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Photography Ellius Grace
by i-D Staff
young londoners on what makes them hopeful for the future
Photographer Ellius Grace takes to the streets of the capital.
Jordan Charles, 24, London and Cornwall
Describe your generation... We’re definitely the internet generation. Who do you consider to be the voice of your generation? I don’t feel like the voice of a generation is one individual. Social media is the platform gives everyone a voice. What change would you like to see in the world in 2018? I’d love to see more diverse representation in the mainstream media for 2018. Genuine representation, not just to hit diversity quotas. What makes you hopeful for the future? Seeing so many people standing up to stereotypes and challenging perceptions really makes me happy, we’re not taking shit any more and I feel like we’ll see a lot of change off the back of this.
Tosia Leniarska, 20, Warsaw
Describe your generation... Pushing it. When do you feel most confident? Dressed up silly in a club. What is the most important thing happening in culture right now? The push for intersectionality. What change would you like to see in the world in 2018? They better fucking start paying us! What makes you hopeful for the future? Kids smarter than me.
Julia Campbell-Gillies, 21, South Africa
Describe your generation... Impatient, uncompromising, sick of your shit. When do you feel most confident? When I'm informed. Who do you consider to be the voice of your generation? I think my generation's identity is founded on a distinctly critical view of "figureheads" and leaders. The "voice" has been democratised, and no longer has a face, only potential. The voice of my generation is a chorus. What change would you like to see in the world in 2018? Less plastic, more justice. This is your chance to speak out. What have you got to say? Trust yourself, don't make excuses, don't let perfectionism distract you from being better.
Louis Chen, 21, Beijing
Describe yourself... Soft. Describe your generation... Anxious. What change would you like to see in the world in 2018? Less air pollution. What makes you hopeful for the future? Love, love and more love from my friends and family. This is your chance to speak out. What have you got to say? Try hard, try harder.
Lloyd Clipston, 21, Harrogate
Who do you consider to be the voice of your generation? Blinky -- if you know, you know. What is the most important thing happening in culture right now? The continuation of DIY ethics and publishing within art and music. What change would you like to see in the world in 2018? A new Su Tissue record. What makes you hopeful for the future? Doing more art, making more books -- I might not work in a coffee shop forever.
Izzy Moriarty Thompson, 21, south-east London
Describe your generation... A diverse spectrum of young individuals, that are frightened and excited for the future of society. Who do you consider to be the voice of your generation – and why? I don’t believe a whole generation can be fully represented by just one voice, my generation is made up of a collection of voices and that’s really important to me. What makes you hopeful for the future? People speaking out about their sexuality and gender.
Daphne Papa, Athens, Hellenic Republic
Describe your generation... Poor, hopeless, individualistic, accepting, adaptive. Who do you consider to be the voice of your generation? Stefani Nurding, the embodiment of the power of female seduction, plus very gnarly. What is the most important thing happening in culture right now? I have to confine my answer to what appeals to a mass audience so I’ll say the Kardashians. An almost totalitarian matriarchal family living in abundance. Their family rooted in a war torn country that has suffered a very recent and still widely unrecognised genocide; their fame rooted in crime and pornography. A simulacrum of a future society.
Lily Jean Bridger, 21, south London
Who do you consider to be the voice of your generation? There are many people who I consider to be the voice of our generation, the most influential people are those who are able to use their public profiles to speak out against issues which other people can relate to. Such as, Jennifer Lawrence and Stormzy. What is the most important thing happening in culture right now? Young people transcending boundaries. What change would you like to see in the world in 2018? This seems unrealistic but I’d like to see people being more tolerant and understanding of others.
Joy Miessi, 24, London
Describe your generation... DIY. So many talented and driven creatives putting themselves out there, throwing their own events, creating magazines and music, and using whatever we have. What is the most important thing happening in culture right now? I like that our generation uses social media as a voice to inform and to create positive social change. What change would you like to see in the world in 2018? Conflict free mobile phones. This is your chance to speak out. What have you got to say? Keep a diary, write, create... your story is valid.
Omar O'Reilly, 23, Dublin
When do you feel most confident? Walking out of the barbers with that fade on fleek! What is the most important thing happening in culture right now? Repeal the 8th. What change would you like to see in the world in 2018? It would be nice if none of the decent clubs and venues got replaced by a hotel. What makes you hopeful for the future? Psytrance. This is your chance to speak out. What have you got to say? If you find yourself in a closed loop, not knowing what direction to go next in life, try something different, put yourself out of your comfort zone and the unexpected will enlighten you.
ellius grace
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Iran secretly hangs four men on drug related charges in Arak Prison
File photo: Masked policeman is seen after an execution in Iran.
