A round shield with
a Gorgoneion and a crested helmet lie on rocks to the left of Minerva.
4th century BC. From Praeneste, Latium, Italy.
Altes Museum, Berlin. Inv. No. Fr. 2178. Acquired in Rome in 1873.
A cast bronze roundel of Athena Promachos, wearing a sleeveless peplos, fastened
at the right shoulder with a round fibula, a helmet in the form of Medusa's head,
and the aegis with a snake on the border over her left shoulder. Her right
arm is raised as if about to throw a spear, as in statues of Athena Promachos.
A decoration from a formal chariot used for parades, perhaps belonging to a wealthy
hetairos (royal officer) or a member of the Macedonian royal family. Possibly from
a workshop in Delos. Hellenistic, first half of the 2nd century BC. Diameter 27 cm.
Excavated on Kyprion Agoniston Square, Thessaloniki, during a rescue dig
in a Hellenistic public building, possibly the palace of the Macedonian kings.
Thessaloniki Archaeological Museum. Inv. No. 17540.
Female dancers around Palladion, 1-50 AD.
Athena/Minerva in the pose of Palladion with holding a shield and a raised spear (most of
which is now missing), wearing a helmet, and the aegis with a Gorgoneion on her breast.
A "Campana plaque": colourfully painted ceramic reliefs depicting scenes from mythology
and daily life which decorated the interior and exterior walls of sacred, public and private
buildings from the mid 1st century BC until the first half of the 2nd century AD. [1]
"But there came a phantom, as it seemed to us onlookers,
of Pallas, with plumed helm, brandishing a spear."
Euripides, Heracles, lines 1002-1003.
Altes Museum, Berlin. Inv. No. TC 559. Acquired in 1696 from the Bellori Collection.
Palladion wearing the aegis and Gorgoneion on the Campana plaque above.
The Gorgoneion on a repoussé (hammered) and cut out bronze shield device.
Made in a Peloponnesian or Ionian workshop, first half of the
6th century BC. Excavated at the Sanctuary of Zeus, Olympia.
Olympia Archaeological Museum. Inv. No. B 110.
Currently exhibited in the Museum of the History
of the Olympic Games in Antiquity, Olympia.
Medusa's head, with eyes of inlaid bone and surrounded by writhing snakes, is set in a medallion (see photo below), around which are three swirling, sickle-shaped wings. The arrangement of the wings is reminiscent of the triskelion (τρισκέλιον), the ancient three-legged symbol, particularly associated with Sicily and Greek cities in Anatolia (Asia Minor) such as Aspendos, which is often depicted with a Gorgoneion in the centre.
Detail of the Gorgoneion medallion on the bronze shield device above.
The Gorgoneion on a repoussé (hammered) and cut out,
round, bronze shield device (ἐπίσημον, episemon).
Probably made in a workshop in East Greece (Ionia and the eastern Aegean islands),
perhaps in Samos, around 650-600 BC. Excavated at the Sanctuary of Zeus, Olympia.
Olympia Archaeological Museum. Inv. No. B 4772.
All around the head are protomes (heads) of snakes, and around the disc, on the eyebrow and top of the nose are holes for attaching the device to a shield. The eye sockets probably contained inlaid eyes. According the museum label the forehead is "decorated with incised anthemia and foliate ornaments", although only two rosettes, on the right ear lobe and immediately to the right of it, are visible.
The device was originally affixed to the outside of a round wooden shield (ἀσπίς, aspis, or ὅπλον, hoplon). Such shields, other items of armour and weapons, often captured from defeated enemies, were brought to the sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia as thanks offerings to the god and other deities worshipped there.
See other depictions of shield devices in Greek art in Homer part 2.
A fragment of a black-figure vase with
a depiction of three warriors carrying
round shields decorated with devices,
and four-horse chariots.
750-700 BC. From Kerameikos, Athens.
Kerameikos Archaeological Museum.
A winged Gorgon on a repoussé (hammered) and cut out bronze shield device.
Made in a workshop in Magna Graecia (southern Italy), second
half of the 6th century BC. From Olympia, Peloponnese, Greece.
The Gorgon wears a transverse crest with two long tails falling to either side of her torso (see a depiction of a helmet with a transverse crest below). She has a fringe of small snakes and inlaid eyes, and grasps two larger snakes which rise from her belt (see photo below). Her torso is scaly, and her wings, shown in front of her arms, appear to grow out her breast. Below the waist she has attributes of a monster (referred to by some archaeologists as a dragon), the tail and fins of a fish and the running front legs of a lion.
A unique depiction of a Gorgon of exceptionally fine workmanship. The round shield used as a background is a modern reconstruction which includes ancient bronze fragments found with the device.
Detail of the winged Gorgon on the shield device above.
A relief of a Corinthian helmet with a double-tailed transverse crest,
on the finial (ornamental top stone) of a three-sided funerary stele,
probably a war memorial. The names of fallen soldiers may have
been inscribed on the body of the stele, below the rosettes.
Second half of the 4th century BC.
From Aegaleo (Αιγάλεω), Attica, Greece.
Helmet crests or plumes are often mentioned in ancient literature and shown in Greek art, particularly on pottery (see several photos in Homer part 2, including examples from as early as the 7th century BC), but there appears to be little archaeological evidence for their use on surviving Corinthian helmets. They are thought to have been made of long horse hairs, presumably from the mane or tail, gathered as a brush in a curved frame (like the ferrule of a paintbrush) of metal, wood or other materials, and affixed to the top of the helmet with nails, rivets, twine, pitch or some other adhesive.
The type most usually depicted is known as a longitudinal crest (see photos below), running from front to back along the top of the helmet, with a long tail falling at the rear. Depictions of Greek transverse crests, running from side to side (why not lateral or latitudinal?), are rare, usually worn by gods or heroes in mythological contexts. According to one modern theory, they were originally worn only by high-ranking Spartan officers, but their use became more popular in the rest of the Greek world around the mid 5th century BC. It is known that later some Roman helmets had transverse crests, but the extent of their use by Greek soldiers remains a matter of debate.
Closed Corinthian helmets of the type shown on all three sides of the finial above were probably no longer used in the second half of the 4th century BC. The crest is enormous, and the long tails end in spirals which merge with the anthemions and palmettes at the corners of the frieze. On another side the crest is topped by two large confronting gryphons (see photo right). Altogether the helmets appear impractical for battle armour, although some items of parade or ceremonial armour had fanciful ornamental designs. The composition is more likely a decorative fantasy with mythological or legendary connotations, rather than a representation of a helmet worn by a contemporary soldier.
The gryphons on a transverse helmet
crest on another side of the finial.
Herakles fighting the triple-bodied monster Geryon. One of the Twelve Labours of Herakles.
The panel of an inscribed Attic black-figure belly amphora, signed by Exekias as
potter, Έχσηκίας έποίεσε (Exsekias epoiese, Exekias made it), behind Herakles.
Painted by a member of Group E. Circa 530 BC. From Vulci, Etruria (Lazio, Italy).
