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The dataset generation failed
Error code: DatasetGenerationError
Exception: ArrowInvalid
Message: JSON parse error: Missing a closing quotation mark in string. in row 112
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 153, in _generate_tables
df = pd.read_json(f, dtype_backend="pyarrow")
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 815, in read_json
return json_reader.read()
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1025, in read
obj = self._get_object_parser(self.data)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1051, in _get_object_parser
obj = FrameParser(json, **kwargs).parse()
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1187, in parse
self._parse()
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1403, in _parse
ujson_loads(json, precise_float=self.precise_float), dtype=None
ValueError: Trailing data
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1997, in _prepare_split_single
for _, table in generator:
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 156, in _generate_tables
raise e
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 130, in _generate_tables
pa_table = paj.read_json(
File "pyarrow/_json.pyx", line 308, in pyarrow._json.read_json
File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 154, in pyarrow.lib.pyarrow_internal_check_status
File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 91, in pyarrow.lib.check_status
pyarrow.lib.ArrowInvalid: JSON parse error: Missing a closing quotation mark in string. in row 112
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1529, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1154, in convert_to_parquet
builder.download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1029, in download_and_prepare
self._download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1124, in _download_and_prepare
self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1884, in _prepare_split
for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 2040, in _prepare_split_single
raise DatasetGenerationError("An error occurred while generating the dataset") from e
datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationError: An error occurred while generating the datasetNeed help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
pred_label
string | pred_label_prob
float64 | wiki_prob
float64 | text
string | source
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|---|---|---|---|---|
__label__wiki
| 0.619687
| 0.619687
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Snub
Tag: Snub
Oscars Snub: ‘West Side Story’ Star Rachel Zegler Didn’t Score An Invite
March 21, 2022 adminDidnt, Invite, Oscars, Rachel, Score, Side, Snub, Star, Story, West, Zegler0 comment
[ad_1] Rachel Zegler at the Los Angeles premiere of West Side Story. Getty Images/Axelle/Bauer-Griffin West Side Story’s breakout star Rachel Zegler will not be in attendance at the Oscars with her fellow colleagues, despite the film having scored a total of seven nominations including Best Picture. Zegler, who starred as Maria in the film, responded to a fan on Instagram who asked what she’ll be wearing for the event with, “I’m not invited so sweatpants and my boyfriend’s flannel.” She further responded to outraged and disappointed fans by saying, “Idk…
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__label__cc
| 0.667081
| 0.332919
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The Verona Area School District (VASD) Board of Education believes EVERY student MUST be successful. VASD has eleven (11) schools in Verona and Fitchburg with more than 800 staff members, in addition to a dozen Pre-K sites. In 2018, U.S. News and World Report ranked Verona Area High School at #10 for best high schools and Niche Rankings placed VASD as #50 for best Districts in Wisconsin. More information on VASD can be found on their website.
Profile of VASD High School Students
Average ACT Composite Score 21.1
Enrollment (Fall 2018) 1606
Enrollment in 4-year college/university 69.5%
Enrollment in technical college/2-year college 19.3%
Job training 1.6%
Enlistment in full-time military 0.5%
Full-time or seeking employment 4.7%
Undecided/Not reported 2.1%
Travel 2.3%
Sources: 2018-2019 VAHS Profile and WiseDash
For 168 years, this campus has been a catalyst for the extraordinary. As a public land-grant university and prolific research institution, our students, staff, and faculty members partake in a world-class education and solve real-world problems. We have a holistic, competitive, and selective admission process that first considers the academic record, including rigor of courses such as AP or IB, and overall performance. In 2016, Money Magazine ranked UW-Madison in the top 10 list of colleges that produce the most Fortune 500 CEOs. Additionally, since 1972, UW-Madison has ranked in the top 10 in national research spending. In 2018, annual research expenditures totaled approximately $1.2 billion.
Profile of Admitted Students
Class Ranking 85-97th Percentile
GPA 3.8-4.0 (unweighted academic)
ACT composite 28-32
SAT composite 1330-1460
Enrollment (Fall 2018)
Graduate 8,962
Special 2,288
Professional 2,801
Undergraduate Retention and Graduation Rates
1st-Year Retention Rate 95.3%
4-Year Graduation Rate 62.0%
For more than ninety years, Edgewood College has put students first in everything we do. Rooted in the Dominican tradition, Edgewood College, engages students within a community of learners committed to building a just and compassionate world. The College educates students for meaningful personal and professional lives of ethical leadership, service, and a lifelong search for truth. As an independent liberal arts college, we have approximately 2,220 students enrolled in 55 undergraduate programs, 18 graduate degrees, and three doctorate degree programs. In 2019, U.S. News ranked Edgewood college in the top ten colleges or universities in the country for promoting social mobility.
Class Ranking Top 30% of high school class
GPA 3.47
ACT Composite 22.9
For more than 100 years, Madison Area Technical College has offered educational opportunities to a wide variety of students with varying educational needs. Accredited and well-respected, Madison College offers an education that's real-life ready and real-world smart offering nearly 180 diverse career programs, diplomas and certificates as well as continuing education. In 2017-18, 3,227 people earned degrees from Madison College. Expert, experienced instructors provide top career training. Nearly 98 percent of students are satisfied or very satisfied with the training they receive at Madison College. Established partnerships with the business community helps students with job placement. An impressive 93 percent of graduates find jobs within six months and nearly 96 percent of employers say they are satisfied or very satisfied with the technical college graduates they’ve hired. Madison College’s Business and Industry Services department also serves the training needs of local employers.
Profile of Admitted Students in Fall 2018-2019 Cohort
Average Cumulative College GPA 2.96
Average ACT Composite Score 19.79
Enrollment and Retention Rates for Fall 2014-2015 Cohort
Number of students 5,119
2-Year Graduation Rate
First Year Retention Rate
The population of students analyzed were degree credit students living in Dane county and also attending a campus in Dane county who were admitted to the college in the cohort term listed.
Small Business Development
Business Climate Survey
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__label__cc
| 0.640614
| 0.359386
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Discover the Claind4You IoT platform from which you can independently manage and control your Claind generators.
Focus 23/01/2023
From Claind technology comes Plinius Series
A new era of high-capacity nitrogen generators begins
The Como-based company continues on its path of research and development and launches a new series of generators equipped with PSA technology, Pressure Swing Adsorption, capable of guaranteeing an above-average duration and nitrogen purity levels of up to 99.999%.
Many innovations are offered with these new generators, the main ones being the minimum maintenance required and continuous production capacity.
The new Plinius series is designed for 24-hour operation and boasts a reduced need for machine intervention.
A significant achievement to which are added those performance characteristics that have always distinguished Claind products: soundproofing and anti-vibration, which give this product unprecedented reliability and energy efficiency.
A series of compact generators specifically designed for the laboratory, thanks also to the simplicity of Plug & Play installation that guarantees immediate functionality once connected to the power outlet.
Following the company line of optimising production processes, the new PLINIUS series is also convincing from an economic point of view, with an attractive sell-out and an excellent price-performance ratio.
Low power consumption and the possibility of remote connection from any device via the Claind4You IoT platform align the PLINIUS series with Transaction 4.0 policies towards a proactive efficiency enhancement of industrial realities.
"There are many new features and above all the performance of this new product," says Giovanni Cogotzi, CEO at Claind, "which is the result of a long period that has involved us in an articulated and complex process of research and development. It was our intention to create a high-performance product, equipped with technological innovations that add decisive value to the final result. In addition, we aimed for high energy savings with a view to environmental sustainability, so as to face a new era of technologically advanced generators, without underestimating the ecological footprint."
P. IVA/C.F. 02894360136 Codice destinatario SDI: M5ITOJA
LOCATION CLAIND srl Via Regina 24, 22016 Tremezzina Loc. Lenno Italia Mappa
CONTATTI Tel: +39 (0)344 56 603 Fax: +39 (0)344 56 627
Go to FAQ Join us
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| 0.562016
| 0.562016
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B.C. police watchdog called after armed man fatally shot on Vancouver Island
VICTORIA — Police on Vancouver Island say British Columbia's police watchdog has been called to investigate after an officer fatally shot an armed man on Sunday.
They say Saanich officers responded to a report of man who was armed, in crisis and making threats at an intersection near a shopping centre shortly before 10 a.m.
They say officers learned the man had allegedly stolen from a nearby liquor store while armed and several officers from neighbouring Victoria went to assist.
A statement from the Victoria department says police engaged with the man until about 11 a.m. before an "interaction" occurred an one of their officers shot him.
They say officers and paramedics gave the man first aid, but he died at the scene.
The Independent Investigations Office has been notified to examine the incident.
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 12, 2021.
https://www.piquenewsmagazine.com/bc-news/bc-police-watchdog-called-after-armed-…
IIO - Independent Investigations Office (BC)
Colombie-Britanique
Justice pour les personnes tués ou blessés par la police
Manifestations à New York pour dénoncer les abus de la police
http://www.lapresse.ca/international/etats-unis/201209/13/01-4573877-manifestati…
"Chiens D'Garde" de Jodo Kast (Videoclip)
Violence policière contre une femme dans un bar
http://www.journaldemontreal.com/2012/08/20/contre-une-danseuse-nue
De la route à la rue: histoire politique d’un instrument de répression policière
http://www.nousautres.org/de-la-route-a-la-rue-petite-histoire-politique-dun-ins…
Arrestations massives : l'article 500.1 C.S.R.
Ce texte parle de l'article 500.1 C.S.R., article utilisé lors des arrestations massives.
You have the right to remain silent … and film the proceedings
http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2012/08/17/karen-selick-you-have-a-right-to-…
Trajets de manifs : la CRAP dénonce les foutaises du SPVM
http://www.lacrap.org/trajets-de-manifs-la-crap-denonce-les-foutaises-du-spvm
Une dame aurait été victime d'une arrestation musclée dans le Vieux-Montréal samedi soir
http://www.journaldemontreal.com/2012/08/14/une-femme-a-t-elle-ete-victime-de-br…
Coroner calls single inquest into 3 police shootings of mentally ill people
http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/article/1241895--coroner-calls-single-inquest-in…
Ciudadanos de Montreal, indignados por el perfilismo racial
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| 0.631368
| 0.368632
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Rorschach - St. Gallen
× Home Travel Ways of St. James Sankt Fiden
Rorschach way
Sankt Gallen Sankt Gallen - Herisau Herisau - St. Peterzell St. Peterzell - Wattwil Wattwil - Neuhaus Neuhaus - Rapperswil Rapperswil
The starting point of our pilgrimage with the parish was the railway station in Rorschach. Our first path led us along the shore of Lake Constance, past the harbour to Jacob's fountain at Kronenplatz.
On top of the well is a little bell from the St. James Chapel, which stood on this spot until 1834.
Sulzberg Castle, also known as Möttelischloss, is a castle in the municipality of Untereggen. The keep, which is over 20 metres high and dates from 1260, is still preserved from the original building and has a square shape with sides ten metres long. The tower is built of rough-hewn sandstone ashlars. Its wall thickness is 3.4 metres at the base.
The first owners, the Lords of Sulzberg, came from the Bavarian market town of Sulzberg near Kempten in Allgäu.
The later owners, the rich merchant family Mötteli, altered the castle in the 15th century with significant alterations. In the area of the castle courtyard, a deeply cellared residential wing was added to the tower; another palace on the north side of the tower completed Sulzberg into an angular, two-part complex.
After many changes of ownership, the castle has remained in private hands and today houses residential apartments.
We reach Untereggen with the church of Maria Magdalena.
Gerhard and Kurt in rain gear
The Martin Bridge over the Goldach
The crossing over the Goldach Gorge was once very dangerous. A look into the depths shows the steep rock faces to the left and right.
At the Restaurant Schaugenhof we have reached the highest point of the hike. There is a beautiful view all around.:
Schaugenhof
Aussicht auf Speicherschwendi
Sankt Gallen is reached. In the district of Sankt Fiden we visited the church of the same name.
Sankt Fiden
The cathedral of Sankt Gallen, our stage destination
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| 0.871037
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Super Don Quix-ote is a laserdisc game released by Universal in 1984. The game play is similar to Dragon's Lair. You are a knight named Don. Your girlfriend, Isabella, has been captured by an evil witch who is holding her hostage. You have a sword for a weapon and a sidekick named Sancho. You must battle your way to the witch's hideout and save Isabella.
Super Don Quix-ote was the first game released in what was called the "Universal System 1" cabinet. Other laserdisc games that were in planning for release as conversion kits for this cabinet had the working titles: Time Slip, Wilderness Kingdom, Adventure in Middle Earth, Space Dracula, Circus Circus, and Adventure Mr. Do!, but none of these were released.
Audio & Video files - Samples of the laserdisc content.
Cabinet Images - Pictures of the arcade game.
Flyer Images - Promotional material provided to game operators.
Wall Posters - Pictures of laserdisc game wall posters.
Tech Center - Information on the technical aspects of the game.
Was Super Don Quix-ote the only laserdisc game released by Universal?
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Update: more than 60 Nigerian girls and women escape kidnappers
More than 60 Nigerian girls and women who were kidnapped by Islamic extremists two weeks ago have managed to escape.
From Associated Press:
Nigerian security forces and federal government officials had denied reports of the mass abduction from three villages in the northeast state of Borno on June 22.
Chibok local government chairman Pogu Bitrus said Monday he had verified that about 60 women and girls escaped on Thursday and Friday by sending a representative who met with some of the escapees and their families at the hospital in Lassa, a town in the neighboring Damboa local government area.
Vigilante leader Abbas Gava in Maiduguri, capital of Borno state, said Sunday that vigilantes in the area told him 63 women and girls escaped Friday while their captors were engaged in a major attack on a military barracks and police headquarters in Damboa town.
Read more at Associated Press
For months, Boko Haram extremists had been conducting small-scale kidnappings. The kidnapping of more than 200 women in April drew international condemnation of Nigeria’s government handling, or lack of, of the kidnappings.
At least 219 of those girls are still missing. The Nigerian government has closed the case.
Check back for updates.
Boko Haram, escape, extremists, Girls, missing, Nigerian, terrorists, Women
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| 0.730029
| 0.269971
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Although Congress couldn't get a backgrounds check law through even after Sandy Hook, look at what our fine lawmakers could get through and which Obama signed into law on Monday. They snuck this through "blindingly fast" in 30 seconds after it was proposed by Eric Cantor. You know why THAT legislation was passed so quickly? This law makes it harder for members of Congress to get caught doing illegal insider trading. That way, they can stay above the law and get richer more easily with less oversight on questionable insider investments. And they do need a lot of money so that their kids, members of the ruling class which I though was a contrary notion to democracy, can attend expensive schools while legislators send ordinary working families' kids into pointless wars. This just signed on Monday STOCK ACT reverses a law NPR calls popular. Congress is stocking their own coffers while gun laws can't even get a vote. Obama is equally guilty for signing this. NPR: But on Monday, when the president signed a bill reversing big pieces of the law, the emailed announcement was one sentence long. There was no fanfare last week either, when the Senate and then the House passed the bill in largely empty chambers using a fast-track procedure known as unanimous consent. In the House, Majority Leader Eric Cantor, R-Va., shepherded the bill through. It was Friday afternoon at 12:52. Many members had already left for the weekend or were on their way out. The whole process took only 30 seconds. There was no debate. "There weren't too many members of Congress who were aware of this legislation," says Craig Holman, the government affairs lobbyist for Public Citizen. "And I suspect very, very few understood what a sweeping radical change it is to the STOCK Act." MORE: NPR
posted by Lady Bunny at Thursday, April 18, 2013
PLACENTA AS FERTILIZER?
MEET DOROTHY SQUIRES!
IN THE HEADLINES...
ONE OF THE NUTTIEST DANCE SONGS EVER!
GOIN' BACK TO MY ROOTS!
GOOFED!
ROTTEN NEWS
MY THOUGHTS ON TODAY'S BOSTON BOMBING
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| 0.703856
| 0.703856
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Tag: Bisclavret
#30 Loup-Garou, Werewolves in France
By boneandsickle | July 22, 2019
http://media.blubrry.com/boneandsickle/content.blubrry.com/boneandsickle/Loup-Garou-Werewolves-in-France.mp3
The werewolf (Fr: loup-garou) epidemic of 16th-century France forms the core of our show, but we also include some medieval French werewolf tales as well as the legend of a figure connected to both werewolves and Bluebeard.
In our last episode on Bluebeard, I promised to recount a legend that may have inspired Charles Perrault’s story. This would be the story of Count Conomor, or “Conomor the Accursed,” a 6th-century ruler of Brittany. Here the role of Bluebeard’s new wife is played by Trephine, the daughter of a rival count. Through her forbearance, she came to be regarded in local traditions as a saint (therefore the chapel depiction below). Her adventures include interaction with the helpful ghosts of Conomor’s slain wives, decapitation by Conomor (with miraculous cure) and a magic ring The curse upon this wicked count continues into the afterlife, during which he is condemned to roam the countryside in the form of a werewolf.
The decapitated but ambulatory St. Trephine. Statue in chapel of St Trémeur (her son), near Carhaix, Brittany
Our next segment looks at some medieval werewolf stories, including the 12-century poem by a Marie de France, “Bisclavret,” in which the werewolf plays a surprisingly sympathetic role, the tale of Sir Hugues de Camp-d’Avesnes, condemned to an afterlife as a werewolf for burning a town in the 1131, and that of the knight Raimbaud de Pulet, who in a fit of despondent madness becomes a werewolf.
