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The dataset generation failed
Error code: DatasetGenerationError
Exception: ArrowInvalid
Message: JSON parse error: Missing a closing quotation mark in string. in row 101
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 153, in _generate_tables
df = pd.read_json(f, dtype_backend="pyarrow")
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 815, in read_json
return json_reader.read()
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1025, in read
obj = self._get_object_parser(self.data)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1051, in _get_object_parser
obj = FrameParser(json, **kwargs).parse()
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1187, in parse
self._parse()
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1403, in _parse
ujson_loads(json, precise_float=self.precise_float), dtype=None
ValueError: Trailing data
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1997, in _prepare_split_single
for _, table in generator:
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 156, in _generate_tables
raise e
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 130, in _generate_tables
pa_table = paj.read_json(
File "pyarrow/_json.pyx", line 308, in pyarrow._json.read_json
File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 154, in pyarrow.lib.pyarrow_internal_check_status
File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 91, in pyarrow.lib.check_status
pyarrow.lib.ArrowInvalid: JSON parse error: Missing a closing quotation mark in string. in row 101
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1529, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1154, in convert_to_parquet
builder.download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1029, in download_and_prepare
self._download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1124, in _download_and_prepare
self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1884, in _prepare_split
for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 2040, in _prepare_split_single
raise DatasetGenerationError("An error occurred while generating the dataset") from e
datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationError: An error occurred while generating the datasetNeed help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
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1/12/2022| 15:06
Law on the Vietnam Coast Guard came into effect on July 1, 2019, including 8 chapters, 41 articles regulating position, functions, tasks, powers, organization, and operation of the Vietnam Coast Guard; benefits and policies for the force; and responsibilities of relevant agencies, organizations, and individuals.
A ship from Vietnamese Coast Guard force. (Photo: VNA)
The Law on the Vietnam Coast Guard was passed by the 14th Congress, the Vietnam Coast Guard reported to the Ministry of Defense. The ministry then consulted the government to issue a decree explaining in detail a number of articles and implementation measures. The defense ministry has issued a circular guiding the coast guard law's implementation and held a national training conference on the law. It also directed the army, especially the coast guard to develop specific action and implementation plans which are suitable to the functions and tasks of each agency and unit.
Vietnam's prime minister signed Decision No. 1059/QD-TTg on August 22, 2019, to approve a project to circulate the coast guard law from 2019 to 2023. The project aims to ensure that every citizen understands the party's guidelines, policies, and views on the management and protection of the country's seas and islands. It looks to educate all citizens about the law's basic content and raise citizens' awareness about sea and island management and protection. It yearns to build a revolutionary, professional, and modern coast guard force, highlighting the force's position, functions, tasks, powers in the new context.
The project plans to introduce other countries to a more comprehensive and precise look at Vietnam's policies to manage and protect the sea and islands, as well as a clearer view of the Vietnam Coast Guard, to form the image of Vietnam as a peace-loving country, a responsible member of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) who respects and strictly comply with international commitments and ready to join the international community to respond to common challenges, heading towards stability, peace, integration and sustainable development at the sea.
To effectively deploy the project, the defense ministry recently plans to hold a nationwide virtual contest with the theme of "Learning about the Law on Vietnam Coast Guard." The contest aims to promote spreading knowledge about the law and about the management and protection of the fatherland's sea and islands. Together with propagating the law, the contest raises citizens' awareness about their rights and responsibilities in managing and protecting the country's sea and islands, contributing to encourage Vietnamese both living in the country or abroad, to support, participate, coordinate, assist the Vietnam Coast Guard in performing its assigned functions, tasks and powers.
Maj. Gen. Bui Quoc Oai. (Photo: VNA)
Commenting on the law's implementation over the last three years, Maj. Gen. Bui Quoc Oai, Political Commissar of the Vietnam Coast Guard said the law has helped improve all-level authorities, sectors, and people’s awareness and legal consciousness about the state management over the country’s seas and islands by law, along with the force’s position, role, functions, and tasks. Notably, due to provisions on the force's apparatus, personnel, and equipment, positive and active moves have been made to build a modern, elite, lean, and strong Vietnam Coast Guard, helping the force to better perform in the new context.
Also according to Bui Quoc Oai, after two years of implementing the law, coordination between the coast guard and the army, as well as other agencies, unites, localities to safeguard the maritime sovereignty and enforcing the law at sea has been carried out more strictly and fruitfully. Relations between the force and law enforcement forces ofASEAN countries and countries whose sea areas are adjacent to Vietnam’s are developed in accordance with the Party and State’s viewpoints on defense diplomacy and national safeguarding. Communications have also been effectively enhanced to encourage people to form people-based security positions at sea, continuing to strengthen fishermen’s trust.
In the coming time, Vietnam Coast Guard High Command will further promote communication by holding workshops in the force's units and localities, helping the people gain better understandings of the law-based state management over the seas and islands. At the same time, the force will encourage people to join hands with the coast guard to well accomplish their missions of protecting national sovereignty and interest at sea, maintaining security, order, and safety for the country’s sacred sea and islands.
Located next to the sea, Vietnam has a sea area of more than 1 million sq.km., nearly 3,000 islands and archipelagoes, and a coastline over 3,260km long running through 28 provinces and cities. Many of those coastal cities have systems of ports, economic zones, tourism sites that are the gates to maintain economic, cultural, and tourism exchanges between Vietnam and regional and global countries.
Facing the complicated developments on the Bien Dong Sea (South China Sea), especially violations of the maritime sovereignty, smuggling, piracy, and fishing boats’ infringements of territorial waters, as well as the trend of international integration, the Law on the Vietnam Coast Guard has proved to be a “sharp tool” and the legal basis for the force to implement maritime law, contributing to manage and safeguard the country’s sovereignty, sovereign right, and jurisdiction, as well as guarantee order and safety in Vietnam’s maritime zones.
Valerie Hong Anh (translate)
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| 0.676747
| 0.323253
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Home (current issue) | Instructions for authors | Editorial board
Seminars in Cardiovascular Medicine is an international journal publishing original papers and reviews in fundamental and clinical cardiology, angiology and cardiac surgery. Two members of international editorial board review manuscripts of original papers.
Submission of manuscripts Original articles should not exceed 6000 words including references. The following set of files prepared by any standard word-processing software (paper copy is optional) has to be presented :
· Cover letter (letter of submission) containing the title of the article and the name(s) of author(s). The following statements should be included: “the paper, or any part of it, has not been previously published elsewhere (except in the form of abstract or thesis) and is not currently under consideration for publication by any other journal”; “submission of the manuscript to Seminars in Cardiovascular Medicine has been approved by all author(s); “submission of the paper implies the transfer of copyright to the publisher upon acceptance for publication”. Potential conflict of interests should be explained or its absence clearly stated.
· The manuscript should contain:
Title page including the paper title, the names of all authors (with the full first name), the name of the department(s) to which the work should be attributed, the authors’ affiliations. The name, address, telephone number, fax and e-mail of the author responsible for correspondence are necessary.
Abstract normally should not exceed 250 words. It should be structured into the following subsections: Objectives, Design and Methods, Results, and Conclusion(s). Three to five Keywords are necessary.
Text should be structured according to the structure of the abstract, with appropriate subheadings if necessary. Statement “The investigation conforms with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the local ethics committee” has to be mentioned in the Design and Methods section. Informed consent of the patients has to be stated. If animal research has been conducted, its conformity to approved rules of animal research has to be stated. Conclusions should follow the Discussion section.
References should be presented in Arabic numerals within square brackets and sequenced in the order cited. The reference list should be listed alphabetically according to the names of the first three authors (if there are more than six). Please take a note of the following samples:
Journal articles:
1. Bru P, Duplantier C, Bourrat M, et al. Resumption of right atrial isthmus conduction following atrial flutter radiofrequency ablation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2000; 23[Pt.II]:1902-1907.
Book chapter:
2. Josephson ME. Supraventricular tachycardia. In: Josephson ME, ed. Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology. Philadelphia . Lea & Febiger 1994: 181-224.
3. Reddan DN, O'Shea JC, Williams K, et al. Treatment effect at different levels of creatinine clearance following eptifibatide in planned coronary stent implantation (abstr). J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37 (Suppl A):11A.
Figure Legends should be provided as a part of the manuscript on a separate sheet. One page may contain legends to two or more figures.
Tables should be prepared in a word-processing program using table format. They should follow the text or be submitted in separate files. The tables should maintain technical quality and appearance (see below) and be named accordingly.
· Figures should be submitted in separate files named by the name of the first author, several words from the title and the number of the figure. TIFF, BMP, or PS file formats are preferable (resolution at least 300 dots per inch). No Word or Excel, or other vector drawings should be sent. Omit colors or replace them with patterns whenever possible. Color figures cause additional costs and should be agreed with the editors. Color illustrations may be published on the website of the journal in parallel with the grayscale/black-and-white variant on the paper copy.
Manuscripts should be sent in electronic form to [email protected]
� seminarsincardiology.com. All Rights Reserved. Powered by jsc "Telekomunikaciniai projektai".
This is publication of lithuanian cardiologists and lithuanian heart association dedicated to medical science. For medics it's very important to get qualified information, so please take a moment to navigate the site.
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| 0.689492
| 0.310508
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Pam Crockarell
Realtor, ABR, CRS, CSP, GRI, Lifetime Member of Million Dollar Club
O: (502) 867-7399 (o)
pcrockarell@milestoneky.com
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By accessing or using the Site (as defined hereinafter), you are entering into a binding legal agreement with the Company; the website, located at http://crockarellrealestate.com (the "Site"); and the third-party service vendors who use the Site and their parent companies, subsidiaries, and affiliates (the "Company," "us," "we," and "our") relating to terms and conditions of privacy ("Privacy Policy"). This Privacy Policy is in effect for any web page; mobile application; e-mail list; and information, including Personally Identifiable Information, collected/owned by us, regardless of the method of collection, including collection through any online features, services, and/or programs we offer. This Privacy Policy is not applicable to your use of any third-party web page, mobile application, social media site, or any information collected or owned by any entity other than us.
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By accessing or using the Service, you agree to be bound by this Privacy Policy, which shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of the state of Kentucky, exclusive of its choice of law rules. For any Disputes deemed not subject to binding, individual arbitration, as provided in the section immediately below, you and the Company agree to submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state of Kentucky, or, if federal court jurisdiction exists, the United States District Court for the state of Kentucky. You and the Company agree to waive any jurisdictional, venue, or inconvenient forum objections to such courts (without affecting either party's rights to remove a case to federal court if permissible), as well as any right to a jury trial. The Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods will not apply. Any law or regulation which provides that the language of a contract shall be construed against the drafter will not apply to this Agreement. This Section will be interpreted as broadly as applicable law permits.
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__label__wiki
| 0.980353
| 0.980353
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The first batch of Nintendo games was released in 1985. It featured a total of 20 titles dafa many of which became true classics like Super Mario Bros, Duck Hunt and Excitebike. In 1987, the production of NES games exploded and kept growing for half a decade. By the official retirement of NES in 1994, over 700 original titles were licensed by Nintendo. Nearly 500 million carts were sold world-wide with Super Mario Bros alone responsible for 40 million.
Browse NES Games
Discuss Games
The original Nintendo Entertainment System was released in the United States during August of 1985, just a few years after it had been introduced in Japan as Famicom or Family Computer. Backed by classic games such as Super Mario Bros. and The Legend of Zelda, the NES was an instant hit conquering https://deportivasapuestaschile.cl/dafabet-chile millions of living rooms across the world. The console's graphics were far superior to any home system before it and left gamers with the impression of being at the arcades.
Much of the success that NES acheived was due to the favourable market conditions at that time. Hiroshi Yamauchi and Masayuki Uemura managed to release the console at a very low price while their competitors were in recession.http://deportivasapuestaschile.cl/dafabet-chile
History of the NES
The Nintendo Entertainment System uses a modified 8-bit NMOS CPU at 1.773447 MHz. With its mere 2 Kb video memory, it produces 256x240 pixel resolution with a maximum palette of 25 on-screen colors.
The hardware of the NES is designed to take a cartridge that holds the game software, take input from controllers and peripheral devices, and output graphics and sound through a television. The NES was originally modeled to have cartridges input thorugh the front of the system as opposed to the top of the system.
NES Hardware Specifications
Mario has appeared in a number of “Game and Watch” portable systems long before making his way into Super Mario Bros. for the NES.
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| 0.648162
| 0.351838
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Content Marketing: An Age-Old Strategy that Still Works Today -- a Stereo Store Story
Content marketing has become one of the buzzwords in the business marketing world. Many claim this is a new way to market. That is not correct. Providing valuable content to lure prospects and visitors has been around for a while. The distribution channels for this content may have expanded recently, but the strategy has been around for many years.
One case in point involves a tiny electronics firm in Seattle. The company opened in 1954 as Magnolia Stationers and Camera Shop in the Magnolia Village shopping district of Seattle. The owner, Len Tweten, loved music, which eventually led him to move the business into the world of high-fidelity audio. This transition over time also prompted a business name change to Magnolia Hi-Fi.
High-quality products and commitment to service were just a part of the overall plan to grow the business. Being a small business with no real marketing plan or budget, Magnolia Hi-Fi decided the best way to differentiate itself was to educate prospects with valuable information about the Hi-Fi world. To do this, the company introduced stereo buyer's guides (over 30 years ago), which provided educational content and answers to commonly asked questions on buying audio equipment.
The buyer's guides set Magnolia Hi-Fi apart from the competition. They also positioned the company as leaders and experts in their field in the eyes of their audience.
Did this content marketing plan work?
The tiny store grew into a small chain, which was acquired by Best Buy in December of 2000... for $87 million! In 2004, the Magnolia brand was incorporated into Best Buy as a store-within-a-store, known as Magnolia Home Theatre.
Content marketing works. It works best when you use multiple channels to distribute and share your content (print and digital work in perfect tandem for this strategy). Creating valuable content your prospects are looking for takes some work and resources. But don't overlook the rewards that can come from that work. It may not net you $87 million, but it can prove to be nearly as valuable.
You can read more of the details behind this remarkable story here.
2160 Stonington Avenue
Ph: 847.882.4020 Ext: 133
www.PlumGrovePrinters.com
Printing, Marketing & Promotional Products with Powerful Execution.
Content Marketing: An Age-Old Strategy that Still ...
Why You Need a Competitive Advantage
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Toxic chemicals are hiding in your house dust
Published 10:33 AM EDT, Wed September 14, 2016
According to a study by chemistry professor Vadoud Niri and his team at State University of New York at Oswego, houseplants are a good way to absorb volatile chemical compounds in the air. These compounds, commonly found in paints, furniture, printers, cleaning supplies and even dry-cleaned clothes, can have adverse health effects. Some plants are more effective in absorbing certain chemicals than others; crassula argentea (jade plant) is very good at absorbing toluene, emitted by cars, gasoline, kerosene, heating oil, paints and lacquers.
Spider plant —
Chlorophytum comosum, a kind of spider plant, can take up more than 90% of o-Xylene, found in fuels, and p-Xylene, found in plastic and rubber products. Smokers may also want to keep this plant around: Over a few days, it can absorb 90% of formaldehyde and carbon monoxide, ingredients of cigarette smoke.
Bromeliads —
These bromeliads can liven up your house with a hint of red, but they are also great air purifiers when it comes to benzene. The plant can absorb more than 90% of the chemical, which you can find in glue, paint, furniture wax and detergent. You may also breathe it in if you live near gas stations, hazardous waste sites or industrial facilities.
Caribbean tree cactus —
The Caribbean tree cactus can absorb 80% of ethylbenzene in the air. The toxic chemical can be found in items such as construction materials, electronic products, food packaging, furniture, garden care products and even toys.
Peter A. Mansfeld/Creative Commons
Dracaena —
Consider decorating with dracaena plants, which can absorb more than 90% of acetone. It's found in common products such as nail polish remover or household cleaners. Living near a busy road or a facility that manufactures paints, plastics, chemicals, artificial fibers and shoes would also increase your risk of breathing in the toxic gas.
Fern —
If the air in your home is too dry, you may want to get some ferns. These plants are good at increasing air humidity.
Peace lily —
If you work in an office in front of a computer or near printers, spathiphyllum wallisii or peace lily can help keep you healthy. They absorb electromagnetic radiation emitted by computers and printers and keep the air moisturized.
English ivy —
Another plant for cigarette smokers or those who are sensitive to smoke: hedera helix, or English ivy. It is also recommended for those who have asthma.
Ficus —
If your house smells, invest in a ficus elastica. The plant absorbs odors and reduces the number of microorganisms and the amount of toxic substances.