On each of his three heads Geryon wears a Corinthian helmet with a crest, two of which
are set high. He has greaves on his six legs, carries three spears and a corselet appears
to cover his united torso. A hypnotic Gorgoneion device can be seen on one of his three
round shields, but it will not save him from Herakles determined attack - the hero will
always find victory - and two arrows from his bow have already found their target.
Louvre Museum, Paris. Inv. No. F 53.
Image source: Olivier Rayet and Maxime Collignon, Histoire de la
céramique grecque, fig. 55, page 117. Georges Decaux, Paris, 1888.
Ajax preparing for his suicide on the panel on side A of an Attic
black-figure neck amphora painted by Exekias, around 530-525 BC.
The naked Greek hero plants the hilt of his sword in a mound of earth. On the left stands
a palm tree and to the right his armour, a spear, a Corinthian helmet and a shield decorated
with the head of a lioness (or panther) over a Gorgoneion. The scene is unique in ancient
Greek art, since other depictions of this incident show Ajax falling on his sword or stabbing
himself rather than preparing for his death (see Homer part 2).
Musée des Beaux-Arts et d'Archéologie, Boulogne, France. Inv. No. 558.
Image source: Ernst Pfuhl, Malerei und Zeichnung der Griechen. Munich, 1923.
The centre of an Attic black-figure plate painted by the Athenian vase painter Psiax,
540-510 BC, depicting a warrior. Found in the Sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia, Greece.
The bearded warrior, wearing an Attic helmet with a longitudinal crest, a short-
sleeved chiton (tunic), cuirass and greaves, strides to the left. In his right hand
he holds his spear at head height, with the front pointed downwards. With his
left arm he carries a Boeotian shield decorated with an aegis and Gorgoneion.
Altes Museum, Berlin. Inv. No. F 2099.
Beazley Archive Database, Vase No. 320364.
The Gorgoneion on the round shield of an Achaean (Greek) warrior, perhaps Achilles
or Menelaos, on a high relief depicting a battle with Trojans during the Trojan War.
Detail of the Archaic marble relief from the east side of the frieze of the Siphnian Treasury
in Delphi, built for the people of Siphnos (Σίφνος) around 530-525 BC. Parian marble.
Delphi Archaeological Museum, Greece.
For further information about the east frieze
of the Siphnian Treasury, see Homer part 2.
Thetis hands the armour made by Hephaistos to
her son Achilles during the siege of Troy. The shield
is decorated with a Gorgoneion and a lion's head.
The front panel of the Monteleone Chariot.
Around 575-550 BC. Bronze with ivory inlays.
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Inv. No. 03.23.1.
The Monteleone Chariot was discovered in 1902 in an underground Etruscan tomb by Isidoro Vannozzi, a landowner at Monteleone di Spoleto, in the province of Perugia, southeast Umbria, Italy. He also found bronze, iron and ceramic grave goods in the tomb, and the artefacts were sold on to various dealers and collectors. The chariot ended up on the art market in Paris, where it was purchased in 1903 from O. Vitalini by General Luigi Palma di Cesnola, the first director of The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
The Etruscan parade chariot has three panels made of bronze inlaid with ivory. The front panel is much larger than those on either side; all three are decorated with reliefs thought to depict episodes from the life of Achilles.
The front panel (photo above) shows the veiled Thetis, on the left, facing a bearded Achilles, with both figures in profile. They hold a Corinthian helmet with a crest supported by a ram's head, and a large shield decorated with a Gorgoneion above a lion's head. Below the shield is the body of a deer on its back, and above the head of each figure a flying bird of prey descends vertically, head down.
The panel on the left side of the chariot (see image below) depicts a duel between two warriors, perhaps Achilles and the Trojan Memnon, both standing in profile over the body of a fallen warrior. Both warriors wear crested Corinthian helmets and greaves, with a spear raised in one arm and holding a shield in the other. The figure on the left has a round shield, while the shield of the figure on the right is similar to that given to Achilles on the front panel, although here the lion's head is above that of the Gorgon.
The right-hand panel depicts the the apotheosis of Achilles, with the hero ascending in a chariot drawn by winged horses. Other reliefs, over the wheels, are thought to depict Achilles as a youth with his mentor, the centaur Cheiron (see Homer part 2), and Achilles as a lion killing his enemies depicted as a stag and a bull.
See: metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/247020
Source of images: Woldemar Graf Uxkull-Gyllenband, Archaische Plastik der Griechen, Band 3, Abbildungen 21 (above), 22 (below). Verlag Ernst Wasmuth, Berlin, 1920.
The bronze panel on the left side of Monteleone Chariot, depicting a duel between
two warriors, perhaps Achilles and the Trojan Memnon, both standing in profile over
the body of a fallen warrior. Both warriors wear crested Corinthian helmets and
greaves, with a spear raised in one arm and holding a shield in the other. The figure
on the left has a round shield, while the shield of the figure on the right is similar
to that given to Achilles on the front panel of the chariot (see above), although
here the lion's head is above that of the Gorgon.
A Gorgoneion in negative relief in the centre of an inscribed limestone model for a shield.
Around 335-250 BC, Ptolemaic period. From Memphis, Egypt. Diameter 70 cm.
Allard Pierson Museum, Amsterdam. Inv. No. 7879.
Made during the reign of Ptolemy I Soter (Πτολεμαῖος Α' Σωτήρ, Ptolemy I Savior, ruled 323-285 BC) or his son and successor Ptolemy II Philadelphus (Πτολεμαῖος Β' Φιλάδελφος, Ptolemy II Sibling-Lover, ruled 285-246 BC), later known as Ptolemy the Great.
Purchased in 1902 from an art dealer in Cairo. Discovered together with life-size Ptolemaic models of helmets and a cheek-piece, probably from the workshop of an armourer, working in either leather or bronze. The name Ptolemaios is inscribed in the band around the Gorgoneion, written retrograde (right to left), in this case anti-clockwise:
ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ (PTOLEMAIOU, of Ptolemaios)
Surrounding the Gorgoneion and inscription are seven peltai (from the Greek πέλτη, shield), each consisting of three parallel, crescent-shaped lines and an eight-pointed star with a dotted centre. On the other side of the shield is a central six-pointed sunburst or starburst device. This is not visible, since the object is displayed at the back of a crowded glass cabinet, behind an unrelated marble statuette of an unknown Ptolemaic king as pharaoh. [2] A similar shield design can be seen on Macedonian "shield coins" of around the same period, for example a silver tetradrachm of Antigonus II Gonatas (circa 319-239 BC) with the head of Pan in the centre (see the Pan page).
A similar round Macedonian shield (without a Gorgoneion) is shown on a marble relief of a battle scene on the Aemilius Paullus Monument at Delphi (around 168 BC).
Catalogue No. 252, pages 187-189, plate 88, a-b. In the museum catalogue it is noted that both types of decoration on this shield model also appear on painted shields on the north and south walls of the Macedonian Tomb of Lyson and Kallikles at Lefkadia (circa 200 BC).
Read more about the museum's catalogue of ancient sculpture on the Alexander the Great page.
Detail of the Gorgoneion on the shield model from Memphis.
She looks more stunned than stunning.
A bronze guard for a right upper arm, with a
repoussé (hammered) and incised Gorgoneion
with inlaid bone eyes on the shoulder.