The French werewolf epidemic, which between 1520 and 1630, resulted in the execution of more than 30,000 individuals was the result of a link forged between the werewolf and a new, more aggressive attitude toward witchcraft arising in ecclesiastic councils taking place in Basel Switzerland in the 1430s. The first regions in France to begin prosecutions were therefore naturally those adjacent to Switzerland. Many there were overseen by Henry Bouguet, a judge who tried approximately 600 witchcraft cases in the locality. Most of the stories recounted in this episode come from his writings on the subject, while others come from the The Werewolf by highly eccentric English scholar Montague Summers, who was discussed in Episode 1.
Montague Summers and his classic volume on werewolves
The first of Bouget’s cases examined is that of Michel Verdun, who shortly after a wolf attack in which the beast is wounded is discovered treating a matching wound on his arm. Verdun’s testimony implicated two other men likewise said to transform themselves into wolves, Philibert Montot, and Pierre Bourgot, who provides a lurid testimony including accounts of bloody crimes committed in wolf form, attendance at a witches’ sabbath and being initiated into his wicked ways by a black rider he meets in the forest.
The Beast of Gevaudan. Outside the witchcraft paradigm discussed in the episode, but a nice image.
The next case discussed (and judged by Bouget) is that of Gilles Garnier, who also spoke of a forest meeting with a diabolical figure who presented him the magic ointment necessary for transformation. Garnier’s case is interesting in that he brought home human flesh from his werewolf attacks for his wife to enjoy.
Another case in this same area mentioned by Boguet is that of the Gandillons, a whole family of alleged werewolves. It begins with a female werewolf, Perrenette Gandillon, who attacks a brother and sister and is then killed by a mob. Her sister, Antoinette confesses to also being a werewolf and attending a witches sabbath, as do her father and brother. Wilkinson reads for us a colorful description of the wolf-like behavior of the male Gandillons in their prison cells.
Outside of Bouget’s jurisdiction, we find the case of the Werewolf of Chalons, a tailor discovered abducting children and butchering them in his shop. We also hear the story of Jean Grenier from Bordeaux (see the comic below).
The show closes with an account of 20th-century lycanthropy from Grenier’s home town of Bordeaux. When an unnamed assailant confesses to murdering a stranger invited into his home for a meal in 1989, he is examined by prison psychiatrist Michel Bénézech, who makes the diagnosis of “pathological lycanthropy.” The quotes we hear from Bénézech are from the BBC show “The Secret Life of Ghosts & Werewolves.”
Story of Jean Grenier from “The Usborne Guide To The Supernatural World” (1979)
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| 0.727459
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Home » Asian Longhorned Tick In Kentucky
Asian Longhorned Tick In Kentucky
This page contains information about the Asian Longhorned Tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis), a potential emerging pest in Kentucky. The insect was confirmed from a single specimen found on an elk in Martin County in 2018 (orange, below). If you suspect that the Asian Longhorned Tick is present in a county not marked on the map, please take a specimen to your County Cooperative Extension office or send it to the UK Department of Entomology, S-225 Ag Science North, Lexington, KY 40546-0091 (See: ENT-001: Preparation of Insect Specimens for Identification).
Left: Asian Longhorned Tick Nymph and Adult Female, top view.
Right: Asian Longhorned Tick Nymph and adult female, underside.
What we know about Asian longhorned ticks
Not normally found in the Western Hemisphere, these ticks were reported for the first time in the United States in 2017.
Asian longhorned ticks have been found on pets, livestock, wildlife, and people.
The female ticks can lay eggs and reproduce without mating.
Up to thousands of ticks may be found at a time.
What we know about Asian longhorned ticks in the U.S. and Kentucky:
In other countries, bites from these ticks can make people and animals seriously ill. As of March 25, 2019, no harmful germs have been found in the ticks collected in the United States. Research is ongoing.
Researchers are looking for these ticks to find out where they live.
As of May 2019, longhorned ticks have been found in Ark., Conn., Ky., Md., N.C., N.J., N.Y., Pa., Va., W.Va.
What you should do if you think you have found an Asian Longhorned Tick
Remove any tick from people and animals as quickly as possible. (See: CDC Tick Removal)
Save the ticks in rubbing alcohol in a jar or a ziplock bag, then:
Contact a veterinarian for information about how to protect pets from ticks and tick bites.
Contact your Kentucky County Cooperative Extension office about ticks on livestock or for tick identification and to confirm samples.
Tick Safety Guidelines: ENT-618: Ticks & Disease in Kentucky | PDF
Northeast Regional Center for Vector-Borne Diseases Factsheet | PDF
Information and Images Adapted from: https://www.cdc.gov/ticks/longhorned-tick/index.html
Stinging or Biting Pests
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After many years of success, EvidenceNetwork.ca is no longer in operation. We would like to thank everyone who has contributed to the organization over the past decade including our dedicated researchers, newspaper editors, readers and funders. However, now it is time to move onto new ways of looking at knowledge mobilization and policy. Should you have any questions, please feel free to contact Shannon Sampert at s.sampert@uwinnipeg.ca.
Shannon Sampert
Kathleen O’Grady
Nanci Dreger
Kyle Friesen
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Why it’s time for a National Autism Strategy
By Kathleen O’Grady
A version of this commentary appeared in the Hill Times, Montreal Gazette and the Huffington Post
Voir en Français
Over a year ago, I was invited to celebrate World Autism Awareness Day on Parliament Hill. It was attended by a dozen or more Senators from both major parties, political staffers and invited guests mostly from an assortment of autism non-profit organizations. I expected a somewhat predictable ‘feel good’ event about how far we’ve come and how far we have still to go.
But an hour later there weren’t many dry eyes in the chamber.
It turns out, many of the politicians who decided to join the event that day had personal experiences with autism. One Senator spoke at length of his daughter who struggles to get adequate services for his grandchild with autism, and how challenging it has been — economically, physically and emotionally — for the whole family. He cried openly.
Another Senator spoke of a family she knows that is struggling with long wait times for essential services, such as speech or behavioural therapy. More than one participant spoke of the difficult choice families have made to uproot from jobs and life-long communities and move across the country to Alberta or British Columbia where autism services are often more readily available and flexible, particularly if a family happens to have more than one child on the autism spectrum.
Others spoke of the economic burden of pursuing private therapies — funded out of pocket, often in the tens of thousands of dollars per year — resulting in refinancing homes or selling them altogether just to get their child with autism the basic supports they need to learn and thrive.
What became clear that day is something I’ve heard autism champion, Senator Jim Munson say before: autism doesn’t affect Liberals or Conservatives or NDPers. It’s an equal opportunity neurodevelopmental disorder that affects Canadians across the political spectrum and clear across the country.
What was also clear that day — and from a number of regional reports since — is that autism families in Canada are struggling, that diagnosed cases of autism are on the rise, and that most provinces are not able to keep up with necessary services.
According to a recent survey from the Canadian Autism Spectrum Disorders Alliance (CASDA), almost three quarters of parents of preschoolers in Canada with autism wanted, but did not receive, early intensive behavioural intervention for their child — one of few interventions for autism with solid peer reviewed evidence.
A similarly troubling report, released last month from the Ontario Auditor General, reveals that in some jurisdictions in the province, there are more children waiting for autism services than receiving them, with more than 16,000 children on wait lists that continue to balloon.
This has largely been my own experience in Ontario. Despite being a proud advocate of our universal health care system, which is intended to serve those in need and not just those with the ability to pay, I found it failed me when I needed it most. When my son did not meet traditional developmental milestones, I discovered I would have to wait years to get a diagnosis in the public health system. We paid for a private diagnosis instead, but then we still had to wait more than two years for publicly funded behavioural therapy, which was provided to us for only six months.
It was all too little, too late. Like so many other families affected by autism, instead of just waiting, we paid for our son’s essential health services privately — and he blossomed as a result. We are one of the lucky ones who could afford to do so, though not without struggle.
Dire headlines on gaps and lacks in autism services are recurrent in the media from multiple regions across the country; you can almost recycle the headlines and simply rotate the province named. It’s not an exaggeration to say we have an autism services crisis in Canada.
So what can be done? Plenty.
Evidence shows that proper health and educational supports for those affected by autism pay off. Early intervention is key and heads off more expensive and extensive supports that are needed later in life if early intervention is not provided. It makes economic sense, in other words, to provide autism services early.
Kids with autism are not lost causes, they are full of potential. We are failing them.
The last federal government made a good start establishing an Autism Spectrum Disorder Working Group to bring together those working on the issues across the country to discuss key concerns and share best practices. But much more federal support is required to make things better — now — for Canadian families affected by autism.
For starters, the new Liberal government could dust off the excellent cross-party Senate report — aptly titled — Pay Now or Pay Later: Autism Families in Crisis from 2007 and get to work. It’s number one recommendation? A comprehensive national autism strategy.
We’ve waited almost a decade. Now is the time for the federal government to bring together the brightest minds in the country on the issue and enact a federal strategy to give our kids with autism the services they need to survive and thrive in communities across the country. It’s not only the right thing to do, it’s the smart thing to do.
Kathleen O’Grady is a Research Associate at the Simone de Beauvoir Institute, Concordia University, the Managing Editor of EvidenceNetwork.ca and a mother of two sons, one with autism.
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(the) MELVINS at The Studio Warehouse Live in Houston, TX October 30, 2014 quantity
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(the) Melvins and their concert tonight at The Studio Warehouse Live in Houston, TX October 30, 2014
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MUDHONEY at The Bartlett in Spokane, WA October 24, 2014
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Home ‘DARWINOMICS’ for India: Gross Domestic Knowledge of India
‘DARWINOMICS’ for India: Gross Domestic Knowledge of India
January 2 , 2018 Views: 4670 Comments: 0
Talk by Umberto Sulpasso, Senior Fellow of Centre for Digital Future, University of Southern California, Los Angeles at the Conference at Vivekananda International Foundation (VIF), 18 December 2017
Director Dr. Arvind Gupta, Chairman and Dr. Rajiv Kumar, Vice Chancellor of NITI Aayog,
“Take up one idea. Make that one idea your life - think of it, dream of it, live on that idea. Be full of that idea. This is the way to success. Swami Vivekananda”.
I want to start by quoting such a great thinker because, following Vivekananda’s suggestion, I concentrated all my scientific energy of last years with the goal of defining the ‘Gross Domestic Knowledge Product’ (GDKP) of India. Therefore, to be able to present it in this Foundation seems to me the arrival to the best possible shore.
Dr. Arvind Gupta, thank you very much for your invitation to share with such an important audience, in such an outstanding Foundation, some modest thoughts on which is based my book titled ‘Darwinomics’. At the end, I will close my remarks making a reference to one of your observation in your previous speech, which Dr. Gupta, is extremely relevant for what we discuss today.
And thanks a lot to Ambassador Shetty and Ambassasor Fabian who made this meeting possible; and special thanks to the Chair, Dr. Rajiv Kumar, who was the first supporter of this idea in India. With typical pragmatically constructive American approach, he said “Let’s do it”, after of our first meeting when having just arrived from Los Angeles I appreciated very much. If GDKP India 2018, as I hope after this meeting, becomes a reality, the reference will be to my model, which has been defined and improved thanks to Dr. Rajiv Kumar’s unparalleled knowledge of Indian economy.
I started my talk with a quote of Vivekananda because I used to read Vivekananda texts much before this pleasant event. Since long, I love Indian culture, art, music and I am often fully immersed in the philosophical books this splendid country has produced over centuries, I should say millennia. In the special shelves of my library Indian philosophic writers live together with Greek philosophic writers. Books of Plato, Aristotle, Parmenides, Diogenes, Zenon are together with books of Kapila, Kanada, Pantajali, Shankaraya, my favoured Abinavagupta and Ramakrishna. And Vivekananda had always a special place. Since it is not fair to forget some names, I want to mention two authors of history of western and Indian philosophy who pay proper homage to all of them. For history of western philosophy I recall Bertrand Russell, a genius of philosophical intellectual life for decent values, and for history of Indian philosophy I want to remember Surendranath Das Gupta, a man who dictated to his friends the last paragraph of his book a few hours before his death that he knowingly expected while talking with them, like Socrates.
I make this initial reference to crossed Greek and Indian philosophy because both are the real foundations of ‘Darwinomics’, a word that connects two fundamental elements of humankind: Economics and Evolution. Darwinomics is intended to indicate with this combination a new horizon not just for economics, but for a specific type of economics which could be a factor for human evolution in Darwinian terms.
Let’s then start with economic part of the word. In Darwinomics the assumption is that we need a total new model of economics linked to the Darwin vision of evolution if humankind has to survive and that model we have to elaborate quite fast because we are heading towards dramatic world disasters.
We live in wonderful times for innovation and science. We are able to send probes outside the solar system and manage to move from here some man made machine to land on Mars or on some part of a comet when no more then a couple of centuries ago comets were still considered as omen of bad events coming from distant worlds. At the same time, biology has been able to identify - and finally declare beyond any doubt - the absolute common human biological structure, thus getting rid of any idea of race predominance or distinction, while pharmacological innovation is saving it from disastrous infectious disease that swept the world with millions of deaths. All that is wonderful, but the most revolutionary change on human life of our age is in communication, because it refers and impacts literally daily upon all human beings.
Never in history we could even think of being able to making an instantaneous person-to-person communication across thousands of miles, or viewing simultaneously the same event across the entire planet, or enabling a single person to communicate instantaneously to millions of people, be that a politician or a commoner. Extraordinary scientific and social advances have the most dramatic impact on economy, but quite surprisingly, economy has not yet taken care of it. We do live in wonderful times but with enormous economic disparities, because not all people in the world share the benefits of economic progress. That has happened always in human history, but today there is a revolutionary element to be considered that could endanger life of all of us. That disparity, by means of TV, internet, satellite programs, is wide clear to everybody, and through digital connections it could easily provoke rebellions, destructions, fights managed from outside, violence and upheavals engineered on global scale from far distant places, degenerating uncontrolled mass violence and ending up in global wars. This is why consideration of human disparities should give rise to new economic models which should mix development with global communication.
On the contrary, in these wonderful times, the existing economic models are missing wonderful opportunities that science could afford to fight famine, to improve basic living standards for billions of people, avoid climate disruption and halt poisoning air and sea. Not only such wonderful opportunities are missed but there is insistence on promotion of development models based on use of scarce resources and forcible acquisitions from other countries. Those old fashioned economic models are a ‘zero sum’ game where one country’s raw material has to be obtained to the detriment of raw materials of others, spontaneously or forcibly, with trade agreements or with wars, which, with the mass communication of today, leads to disastrous events. Let’s not forget that we live in a world where violence can erupt in any place and instantaneously viewed all over the world to instigate and spread further rebellion. Obviously, we need new economic models to take care of scarcity of raw material and use it better, and those models must take care of amazing communication frontiers that never existed before.
We economists (I feel to be part of that family even though I criticise some of its members) invented wonderful financial tools, stock markets, trade agreements; we reduced trade barriers, we brought circulation of money to extraordinary velocity. Let’s face it, we did wonderful job, but at the end of the 20th Century, we failed to understand that communication revolution would create a most dramatic challenge in shape of economics mixed with security. Why economists do not take it into consideration and continue to deal with acquisition of scarce raw materials from everywhere? The reason, to my mind, lies on lack of philosophical education among those who practice in the field of economics. It is said that over the door of Plato’s school was written: “No entrance for those who ignore mathematics”; in my view, at the door of economic school it should be written, “No entrance for those who ignore communication”. In the Western world, we use to date event according to ‘Before’ or ‘After’ Christ. In world’s economy, we need start thinking in terms ‘Before and After Internet’. But then, what should be the pillars of a new economic model?
Darwinomics is to promote an economic model that is able to catch the combination of IT revolution with what is by far the most significant human raw material: knowledge. Since knowledge is the most important man made raw material and IT revolution makes its circulation possible among all human beings, Darwinomics promotes a new economic model based on quantitative production and circulation of knowledge produced everywhere, and by everyone, and circulating it everywhere and with every one. The presumption is that increase of knowledge production will greatly increase the GDP level of a country, maximizing the use of raw material for every country and at the same time, reduce disparities and conflicts. And if Darwinomics promotes an economic model based on communication and knowledge, what country in the world is better suited to promote it than India, with its fantastic history of philosophical and applied knowledge. A country where knowledge in all its infinite varieties is so much important that its wonderful sacred books are named Veda, that means knowledge.
We embark therefore on the difficult journey of trying to explore theoretical benefits of quantifying the wealth of nation in terms of knowledge but before that let us delve in few words, the first part of the word Darwinomics.
In what has become a recognised law of evolution, Darwin states that those species that will survive are those who adjust better to change. What happens to species that do not adapt to change? Obviously they disappear. Darwin is referring his principle to the species. But mankind too is a specie, and therefore that principle will apply to humanity as well, but with one very peculiar and frightening possibility that this specie might be the first one to suffer self-created disappearance.