Snake plant —
If you're still decorating your bedroom, it's not too late to buy sansevieria trifasciata, or snake plant. It removes benzene and formaldehyde in the air and produces the greatest amount of oxygen at night.
Philodendron —
Philodendron scandens is effective in taking out formaldehyde, commonly found in cleaning products and gas stoves.
Palm tree —
A palm tree not only brings you memories of vacationing on a tropical beach, it also helps regulate humidity levels.
Healthy houseplants
A new study reviewed all data on chemicals in house dust
A total of 45 chemicals were identified, with 10 found in 90% of US homes
The most common classes of chemicals found were phthalates and flame retardants
When was the last time you dusted your house?
Your answer could reveal a lot about your home habits, but the findings of a new study might have everyone upping their game – and potentially keeping wet wipes and hand sanitizer nearby at all times.
Researchers at George Washington University say 45 toxic chemicals are found commonly in your house dust, with 10 of them lurking in 90% of homes across the country.
A new study reveals which canned foods tend to have more of the hormone-disrupting chemical BPA than others.
Spencer Platt/Getty Images
Canned foods linked to BPA risk in new study
“We wanted to identify which chemicals were present at the highest exposure in homes,” said Dr. Ami Zota, an assistant professor of environmental occupational health who led the study. “Some chemicals were in virtually every dust sample.”
To reveal which potential toxins we’re being exposed to in the comfort of our own homes, Zota’s team analyzed all studies that have sampled indoor environments in the United States since 2000. They looked for the presence of potentially toxic chemicals and divided them into five classes of chemicals, two of which were found to be more common than the rest: phthalates and flame retardants.
“Many of the top 10 fall into these two categories,” Zota said.
But when factoring in the wide range of chemicals we’re exposed to, small amounts can add up, she stressed.
Lurking in the dust
The chemicals found in dust samples came from a range of things typically found inside your home, including vinyl products – such as flooring – cosmetics, baby products, furniture and nail polish.
Cheeseburger and French fries, close-up (focus on cheeseburger)
Thomas Northcut/Photodisc/Getty Images
Fast food serves up phthalates, too, study suggests
To understand how these chemicals are entering your home, it helps to understand where they are used. Phthalates make plastic softer and more flexible, so they tend to be found in vinyl (PVC) materials such as flooring, blinds and food packaging. Flame retardants help products meet flammability standards that are built into building codes, insurance requirements and fire regulations.
The other three classes of chemicals found in dust samples included environmental phenols, usually used as preservatives in personal care products like shampoo; fluorinated chemicals, used as stain- and water-repellent treatments for upholstery, carpets and clothes and in nonstick pans; and fragrances.
Only one chemical used in fragrances had been the topic of a study, meaning many more chemicals are likely to be present in dust with little insight into them, according to the researchers. “We know very little about the health hazard of these fragrances,” said Zota.
But the researchers note that it is about more than exposure. For example, phthalates were detected in the highest concentrations in the study, but the chemicals found in flame retardants had the “highest estimated intake,” meaning they are more likely to enter the body.
“You can breathe it in and can absorb into your skin,” Zota said. “These chemicals are not bound to the products, so they can migrate out.”
A risk to child development
One of the biggest concerns underlying the presence of these chemicals hiding in house dust is the fact that children are most likely to inhale or ingest them as they crawl around, touching things and inevitably placing their hands in their mouths multiple times a day.
Common chemicals linked to endometriosis, fibroids -- and healthcare costs
“Environmental insults during early development can have long-lasting adverse health effects that persist across the lifespan,” Zota said. Phthalate exposure in children “can increase risk of respiratory, behavioral and neurodevelopmental problems.”
Phthalates are also known to disrupt hormones inside the body, meaning they could cause reproductive problems.
“We know from lead that exposures are not acceptable,” said Dr. Asa Bradman, associate director for exposure assessment at the Center for Environmental Research and Child’s Health at the University of California, Berkeley, who was not involved in the new study.
“There’s a strong argument to reduce exposure to children whose brains are changing and bodies are developing.”
As for the study findings, Bradman noted that the reason phthalates were found to be most common in house dust was probably because most studies have been done on this class of chemicals.
“By compiling information in this way, there’s always the possibility of exposures that haven’t been studied yet,” Bradman said.
Preventing exposure
Some advice to prevent exposure, other than regularly dusting your home, is to veer away from the traditional feather duster and use a powerful vacuum with a HEPA filter to ensure that all dust particles are sucked up. Regular hand-washing – which has a multitude of benefits – will also reduce exposure to flame retardants found on the surfaces of furniture.
The Silent Spring Institute has created an app to help people understand more about their environmental exposures, aptly named Detox Me.
But both Zota and Bradman stress that there needs to be more research into the range of chemicals people are exposed to at home and changes at the policy level to reduce the number of chemicals entering people’s households, through bans, better regulation and improved underlying chemistry during production.
“There may be chemicals out there that we don’t know about, that we should know about,” said Bradman, whose own research looks into exposure risks, particularly among children. His studies have found phthalates to be common in child care practices in the United States.
“But we can also reformulate materials so that chemicals don’t just go into our bodies,” he added. “There may be ways to have better adhesion [of flame retardants to furnishings] so they don’t get into the environment.”
The issue is also not specific to the United States.
“These consumer product chemicals are widely used throughout the globe and have been detected in homes in the UK and other European countries,” Zota said, adding, “since the European Union has different chemical regulations than the US, the average levels for some of the chemicals may be different than those we found for US homes.”
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HUI, XII, 2021, 199-209
Historia Universitatis Iassiensis 12, 199–209
Petronela Buruiană | Biology Higher Education in the 1970s and the Impact of the “Reform”. Projects, Debates, Reactions
Abstract. Education in the 1970s evolved in close connection with the development of science and technology, the requirements of the economy and culture, and in line with party policy. In this respect, school and university curricula were established and drawn up by the Ministry in accordance with the ideological imperatives. By the mid-1970s the political power wanted to abandon foreign educational models and sought to focus on the national foundations of science and culture. Thus, the curricula of some disciplines were merged, aiming, for example, to eliminate the morphological disciplines in the Faculty of Biology-Geography, for the biology specialization. The Ministry of Education wanted a reform of university biological education at a time when attention was focused on the dismantling of institutes and faculties. In this regard, several professors from Iasi (Petre Jitariu, Olga Necrasov, etc.), Cluj (Emil Pop) and Bucharest submitted memoirs regarding the reintroduction of some courses (Human Ecology, Anthropology of Romania, and Paleoanthropology) and the substitution of classes for other disciplines (Cytology-Histology-Embryology), as a reaction to the "reform" initiated by the Ministry. Most letters were submitted by Olga Necrasov, Professor of Morphology and Anthropology at the Faculty of Biology-Geography in Iasi, who advocated the continuation of morphological disciplines and argued the importance of maintaining a fully grounded concept in the evolution of biological education. This paper represents an incursion into the history of science by analyzing the projects which came from the authorities and the reactions that followed these initiatives. We are interested both in those who had proposals for maintaining the disciplines in the school and university curricula, the position in which they were at the time, and the finality of the debates, the extent to which their proposals were included in the biological research plan, for the period 1974-1980.
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GEOPOLITIQUE INTERNATIONALE : TOUT SUR LE CANDIDAT DONALD TRUMP A LA PRESIDENCE DES ETATS-UNIS EN 2016 ?
DONALD TRUMP PRESIDENT IN 2016?
For other uses, see Donald Trump (disambiguation).
Trump at a town hall in New Hampshire, August 2015
Donald John Trump
June 14, 1946 (age 69)
Queens, New York City
Trump Tower, Manhattan
Mar-A-Lago, Palm Beach, Florida
"The Donald"
University of Pennsylvania(B.S.)
Chairman and president ofThe Trump Organization
Chairman of Trump Plaza Associates, LLC
Chairman of Trump Atlantic City Associates
Host of The Apprentice(2004–15)
$250 million[1]
$4.5 billion (Forbes October 2015)[2]
Republican (2012–present; 2009–11; 1987–99)[3]
Previous affiliations:
Independent (2011–12)[3]
Democratic (2001–09;[3] before 1987[4])
Reform (1999–2001)[3]
Ivana Zelníčková (m. 1977–91)
Marla Maples (m. 1993–99)
Melania Knauss (m. 2005)
Donald Trump, Jr.
Barron William Trump
Parent(s)
Fred Trump
Mary Anne MacLeod Trump
This article is part of a series
The Trump Organization
Trump Entertainment Resorts
Trump Model Management
Campaign for the Presidency
Tour de Trump
Trump: The Art of the Deal
Crippled America
Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American business magnate, investor,[5] author, television personality, and candidate for President of the United States in the 2016 presidential election. He is chairman and president of The Trump Organization and the founder of Trump Entertainment Resorts. Trump's career, branding efforts, lifestyle, and outspoken manner helped make him a celebrity for years, a status amplified by the success of his NBC reality show, The Apprentice.
Trump is a son of Fred Trump, a New York City real estate developer. He was strongly influenced by his father in choosing a career in real estate development.[6] Trump worked for his father's firm, Elizabeth Trump & Son, while attending the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, and officially joined the company in 1968 upon graduation. In 1971, he was given control of the company, renaming it The Trump Organization. He remains a major figure in United States real estate and a media celebrity.[7][8]
On June 16, 2015, Trump formally announced his candidacy for president in the 2016 election, seeking the nomination of the Republican Party. His early campaigning drew intense media coverage and garnered high levels of popular support.[9] Since early July 2015, he has consistently been the front-runner in public opinion polls for the Republican Party nomination.[10][11][12] Trump's populist anti-illegal immigrant politics, and his call for a temporary moratorium on foreign Muslims entering the United States, contrast with establishment Republican positions.[13] He has earned considerable support among working class voters, amid heavy and frequent controversies in the media.
2Business career
3Business ventures and investments
3.1Trump branding and licensing
3.1.1Net worth
3.1.2Trump Tower
3.1.3Stock market investments
3.1.4Sports
3.1.5Golf
3.2Beauty pageants
4Entertainment media
4.1The Apprentice
4.2World Wrestling Entertainment
5Politics6Personal life
5.1Presidential campaign, 2016
5.1.1Muslim ban proposal and subsequent controversy
7Legal affairs8Awards and honors
7.1Corporate bankruptcies
7.2Lawsuits
7.3Allegations of business with firms linked to organized crime
7.4Political contributions
9Books authored
Trump was born on June 14, 1946,[14] in the borough of Queens[citation needed] in New York City. He is the fourth of five children born to Mary Anne (née MacLeod) and Fred Trump, who had married in 1936. His sister,Maryanne Trump Barry, is a United States federal judge on senior status for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.[15] Trump's mother was a Scottish immigrant, born on the Isle of Lewis, off the west coast ofScotland.[16] Trump's paternal grandparents were German immigrants;[17] Trump's grandfather, Frederick Trump, was a successful Klondike Gold Rush restaurateur.[18] In his 1987 book, The Art of the Deal, Donald Trump incorrectly claimed that Frederick Trump was of Swedish origin,[19][20] an assertion previously made by Fred Trump for many years.[21] Trump later acknowledged his German ancestry and served as grand marshalof the 1999 German-American Steuben Parade in New York City.[22]
While living in a two-story mock Tudor home on Wareham Place in Jamaica Estates,[23] Trump attended the private Kew-Forest School in Forest Hills, Queens, where Fred Trump, Donald's father, was a member of the Board of Trustees. Some of his siblings also attended Kew-Forest. Speaking of his son, Trump's father told an interviewer in 1983 that he "was a pretty rough fellow when he was small", prompting him to enroll the boy in the New York Military Academy (NYMA) in eighth grade for the duration of his high school education.[24] Trump participated in marching drills and wore a uniform, attaining the rank of "cadet captain" in his senior year.[25]He told a biographer in 2015 that NYMA gave him "more training militarily than a lot of the guys that go into the military".[26]
Trump attended Fordham University in the Bronx for two years before transferring to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania because Wharton then had one of the few real estate studies departments in U.S. academia.[27] He graduated in 1968 with a Bachelor of Science degree in economics.[28]
Trump came of age for the draft during the Vietnam War. In an interview in 2011 on New York station WNYW,[29] he stated, "I actually got lucky because I had a very high draft number."[30] Selective Service records retrieved by The Smoking Gun website from the National Archives show that, although Trump did eventually receive a high selective service lottery number in 1969, he was not drafted earlier because of four student deferments (2-S) while attending college, and after receiving a medical deferment (1-Y, later converted to 4-F) obtained in 1968 after his college graduation, prior to the lottery being initiated.[31] Trump was deemed fit for service after a military medical examination in 1966 and was briefly classified as 1-A by a local draft board shortly before his 1968 medical disqualification.[32] Trump attributed his medical deferment to "heel spurs" in both feet, according to a 2015 biographer,[26] but told an Iowa campaign audience he suffered from a spur in one foot, though he could not remember which one.[32]
Trump began his career at his father's real estate company,[33] Elizabeth Trump and Son,[34] which focused on middle-class rental housing in the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. One of Trump's first projects, while he was still in college, was the revitalization of the foreclosed Swifton Village apartment complex in Cincinnati, Ohio, which his father had purchased for $5.7 million in 1962. The Trumps became involved in the project and, with a $500,000 investment, turned the 1,200-unit complex's occupancy rate from 34% to 100%. In 1972, the Trump Organization sold Swifton Village for $6.75 million.[35][36]
In 1971, Trump moved to Manhattan, becoming involved in larger building projects, and used attractive architectural design to win public recognition.[6] Trump initially came to public attention in 1973 when he was accused by the Justice Department of violations of the Fair Housing Act in the operation of 39 buildings. Trump in turn accused the Justice Department of targeting his company because it was a large one, and in order to force it to rent to welfare recipients. Trump settled the charges in 1975, saying he was satisfied that the agreement did not "compel the Trump organization to accept persons on welfare as tenants unless as qualified as any other tenant."[37]
Trump made plans to acquire and develop the old Penn Central for $60 million with no money down.[38] Later, with the help of a 40-year tax abatement from the New York City government, he turned the bankruptCommodore Hotel into the Grand Hyatt[39] and created The Trump Organization.[40]
New York City had a plan to build the Javits Convention Center on property for which Trump held a right-to-buy option. Trump estimated his company could have completed the project for $110 million,[41] but the city rejected his offer and Trump received a broker's fee on the sale of the property instead. Repairs on The Wollman Rink in Central Park (built in 1955) were started in 1980 with an expected 2½-year construction schedule but were nowhere near completion by 1986. Trump took over the management of the project, at no cost to the city, and completed it in three months for $1.95 million, which was $750,000 less than the initial budget.[42]
In 1988, Trump acquired the Taj Mahal Casino in a transaction with Merv Griffin and Resorts International,[43] which led to mounting debt,[44] and by 1989, Trump was unable to meet loan payments. Although he shored up his businesses with additional loans and postponed interest payments, by 1991 increasing debt brought Trump to business bankruptcy.[44] Banks and bondholders had lost hundreds of millions of dollars but opted to restructure the debt. The Taj Mahal emerged from bankruptcy on October 5, 1991, with Trump ceding 50 percent ownership in the casino to the original bondholders in exchange for lowered interest rates on the debt and more time to pay it off.[45] He also sold his financially challenged Trump Shuttle airline and his 282-foot megayacht, the Trump Princess.[46] The late 1990s saw a resurgence in Trump's financial situation. The will of Trump's father, who died in 1999, divided an estate estimated at $250–300 million equally among his four surviving children.[21]
In 2001, Donald Trump completed Trump World Tower, a 72-story residential tower across from the United Nations Headquarters.[47] Also, he began construction on Trump Place, a multi-building development along the Hudson River. Trump owns commercial space in Trump International Hotel and Tower, a 44-story mixed-use (hotel and condominium) tower on Columbus Circle. Trump owns several million square feet of prime Manhattan real estate.[48]
Without personal capital investment,[citation needed] Trump has licensed his name and image for the development of many real estate projects, including Trump International Hotel and Tower – Honolulu, Trump International Hotel and Tower – Chicago, Trump International Hotel and Tower – Toronto, and Trump Tower – Tampa.[citation needed] At least two Trump-branded real estate projects have gone into foreclosure.[49] The Turkish owner of Trump Towers Istanbul, who pays Trump for the use of his name, was reported in December 2015 to be exploring legal means to dissociate the property after the candidate's call to bar Muslims from entering the United States.[50]
In 2015, Forbes estimated his net worth at $4 billion.[51] In June 2015, Business Insider published a June 30, 2014, financial statement supplied by Trump. The statement reflects his net worth as $8.7 billion. Of that amount, $3.3 billion is represented by "Real Estate Licensing Deals, Brand and Branded Developments", described by Business Insider as "basically [implying] that Trump values his character at $3.3 billion."[52]
Business ventures and investments
The Trump Organizationowns, operates, develops and invests in real estate around the world such as Trump International Hotel and Towerin Chicago, Illinois
Main article: The Trump Organization
Trump branding and licensing
Beyond his traditional ventures in the real estate, hospitality, and entertainment industries, Trump has established the Trump name and brand in other industries and products. With mixed success,[53][54] Trump has marketed his name on a large number of products, including Trump Mortgage (2006–07),[54] Trump Sales and Leasing (residential sales), Trump Restaurants (located in Trump Tower and consisting of Trump Buffet, Trump Catering, Trump Ice Cream Parlor, and Trump Bar), GoTrump (a 2006–07 online travel website),[54][55] Donald J. Trump Signature Collection (a line of menswear, men's accessories, and watches), Donald J. Trump: The Fragrance (2004), Trump Magazine(2007–09),[54] Trump Golf, Trump Chocolate, Trump home (home furnishings), Trump Productions (a television production company), The Trump Entrepreneur Initiative (formerly Trump University, 2005–11), Trump: The Game (1989 board game, relaunched 2005, discontinued),[54] Donald Trump's Real Estate Tycoon (a business simulation game), Trump Model Management, Trump Shuttle (1989–92),[54] Trump Ice, Trump Vodka (2005–11),[54] and Trump Steaks (launched 2007, discontinued).[54] In addition, Trump reportedly receives $1.5 million for each one-hour presentation he does for The Learning Annex.[56]
In 2011, Forbes 'financial experts estimated the value of the Trump brand at $200 million. Trump disputes this valuation, saying that his brand is worth about $3 billion.[57] Many developers pay Trump to market their properties and to be the public face for their projects.[58] For that reason, Trump does not own many of the buildings that display his name.[58] According to Forbes, this portion of Trump's empire, actually run by his children, is by far his most valuable, having a $562 million valuation. According to Forbes, there are 33 licensing projects under development including seven "condo hotels" (the seven Trump International Hotel and Tower developments).