Iran secretly hanged four prisoners on drug related charges in Central Prison of Arak.
The four prisoners executed on April 29 are identified as Seyed Hamidreza Hosseinkhani, 37, Majid Kazemi, 42, Mohammad Hemmati, 26, and Mohammad Davoudabadi, 26.
This came just one day after the execution on drug charges of a university student in Central Prison of Kerman.
According to Baluchi human rights activists, 24-year-old Mohammad Bameri was from an empoverished family, who resorted to drug smuggling to earn a living and pay for university expenses.
A prisoner identified as Kamal Shahbakhsh was hanged also on drug related charges earlier in this facility.
On the same day, another prisoner was executed in Sanandaj, west of Iran, despite his family and human rights activist’s attempts to have the execution stopped.
The victim, Mohammad Irani who had been found guilty of murder, was hanged while he was on hunger strike with his lips and
eyelid sewn to protest against the execution sentence.
In Iran a convicted murderer has no right to seek pardon or commutation from the state, though this right is protected by Article 6(4) of the ICCPR. The family of a murder victim has the right either to insist on execution or to pardon the killer and receive financial compensation.
The Iranian authorities contend that qesas – the sentence for convicted murderers – is not execution, despite the fact that people sentenced to qesas are put to death by the state. This contention is not accepted in international law. The vast majority of child offenders on death row in Iran have been sentenced to qesas for murder.
In another development four prisoners were executed on April 27 in Central prison of Shiraz.
The state-run ROKNA news agency reported the execution of two men, identified only as Kaveh and Habib on charges of rape and robbery. The state-run media did not mentioned where the executions conducted but speculation is rife that he has been taken to Evin prison.
Reports obtained from inside Iran indicate that two Baluch prisoners were also executed that day in the same prison. The victims, Dorhan Heydari and Mirhan Shah Ghasemi had been sentenced to death on murder and drug related charges.
Earlier, two 17-year-old boys in Iran were also executed on charges of rape and robbery, after a trial that appears to have seriously breached fundamental due process guarantees.
The Iranian regime has one of the worst human rights records in the world. Year after year, it holds the record of the number of executions per capita.
According to Amnesty International, at least 253 people were executed in 2018 in Iran, while the number is over 3,500 since 2013, when supposed moderate Hassan Rouhani took power.
Iran Human Rights Monitor Monthly Report – April 2019
Iran Sentences Seven Bahais to 21 years in jail for their faith
Iran hangs five men in Raja’i Shahr Prison
Jamal Haji Zavareii accused of spying hanged in Tehran
Five inmates including a woman hanged in Iran on June 19
Iran HRM 10 hours ago 0
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The Heart Softeners
Bad behaviour
Does committing a sin openly put a person beyond the pale of Islam?
Is it kufr to commit a sin openly and discuss about sinful activities such as movies, songs etc? Does this rule apply to both major as well as minor sins? Please pay attention to this question, as a number of our brothers and sisters who have newly inclined towards Islam are facing this problem.
One of the things concerning which there can be no doubt is the fact that committing acts of disobedience and major sins openly is sin upon sin which may lead a person to kufr at the time of committing that sin openly, because he takes the prohibition on that lightly and is proud of what he is doing. There is no difference between major and minor sins with regard to this ruling.
It was narrated that Abu Hurayrah said: I heard the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) say: “All of my ummah may be forgiven except those who commit sin openly. It is a kind of committing sin openly if a man does something at night, then morning comes and Allaah has concealed his sin, but he says, ‘O So and so, I did such and such last night,’ when his Lord has concealed him (his action) all night but in the morning he reveals that which Allaah had concealed for him.”
Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 5721; Muslim, 2990
Shaykh Ibn ‘Uthaymeen (may Allaah have mercy on him) said:
… There is a third type of immoral, prmiscuous evildoer, who speaks of zina with pride (Allaah forbid), and speaks of how he traveled to such and such a land, and committed immoral actions and adultery with a number of women, and so on, and he boasts about that.
