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ERROR: type should be string, got "https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/kincaid_jamaica_1949?locale=ar\nWilley, N. L., & Willey. (2010). Kincaid, Jamaica. In A. O'Reilly (Ed.), Encyclopedia of motherhood. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Retrieved from https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/kincaid_jamaica_1949\nWilley, Nicole L., and Willey. \"Kincaid, Jamaica.\" In Encyclopedia of Motherhood, edited by Andrea O'Reilly. Sage Publications, 2010. https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/kincaid_jamaica_1949\nWilley, N.L. and Willey. (2010). Kincaid, Jamaica. In A. O'Reilly (Ed.), Encyclopedia of motherhood. [Online]. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Available from: https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/kincaid_jamaica_1949 [Accessed 18 July 2019].\nWilley, Nicole L., and Willey. \"Kincaid, Jamaica.\" Encyclopedia of Motherhood, edited by Andrea O'Reilly, Sage Publications, 1st edition, 2010. Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/kincaid_jamaica_1949. Accessed 18 Jul. 2019.\n<iframe src=\"https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/kincaid_jamaica_1949.embed?institutionId=6063\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" style=\"border: 0;\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"></iframe>\n[{\"style\":\"mla\",\"pubnonperiodical\":{\"title\":\"Encyclopedia of Motherhood\",\"edition\":\"1\",\"city\":\"Thousand Oaks\",\"publisher\":\"Sage Publications\",\"year\":2010,\"state\":\"CA\"},\"pubtype\":{\"main\":\"pubnonperiodical\",\"suffix\":\"pubdatabase\"},\"pubdatabase\":{\"year\":\"2010\",\"month\":\"August\",\"day\":\"3\",\"yearaccessed\":\"2019\",\"monthaccessed\":\"July\",\"dayaccessed\":\"18\",\"service\":\"Credo Reference\",\"db\":\"Credo Reference\",\"searchtext\":\"https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/kincaid_jamaica_1949\"},\"contributors\":[{\"function\":\"section_author\",\"first\":\"Nicole L.\",\"last\":\"Willey\"},{\"function\":\"section_author\",\"first\":null,\"last\":\"Willey\"},{\"function\":\"editor\",\"first\":\"Andrea\",\"last\":\"O'Reilly \"}],\"source\":\"chapter\",\"chapter\":{\"title\":\"Kincaid, Jamaica (1949 - )\",\"type\":\"essay\"}}]\nTY - CHAP T1 - Kincaid, Jamaica (1949 - ) T2 - Encyclopedia of Motherhood PY - 2010/// PB - Sage Publications CP - Thousand Oaks, CA, USA UR - https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/kincaid_jamaica_1949 L2 - https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/kincaid_jamaica_1949 ET - 1 DB - Credo Reference DP - Credo Reference Y2 - 2019/07/18 A1 - Willey, Nicole L. A2 - Willey, ED - O'Reilly , Andrea SN - 9781412968461 ER -\nتحتوي صفحات الموضوع على نظرة عامة وتعريفات وسير ذاتية وموضوعات ذات صلة وصور بالإضافة إلى روابط إلى مقالات ذات صلة ومحتويات أخرى تقدمها مكتبة. Topic Page: Kincaid, Jamaica (1949 - )\nDefinition: Kincaid, Jamaica from The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide\nUS writer born in the West Indies. She has won recognition for her collections of short stories, such as At the Bottom of the River 1983, and Annie John 1985, a short story cycle. Her work is noted for its telling detail and poetic diction, such as in Mr. Potter (2002), which uses both prose and poetry to examine the issues around being a fatherless child.\nBorn in St John's, Antigua, she emigrated to New York City and became a staff writer for the New Yorker in 1976.\nSummary Article: Kincaid, Jamaica\nFrom Encyclopedia of Motherhood\nJamaica Kincaid was born in Antigua in 1949, and at 16 moved to America, where she became an au pair; after some schooling and work on publications such as Ingenue and the Village Voice, she was hired at The New Yorker. It wasn't until 1983, however, with the publication of At the Bottom of the River, that Kincaid became a recognized and important voice in America. She is a prolific writer who is still publishing works on Caribbean and other themes from her home in Vermont. The mother-daughter conflict is central in much of her writing.\nKincaid has published poetry and short stories, written on travel, and even edited an essay collection on gardening, but she is best known for her novels. Her fiction often takes the form of semi-autobiographical bildungsroman (a novel about character growth), and it deals broadly with motherhood, daughterhood, independence, colonialism, sexuality, and shame. Her tone is often angry, with her sharp social critique aimed at her own and her protagonists’ oppressors: mothers who invariably fail to love daughters enough and who are unable to prepare their offspring for healthy sexual maturity; the colonist and the colonial subject alike; men of all stripes who use women; and white women with whom a true sisterhood is inevitably impossible in her works.