A famous biologist, Myers, proved in his work that on a theoretical ledger of intelligence, the most intelligent species last for less time. Bacteria exist since millions of years, much longer than the scarce few hundred thousands years of our existence, and they are going to last much longer after the disappearance of human species. The ominous signs of Myers’ predictions are everywhere available: massive destructive weapons burgeoning instead of diminishing; climate change produced by uncontrolled production and destruction; poisoning of land and sea by means of no biodegradable garbage etc., all seem to make the terrible forecast made by a great biologist to be true. When we think of 50 thousands nuclear weapons produced where ten or fifteen of them would suffice to erase any civilisation on earth, we tend to agree on Myers’ assumption. And the question all scientists should ask themselves is: what level of questionable intelligence has been reached when we put to danger our own existence?
Roaches seem, according to the great biologist, well equipped with sufficient scarce intelligence to survive human species. On this point we might ask ourselves if in times of genetic manipulation do we prefer our descendants to be humans or to turn them to roaches? The theoretical premise of Darwinomics is that we don’t want our kids to become roaches in order to survive. Individuals not only want to survive but they want to remain the species they are and want to live well. But in the post- Internet age, we can do that only with a new model of economy linked to mass production of knowledge and mass distribution of it. Let’s then enter into more specific aspects of GDKP India, which I call a cockpit to be offered to your visionary leader, Modi, who wants to lead India into the digital age and make it a modern country for all its future generations to compete at world’s highest levels.
GDKP as Cockpit for Indian Government’s Navigation
Cockpit is a space, usually enclosed, in the forward fuselage of an airplane containing the flying controls, instrument panel and seats for the pilot and co-pilot or flight crew. GDKP is a cockpit for a knowledge driven nation that contains strategic references, special tools for a knowledge driven economy and the Prime Minister’s (PM) decision making to enhance GDP, improve social equality and market decisions. I don’t want to bother this audience with complex technical aspects of GDKP but it is useful to share some specifications I made to create the model:-
a. GDKP had to be a quantitative economic notion like GDP, and not just a collection of relevant data. In other words, it had to end up in a number.
b. That number has to be comparable to the GDP and permit the ratio of GDP to GDKP ratio to assess the ‘K’ factor of the nation, that is to say, the ‘Knowledge Multiplier’ in terms of GDP from investing in knowledge.
c. That number has to be comparable with GDKP of other countries, as it is with GDP, but it has to have its own specifications. In other words, not only we have to have international standard GDKP but also national cultural GDKP in order to specifically protect and save the contribution of national knowledge to the wealth of nation.
Given those parameters, let’s make clear what would make the model a specially powerful tool for India:-
a. It will quantify the production, use and circulation of knowledge referring, as it does the GDP, to the whole population of a country. As in GDP we measure the contribution of a worker on the assembly line of Tata’s motor, we also have to measure the worker’s contribution to GDKP.
b Since we want to upgrade the knowledge level of the whole country, GDKP reduces all knowledge to common goods, or service, bought and sold on the market.
Here the key is to pass from traditional concept of knowledge as unquantifiable entity reserved for selected people and structures to a mass produced version of knowledge which empowers India on global scale. In the GDKP model, knowledge is something traded, produced, bought and sold by all people, which in economic terms gives India a sort of monopolistic advantage of enormous demographic potentiality. Think of a ‘knowledge class’ of 50 millions people, unthinkable elsewhere, to be developed as GDKP, and achievable through a policy of knowledge enhancement of over a billion of people. The immense effect of GDKP could uplift economic development far higher than other less populated and advanced countries and assure a most relevant role for India on global scale. In a ‘K’ factor nation having knowledge driven economy, the demographic effect of over a billion people can be astonishing. The reason I always wanted to apply the GDKP model to India or China is because these countries can move from being demographic bombs to knowledge bombs - peaceful bombs, of course.
At this stage, it is useful to indicate some aspects of the model which would provide PM Modi with new powerful tools of managing the country and taking it, as he desires in his visionary approach, to a modern digital economy.
Flight Control Strategical Reference
The first reference we have in cockpit is the CKPM, or Country Knowledge Producing Matrix, thanks to which the country has been visualised as texture of knowledge production. Here your PM will see through our model, the flow of production of knowledge – as what knowledge is produced and by whom.
The second element we have is the CKUP, or Country Knowledge User Matrix, which is intended to give the government the texture of users of knowledge. Here the structure is exactly the same as in the CKPM except that here we catch the consumer of knowledge - what of produced knowledge is used, and by whom.
The third fundamental element of the model is the construction of the Individual Cost of Learning. We have an Index of the Cost of Living; your PM has to have key information on Cost of learning in urban or rural areas, by age brackets and by sectors of employment.
Obviously there will be an economic innovation burden for the first country that moves from a theoretical model to its practical application in the country itself. And we are very lucky to have here Rajiv Kumar, a great economist of international standing. His book ‘The Many Features of India’ is fundamental for developing this country and his last book ‘Modi’s Challenges’ is the key reference for the adaptation of GDKP model to India. And I dare say Rajiv, that you will support the idea of calculating the GDKP India 2018; you have unique competence for such a modern initiative. But I also want to mention Ashish Kumar who as DG of Central Statistic office of India made an excellent preliminary calculation of GDKP India for two years and compared that to over 40 countries. As I said, those are preliminary calculation and lot of work still has to be done to get to the final results, but there is great merit in showing a workable relation with the National Accounting System. At the end of this document you may find the letter that Ashish Kumar sent to this conference in case there was not possible a workable skype connection.
Sitting in the cockpit of GDKP, the PM observes the flow of knowledge produced and consumed of India. Watching the display he will be aware that he can take decisions in budgeting, thus maximising the multiplier impact of some specific economy sector (in favouring overall knowledge circulation, increasing the digital role of economy and in social policy). He will also see a full set of private market opportunities promoting higher role of knowledge in private investment to increase the GDP and the wealth of individual companies (favouring optimal capital formation balance, creating over-the-counter knowledge company, market based on knowledge-price (K/P) ratios, and favouring a financial private investor risk analysis based on knowledge investment).
Our pilot now gives his attention to the instrumental panel. He wants to increase GDP pushing high the K-factor impact in one or more of the indicated areas and he can properly introduce some crashing new instruments. Here I will mention some of the new main potential instruments he may want to promote to make India a full-fledged knowledge driven nation. I just mention these, reserving these for discussion or for further meetings. Here are some of the said instruments:-
a. Individual Educational Credit Card, which I got adopted in Italy for two years;
b. Educational Family Bonds, not redeemable tax favoured subscription bond usable only for educational payments as kids grow up;
c. India’s National Knowledge Distant Educational Platform, created to get every individual producing knowledge to be able to sell it to all Indians and make a business out of his knowledge;
d. India’s Knowledge Valleys, a physical space made in areas where special goods are made, where all knowledge connected items to that production can be conveyed to favour selling abroad - say for instance, a ‘Saree Knowledge Valley’ in Benares etc.
e. India’s Knowledge Money, a special K-money issued by producers of knowledge that can be spent in a knowledge market that has a special status in fiscal policy, defined by the national or state governments;
f. India’s Knowledge Money Central Bank, a central institution that controls and defines the credibility of K-money emission and the condition and rates upon which it can be redeemed.
Please let me add that Knowledge Money and India’s Knowledge Money Central Bank could really become one of most modern innovation in international money market and attract a lot of foreign money.
We have been talking of GDKP-INDIA as an instrument of economy, both to enhance the value of GDP and to assure a proper role to private investors in building a knowledge driven Indian economy. But there are some other aspects on which we should give proper attention for better business, diplomacy, and finally, security. Here I will refer to a world center for GDKP risk analysis in financing, Triple-K, Triple-A, K/P, WSJ and DOW Index. And let’s not forget direct business benefits for India’s economy. To mention only software and business publishing; software is an enormous business opportunity for the Indian software houses to be the first to elaborate the simulation model of GDKP which has to be applied across the nation, to states and then abroad. In business publishing, let’s not forget that the most important business newspaper, The Wall Street Journal, comes from the most important stock index Dow John Industrial Average. But it could as well promote the long researched vision of risk analysis in financing, introducing the Triple-K in addition to Triple-A, the K/P ratio in addition to the price-earning (P/E) ratio and finally the GDKP Index at the level of DOW Index K/P ratio for all the stocks listed under business journal of GDKP Index.
But before closing I would like to mention a recent CNN report: Facebook and Amazon have joined an exclusive club open to only the richest companies in the world, both have crossed the half-a-trillion mark. Facebook exceeded $500 billion in market value for the first time as Mark Zuckerberg's company continued its rapid ascent. Amazon hit the $500 billion milestone for the first time. Only three companies, all in the technical industry, are worth more right now: Apple ($798 billion), Google parent company Alphabet ($667 billion) and Microsoft ($571 billion).
The meteoric rise of their stocks - each are up more than 40% this year alone - further enriches these companies' visionary founders. Jeff Bezos, 53, started Amazon in 1995 and just surpassed Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates on Thursday as the world's richest person. Zuckerberg, who is just 33 years old and is a Harvard drop-out, is now worth more than $69 billion, according to Forbes. Facebook's $500 billion milestone looks stunning considering the social networking giant has only been public for five years. But today Facebook boasts more than 2 billion users. Amazon has altered the way people shop, creating enormous turmoil for retailers.
I wanted to mention these data because I have to ask to all of you one question: What prevents India from playing a direct role in this market? Please notice that three of the five mentioned companies do not sell physical goods and the question is, what do they sell? They sell the most modern version of knowledge, which I call information/relation knowledge. In my opinion this is the most relevant American revolution of the last decades, comparable to introduction of atomic weapons because it daily impacts billions of people and it is not far away the day in which it will record daily interactions of 70 to 80 percent of the world population. That is to say, 5 or 6 billion people exchanging information/relation knowledge no matter which country these individuals are living in, or their age, or gender and physical status. And again, why India, with its extraordinary love for knowledge and with its phenomenal demographic potential is not taking a lead in this evolution of knowledge market which has so powerful impact on economy and so critical to security? I would like to close my talk with some considerations linked to these questions.
We made quite a journey from Darwinomics to GDKP-India and we have arrived at the end of our conversations. On the first day of this journey, one person sitting here, Ambassador Fabian, a strong supporter of GDKP-India, made me notice that in his monumental work, Toybin considered India origin of three civilization.
As I said at the beginning, I would like to mention an extremely important speech Dr. Arvind Gupta gave some times ago, asking as to why India’s culture, which is so important, gets so little credit abroad, and, as he added, even within the country. I found that talk extremely important for GDKP-India much before I had the pleasure of meeting him because for sure he raises a fundamental question everybody here should address to find an answer. My suggestion is that India should learn how to promote its society’s enormous knowledge treasure and its wonderful capacity to produce more knowledge. And here, there is an important initiative I would like to present.
I have been thinking since long time to establish a Club Gandhi, Chomsky, Voltaire, which would represent top visionaries in the area of good knowledge. Presenting this idea here and adding the name of Vivekananda is something that pleases me very much. Chomsky with whom I often share opinions, is one of the world’s top intellectuals, always fighting for decent approach to life that Vivekananda had. To get him involved with the GDKP would be a great achievement. Dr. Gupta, it is my conviction that with GDKP-India we will not only provide a wonderful tool to your visionary PM Modi to help him manage in a proper way the historical entry of India into a knowledge driven economy, but will also help in overcoming the limitations you pointed out and which requires everybody to offer some solution.
It is my wish that the combination of Vivekananda International Foundation and the NITI Aayog, with two so remarkable persons present here, Dr. Arvind Gupta and Dr. Rajiv Kumar, can make GDKP-India 2018 become a reality. And let me close with a famous statement of John Kennedy: When we talk of Knowledge not only I personally feel I am Indian, but I am convinced that everybody should feel they are Indians. Thank you very much for your attention.
1. My email is umberto@sulpasso.us . Please write me for any clarification.
2. www.digitalcenter.org /gdkp is the centre of University of Southern California where you can find lots of material relevant for GDKP India including articles and some assessments
3. Here there is an attachment of a letter of Ashish Kumar to the conference
Message From Shri Ashish Kumar, Former Director General of Central Statistics Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India, 17 December, 2017
Dear Participants of the meeting, Colleagues and Friends,
I would like to thank Vivekanand Foundation for organizing a discussion on the concept of ‘Gross Domestic Knowledge Product’ (GDKP) specially in the context of India. I also apologize for not being personally and physically present in such an important meeting.
We all agree that India has been the hub of knowledge for the rest of the world, be it knowledge of outside or inside, the worldly knowledge or the knowledge of self, Atman. We have shown light to the world on how the life should be lived and how the balance in life (Yoga) should be achieved. This status of India being leader in knowledge generation and dissemination got compromised later due to various internal conflicts in our country, domination by invaders and colonization. After the independence, the country has started the process of building up and has again taken leadership in many areas and disciplines. This is specially notable in the area of Statistics and now in IT sector.
Our team comprising of eminent economists and ambassadors-Prof Umberto Sulpasso, Mr K.P. Fabian, Mr Balkrishna Shetty, Mr Rajiv Kumar and me as Statistician devoted considerable time to develop understanding the role ‘Knowledge’ plays in development of societies, its key ingredients and also how this can be measured and used for policy making. My role in this journey has been to develop a metric to measure the knowledge related contribution in the overall economic development. This work was undertaken when I was Director General of Central Statistics Office in the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation in Government of India in 2015. Using internationally accepted concept and standard of System of National Accounts including Supply Use Tables, we tried to define the concept of knowledge as comprising of “new knowledge’ generation and dissemination of ‘existing knowledge’. This is an attempt to develop a satellite account relating to knowledge sector from the whole of national accounts. Developing satellite accounts is a part of regular exercise of national accountants. India has been leader in Asia Pacific region in developing Tourism Satellite Accounts. Therefore, such an account with various disaggregations can be developed in National Statistics Offices engaged in production of National Accounts Statistics. This ‘knowledge account’ with its disaggregations at the State and lower levels can be a very important policy instrument for giving thrust to knowledge producing and knowledge disseminating industries/ activities.
We initially did the exercise of production of GDKP for India based on the Supply Use Tables generated for the first time in India. Later, we expanded this exercise to cover many countries. I am sure Professor Umberto will be sharing the methodology adopted for the purpose and results obtained. One of the major finding of this exercise has been that growth in GDKP can be taken as predictor of GDP. There may be some time lag in the two indicators, but the lag can be tracked and reduced by efficient policy actions. It is further possible to identify the areas where there has been large contributions and what has been its effect on GDP. This can be an effective instrument to determine investment priorities. The exercise also brought out number of limitations in segregation of information from the existing data collection systems for development of satellite account on knowledge. I think there is a need to improve this system over the years.
I hope the Government of india shall take a big step in accepting this statistics as a measure as important as GDP and would use it for policy formulation.
I must again apologize for my inability to personally join such an important meeting. I wish a fruitful discussion in the meeting. I would like to inform that these are my personal views and not of my organization in which I am working at present.
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Tag: Great Depression
Contributions made by women of the New Deal era profoundly reshaped the relationship between the government and American citizens.
Women and the Spirit of the New Deal, published collectively by the National New Deal Preservation Association, the Frances Perkins Center and the Living New Deal is a narrative which highlights the extensive role of 100 women in the programs and operations begun during the 1930’s administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
100 women who contributed to the transformation of American during the Great Depression and FDR’s New Deal. Photo by Susan Ives Communications
Images and brief biographies include politicians, administrators, lawyers, social workers, authors, journalists, painters, sculptors, musicians, secretaries, national park rangers, clerks and scientists.
Some individuals were known to the public during the Great Depression era, 1933-1945, and remembered by historians. While others operated behind the scenes and have been virtually forgotten. Most played significant roles in the numerous agencies, projects and New Deal programs of the federal government during a time of great adversity.
To better understand New Deal history the contributions made by these woman must be acknowledge. Through their efforts, big and small, they collectively and profoundly reshaped the relationship between the government and American citizens.
We owe them a debt of gratitude and recognition.
Authors Nat’l New Deal Preservation Assn, National New Deal Preservation Association, Frances Perkins Center, Living New Deal
Publisher National New Deal Preservation Association, 2019
Available through Amazon, Barnes & Noble, Ingram and many other online retailers.
Author KathleenDPosted on April 12, 2020 Categories Frances Perkins, New Deal Women, WPATags CCC enrollment records, FDR, Great Depression, New Deal art, WPALeave a comment on Women and the Spirit of the New Deal
Frank Cassara – Last of the New Deal CCC artists
During the Great Depression persistence and talent earned Frank Cassara a young, untried artist his place among the greats in New Deal art history.
The last of the New Deal Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) artists, Frank (Francesco) Cassara, born March 13, 1913 in Partinico, Sicily died January 13, 2017, in Ann Arbor, Michigan – two months shy of his 104th birthday.
During a September 2010 interview Frank Cassara, a former CCC and WPA artist, graciously shared recollections of his New Deal assignments. ©2010 Kathleen Duxbury. All Rights Reserved
In the fall of 2010, Frank Cassara and his daughter, Francisca, graciously welcomed me into his Michigan home and studio. While giving me directions they voiced concerns with traffic I might encounter en-route; a football game was scheduled at the University of Michigan. If there was traffic I never noticed, but do recall the Spartans were not the only winners that weekend.
Frank was then 97 years old, in a wheelchair, soft spoken and was quietly reflective as I questioned him about his time and special circumstances as an Artist/Enrollee with the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) in Illinois during the Great Depression years.
Initially we sat in the living room of his home. Frank watched as I arranged my papers, camera equipment and hooked up the audio recorder all while explaining the who and whys of our New Deal research, extensive travels and how we search for CCC art, artists and stories.