Made in Magna Graecia (southern Italy)
around 550-500 BC. Found during excavations
on the north embankment of the stadium
in Olympia, Peloponnese, Greece.
A bronze vambrace, armour for a right
arm, with a Gorgoneion on the shoulder.
Around 550 BC. From Olympia, Greece.
A votive offering, probably war booty.
Altes Museum, Berlin. Inv. No. Misc. 6402.
Acquired from the Komnos Collection, 1874.
Detail of a greave (leg armour) from a bronze statue
of a mounted warrior, with the head of a pretty,
jolly-looking Gorgon on the knee.
Made in Taranto, southern Italy, around 470-450 BC.
British Museum. Inv. No. GR 1886.3-24.1 (Bronze 265).
Barone and Piot collections.
Bronze pilos helmet decorated with a Gorgoneion attachment.
Beaten cast bronze. 4th century BC. Provenance unknown.
Greek section, Civic Archaeological Museum, Milan. Inv. No. A 987.05.03.
The Gorgoneion is one of four attachments which originally decorated the sides of the helmet.
A pilos (πῖλος, felt; Latin, pileus, pilleus or pilleum) was a conical cap, made of felt or leather, often shown worn by men in ancient Greek and Roman art, particularly in depictions of the Dioskouroi, Hephaistos and Odysseus. It is thought that the pilos helmet was developed from the hat in Sparta in the 5th century BC. During the same century the helmet became popular among infantry soldiers in other Greek city states. An Attic funerary stele of around 410 BC shows two Athenian soldiers wearing pilos helmets (see Thucydides). A marble funerary relief from Pella, Macedonia, dated 430-420 BC, depicts a soldier wearing a pilos (see Pella gallery page 18).
Many of the artefacts in the Milan museum were donated or purchased from various private collections, and their provenance is unknown.
A not-so-hideous Gorgoneion on the aeigis of a marble statue, perhaps depicting
a Roman emperor, now headless and unidentifiable. The work is a replica of a
Hellenistic statue of Alexander the Great, known as the "Alexander Aigiochos",
which was probably from Alexandria, Egypt.
From Thessaloniki. Roman Imperial period, 117-138 AD.
Thessaloniki Archaeological Museum.
Alexander the Great wearing the Gorgoneion on the breastplate of his linothorax
(armour made of layered and stiffened linen). Detail of the "Alexander Mosaic"
depicting Alexander fighting the Persian king Darius III at either the Battle of Issos
in 333 BC or the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC. Thought to be based on a lost painting.
Floor mosaic, made using the opus vermiculatum (Latin, worm-like work) technique of local
stone and some glass tesserae. 125-120 BC. Found in the House of the Faun, Pompeii.
National Archaeological Museum, Naples. Inv. No. 10020.
See more photos and information about this mosaic on
the Alexander the Great page of the MFP People section.
Copper alloy statuette from Egypt depicting
Alexander the Great as a Roman general,
wearing the Gorgoneion on his cuirass.
Egyptian Collection, Inv. No. 2577.
Marble bust from a statue of Emperor Claudius (reigned
41-54 AD) wearing a cuirass with the Gorgoneion.
From Nikomedia (Izmit, Turkey). 1st century AD.
Istanbul Archaeological Museum. Inv. No. 87 T.
Detail of a marble statue of Emperor Hadrian (reigned
117-138 AD) wearing a cuirass with the Gorgoneion.
From the agora of Thasos, Greece. 130 AD.
Thasos Archaeological Museum.
A marble bust of Emperor Hadrian wearing a cuirass decorated
with a rather masculine Gorgoneion. An imago clipeata, a portrait
in a round frame, resembling a shield (Latin, clipeus).
From Thespiai (Θεσπιαί), Boeotia, central Greece. Mid 2nd century AD.
Thebes Archaeological Museum.
The original architectural context of this clipeus is unclear, and the guide to the Thebes museum merely states that it "had perhaps been boxed into a wall". The reverse side of the clipeus depicts a snake, a symbol of Asklepios (see photo on the Asklepios page), probably a reference to the Asklepieion at Thespiai. The fact that it was sculpted on both sides suggests that it was designed for a free-standing monument, perhaps a propylon (gateway).
Hadrian visited Thespiai during his stay in Boeotia in 125 AD. While there he is said to gone hunting, and an inscribed epigram records that he dedicated a boar he had killed to Eros at the god's sanctuary in the city (inscription IG VII 1828). It has recently been suggested that the dedication was intended for his deceased favourite Antinous in the guise of Eros.
Unusually, the excellent new museum displays the clipeus in a metal frame suspended from the ceiling, high above the other exhibits. Thankfully, It is the only artefact in the museum to be displayed in this peculiar manner. A strange design decision, perhaps to save space or as a piece of exhibition showmanship. The reason usually given by museums for the recent trend of placing some exhibits so high (as well as that of displaying floor mosics horizontally rather than on a wall) is that it is meant to give visitors an impression of how they originally appeared to ancient viewers. Many of us would rather be able to see an exhibit than merely have an impression of it.
See also an imago clipeata of Marcus Arelius in Eleusis below.
Jolly-looking Gorgon on the
breastplate of the statue
of Marcus Aurelius.
Detail of a marble statue of Emperor Marcus Aurelius (joint
emperor 161-180 AD) wearing a cuirass with the Gorgoneion.
From Italy. The head and body of the much restored sculpture are from
separate statues. The body, 50-80 AD, was found near Tivoli. The head,
of the second type of portrait of Marcus Aurelius, is dated to 150 AD.
Altes Museum, Berlin. Inv. No. Sk 368. Acquired in 1761.
A marble imago clipeata with a bust, believed to be a portrait of Emperor Marcus Aurelius,
wearing a cuirass (breastplate) with a Gorgoneion. Around 170-180 AD. From the pediment
of the Greater Propylaia of the Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone in Eleusis, which was
probably built or completed by Marcus Aurelius, who is thought to have been initiated into
the Eleusinian Mysteries by Herodus Atticus around 176 AD. The Gorgoneion has been
defaced by a carved Christian crucifix.
The relief figure of a "giant" on the right shoulder strap is very similar (not identical)
to that on a bust of Marcus Aurelius found near Marathon and now in the Louvre
(Inv. No. Ma 1161) [3], and is thought to symbolize the Germanic Marcomani,
who the emperor defeated in 172/173 AD.
Eleusis Archaeological site.
A marble portrait bust, probably of Marcus Aurelius,
wearing a cuirass decorated with a Gorgoneion.
From the Samothrakeion, Delos. Mid 2nd century AD.
Delos Archaeological Museum. Inv. No. A 7779.
Unusually, the deadly gaze of the Gorgon has been covered by the cloak. To the modern viewer, at least, an apparent touch of humour, but perhaps a subtle piece of propaganda, meant to broadcast the emperor's mercifulness or benevolence towards his subjects on Delos. The Gorgoneion on the bust of Marcus Aurelius from Marathon (see above) has been treated in the same way.
An inscribed marble stele with a relief as a funerary monument
for the gladiator Lupercus. The bearded gladiator stands fully
armed. In his right hand he holds a sword, and in the left carries
a shield decorated with a Gorgoneion. On the right a boy holds
his helmet, and a small dog leaps up at his left foot.