This person should be asked to repent; if he repents all well and good, otherwise he should be executed, because if a person boasts about committing zina, this implies that he regards zina as being permissible (Allaah forbid), and whoever regards zina as permissible is a kaafir.
Sharh Riyaadh al-Saaliheen, 1/116
Undoubtedly there are varying degrees of disobedience, and the level of sin varies according to the person’s state of mind whilst committing the sin and afterwards. The one who conceals his sin is not like one who commits sin openly. The one who regrets it afterwards is not like one who boasts about it.
Ibn al-Qayyim said:
In conclusion, evil actions vary according to their consequences. Those who have boyfriends or girlfriends commit a less serious sin than those who commit immoral actions with anyone; the one who commits sin in secret is doing something less serious than one who commits sin openly and broadcasts it. The one who keeps quiet about it commits a less serious sin than one who tells people about it. Such a one is far removed from the forgiveness of Allaah, as the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “All of my ummah may be forgiven except those who commit sin openly…”
Ighaathat al-Lahfaan, 2/147
The basic principle is that the Muslim should follow his sin with repentance and seeking forgiveness; he should regret what he has done and resolve never to go back to it. He should not follow it with boasting and speaking openly about it.
Ahmad (8792) and al-Tirmidhi (3334) narrated that Abu Hurayrah (may Allaah be pleased with him) said: The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “If the believer commits a sin, a black spot appears on his heart. If he repents, gives it up and seeks forgiveness, his heart is cleansed, but if he does more then (that spot) increases until it covers his heart. That is the raan (covering of sin) which Allaah mentioned in the Qur’aan:
“Nay! But on their hearts is the Raan (covering of sins and evil deeds) which they used to earn”
[al-Mutaffifeen 83:14]
Classed as hasan by al-Albaani in Saheeh al-Tirmidhi, 2654
There remains one issue that was mentioned in the question, which is the committing of sin openly by those who are new in Islam. Those people are still unaware of the rulings of Islam, so they are excused if they do not know the shar’i rulings, but they should be taught. So strive to teach them, and show them this answer.
May Allaah help us to do that which He loves and which pleases Him.
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JP/Politiken, Copenhagen, Denmark
Industry : Consumer Goods (non-food)
Category : Application Management Services, Managed Cloud
in Consumer Goods (non-food)
Per Palmkvist-Knudsen, IT Director, JP/Politikens Hus
We could just feel that they had the experience. They knew what we were talking about, and we were on the same page immediately. If a supplier turns up with a school bus full of consultants, then you know it’s going to be expensive and that it can turn out wrong. itelligence turned up with a project manager and the person who was going to solve the task.
JP/Politikens Hus has a big spand within the areas of newspapers, publishing, tv, web and other related business areas.
Best-of-Breed Newspapers in Changing Times
The Media House JP/Politiken has had great success with an untraditional best-of-breed-strategy in regards to IT. 800 servers and a very divers IT landscape give both flexibility and speed in a media company where the transition from print to online creates huge changes. The economy of the Group runs on SAP and the partner in that area is itelligence that provides ongoing application service and took care of the upgrade of the SAP solution. The project was delivered on time and under budget.
Salling Group (former Dansk Supermarked)
The retail giant expects further growth within e-commerce in the future, as more online search- and buying options find their way into the shops via smartphones and tablets. That is why it was widely agreed that the employees in the call centre needed the very best interface to the SAP…
JYSK A/S, Aarhus, Denmark
Automatic handling of expense invoices is one of the enterprise advantages of the shared service center in the accounts payable operation of the giant retailer JYSK. The solution behind “e-invoicing” is called it.approval. The SAP partner is itelligence.
Nilfisk-Advance
The it mds solution automates the process whenever Nilfisk-Advance creates and modifies material in SAP. The company thus saves time and cuts back on human errors made each year.
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Cowboys 2019 Draft: CB Michael Jackson Selected in 5th Round
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Cowboys Draft: Reviewing Kansas DT Daniel Wise
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Jess Haynie
The Dallas Cowboys have selected Cornerback Michael Jackson from Miami with a fifth-round pick, 158th overall, in the 2019 NFL Draft.
Dallas received this pick from the Oakland Raiders after a couple of trades. The Cowboys sent their second 4th-round pick, 136th overall, to the Bengals to move back into the 5th round and got an extra 6th-round pick. They then traded back again, this time with Oakland, to add a seventh rounder.
https://twitter.com/dallascowboys/status/1122210199903834112
Jackson scouts as a big-bodied, press-coverage corner that fits the mold of what Defensive Backs Coach Kris Richard likes in the CB position.