In April 2011, amidst speculation whether Trump would run as a candidate in the U.S. presidential election of 2012, Politico quoted unnamed sources close to him stating that, if Trump should decide to run for president, he would file "financial disclosure statements that [would] show his net worth [was] in excess of $7 billion with more than $250 million of cash, and very little debt".[59] (Presidential candidates are required to disclose their finances after announcing their intentions to run.) Although Trump did not run as a candidate in the 2012 elections, his professionally prepared 2012 financial disclosure was published in his book stating a $7 billion net worth.[60]
Estimates of Trump's net worth have fluctuated along with real estate valuations: in 2015, Forbes pegged it as $4 billion,[51] while the Bloomberg Billionaires Index (which scrutinized Trump's FEC filings) estimated a net worth of $2.9 billion.[61] On June 16, 2015, just prior to announcing his candidacy for president of the United States, Trump released to the media a one-page prepared financial disclosure statement "from a big accounting firm—one of the most respected"[62] stating a net worth of $8,737,540,000.[63] "I'm really rich", Trump said.[62] Forbes called the nearly $9 billion figure a "100%" exaggeration.[64] In July 2015, the Federal election regulators released new details of Trump's wealth and financial holdings when he became a Republican presidential candidate, reporting that his assets are worth above $1.4 billion, which includes at least $70 million in stocks, and a debt of at least $265 million.[65][66]
Trump claimed in a July 2015 press release, one month after announcing his presidential run, that his "net worth is in excess of TEN BILLION DOLLARS".[66][67] However, Trump has said in the past that "my net worth fluctuates, and it goes up and down with markets and with attitudes and with feelings—even my own feelings".[68] Trump has also acknowledged that past exaggerated estimates of his wealth have been "good for financing".[69] Forbes has said that although Trump "shares a lot of information with us that helps us get to the figures we publish", he "consistently pushes for a higher net worth—especially when it comes to the value of his personal brand."[64] Forbes reduced its estimate of Trump's net worth by $125 million following Trump's controversial 2015 remarks about Mexican illegal immigrants, which ended Trump's business contracts with NBCUniversal, Univision, Macy's, Serta, PVH Corporation, and Perfumania.[70]
Trump Tower
Trump Tower, at 725 Fifth Avenue, in MidtownManhattan
Main article: Trump Tower (New York City)
Trump Tower is a 58-story, mixed-use skyscraper at 725 Fifth Avenue, at the corner of East 56th Street in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It was developed by Trump and the Equitable Life Assurance Company, and was designed by architect Der Scutt of Swanke Hayden Connell.[71] It is today solely owned by Trump.
Trump Tower occupies the former site of the architecturally significant Bonwit Teller flagship store, demolished in 1980.[72][73] Trump courted controversy for destroying valuable Art Deco bas-relief sculptures on its facade, promised to the Metropolitan Museum of Art,[72][73] and for a contractor's use of some 200 undocumented Polish immigrant workers in the rushed demolition process, who were paid (if at all) just $4 and $5 per hour for work in 12-hour-shifts.[74][75]Trump testified in 1990 he rarely visited the site and was unaware of the illegal workers, some of whom lived at the site and who were known as the "Polish Brigade". A long-running labor lawsuit was settled in 1999, with its record sealed.[74][75]
Stock market investments
According to a 2015 campaign claim, Trump made a rare foray into the stock market beginning in 2011 after facing poor returns on bank deposits and being disappointed with the depressed American real estate market. Trump stated that he was not enthusiastic to be a stock market investor, but that prime real estate at good prices was hard to find at that time. Among the stocks Trump claims to have purchased were Bank of America, Citigroup, Caterpillar Inc.,Intel, Johnson & Johnson, Procter & Gamble,[5] and Facebook.[76] On selling stock picks in 2014, Trump said he earned a $27 million profit, with 40 of the 45 stocks purchased generating a profit.[77]
In 1983, Trump purchased the New Jersey Generals for the inaugural season of the United States Football League (USFL). The Generals hired former New York Jets head coach Walt Michaels. Prior to the inaugural season, Trump sold the franchise to Oklahomaoil magnate J. Walter Duncan. Prior to the 1984 season, Duncan sold the team back to Trump.[78]
The USFL planned to play its 1986 schedule in the fall, directly opposite the National Football League (NFL), thanks mostly to Trump's strong advocacy of direct competition with the older, established league. Two years earlier, Trump sold most of his fellow owners on a move to the fall by arguing that it would eventually force a merger with the NFL—in which the owners of any USFL teams included in a merger would see their investment more than double.
The Generals merged with the Houston Gamblers during the extended offseason, adding such stars as quarterback Jim Kelly and wide receiver Ricky Sanders. Michaels was fired, replaced with former Gamblers coach Jack Pardee, who planned to bring the Gamblers' high-powered run and shoot offense with him. However, the USFL's "Dream Team" never took the field. The 1986 season was cancelled after the USFL won a minimal verdict in an antitrust lawsuit against the NFL; the league folded soon afterward.
Trump at one time acted as a financial advisor for Mike Tyson,[79] hosting Tyson's fight against Michael Spinks in Atlantic City.[80]
Further information: You've Been Trumped
A view of the Turnberry Hotel, located in Ayrshire, Scotland
The Trump Organization operates many golf courses and resorts in the U.S. and around the world.[81] On February 11, 2014, it was announced that Trump had purchased Doonbeg Golf Club in the Republic of Ireland. It was confirmed that the club would be renamed Trump International Golf Links, Ireland.[82] In 2006, Trump bought the Menie Estate in Balmedie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, creating a highly contentious golf resort, against the wishes of local residents, on an area designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest.[83][84] In April 2014, Trump purchased the Turnberry hotel and golf resort in Ayrshire, Scotland, which is a regular fixture in the Open Championship rota.[85][86] In June 2015, Trump's appeal objecting to an offshore windfarm (Aberdeen Bay Wind Farm) within sight of the golf links was denied.[87]
In December 2015 Trump's attempt to prevent the windfarm being built within sight of his golf course was dismissed by five justices at the Supreme Court. Commenting on the decision, former Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond branded Trump "three times a loser". A spokesman for the Trump Organisation responded to Salmond's comment by saying: "Does anyone care what this man thinks? He’s a has-been and totally irrelevant. The fact that he doesn’t even know what’s going on in his own constituency says it all ... He should go back to doing what he does best: unveiling pompous portraits of himself that pander to his already over-inflated ego."[88]
Further information: Miss USA, Miss Universe and Miss Teen USA
Trump has owned part or all the Miss Universe, Miss USA and Miss Teen USA beauty pageants since 1996. Among the most recognized beauty pageants in the world, the Miss Universe pageant was founded in 1952 by the California clothing company Pacific Mills.
In 2015, NBC and Univision both ended their business relationships with the Miss Universe Organization after Trump's presidential campaign kickoff speech on June 16, in which he stated:
The U.S. has become a dumping ground for everybody else's problems. [Applause] Thank you. It's true, and these are the best and the finest. When Mexico sends its people, they're not sending their best. They're not sending you. They're not sending you. They're sending people that have lots of problems, and they're bringing those problems with us. They're bringing drugs. They're bringing crime. They're rapists. And some, I assume, are good people.[89]
Trump subsequently filed a $500 million lawsuit against Univision, alleging a breach of contract and defamation. Cable network Reelz then acquired the rights to exclusively telecast the Miss USA pageant.[90][91] Trump told People magazine in July 2015 that the lawsuit against Univision was "part of the [presidential] campaign".[92] On September 11, 2015, Trump announced that he purchased NBC's stake in the Miss Universe Organization, making him the sole owner, and had "settled" his lawsuits against the network,[92]though it was not immediately clear whether Trump had filed lawsuits against NBC or merely threatened to do so.[93]
In the media, Trump is a two-time Emmy Award-nominated personality and has made appearances as a caricatured version of himself in television series and films (e.g., Home Alone 2: Lost in New York, The Nanny, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Days of Our Lives,Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps[94]), and as a character (The Little Rascals). He has been the subject of comedians, Flash cartoon artists, and online caricature artists. Trump also had his own daily talk radio program called Trumped!.[95][96][97][98][99] He also had a cameo in an episode of the television series Sex and the City.[100]
In March 2011, Trump was the subject of a Comedy Central Roast. The special was hosted by Seth MacFarlane, and roasters included Larry King, Snoop Dogg, and Anthony Jeselnik among regular roast participants. Trump's daughter Ivanka was seen in the audience.[101] In April 2011, Trump attended the White House Correspondents' Dinner, featuring comedian Seth Meyers. President Obama used the occasion to present several prepared jokes mocking Trump.[102]
On August 5, 2015, a documentary about Trump in the 1980s and 1990s appeared online, called, What's the Deal?.[103]
Trump posing with guest personality Dennis Rodman, during Rodman's 2009 participation on Celebrity Apprentice
In 2003, Trump became the executive producer and host of the NBC reality show The Apprentice, in which a group of competitors battled for a high-level management job in one of Trump's commercial enterprises. Contestants were successively "fired" and eliminated from the game. In 2004, Donald Trump filed a trademark application for the catchphrase "You're fired."[5][6][7]
For the first year of the show, Trump was paid $50,000 per episode (roughly $700,000 for the first season), but following the show's initial success, he was paid a reported $3 million per episode, making him one of the highest paid TV personalities.[citation needed] In July 2015, Trump reported in his personal financial disclosure statement with the Federal Election Commission that NBCUniversal had paid him $213,606,575 for his 14 seasons of hosting the show.[104] In 2007, Trump received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contribution to television (The Apprentice).[105]
Along with British TV producer Mark Burnett, Trump also put together The Celebrity Apprentice, in which well-known stars compete to win money for their charities. While Trump and Burnett co-produced the show, Trump stayed in the forefront, deciding winners and "firing" losers.
On February 16, 2015, NBC announced that they would be renewing The Apprentice for a 15th season.[106] Eleven days later, Trump stated that he was "not ready" to sign on for another season because of the possibility of a presidential run.[107] Despite this, on March 18, NBC announced they were going ahead with production.[108] On June 29, after widespread negative reaction stemming from Trump's campaign announcement speech, NBC released a statement saying, "Due to the recent derogatory statements by Donald Trump regarding immigrants, NBCUniversal is ending its business relationship with Mr. Trump", apparently ending Trump's role in The Apprentice.[109]
Trump is a known World Wrestling Entertainment fan and friend of WWE owner Vince McMahon. He has hosted two WrestleMania events in the Trump Plaza and has been an active participant in several of the shows.[110] Trump's Trump Taj Mahal in Atlantic City was host to the 1991 WBF Championship (which was owned by WWE, known at the time as the "World Wrestling Federation"). Trump was interviewed by Jesse Ventura ringside at WrestleMania XX.[111]
He also appeared at WrestleMania 23 in a match called "The Battle of the Billionaires".[110] Trump was in the corner of Bobby Lashley, while Vince McMahon was in the corner of Lashley's opponent Umaga with Stone Cold Steve Austin as the special guest referee.[110] The stipulation of the match was hair versus hair, which meant that either Trump or McMahon would have their head shaved if their competitor lost.[110] Lashley won the match, and he and Trump shaved McMahon bald.[110]
On June 15, 2009, as part of a storyline, McMahon announced on Monday Night Raw that he had "sold" the show to Trump.[110] Appearing on screen, Trump declared he would be at the following commercial-free episode in person and would give a full refund to the people who purchased tickets to the arena for that night's show.[110] McMahon "bought back" Raw the following week for twice the price.[110] His entrance theme "Money, Money" was written by Jim Johnston.
Trump was inducted into the celebrity wing of the WWE Hall of Fame in 2013, at Madison Square Garden for his contributions to the promotion. He made his fifth WrestleMania appearance the next night.[112]
Further information: Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2000
A 2011 report by the Center for Responsive Politics showed that over two decades of U.S. elections, Donald Trump made contributions to campaigns of both Republican Party and Democratic Party candidates.[113] In February 2012, Trump endorsed Mitt Romney for president of the United States.[114] Trump was also an early supporter of Ronald Reagan for U.S. president.[115]
Trump speaking at the 2015 Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) in National Harbor, Maryland
In April 2011, Trump questioned President Barack Obama's proof of citizenship,[116] alleging that "his grandmother in Kenya said he was born in Kenya, and she was there and witnessed the birth".[117] (Trump's claim derived from a discredited transcript of a telephone interview with Obama's grandmother, produced by a Pennsylvania pastor opposed to Obama's election.[118]) Trump also questioned whether Obama had good enough grades to warrant entry to Harvard Law School.[119] Trump claimed to have sent a team of private investigators to Hawaii, Obama's documented birthplace,[118] and told The Today Show "they cannot believe what they're finding".[120] On April 25, 2011, Trump called for Obama to end the citizenship issue by releasing the long-form of his birth certificate.[121][122] Two days later, Obama made a formal statement in efforts by the White House to put the matter to rest with the release of the long-form of Obama's birth certificate.[123] Trump expressed pride at his role in the certificate's release in a press conference follow-up, saying he hoped it "checks out" and "we have to see, is it real?"[124] When asked in July 2015 whether Obama was born in the U.S., Trump said: "I really don't know. I mean, I don't know why he wouldn't release his records."[125][126]
In December 2008, Trump emerged as an early supporter of the 2009 government-backed rescue plan for the U.S. auto industry, which by 2012 was supported by 56% of Americans (63% support in Michigan), according to a Pew Research Center poll.[127][128] Statements of Trump's hinting that vaccination would cause autism were subject to criticism in various media by the scientific community.[129][130] He has also been criticized for climate change-denying statements, because they are discordant with the opinion of the scientific community.[131]
Trump floated the idea of running for president in 1988, 2004, and 2012, and for governor of New York in 2006 and 2014, but did not enter those races.[132][133] Although a November 1999 New York Times/CBS News poll showed that 70% of Americans had an unfavorable opinion of Trump, making him less popular at the time than Linda Tripp,[134] he ran for the presidential nomination of the Reform Party in 2000 and won the party's California primary.[135][136][137][138] Trump acknowledged that his national profile has since changed: "What happened was I did The Apprentice and it became a tremendous success. Who would have thought this was going to happen?" he told interviewer Larry King in 2005. "There's sort of nothing like having the big hot show on television."[139] As Trump publicly speculated about seeking the 2012 Republican presidential nomination, a Wall Street Journal/NBC News poll released in March 2011 found Trump leading among potential contenders, one point ahead of former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney.[140] A Newsweek poll conducted in February 2011 showed Trump within a few points of Barack Obama, with many voters undecided in the November 2012 general election for president of the United States.[141] A poll released in April 2011 by Public Policy Polling showed Trump having a nine-point lead in a potential contest for the Republican nomination for president while he was still actively considering a run.[142][143] His moves were interpreted by some media as possible promotional tools for his reality show The Apprentice.[144][145][146] On May 16, 2011, Trump announced he would not run for president.[144] Public Policy Polling described the events of May 2011 as "one of the quickest rises and falls in the history of presidential politics".[147] In December 2011, Donald Trump was named among the top six of the ten most admired men and women living, according to a USA Today/Gallup poll.[148]
In January 2013, Trump (at the time a notably popular figure in Israel)[149][150] released a video endorsing Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu during the 2013 Israeli elections, stating that "A strong prime minister is a strong Israel."[151][152] In 2015, Trump was awarded the 'Liberty Award' at the 'Algemeiner Jewish 100 Gala' in honor of his positive contributions to Israel–United States relations.[153] Trump stated: "I have so many friends in Israel."[154] Following Trump's call in December 2015 to exclude Muslims from travel to the United States, numerous Jewish leaders (including Netanyahu)[155] criticized Trump's proposal, and 37 Israeli Knesset members from across the political spectrum signed a petition urging Netanyahu not to meet with Trump later that month;[156] a day later, Trump postponed his visit to Israel "until after I become President of the U.S.",[157] stating that he did not want to put Netanyahu "under pressure".[155]
In 2013, Trump was a featured speaker at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC).[158] The speech was not well-attended.[159] He spent over $1 million to research a possible run for president of the United States.[160] In October 2013, New York Republicans had circulated a memo suggesting Trump should run for governor of the state in 2014, against Andrew Cuomo. Trump said that while New York had problems and taxes were too high, running for governor was not of great interest to him.[161] In February 2015, Trump opted not to renew his television contract for The Apprentice, generating speculation that he might run for president in 2016.[162]
Presidential campaign, 2016
Main article: Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016
Trump at a presidential campaign rally, September 3, 2015
Trump formally announced his candidacy for president of the United States in the 2016 elections on June 16, 2015, from his headquarters in Trump Tower in New York City.[163][164] Trump launched his campaign declaring the official slogan, "We are going to make our country great again" with a commitment to become the "greatest jobs president that God ever created".[164][165] Immediately after his announcement in New York, Trump traveled to Iowa to campaign in the state ahead of the first-in-the-nation Iowa caucuses.[166] Trump has also campaigned extensively in New Hampshire, site of the first Republican primary.[167][168] Trump kicked off a western swing in early July 2015, giving rallies and speeches in Las Vegas[169] and Los Angeles.[170]
A survey conducted by The Economist/YouGov released July 9, 2015, became significant as the first major nationwide poll to show Trump as the 2016 Republican presidential front-runner.[171] Following that poll, from July to November 2015, Trump polled at or near the top of most opinion polls for the GOP nomination, often polling at between 20 and 40 percent of Republicans. Trump also polled well in the early-voting states of Iowa, New Hampshire and South Carolina, often leading or coming in second in these states.