From Thessaloniki. Around 150-200 AD.
A sandstone statue of Minerva (Athena) wearing a plumed helmet
and holding with her left hand a shield decorated with a Gorgoneon.
A copy made in 1900 of a statue from 1683, it stood at the portal between
the larger and smaller courtyards of the royal palace of the kings of Saxony
in Dresden. It is one of a number of damaged and burnt statues that
survived the massive Allied bombing raid on Dresden on 13th February 1945.
Staatshochbauamt, Dresden, Germany. Inv. No. I 4.
19th century iron parade shield with the head of Medusa as the central boss.
Described as "European", the shield was previously believed to have been
made in the Renaissance, but is now thought to be from the 1800s, imitating
the work of the Milanese armourer Filippo Negroli (circa 1510-1579).
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Inv. No. WA. OA1447.
Medusa Notes, references and links
1. Campana plaques
Campana plaques, also known as Campana plates or Campana reliefs, are colourfully painted ceramic reliefs depicting scenes from mythology and daily life, which decorated the interior and exterior walls of sacred, public and private buildings from the mid 1st century BC until the first half of the 2nd century AD. They are named after the Italian art collector Giampietro Campana (1808-1880) who acquired a large collection of ancient Greek and Roman artefacts, and who first published information about the reliefs in 1842.
2. Statuette of a Ptolemaic king as pharaoh in Amsterdam
Marble statuette of a Ptolemaic king as Egyptian pharaoh. From Egypt, findspot unknown.
Height 73 cm, width 21.5 cm, depth 18.5 cm.
Hellenistic Gallery, Allard Pierson Museum, University of Amsterdam. Inv. No. APM 07780.
Acquired in 1921 from the collection of Friedrich Wilhelm von Bissing (1873-1956) by the Museum Scheurleer, The Hague, from which it was obtained by the Allard Pierson Museum in 1934.
See: Branko F. van Oppen de Ruiter, A Ptolemaic king as Egyptian pharaoh. In: Ben van den Bercken (editor), Egyptian Delta Archaeology: Short studies in honour of Willem van Haarlem, pages 113-120. Sidestone Press (sidestone.com), in collaboration with the Allard Pierson Museum, Leiden, 2021. At Academia.edu.
3. The bust of Marcus Aurelius in the Louvre
The bust was found in 1789 by Louis-François Sébastien Fauvel in a tomb at Probalinthos, near Marathon, Attica, in which were also found portrait busts of Herodes Atticus (Louvre, Inv. No. Ma 1164) and Lucius Verus (joint emperor with Marcus Aurelius 161-169 AD), also in a cuirass with a Gorgoneion (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, Inv. No. AN 1947.277). Herodes Atticus, who was a friend and teacher to both emperors, had a villa near Marathon, where was born and died. It has been suggested that the tomb may have been his, although he is said to have been buried at the Panathenaic Stadium in Athens.
Photos on the Medusa pages were taken
during visits to the following museums:
Berlin, Altes Museum
Berlin, Bode Museum
Berlin, Neues Museum
Dresden, Albertinum, Skulpturensammlung
Dresden, Semperbau, Abgusssammlung
Dresden, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Münzkabinett
Hamburg, Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe
Speyer, Historisches Museum der Pfalz
Athens, Acropolis Museum
Athens, Epigraphical Museum
Athens, Kerameikos Archaeological Museum
Athens, National Archaeological Museum
Corfu Archaeological Museum
Corfu, archaeological site of the Temple of Artemis
Corfu, Museum of Mon Repos
Corinth Archaeological Museum
Delos Archaeological Museum
Delphi Archaeological Museum
Dion Archaeological Museum, Macedonia
Eleusis Archaeological Museum and site, Attica
Isthmia Archaeological Museum
Kavala Archaeological Museum, Macedonia
Kos Archaeological Museum, Dodecanese
Mycenae Archaeological Site and Museum
Mykonos, Aegean Maritime Museum
Mykonos Archaeological Museum
Nafplion Archaeological Museum, Peloponnese
Olympia Archaeological Museum, Peloponnese
Olympia, Museum of the History of the Olympic Games in Antiquity
Patras Archaeological Museum, Peloponnese
Piraeus Archaeological Museum, Attica
Pyrgos Archaeological Museum, Elis
Rhodes Archaeological Museum, Dodecanese
Rhodes, Palace of the Grand Master Thasos Archaeological Museum, Macedonia
Thebes Archaeological Museum, Boeotia
Thessaloniki Archaeological Museum, Macedonia
Veria Archaeological Museum, Macedonia
Milan, Civic Archaeological Museum
Naples, National Archaeological Museum
Ostia Archaeological Museum
Paestum, National Archaeological Museum, Campania
Rome, Capitoline Museums, Palazzo dei Conservatori
Rome, National Etruscan Museum, Villa Giulia
Rome, National Museum of Rome, Baths of Diocletian
Rome, National Museum of Rome, Palazzo Massimo
Rome, Villa Farnesina
Agrigento Regional Archaeological Museum
Castelvetrano, Museo Civico
Catania, Museo Civico, Castello Ursino
Gela Regional Archaeological Museum
Palermo, Antonino Salinas Archaeological Museum
Syracuse, Paolo Orsi Regional Archaeological Museum
Amsterdam, Allard Pierson Museum
Leiden, Rijksmuseum van Oudheden
Bergama (Pergamon) Archaeological Museum
Didyma archaeological site
Ephesus Archaeological Museum, Selçuk
Ephesus archaeological site
Istanbul Archaeological Museums
Istanbul, Basilica Cistern
Izmir Archaeological Museum
Izmir Museum of History and Art
Manisa Archaeological Museum
London, British Museum
Oxford, Ashmolean Museum
Many thanks to the staff of these museums,
especially at Dion, Gela, Manisa and Veria.
Photos and articles © David John, except where otherwise specified.
< Medusa part 5 Medusa part 7 >
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[ARCHIVED] Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) Give COVID-19 Vaccines in Groundbreaking Program
Nearly a year into the pandemic, the vaccination phase has proved to be a logistical challenge for many local governments. Many struggle to find qualified personnel to administer vaccines. In order to meet this challenge head on, Orange County, North Carolina decided to take an innovative approach.
Emergency Medical Technicians, often referred to as EMTs, far exceed the number of paramedics in any given county but typically are not allowed to administer vaccinations. Both EMTs and paramedics have the knowledge and skills to transport patients and provide them with emergency care. Paramedics are required to go through over 1000 hours of training while EMTs complete almost 200 hours. In already stressed emergency services departments this has led to a shortage of people who can administer vaccines.
Dr. Joseph Grover the Medical Director for Orange County Emergency Services recalls, “We already have a massive paramedic shortage nationally. Up until the pandemic, vaccinations were not in scope of practice for EMTs. I wrote a protocol to allow the practice and the state Office of EMS approved a temporary scope of practice change for EMTs. They are already well trained to administer shots for allergic reactions or for opioid overdoses. So, why not train them to administer vaccines?”
