Datasets:

---

Recag

/

Rp_CommonC_74

like 0

ERROR: type should be string, got "https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/gladiators?locale=ar\ngladiators. (2018). In P. Lagasse, & Columbia University, The Columbia encyclopedia (8th ed.). New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Retrieved from https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/gladiators\n\"gladiators.\" In The Columbia Encyclopedia, by Paul Lagasse, and Columbia University. 8th ed. Columbia University Press, 2018. https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/gladiators\ngladiators. (2018). In P. Lagasse & Columbia University, The Columbia encyclopedia. (8th ed.). [Online]. New York: Columbia University Press. Available from: https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/gladiators [Accessed 17 July 2019].\n\"gladiators.\" The Columbia Encyclopedia, Paul Lagasse, and Columbia University, Columbia University Press, 8th edition, 2018. Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/gladiators. Accessed 17 Jul. 2019.\n<iframe src=\"https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/gladiators.embed?institutionId=6063\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" style=\"border: 0;\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"></iframe>\n[{\"style\":\"mla\",\"pubnonperiodical\":{\"title\":\"The Columbia Encyclopedia\",\"edition\":\"8\",\"city\":\"New York\",\"publisher\":\"Columbia University Press\",\"year\":2018,\"state\":\"NY\"},\"pubtype\":{\"main\":\"pubnonperiodical\",\"suffix\":\"pubdatabase\"},\"pubdatabase\":{\"year\":\"2018\",\"month\":\"August\",\"day\":\"1\",\"yearaccessed\":\"2019\",\"monthaccessed\":\"July\",\"dayaccessed\":\"17\",\"service\":\"Credo Reference\",\"db\":\"Credo Reference\",\"searchtext\":\"https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/gladiators\"},\"contributors\":[{\"function\":\"author\",\"first\":\"\",\"last\":\"Columbia University\"},{\"function\":\"author\",\"first\":\"Paul\",\"last\":\"Lagasse\"}],\"source\":\"chapter\",\"chapter\":{\"title\":\"gladiators\",\"type\":\"essay\"}}]\nTY - CHAP T1 - gladiators T2 - The Columbia Encyclopedia PY - 2018/// PB - Columbia University Press CP - New York, NY, USA UR - https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/gladiators L2 - https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/gladiators ET - 8 DB - Credo Reference DP - Credo Reference Y2 - 2019/07/17 A1 - Columbia University, A2 - Lagasse, Paul SN - N/A ER -\nتحتوي صفحات الموضوع على نظرة عامة وتعريفات وسير ذاتية وموضوعات ذات صلة وصور بالإضافة إلى روابط إلى مقالات ذات صلة ومحتويات أخرى تقدمها مكتبة. Topic Page: gladiators\nDefinition: gladiator from The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide\nIn ancient Rome, a trained fighter, recruited mainly from slaves, criminals, and prisoners of war, who fought to the death in arenas for the entertainment of spectators. The custom was introduced into Rome from Etruria in 264 BC and continued until the 5th century AD.\nSummary Article: gladiators\n[Lat.,=swordsmen], in ancient Rome, class of professional fighters, who performed for exhibition. Gladiatorial combats usually took place in amphitheaters. They probably were introduced from Etruria and originally were funeral games. Gladitorial combats, which took place in the Colosseum and in hundreds of other ampitheaters throughout the Roman world, reached their height in the 1st and 2d cent. A.D.\nThe gladiators were paired off to fight each other, usually to the number of about 100 couples, although in the imperial shows there were sometimes as many as 5,000 pairs. There were various types of gladiators, armed and armored differently. Thus a heavily armored man, a Mirmillo or Samnite, might be opposed to a Retiarius, who fought almost naked, with a net and a trident as his only weapons. He also might be pitted against a Thracian, who fought with a dagger and a small round shield. Often gladiators were made to fight wild beasts. A defeated gladiator was usually killed by the victor unless the people expressed their desire that he be spared.\nAt first, gladiators were invariably slaves or prisoners, including Christians. They normally underwent rigid training, and some gained immense popularity. Later, impoverished freedmen also sought a living as gladiators, and finally even members of the ruling classes took part in gladiatorial combats on an amateur basis. Some gladiators, led by Spartacus, took part in the third of the Servile Wars (73 B.C.–71 B.C.). Constantine I forbade gladiatorial games, but they nonetheless continued until A.D. 405.\nSee studies by M. Grant (1968), E. Kohne, ed. (2000), A. Futrell (2001), and F. Meijer (2005).\nFull text Article gladiators\nThe slaves, prisoners of war, condemned criminals, or volunteers who fought in amphitheatres for the entertainment of the ancient Roman...\nThe Encyclopedia of Ancient History\nCombat performances appear in diverse cultures through time, most notoriously, perhaps, in the Roman phenomenon of the munera, the gladiatorial game\nRelated Topic Page\nتحتوي صفحات الموضوع على نظرة عامة وتعريفات وسير ذاتية وموضوعات ذات صلة وصور بالإضافة إلى روابط إلى مقالات ذات صلة ومحتويات أخرى تقدمها مكتبة. Topic Europe\nEarth's second smallest continent, comprising the western fifth of the Eurasian landmass. It is separated from Asia by the Urals (E), Caspian Sea and"