Trump has frequently made bold and heavily controversial statements on issues that appeal to disenfranchised working class voters with negative opinions of immigrants.[172][173]
Trump's immigration policy calls for deportation of the 11 million illegal immigrants in the United States, and the erection of a substantial wall on the Mexico–United States border.[174] Trump has called for aggressive bombing of the Mideast terrorist group ISIS, has supported surveillance on mosques in the United States.[175]
Muslim ban proposal and subsequent controversy
In response to the 2015 San Bernardino shooting, Trump proposed a ban on Muslims entering the United States "until our country's representatives can figure out what the hell is going on."[176] Trump cited President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's World War II use of the Alien and Sedition Acts to issue of presidential proclamations to apprehend, restrain, and deport Japanese, German, and Italian alien immigrants, then Trump argued that the proclamations were good because Roosevelt is highly respected and even has highways named after him.[177][178][179][180] He later clarified that Muslims who were United States citizens or serving in the U.S. military would be let back into the United States.[181] The measure proposed by Trump would be temporary,[182] until better screening methods are devised,[183] although the proposal has also been phrased in more controversial ways.[184]
The proposal to ban Muslims drew wide criticism from sources both within the U.S. and abroad, and from unusual sources, such as foreign leaders who normally do not get involved in United States presidential campaigns, and leaders of Trump's own party holding party positions that do not normally get involved in its own party's presidential primary.[185][186] Critics included British Prime Minister David Cameron,[185] French Prime Minister Manuel Valls[187] and Canadian Foreign Minister Stéphane Dion,[188] as well as the chairman of the Republican Party Reince Priebus, Republican House Speaker Paul Ryan, and Republican Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell.[186][189] A petition to block Trump from entry to the UK has gained over 540,000 signatures, a record for the UK Government website.[190] Members of Trump's own party argued that a proposal banning members of a major world religion violated the party's conservative values, the constitution's first amendment, and the country's core values. Critics pointed out that the proposal would result in the exclusion of many of the most important allies in the country's war on terror, from interpreters helping the CIA to Jordan's King Abdullah, and that it would bolster ISIL by furthering its narrative that the U.S. is pitted against the Muslim faith. The U.S. Pentagon issued a statement that "anything that bolsters ISIL's narrative and pits the United States against the Muslim faith is certainly not only contrary to our values but contrary to our national security."[191]
Trump's mother, Mary Anne MacLeod, was born in 1912 at Tong, Stornoway, on Lewis, one of the Scottish islands. In 1930, aged 18, she sailed on holiday to New York on the RMS Transylvania, met Fred Trump and remained in the U.S., marrying him in 1936.[22]
Donald Trump's daughterIvanka, in 2009
Their son Donald was born in Queens, New York, in 1946.[192] He has four siblings: two brothers, Fred, Jr. (deceased) and Robert S. Trump; and two sisters, Maryanne and Elizabeth. His older sister, Maryanne Trump Barry, is a Third Circuit federal appeals court judge on senior status.
In 1977, Trump married model Ivana Zelníčková, a native of the Czech Republic, at Marble Collegiate Church in New York. Together they have three children: Donald, Jr. (born December 31, 1977), Ivanka (born October 30, 1981), and Eric (born January 6, 1984). Ivana Trump became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1988, with Trump at her side.[193] Trump is popularly known as "The Donald", a nickname perpetuated by the media after Ivana referred to him as such in a 1989 Spy Magazine cover story.[194][195] By early 1990, Trump's troubled marriage to Ivana and long-running affair with actress Marla Maples had become widely documented in the tabloid press,[20][196] and the couple divorced in 1991.[197] Trump married Maples on December 21, 1993, two months after the birth of their child, Tiffany (born October 13, 1993).[198] They divorced on June 8, 1999. In a February 2009 interview on ABC's news programNightline, Trump commented on his ex-wives by saying, "I just know it's very hard for them [Ivana and Marla] to compete because I do love what I do. I really love it."[199]
Trump dated model Kara Young in the mid to late 1990s,[200] and reportedly "bombarded" Princess Diana with expensive floral arrangements after her 1996 divorce from Prince Charles.[201] "I only have one regret in the women department – that I never had the opportunity to court Lady Diana Spencer", Trump wrote in his 1997 book, The Art of the Comeback. "I met her on a number of occasions … She was a genuine princess – a dream lady."[202]
In 1998, Trump met and began courting fashion model Melania Knauss, a native of Slovenia.[203][204] After becoming engaged on April 26, 2004, they were married on January 22, 2005, at Bethesda-by-the-Sea Episcopal Church, on the island of Palm Beach, Florida, followed by a reception at Trump's Mar-A-Lago estate.[205][206][207]
Donald Trump's wife,Melania, in 2011
In 2006, Melania became a naturalized U.S. citizen.[204] That same year, she gave birth to a boy, Trump's fifth child, that the couple named Barron William Trump.[208][209] (Trump had previously used the pseudonym "John Baron" in some business deals.[74]) In 2011, Melania told an interviewer her son Barron is equally fluent in English and Slovenian, thanks to his bilingual upbringing.[210]
Trump has seven grandchildren: five from his son Donald Jr. (Kai Madison, Donald John III, Tristan Milos, Spencer Frederick, and Chloe Sophia)[211][212][213] and two from his daughter Ivanka (Arabella Rose and Joseph Frederick).[214][215]
Trump is a Presbyterian.[216] In an April 2011 interview, on the 700 Club, Trump said, "I'm a Protestant, I'm a Presbyterian. And you know I've had a good relationship with the church over the years. I think religion is a wonderful thing. I think my religion is a wonderful religion."[217][218] Trump told a 2015 South Carolina campaign audience he attends Marble Collegiate Church in Manhattan, where he married his first wife Ivana in 1977, although according to The Hill, the church has said he is "not an active member".[219]
In 1983, the Reverend Norman Vincent Peale, described in a New York Times profile as Trump's "pastor" and "family minister", said that Trump was "kindly and courteous in certain business negotiations and has a profound streak of honest humility."[24] Trump calls his own book The Art of the Deal (1987) "my second favorite book of all time", and has told campaign audiences: "Do you know what my first is? The Bible! Nothing beats the Bible."[220][221] Declining to name his favorite Bible verse, Trump said "I don't like giving that out to people that you hardly know".[219]
Trump has praised prominent national evangelical leaders, including Tony Perkins and Ralph Reed.[222] In September 2015, he invited dozens of Christian and Jewish leaders to his New York City offices for a meeting and laying on of hands prayer gathering.[223] On September 30, 2015, he asked for and received a blessing from prominent Greek Orthodox priest Emmanuel Lemelson, who he asked to offer the invocation at a Trump campaign rally in Keene, New Hampshire.[224]
Asked in 2015 at an Algemeiner Journal awards ceremony about having Jewish grandchildren, Trump said: "Not only do I have Jewish grandchildren, I have a Jewish daughter (Ivanka, who converted to Judaism before her marriage to Jared Kushner) and I am very honored by that … it wasn't in the plan but I am very glad it happened."[225]
Corporate bankruptcies
Four of Trump's businesses have declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy.[226] According to a report by Forbes in 2011, these were the result of over-leveraged hotel and casino businesses in Atlantic City: Trump’s Taj Mahal (1991), Trump Plaza Hotel (1992), Trump Hotels and Casino Resorts (2004), and Trump Entertainment Resorts (2009).[227][228] Trump said "I've used the laws of this country to pare debt. … We'll have the company. We'll throw it into a chapter. We'll negotiate with the banks. We'll make a fantastic deal. You know, it's like on The Apprentice. It's not personal. It's just business."[229] He indicated that other "great entrepreneurs" do the same.[227]
The first Trump corporate entity to file bankruptcy was Trump Taj Mahal in 1991.
The first of Trump's corporate entities to file bankruptcy was in 1991, when Trump Taj Mahal was unable to pay its obligations.[229] Forbes indicated that this first bankruptcy was the only one where Trump's personal financial resources were involved. Time, however, maintains that $72 million of his personal money was also involved in a later 2004 bankruptcy.[230]
On November 2, 1992, the Trump Plaza Hotel filed a prepackaged Chapter 11 protection plan. Under the plan, Trump agreed to give up a 49 percent stake in the luxury hotel to Citibank and five other lenders.[231] In return Trump would receive more favorable terms on the remaining $550+ million owed to the lenders, and retain his position as chief executive, though he would not be paid and would not have a role in day-to-day operations.[232]
In the subsequent restructuring of these two events, Trump had eliminated a large portion of his $900 million personal debt by 1994,[233] and reduced significantly his nearly $3.5 billion in business debt. While he relinquished the Trump Princess yacht and the Trump Shuttle (which he had bought in 1989), he managed to retain Trump Tower in New York City and control of his three casinos in Atlantic City. Trump sold his ownership of West Side Yards to Asian developers as a result of his negotiations with Chase Manhattan Bank. Trump was reportedly paid a premium for placing his well-known moniker on the buildings that eventually arose. In 1995, he combined his casino holdings into the publicly held Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts. The real estate assets became a source of wealth even when profits had struggled.[234]
The third corporate bankruptcy was on October 21, 2004, when Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts announced a restructuring of its debt.[235] The plan called for Trump's individual ownership to be reduced from 56 percent to 27 percent, with bondholders receiving stock in exchange for surrendering part of the debt. Trump Hotels was forced to seek voluntary bankruptcy protection to stay afloat. After the company applied for Chapter 11 Protection in November 2004, Trump opted to relinquish his CEO position but retained a role as Chairman of the board. In May 2005[236] the company emerged from bankruptcy as Trump Entertainment Resorts Holdings.[237]
The most recent corporate bankruptcy occurred in 2009. On February 13, Trump announced that he would resign from the board of Trump Entertainment Resorts and four days later the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.[238] At that time, Trump Entertainment Resorts had three properties in Atlantic City: Trump Taj Mahal, Trump Plaza, and Trump Marina (sold in 2011). In early August 2014, Donald Trump filed a lawsuit requesting his name be removed from the Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino and the Taj Mahal facilities since he no longer runs or controls the company.[239] Trump Entertainment Resorts filed again for bankruptcy in 2014.[240]
Over the course of his career, Trump has initiated and been the target of "hundreds" of civil lawsuits, which his lawyer Alan Garten said in 2015 was "a natural part of doing business in this country".[241]
In 1973, the Justice Department filed suit against the Trump Management Corporation for alleged racial discrimination, which Trump's company disputed.[242] The case was settled out of court in 1975.[243]
In 1990, after an analyst at Janney Montgomery Scott said that Trump's Taj Mahal project would initially "break records" but would fail before the end of that year, Trump threatened to sue the firm unless the analyst recanted or was fired. The analyst refused to retract the statements, and was fired by his firm.[244] Taj Mahal declared bankruptcy for the first time in November 1990.[245] A defamation lawsuit by the analyst against Trump for $2 million was settled out of court.[246] The analyst's statements regarding the Taj Mahal's prospects were later called "stunningly accurate".[247]
In 2002, the Securities and Exchange Commission brought a financial-reporting case against Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts Inc., alleging that it had committed several "misleading statements in the company's third-quarter 1999 earnings release". The matter was settled with the defendant neither admitting nor denying the charge.[248]
During the 2008 financial crisis, Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago was unable to sell sufficient units. Lender Deutsche Bank refused to let Trump lower the prices on the units to spur sales. Arguing that the financial crisis and resulting drop in the real estate market is due to circumstances beyond his control, Trump invoked a clause in the contract to not pay the loan.[249] Trump then initiated a suit asserting that his image had been damaged. Both parties agreed to drop their suits, and sales of the units continued.[250]
In 2008, Trump filed a $100 million lawsuit for alleged fraud and civil rights violations[251] against the California city of Rancho Palos Verdes, a seaside town of 41,000 with an annual budget just under $20 million, over thwarted luxury home development and expansion plans on part of a landslide-prone golf course purchased by Trump in 2002 for $27 million.[251] Trump had previously sued a local school district over land leased from them in the re-branded Trump National Golf Club, and had further angered some local residents by renaming a thoroughfare after himself.[251] Trump's lawyer was unable to convince a judge that the city's "relentless anti-growth municipal ideology"[252] had stymied Trump's ambitions, as Trump had never submitted permit applications in the first place,[252] and the suit was ultimately withdrawn in 2012 with Trump and the city agreeing to modified geological surveys and permit extensions for some 20 proposed luxury homes (in addition to 36 homes previously approved).[252][253] Trump ultimately opted for a permanent conservation easement instead of expanded housing development on the course's driving range.[254]
In 2009, Trump was sued by investors who had put down deposits, typically $200,000–$300,000 per person, for condos in the failed Trump Ocean Resort Baja Mexico.[255] The investors alleged that Trump (whose videos promoting the development had been shown to potential investors) misrepresented his role in the project, claiming after its failure that he had been little more than a spokesperson for the entire venture, disavowing any financial responsibility for the debacle.[256] Investors were abruptly informed that they would be getting nothing back: "All that remains of Trump Baja is a highway billboard with a large photo of Donald Trump that advertises condos for sale. It hovers over a closed sales center and showroom, a paved parking lot, a big hole that cuts a wide swath, drainage pipes and construction equipment", reported the Associated Press in 2009.[255] In the litigation that ensued in a California court, Trump's attorneys sought to question a San Diego Union-Tribune reporter about a 2006 story with the headline "Trump puts 'brand' on Baja with condo-hotel", which quoted Trump saying he was a "significant" equity investor in the development.[257] The California court rejected Trump's legal maneuver, siding with attorneys who argued that California Shield Law prevented discovery of a reporter's unpublished notes.[258] In 2013, Trump settled the lawsuit with more than one hundred would-be condo owners for an undisclosed amount.[259]
In 2011, an appellate court upheld a New Jersey judge's decision dismissing Trump's $5 billion defamation lawsuit against author Timothy L. O'Brien, who had reported in his book, TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald (2006), that Trump's true net worth was in fact between $150 and $250 million, not the "billions" Trump had told the author and publicly stated in 2005.[260] Trump complained that the author's alleged underestimation of his net worth was motivated by malice and had cost him business deals and reputational damage.[261] The appellate court, however, noted the consistency of O'Brien's three confidential sources.[262]
Trump sued comedian Bill Maher for $5 million in 2013, based on comments Maher made on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, in which Maher offered $5 million payable to a charity if Trump produced his birth certificate to prove his mother had not mated with anorangutan. (Trump, in addition to having previously challenged Obama to produce his birth certificate, had offered $5 million payable to a charity of Obama's choice, if Obama produced his college applications, transcripts, and passport records.[263][264]) Trump produced his birth certificate, filing a lawsuit after Maher was not forthcoming, claiming Maher's $5 million offer was legally binding. "I don't think he was joking", Trump said. "He said it with venom."[263] Maher replied that Trump needed to learn the difference between "what a joke is and what a contract is" and that the U.S. legal system is "not a toy for rich idiots to play with", and said that it was obvious humans and orangutans can't reproduce.[265] Trump withdrew his lawsuit against the comedian after eight weeks.[266]