Frank apologized for what he believed would be unproductive time and wasted travel for me; explaining it had been years (authors note – 75+ years) since his assignment to a CCC camp and he really couldn’t remember much.
Truthfully, I didn’t know what to expect as I handed Frank copies of CCC camp photographs and letters. The documents were dated 1934 – 1935, years when Frank was 21 years of age, living in Detroit, Michigan and desperate for work. He was writing or approaching anyone or any agency he thought might be of assistance, repeatedly.
Continue reading “Frank Cassara – Last of the New Deal CCC artists”
Author KathleenDPosted on February 6, 2017 October 24, 2019 Categories Art, Articles, Artists - cCc, Frank Cassara, New Deal Art, WPATags CCC art, CCC artist, Federal Art Project, Frank Cassara, Great Depression, New Deal art, Swallow Cliff Palos Park Illinois, World War I, WPA2 Comments on Frank Cassara – Last of the New Deal CCC artists
Remembering the New Deal
“Above All, Try Something” President Franklin Roosevelt
National New Deal Preservation Association (NNDPA)
August 2016 – I have been honored by and readily accepted an invitation from the National New Deal Preservation Association (NNDPA) to join their board.
As a Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) researcher and author I am excited to be associated with the NNDPA, an organization whose goal is: to promote the identification, documentation, preservation and education of the Great Depression New Deal visual and performing arts, literature, crafts, structures and environmental projects and programs.
The New Deal – What and When?
It was the Great Depression – America was in the midst of an economic and environmental cataclysm previously unknown in its history.
During the 1932 presidential campaign Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) addressed the grinding despair by promising “a new deal for the American people.”
It wasn’t until after his March 1934 inauguration that the true depth of the unemployment, hunger, homelessness and poverty was truly documented. President Roosevelt was facing an unprecedented national emergency; massive in size and scope.
Our Job With The WPA -Workers Handbook – Harry Hopkins Administrator
These were uncharted waters, the programs and ideas FDR would authorize in an effort to address this crisis were experimental and untested. Boldly stating “Above All Try Something” best describes the New Deal and what he could offer a struggling nation.
Lasting from 1933 – 1943, the numerous and varied New Deal programs, policies and work projects forever changed and bolstered a struggling nation. Over eighty years later we continue to benefit from these remarkable accomplishments.
What Were the New Deal Programs?
Continue reading “Remembering the New Deal”
Author KathleenDPosted on September 1, 2016 February 6, 2017 Categories Articles, New Deal, Non-profit groups, Roosevelt - Franklin DelanoTags FDR, Great Depression, New Deal, NNDPA, President Franklin RooseveltLeave a comment on Remembering the New Deal
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The Shanghai Scoop – Food & Drink News (April 2018)
By Rachel Gouk On May 1, 2018
The Shanghai Scoop is a monthly column dedicated to the latest food and drink news happening in Shanghai. Here is a round-up of the newest restaurants and bars, hotel news, and upcoming projects.
New Restaurants in Shanghai
Table No. 1 at The Waterhouse is no more. In its place is Oxalis, a modern western restaurant. The chef is Alsace native Jonas Noel, previously at L’Atelier de Joel Robuchon Shanghai. Expect slow food techniques like pickling and smoking.
A highlight at Oxalis: A fleshy triangle of Icelandic mackerel is brined and torched, and served at a cool temp, as though it had sprung up from the icy waters from which it came. Pickled cauliflower and spiced yogurt brings it together.
A highlight at Ekeko: Beef cheek saltado over mushroom rice.
Ekeko is one of my favorite new openings of the month. It’s a Peruvian restaurant that serves an 8-course menu that takes you through the highlights of the cuisine. The menus will change every month, too. It’s led by Chef Carlos Sotomayor, previously the chef at El Efante (formerly housed in the same space as Ekeko) and had already the habit of changing the menu every four weeks.
In that same building (20 Donghu Lu) is Racines. It’s rich French cuisine by chef Kenji Ishibashi.
A highlight at Racines: Slow cooked Iberian pork in beer with morels. Fork tender, rich, and unforgettable.
Again, not new, just relocated (thankfully) and still serving plenty of fan favorites like the Pate de Campagne. It’s rustic cuisine that’ll put you in a food coma, plus, they have excellent bread.
Apollo is now open.
It’s a modern Latin American-inspired casual restaurant at 195 Anfu Road, helmed by Danish Chef Frederik Rasmussen. It’s a chef-driven menu that pushes the boundaries of what is perceived to be Latin American fare. In short: Frederik’s interpretation of the cuisine and his experience working in similar restaurants in Copenhagen.
A highlight at Apollo: Halibut served with three stages of green tomatoes (unripe, ripe, and dried), with olives, and tomato juice in fish fume (that’s fish stock + butter). Briny, sweet, sour, and buttery is what you need to know.
In short: Frederik’s interpretation of the cuisine and his experience working in similar restaurants in Copenhagen.
And guess what. P.F. Chang’s opened in Shanghai. How they managed to make Chinese food taste “American” is quite a feat.
A highlight at P.F. Chang’s: How does this Mongolian beef stir-fry taste like America / China at the same time???
P.F. Chang’s is part of a whole floor of restaurants managed by HMSHost, an American highway and airport food-service company, including Jones The Grocer, a popular grocer/restaurant from Australia that’s also has a licensed venue in Dubai.
Tacos at FUNKA del Sur.
Last month, I mentioned Funkdadelino closing. The group has opened FUNKA del Sur not too far from that venue to retain their stronghold in Jing’an. They’ve taken over the space where Sailors used to be. The Italian restaurant brand is taking a South American route with Funka del Sur, employing Chef Hugo Rodriguez (previously STYX and Chala) to rep with ceviches, arepas, and more.
The group behind Xixi Bistro and Mito has opened a new bar called “Below” at United Valley.
Pork neck at Masse.
Not new, but back up is Masse, located at 800 Show.
The food served is primarily Asian, Chris Lin of the former Asian Plus working on the menu and running the restaurant. Beef noodles, pork neck (pictured above), salted egg yolk battered fried chicken, and the like.
Coming to the former French Concession area is BLANCHE.
Rendering via BLANCHE.
Keywords: fine dining, elegant, dynamic, wine, and creative. From the photos we’ve seen, it’s super sleek. It’s headed by chef Jerome Tauvron, known for SILEX, a French-Japanese fusion restaurant. (Photos above sourced from a job posting earlier this week.)
“Shanghai’s one and only metal bar” Inferno has found a new place to roost. It’s on Maoming Lu, near rockabilly bar Hoy Hoy. They’ve taken away the stage, too. Back to the good ol’ days of just metal on play and drinking.
Peet’s Coffee is expanding with a second location, taking over the space of the original Farine space in Ferguson Lane. Above, Sichuan Citizen will be moving in, taking over the space formerly housing Coconut Paradise. They’ll also be bringing Bar Basil to the compound as well.
Spiced Crispy Pork with Sesame at Peacock Room.
The FCC Group (Sense 8, a lavish Cantonese restaurant sporting extravagant décor with three locations, and Peacock Room, fine dining Sichuan in a glittery posh setting) is opening Lion in Xintiandi. Location: facing the fountain. It’s to be a Nanyang style or Southeast Asian Chinese restaurant.
Rendering of Blackbird.
And then, there’s the first update in weeks about Columbia Circle. Blackbird is repositioning itself as a fine dining restaurant and bar (Table Black and Bar Black). The bar was once an airy cafe with easygoing cocktails and simple European food. It’s in a two-story building designed by OMA and will have a rooftop garden. It’s by the same group that does OHA Eatery (contemporary Guizhou/Western) and Bar No. 3.
The Sukhothai Shanghai just opened, and it is absolutely exquisite.
So…I’d love to sit in this tub sometime soon.
Designed by Neri&Hu, it’s a new class of boutique hotel. 170 rooms, 31 suites, five F&B, gym, and spa.
Expect plenty of people to snap selfies at this grand staircase.
La Scala, Italian cuisine that aims to source sustainably and to be low waste, helmed by Michelin-starred Chef Theodor Falser and chef de cuisine Stefano Sanna; URBAN Café, Southeast Asian cuisine by Executive Chef Marcus Ng; and Beans & Grapes as the all-day café/grab-and-go.
URBAN Lounge, the all day lounge with a curated gin list of 100 bottles and an equally sophisticated cocktail list, and ZUK Bar, serving Nordic cuisine with experimental cocktails, is master mixologist’s Vincenzo Pagliara’s area of expertise. He’s just come from Connaught Bar, London, World’s 50 Best Bars. One to watch.
Restaurant & Bar Closings
All branches of Kaiba have closed. ABin Bev acquired the Belgian beer bar in 2016, and is now taking the opportunity to “reposition the brand”.
Cafe Montmarte, one of the longest running French restaurants in Shanghai closed, too. The building is being renovated (apparently there was a bidding war on the space) and something will be in its place soon. Let’s just hope it’s not another Starbucks, because we definitely need more of those on every street corner.
Indonesian restaurant Bumbu has gone quietly into the night. Most sad. Where are we to get Nasi Goreng now?
Cafe des Stagiaires on Wuding Lu will be replaced by something new soon. Again, mum’s the word on what and who.
Kagen at Taojiang Lu has closed (April 27)—let’s hope temporarily—due to landlord disputes. Dammit. Why can’t we have nice things? Here’s to hoping all goes smoothly and that they’re back up and running soon. *Update: Kagen is reopening at 758 Julu Lu.
That’s all for last month’s recap! Stay tuned for the next F&B news column.
Restaurants Shanghai Shanghai F&B News
The Shanghai Scoop – Food & Drink News (October 2018)
Lounge by Topgolf: Uber Cool Entertainment Arena in Shanghai
News: PERCH by The Nest at Plump Garden
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Forgotten ‘Rogue One: Star Wars’ Series Emerges at ‘Star Wars’ Celebration
in Star Wars
Posted on April 6, 2022 April 7, 2022 by Alex Lue
Credit: Lucasfilm
Every Star Wars fan was surprised to hear that character Cassian Andor from Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (2016) would receive its Disney+ series, but the show has been widely forgotten. That is until Disney just made a massive announcement about the future of the Andor.
Diego Luna joined the Star Wars universe in Rogue One, arguably one of the best films within the Skywalker saga following Disney’s acquisition of Lucasfilm.
Though Cassian Andor, Jyn Erso (Felicity Jones), K-2SO (Alan Tudyk), Orson Krennic (Ben Mendelsohn), and Saw Gerrera (Forest Whitaker) met their demise in the Star Wars film, the majority of these characters are reportedly returning in Andor on Disney+.
Related: Ex-‘Mandalorian’ Star Gina Carano Issues Mic Drop on New Disney Controversy
However, little to no news surrounding Andor has surfaced from The Walt Disney Company.
That is until Lucasfilm just announced that the anticipated series is receiving its panel at the 2022 Star Wars Celebration:
Star Wars Celebration returns in May, launching with a must-see showcase that will kick the weekend’s festivities into hyperdrive. On Thursday, May 26, Lucasfilm’s current crop of live-action filmmakers will be joined by special guests to discuss the many Star Wars adventures coming soon, including Obi-Wan Kenobi, Andor, and The Mandalorian.
Related: George Lucas Thought ‘Star Wars’ Hayden Christensen Was “Too Much”
Andor is joined by a panel for the Obi-Wan Kenobi limited series starring Ewan McGregor (Obi-Wan Kenobi) and Hayden Christensen (Anakin Skywalker/Darth Vader), as well as a panel for The Mandalorian season three.
Related: The Spin that Ruined ‘Star Wars’: Fans “Cringe” At ‘Book of Boba Fett’ Finale
While the details surrounding this panel are limited, and it’s unclear what Disney will reveal about Andor, it’s safe to assume that an official teaser trailer will release for the series at this time, confirming when Andor will finally hit Disney+ this year or in 2023.
Related: Dave Filoni Fought Disney to Bring Hayden Christensen Back as Darth Vader
StarWars.com continues:
Order your Star Wars Celebration tickets before April 7 at 11:59 p.m. PT and get them in the mail before the show.
Star Wars Celebration Anaheim 2022 will be held May 26-29, 2022, at the Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim, California.
More about Rogue One
Former scientist Galen Erso (Mads Mikkelsen) lives on a farm with his wife and young daughter, Jyn. His peaceful existence comes crashing down when the evil Orson Krennic takes him away from his beloved family. Many years later, Galen becomes the Empire’s lead engineer for the most powerful weapon in the galaxy, the Death Star. Knowing that her father holds the key to its destruction, Jyn joins forces with a spy and other resistance fighters to steal the space station’s plans for the Rebel Alliance.
Related: Bryce Dallas Howard Reportedly Returning to ‘The Mandalorian’ Ahead Fan Movement
Fans can purchase their Star Wars Celebration tickets up to April 7 to attend the highly anticipated event filled with Lucasfilm’s biggest names, including The Mandalorian showrunner Jon Favreau, executive producer Dave Filoni, Kathleen Kennedy, Pedro Pascal (Din Djarin), Carl Weathers (Greef Karga), Ming-Na Wen (deadly bounty hunter Fennec Shand), Ewan McGregor (Jedi Master Obi-Wan Kenobi), and Hayden Christensen (Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker)!
The world of Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamill), Princess Leia (Carrie Fisher), Han Solo (Harrison Ford), Darth Vader (James Earl Jones), Jedi Master Yoda (Frank Oz), Ahsoka Tano (Ashley Eckstein), Darth Maul (Ray Parker), Anakin Skywalker (Boba Fett (Jeremy Bulloch/Temura Morrison), Jedi Master Obi-Wan Kenobi (Ewan McGregor), Grogu (AKA “Baby Yoda”), Bo-Katan Kryze (Katee Sackhoff), Koska Reeves (Sasha Banks), Fennec Shand (Ming-Na Wen), and Moff Gideon’s (Giancarlo Esposito) the Millennium Falcon, the Death Star, and The Clone Wars.
Within the Star Wars franchise, Lucasfilm is moving past Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (2016) or the controversial Rian Johnson Star Wars film The Last Jedi (2018) as we dive into the Old Republic or explore new realities of the Star Wars universe with each new TV show or the upcoming Star Wars game like Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order 2 or Star Wars Eclipse.
When do you think Andor will debut? Let us know in the comments below!
Alex Lue
When he's not in Disneyland, Alex loves to make YouTube videos, watch old movies, and play the guitar. In his spare time, Alex learns all things theme park history, travels Route 66, and listens to the Eagles!