Dallas now has a loaded depth chart there with Byron Jones, Chidobe Awuzie, Anthony Brown, and Jourdan Lewis all under contract for next year. There has been talk that they could try to trade Lewis, who isn't an ideal fit in Richard's scheme.
For now, welcome to the Cowboys, Michael Jackson!
Related Topics:2019 NFL DraftCornerbackMichael Jackson
Cowboys 2019 Draft: DE Joe Jackson Selected in 5th Round
Cowboys 2019 Draft: RB Tony Pollard Selected in 4th Round
Cowboys fan since 1992, blogger since 2011. Bringing you the objectivity of an outside perspective with the passion of a die-hard fan. I love to talk to my readers, so please comment on any article and I'll be sure to respond!
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Throughout the post draft media process, the Cowboys' decision makers have been adamant that they found multiple draft-able players in undrafted free agency this year. Each of which, of course, will have an opportunity to compete for a roster or practice squad spot this summer.
One of those players who almost certainly had a draft-able grade despite fall through all seven rounds, is Kansas defensive tackle Daniel Wise.
At 6'3" and 290 pounds, Wise projects as a 3-technique in the NFL, and should compete for that very role on the Cowboys defense. Wise is not an overly bendy or athletic player, but he has a good initial quickness which allows him to penetrate gaps well. Wise plays with excellent effort, having the type of motor that I'm sure Rod Marinelli valued highly during the pre-draft evaluations.
A strong and powerful interior presence, Wise can offer some upside as a pass rusher as well. He has quick, active, and heavy hands. When combining his hands with his get-off, Wise is a real threat as a pass rusher. Maybe his most impressive pass rushing quality, however, is the effort which he plays with. Never giving up on a play, you'll have to block Wise until the final whistle or he will threaten for effort sacks.
In college, Wise was often asked to be a two-gap defender from the 5-technique, but that's just not where he'll be at his best. Rather, he should be used in the role the Cowboys likely envision for him, allowing him to play with power at the point of attack and disrupt the running game.
But what are Daniel Wise's chances of even making the team?
The Cowboys made a concerted effort to improve their defensive line this offseason, specifically on the interior. By adding free agents like Kerry Hyder and drafting Trysten Hill 58th overall, Dallas has improved what was considered a weakness during the postseason a year ago.
Not all of these talented defensive tackles will make the team, though, it's simply a numbers a game. And cutting an undrafted free agent will certainly be easier to do than cutting someone who will be owed real money, or was acquired through premium draft capital.
Regardless, Daniel Wise will have the chance to prove his worth during training camp and the preseason. And based on how he projects through his college tape and physical attributes, he'll likely make those final decisions very difficult on the Cowboys' staff.
Brian Martin
The Dallas Cowboys are "officially" adding 21 rookies to their roster, eight of which they drafted and the remaining 13 are undrafted free agents. The number of rookies the Cowboys are bringing in isn't all that surprising, but what did surprise me was how many of them were pre-draft visitors.
You may or may not know, but the NFL allows 30 allotted pre-draft visits for each team around the league. Teams don't have to use all 30 visits of course, but the majority of them take advantage of the opportunity and generally use up all 30 visits. It's a chance to introduce these rookies into the atmosphere they could be playing in and work them out in more of a one-on-one basis.
The Dallas Cowboys of course are known as a team who take their 30 pre-draft visits very seriously. Over the past several years they've drafted several players who were brought in for pre-draft visits, and 2019 was no exception.
I've said it before and I'll say it again, paying attention to the Dallas Cowboys 30 pre-draft visits is a good idea because the odds of them drafting one or more of them is pretty high. That's why I decided to run a pre-draft tracker this year, and because of it I was able to confirm 27 of the possible 30 pre-draft visitors for the Cowboys.
Here are 2019 pre-draft visitors currently on the Cowboys roster:
DT, Trysten Hill
RB, Tony Pollard
RB, Mike Weber
WR, Jon'Vea Johnson
CB, Chris Westry
If you're doing the math, 5 out of 30 equates to 17% of the players the Dallas Cowboys brought in as pre-draft visitors. But, if Dallas only brought in 27 that percentage rises to 19%. To say that the Cowboys value these pre-draft visits would be an understatement, at least as far as 2019 is concerned.