In 2013, a lawsuit filed by New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman accused Trump of defrauding more than 5,000 people of $40 million for the opportunity to learn Trump's real estate investment techniques in a for-profit training program, Trump University, which operated from 2005 to 2011.[267][268][269] Schneiderman contended that Trump's seminars constituted an "unlicensed, illegal educational institution" which utilized false advertising, bait-and-switch tactics, intentional misrepresentation and other fraudulent practices.[241] In January 2014, a New York Superior Court upheld part of the Attorney General's case against Trump,[270] and in October 2014, found Trump liable for not obtaining a license to operate the for-profit investment school, Trump Entrepreneur Initiative, formerly known as Trump University. (Trump ultimately stopped using the term "University" following a 2010 order from New York regulators, who called Trump's use of the word "misleading and even illegal"; the state had previously warned Trump in 2005 to drop the term or not offer seminars within New York.)[271][272][273] In a separate class action civil suit in mid-February 2014, a San Diego federal judge allowed claimants in California, Florida, and New York to proceed.[274] A Trump counterclaim, alleging that the state Attorney General's investigation was accompanied by a campaign donation shakedown, was investigated by a New York ethics board and dismissed in August 2015.[275] Trump also filed a $1 million defamation suit against former Trump University student Tarla Makaeff, who had spent about $37,000 on seminars, after she joined the class action lawsuit and publicized her classroom experiences on social media.[256] Unable to prove malice, Trump University lost an anti-SLAPP lawsuit (under statutes designed to thwart legal intimidation of class action participants) and was ordered by a U.S. District Judge in April 2015 to pay Makaeff and her lawyers $798,774.24 in legal fees and costs.[276] "That just shows you how low they will go to silence people", Makaeff said.[256]
In 2014, the former Miss Pennsylvania Sheena Monnin ultimately settled a $5 million arbitration judgment against her, having been sued by Trump after alleging that the Miss USA 2012 pageant results were rigged. Monnin wrote on her Facebook page that another contestant told her during a rehearsal that she had seen a list of the top five finalists, and when those names were called in their precise order, Monnin realized the pageant election process was suspect, compelling Monnin to resign her Miss Pennsylvania title. Trump's lawyer said that Monnin's allegations had cost the pageant a lucrative British Petroleum sponsorship deal and threatened to discourage women from entering Miss USA contests in the future.[277] According to Monnin, testimony from the Miss UniverseOrganization and Ernst & Young revealed that the top 15 finalists were selected by pageant directors regardless of preliminary judges' scores.[278] As part of the settlement, Monnin was not required to retract her original statements.[277] "Standing on truth has cost me much", Monnin said.[279]
In 2014, the model Alexia Palmer filed a civil suit against Trump Model Management for promising a $75,000 annual salary but paying only $3,380.75 for three years' work. Palmer claimed to be owed more than $200,000. Palmer contended that Trump Model Management charged, in addition to a management fee, "obscure expenses" from postage to limousine rides that consumed the remainder of her compensation. Trump attorney Alan Garten claims the lawsuit is "bogus and completely frivolous".[280][281]
In 2015, Trump initiated a $100 million lawsuit against Palm Beach County claiming that officials, in a "deliberate and malicious" act, pressured the FAA to direct air traffic to the Palm Beach International Airport over his Mar-A-Lago estate.[282] The air traffic is allegedly damaging the construction of the building and disrupting its ambience. Trump had previously sued twice over airport noise.[282]
In July 2015, Trump filed a $10 million lawsuit against chef José Andrés claiming that he backed out of a deal to open the flagship restaurant at Trump International Hotel Washington, D.C.[283] Andrés replied that Trump's lawsuit was "both unsurprising and without merit".[284] After denouncing chef Geoffrey Zakarian who, like Andrés, withdrew from the Trump International Hotel project in the wake of Trump's comments on undocumented Mexican immigrants (and who was expected to lose his $500,000 restaurant lease deposit as a result),[284] Trump sued Zakarian in August 2015 for a sum "in excess of $10 million" for lost rent and other damages.[285] Trump's lawsuit called Zakarian's offense at his remarks "curious in light of the fact that Mr. Trump's publicly shared views on immigration have remained consistent for many years, and Mr. Trump's willingness to frankly share his opinions is widely known."[285]
Allegations of business with firms linked to organized crime
Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist David Cay Johnston as well as investigative journalist Wayne Barrett, who wrote an unauthorized 1992 Trump biography, have alleged that Trump and his companies did business with New York and Philadelphia families linked to theItalian-American Mafia.[286][287] They claim Trump purchased the future site of Atlantic City's Trump Plaza for twice its market value from the Philadelphia crime family member Salvatore Testa, and according to the State of New Jersey Commission of Investigation's 1986 report on organized crime, constructed the casino using two firms controlled by Nicodemo Scarfo.[287] Although Trump was a federal target in a 1979 bribery investigation, and later questioned in a 1981 racketeering probe, neither investigation resulted in criminal charges.[287] Trump was criticized for omitting mention of that investigation in his New Jersey casino license application, and Johnston alleged that he had persuaded state officials to limit his background investigation.[286] It was also reported by Johnston and other investigative reporters that Trump Tower, Trump Plaza, and other New York City properties were constructed with concrete purchased from S & A Concrete Co., a firm owned by Anthony Salerno, head of the Genovese crime family, and Paul Castellano, head of the Gambino crime family.[286][288]
According to British investigative journalist John Sweeney, Trump walked out of an interview for the BBC's Panorama series with Sweeney after Trump was asked why he continued to do business with Felix Sater, an ex-convict who identified himself a "senior advisor to Donald Trump" (a claim disputed by Trump's representatives), after Sater's mafia and Russian criminal ties, as well as a 1998 racketeering conviction for a $40 million Mafia-linked stock fraud scheme,[289] were publicly reported in 2007.[290][291][292] Sater's fraud victims included Holocaust survivors Ernest and Judit Gottdiener, whose estate later sued Sater and a business partner for failing to pay $7 million in restitution.[293] Sater moved into a Trump Tower office on the same floor as Trump's office in 2010, according to court records and Associated Press interviews.[289] "Felix Sater, boy, I have to even think about it", Trump told the AP in December 2015. "I'm not that familiar with him."[289] When previously asked about Sater by The New York Times in December 2007, Trump said that he "didn’t really know him very well”.[291] Sater was born in Russia in 1966 and emigrated to the U.S. with his family at the age of 8,[291] and later developed ties to members of the Bonanno and Genovese crime families.[294] He worked with Trump on at least four projects including Trump SoHo, Trump International Hotel and Residence Phoenix (which failed[294]), Trump International Hotel and Residence Ft. Lauderdale (which collapsed amid allegations of fraud[295]), and an unrealized skyscraper project in Denver which involved Sater traveling with Trump to the city[296] and being interviewed together with Trump by The Rocky Mountain News in 2005.[291] Alan Garten, senior attorney for Trump, said that Sater has "got a lot of contacts" and worked with Trump scouting high-end luxury real estate opportunities, but was never formally employed, and did not close any deals for Trump over the course of a six-month non-contractual working relationship in 2010.[289] "If Mr. Sater was good enough for the government to work with", referring to the cooperation agreement which kept Sater's racketeering conviction sealed from public scrutiny for 14 years, "I see no reason why he wasn't good enough for Mr. Trump".[289]
Political contributions
According to a New York State report, Trump "circumvented" personal and corporate campaign donation limits in the 1980s by donating money to candidates from 18 different business subsidiaries, rather than giving primarily in his own name.[288] Trump told investigators he did so on the advice of lawyers, and not to curry favor with business-friendly candidates, but simply to satisfy requests from friends.[288]
Trump receiving the 2015 Marine Corps–Law Enforcement Foundation's annual Leadership Award in recognition for his contributions to American military education programs
Trump's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
Gaming Hall of Fame (class of 1995)[297]
NY Ride of Fame (class of 2010)[298]
Trump was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Business Administration (Hon. D.B.A.), in 2010 by Robert Gordon University.[299] However, this degree was revoked on December 9, 2015 because Trump had made "a number of statements that are wholly incompatible with the ethos and values of the university".[300]
Honorary Doctor of Business (Hon. D.B.), 2012, Liberty University[301]
WWE Hall of Fame (class of 2013)
Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
Statesman of the Year, The Republican Party of Sarasota, 2012, 2015[302][303]
Key to the City of Doral, Florida, 2015[304][305]
Commandant of the Marine Corps Leadership Award, 2015, Marine Corps–Law Enforcement Foundation[306]
New Jersey Boxing Hall of Fame (inducted November 12, 2015)[307]
Books authored
Trump: The Art of the Deal (1987), ISBN 978-0-345-47917-4
Trump: Surviving at the Top (1990), ISBN 978-0-394-57597-1
Trump: The Art of Survival (1991), ISBN 978-0-446-36209-2
Trump: The Art of the Comeback (1997), co-written with Kate Bohner, ISBN 978-0-8129-2964-5
The America We Deserve (2000), with Dave Shiflett, ISBN 1-58063-131-2
Trump: How to Get Rich (2004), ISBN 978-0-345-48103-0
The Way to the Top: The Best Business Advice I Ever Received (2004), ISBN 978-1-4000-5016-1
Trump: Think Like a Billionaire: Everything You Need to Know About Success, Real Estate, and Life (2004), ISBN 978-0-345-48140-5
Trump: The Best Golf Advice I Ever Received (2005), ISBN 978-0-307-20999-3
Why We Want You to be Rich: Two Men – One Message (2006), co-written with Robert Kiyosaki, ISBN 978-1-933914-02-2
Think Big and Kick Ass in Business and Life (2007), co-written with Bill Zanker, ISBN 978-0-06-154783-6
Trump: The Best Real Estate Advice I Ever Received: 100 Top Experts Share Their Strategies (2007), ISBN 978-1-4016-0255-0
Trump 101: The Way to Success (2007), ISBN 978-0-470-04710-1
Trump Never Give Up: How I Turned My Biggest Challenges into Success (2008), ISBN 978-0-470-19084-5
Think Like A Champion: An Informal Education in Business and Life (2009), ISBN 978-0-7624-3856-3
Midas Touch: Why Some Entrepreneurs Get Rich-And Why Most Don't (2011), co-written with Robert Kiyosaki, ISBN 1-61268-095-X
Time to Get Tough: Making America No. 1 Again (2011), ISBN 978-1-59698-773-9
Crippled America: How to Make America Great Again (2015), ISBN 978-1-5011-3796-9
Book: Donald Trump
Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016
List of American restaurateurs
You've Been Trumped (film)
MAKE AMERICA
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La mondialisation détruit les etats-nations elle est un échec de la globalisation !
Effet trump apres un an de présidence des etats-unis
Debat avec des journalistes francais sur le bilan des 10 premiers mois de mandat du president donald trump sur radio europe 1
Géopolitique : affaire fbi contre donaldt trump : la collusion avec la russie s' écroule ... et toujours pas de guerre mondiale
Make america great again with president donald trump
Marion maréchal le pen devant le cpac 2018 american conservative union a washington : france first - france is back !
Géopolitique internationale : et si l'on faisait le point aujourd’hui pour savoir ou en est l' amérique avec donald j. trump ?
Le pouvoir d'achat des ménages américains a augmente de 3% voir plus depuis l'election de donald trump a la tète des usa !
Trump a déjà gagne mais les médias et le clan biden ne veulent pas le reconnaître surtout que cette election a été truquée !!!
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St. Luke's Clinic – Family Medicine: Ketchum
We have been a proud member of the Wood River Valley community for more than 20 years, first as Hailey Medical Clinic and today as St. Luke's Clinic – Family Medicine. From kids and teens to moms and dads, we’re dedicated to keeping Blaine County families healthy. We believe that knowing you over many years, and knowing your family, helps us understand how your healthcare impacts your life.
At our clinic, we offer same-day appointments, as well as a wide scope of services, including:
School and sports physicals
Adult medicine: physicals, diabetes and asthma care, skin cancer screening, acute and chronic pain management
Pediatric medicine: well baby exams, immunizations, diabetes and asthma care
Women’s health: obstetrics, annual exams, contraception, pre-conceptual care/counseling, perimenopause/menopause, episodic care
Urology: care for conditions like pelvic organ prolapse; overactive bladder; enlarged prostate (BPH); prostate, bladder, and kidney cancer; erectile dysfunction; incontinence; and male infertility; as well as procedures such as circumcision, vasectomy, vasectomy reversal, and prostate biopsy
If your condition requires a specialist, we’ll help refer you to the appropriate provider.
100 Hospital Dr.
Ketchum, ID 83340
Mon - Thu: 9 a.m. - 5 p.m.
Fri: 9 a.m. - 12 p.m.
For Current Patients
After-hours & Weekends
A physician is always available on call. If you have a medical emergency, call 911 immediately or go directly to the emergency department. For after-hour phone triage staffed by nurses, please call (208) 727-8888.
On Saturdays, you may visit the walk-in clinic in Ketchum during their operating hours.
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Use Our Symptom Checker for Advice
Our symptom checker offers educational information on various conditions, and provides advice regarding home care or first aid, when appropriate, as well as instructions on when you may need to call your provider, call 911, or go to an emergency department. It also offers dosage tables for common over-the-counter drugs.
The information in our symptom checker is designed with patient safety as the highest priority. Each care guide is reviewed by physicians, specialists and nurses for accuracy.
If you need additional advice regarding your sickness or injury, please contact your provider.
Use the symptom checker now
Stephen A. Brassell, MD
Stephen A. Brassell, MD, FACS is a urologic oncologist with expertise in minimally invasive and robotic surgery and the management of complex urologic cancers. He is the medical director for urologic oncology, as well as medical director for St. Luke’s Cancer Institute in Boise.
During his Army career, Dr. Brassell completed an internship at Walter Reed Army Medical Center, followed by two years as battalion surgeon with the 10th Special Forces Group. While at Walter Reed he also served as a urologic oncologist, and was appointed the associate director of the Center for Prostate Disease Research, a multi-institutional national prostate cancer program, and assistant professor at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences.
His military courses include airborne, flight surgery, dive medical, and cold weather/mountain warfare training. He has received a Meritorious Service Medal and Army Commendation Medal among other awards. Dr. Brassell chaired over 30 research studies and has published and presented over 70 articles in the urologic literature with a focus on urologic cancer.
Robotic and open prostatectomy
Robotic and open nephrectomy
Robotic and open partial nephrectomy
Robotic and open radical cystectomy
Robotic and open partial cystectomy
Robotic and open excision of retroperitoneal tumors
Robotic and open adrenalectomy
Robotic and open ureteral surgery
Radical orchiectomy
Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection
Penectomy and organ sparing approaches to penile cancer
Inguinal lymph node dissection
Excision of any genitourinary malignancy
Specialties, Conditions & Treatments
Urologic Oncology
Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Urology
Tracey L. Busby, MD
Tracey Busby, MD has special interest in pediatrics.
Scott G. Erpelding, MD
Scott G. Erpelding, MD treats all aspects of adult urology, and has a special interest in the evaluation and treatment of men's health issues, including erectile dysfunction, BPH (enlarged prostate), and reconstructive urology. He has additional training in penile implants and artificial urinary sphincters.
He is skilled in da Vinci® robotic surgery for BPH, urologic malignancies, and reconstructive urology, and uses both percutaneous and ureteroscopic approaches for the management of kidney stones.