In anticipation of the arrival of the vaccines, Orange County Emergency Services worked to create a model for mass vaccination by participating in the Health Department’s flu clinics in October. The EMTs were able to jump right in and do the work. Any EMT or paramedic credentialed in Orange County was eligible to participate, with many volunteers from the different fire departments and South Orange Rescue Squad participating, including Orange County Emergency Services. Once the first vaccines arrived in December, 36 percent of the workforce preparing and administering syringes were EMTs, 45 percent of the staff administering vaccinations were EMTs and paramedics represented another 16 percent. If it were not for their participation, staffing would have been a difficult barrier.
John Herrera a bilingual EMT with Eno Fire Department said, “I am proud to participate in the first mobile vaccination campaign in Orange County with a great team of dedicated public health professionals. I am confident we will beat this pandemic. I look forward to help vaccinate essential workers that are at great risk of exposure every day, like farmworkers, frontline workers and the rest.”
“We enjoy a fantastic relationship here in Orange County between the Health Department and EMS, along with county leadership. We all work closely together and play to each other’s strengths,” said Dr. Grover. “Our hope is that this can be a model that will be used nationally in order to get our community vaccinated as quickly as possible using skilled EMTs as well as paramedics.”
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4:30 PM PT5:30 PM MT6:30 PM CT7:30 PM ET11:30 PM GMT7:30 AM 北京时间4:30 PM MST6:30 PM EST, Sep. 24, 2022
Ohio Stadium, Columbus, Ohio Attendance: 105,473
No. 3 Buckeyes score early and often, bury Wisconsin 52-21
(AP Photo/Jay LaPrete)
By MITCH STACY
COLUMBUS, Ohio (AP) No. 3 Ohio State is striking the right balance.
C.J. Stroud threw five touchdown passes, and both top running backs had 100-yard games as the Buckeyes blew by Wisconsin early and cruised to a 52-21 win on Saturday night.
"I thought the tempo and the mix of run and pass today is what we're looking for," Ohio State coach Ryan Day said.
Cade Stover and Emeka Egbuka each caught two touchdown passes, and Miyan Williams rushed for two more scores.
The Buckeyes (4-0, 1-0 Big Ten) controlled the line of scrimmage and scored touchdowns on their first four drives on the way to a 31-7 halftime lead. Wisconsin could only slow them down after that but didn't get closer than 21 points.
TreVeyon Henderson rushed for 121 yards, and Williams averaged more than 9 yards per carry in rumbling for 101.
"We know how long the season is going to be," Day said. "When you have two guys going back and forth and back and forth who are unselfish, who understands what it is to be a team, that's the key."
Stroud completed 17 of 27 attempts for 281 yards, and also threw an interception for the first time this season. He has 16 touchdown passes in four games.
Egbuka caught scoring passes of 32 and 8 yards, finishing with 118 yards. Julian Fleming also caught a touchdown pass for the Buckeyes.
"In the first half we distributed the ball pretty well, had some good momentum coming out quick, and that's something we definitely want to do," Stroud said.
Wisconsin quarterback Graham Mertz was 11 for 20 for 94 yards, rushed for a touchdown and threw for another. Braelon Allen rushed for 165 yards, including a 75-yard TD romp in the fourth quarter against Ohio State backups.
"We really didn't get off to a good start," Wisconsin coach Paul Chryst said. "We didn't respond on the field the way we needed to."
STOVER RISING
The TD catches were the first for Stover, a tight end in his fourth year who has also played defensive end and linebacker for the Buckeyes. His first was on a 13-yard toss, two plays after after Ohio State safety Tanner McCalister picked off Mertz.
Later the 6-foot-4, 255-pounder caught a 2-yard scoring pass to put the Buckeyes up 21-0 before the end of the first quarter.
"That's a tough prideful program," Stover said. "That's what they're known for. For us to do that, go out there and really force our will on those guys, we're making a step in the right direction."
Wisconsin: The Badgers (3-1, 0-1) were expected to put up more of a fight in the first Big Ten game for both teams. Instead, they got hit early and couldn't recover.
"We had a solid plan going in, but (there were) a lot of plays that we left on the table," Wisconsin linebacker Nick Herbig said.
Ohio State: Stroud completed his first eight passes on the way to another outstanding performance. The Heisman favorite again was exceptional taking advantage of what the defense gave him, and the combination of Williams and Henderson carrying the ball kept Wisconsin off balance.
With a good showing against a conference opponent, Ohio State should stay put.
INJURIES AND ABSENCES
Wisconsin: Jack Nelson, Wisconsin's starting left tackle, was unavailable due to an illness.
Ohio State: WR Jaxon Smith-Njigba, who has seen limited time on the field since a hamstring injury in Week 1, was out. Both starting cornerbacks, Denzel Burke and Cam Brown, were unavailable. Burke had his right hand either in a cast or wrapped in warmups. Brown left last week's game with an unspecified injury.
CUNDIFF HURT AGAIN
Wisconsin TE Clay Cundiff was hurt again, carted off the field with an apparent leg injury late in the first half. Cundiff suffered a season-ending injury on Oct. 30 last season - a dislocated ankle, broken fibula and torn deltoid. He worked his way back and caught both scoring passes in the Week 2 loss to Washington State.
Wisconsin: Hosts Illinois next Saturday. The Illini (3-1) beat Chattanooga 31-0 on Thursday.
Ohio State: Hosts Rutgers next Saturday in the last of five consecutive home games. Rutgers lost to Iowa 27-10.
More AP college football: https://apnews.com/hub/college-football and https://twitter.com/AP-Top25. Sign up for the AP's college football newsletter: https://apnews.com/cfbtop25
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Zakk Wylde reveals which Ozzy guitarist has more in common with him
Zakk Wylde talked with Barbara Caserta about which Ozzy guitarists he felt it had more in common with his spirit and attitude.
Read what he said:
“What I have in common with all of them – we got the chance to play with the boss. I know that Randy [Rhoads] started the template and the Ozzy sound – that was Ozzy and Randy. All of us came after that. That’s the way that franchise was started and the team was started. And that’s the way Ozzy music is created.
“Yes, definitely St. Rhoads. If it was the Catholic hierarchy, Ozzy’s God, Randy’s Jesus Christ, and then the rest of us are all pontiffs. Jake [E. Lee] would be the first Pope, he’s Peter. I’d be John Paul II because I’m the second guy. I guess Gus [G.] would be Pope Francis.”
During the rest of the chat, Zakk said he’s still a massive fan of Al Di Meola, saying:
“I still listen to him all the time. He’s amazing. When he got into Return to Forever and then when he started doing solo stuff – it’s pretty mind-blowing.
“It’s amazing. You ask anyone of my generation, pretty much all the top players that I know they were definitely inspired at one point by Al Di Meola.
“He was the first one to bring extremelly technical and fast guitar playing. Clean, too. He also showed on the rock side of things what it’s capable of. He’s just a huge, huge influence, without a doubt.”