The first three of Trysten Hill, Tony Pollard, and Mike Weber were of course all draft picks and have the best chance to stick around on the final 53-man roster, but I wouldn't rule out Jon'Vea Johnson and Chris Westry. Both were draftable players, but somehow fell through the cracks right into the lap of the Cowboys as UFAs.
I don't really know if it's a good idea the Dallas Cowboys are so transparent with how valuable the treat these 30 pre-draft visits. We've seen teams time and time again trade up right in front of them to draft a player the Cowboys could've possibly been eyeing, and this year was no exception.
After drafting Running Back/Wide Receiver Tony Pollard with the first of their fourth-round draft picks, it looked like the Dallas Cowboys had their sights set on small school Defensive End/Defensive Tackle John Cominsky out of Charleston with their second pick in the fourth. Unfortunately, the Atlanta Falcons traded up a spot ahead of them to draft Cominsky.
This of course isn't the first time the Falcons have done this, which begs the question as to how they knew the Cowboys could have possibly been targeting Cominsky. We can throw a conspiracy theory out there that Atlanta might have been inside source, but that's highly unlikely. More plausible theory is they were paying attention to Dallas' 30 pre-draft visitors as well.
It may be time for the Dallas Cowboys to deploy a little more smoke and mirrors when it comes to who they bring in for pre-draft visits in the future. But regardless, there's no denying the Cowboys pre-draft visitors highlight their 2019 rookie class.
Are you surprised the Dallas Cowboys added so many pre-draft visitors to the roster?
Shane Carter
Another year, another draft come and gone. The difference was that this year the Dallas Cowboys were without a first-round pick thanks to their trade for Amari Cooper with Oakland. Their de facto first-round pick would obviously earn an A+ from how well he meshed with Dak Prescott and gave this Cowboys offense another dimension.
Given how well the Cowboys have done in the first round in recent history -- all but two of their first round picks since 2011 have been in the Pro Bowl, a trend that continued with last year’s pick, Leighton Vander Esch. This season, the Cowboys only had picks from round two and on. So this year was all about finding value and hoping it would fall into their laps.
Obviously time will tell if any of these players work out or not. For the time being, we can grade the picks based on what we do know. Some picks were worth it, while others raised questions, as well as eyebrows.
58 Overall: DT, Trysten Hill
In what has been considered the best defensive line draft in decades, the Cowboys took a bit of a risk with their first “official” pick. Trysten Hill is a first round talent out of UCF, but reports questioning his love for the game had some give him a third round grade.
Dallas has already had an off-season dealing with talented defensive linemen with questions around their passion for the game (i.e. David Irving) and so obviously people didn’t love this pick.
It’s a high risk, high reward move that we’ll have to wait and see how it turns out.
90 Overall: G, Connor McGovern
As far as value goes, McGovern was probably the team’s best pick. In my pre-draft rankings, Connor McGovern was my fourth overall interior lineman; a player who you can play anywhere in the interior and start immediately.
However, guard didn’t really seem like a need. This was obviously a “best player available” pick. What this pick has done instead is raise a bunch of questions.
Who’s job could be on the line?
Does this imply the team won’t re-sign La’el Collins?
Is Connor Williams going to play tackle like he did in college?
Is one of them going to get traded?
Is Travis Frederick really ready to go?
So many questions surround this pick, but there’s no questioning the player. Connor McGovern is likely a future starter on the line and Cowboys fans should be excited about that.
128 Overall: RB, Tony Pollard
If you follow me on Twitter, you know my feelings about Tony Pollard already.
Shane Carter on Twitter
Tony Pollard might be my favorite #Cowboys pick. Has experience at both the RB and WR position, plus had 7 career kick return TDs in college. He addresses all 3 needs in 1. #NFLDraft
Returner has been a need for a year now. I never liked the team trading away Ryan Switzer because it created a huge hole on special teams, as well as the receiving core.
The team also needed a backup running back to take the load off Ezekiel Elliott a bit. With Tony Pollard, they get all three positions filled in the form of a player who's 6'0" 210 pounds, ran a 4.52 40 and compiled 25 total touchdowns. Terrific value in the fourth round.
Grade: A-
158 Overall: CB, Michael Jackson
This is the type of corner Kris Richard loves; big and tall. At 6'1" 200 pounds, Michael Jackson fits the profile.