Men's Sexual and Reproductive Health
Caitlin P. Hopeman, MD
Caitlin P. Hopeman, MD enjoys getting to know her patients and their families, and feels privileged to be and educator and partner in helping them improve their health and navigate the health care system. She has a passion for nutrition, healthy lifestyles, childhood development, and taking a holistic and functional approach to medicine.
Prior to her medical education, Dr. Hopeman earned her bachelor's degree in molecular biology and biochemistry with a minor in Spanish at Middlebury College. She also earned her master’s in business administration at Dartmouth College through a combined program with the Geisel School of Medicine and the Tuck School of Business.
Dr. Hopeman was an outdoor educator and guide for four years for the National Outdoor Leadership School, leading trips throughout the western United States, Alaska, and Patagonia, Chile.
Robert E. Jackson, MD
Robert Jackson, MD has special interest in the treatment of male infertility and men’s health issues such as erectile dysfunction, Peyronie’s disease, and hypogonadism. He has advanced training in the surgical management of erectile dysfunction and microsurgical techniques for varicocele repair and vasectomy reversal. He also treats a full spectrum of general urologic conditions, including voiding dysfunction, nephrolithiasis, and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Dr. Jackson uses minimally invasive treatments like Rezum™ and the UroLift® System to treat BPH as an alternative to drugs or more invasive therapies.
Dr. Jackson earned his bachelor’s degree from Brigham Young University and is a member of the American Urologic Association, American Society for Reproductive Medicine, and Sexual Medicine Society of North America.
St. Luke's Cancer Institute – Urologic Oncology
St. Luke's Clinic – Family Medicine: Hailey, Aviation Dr.
St. Luke's Clinic – Urology: Boise
St. Luke's Clinic – Men's Health: Meridian
St. Luke's Clinic – Urology: Meridian
St. Luke's Clinic – Elmore Specialty
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The Girls Ran Screaming Behind Him on the Beach
by Geoff Young on Dec 17, 2008
Do you remember where you were when the Ben Davis Era (TM) ended? Neither do I. Let’s face it, that’s not the sort of thing one remembers in a life full of Things That Matter (TM).
(What’s up with all the TM’s, anyway? Or as I like to say, WUWATTA? (TM))
Quick refresher: The Padres took Davis with the second pick overall in 1995, ahead of Jose Cruz Jr., Kerry Wood, Todd Helton, Geoff Jenkins, Roy Halladay, and 1660 other guys. The track record for high-school catchers isn’t real good, and early in his career, Davis looked like he would join the ranks of those who had failed before him.
In his first full pro season, Davis hit .201/.264/.286 at Rancho Cucamonga. Granted, he was 19 years old, but… just yuck. In his 1997 Minor League Scouting Notebook, John Sickels had this to say about Davis:
He isn’t the second coming of Steve Chilcott quite yet, but Ben Davis is struggling, which shouldn’t really surprise anyone… He could still develop into a fine player. But it is less likely than it was a year ago, and if history is any guide, it wasn’t that likely to begin with.
Yep, a Chilcott mention. That is never a good thing… Sickels gave Davis a grade of C-minus, which is the lowest grade he’ll give a prospect.
But Davis improved with the bat over the next few years and, after brief stints here and there, stuck with the big club in 2001. That season he hit .239/.337/.357 in 138 games — not great, but acceptable for a 24-year-old at a demanding position. The future looked, if not bright, then… well, it had sort of a glow… let’s say it was like a cheap motel in a bad part of town; maybe some letters were missing.
Then on December 11, 2001 (it’s coming back to you now; perhaps you were at a holiday party with some co-workers — whatever happened to that guy who collected rubber bands?), Davis was traded to Seattle, where only the mighty Dan Wilson stood between him and greatness.
Dan Wilson. You remember him, right? He was basically the Deivi Cruz of catchers.
But a funny thing happened along the way. Davis never took hold of the starting job.
Who could have seen that coming? Certainly not me. I actually lamented the departure of Davis (and not just because of those cheesy commercials that showed him running along the beach followed by screaming girls — whatever, dude), figuring he’d turn into a solid contributor for the Mariners:
I still believe Davis is going to be a Mike Lieberthal type offensive player and one of the better defensive catchers in baseball. Wiki Gonzalez is a nice ballplayer, and it’s good to see him get a shot to start, but when all is said and done, he won’t be anywhere near what Davis will be.
First off, how sad is it to be arguing about Davis versus Gonzalez? It’s less interesting now than “paper or plastic” ever will be.
Second, guess which of those guys stuck around the big leagues longer? Hint: It’s not the first-round pick; it’s the guy taken in the minor-league phase of the Rule V draft. Because, you know, he just wasn’t good enough to stick with the Pirates.
On a more symmetrical note, it’s worth pointing out that both guys have a career OPS+ of 78. Why is that worth pointing out? Look, enough with the questions already.
You know what, this post is going nowhere. Hey, at least Ramon Vazquez came over in the deal. He gave us a couple good seasons before being flipped to Boston in the Dave Roberts deal and eventually, improbably, driving in seven runs in a game while playing for the Rangers.
Eh, this has no flow. I’m done. Write your own ending.
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Displaying items by tag: Back to the Future 4K Zavvi Plutonium Case
Sony sets Last Action Hero for 4K on 5/18, plus Batman v Superman 4K, The Little Things, Coming 2 America, 46th Saturn Awards nominees & more
All right, we have one last news post for you guys today to close out the week and it’s a good one...
The big news is that Sony Pictures Home Entertainment has now officially set John McTiernan’s Last Action Hero for release on 4K Ultra HD on 5/18. The film is presented newly remastered in 4K from the original camera negative with HDR10 high dynamic range and a new Dolby Atmos mix. You’ll also get the original theatrical SDDS mix presented in 5.1 and the original theatrical stereo audio.
Extras on the disc will include an all-new audio commentary with McTiernan, deleted and alternate scenes—as well as an alternate ending—all presented in 4K with HDR10, AC/DC’s Big Gun music video, the original behind-the-scenes featurette, and the theatrical trailer. The Steelbook packaging also includes a Blu-ray copy and a Digital code.
You can see the cover artwork above left and also below, and you can pre-order the title now on Amazon as well (by clicking on the cover art below)... [Read on here...]
Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice IMAX Edition 4K
Sony Pictures Home Entertainment
Last Action Hero 4K
Weird Wisconsin: The Bill Rebane Collection BD
The Little Things BD
Back to the Future 4K Zavvi Plutonium Case
The 46th Annual Saturn Awards nominees
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Microsoft word - ema_pediatric.doc
Vol. 7, No. 8, August 2011 “Can You Handle the Truth?” EMA Pediatric Trial Results Due August 31, 2011
By Barbara Godlew
In March 2011, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) unveiled the EU Clinical Trials Register (www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu) for protocol-related information from ongoing trials in pediatric and adult populations. On May 20, 2011, the EMA further required the submission of clinical trial results from pediatric trials for release to the public. It referenced Article 45 Regulation No 1901/20061 when it sent a notification letter to pharmaceutical and medical device companies setting a deadline of August 31, 2011. This new requirement may be in response to calls for greater transparency. It also follows on the heels of a recent article in the British Medical Journal that criticizes the EMA’s apparent lack of transparency.2 EMA has given industry and academia less than four months to submit the data. Some may not be aware of the urgency of the situation. The European Commission may authorize EMA assess fines for delinquent submissions. Since the enactment of the European Clinical Trials Directive (Directive 2001/20/EC)3 in 2001, which governs public access to clinical trial information in the European Community, researchers and patient advocacy groups have stepped up requests for increased transparency of clinical trial data. In many cases, this data has not been available from the EMA because of its concerns. Further, it often has been locked up in complex industry and academic software systems and databases that are not conducive to data export. Indeed, a recent article in the British Medical Journal detailed two Danish researchers’ three-year dialogue with the EMA to obtain access to the clinical study reports and corresponding protocols for 15 placebo-controlled trials of two anti-obesity drugs.4 In the article, Peter Gøtzsche and Anders Jørgensen describe the challenges they faced in getting access to unpublished trial reports from the EMA for the drugs rimonabant and orlistat. Rimonabant (Acomplia, Sanofi-aventis) encountered numerous regulatory hurdles in the United States prior to Sanofi-aventis withdrawing the associated new drug application. It was withdrawn from the European market in 2008 following disclosure of information related to the risk of psychiatric adverse events, including suicidality.5 Orlistat (Xenical, Roche; alli, GlaxoSmithKline) has also faced post-approval challenges, with patient advocacy groups calling for its withdrawal from the market.6 Gøtzsche and Jørgensen suggested that allowing public access to unpublished trial data would benefit public health and that regulators should promote access to full information. Although the British Medical Journal article focused on the lack of transparency for drugs targeted for an adult population, the current push from the EMA is for data from clinical trials in pediatric populations. Enforcement of regulations pertaining to data from adult-oriented clinical trials will start in the next year or two.7 Accompanying the European Clinical Trials Directive are a number of corresponding regulations regarding the disclosure of clinical trial information: Article 57 of Regulation (EC) No. 726/2004,8 which pertains to clinical trials in adults; Article 41 of Regulation (EC) No. 1901/2006,9 which pertains to clinical trials in pediatric populations; and Article 45 of Regulation No. 1901/2006,10 which required pharmaceutical and medical device companies to submit to the EMA a “line listing” of clinical trials completed in children as of January 2008. 2011 First Clinical Research and the Author(s) Figure 1. Minimum Data Requirements
for Pediatric Clinical Trial Results in
Spreadsheet Submission
A spreadsheet containing trial result A synopsis in accordance with the ICH Participants of the trial: Inclusion criteria Participants of the trial: Exclusion criteria All pediatric clinical trial results data for nationally and EMA (“centrally authorized”) active substances will become available to the general public through the EMA's website as part of an interim publication before the release of the results database (EudraCT Version 9), which might occur in late 2012. The EMA will not validate the results-related responsibility of the marketing authorization nationally authorized products. For further ([email protected]). Conclusion
Industry and academia had been waiting for EMA to provide guidance on the format of
clinical trial results submissions. The EMA has now provided this guidance but has given
industry and academia less than four months to submit the data, creating a resource challenge, to say the least. Although identification of most pediatric trials conducted in the European Community should be accounted for in the 2008 line listings already submitted to the EMA, sponsors should immediately identify both adult trial results and post-2008 pediatric trial results for submission to the EMA clinical trial results database. References
1. Regulation (EC) No 1901/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12
December 2006 on medicinal products for paediatric use and amending Regulation (EEC) No 1768/92, Directive 2001/20/EC, Directive 2001/83/EC and Regulation (EC) No 726/2004. Off J Eur Union. 2006;378:1-19. 2011 First Clinical Research and the Author(s) 2. Gøtzsche PC, Jørgensen AW. Opening up data at the European Medicines Agency. BMJ 3. European Commission. Directive 2001/20/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 April 2001 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the member states relating to the implementation of good clinical practice in the conduct of clinical trials on medicinal products for human use. Off J Eur Commun. 4. Gøtzsche PC, Jørgensen AW. Opening up data at the European Medicines Agency. BMJ 5. Christensen R, Kristensen PK, Bartels EM, Bliddal H, Astrup A. Efficacy and safety of the weight-loss drug rimonabant: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet. 6. Letter from Public Citizen to Margaret Hamburg, MD, Commissioner of the United States Food and Drug Administration. April 14, 2011. http://www.citizen.org/documents/1942.pdf. 7. Sweeney F. European Medicines Agency. Presentation at the European Drug Information Association Clinical Trials Registry conference. May 23-24, 2011. Basel, CH. 8. European Commission. Communication from the commission regarding the guideline on the data fields contained in the clinical trials database provided for in Article 11 of Directive 2001/20/EC to be included in the database on medicinal products provided for in Article 57 of Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 (2008/C 168/ 02). Off J Eur Union. 2008;51:3–4. 9. European Commission. Communication from the commission—guidance on the information concerning paediatric clinical trials to be entered into the EU Database on Clinical Trials (EudraCT) and on the information to be made public by the European Medicines Agency (EMEA), in accordance with Article 41 of Regulation (EC) No 1901/2006. Off J Eur Union. 2009;28:1–4. 10. Regulation (EC) No 1901/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on medicinal products for paediatric use and amending Regulation (EEC) No 1768/92, Directive 2001/20/EC, Directive 2001/83/EC and Regulation (EC) No 726/2004. Off J Eur Union. 2006;378:1-19. Author
Barbara Godlew is a Director with Huron Life Sciences. Contact her at 1.312.880.0451 or
2011 First Clinical Research and the Author(s)
Source: http://firstclinical.com/journal/2011/1108_EMA_Pediatric.pdf
folger.edu
Selected Bibliography for “Connections, Trust, and Causation in Economic History” This spring 2008 Faculty Weekend Seminar was directed by Craig Muldrew , University Lecturer in the Faculty of History and a Fellow of Queens’ College, Cambridge University. His publications include The Economy of Obligation: The Culture of Credit and Social Relations in Early Modern England
2010 anti-doping guidelines for iff events
International Floorball Federation Anti-Doping Guidelines for IFF Events Edition 2010 INTERNATIONAL FLOORBALL FEDERATION (IFF) General Information During the IFF Events (WFC, U19 WFC, EFC and Qualifications) there will be doping control carried out. The players, who use medications that fall under the Prohibited List, must fill in the Therapeutic Use Exemption f
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Vilfredo Federico Damaso Pareto (vilˈfreːdo paˈreːto; 15 July 1848 – 19 August 1923), born Wilfried Fritz Pareto, was an Italian
An engineer is a professional practitioner of engineering, concerned with applying scientific knowledge, mathematics and ingenuity to develop solutions for technical problems. Engineers design materials, structures, machines and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality,...
, sociologist, economist
An economist is a professional in the social science discipline of economics. The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy...
, political scientist and philosopher. He made several important contributions to economics, particularly in the study of income distribution and in the analysis of individuals' choices. "His legacy as an economist was profound. Partly because of him, the field evolved from a branch of moral philosophy as practiced by Adam Smith
Adam Smith was a Scottish social philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations...
into a data intensive field of scientific research and mathematical equations. His books look more like modern economics than most other texts of that day: tables of statistics from across the world and ages, rows of integral signs and equations, intricate charts and graphs." He introduced the concept of Pareto efficiency
Pareto efficiency
Pareto efficiency, or Pareto optimality, is a concept in economics with applications in engineering and social sciences. The term is named after Vilfredo Pareto, an Italian economist who used the concept in his studies of economic efficiency and income distribution.Given an initial allocation of...
and helped develop the field of microeconomics
Microeconomics is a branch of economics that studies the behavior of how the individual modern household and firms make decisions to allocate limited resources. Typically, it applies to markets where goods or services are being bought and sold...
. He also was the first to discover that income
Income is the consumption and savings opportunity gained by an entity within a specified time frame, which is generally expressed in monetary terms. However, for households and individuals, "income is the sum of all the wages, salaries, profits, interests payments, rents and other forms of earnings...
follows a Pareto distribution, which is a power law
A power law is a special kind of mathematical relationship between two quantities. When the frequency of an event varies as a power of some attribute of that event , the frequency is said to follow a power law. For instance, the number of cities having a certain population size is found to vary...
probability distribution. The Pareto principle
The Pareto principle states that, for many events, roughly 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes.Business-management consultant Joseph M...
was named after him and built on observations of his such as that 80% of the land in Italy was owned by 20% of the population. He also contributed to the fields of sociology
Sociology is the study of society. It is a social science—a term with which it is sometimes synonymous—which uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about human social activity...
and mathematics
Mathematics is the study of quantity, space, structure, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns and formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proofs, which are arguments sufficient to convince other mathematicians of their validity...
Pareto was born of an exiled noble Genoese
Genoa |Ligurian]] Zena ; Latin and, archaically, English Genua) is a city and an important seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria....
family in 1848 in Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
, the centre of the popular revolutions of that year. His father, Raffaele Pareto (1812–1882), was an Italian civil engineer and Ligurian marchese who had left Italy much like Mazzini and other Italian nationalists. His mother, Marie Metenier, was a French woman. Enthusiastic about the 1848 German revolution
Revolutions of 1848 in the German states
The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states, also called the March Revolution – part of the Revolutions of 1848 that broke out in many countries of Europe – were a series of loosely coordinated protests and rebellions in the states of the German Confederation, including the Austrian Empire...