See more Interviews
Related Topics:CLASSIC ROCK, Featured, hard rock, heavy metal, interviews, news, ozzy osbourne, zakk wylde
Ritchie Blackmore gives his opinion about Yngwie Malmsteen
Rob Halford says Judas fans are furious for the band not being in the Rock Hall
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SunTrust Robinson Humphrey Strengthens Corporate Banking Team with Key Hire in Charlotte
Ken Harris Deepens STRH Carolinas Coverage with Industry Veterans Jenna Kelly, Paul Keller and Jason Cagle
ATLANTA, Jan. 27, 2014 /PRNewswire/ — SunTrust Robinson Humphrey (STRH) today announced the addition of a key industry veteran to its Charlotte-based Mid-Atlantic Corporate Banking team.
Ken Harris has joined STRH as a managing director after more than 35 years with Wells Fargo and Wachovia. He joins Jenna Kelly, who returned to STRH in September 2013 from Fifth Third, and Paul Keller, who joined STRH in December 2013 after more than 25 years with Bank of America Merrill Lynch and its predecessors.
“We are proud and excited to welcome Ken Harris to SunTrust Robinson Humphrey,” said Jason Cagle, Head of Mid-Atlantic Corporate Banking Division. “Ken, Jenna and Paul are highly-respected bankers and key hires for STRH in Charlotte as we continue to build our Corporate Banking capabilities in the high opportunity growth area of the Carolinas.”
Harris was responsible for new business development and middle-market relationship management in the Charlotte metro area at Wells Fargo. At STRH, he will jointly cover the greater Charlotte metro area with Kelly. He will also have responsibility for South Carolina and West Virginia. In addition to metro Charlotte, Kelly covers the Triangle (Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill) and Triad (Greensboro-Highpoint-Winston Salem). She previously worked for STRH in Atlanta and Charlotte from 1993 to 2010. Keller serves as Senior Credit Officer for the entire Mid-Atlantic Corporate Banking division.
The Mid-Atlantic Corporate Banking Division is based in Charlotte and covers Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia and the Carolinas, and includes offices in Richmond, Norfolk and Baltimore. In 2012, STRH also extended its reach to middle-market businesses and corporate clients in the Southwest, West and Midwest with new Corporate Banking offices and key personnel additions in Dallas, San Francisco and Chicago, respectively.
STRH is the trade name for the corporate and investment banking services of SunTrust Banks, Inc. which are conducted through its wholly-owned subsidiaries SunTrust Bank and SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc.
About SunTrust Robinson Humphrey
SunTrust Robinson Humphrey is the trade name for the corporate and investment banking services of SunTrust Banks, Inc., including SunTrust Bank and SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc., member FINRA and SIPC. SunTrust Robinson Humphrey provides comprehensive capital raising, strategic advisory, risk management, and investment solutions to serve the needs of corporate clients across the nation. Fixed income and equity research, sales and trading for institutional investors and M&A advisory are provided by SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc.
About SunTrust Banks, Inc.
SunTrust Banks, Inc. (NYSE: STI), headquartered in Atlanta, is one of the nation’s largest banking organizations, serving a broad range of consumer, commercial, corporate and institutional clients. As of December 31, 2013, SunTrust had total assets of $175 billion and total deposits of $129 billion. Through its flagship subsidiary, SunTrust Bank, the company operates an extensive branch and ATM network throughout the high-growth Southeast and Mid-Atlantic States and a full array of technology-based, 24-hour delivery channels. The company also serves clients in selected markets nationally. Its primary businesses include deposit, credit, trust and investment services. Through its various subsidiaries, the company provides mortgage banking, asset management, securities brokerage, and capital market services. SunTrust’s Internet address is suntrust.com.
SOURCE SunTrust Banks, Inc.
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History of the Charles John families
(The material for this history was compiled by Vivian John Baker, granddaughter of Charles John.)
Charles John was the son of Thomas John, born 29th of January 1820 at Wood Roach, Pembrokeshire, South Wales, and Margeret Thomas born 14th of August, 1815 at Pembrokeshire, South Wales.
When Charles was about five years old, his father, Thomas John, made a trip to America. The following is Charles’ account of what occurred.
“About the year 1848, toward the latter part of the year, my father, hearing of the prosperous times in America, decided to try his fortune in the Western Hemisphere. Accordingly, he procured his passage across the ocean, working on the ship as an assistant cook. But meeting with misfortunes after landing on American soil, being sick, and having a felon on one of his hands, and times being very dull just at that time, he became discouraged and soon decided to return home to his native land. I cannot say just how long my father was in America, but I think he returned home in the spring of 1849.
“When he landed in Liverpool, he met a party of men and women who were going to America. When they learned he was just returning from there, they asked him about the country. He told them times were dull and it was hard to get employment. “Well,” said they. “It makes little or no difference with us as we’re going to Zion.” My father thought, “Surely these people are crazy.” For he had not heard of such place in America. On the contrary, he had thought that America was the wickedest place he had ever seen. Men thought nothing of profaning the name of Deity in their common conversation and would often call each other when aggravated “sons of b—s” and other ungentlemanly names. He thought it was just the opposite of Zion.
“Those people told my father that the heavens had been opened and angels had again conversed with man, that the passage of scripture had been fulfilled where John the Revelator declared, “And I saw another angel flying in the midst of heaven having the Everlasting gospel to preach unto them that dwell on the earth, and to every nation, and kindred, and tongue, and people.” Revelation 14:6.
“They also told my father that an angel had shown himself to a young man named Joseph Smith where certain records were concealed, those records purporting to give a history of an intelligent people that once dwelt upon the American Continent. The record was written on gold plates. All this was news to my father and as he meditated, he thought surely these people have been deluded. And he tried to pass it off from his mind, but the words would sound in his mind, “The heavens have again been opened and angels have again conversed with man.”
In a short time after his return home, his aunt, Mary Phillips (his mother’s sister) informed him that she had joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and gave him many logical reasons for doing so.
Thomas had made the Bible his daily study and was well informed, but now a new light had been placed upon many passages of the scripture. He spent many days in thoughtful prayer and meditation and was convinced of the divinity and truthfulness of the Church of Jesus Christ. In the month of May 1851, he was baptized by Elder Phillip Sykes, of Spanish Fork, Utah.
Thomas’ whole family would meet together and study the scriptures. They were a loved family, until they joined the church, then is seemed like their friends turned to enemies. Thomas’ sons, Charles and William, were attending school and were well liked by the teacher and students, until their father joined the “Mormon Church.” From then on the persecution became so great that they had to be kept home, for they were beaten by the older boys and severely whipped by the schoolteacher. False accusations were made against them, which were followed with severe punishment. The weight and oppression became so heavy that it seemed unbearable.
Thomas was a first class shoemaker. He was poor and had struggled to support his family, but now it seemed that the world had closed every avenue of support against him. Even his best friends looked down on him with scorn and contempt. He had to go and work for other shoemakers, or do work wherever he could get anything to do.
One day when Thomas was working alone in a room, he stopped working, and sitting down on his bench, he offered a silent prayer saying, “Oh, Father, if I have done wrong and offended Thee, please forgive me and let me know and I will mend my ways.” Immediately he felt a light resting upon his head, and felt as if it were oil flowing down over him, and all doubt was expelled from him. This heavenly feeling continued to flow down over him until he felt a joy unspeakable and he cried out, “Father, it is enough. I am satisfied.”