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on whey protein 10lbs
Stein Castle (German: Schloss Stein or Ruine Stein) is a castle ruin above the municipality of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. Please contact your local road traffic office for further information. For each year there is a separate sports curriculum for professional athletes and an immersion class, in which the pupils are thought in German and English. A few families live at Aarau and Bremgarten. So in that same year, he continued his studies at the Canton school in Aargau (also called Aarau). Direct democracy in the form of the “Landsgemeinde”, or open-air meetings of citizens, is now confined to Appenzell-Innerrhoden and Glarus. The cantons and communities are responsible for many public duties. Exam prep for Kantonsschule. She then became a deputy to the Grosser Rat of Aargau from 1997 to 2000. In order to update our information concerning immunization coverage in Switzerland we analysed data from the public school immunization program of the canton of Aargau between 1988-90. A few families live at Aarau and Bremgarten. With the Act of Mediation in 1803, the canton of Baden was dissolved and the contemporary canton of Aargau was formed in 1803. These dates may be modified as official changes are announced, so please check back regularly for updates. 97% of all the matriculating or … In September 1896 he successfully passed his A-levels in written and oral from. Located at 47.4733, 8.30528 (Lat. Recommended option. Aarau as canton capital. There are 3 ways to get from Zürich to Canton of Aargau by train, taxi or car. With the Act of Mediation in 1803, the canton of Baden was dissolved and the contemporary canton of Aargau was formed in 1803. The Old cantonal school of Aarau is a public secondary school in Aarau. School vacation, Holidays, public/bank holidays and moon phases in the year 2020 for switzerland and all other countries and regions. Next to the high school there's also a school for economics (WMS) and a school for computer science (IMS). Aargau Public Holidays 2020 This page contains a calendar of all 2020 public holidays for Aargau. Head of School and Executive Director. "It’s a large-sized castle, and passages with twists and turns and actors “living out” daily life throughout." Aarau, the capital of the Canton of Aargau in the Swiss Mittelland, is located on the River Aare to which the town and canton owe their name. Unique recreational areas for sporting activities, and numerous thermal baths offer plenty of opportunities for health and relaxation. We compared these results with those of two districts from the school year 1993-94. Preparation for the transition to the cantonal school in the subjects English, maths, French and German. Wikipedia Article ⓘ Bremgarten District is a Swiss district in the Canton of Aargau, corresponding to the valleys of the Reuss and Bunz rivers in the area known as the Freiamt. In 1820 the city wall was torn down, with exception of the individual towers and gates, and the defensive ditches were filled in. The charming old town boasts the most beautiful eaves, the so-called «Dachhimmel», in Switzerland. Exam Information. This page contains a calendar of all 2021 and 2022 school holidays in Aargau. In 1875 there were 1,368 Jews at Aargau (Engelbert). Subsequently he followed the advice the director of the Zurich University gave him and went to a school in Aarau (canton of Aargau) in Switzerland in October 1895 to close the gap in his knowledge. The cantonal parliaments have between 58 and 200 seats, while the cantonal governments have 5, 7 or 9 members. Select an option below to see step-by-step directions and to compare ticket prices and travel times in Rome2rio's travel planner. Stefan Urner taught for almost twenty years in public schools as a primary school teacher. Besides that of Endingen and Lengnau, there exists in the canton Aargau a Jewish community at Baden with about 2,000 persons, who have a rabbi and a school. Re: Schools in Aargau canton Hi we have already got our schools sorted as well as the house and everything.I am sending you my UAE cell number in your personal messege please call me and we can guide you through as much as we can to the best of our capability. Aargau (Wikipedia) Regions Today, about one-third of cantonal government spending is invested in developing and furthering Aargau's innovative education and research structures. Wine culture at its finest. In the cantons of Bern, Glarus, Solothurn, St. Gallen, Thurgau, Neuchâtel, Schwyz, Vaud and Zurich you can also take the theory test in English. FREE cancellation on select hotels Bundle Canton of Aargau flight and hotel to build your own Canton of Aargau vacation package & with Expedia.ca! Each Canton and Half-Canton has its own constitution, parliament, government and courts. Your canton’s road traffic office will then send you the details of your test. Home Switzerland Compulsory post-secondary schools: only Aargau teens ... - Le Nouvelliste ⓘ Aarau District is a district in the Swiss Canton of Aargau with administrative capital Aarau encompasses the agglomeration of Aarau south of the Juras. Rural areas, urban centers and cultural highlights invite you on numerous excursions that inspire lovers of culture and nature and sports enthusiasts at the same time. From the grapevine to the wine tasting: experience wine culture across four floors of the historical wine press in Tegerfelden. .. Add an external link to your content for free. Search: Add your article Home Geography of Switzerland Geography of Switzerland by canton French forces occupied the Aargau from 10 March to 18 April 1798; thereafter the Bernese portion became the canton of Aargau and the remainder formed the canton … The four contrasting regions of Aargau, Bern Aargau, the Frick Valley, Baden and Freiamt are characterized by their unique diversity. Students and graduates. The exam for vocational school (BMS) 2 will take place on Saturday, March 7, 2020. plus we leave in march and my daughter joins a state school on 23rd of April ISA so will be able to guide you through our experience … However, please check back regularly for any updates that may occur. Generally, the holiday dates announced at the canton level don’t change very often. French forces occupied the Aargau from 10 March to 18 April 1798; thereafter the Bernese portion became the canton of Aargau and the remainder formed the canton of Baden. Parallel to this, from 1996 - 1997, she was a member of the Tenancy Law Conciliation Authorities. It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance. From 1993 to 2000, she served on Muri School Board. Aargau is a canton that is strong on education and research: even before the canton as such came into existence, the first secular academic high school in Switzerland was founded in Aarau. In contrast to the cantons of Zurich and Vaud, where inner-cantonal relocations dominate and the cantonal capitals play a major role, the relocation dynamics in Aargau are thus driven from outside by moves from other cantons and within by a lively dynamic between the middle centers and their agglomerations, namely Aarau, Baden or Lenzburg. Federal laws apply throughout the country. However, the canton of Aargau decided on Wednesday to close its secondary schools and professional schools and continue classes via online learning from … Aarau was declared the capital of the new, enlarged canton of Aargau. Albert Einstein, himself, attended the Cantonal School in Aargau--a harbinger of the continuing dedication to learning. High school graduates / Secondary school leavers. Fine living, less taxing In 2006 voters in Aargau approved a comprehensive tax reduction package making the fourth largest canton more fiscally attractive than all other midland cantons--including Zurich and Bern. The cantonal parliaments have between 58 and 200 seats, while the cantonal governments have 5, 7 or 9 members. .. Add an external link to your content for free. Direct democracy in the form of the “Landsgemeinde”, or open-air assemblies of citizens, is now confined to Appenzell-Innerrhoden and Glarus. A visit to a castle — whether you stumble over one during a hike outdoors or walk your way around the grounds with a guide — is always something special, and you’ve got 20 beautiful castles to choose from in the Aargau. Aarau, Aargau, Switzerland Aargau Old Cantonal School. The decision to close schools rests with the cantons, said Guy Parmelin, Switzerland’s president. Successful exam prep for the cantonal school entrance exam in canton Aargau for students from secondary and private schools. Cantons have their own laws which apply only within the canton. Choose from thousands of Canton of Aargau … Business schools in Switzerland Stein Castle, Aargau. These dates are unlikely to be modified. Besides that of Endingen and Lengnau, there exists in the canton Aargau a Jewish community at Baden with about 2,000 persons, who have a rabbi and a school. Each canton and half-canton has its own constitution, parliament, government and courts. Canton Aargau has its own constitution and government, a parlament, and courts. Get premium, high resolution news photos at Getty Images In 1803, Napoleon ordered the fusion of the cantons of Aargau, Baden and Fricktal. Broad cultural and gastronomic offerings contribute to its lively atmosphere. / Lng. You may take the test as many times as you like. In his younger years he dedicated himself to professional movement theatre. Re: Schools in Aargau canton You are right Karl but you can certainly chose an area where is the repute of the school is good and is better at handling expat kids than other maybe because of the number of expatriate children they get is higher than the rest of the Kanton. ... Aargau Cantonal Museum of Viticulture . ), about 0 miles away. He studied well, and this time, he passed the entry exams into the Federal Polytechnic School. Just browse our list to find your top castle , and add some history to your next adventure! Canton Aargau is especially favoured by families, and provides excellent school and healthcare systems. The exam for vocational school (BMS) 1 will take place on Friday, June 20, 2020.. Train • 43 min. "The museum exhibits furnishings and lifestyles of the different dwellers throughout the times, including an American millionaire in the early 20th Century." Search: Add your article Home Geography of Switzerland Geography of Switzerland by canton She read law at Zurich University and obtained a licence to practise as an attorney-at-law in the Canton of Aargau in 1991. In 1875 there were 1,368 Jews at Aargau (Engelbert). Vocational, business and IT school preparation This is why the school systems are built differently in the different cantons. The decision to close schools rests with the Act of Mediation in 1803, the canton in! Of Aargau … Aargau public holidays for Aargau served on Muri school Board life... 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Lawsuit Filed Against City
By Colton Hall | June 21, 2017 - 11:50 pm | June 21, 2017 Local
A former worker in the city of Winner’s parks and cemetery department claims he was passed over for a job in the street department because he was too old.
Vern Olson also claims to have been forced to resign after he complained about not getting the job. Olson has filed a lawsuit against the city.
In 2014, Olson approached the former street department supervisor about transferring and was told the city needs to hire younger people, according to the complaint.
In the summer of 2015 when a new supervisor had taken over the department, Olson had applied for a opening in the department.
At that time, Olson was 54. He held a commercial driver’s license and had 30 years of experience operating heavy equipment. Despite meeting the qualifications, Olson and two older applicants were not interviewed.
The city subsequently re-advertised the position, hiring a 31-year-old who had no CDL and less experience operating heavy equipment, according to Olson’s complaint.
The new employee also made more than Olson who had been with the city since 2010.
Olson complained and according to his complaint, was approached by city officials after he returned from a vacation and told that he had to submit a letter of resignation by the end of the day or he would lose his accrued vacation and sick time.
The lawsuit claims that the city “subjected Olson to arbitrary age discrimination in employment.”
New VFW Officers Installed
New Winner VFW officers will assume office following the state convention in Pierre on June 22-25.
The current state commander Dennis Sharp of Pierre will conduct the convention meetings. Sr. vice commander Rick Williamson of Canton will be sworn in as the new state commander on June 25.
Jerry Heggestad, state chaplain, will preside at the memorial service on June 23 at the 9 a.m. service at the Lutheran Memorial Church in Pierre.
Sara Husher Inducted
Sarah Husher of Winner was inducted into honor society Phi Kappa Phi. She was initiated at Dakota Wesleyan University, Mitchell.
Membership is by invitation only.
Not Guilty Plea Entered In Death of Dallas Woman
From Mitchell Daily Republic
BURKE — A Hamill man accused of killing his former girlfriend will await a jury trial after pleading not guilty on June 13 to murder.
During a court hearing in Burke, Chance Harruff denied killing 38-year-old Kristi Olson. Nearly two weeks ago, law enforcement officers allegedly found Olson unresponsive in her Dallas home with markings and possible bruising on her neck.
Clad in an orange jumpsuit and shackles, Harruff did not speak to the judge or court during the proceedings, aside from answering direct “yes” or “no” questions from Judge Bobbi Rank and entering his plea of “not guilty” to charges of first-degree murder, second-degree murder and first-degree manslaughter. Initially, Harruff was charged with second-degree murder. If convicted of first-degree murder, Harruff could face the death penalty.
The charges stem from an incident in the early morning hours of June 1, at which time an argument escalated and Harruff, 46, struck Olson with a ” ‘mule’ strength punch” to her chest, knocking her to the floor, according to court documents. Harruff then allegedly left the scene, not knowing if Olson needed medical assistance. He was later located by police.
According to court documents, family members and law enforcement officers told South Dakota Department of Criminal Investigation officers the couple had a volatile and violent relationship that led to several previous incidents of domestic violence, but Olson always refused to notify authorities of the incidents. The couple had lived together, but Harruff recently moved out of Olson’s residence.
A scheduling hearing was set for August, at which time a jury trial will be scheduled. During the hearing, the prosecution will indicate whether it will seek the death penalty in the case. During last Tuesday’s proceedings, Defense Attorney Clint Sargent indicated the earliest he would be available for a trial would be in early 2018.
The difference between the first- and second-degree murder charges, according to South Dakota Codified Law, is that second-degree murder occurs “without any premeditated design to effect the death of any particular person, including any unborn child.” Unlike first-degree murder, second-degree murder is a Class B felony and does not carry the death penalty.
Barry is National Champion
Tawny Barry of Carter won the goat tying at the national collegiate rodeo finals in Casper, Wyo on Saturday.
Barry is a member of the Eastern New Mexico University rodeo team.
Richey Joins Staff at First Fidelity Bank
Austin Richey has joined the staff of First Fidelity Bank of Winner as an ag loan officer.
The son of Randy and Nicole Richey of Winner, Austin graduated from Winner High School in 2012. He went to the University of Nebraska at Kearney for one year and sent four years at the University of Sioux Falls. He graduated May 21 with a double major in business administration and sports management and a minor in finance.
While at USF, Richey played baseball for four years. He also played baseball at Kearney.
Last summer, Richey did a month long internship at First Fidelity Bank. He did a lot of observation learning the general process of making both consumer and ag loans.
In October, Winner branch manager Kelly Meiners called Richey and asked if he would be willing to come back to the area if a position opened up. Richey said he would be willing to come back here.
Shortly after graduating from college, he was working at the bank. He started at the bank on June 1.
Right now, he is in the training phase and getting use to the computer system. “I am glad I can be home and can still help dad on the farm,” he said.
The Richeys have a farm near Wewela. All along it has been Richey’s goal to come back to the family farm. “I liked the area where I grew up and it was not a place I wanted to leave. Even if I had become a college athletic director first, I still had plans to come back to this area. “I am glad I was able to do that right away,” he said.
Richey is looking forward to his new job and is ready to be done with school. “I am looking forward to seeing what this new job has to offer me.”
When he first started college, Richey was leaning toward athletic management. The collegiate level was of interest to him.
“As I kept going in school I realized that was not something I wanted to do. I wanted to do something so I could come back to the area and I was ready to come home.”
Richey still plays baseball as he is member of the Winner/Colome amateur baseball team.
Junior Teeners Place 4th in Tournament
By Colton Hall | June 21, 2017 - 11:34 pm | June 21, 2017 Sports
In the opening round of the Father’s Day tournament, Winner Junior Teeners defeated Lyman 16-5.
Brady Fritz pitched four strong innings and also had a hit and a run scored. Zach Bohnet had 2 hits and 3 RBI’s. Klein had 2 hits and Owen Duffy reached base safely 3 times.
In the semifinal game, Winner was outscored by Platte 20-3. Zach Bohnet pitched four solid innings and Ashton Klein pitched in relief.
Coach Jon Hanson said Winner struggled defensively and it shows with eight errors in the game. Fritz had 2 hits and 2 runs scored and Klein had 2 hits.
In the final game, Winner lost a slugfest 13-10. Winner played Onida in the third place game on Sunday.
Evan Farner, Ashton Klein and Jesse Calhoon shared pitching duties. On the offensive side, Kolbie Osborn and Adam Bohnet had 2 hits each while Fritz finished with 4 hits.
Gregory won the Father’s Day tournament with a 5-4 victory over Platte. Bryce Frank’s two out single scored Coy Determan for the win.
Earlier, the Winner junior teeners were victorious over Mission 13-3 in a game played last Thursday.
Riley Orel pitched two innings and Farner pitched the final inning. Farner had 3 hits, and Michael Olson, Ashton Klein, Zach Bohnet, Charlie Pravecek and Brady Fritz each had a hit.
The next action for Winner is Thursday when they will host Gregory at 6 p.m.
Colome Junior Teeners Pick Up Wins
Colome Junior Teeners defeated Valentine 7-6 in the consolation championship of Winner Father’s Day Tournament on Sunday. In the fifth inning, Joey Cole tied the game at 6-6. Valentine took an early 2-0 lead but Colome came back to tie the game 2-2. Valentine regained the lead before colome came back to score the winning run.
In the first game of the tournament, Platte defeated Colome 13-5 and in the second game Colome won 4-1 over Lyman. This game was called due to rain out.
Parkston Downs Amateur Team
Parkston Mudcats defeated Winner/Colome amateur baseball team 6-1 in Sunshine League play Sunday in Winner.
Parkston led 2-1 after the first inning and scored four runs in the second inning.
Austin Calhoon started on the mound for Winner/Colome as he pitched one and one third innings. Jared Donahue took over the pitching duty for the Pheasants after the first inning.
For Winner/Colome, Donahue had two hits with Austin Calhoon and Austin Richey both adding a hit.
Winner/Colome will play the Platte Killer Tomatoes on Thursday in Platte.
Mitchell Sweeps Legion Team
Winner/Colome Legion baseball team was swept by Mitchell Friday night.
In the first game, Mitchell scored nines runs in the first three innings. Mitchell won the game 10-0 in five innings and took the second game 15-2 in five innings.
Ty Bolton took the loss for Winner/Colome and Drew DeMers had the team’s lone hit. Jeremiah Yeaman also pitched.
In the second game, Levi McClanahan took the loss allowing eight runs on five hits. Drew DeMers and Cameron Biggins each pitched.
DeMers had two hits and a run scored and Kelly O’Bryan had a hit and a run scored. Nick Lantz had an RBI single.
“These were not two good outings. We had too many walks on the mound and never really got anything going at the plate,” said coach Drew Weber. “We had 8 hits in the second game but never strung them together to have a big inning. We need to start doing a better job of limiting big innings from the other team and start finding a way to get some of them for ourselves,” said Weber.
On June 24, the Winner/Colome Legion will play Lead-Deadwood at home at 3:30 p.m. On June 27, the Legion team will play at Platte.
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Home » Rare speartooth sharks caught and tagged
Rare speartooth sharks caught and tagged
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation ( CSIRO )
The first ever adult Speartooth Sharks have been caught and satellite tagged by CSIRO scientists working in remote Cape York.
The elusive shark species – listed as critically endangered – was discovered in the Bizant River on the eastern side of Cape York in Queensland in 1982, but up until now only juvenile specimens had been observed.
The two adult specimens captured were well over two metres in length. Before that, the largest recorded Speartooth Shark was only 189cm long.
Very little was known about the Speartooth Shark until research led by CSIRO in 2004 began to obtain a better understanding of the distribution of juveniles in a few river systems in tropical Australia.
“We’ve been conducting research into the movement and population status of juvenile Speartooth Sharks in the Wenlock River since 2006, and due to our long-term research we now know that juveniles are restricted to a few river systems in the Northern Territory and Queensland,” CSIRO researcher Dr Richard Pillans said.
“But the lack of records of adults is a key gap in our understanding of this species, which is listed as Critically Endangered by the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act.”
According to Dr Pillans the chances of catching the adult specimens were incredibly small.
“We know from catching newborn Speartooth Shark with open umbilical scars in late October – December that the females are giving birth during this period, with preliminary estimates of total female adult population to be less than 500 sharks,” he said.
Despite these low odds, over nine days of intensive sampling Dr Pillans, Barry Lyon and Luke Burnett (Australia Zoo) managed to capture two adult Speartooth Sharks – the first records of adults of this species in Australia and the first live specimens recorded by researchers anywhere.
While one of the sharks was a female approximately 2.2m in length, the other individual was a mature male of 2.3m in length, which was somewhat of a surprise and may indicate that the pupping area is also a mating area.
“Both individuals were tagged with satellite tags that will detach after approximately two months and provide information on where the sharks have moved to in this time,” Dr Pillans said.
“The tags also collect water temperature and depth which can be used to reconstruct the movement pathways and provide detailed information on the habitat preferences of this species.
“It is hoped that the information obtained from these tags will provide the first data on where adult Speartooth Shark live, with this data critical to obtaining a better understanding of threats to this endangered species.
“We currently have no idea where the adults occur, all we know is that they are found in marine environments somewhere off the northern Australian coast.”