, his parents named him Fritz Wilfried, which became Vilfredo Federico upon his family's move back to Italy in 1858. In his childhood, Pareto lived in a middle-class environment, receiving a high standard of education. In 1870, he earned a degree in engineering from what is now the Polytechnic University of Turin. His dissertation was entitled "The Fundamental Principles of Equilibrium in Solid Bodies". His later interest in equilibrium analysis in economics
Economic equilibrium
In economics, economic equilibrium is a state of the world where economic forces are balanced and in the absence of external influences the values of economic variables will not change. It is the point at which quantity demanded and quantity supplied are equal...
and sociology
Social equilibrium
In sociology, a system is said to be social equilibrium when there is a dynamic working balance among its interdependent parts . Each subsystem will adjust to any change in the other subsystems and will continue to do so until an equilibrium is retained...
can be traced back to this paper.
Civil engineer to liberal to economist
For some years after graduation, he worked as a civil engineer
A civil engineer is a person who practices civil engineering; the application of planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating infrastructures while protecting the public and environmental health, as well as improving existing infrastructures that have been neglected.Originally, a...
, first for the state-owned Italian Railway Company and later in private industry. He did not begin serious work in economics until his mid-forties. He started his career a fiery liberal
Classical liberalism is the philosophy committed to the ideal of limited government, constitutionalism, rule of law, due process, and liberty of individuals including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and free markets....
, besting the most ardent British liberals with his attacks on any form of government intervention in the free market
A free market is a competitive market where prices are determined by supply and demand. However, the term is also commonly used for markets in which economic intervention and regulation by the state is limited to tax collection, and enforcement of private ownership and contracts...
. In 1886 he became a lecturer on economics and management
Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively...
at the University of Florence
University of Florence
The University of Florence is a higher study institute in Florence, central Italy. One of the largest and oldest universities in the country, it consists of 12 faculties...
. His stay in Florence
Florence is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the province of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with approximately 370,000 inhabitants, expanding to over 1.5 million in the metropolitan area....
was marked by political activity, much of it fueled by his own frustrations with government regulators. In 1889, after the death of his parents, Pareto changed his lifestyle, quitting his job and marrying a Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
n, Alessandrina Bakunin. She later left him for a young servant.
Economics and sociology
In 1893, he was appointed a lecturer in economics at the University of Lausanne
The University of Lausanne in Lausanne, Switzerland was founded in 1537 as a school of theology, before being made a university in 1890. Today about 12,000 students and 2200 researchers study and work at the university...
in Switzerland
Switzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....
where he remained for the rest of his life. In 1906, he made the famous observation that twenty percent of the population owned eighty percent of the property in Italy, later generalised by Joseph M. Juran
Joseph M. Juran
Joseph Moses Juran was a 20th century management consultant who is principally remembered as an evangelist for quality and quality management, writing several influential books on those subjects. He was the brother of Academy Award winner Nathan H...
into the Pareto principle
(also termed the 80-20 rule). In one of his books published in 1909 he showed the Pareto distribution of how wealth is distributed, he believed "through any human society, in any age, or country". He maintained cordial personal relationships with individual socialists, but always thought their economic ideas were severely flawed. He later became suspicious of their humanitarian motives and denounced socialist leaders as an 'aristocracy of brigands' who threatened to despoil the country and criticized the government of Giovanni Giolitti
Giovanni Giolitti
Giovanni Giolitti was an Italian statesman. He was the 19th, 25th, 29th, 32nd and 37th Prime Minister of Italy between 1892 and 1921. A left-wing liberal, Giolitti's periods in office were notable for the passage of a wide range of progressive social reforms which improved the living standards of...
for not taking a tougher stance against worker strikes. Growing unrest among labor in Italy led him to the anti-socialist and anti-democratic camp. His attitude toward fascism
Fascism is a radical authoritarian nationalist political ideology. Fascists seek to rejuvenate their nation based on commitment to the national community as an organic entity, in which individuals are bound together in national identity by suprapersonal connections of ancestry, culture, and blood...
in his last years is a matter of controversy.
In the 1920s Pareto remarried. He died in Geneva
Geneva In the national languages of Switzerland the city is known as Genf , Ginevra and Genevra is the second-most-populous city in Switzerland and is the most populous city of Romandie, the French-speaking part of Switzerland...
, Switzerland, 19 August 1923, "among a menagerie of cats that he and his french lover kept" in their villa; "the local divorce laws prevented him from divorcing his wife and remarrying until just a few months before his death."
Pareto's later years were spent in collecting the material for his best-known work, Trattato di sociologia generale (1916) ("The Mind and Society" (1935)). His final work was Compendio di sociologia generale (1920).
In his Trattato di Sociologia Generale (1916, rev. French trans. 1917), published in English by Harcourt, Brace in a four-volume edition edited by Arthur Livingston
Arthur Livingston
Arthur Livingston , was an American professor of Romance languages and literatures, translator, and publisher, who played a significant role in introducing a number of European writers to readers in the United States in the period between World War I and World War II.-Biography:Arthur Livingston...
under the title The Mind and Society
The Mind and Society
The Mind and Society is the English title of the seminal sociological work Trattato di Sociologia Generale by the Italian sociologist and economist Vilfredo Pareto ....
(1935), Pareto put forward the first social cycle theory
Social cycle theory
Social cycle theories are among the earliest social theories in sociology. Unlike the theory of social evolutionism, which views the evolution of society and human history as progressing in some new, unique direction, sociological cycle theory argues that events and stages of society and history...
in sociology. He is famous for saying "history is a graveyard of aristocracies."
Pareto seems to have turned to sociology for an understanding of why his abstract mathematical economic theories did not work out in practice, in the belief that unforeseen or uncontrollable social factors intervened. His sociology holds that much social action is nonlogical and that much personal action is designed to give nonrational actions to spurious logicality. We are driven, he taught, by certain "residues" and by "derivations" from these residues. The more important of these have to do with conservatism and risk-taking, and human history is the story of the alternate dominance of these sentiments in the ruling elite, which comes into power strong in conservatism but gradually changes over to the philosophy of the "foxes" or speculators. A catastrophe results, with a return to conservatism; the "lion" mentality follows. This cycle might be broken by the use of force, says Pareto, but the elite becomes weak and humanitarian and shrinks from violence.
Pareto's sociology was introduced to the United States by George Homans and Lawrence J. Henderson at Harvard, and had considerable influence, especially on Harvard sociologist Talcott Parsons
Talcott Parsons
Talcott Parsons was an American sociologist who served on the faculty of Harvard University from 1927 to 1973....
, who developed a systems approach to society and economics that argues the status quo is usually functional.
Fascism and power distribution
Benoît Mandelbrot
Benoît B. Mandelbrot was a French American mathematician. Born in Poland, he moved to France with his family when he was a child...
writes:
"One of Pareto's equations achieved special prominence, and controversy. He was fascinated by problems of power and wealth. How do people get it? How is it distributed around society? How do those who have it use it? The gulf between rich and poor has always been part of the human condition, but Pareto resolved to measure it. He gathered reams of data on wealth and income through different centuries, through different countries: the tax records of Basel, Switzerland, from 1454 and from Augsburg, Germany in 1471, 1498 and 1512; contemporary rental income from Paris; personal income from Britain
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
, Prussia
Prussia was a German kingdom and historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled Prussia, successfully expanding its size by way of an unusually well-organized and effective army. Prussia shaped the history...
, Saxony
The Free State of Saxony is a landlocked state of Germany, contingent with Brandenburg, Saxony Anhalt, Thuringia, Bavaria, the Czech Republic and Poland. It is the tenth-largest German state in area, with of Germany's sixteen states....
, Ireland
Ireland is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth...
. What he found – or thought he found – was striking. When he plotted the data on graph paper, with income on one axis, and number of people with that income on the other, he saw the same picture nearly everywhere in every era. Society was not a "social pyramid" with the proportion of rich to poor sloping gently from one class to the next. Instead it was more of a "social arrow" – very fat on the bottom where the mass of men live, and very thin at the top where sit the wealthy elite. Nor was this effect by chance; the data did not remotely fit a bell curve, as one would expect if wealth were distributed randomly. "It is a social law," he wrote: something "in the nature of man".
Pareto's discovery that power law
s applied to income distribution embroiled him in political change and the nascent Fascist movement, whether he really sided with the Fascists or not. Fascists such as Mussolini
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism....
found inspiration for their own economic ideas in his discoveries. He had discovered something that was harsh and Darwinian, in Pareto's view. And this fueled both the anger and the energy of the Fascist movement because it fueled their economic and social views. He wrote that, as Mandelbrot summarizes:
"At the bottom of the Wealth curve, he wrote, Men and Women starve and children die young. In the broad middle of the curve all is turmoil and motion: people rising and falling, climbing by talent or luck and falling by alcoholism, tuberculosis and other kinds of unfitness. At the very top sit the elite of the elite, who control wealth and power for a time – until they are unseated through revolution or upheaval by a new aristocratic class. There is no progress in human history. Democracy is a fraud. Human nature is primitive, emotional, unyielding. The smarter, abler, stronger, and shrewder take the lion's share. The weak starve, lest society become degenerate: One can, Pareto wrote, 'compare the social body to the human body, which will promptly perish if prevented from eliminating toxins.' Inflammatory stuff – and it burned Pareto's reputation."
Pareto had argued that democracy was an illusion and that a ruling class always emerged and enriched itself. For him, the key question was how actively the rulers ruled. For this reason he called for a drastic reduction of the state and welcomed Benito Mussolini
's rule as a transition to this minimal state so as to liberate the "pure" economic forces.
To quote Pareto's biographer:
"In the first years of his rule Mussolini literally executed the policy prescribed by Pareto, destroying political liberalism, but at the same time largely replacing state management of private enterprise, diminishing taxes on property, favoring industrial development, imposing a religious education in dogmas".
Sir Karl Raimund Popper, CH FRS FBA was an Austro-British philosopher and a professor at the London School of Economics...
dubbed him the "theoretician of totalitarianism," but there is no evidence in Popper's published work that he read Pareto in any detail before repeating what was then a common but dubious judgment in anti-fascist circles.
It is true that Pareto regarded Mussolini's triumph as a confirmation of certain of his ideas, largely because Mussolini demonstrated the importance of force and shared his contempt for bourgeois parlementarism. He accepted a "royal" nomination to the Italian senate from Mussolini. But he died less than a year into the new regime's existence.
Some fascist writers were much enamored of Pareto, writing such paeans as:
"Just as the weaknesses of the flesh delayed, but could not prevent, the triumph of Saint Augustine, so a rationalistic vocation retarded but did not impede the flowering of the mysticism of Pareto. For that reason, Fascism, having become victorious, extolled him in life, and glorifies his memory, like that of a confessor of its faith."
On being sent an anti-Semitic book, Pareto's reply indicated no repulsion for it. But many modern historians reject the notion that Pareto's thought was essentially fascistic or that he is properly regarded as a supporter of fascism.
Economic concepts
Pareto turned his interest to economic matters and he became an advocate of free trade, finding himself in difficulty with the Italian government. His writings reflected the ideas of Leon Walras
Léon Walras
Marie-Esprit-Léon Walras was a French mathematical economist associated with the creation of the general equilibrium theory.-Life and career:...
that economics is essentially a mathematical science. Pareto was a leader of the "Lausanne School" and represents the second generation of the Neoclassical revolution. His "tastes-and-obstacles" approach to general equilibrium theory were resurrected during the great "Paretian Revival" of the 1930s and have influenced theoretical economics since.
In his Manual of Political Economy (1906) the focus is on equilibrium in terms of solutions to individual problems of "objectives and constraints". He used the indifference curve of Edgeworth (1881) extensively, for the theory of the consumer and, another great novelty, in his theory of the producer. He gave the first presentation of the trade-off box now known as the "Edgeworth-Bowley" box.
Pareto realized that cardinal utility could be dispensed with—that is, it was not necessary to know how much a person valued this or that, only that he preferred X of this to Y of that. Utility was a preference-ordering. With this, Pareto not only inaugurated modern microeconomics, but he also demolished the alliance of economics and utilitarian philosophy (which calls for the greatest good for the greatest number; Pareto said "good" cannot be measured). He replaced it with the notion of Pareto-optimality, the idea that a system is enjoying maximum economic satisfaction when no one can be made better off without making someone else worse off. Pareto optimality is widely used in welfare economics and game theory. A standard theorem is that a perfectly competitive market creates distributions of wealth that are Pareto optimal.
Some economic concepts in current use are based on his work:
The Pareto index
Pareto index
In economics the Pareto index, named after the Italian economist and sociologist Vilfredo Pareto, is a measure of the breadth of income or wealth distribution. It is one of the parameters specifying a Pareto distribution and embodies the Pareto principle...
is a measure of the inequality of income distribution.
He argued that in all countries and times, the distribution of income and wealth is highly skewed, with a few holding most of the wealth. He argued that all observed societies follow a regular logarithmic pattern:
log N = log A + m log x
where N is the number of people with wealth higher than x, and A and m are constants. Over the years, Pareto's Law has proved remarkably close to observed data.
The Pareto chart is a special type of histogram
In statistics, a histogram is a graphical representation showing a visual impression of the distribution of data. It is an estimate of the probability distribution of a continuous variable and was first introduced by Karl Pearson...
, used to view causes of a problem in order of severity from largest to smallest. It is a statistical tool that graphically demonstrates the Pareto principle or the 80-20 rule.
Pareto's law
Pareto's law is either of the following* the Pareto principle* the Pareto distribution...
concerns the distribution of income.
The Pareto distribution is a probability distribution
In probability theory, a probability mass, probability density, or probability distribution is a function that describes the probability of a random variable taking certain values....
used, among other things, as a mathematical realization of Pareto's law.
Ophelimity
Ophelimity is an economic concept introduced by Vilfredo Pareto as a measure of purely economic satisfaction, so he could use the already well-established term utility as a measure of a more broadly-based satisfaction encompassing other dimensions as well, such as the ethical, moral, religious, and...
is a measure of purely economic satisfaction.
Vilfredo Pareto. Cours d'économie politique professé a l'université de Lausanne. Vol. I' 1896; Vol. II, 1897.
Vilfredo Pareto. Les systèmes socialistes. 1902.
Vilfredo Pareto. Manual of Political Economy. Augustus M. Kelley, 1971 (translation of French edition from 1927).
Vilfredo Pareto. Trattato Di Sociologia Generale (4 vols.). G. Barbéra, 1916.
Aron, Raymond. (1967) Main Currents in Sociological Thought: Durkheim, Pareto, Weber - Vol. 2 online edition; excerpt and text search
Bruno, G. (1987). “Pareto, Vilfredo" The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 5, pp. 799–804.
Cirillo, R. The Economics of Vilfredo Pareto (1978)
Eisermann, G.(2001). "Pareto, Vilfredo (1848–1923," International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
The International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences , edited by Neil J. Smelser andPaul B. Baltes, is a 26-volume work. It has some 4,000 signed articles, commissioned by around 50 subject editors, and includes biographical entries, 122,400 entries, and an extensivehierarchical...
, pp. 11048–11051. Abstract.
Femia, Joseph V. Pareto and Political Theory (2006) excerpt and text search
Homans, George C., and Charles P. Curtis Jr. An Introduction to Pareto: His Sociology (1934) online edition
Kirman, A. P. (1987). “Pareto as an economist" The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 5, pp. 804–08.
Tarascio, Vincent J. (1968) Pareto's Methodological Approach to Economics: A Study in the History of Some Scientific Aspects of Economic Thought 1968 online edition
Further information from New School University
Review materials for studying Vilfredo Pareto
Vilfredo Pareto Biography at the Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Library of Economics and Liberty, Econlib
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Susan G. Komen spreads awareness with a new store in Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza
March 7, 2012 By Contributor Leave a Comment
By Samantha Katzman
Back in October, the Susan G. Komen Brest Cancer Foundation opened one of its temporary PINK stores opened in the Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza. The store was only meant to stay open for about a month. But now, as March begins, the store is still there. The community response to the shop, which offers free breast cancer screenings and other health services, was so strong that the store is now open permanently.
PINK’s success is a point of pride for DaJuan Wilson, who has managed the shop since it opened. Wilson has seen the impact that a store like this can have in a community like Crenshaw.
“[We want] to bring awareness to the community,” he said, “to give information, which is awareness, products and support.”
“We saw the good that it did,” Wilson said about the decision to stay. “There’s a lot of people who were unaware and there’s a lot of people who needed the services that we have.”
Oliver Guillen, the mall manager, agreed. “It was so well received, and the owners of the mall feel that it is such a great service, especially in the area that we’re in,” Guillen said.
The store provides mammogram screening to uninsured women over 40 years old. Wilson knows there is a lack of information given to people in low-income minority areas like Crenshaw, and his role gives him the means to educate the community.
The center provides screenings every Saturday for three hours in the afternoon. It has seen hundreds of women who have filled up their appointment slots. The screening results are sent by mail to the homes of the clients, and their information is kept completely confidential. Some women, Wilson said, have come in thanking them for the screening. The store reaches groups of people who may otherwise not receive these tests.