After this thrilling experience, Thomas was sure that the fullness of the gospel of Jesus Christ had been restored through the Prophet Joseph Smith and that he had done right to join the Church. Never from that day did he doubt it, even though he and his family were severely persecuted. He had to go other places for work and met up with trying experiences, but he went courageously on and by so doing he received a strong unshakable testimony of the truthfulness of the gospel.
Some time after Thomas had joined the Church, he was working at a well-to-do farmer’s house, whose name was Williams. (The three Williams sisters Charles later married were from this family.) It was the custom to have Thomas eat with the family and not with the servants. One day, as the family was eating dinner, Mrs. Williams said, “Well, Tommy, how is it that you ever joined those despicable people, the Mormons? We thought so much of you before you joined them.” Thomas said, “If you were thoroughly convinced that they were right, would you join them?” Mrs. Williams replied, “If I knew the Mormons were right, indeed I would become one of them.”
The ridicule and oppression continually grew worse. People even hurled rocks at their door at night when they passed by. Such were the feelings and attitudes of people who called themselves Christians, until Thomas decided it was best to move into another part of the country. In the spring of 1856, they moved about eight miles southward to a place called Haisford, Camrose Village, about four miles from the town of Haverford in western Pembrokeshire.
For some time, Thomas worked as a shoemaker for his old employers, going to their farm houses to make shoes for the entire family and the servants. But soon, the people around his new home were bringing their work to him and it became necessary for him to take William home to assist him. William had been working for two brothers who had become good friends and he would like to have continued working for them, but the work was coming in so fast that his father had to call him home.
Charles had been working for a gentleman taking care of his sheep. Charles gained valuable knowledge and experience in this field of endeavor, which proved to be important later since he followed the sheep work most of his life. But Thomas was soon so crowded with work that he had to take Charles home also.
The Lord blessed this family and they prospered. They made regular deposits into the perpetual immigration fund and in March 1861, they had saved enough to pay their passage across the Atlantic Ocean to New York. The family numbered eleven: nine children, five boys and four girls.
One daughter, Phoeby, married a man by the name of James Cusworth. He was putting up at the tavern where Phoeby was working. Soon after they were married they moved to London and located in a part of the city of Lambeth. The family corresponded with her but after some time she ceased to write. Thomas tried to find her through the missionary elders, but failed to get any trace of her.
The rest of the family left on the sailing ship called The New York-Manchester and were thirty-three days crossing the ocean. The ship sank shortly after their arrival. They landed at Castle Garden, New York just after the battle of “Bull Run” during the Civil War. The people were very much alarmed lest the enemy would invade the city of Washington and take the treasury of the United States.
Conway B. Sonne lists the Manchester in his encyclopedia of Mormon emigrant ships and writes,
The Manchester was a 1067 ton ship, 178' x 36' x 18,’ built in 1860 at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. This three-masted square-rigger was owned by Captain Trask, Benjamin J.H. Trask, and Joseph Stewart of New York City. The Manchester was a two-decker with a square stern and billethead. Two companies of Mormon emigrants crossed the Atlantic aboard the American ship Manchester. The vessel was commanded by Captain G.D.S. Trask on both occasions. He was from New York and in 1864 skippered the large General McClellan, which transported another company of Saints. The Manchester’s first voyage began on 16 April 1861 at Liverpool. Elder Claudius V. Spencer, a missionary returning because of failing health, presided over the 379 emigrants. He was assisted by Elders Edward Hanham and William Jeffries. After a successful crossing of twenty-eight days, the packet ship docked at New York on 14 May. After it’s second voyage in 1862, there is no further registration of this ship.
It was very prosperous times for all who could use the awl and thread as there was a great demand for military equipment such as belts, knapsacks, cartridge boxes, shoes, etc. Thomas rented a house on North Fifth Street, in Williamsbrough across the Hudson River from New York. They lived there about fourteen months. Thomas, Charles and William found work at a large shop in New York where military equipment was being made.
The younger children – James, Levi, Letitia, May Jane and Henry – were sent to school, but after a short time James and Levi were taken from school. James went to work driving a team on a canal and hauling coal. Levi was put to work in the bakery in the city of New York, probably the largest bakery in the city. Nearly all the work was done by machinery, the dough being leavened by a sort of gas.
In the fall of 1861, work slackened, so Thomas set up a shoe shop in his house and made military boots and shoes. They all saved their money and by the later part of the summer they had enough to pay their way by rail to Florence, Nebraska, which proved to be Winter Quarters for a large group of the Saints. From there they expected to be taken to the Valleys of the Mountains in Utah by church teams.
They had a terrible experience while their immigrant train was traveling through eastern Missouri. The engineer hated the Mormons and was overheard to say, “I’ll send these Mormons to hell before night comes.” Shortly after this, a huge fire started in the baggage car and swept through the train. At once the baggage car was uncoupled from the hind part of the train and taken at great speed to the nearest station. It was burned so badly it was nearly falling apart. The engineer then came back for the balance of the train.
He failed to slacken the speed of the engine and sent it crashing into the train, breaking several platform cars. The sudden impact injured several passengers. What a sight it must have been, seeing those poor emigrants searching and scrambling through the charred and burning inferno, trying to salvage some small part of their belongings. Charles often said he could remember seeing his parents standing tearfully gazing at the ruins of their meager earthly possessions. A few pieces of the carpet which held their bedding was still burning. The only thing they salvaged was a few balls of thread for sewing shoes. In spite of their terrible plight, this courageous father humbly expressed thankfulness that the lives of his family had been spared.
They camped at Florence six weeks before the church teams came from the Valleys of the Mountains to take them to Zion. The following is an extract from Church Chronology by A. Jensen: “Friday, 17 October 1862, Captain Henry Miller’s church trains (fifth) which had left Florence, 8 August 1862, with 60 wagons and about 665 emigrants, arrive in Salt Lake City. The company has suffered considerable from sickness and about 28 persons died on this journey.”
Charles, 19, and his brother, William, 21, hired out to drive church teams across the plains in another company, that of Captain Dames. As they learned to yoke up the oxen and enjoy their work, they soon learned to love Captain Dames, and felt he was an exceptionally good man. It is doubtful if they received more than their board and passage. If they received any wages, they were small.
Mary Jane, the youngest child, was delicate and sick all the way across the plains. One of the teamsters allowed the baby to ride in his wagon. Margaret, the mother, made a bed in the wagon for her. Often the mother would carry her over the bad roads and steep hills because the wagon bumped and jarred so.
When they arrived in Salt Lake, they camped on Immigrant Square. Thomas hunted up a friend by the name of John Twigg whom he had known in Wales. In the afternoon, the Cache Valley teams started for Wellsville. They traveled slowly and arrived there on the 22 of October, 1862. President Brigham Young and company came into their camp and invited them to conference, which was being held that day. Thomas excused himself saying that they were too dirty from traveling, but President Young said, “We are all dirty,” and they walked to church arm in arm.
The meeting was held in the schoolhouse, and as the building was so crowded, the children had to stand outside. While they were still standing, Brother Maughan, brother of the bishop, came along and took all the children to his home to have dinner. Sister Maughan gave them water, soap and a clean towel so they could wash their hands and faces. The two-room pine log house was spotlessly clean. Brother and Sister Maughan were dressed in homemade clothing. The cloth was gray, made by using equal parts of black and white wool together. In those days it was considered the best the country could produce.