The Speartooth Shark is a species of whaler shark and is often confused with bull sharks given their similar colouration and preference for riverine habitats.
The Speartooth Shark is characterised by its dark grey dorsal colouration, a large second dorsal fin and narrow spear-like teeth in the lower jaw which is where it gets its name from.
The Speartooth Shark gives birth to live young with the juveniles thought to be born at the mouths of a few rivers systems in northern Australia.
Once born, the young are completely self-reliant and move upstream where they spend the next three to six years about 40km to 80km from the river mouth in water of reduced salinity.
During the annual monsoon, juveniles move downstream to avoid the influx of freshwater but move back upstream once freshwater flows ease and salinity returns to their preferred range.
Source: CSIRO
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You are here: Home > About > Our Initiatives
Asia Society has a number of mission-driven initiatives. Some are in research and development or pilot phases, while others offer tools and services.
The afterschool hours are an important time to build student knowledge and skills in creative ways.
Cutting-edge programs, informed by workforce trends, that lead students to diverse and interesting career possibilities.
One out of every five people on earth know Chinese, but fewer than 1% of American students are learning it. Our Chinese Language Initiatives helps schools and districts build and sustain Chinese language programs.
Confucius Classrooms Network
A network of 100 schools and districts with model Chinese language programs. They lessons learned from them we pass on to you.
American school districts that are changing their policies and practices to align to the global innovation age.
We offer a framework to give students the experience of working with peers from around the world—they’ll need it in the future.
Schools we support through material assistance and on-site coaching for whole-school reform.
Federal policies and Bills that support critical language capacity or international education in schools.
Cities generally provide the best education—except in the England and the United States. Learn why, and what we can do about it.
Demonstrate proficiency through three different global assignments and earn a badge.
A whole-school learning system guides students towards the development and demonstration of global competence.
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The best school systems in the world, statistically speaking, are the ones that have retooled for the global innovation age.
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A new way to do school: lose the grades and evaluate students in a smarter way that’s guaranteed to help their academic development.
Individualized learning towards students mastering the skills they need in the global innovation economy.
States Network for International Studies
How state and district policies and practices can support revamping education for the global innovation age.
Teaching + Learning
Courses, webinars, tools, and ideas on how to upgrade teaching and learning for the global innovation age.
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3 People per Day Shot and Killed by Police in U.S.
(photo: John Bazemore, AP)
Police in the United States fatally shot an average of three people a day this year, according to The Washington Post.
A study by the newspaper found that 965 people in the U.S. were killed by police officers in 2015, an average of about three people every day.
Of the 965 deaths, 9% involved incidents in which a suspect was unarmed. The remainder fell into one of three categories: the suspect had a weapon of some kind, they were suicidal or mentally troubled, or they attempted to flee when officers ordered them to halt.
Forty percent of the shootings involved black male victims — “a grossly disproportionate number with African-American males making up only 6 percent of the population,” Tom Boggioni wrote in Raw Story.
Caucasians made up the majority of cases where police shot and killed a person who had attacked someone or brandished a weapon. But 60% of those killed after exhibiting less threatening behavior were black or Hispanic.
The Guardian, which counts all police killings, not only those involving a gun, last month reported the 1,000th police killing of the year had occurred. Police in Oakland, California, shot a man who was said to have pointed a replica gun at officers. As of Monday, The Guardian’s tally was up to 1,126.
-Noel Brinkerhoff
Police Shot and Killed Nearly Three Americans Every Day in 2015: Report (by Tom Boggioni, Raw Story)
A Year of Reckoning: Police Fatally Shoot Nearly 1,000 (by Kimberly Kindy, Marc Fisher, Julie Tate and Jennifer Jenkins, Washington Post)
Number of People Killed by U.S. Police in 2015 at 1,000 after Oakland Shooting (by Jon Swaine and Oliver Laughland, The Guardian)
Black Men: 6% of Population; 40% of Unarmed People Shot to Death by Police This Year (by Noel Brinkerhoff, AllGov)
Police Shoot to Death One Unarmed Person Every 3 Days in U.S. (by Noel Brinkerhoff, AllGov)
How Many People are Killed by Police in U.S.? Who Knows? (by Steve Straehley, AllGov)
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THE £100 CUP
THE 1ST CHALLENGE
THE 2ND CHALLENGE
THE 3RD CHALLENGE
THE 4TH CHALLENGE
THE 10TH CHALLENGE
You are here: Home » 1901 » THE 11TH CHALLENGE
1901 : CHALLENGE N°11
Second Challenge Sir Thomas Lipton and second win of Columbia.
THE SECOND CHALLENGE OF SIR THOMAS LIPTON
Published: 19 October 2015 Yves GARY Hits: 3787
SIR THOMAS LIPTON lost no time in announcing his plans for his second attempt to "lift the cup".
Fife having failed with Shamrock I to make possible the realization of Sir Thomas' high ambition was to be put aside, and George Lennox Watson, Americans learned through the press, would be prevailed on, it was hoped, to accept a commission to design the second challenger.
Category: 1901 : CHALLENGE N°11
THE TRIAL RACES OF THE 11TH CHALLENGE
Three American yachts of the cup class were put in commission at the opening of the sailing season of 1901. One was Columbia, defender of 1899, the other was a new “Herreshoff" boat built for a New York Yacht Club syndicate and called Constitution, and the third was built in Boston, for Thomas W. Lawson, and was called Independence. An authentic detailed description of this boat is given in another chapter of this book.
SEPT. 26, 1901 - YACHT RACE FAILED FOR LACK OF WIND
Final preparations
On August 11th, at 11.30 P.M., Shamrock II passed Sandy Hook, a little less than sixteen days out from the Clyde. She was promptly taken to Erie Basin, where all challengers since Genesta had refitted, and there received her racing spars and gear, which arrived by steamer August 4th.
SEPT. 28, 1901 - A CLOSE RACE
Published: 06 May 2016 Yves GARY Hits: 2770
COLUMBIA WINS BY NARROW MARGIN
Gains Her First Victory Over Shamrock II. by 1 Minute 20 Seconds. Finest Light-Weather Contest in Cup's History
Sept. 29, 1901 - Columbia defeated Shamrock yesterday in the first of the races for the America's Cup in the finest light-weather contest ...
OCT. 1, 1901 - SECOND POSTPONEMENT
CUP RACERS UNABLE TO FINISH IN TIME
Shamrock Was Leading Columbia When Race Was Called Off.
Oct. 1st, 1901 - The next meeting of the yachts, on Tuesday, October 1st, was fruitless, there not being enough wind in which to finish the race.
OCT. 3, 1901 - SECOND RACE FOR COLUMBIA
COLUMBIA WINS A DECISIVE VICTORY
Beats Shamrock II. in Brisk Wind by 2 Min. 52 Sec. Actual Time. The Challenger Is Worsted on Each Leg of the Triangular Course.
Oct. 4, 1901 - The second race for the America's Cup was sailed yesterday, over a triangular course off Sandy Hook and Columbia won by ...
OCT. 4, 1901 - THE DECISIVE RACE
SHAMROCK DEFEATED, CUP REMAINS HERE
Challenger Beats Columbia by Two Seconds Over a Thirty-Mile Course, but Defender Wins on Time Allowance.
Oct. 5, 1901 - The third and last race of the series for the America's Cup was sailed yesterday and concluded with the most magnificent finish ...
PICTURES OF THE RACES (1901)
PAINTINGS & ENGRAVINGS OF 1901
PHOTOS OF 1901 (1)
NEWSPAPERS OF 1901
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Home › Comics › Joker War Spills Over into Detective 1025 ›
Joker War Spills Over into Detective 1025
Submitted by RJ Carter on Tue, 08/11/2020 - 11:23
The Joker has struck his biggest blow against the Dark Knight -- he has taken all the billions of Bruce Wayne and has assumed control of Wayne Enterprises, including all the attendant Batman technology. Bruce Wayne has been exposed as an embezzler, redirecting Wayne Foundation funds into financially supporting Batman's war on crime -- which is, in fact, true, since Bruce Wayne set up several shell companies to hide the fact he had been doing exactly this for years.
Now Gotham City is under seige, with Batman and the police being the last line of defense against the Joker and his minions, armed to the teeth with Batman-weaponry. The new Wayne Foundation lawyers are also pressing things on the legal end -- against the police and the press, silencing all opposition as best they can.
With DETECTIVE COMICS 1025, we shift the action to the point of view of Batwoman, Kate Kane, who comes to the aid of Commissioner Bullock and a battalian of GCPD, pinned down under no less than mortar fire from a group of Joker goons operating outside of a Wayne building in which a Joker-toxined Lucius Fox is forced to operate a 3-D weapons printer. Saving the police -- and Lucius -- is going to rely on Batman pulling out one of his secret contingency plans, and even that isn't going to be enough.
Batwoman's military experience comes to the fore in this chapter, as she orders around the GCPD, and even stands up to Batman himself (getting him to actually, finally, say "Please" at one point in the story).
Where this issue of DETECTIVE COMICS falls in the overall "Joker War" story is not clear, as the Batman we just left over in the main title is still fighting off the effects of a new Joker toxin and a major ass-kicking from Punchline. This Batman is very clear-headed and determined, and not hearing the disembodied voice of his deceased butler, Alfred. So there could have been a little more coordination between 'TEC writer Peter J. Tomasi and BATMAN writer James Tynion IV. Then again, the 'TEC story does have the disclamatory title, "Tales from the Joker War," so it's not necessarily meant to be alternating chapters of the main narrative. So as a standalone story, "Attack on Wayne Enterprises" is a block of excitement from first page to last, with some stunningly good artwork from Kenneth Rocafort. It's not a necessary chapter of Joker War, but it's a satisfying one.
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Black Friday Shopping? Black Out Your Private Info!
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Latin America, Mergers & Acquisitions, Non-Alcoholic Drinks
Jacobs Douwe Egberts (JDE), the ‘pure play’ coffee firm formed from the merger of DE Master Blenders and Mondelez International in 2014, has announced its intention to acquire the Brazilian coffee firm Cafe Seleto, according to reports in Giro News and Supermercado Moderno.
The owner of the Cafe Pilao brand announced its plans on 15th April and said it expected the transaction to be completed in the first half of this year. The takeover is subject to approval by the regulatory authorities.
JDE’s proposal consists of the acquisition of Seleto coffee brand and its entire manufacturing operation, located in Minas Gerais. “Once approved, this acquisition will mark an important step for JDE Brazil”, the company said in a statement.
Besides Pilao, JDE Brazil owns the brands Damasco, LO’R, Cafe do Ponto, Senseo and Caboclo.
Source: Giro News / Supermercado Moderno
Cafe Seleto
Jacobs Douwe Egberts
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Network Working Group L. Berger, Editor
Request for Comments: 3473 Movaz Networks
Category: Standards Track January 2003
Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling
Resource ReserVation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions
This document describes extensions to Multi-Protocol Label Switching
(MPLS) Resource ReserVation Protocol - Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE)
signaling required to support Generalized MPLS. Generalized MPLS
extends the MPLS control plane to encompass time-division (e.g.,
Synchronous Optical Network and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy,
SONET/SDH), wavelength (optical lambdas) and spatial switching (e.g.,
incoming port or fiber to outgoing port or fiber). This document
presents a RSVP-TE specific description of the extensions. A generic
functional description can be found in separate documents.
1. Introduction .............................................. 2
2. Label Related Formats .................................... 3
2.1 Generalized Label Request Object ........................ 3
2.2 Bandwidth Encoding ...................................... 4
2.3 Generalized Label Object ................................ 5
2.4 Waveband Switching ...................................... 5
2.5 Suggested Label ......................................... 6
2.6 Label Set ............................................... 7
3. Bidirectional LSPs ........................................ 8
3.1 Procedures .............................................. 9
3.2 Contention Resolution ................................... 9
4. Notification .............................................. 9
4.1 Acceptable Label Set Object ............................. 10
4.2 Notify Request Objects .................................. 10
Berger Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 3473 GMPLS Signaling - RSVP-TE Extensions January 2003
4.3 Notify Message .......................................... 12
4.4 Removing State with a PathErr message ................... 14
5. Explicit Label Control .................................... 15
5.1 Label ERO subobject ..................................... 15
5.2 Label RRO subobject ..................................... 16
6. Protection Object ......................................... 17
6.1 Procedures .............................................. 18
7. Administrative Status Information ......................... 18
7.1 Admin Status Object ..................................... 18
7.2 Path and Resv Message Procedures ........................ 18
7.3 Notify Message Procedures ............................... 20
8. Control Channel Separation ................................ 21
8.1 Interface Identification ................................ 21
8.2 Errored Interface Identification ........................ 23
9. Fault Handling ............................................ 25
9.1 Restart_Cap Object ...................................... 25
9.2 Processing of Restart_Cap Object ........................ 26
9.3 Modification to Hello Processing to Support
State Recovery .......................................... 26
9.4 Control Channel Faults .................................. 27
9.5 Nodal Faults ............................................ 27
10. RSVP Message Formats and Handling ......................... 30
10.1 RSVP Message Formats ................................... 30
10.2 Addressing Path and PathTear Messages ................. 32
11. Acknowledgments ........................................... 32
12. Security Considerations ................................... 33
13. IANA Considerations ....................................... 34
13.1 IANA Assignments ....................................... 35
14. Intellectual Property Considerations ...................... 36
15. References ................................................ 37
15.1 Normative References ................................... 37
15.2 Informative References ................................. 38
16. Contributors .............................................. 38
17. Editor's Address .......................................... 41
18. Full Copyright Statement .................................. 42
Generalized MPLS extends MPLS from supporting packet (PSC) interfaces
and switching to include support of three new classes of interfaces
and switching: Time-Division Multiplex (TDM), Lambda Switch (LSC) and
Fiber-Switch (FSC). A functional description of the extensions to
MPLS signaling needed to support the new classes of interfaces and
switching is provided in [RFC3471]. This document presents RSVP-TE
specific formats and mechanisms needed to support all four classes of
[RFC3471] should be viewed as a companion document to this document.
The format of this document parallels [RFC3471]. In addition to the
other features of Generalized MPLS, this document also defines RSVP-
TE specific features to support rapid failure notification, see
Sections 4.2 and 4.3.
2. Label Related Formats
This section defines formats for a generalized label request, a
generalized label, support for waveband switching, suggested label
and label sets.
2.1. Generalized Label Request Object
A Path message SHOULD contain as specific an LSP (Label Switched
Path) Encoding Type as possible to allow the maximum flexibility in
switching by transit LSRs. A Generalized Label Request object is set
by the ingress node, transparently passed by transit nodes, and used
by the egress node. The Switching Type field may also be updated
hop-by-hop.
The format of a Generalized Label Request object is:
| Length | Class-Num (19)| C-Type (4) |
| LSP Enc. Type |Switching Type | G-PID |
See [RFC3471] for a description of parameters.
2.1.1. Procedures
A node processing a Path message containing a Generalized Label
Request must verify that the requested parameters can be satisfied by
the interface on which the incoming label is to be allocated, the
node itself, and by the interface on which the traffic will be
transmitted. The node may either directly support the LSP or it may
use a tunnel (FA), i.e., another class of switching. In either case,
each parameter must be checked.
Note that local node policy dictates when tunnels may be used and
when they may be created. Local policy may allow for tunnels to be
dynamically established or may be solely administratively controlled.
For more information on tunnels and processing of ER hops when using
tunnels see [MPLS-HIERARCHY].
Transit and egress nodes MUST verify that the node itself and, where
appropriate, that the interface or tunnel on which the traffic will
be transmitted can support the requested LSP Encoding Type. If
encoding cannot be supported, the node MUST generate a PathErr
message, with a "Routing problem/Unsupported Encoding" indication.
Nodes MUST verify that the type indicated in the Switching Type
parameter is supported on the corresponding incoming interface. If
the type cannot be supported, the node MUST generate a PathErr
message with a "Routing problem/Switching Type" indication.
The G-PID parameter is normally only examined at the egress. If the
indicated G-PID cannot be supported then the egress MUST generate a
PathErr message, with a "Routing problem/Unsupported L3PID"
indication. In the case of PSC and when penultimate hop popping
(PHP) is requested, the penultimate hop also examines the (stored)
G-PID during the processing of the Resv message. In this case if the
G-PID is not supported, then the penultimate hop MUST generate a
ResvErr message with a "Routing problem/Unacceptable label value"
indication. The generated ResvErr message MAY include an Acceptable
Label Set, see Section 4.1.
When an error message is not generated, normal processing occurs. In
the transit case this will typically result in a Path message being
propagated. In the egress case and PHP special case this will
typically result in a Resv message being generated.
2.2. Bandwidth Encoding
Bandwidth encodings are carried in the SENDER_TSPEC and FLOWSPEC
objects. See [RFC3471] for a definition of values to be used for
specific signal types. These values are set in the Peak Data Rate
field of Int-Serv objects, see [RFC2210]. Other bandwidth/service
related parameters in the object are ignored and carried
transparently.
2.3. Generalized Label Object
The format of a Generalized Label object is:
| Length | Class-Num (16)| C-Type (2) |
| Label |
| ... |
See [RFC3471] for a description of parameters and encoding of labels.
The Generalized Label travels in the upstream direction in Resv
The presence of both a generalized and normal label object in a Resv
message is a protocol error and should treated as a malformed message
by the recipient.