“Black and Hispanic communities are really affected with certain things like diabetes and cancer so on and so forth,” Guillen said. “They have limited resources available to them to be able to really diagnose, treat, and ask questions even.” It’s important to keep PINK open to give area residents who are without healthcare, or struggling financially, time to find their way to it and the services it offers, he said.
“I know a lot of ladies on welfare that could use this service,” said local resident and mall regular Dolores Powell.
Wilson makes sure everyone who enters to shop is made aware of the range of services PINK offers.
Wilson might not appear the most likely advocate for women’s health. He is a personal trainer, and stands over six feet tall with a strong, muscular build and kind eyes. A mobile training program takes him from his home in Crenshaw to the far-flung corners of Los Angeles. He says he has constant interactions with every stripe of resident throughout the city, which has heightened his awareness to the need for a proactive approach to breast cancer — which crosses every racial and economic line.
His passion for health and for keeping women informed about their well-being is only part of the reason he is so passionate about Susan G. Komen and the cause.
“My auntie and grandmother both had breast cancer,” he said. The late detection of their illnesses and their untimely deaths is a driving force behind his commitment to getting women screened for breast cancer early and often.
Wilson is inspired by the positive feedback the store immediately gained.
“There are still a lot of people that don’t know about this store,” Wilson said, “so we are trying to reach out to people who don’t know.”
The commitment of PINK to remain in the mall indefinitely is crucial to its impact, he said, as many residents have yet to discover it.
“I didn’t even know that store was there,” said Dolores Powell, “But it will definitely help the community.”
Filed Under: Community Tagged With: baldwin hills crenshaw plaza, breast cancer, pink, samantha katzman, susan g. komen, susan g. komen brest cancer foundation
Breast cancer survivors speak out about the deadly disease
October 25, 2010 By Ruth Frantz Leave a Comment
Listen to the audio story:
Breast cancer is the second most common cancer, after skin cancer, in women. The chance of a woman having invasive breast cancer some time in her life is less than one in eight.
In an effort to support National Breast Cancer Awareness Month, The South Los Angeles Report visited and listened to stories from women affected by the disease. The Women of Color Breast Cancer Survivors Support Group is made up of cancer survivors, supporters of cancer survivors and those currently receiving treatment for cancer.
Housed in a dilapidated medical building on a sleepy street in Inglewood, the Women of Color Breast Cancer Survivors Support Group works to educate women on a cancer that kills one woman in the United States every 15 minutes.
“I didn’t know black women got breast cancer,” said Happy Johnson, who was diagnosed with Stage III breast cancer in 1998. “I never saw someone who looked like me on a poster.”
Listen to Johnson’s story:
The women gathered to tell their stories in hopes that more black and Hispanic women will realize breast cancer can happen to them.
“Early detection is key,” said two-year survivor Mary Battle. “I am a witness of that.”
Battle was diagnosed at the age of 60 with Stage 0 breast cancer, the least aggressive form of the disease.
“I am the third straight generation in my family affected with cancer,” Battle said.
Battle had a double mastectomy a month after she was diagnosed.
“I wasn’t fooling around,” she said.
Listen to Battle’s story:
Marva Cobb, whose mother died of breast cancer in 1996, was diagnosed in 2004. Cobb immediately turned to the Women of Color Breast Cancer Survivors Support Group, a group that offered so much support to her mother.
Listen to Cobb’s story:
Filed Under: Community, Featured Tagged With: breast cancer, breast cancer awareness month, South Los Angeles, women of color survivor support group
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The next move
TheDigitel.com launched way, way back in May 2008 — it’s hard to believe that it’s been nine years.
At this marker, we’ve realized the amount of time we’re able to put towards moderating and generating content has greatly diminished, so we’re putting the site into archive mode.
All user-generated content will be preserved and remain online. However in the coming days, no new content will be allowed and the daily briefing newsletters will cease.
TheDigitel began as a way to explore the future of local journalism, a future as a collaborative crowd-sourced effort that put the architecture of the web at the heart of the reading experience. That vision was partially realized but we weren’t able to furnish enough runway to truly get the idea to take off. Still, I’m very proud of what we did achieve, the voices we helped spread, and the relationships we fostered.
It was a great idea, great experience, and one that is close to my heart in its virtues and locals, but it’s time to free up efforts to focus on other ways to innovate.
Thanks to our readers, thanks twice over to contributors, and thrice to all those that personally dug in to push TheDigitel to be all it could.
Something to add? Would love to hear your thoughts: ken.hawkins@thedigitel.com.
— Ken Hawkins, May 13, 2017
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A defence of Muslim hostility from "New Matilda"
Using a typical Leftist strategy, Michael Brull looks at only part of the story in his article below. He addresses in general terms what blind Freddie knows is in fact an issue about Muslims. The plain fact is that Muslims constantly demand that we change what we do to accommodate them and express so much hostility to Australian society that some of them go out and randomly shoot innocent Australians who have done nothing to them. There are some peaceful Muslims but there are a lot of creeps too.
So it is reasonable to suggest that if they dislike us and our arrangements so much, why don't they go elsewhere? And representatives of both major Australian political parties have done just that recently. Even Neil El-Kadomi, the chairman of Parramatta Mosque, who condemned extremists in his Friday sermon last week was worried enough to say: “If you don’t like Australia, leave". He was a rare Muslim in saying that, however. He was obviously worried about backlash.
And in making such comments, all three were saying that Australia's tolerance has its limits, as all tolerance must. It was saying that our patience with a troublesome subgroup was running out. And there is no doubt that in saying that the speakers were saying what a great majority of Australians think.
But Leftists like Muslims. They are united in hate. Leftists share with most Muslims a great dissatisfaction with current Western society generally -- and Australian society in particular. Both groups want to destroy the existing arrangements in this country -- what Leftists used to call "the system". I imagine that some far-Leftists still use that term.
So that is where Brull comes in. He mounts an attack on "go back" talk under the pretext that such talk is intolerant and bigoted. And he makes his case by saying that such talk is IN GENERAL intolerant and bigoted -- which indeed it can be.
But circumstances alter cases and Muslims are a particular case. A major reason why we have courts and judges is that general principles don't cover equally well all the cases they might be applied to. And that is where the Muslim situation is going. So far we have put up with their antics but there are limits to tolerance. Brull seems to think there should be none.
But I doubt that he really thinks that. I think he implies that as a way of defending Muslims only. Does he think racism should be tolerated, for instance? I am pretty sure he doesn't. But if we reject racial supremacism, why should we tolerate Muslim supremacism? Why should we not tell them to take their supremacist attitudes elsewhere?
Religious supremacism is not exactly the same as racial supremacism but both are obnoxious to non-members of the groups concerned. They are both offensive. And we don't tolerate offensiveness these days do we?
Malcolm Turnbull may be a sophisticated lawyer, but it didn’t take long for him to join in the national dog-whistle. That is, “It is not compulsory to live in Australia. if you find Australian values are, you know, unpalatable, then there’s a big wide world out there and people have got freedom of movement”. Opposition Leader Bill Shorten, unable to oppose official racism from the Coalition, rushed to agree: “If you really hate Australia, well then you should go.”
Though it is in a sense predictable, it should be regarded as strange that in the name of Australian values, the major parties are embracing intolerance. Though we are supposedly a secular country, mainstream political discourse is approaching consensus on political dogmas that shouldn’t be challenged. Those who adopt “Australian” values – whatever those might be – can stay in Australia. Everyone else should leave.
There are lots of reasons someone might want to live in a country. I don’t see that one reason is more valid than another. One person might live in Australia because he loves the country. Another might do so because she loves her family. Another person might just live her because that’s where she was born, and out of inertia isn’t interested in looking into living in other countries. Any citizen of Australia can live here for whatever reason they want.
Attorney-General George Brandis once scandalised many Australians with the comment that we have the right to be bigots. Brandis expressed horror that a man could be taken to “federal court merely because he expressed an opinion about a social or political matter”. Yet it seems to be perfectly acceptable to repeatedly, openly state that people with unpopular political views should leave Australia. It seems only those who adhere to official orthodoxies are welcome.
Saying that those who don’t share Australian values should leave contains within it a certain dog-whistle. Suggesting that dissidents should leave implies that there is something less Australian about them than the rest of us. It doesn’t quite go so far as to say that they are foreign. Just that they would be happier somewhere which is foreign. And as it so happens, this rhetoric is targeted at Muslims who don’t like Australian values.
Though this may offend Australian patriots, if intolerance of political unorthodoxy is to be an Australian value, I think Australia should change. Indeed, I think we would benefit from importing values from another country. That is, from revisiting principles of freedom of thought established over 70 years ago in the Supreme Court of the United States of America.
1000 crimes on building sites
The Turnbull government will today use evidence of rising “lawlessness” and union militancy on building sites revealed in the industry watchdog’s latest annual report to launch a fresh attack over the CFMEU’s influence on Bill Shorten and the Australian Labor Party.
The Fair Work Building Industry Inspectorate investigated almost 1000 breaches of federal workplace laws in the year to June — overwhelmingly by Construction Forestry Mining and Energy Union officials — and its report cites “alarming rates” of lawlessness and an “increasing battle” against the militant union.
Penalties levelled against unionists by the courts for right-of-entry breaches jumped tenfold in 2014-15, and those imposed for coercion jumped 64 per cent. There was a 50 per cent rise in legal action, mostly directed at the CFMEU, the report states, noting that Queensland was a “hotspot” for new complaints.
Employment Minister Michaelia Cash said yesterday that the Fair Work Building and Construction report, to be tabled in federal parliament today, “further confirms the disturbing reality that has been obvious in the building industry for far too long”.
“The independent regulator, the courts and the police have all expressed their serious concerns about the CFMEU’s culture of contempt for the law,” Senator Cash told The Australian.
“This is the same union that Bill Shorten relies on for his leadership and who the Labor Party relies on for their policy direction.”
Unlawful behaviour resulted in higher infrastructure costs, delayed projects, lost jobs, lost opportunities and stalled growth, she added. “We must end the ingrained culture of fear and intimidation.”
In his forward statement to the report, inspectorate head Nigel Hadgkiss says: “I regret to report that the 2014-15 financial year has been marked by alarming rates of lawlessness in the building and construction industry.
“I believe the contents of this annual report demonstrate two important points: firstly that the rule of law is severely lacking in the industry; and secondly, that the agency is doing all it can within its jurisdiction and means to curb that lawlessness.”
Mr Hadgkiss says the agency is “winning many battles in court against unlawful behaviour but we are not winning the war to stamp out this unlawfulness or the notion by some participants that it is acceptable to break the law in this industry — it is not.”
The FWBC report reveals the agency has been instrumental in supplying material to the trade union royal commission, referring more than 125 incidents dating back to 2006 to the inquiry.
The commission requested further details for about half of those matters.
Of the 948 breaches of commonwealth workplace laws investigated by the FWBC in 2014-15 — up from 890 the previous year — 40 per cent were contraventions of right-of-entry laws, with freedom of association, unlawful industrial action and coercion the “other significant” areas.
Penalties imposed as a result of FWBC litigation in 2014-15 totalled $1.4 million — the fourth year that penalties yielded by the agency and its predecessors topped $1m.
Overall, new investigations fell from 327 in 2013-14 to 197, as the FWBC referred more complaints about wages and conditions to the Fair Work Ombudsman to focus on “core” activities such as unlawful industrial action, coercion and right-of-entry breaches.
Yet the number of new investigations in Queensland rose as the state remained dominated by “hot spots” of unlawful industrial action, leading the agency to redeploy staff to Brisbane.
The number of legal cases commenced rose to a record.
The FWBC intervened 26 separate times in the past year in Fair Work Commission decisions on issuing right-of-entry permits for union officials.
It received more than 3000 requests for assistance, with more than 2000 coming through the agency’s 1800 hotline.
The agency also relied heavily on hard-won compulsory examination powers, which Mr Hadgkiss said had become a “critical tool in breaking down the walls of silence in the industry”. The report notes that the government extended the agency’s compulsory powers for two years before they were due to expire in May. The government is likely to use the findings in the report to bolster its case in its battle to restore the more powerful Australian Building and Construction Commission, which held tougher penalties, after its legislation was blocked in the Senate.
Mr Hadgkiss quotes Federal Court judge John Logan’s June decision against the CFMEU that notes that an industrial organisation persistently “engaging in unlawful conduct cannot expect to remain registered”.
Europe prepares to kick off free trade talks with Australia
As part of a new trade and investment strategy announced on Wednesday, the European Commission said it would seek authorisation from its 28 members to open separate negotiations with "close partners" Australia and New Zealand.
Any deal with the EU would have big implications for Australian farmers which have long been pushing for lower tariffs and greater access to a European market of some 500 million customers.
However, the EU announcement said any deal would need to take into account "agricultural sensitivities" with European farmers likely to oppose any substantial relaxation of protectionist measures for sheep, beef and dairy imports.
Agriculture in the EU is heavily subsidised, with payments under the Common Agriculture Policy accounting for 40 per cent of the organisation's budget.
According to the European Commission, Australia ranked as the EU's 21 largest trade while the EU represented Australia's third largest trading partner after China and Japan in 2014. Total trade in goods amounted to €38.7 billion in 2014.
Australia's exports to the EU have traditionally been dominated by mineral commodities and energy as well as agricultural products while EU's exports to Australia are predominantly manufactured goods such as cars.
The European Commission said the new trade and investment policy was a direct response to the "current intense debate on trade in the EU - including on the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership".
Australia this month signed the Trans Pacific Partnership agreement, which will create a free-trade area covering 40 per cent of the global economy aimed at addressing "21st century trade issues" such as intellectual property protections, digital trade rights and protections for investors. The TPP followed another high-profile free trade deal struck with China in June.
Trade Minister Andrew Robb said a deal with the EU was a "missing piece" after the conclusion of the other agreements.
A number of steps must be completed for formal negotiations to begin. First, the EU will conduct an impact assessment of the FTA. Second, it will commission a study to examine areas of negotiation. The European Council's 28 members must also give their permission to open negotiations but EU officials are confident previous consultation mean this stage is a formality.
One of the goals of the EU trade policy is to "expanding measures to support sustainable development, fair and ethical trade and human rights".
The potential focus on human rights clauses has been a source of tension in the past. Former EU ambassador Brendon Nelson has previously argued Australia should never sign a free trade agreement with the EU if talks included demands for tough clauses on human rights, democracy and the rule of law.
A trade deal with Europe was discussed at last November's G20 meeting in Brisbane
Australia’s jobless rate steady at 6.2%
Australia’s unemployment rate remained stable at 6.2% in September, data showed on Thursday, with some analysts suggesting it may have peaked as the economy moves away from a dependence on mining.
The Australian Bureau of Statistics figures showed that in rounded terms, some 5,100 jobs were lost from the economy, with full-time positions falling by about 13,900 and part-time roles increasing by around 8,900.
The seasonally adjusted reading was better than analysts’ expectations of an increase to 6.3%, although the market was disappointed with the decline in the number of jobs.
In unrounded percentage terms, the data were more positive, with unemployment dipping slightly from 6.22% in August to 6.16% in September.
The Australian dollar slipped by a third of a US cent to 73.06 US cents.
“It’s moving in the right direction,” JP Morgan economist Tom Kennedy told AFP, adding that the latest unemployment figures reinforced positive readings from forward-looking labour force surveys. “We’ve probably seen the worst of it in terms of the rise in the jobless rate.”
The participation rate - which measures the proportion of adults in work or looking for work - eased from 65% to 64.9%. [currently 62.6 percent in the US]
The unemployment rate has fluctuated between 6%-6.4%, a decade high, over the past year as Australia emerges from an unprecedented mining investment boom that has helped the economy avoid a recession for 24 years.
The central bank has slashed interest rates to a record low of 2% to boost economic activity outside the resources sector, but such industries have so far been slow to fill the gap left by the fall in mining investment.
Despite this, the unemployment rate has yet to hit the 6.5% peak that the Reserve Bank of Australia forecast amid the transition to non-resources driven growth.
“Two per cent year-on-year employment growth is not bad,” Deutsche Bank’s Phil O’Donaghoe told AFP, adding that he expected the cash rate to remain unchanged for some months amid “reasonably robust” jobs growth.
The figures came as new consumer and business confidence indicators recorded modest rises after multi-millionaire former banker and businessman Malcolm Turnbull became prime minister when he ousted Tony Abbott in a party coup last month.
17.10.2015 jonjayray
Нахуй Ярослава Ракицкого → ← Новый дебилизм российской молодежи – тату с Путиным (ФОТО)
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