His 2017 tape was actually better than his 2018 tape, and all four of his career interceptions came in '17. However, the team is obviously betting on his potential, especially with corner being a serious need.
With the Cowboys' four primary corners coming into contract years the next three seasons, odds are that at least one will be gone. MJ doesn’t fill in day one as a difference maker but, given some time under Kris Richard, he could be a nice player.
165 Overall: DE, Joe Jackson
Take Joe Jackson, new Cowboy, as well as Michael and Darius Jackson, and the team is just two short of a Jackson 5 reunion.
The team has been very busy trying to rebuild the depth at edge and Joe Jackson is icing on an already stacked cake. In an off-season that saw the retirement of David Irving and another suspension for Randy Gregory, the team was able to extend DeMarcus Lawrence and trade for Robert Quinn.
The edge room was already full but you can never have too many.
Joe Jackson is a fun, productive player from The U, who was teammates with the previous pick, Michael Jackson. In his career, he totaled 24 sacks and 37.5 tackles for loss all in three seasons. He’s not the fastest edge rusher in the world but has plenty of power to make up for it. With the team only for sure having DeMarcus Lawrence guaranteed beyond 2019, it’s good to have as much talent as possible.
213 Overall: S, Donovan Wilson
The team really needed a safety and it enraged most people that they didn’t pick one earlier. Especially with Taylor Rapp, Juan Thornhill and Amani Hooker all available at different times.
Donovan Wilson is an interesting pick. His career has been a rollercoaster while at Texas A&M, with a highly productive 2015 season, a dip in 2016, a fractured foot in the 2017 opener, and a rebound 2018 season.
Had his career not been derailed by his injury, he’s likely gone way before the sixth round and the Cowboys are obviously betting on his potential. Meets a need, but not a plug-in right away type of pick.
218 Overall: RB, Mike Weber
Tony Pollard is going to get first crack at the backup running back spot. However, given that he’s also the team’s likely return man as well, it makes sense that they’d want to deepen the running back room to give the team a true RB2.
Mike Weber was Ezekiel Elliott’s teammate at Ohio State, but didn’t come close to the impact Elliott had. Only topping 1,000 yards once in college, Weber is likely in competition with Darius Jackson for the backup spot.
He’s not as flashy as Zeke but can pick up the slack when asked to and is a solid receiver out of the backfield. If Weber can’t beat Jackson for the backup spot, then Weber is a likely candidate for the practice squad.
241 Overall: DE, Jalen Jelks
Jalen Jelks falls into a similar boat that both Hurricanes players are in. Like Joe Jackson, he’s a good solid edge piece (fifth round draft grade), but like Michael Jackson, his prior season's tape was better than his final season.
It's interesting that the Cowboys would pick a player who seems to be better suited to play in a 3-4 as a OLB, but has plenty of starter potential. Otherwise he’s a player that’s likely headed to the practice squad that the Cowboys wanted to make sure they get first crack at. Still, a good value in terms of where he was picked.
Dallas Cowboys Overall 2019 Draft Grade: B
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3 Smoking Hot Actors Who Showed It All in 2018
March 17, 2019 October 25, 2018 by Ryan Shea
It’s not too uncommon for a variety of actors to go full-frontal anymore. This sort of thing started many moons ago, when Richard Gere in American Gigolo kicked off the trend for men to drop trou for a role that they were playing. Since then, many A-list hunks like Ben Affleck and Colin Farrell have exposed their goods for all to see, giving many of us the opportunity to get an up and close look at the men we admire in more ways than one.
2018 saw no shortage of incredibly handsome actors going full-on naked on camera, whether it was for a music video or a movie that became available to view in the theaters/streaming services. Take a look at 3 in particular who made headlines for showing it all off.
Adam Devine. The Pitch Perfect star got completely naked for a Netflix film that he did called Game Over, Man. He revealed to Thrillist that the scene that showed his frank n’ beans was real, where the behind-the-scenes people asked him if he wanted to use a prosthetic but opted against it. Good choice.
Chris Pine. Fans freaked out when they found out that Chris’ “Pine” would be on display in the Netflix series Outlaw King. It’s something that he joked about while appearing on The Graham Norton Show recently, saying “It’s kind of the whole shebang, man,” when Graham asked on whether viewers would see his front or back side.