The recipient of a Resv message containing a Generalized Label
verifies that the values passed are acceptable. If the label is
unacceptable then the recipient MUST generate a ResvErr message with
a "Routing problem/MPLS label allocation failure" indication.
2.4. Waveband Switching Object
Waveband switching uses the same format as the generalized label, see
section 2.2. Waveband Label uses C-Type (3),
In the context of waveband switching, the generalized label has the
following format:
| Waveband Id |
| Start Label |
| End Label |
The procedures defined in Section 2.3.1 apply to waveband switching.
This includes generating a ResvErr message with a "Routing
problem/MPLS label allocation failure" indication if any of the label
fields are unrecognized or unacceptable.
Additionally, when a waveband is switched to another waveband, it is
possible that the wavelengths within the waveband will be mirrored
about a center frequency. When this type of switching is employed,
the start and end label in the waveband label object MUST be flipped
before forwarding the label object with the new waveband Id. In this
manner an egress/ingress LSR which receives a waveband label which
has these values inverted, knows that it must also invert its egress
association to pick up the proper wavelengths.
This operation MUST be performed in both directions when a
bidirectional waveband tunnel is being established.
2.5. Suggested Label Object
The format of a Suggested_Label object is identical to a generalized
label. It is used in Path messages. A Suggested_Label object uses
Class-Number 129 (of form 10bbbbbb) and the C-Type of the label being
suggested.
Errors in received Suggested_Label objects MUST be ignored. This
includes any received inconsistent or unacceptable values.
Per [RFC3471], if a downstream node passes a label value that differs
from the suggested label upstream, the upstream LSR MUST either
reconfigure itself so that it uses the label specified by the
downstream node or generate a ResvErr message with a "Routing
problem/Unacceptable label value" indication. Furthermore, an
ingress node SHOULD NOT transmit data traffic using a suggested label
until the downstream node passes a corresponding label upstream.
2.6. Label Set Object
The Label_Set object uses Class-Number 36 (of form 0bbbbbbb) and the
C-Type of 1. It is used in Path messages.
The format of a Label_Set is:
| Action | Reserved | Label Type |
| Subchannel 1 |
: : :
| Subchannel N |
Label Type: 14 bits
Indicates the type and format of the labels carried in the object.
Values match the C-Type of the appropriate RSVP_LABEL object.
Only the low order 8 bits are used in this field.
See [RFC3471] for a description of other parameters.
A Label Set is defined via one or more Label_Set objects. Specific
labels/subchannels can be added to or excluded from a Label Set via
Action zero (0) and one (1) objects respectively. Ranges of
Action two (2) and three (3) objects respectively. When the
Label_Set objects only list labels/subchannels to exclude, this
implies that all other labels are acceptable.
The absence of any Label_Set objects implies that all labels are
acceptable. A Label Set is included when a node wishes to restrict
the label(s) that may be used downstream.
On reception of a Path message, the receiving node will restrict its
choice of labels to one which is in the Label Set. Nodes capable of
performing label conversion may also remove the Label Set prior to
forwarding the Path message. If the node is unable to pick a label
from the Label Set or if there is a problem parsing the Label_Set
objects, then the request is terminated and a PathErr message with a
"Routing problem/Label Set" indication MUST be generated. It is a
local matter if the Label Set is stored for later selection on the
Resv or if the selection is made immediately for propagation in the
Resv.
On reception of a Path message, the Label Set represented in the
message is compared against the set of available labels at the
downstream interface and the resulting intersecting Label Set is
forwarded in a Path message. When the resulting Label Set is empty,
the Path must be terminated, and a PathErr message, and a "Routing
problem/Label Set" indication MUST be generated. Note that
intersection is based on the physical labels (actual wavelength/band
values) which may have different logical values on different links,
as a result it is the responsibility of the node to map these values
so that they have a consistent physical meaning, or to drop the
particular values from the set if no suitable logical label value
When processing a Resv message at an intermediate node, the label
propagated upstream MUST fall within the Label Set.
Note, on reception of a Resv message a node that is incapable of
performing label conversion has no other choice than to use the same
physical label (wavelength/band) as received in the Resv message. In
this case, the use and propagation of a Label Set will significantly
reduce the chances that this allocation will fail.
3. Bidirectional LSPs
Bidirectional LSP setup is indicated by the presence of an Upstream
Label in the Path message. An Upstream_Label object has the same
format as the generalized label, see Section 2.3. The Upstream_Label
object uses Class-Number 35 (of form 0bbbbbbb) and the C-Type of the
label being used.
3.1. Procedures
The process of establishing a bidirectional LSP follows the
establishment of a unidirectional LSP with some additions. To
support bidirectional LSPs an Upstream_Label object is added to the
Path message. The Upstream_Label object MUST indicate a label that
is valid for forwarding at the time the Path message is sent.
When a Path message containing an Upstream_Label object is received,
the receiver first verifies that the upstream label is acceptable.
If the label is not acceptable, the receiver MUST issue a PathErr
message with a "Routing problem/Unacceptable label value" indication.
The generated PathErr message MAY include an Acceptable Label Set,
see Section 4.1.
An intermediate node must also allocate a label on the outgoing
interface and establish internal data paths before filling in an
outgoing upstream label and propagating the Path message. If an
intermediate node is unable to allocate a label or internal
resources, then it MUST issue a PathErr message with a "Routing
problem/MPLS label allocation failure" indication.
Terminator nodes process Path messages as usual, with the exception
that the upstream label can immediately be used to transport data
traffic associated with the LSP upstream towards the initiator.
When a bidirectional LSP is removed, both upstream and downstream
labels are invalidated and it is no longer valid to send data using
the associated labels.
3.2. Contention Resolution
There are two additional contention resolution related considerations
when controlling bidirectional LSP setup via RSVP-TE. The first is
that for the purposes of RSVP contention resolution, the node ID is
the IP address used in the RSVP_HOP object. The second is that a
neighbor's node ID might not be known when sending an initial Path
message. When this case occurs, a node should suggest a label chosen
at random from the available label space.
4. Notification
This section covers several notification related extensions. The
first extension defines the Acceptable Label Set object to support
Notification on Label Error, per [RFC3471]. The second and third
extensions enable expedited notification of failures and other events
to nodes responsible for restoring failed LSPs. (The second
extension, the Notify Request object, identifies where event
notifications are to be sent. The third extension, the Notify
message, provides for general event notification.) The final
notification related extension allows for the removal of Path state
on handling of PathErr messages.
4.1. Acceptable Label Set Object
Acceptable_Label_Set objects use a Class-Number 130 (of form
10bbbbbb). The remaining contents of the object, including C-Type,
have the identical format as the Label_Set object, see Section 2.6.
Acceptable_Label_Set objects may be carried in PathErr and ResvErr
messages. The procedures for defining an Acceptable Label Set follow
the procedures for defining a Label Set, see Section 2.6.1.
Specifically, an Acceptable Label Set is defined via one or more
Acceptable_Label_Set objects. Specific labels/subchannels can be
added to or excluded from an Acceptable Label Set via Action zero
(0) and one (1) objects respectively. Ranges of labels/subchannels
can be added to or excluded from an Acceptable Label Set via Action
two (2) and three (3) objects respectively. When the
Acceptable_Label_Set objects only list labels/subchannels to exclude,
this implies that all other labels are acceptable.
The inclusion of Acceptable_Label_Set objects is optional. If
included, the PathErr or ResvErr message SHOULD contain a "Routing
problem/Unacceptable label value" indication. The absence of
Acceptable_Label_Set objects does not have any specific meaning.
4.2. Notify Request Objects
Notifications may be sent via the Notify message defined below. The
Notify Request object is used to request the generation of
notifications. Notifications, i.e., the sending of a Notify message,
may be requested in both the upstream and downstream directions.
4.2.1. Required Information
The Notify Request Object may be carried in Path or Resv Messages,
see Section 7. The Notify_Request Class-Number is 195 (of form
11bbbbbb). The format of a Notify Request is:
o IPv4 Notify Request Object
Berger Standards Track [Page 10]
| Length | Class-Num (1) | C-Type (1) |
| IPv4 Notify Node Address |
IPv4 Notify Node Address: 32 bits
The IP address of the node that should be notified when generating
IPv6 Notify Node Address: 16 bytes
If a message contains multiple Notify_Request objects, only the first
object is meaningful. Subsequent Notify_Request objects MAY be
ignored and SHOULD NOT be propagated.
A Notify Request object may be inserted in Path or Resv messages to
indicate the address of a node that should be notified of an LSP
failure. As previously mentioned, notifications may be requested in
both the upstream and downstream directions. Upstream notification
is indicated via the inclusion of a Notify Request Object in the
corresponding Path message. Downstream notification is indicated via
the inclusion of a Notify Request Object in the corresponding Resv
A node receiving a message containing a Notify Request object SHOULD
store the Notify Node Address in the corresponding state block. If
the node is a transit node, it SHOULD also included a Notify Request
object in the outgoing Path or Resv message. The outgoing Notify
Node Address MAY be updated based on local policy.
Note that the inclusion of a Notify Request object does not guarantee
that a Notify message will be generated.
4.3. Notify Message
The Notify message provides a mechanism to inform non-adjacent nodes
of LSP related events. Notify messages are normally generated only
after a Notify Request object has been received. The Notify message
differs from the currently defined error messages (i.e., PathErr and
ResvErr messages) in that it can be "targeted" to a node other than
the immediate upstream or downstream neighbor and that it is a
generalized notification mechanism. The Notify message does not
replace existing error messages. The Notify message may be sent
either (a) normally, where non-target nodes just forward the Notify
message to the target node, similar to ResvConf processing in
[RFC2205]; or (b) encapsulated in a new IP header whose destination
is equal to the target IP address. Regardless of the transmission
mechanism, nodes receiving a Notify message not destined to the node
forward the message, unmodified, towards the target.
To support reliable delivery of the Notify message, an Ack Message
[RFC2961] is used to acknowledge the receipt of a Notify Message.
See [RFC2961] for details on reliable RSVP message delivery.
The Notify message is a generalized notification message. The IP
destination address is set to the IP address of the intended
receiver. The Notify message is sent without the router alert
option. A single Notify message may contain notifications being
sent, with respect to each listed session, both upstream and
downstream.
The Notify message has a Message Type of 21. The Notify message
format is as follows:
::= []
[ [ | ] ... ]
::= [ ]
::= [ ]
::= [...]
The ERROR_SPEC object specifies the error and includes the IP address
of either the node that detected the error or the link that has
failed. See ERROR_SPEC definition in [RFC2205]. The MESSAGE_ID and
related objects are defined in [RFC2961] and are used when [RFC2961]
is supported.
Notify messages are most commonly generated at nodes that detect an
error that will trigger the generation of a PathErr or ResvErr
message. If a PathErr message is to be generated and a Notify
Request object has been received in the corresponding Path message,
then a Notify message destined to the recorded node SHOULD be
generated. If a ResvErr message is to be generated and a Notify
Request object has been received in the corresponding Resv message,
generated. As previously mentioned, a single error may generate a
Notify message in both the upstream and downstream directions. Note
that a Notify message MUST NOT be generated unless an appropriate
Notify Request object has been received.
When generating Notify messages, a node SHOULD attempt to combine
notifications being sent to the same Notify Node and that share the
same ERROR_SPEC into a single Notify message. The means by which a
node determines which information may be combined is implementation
dependent. Implementations may use event, timer based or other
approaches. If using a timer based approach, the implementation
SHOULD allow the user to configure the interval over which
notifications are combined. When using a timer based approach, a
default "notification interval" of 1 ms SHOULD be used. Notify
messages SHOULD be delivered using the reliable message delivery
mechanisms defined in [RFC2961].
Upon receiving a Notify message, the Notify Node SHOULD send a
corresponding Ack message.
4.4. Removing State with a PathErr message
The PathErr message as defined in [RFC2205] is sent hop-by-hop to the
source of the associated Path message. Intermediate nodes may
inspect this message, but take no action upon it. In an environment
where Path messages are routed according to an IGP and that route may
change dynamically, this behavior is a fine design choice.
However, when RSVP is used with explicit routes, it is often the case
that errors can only be corrected at the source node or some other
node further upstream. In order to clean up resources, the source
must receive the PathErr and then either send a PathTear (or wait for
the messages to timeout). This causes idle resources to be held
longer than necessary and increases control message load. In a
situation where the control plane is attempting to recover from a
serious outage, both the message load and the delay in freeing
resources hamper the ability to rapidly reconverge.
The situation can be greatly improved by allowing state to be removed
by intermediate nodes on certain error conditions. To facilitate
this a new flag is defined in the ERROR_SPEC object. The two
currently defined ERROR_SPEC objects (IPv4 and IPv6 error spec
objects) each contain a one byte flag field. Within that field two
flags are defined. This specification defines a third flag, 0x04,
Path_State_Removed.
The semantics of the Path_State_Removed flag are simply that the node
forwarding the error message has removed the Path state associated
with the PathErr. By default, the Path_State_Removed flag is always
set to zero when generating or forwarding a PathErr message. A node
which encounters an error MAY set this flag if the error results in
the associated Path state being discarded. If the node setting the
flag is not the session endpoint, the node SHOULD generate a
corresponding PathTear. A node receiving a PathErr message
containing an ERROR_SPEC object with the Path_State_Removed flag set
MAY also remove the associated Path state. If the Path state is
removed the Path_State_Removed flag SHOULD be set in the outgoing
PathErr message. A node which does not remove the associated Path
state MUST NOT set the Path_State_Removed flag. A node that receives
an error with the Path_State_Removed flag set to zero MUST NOT set
this flag unless it also generates a corresponding PathTear message.
Note that the use of this flag does not result in any
interoperability incompatibilities.
5. Explicit Label Control
The Label ERO (Explicit Route Object) and RRO (Record Route Object)
subobjects are defined to support Explicit Label Control. Note that
the Label RRO subobject was defined in [RFC3209] and is being
extended to support bidirectional LSPs.
5.1. Label ERO subobject
The Label ERO subobject is defined as follows:
|L| Type | Length |U| Reserved | C-Type |
See [RFC3471] for a description of L, U and Label parameters.
3 Label
The Length contains the total length of the subobject in bytes,
including the Type and Length fields. The Length is always
divisible by 4.
C-Type
The C-Type of the included Label Object. Copied from the Label
The Label subobject follows a subobject containing the IP address, or
the interface identifier [RFC3477], associated with the link on which
it is to be used. Up to two label subobjects may be present, one for
the downstream label and one for the upstream label. The following
SHOULD result in "Bad EXPLICIT_ROUTE object" errors:
o If the first label subobject is not preceded by a subobject
containing an IP address, or an interface identifier [RFC3477],
associated with an output link.
o For a label subobject to follow a subobject that has the L-bit set
o On unidirectional LSP setup, for there to be a label subobject with
the U-bit set
o For there to be two label subobjects with the same U-bit values
To support the label subobject, a node must check to see if the
subobject following its associate address/interface is a label
subobject. If it is, one subobject is examined for unidirectional
LSPs and two subobjects for bidirectional LSPs. If the U-bit of the
subobject being examined is clear (0), then value of the label is
copied into a new Label_Set object. This Label_Set object MUST be
included on the corresponding outgoing Path message.
If the U-bit of the subobject being examined is set (1), then value
of the label is label to be used for upstream traffic associated with
the bidirectional LSP. If this label is not acceptable, a "Bad
EXPLICIT_ROUTE object" error SHOULD be generated. If the label is
acceptable, the label is copied into a new Upstream_Label object.
This Upstream_Label object MUST be included on the corresponding
outgoing Path message.
After processing, the label subobjects are removed from the ERO.
Note an implication of the above procedures is that the label
subobject should never be the first subobject in a newly received
message. If the label subobject is the the first subobject an a
received ERO, then it SHOULD be treated as a "Bad strict node" error.
Procedures by which an LSR at the head-end of an LSP obtains the
information needed to construct the Label subobject are outside the
scope of this document.
5.2. Label RRO subobject
The Label RRO subobject is defined as follows:
| Type | Length |U| Flags | C-Type |
See [RFC3471] for a description of U and Label parameters.
See [RFC3209].
Label RRO subobjects are included in RROs as described in [RFC3209].
The only modification to usage and processing from [RFC3209] is that
when labels are recorded for bidirectional LSPs, label ERO subobjects
for both downstream and upstream labels MUST be included.
6. Protection Object
The use of the Protection Object is optional. The object is included
to indicate specific protection attributes of an LSP. The Protection
Object uses Class-Number 37 (of form 0bbbbbbb).
The format of the Protection Object is:
|S| Reserved | Link Flags|
Transit nodes processing a Path message containing a Protection
Object MUST verify that the requested protection can be satisfied by
the outgoing interface or tunnel (FA). If it cannot, the node MUST
generate a PathErr message, with a "Routing problem/Unsupported Link
Protection" indication.
7. Administrative Status Information
Administrative Status Information is carried in the Admin_Status
object. The object provides information related to the
administrative state of a particular LSP. The information is used in
two ways. In the first, the object is carried in Path and Resv
messages to indicate the administrative state of an LSP. In the
second, the object is carried in a Notification message to request
that the ingress node change the administrative state of an LSP.
7.1. Admin Status Object
The use of the Admin_Status Object is optional. It uses Class-Number
196 (of form 11bbbbbb).