The dinner had been prepared for President Brigham Young’s party but for some reason they did not get to eat. The children received the benefit. Never had a meal tasted so good. They were all very hungry and it had been months since they had sat up to a table, especially with a nice white cloth. Sister Maughan was so motherly and kind to them.
Brother William Rigby (later Rigby, Idaho was named after him) came to Thomas and told him he had a little old house in the new fort and if he could fix it up, he could live in it with his family. The house was fourteen by sixteen feet in size and had a dirt floor. The ceiling was so very low, an ordinary man’s head would touch the stringers, or ribs, as they were called. There was just an opening for the door and a window. The roof was made by putting small quaking aspen and willow sticks up and down close together on the cross ribs, covering this with a thick layer of straw, and then placing 12 to 18 inches of soil on top of the straw. They borrowed a broom and swept the dirt floor as clean as possible.
Thomas improvised a windbreak for the window and door openings to keep out the cold. They had no furnishings and little bedding because of the train fire, but they were mighty thankful to have this shelter. (Later they fixed a floor of boards and put in a window and door.) The next day, October 23, Thomas was given a chance to dig one acre of potatoes with a shovel on share basis. He got one fourth. Ann went to work for Sister Maughan, and James went to work for Brother John Maughan pressing sugar cane at a cane mill where they made molasses, clear and amber and sweet as honey. Charles and William found plenty of work helping people thresh grain. They were paid one bushel of grain per day. During the winter of 1862-63, Thomas and his son, William, worked at the shoemaking trade and did very well. There was an abundance of good wood close by in those days. Brother McMurday furnished good ox teams and Charles and William hauled out big loads of both dry and green maple. One load would go to Brother McMurday’s and the next to their father’s house. They soon had plenty of wood for the winter.
There was no money in the valley. They were in Utah over a year before they ever had a dollar. Thomas traded shoes for the many things his family needed. He was always so thankful for the few balls of shoe thread that had been salvaged from the train fire. He made his shoe pegs out of wood. There was a famine of flour that fall in Wellsville and they were forced to live on potatoes most of the time. Charles’ mother would wash them, boil, mash and sweeten them with molasses, to satisfy her hungry family. Somehow they always tasted good.
Late in November 1862, Bishop Maughan announced arrangements had been made to baptize newly arrived Saints the following Sunday. It was the custom to re-baptize all emigrants in those days. Thomas and his family, along with all the newcomers, met at the appointed place the following afternoon. A hole in the ice was made and the sacred ordinance was performed, immersing each person in the icy cold water. Shivering and cold in thin wet clothes, they walked a mile back to their log house and had a pleasant surprise awaiting them. While they were away, a kind neighbor had come in and built a blazing fire of maple wood in the big fireplace. As they had no clothes to change into, they had to stand before the fire to let their clothes dry, turning first their fronts and then their backs.
Charles was a good scout and hunter. On their horses, he and William frequently roamed over the mountains and valleys adjoining Wellsville. They liked the climate over the mountains in Box Elder County better than that of Cache Valley. Charles got along fine with the Indians and always tried to understand them and their ways.
In 1865, Charles married Elizabeth Williams, an acquaintance from Wales. She and her family had crossed the plains in 1862 in Captain Duncan’s company. Their driver’s name was Larterand, and they had come on to Wellsville, Utah too. Elizabeth’s father, John Jenkins Williams, was a wonderful musician and did considerable work organizing choirs and other musical groups. The Williams family later moved to Tooele, Utah. On the 4th of February 1867, a baby girl was born to Charles and Elizabeth and they named her Margaret Elizabeth John. (She later became Maggie Reese.)
The summer of 1867, the first settlers moved into the Malad valley to cut wild hay. The place was called Hay Town. Later, Lorenzo Snow, President of the Box Elder Stake, changed the name to East Portage, in honor of Portage County, Ohio, where he was born. Twenty-five couples and their children came that first summer and settled on the east side of the valley in the vicinity of Oregon Springs and Mound Springs. A few more families came the following year. They built a large rock fort where they could have protection from the Indians. They also built a log schoolhouse about 26 feet by 30 feet, which served as meeting house, dance hall, etc. William John and Harrison Boothe were the first violinists who played for the old time dances.
Thomas John and his wife, Margeret, took up a homestead, one hundred and sixty acres, on the north edge of Portage. Most of the children were married by this time and they also took up homesteads there, the father’s being in the center of the group. They all helped each other with their work, clearing their land and preparing the soil for planting. When it was ready, Thomas called them all together and blessed the land. Thomas John planted the first grain grown in the Malad valley. This land was called Johnstown in honor of Thomas John, and is still called that.
One day, Agnes and Elizabeth were going to town in a buggy when the horse became frightened and ran away. The buggy turned over and Agnes was badly hurt. She lived a few hours and was buried the 6th of September 1907, in Portage beside her son, Walter, who had just preceded her in death. She was 48 years of age.
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Foreign Investment Up 15.6%
Foreign direct investment in China is expected to see two-digit growth this year and the momentum is likely to be sustained for several years, economists have predicted.
In the first 11 months of this year, actual foreign direct investment in China rose 15.61 per cent year on year to total US$41.9 billion, according to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Co-operation.
Wang Zhile, a senior researcher with the Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Co-operation, a ministry think tank, said the total of foreign direct investment in China was expected to see a two-digit rise for the whole year and surpass the previous record of US$45.5 billion from 1998.
Long Guoqiang, a senior researcher with the State Council's Development Research Centre, said he believed that foreign investors' confidence in the market had been boosted in the run-up to China's entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO).
He said the high increase in actual foreign direct investment was also a result of the rapid increase in China's contracted foreign direct investment last year.
Last year, contracted foreign direct investment came to US$64.19 billion, an increase of 47.09 per cent over the previous year, according to the ministry.
Long said the latest increase in actual foreign direct investment marks a turning point in the growth of foreign direct investment in China after years of stagnancy since the 1997 Southeast Asian financial tumult.
He said he expected the increase to accelerate next year, when China starts to fulfil the commitments it made to the WTO.
Investment in China's service sector - including banking, insurance and telecommunications - will rise rapidly after China grants foreign investors greater access, predicted Long.
Wang dismissed the idea that China's WTO member will not affect foreign direct investment flowing into the country. He said such a view underestimates the impact of China's opening-up of the service sector. He said overall investment is also expected to increase in the wake of China's WTO entry.
Between January and November this year, contracted foreign direct investment rose 24.38 per cent year on year to reach US$60.41 billion. In the same time, the ministry approved the setting-up of 22,915 companies with foreign investment, an increase of 16.32 per cent year on year.
Since the State began allowing foreign direct investment in the early 1980s until the end of November this year, China has utilized a total of US$390.52 billion in actual foreign direct investment. A total of 387,260 companies with foreign investment have been set up.
(China Daily December 14, 2001)
Foreign Firms Rush to China
World's Insurance Business Eyes China
China's Annual Investment Forum Opens
Foreign Investment Organization Set up
Record FDI Expected in 2002
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