Jay Mohr. The SNL alum shocked everyone when he decided to go full-frontal for a Logan Lynn music video. Released back in September, the clip for Logan’s song “Nothing’s Ever Wrong” features the New Jersey native in the buff, and this isn’t just a split-second kind of thing that Chris and Adam did. More on that here.
Tags #eyecandy, #guycandy, #hotguys, #mancandy, #ourgaylife
← 'Grey's Anatomy' Helped Teen Actor Come Out to His Parents
→ Porn Star Austin Wolf Screws Another Profession
We Can't Get Enough Of Simon Quarterman's Nude Scene
Oh Yes They Did: 5 Actors Who Went Full-Frontal on Film
Adam Devine is Very Flattered by His Gay Following
German Ginger Goes Completely Nude in "Rendezvous"
1 thought on “3 Smoking Hot Actors Who Showed It All in 2018”
Corther
I would hardly call Adam’s
I would hardly call Adam's scene split second. He runs around quite a bit and you see him his dick/balls/ass quite a bit from different perspectives. It's a silly scene, but still kinda hot.
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Korea Polar Research Institute has opened a web page in May 2014, (http://www.arctic.or.kr), to provide all sorts of arctic related information in Korean. The webpage introduces organizations and groups involved in arctic activities as well as scientific activities. South Korea was granted an observer status in the Arctic Council in 2013, from when interest in the Arctic has been rapidly growing among the Korean government and the general public. The web page, "Arctic N", can satisfy the curiosity of the people by providing systematically organized Arctic information.
There was a photo exhibition showing Arctic tundra in Seoul in April 2014. In this exhibition photos concerning, the Arctic plants, animals, and research activities in Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard), Council (Alaska), Cambridge Bay (Canada), and Zackenberg (Greenland), were displayed. The public enjoyed viewing the Arctic photos which were absolutely different from the perspective that many have in South Korea.
Figure 1. Front page of "Arctic N".
Figure 2. Photo exhibition: Arctic tundra.
New research project in Svalbard (PI: Yoo Kyung Lee)
A new research project based on the Arctic Dasan Station in Svalbard has been initiated in 2014 by Korea Polar Research Institute. KOPRI research groups and other teams from several universities and institutes studied the glacier foreland ecosystem of Midtre Lovénbreen. The glacier foreland was surveyed by the French team 10 years ago. We repeated vegetation survey in the same sampling sites, studied by the French team, with the French and Norwegian groups in the same manner. In addition, soil samples were collected to study soil organic carbon, microbial community, plants metabolites, and fatty acids composition in the glacier foreland. Since the whole area of the glacier foreland in Midtre Lovénbreen had been investigated, we expect to see the development and changes in soil properties and biological components along the microtopography as well as soil age (glacier retreat period). Ultimately, we are aiming to produce maps for soil organic carbon stock and microbial community in this glacier foreland through multivariate analyses and modelling approaches. Furthermore, the experiments on the CO2 and CH4 between the atmosphere and permafrost have been continuously operated on Amundsen-Nobile Climate Change Tower through collaboration with CNR in 2014.
Figure 3. Soil sampling and vegetation survey sites in Midtre Lovénbreen glacier forefield.
Figure 4. Field measurements (site selection, soil sampling, and vegetation survey).
CAPEC Project (PI: Bang Yong Lee)
The CAPEC (Circum Arctic Permafrost Environment Change Monitoring) Project, supported by Korea Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, has been continued since 2011. Through this project, we plan to establish Arctic monitoring nodes to study environmental changes and develop the state-of-the-art observation techniques for terrestrial permafrost region. This monitoring project includes atmosphere-pedosphere-biosphere monitoring system with Ubiquitous Sensor Network (USN) and GPS monitoring. The research aims of this project are (1) to understand the correlation between carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes and soil properties; (2) to estimate the contribution of microbial respiration, and plant photosynthesis and respiration to the CO2 production from soil; (3) to understand the geophysical and mechanical behavior of frozen ground correlated with environmental change. On the basis of the CAPEC project, we had two Arctic explorations this spring and summer: Council, Alaska; and Cambridge Bay, Canada.