The format of the Admin_Status Object is:
| Length | Class-Num(196)| C-Type (1) |
|R| Reserved |T|A|D|
7.2. Path and Resv Message Procedures
The Admin_Status object is used to notify each node along the path of
the status of the LSP. Status information is processed by each node
based on local policy and then propagated in the corresponding
outgoing messages. The object may be inserted in either Path or Resv
messages at the discretion of the ingress (for Path messages) or
egress (for Resv messages) nodes. The absence of the object is
equivalent to receiving an object containing values all set to zero
(0).
Transit nodes receiving a non-refresh Path or Resv message containing
an Admin_Status object, update their local state, take any
appropriate local action based on the indicated status and then
propagate the received Admin_Status object in the corresponding
outgoing Path or Resv message. If the values of an Admin_Status
object received in a Resv message differs from the values received in
a Path message then, with one exception, no local action should be
taken but the values should still be propagated. The one case where
values received in the Resv message should result in local action is
when both the received R and D bits are set, i.e., are one (1).
Edge nodes receiving a non-refresh Path or Resv message containing an
Admin_Status object, also update their local state and take any
appropriate local action based on the indicated status. When an
Admin Status object is received with the R bit set, the receiving
edge node should reflect the received values in a corresponding
outgoing message. Specifically, if an egress node receives a Path
message with the R bit of the Admin_Status object set and the node
has previously issued a Resv message corresponding to the Path
message, the node SHOULD send an updated Resv message containing an
Admin_Status object with the same values set, with the exception of
the R bit, as received in the corresponding Path message.
Furthermore, the egress node SHOULD also ensure that subsequent Resv
messages sent by the node contain the same Admin Status Object.
Additionally, if an ingress node receives a Resv message with the R
bit of the Admin_Status object set, the node SHOULD send an updated
Path message containing an Admin_Status object with the same values
set, with the exception of the R bit, as received in the
corresponding Resv message. Furthermore, the ingress node SHOULD
also ensure that subsequent Path messages sent by the node contain
the same Admin Status Object.
7.2.1. Deletion procedure
In some circumstances, particularly optical networks, it is useful to
set the administrative status of an LSP before tearing it down. In
such circumstances the procedure SHOULD be followed when deleting an
LSP from the ingress:
1. The ingress node precedes an LSP deletion by inserting an Admin
Status Object in a Path message and setting the Reflect (R) and
Delete (D) bits.
2. Transit and egress nodes process the Admin Status Object as
described above. (Alternatively, the egress MAY respond with a
PathErr message with the Path_State_Removed flag set, see section
4.4.)
3. Upon receiving the Admin Status Object with the Delete (D) bit set
in the Resv message, the ingress node sends a PathTear message
downstream to remove the LSP and normal RSVP processing takes
In such circumstances the procedure SHOULD be followed when deleting
an LSP from the egress:
1. The egress node indicates its desire for deletion by inserting an
Admin Status Object in a Resv message and setting the Reflect (R)
and Delete (D) bits.
2. Transit nodes process the Admin Status Object as described above.
7.2.2. Compatibility and Error Procedures
It is possible that some nodes along an LSP will not support the
Admin Status Object. In the case of a non-supporting transit node,
the object will pass through the node unmodified and normal
processing can continue. In the case of a non-supporting egress
node, the Admin Status Object will not be reflected back in the Resv
Message. To support the case of a non-supporting egress node, the
ingress SHOULD only wait a configurable period of time for the
updated Admin Status Object in a Resv message. Once the period of
time has elapsed, the ingress node sends a PathTear message. By
default this period of time SHOULD be 30 seconds.
7.3. Notify Message Procedures
Intermediate and egress nodes may trigger the setting of
administrative status via the use of Notify messages. To accomplish
this, an intermediate or egress node generates a Notify message with
the corresponding upstream notify session information. The Admin
Status Object MUST be included in the session information, with the
appropriate bit or bits set. The Reflect (R) bit MUST NOT be set.
The Notify message may be, but is not required to be, encapsulated,
An ingress node receiving a Notify message containing an Admin Status
Object with the Delete (D) bit set, SHOULD initiate the deletion
procedure described in the previous section. Other bits SHOULD be
propagated in an outgoing Path message as normal.
Some special processing is required in order to cover the case of
nodes that do not support the Admin Status Object and other error
conditions. Specifically, a node that sends a Notify message
containing an Admin Status Object with the Down (D) bit set MUST
verify that it receives a corresponding Path message with the Down
(D) bit set within a configurable period of time. By default this
period of time SHOULD be 30 seconds. If the node does not receive
such a Path message, it SHOULD send a PathTear message downstream and
either a ResvTear message or a PathErr message with the
Path_State_Removed flag set upstream.
8. Control Channel Separation
This section provides the protocol specific formats and procedures to
required support a control channel not being in-band with a data
8.1. Interface Identification
The choice of the data interface to use is always made by the sender
of the Path message. The choice of the data interface is indicated by
the sender of the Path message by including the data channel's
interface identifier in the message using a new RSVP_HOP object sub-
type. For bidirectional LSPs, the sender chooses the data interface
in each direction. In all cases but bundling, the upstream interface
is implied by the downstream interface. For bundling, the path
sender explicitly identifies the component interface used in each
direction. The new RSVP_HOP object is used in Resv message to
indicate the downstream node's usage of the indicated interface(s).
8.1.1. IF_ID RSVP_HOP Objects
The format of the IPv4 IF_ID RSVP_HOP Object is:
| Length | Class-Num (3) | C-Type (3) |
| IPv4 Next/Previous Hop Address |
| Logical Interface Handle |
~ TLVs ~
See [RFC2205] for a description of hop address and handle fields.
See [RFC3471] for a description of parameters and encoding of
TLVs.
An IF_ID RSVP_HOP object is used in place of previously defined
RSVP_HOP objects. It is used on links where there is not a one-to-
one association of a control channel to a data channel, see
[RFC3471]. The Hop Address and Logical Interface Handle fields are
used per standard RSVP [RFC2205].
TLVs are used to identify the data channel(s) associated with an LSP.
For a unidirectional LSP, a downstream data channel MUST be
indicated. For bidirectional LSPs, a common downstream and upstream
data channel is normally indicated. In the special case where a
bidirectional LSP that traverses a bundled link, it is possible to
specify a downstream data channel that differs from the upstream data
channel. Data channels are specified from the viewpoint of the
sender of the Path message. The IF_ID RSVP_HOP object SHOULD NOT be
used when no TLVs are needed.
A node receiving one or more TLVs in a Path message saves their
values and returns them in the HOP objects of subsequent Resv
messages sent to the node that originated the TLVs.
Note, the node originating an IF_ID object MUST ensure that the
selected outgoing interface, as specified in the IF_ID object, is
consistent with an ERO. A node that receives an IF_ID object SHOULD
check whether the information carried in this object is consistent
with the information carried in a received ERO, and if not it MUST
send a PathErr Message with the error code "Routing Error" and error
value of "Bad Explicit Route Object" toward the sender. This check
CANNOT be performed when the initial ERO subobject is not the
incoming interface.
8.2. Errored Interface Identification
There are cases where it is useful to indicate a specific interface
associated with an error. To support these cases the IF_ID
ERROR_SPEC Objects are defined.
8.2.1. IF_ID ERROR_SPEC Objects
The format of the IPv4 IF_ID ERROR_SPEC Object is:
| IPv4 Error Node Address |
| Flags | Error Code | Error Value |
See [RFC2205] for a description of address, flags, error code and
error value fields. See [RFC3471] for a description of parameters
and encoding of TLVs.
Nodes wishing to indicate that an error is related to a specific
interface SHOULD use the appropriate IF_ID ERROR_SPEC Object in the
corresponding PathErr or ResvErr message. IF_ID ERROR_SPEC Objects
SHOULD be generated and processed as any other ERROR_SPEC Object, see
9. Fault Handling
The handling of two types of control communication faults is
described in this section. The first, referred to as nodal faults,
relates to the case where a node losses its control state (e.g.,
after a restart) but does not loose its data forwarding state. In
the second, referred to as control channel faults, relates to the
case where control communication is lost between two nodes. The
handling of both faults is supported by the Restart_Cap object
defined below and require the use of Hello messages.
Note, the Restart_Cap object MUST NOT be sent when there is no
mechanism to detect data channel failures independent of control
channel failures.
Please note this section is derived from [PAN-RESTART].
9.1. Restart_Cap Object
The Restart_Cap Object is carried in Hello messages.
The format of the Restart_Cap Object is:
| Length | Class-Num(131)| C-Type (1) |
| Restart Time |
| Recovery Time |
Restart Time: 32 bits
Restart Time is measured in milliseconds. Restart Time SHOULD be
set to the sum of the time it takes the sender of the object to
restart its RSVP-TE component (to the point where it can exchange
RSVP Hello with its neighbors) and the communication channel that
is used for RSVP communication. A value of 0xffffffff indicates
that the restart of the sender's control plane may occur over an
indeterminate interval and that the operation of its data plane is
unaffected by control plane failures. The method used to ensure
continued data plane operation is outside the scope of this
Recovery Time: 32 bits
The period of time, in milliseconds, that the sender desires for
the recipient to re-synchronize RSVP and MPLS forwarding state
with the sender after the re-establishment of Hello
synchronization. A value of zero (0) indicates that MPLS
forwarding state was not preserved across a particular reboot.
9.2. Processing of Restart_Cap Object
Nodes supporting state recovery advertise this capability by carrying
the Restart_Cap object in Hello messages. Such nodes MUST include
the Restart_Cap object in all Hello messages. (Note that this
includes Hello messages containing ACK objects.) Usage of the
special case Recovery Time values is described in greater detail
When a node receives a Hello message with the Restart_Cap object, it
SHOULD record the values of the parameters received.
9.3. Modification to Hello Processing to Support State Recovery
When a node determines that RSVP communication with a neighbor has
been lost, and the node previously learned that the neighbor supports
state recovery, the node SHOULD wait at least the amount of time
indicated by the Restart Time indicated by the neighbor before
invoking procedures related to communication loss. A node MAY wait a
different amount of time based on local policy or configuration
During this waiting period, all Hello messages MUST be sent with a
Dst_Instance value set to zero (0), and Src_Instance should be
unchanged. While waiting, the node SHOULD also preserve the RSVP and
MPLS forwarding state for (already) established LSPs that traverse
the link(s) between the node and the neighbor. In a sense with
respect to established LSPs the node behaves as if it continues to
receive periodic RSVP refresh messages from the neighbor. The node
MAY clear RSVP and forwarding state for the LSPs that are in the
process of being established when their refresh timers expire.
Refreshing of Resv and Path state SHOULD be suppressed during this
waiting period.
During this waiting period, the node MAY inform upstream nodes of the
communication loss via a PathErr and/or upstream Notify message with
"Control Channel Degraded State" indication. If such notification
has been sent, then upon restoration of the control channel the node
MUST inform other nodes of the restoration via a PathErr and/or
upstream Notify message with "Control Channel Active State"
indication. (Specific error codes have been assigned by IANA.)
When a new Hello message is received from the neighbor, the node must
determine if the fault was limited to the control channel or was a
nodal fault. This determination is based on the Src_Instance
received from the neighbor. If the value is different than the value
that was received from the neighbor prior to the fault, then the
neighbor should be treated as if it has restarted. Otherwise, the
the fault was limited control channel. Procedures for handling each
case are described below.
9.4. Control Channel Faults
In the case of control channel faults, the node SHOULD refresh all
state shared with the neighbor. Summary Refreshes [RFC2961] with the
ACK_Desired flag set SHOULD be used, if supported. Note that if a
large number of messages are need, some pacing should be applied.
All state SHOULD be refreshed within the Recovery time advertised by
the neighbor.
9.5. Nodal Faults
Recovering from nodal faults uses one new object and other existing
protocol messages and objects.
9.5.1. Recovery Label
The Recovery_Label object is used during the nodal fault recovery
process. The format of a Recovery_Label object is identical to a
generalized label. A Recovery_Label object uses Class-Number 34 (of
form 0bbbbbbb) and the C-Type of the label being suggested.
9.5.2. Procedures for the Restarting node
After a node restarts its control plane, a node that supports state
recovery SHOULD check whether it was able to preserve its MPLS
forwarding state. If no forwarding state from prior to the restart
was preserved, then the node MUST set the Recovery Time to 0 in the
Hello message the node sends to its neighbors.
If the forwarding state was preserved, then the node initiates the
state recovery process. The period during which a node is prepared
to support the recovery process is referred to as the Recovery
Period. The total duration of the Recovery Period is advertised by
the recovering node in the Recovery Time parameter of the Restart_Cap
object. The Recovery Time MUST be set to the duration of the
Recovery Period in all Hello messages sent during the Recovery
Period. State that is not resynchronized during the Recovery Period
SHOULD be removed at the end of the Period.
Note that if during Hello synchronization the restarting node
determines that a neighbor does not support state recovery, and the
restarting node maintains its MPLS forwarding state on a per neighbor
basis, the restarting node should immediately consider the Recovery
Period with that neighbor completed. Forwarding state may be
considered to be maintained on a per neighbor basis when per
interface labels are used on point-to-point interfaces.
When a node receives a Path message during the Recovery Period, the
node first checks if it has an RSVP state associated with the
message. If the state is found, then the node handles this message
according to previously defined procedures.
If the RSVP state is not found, and the message does not carry a
Recovery_Label object, the node treats this as a setup for a new LSP,
and handles it according to previously defined procedures.
If the RSVP state is not found, and the message carries a
Recovery_Label object, the node searches its MPLS forwarding table
(the one that was preserved across the restart) for an entry whose
incoming interface matches the Path message and whose incoming label
is equal to the label carried in the Recovery_Label object.
If the MPLS forwarding table entry is not found, the node treats this
as a setup for a new LSP, and handles it according to previously
defined procedures.
If the MPLS forwarding table entry is found, the appropriate RSVP
state is created, the entry is bound to the LSP associated with the
message, and related forwarding state should be considered as valid
and refreshed. Normal Path message processing should also be
conducted. When sending the corresponding outgoing Path message the
node SHOULD include a Suggested_Label object with a label value
matching the outgoing label from the now restored forwarding entry.
The outgoing interface SHOULD also be selected based on the
forwarding entry. In the special case where a restarting node also
has a restating downstream neighbor, a Recovery_Label object should
be used instead of a Suggested_Label object.
Additionally, for bidirectional LSPs, the node extracts the label
from the UPSTREAM_LABEL object carried in the received Path message,
and searches its MPLS forwarding table for an entry whose outgoing
label is equal to the label carried in the object (in the case of
link bundling, this may also involved first identifying the
appropriate incoming component link).
If the MPLS forwarding table entry is found, the entry is bound to
the LSP associated with the Path message, and the entry should be
considered to be re-synchronized. In addition, if the node is not
the tail-end of the LSP, the corresponding outgoing Path messages is
sent with the incoming label from that entry carried in the
UPSTREAM_LABEL object.
During the Recovery Period, Resv messages are processed normally with
two exceptions. In the case that a forwarding entry is recovered, no
new label or resource allocation is required while processing the
Resv message. The second exception is that ResvErr messages SHOULD
NOT be generated when a Resv message with no matching Path state is
received. In this case the Resv message SHOULD just be silently
discarded.
9.5.3. Procedures for the Neighbor of a Restarting node
The following specifies the procedures that apply when the node
reestablishes communication with the neighbor's control plane within
the Restart Time, the node determines (using the procedures defined
in Section 5 of [RFC3209]) that the neighbor's control plane has
restarted, and the neighbor was able to preserve its forwarding state
across the restart (as was indicated by a non-zero Recovery Time
carried in the Restart_Cap object of the RSVP Hello messages received
from the neighbor). Note, a Restart Time value of 0xffffffff
indicates an infinite Restart Time interval.
Upon detecting a restart with a neighbor that supports state
recovery, a node SHOULD refresh all Path state shared with that
neighbor. The outgoing Path messages MUST include a Recovery_Label
object containing a label value corresponding to the label value
received in the most recently received corresponding Resv message.
All Path state SHOULD be refreshed within approximately 1/2 of the
Recovery time advertised by the restarted neighbor. If there are
many LSP's going through the restarting node, the neighbor node
should avoid sending Path messages in a short time interval, as to
avoid unnecessary stressing the restarting node's CPU. Instead, it
should spread the messages across 1/2 the Recovery Time interval.
After detecting a restart of a neighbor that supports state recovery,
all Resv state shared with the restarting node MUST NOT be refreshed
until a corresponding Path message is received. This requires
suppression of normal Resv and Summary Refresh processing to the
neighbor during the Recovery Time advertised by the restarted
neighbor. As soon as a corresponding Path message is received a Resv
message SHOULD be generated and normal state processing SHOULD be
re-enabled.
10. RSVP Message Formats and Handling
This message summarizes RSVP message formats and handling as modified
by GMPLS.
10.1. RSVP Message Formats
This section presents the RSVP message related formats as modified by
this document. Where they differ, formats for unidirectional LSPs
are presented separately from bidirectional LSPs. Unmodified formats
are not listed. Again, MESSAGE_ID and related objects are defined in
The format of a Path message is as follows:
::= [ ]
[ ... ]
The format of the sender description for unidirectional LSPs is:
::=
The format of the sender description for bidirectional LSPs is:
The format of a PathErr message is as follows:
::= [ ]
The format of a Resv message is as follows:
[ ] [ ]
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