\nLucy and Annie John are among the most well known of Kincaid's works. Annie John (1983) is the story of a young Antiguan girl's coming of age, and the violent rupture and abrupt break from her mother and her colonial-subject status that must happen if she is ever going to be able to define herself. Lucy (1990) continues Annie's story under a different name and in a different country, with the protagonist acting as an au pair in 1960s Manhattan. In this novel, the protagonist's efforts to rail against colonialism and find her own identity is much stronger (and more successful) than in the previous novel. The mother-daughter conflict is still central, but in this novel of migration, Annie/Lucy now finds herself as a representative of her people and deals with racism and colonial issues in a much more forthright manner.\nIn The Autobiography of My Mother (1996), another Kincaid novel to clearly have the (absent) mother central to the story line, the protagonist explores the choice to be infertile and to use painful abortifacients to prevent herself from becoming a/her mother. Even in My Brother (1997), whose title seems to suggest a different focus in this clearly autobiographical work, Kincaid is still reworking and rewording her relationship with her mother and the residual anger she feels as her neglected and estranged daughter. Kincaid's writing is not always about the mother-daughter conflict. A Small Place (1988), for instance, utilizes second-person narrative and holds the reader, colonialists, and Antiguan subjects themselves accountable for the poverty and lack of viable choices available on the island. Her writing, though, is always unapologetic in its anger and criticism, using these forces to help her forge her identity and clarify her position on a number of issues.\nAt the Bottom of the River was nominated for the PEN/Faulkner Award and won the Morton Darwen Zabel Award. Annie John landed Kincaid as one of three finalists for the 1985 international Ritz Paris Hemingway Award. She has also won the Anifield-Wolf Book Award and The Lila-Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund Award, along with a nomination for the 1997 National Book Award for My Brother. These accolades, however, have not prevented criticism, sometimes extremely harsh, for the anger (and perceived formlessness) found in her writing. Though her writing causes controversy, it is striking for both its form and content and refuses to let the reader sweep these issues under a rug.\nKincaid's writing about motherhood is most often from the daughter's perspective, and is largely about the struggle to gain independence and recover from the mother and her (often colonial) teachings. In her writings, colonialism engenders the fracturing of familial bonds, but she also reflects on the hope that she is finding ways to heal herself and overcome the conflict in her relationship with her own daughter.\nAfrican Diaspora, Literature, Mothers in, Mother/Daughter Plot (Hirsch), Postcolonialism and Mothering, Race and Racism\nBirbalsingh, Frank. Jamaica Kincaid: From Antigua to America. New York: St. Martin's, 1996.\nFerguson, Moira. Jamaica Kincaid: Where the Land Meets the Body. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994.\nKincaid, Jamaica. Annie John. New York: Noonday Press, 1983.\nKincaid, Jamaica. At the Bottom of the River. New York: Plume, 1978.\nKincaid, Jamaica. The Autobiography of My Mother. New York: Plume, 1996.\nKincaid, Jamaica. My Brother. New York: Noonday Press, 1997.\nKincaid, Jamaica. A Small Place. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1988.\nParvisini-Gebert, Lizabeth. Jamaica Kincaid: A Critical Companion. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1999.\nSimmons, Diane. Jamaica Kincaid. New York: Twayne, 1994.\nUniversity of Minnesota. “Jamaica Kincaid.” http://voices.cla.umn.edu/artistpages/kincaidJamaica.php (accessed January, 2009).\nWilley, Nicole L.\nCopyright © 2010 by SAGE Publications, Inc.\nFull text Article Kincaid, Jamaica\nWiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Literature: The Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Fiction\nJamaica Kincaid writes about the formation of a pre- and postcolonial female subjectivity, and about the quest for personal and political identity. T\nFull text Article Jamaica Kincaid (1949 - )\nThe Columbia Companion to the Twentieth-Century American Short Story\nPoverty and the lack of educational opportunity for girls in the late 1960s compelled Antigua-born Jamaica Kincaid to immigrate to...\nContinuum Encyclopedia of American Literature\nAs a self-exile of her Caribbean homeland, K. transgresses the boundaries of language and culture and delivers the words that...\nKincaid, Jamaica\nJamaica Kincaid (1949 - )\nEncyclopedia of Latin American and Caribbean Literature, 1900-2003\nb. 1949, St John’s, Antigua Writer Born Elaine Potter Richardson, to an Antiguan father and a mother of half-Carib descent who was from...\nKincaid, Jamaica [Elaine Potter Richardson] 1949 -\nThe Cambridge Guide to Women's Writing in English\nAntiguan-American writer, born in St John's, Antigua. Kincaid was an intelligent child with a love of books but found few avenues...\nKincaid, Jamaica (1949 - )\nThe Cambridge Guide to Literature in English\nBorn and brought up in St John's, Antigua, she went to the United States in her teens. There she worked as a freelance writer,...\nتحتوي صفحات الموضوع على نظرة عامة وتعريفات وسير ذاتية وموضوعات ذات صلة وصور بالإضافة إلى روابط إلى مقالات ذات صلة ومحتويات أخرى تقدمها مكتبة. Topic Memory\nMemory is the mental capacity to store and retrieve stored experiences. It is a central part of the human capacity because it is vital to the"