CAPEC project in Council, Alaska
We operated the eddy-covariance flux system and 4-component radiometer at the Council site, during the summer period to monitor NEE (Net Ecosystem Exchange of CO2) over Alaskan permafrost region. Furthermore, methane (CH4) flux was measured in July for the first time at the site. Spatial variation of NEE was also measured using a manual chamber system with 9×9 grids on a monthly basis from July to September. In addition, thaw depths at multiple points were manually measured using a probe once in July, August, and September. Likewise, plant activity was monitored using a camera and NDVI sensors throughout the year. Multiple 1-m depth soil cores were sampled to investigate microbial community structure and organic matter composition at several points.
Figure 5. Eddy covariance system for green-house-gas (CO2, CH4, H2O) flux measurement at Council, Alaska.
Figure 6 .Soil coring activity at Council, Alaska in July, 2014.
CAPEC project in Cambridge Bay, Canada
For long-term monitoring of CO2 and energy exchanges between the atmosphere and the ecosystem at the site, eddy covariance flux system together with a net radiometer has been operated on a tower of Environment Canada since 2012 (69o7'47.7"N, 105o3'35.3"W). In 2014, heat flux plate (8 cm depth) and 4 temperature sensors (2, 3, 4, 6 cm depth) were installed around 5 m apart from the flux system to calculate heat exchange between air and soil. In addition, we have been continuously measuring black carbon concentration by an aethalometer since 2013.
To investigate the effects of increasing temperature and precipitation in arctic tundra, we have continued the climate manipulation experiment since 2012. This year, we just maintained climate manipulation treatments (open top chambers and watering per week) from middle June to late September with a help from Hamlet of Cambridge Bay. In July 19, there were extremely strong winds on the field site, thus, all OTCs were blown away or broken again like last year. We visited Cambridge Bay and fixed OTCs by using anchors and rope to protect them from strong wind.
Figure 7. Installation of the heat flux plate and soil temperature sensors in June 2014.
Figure 8. Fixing open top chambers from strong wind.
Report prepared by Yoo Kyung Lee ( yklee@kopri.re.kr).
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Date of report (Date of earliest event reported): June 7, 2019
Name of each exchange
on which registered
9.0% Series A Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable
Perpetual Preferred Units
NGLS/PA New York Stock Exchange
Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement.
First Amendment to Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement
On June 7, 2019, Targa Resources Partners LP (the Partnership or Borrower) entered into the First Amendment to Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the Amendment), dated as of June 7, 2019, to its Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the Original Agreement) with Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent, and the lenders and other signatories party thereto. Capitalized terms used but not defined herein shall have the meanings given to them in the Original Agreement.
The Amendment, among other things, amends the Original Agreement to (a) increase the maximum percentage of Consolidated EBITDA attributable to Material Project EBITDA Adjustments from 20% to 30% solely for the fiscal periods from and including the fiscal period ending June 30, 2019 until and including the fiscal period ending June 30, 2020, after which time the maximum percentage of Consolidated EBITDA attributable to Material Project EBITDA Adjustments shall revert to 20% of Consolidated EBITDA and (b) include in the calculation of Consolidated EBITDA for a period certain cash distributions received by the Borrower (or any of its Consolidated Restricted Subsidiaries) from Unrestricted Subsidiaries (or entities that are not Subsidiaries) after the end of such period but on or prior to the date that the Borrower calculates Consolidated EBITDA for such period.
The description of the Amendment is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Amendment, a copy of which is filed as Exhibit 10.1 to this Form 8-K and is incorporated in this Item 1.01 by reference.
Certain of the lenders or their respective affiliates have performed investment banking, financial advisory and commercial banking services for the Partnership and certain of the Partnerships affiliates, for which they have received customary compensation, and they may continue to do so in the future. The Partnership has entered into derivative financial transactions with affiliates of Bank of America, N.A., and certain of the other lenders on terms it believes to be customary in connection with these transactions.
Creation of a Direct Financial Obligation or an Obligation under an Off-Balance Sheet Arrangement of a Registrant.
The information included in Item 1.01 of this Current Report on Form 8-K is incorporated by reference into this Item 2.03 of this Current Report on Form 8-K.
(d) Exhibits.
10.1 First Amendment to Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of June 7, 2019, by and among Targa Resources Partners LP, Bank of America, N.A. and the other parties signatory thereto.
Targa Resources GP LLC,
Dated: June 11, 2019 By:
Execution Version
This FIRST AMENDMENT TO FOURTH AMENDED AND RESTATED CREDIT AGREEMENT, dated as of June 7, 2019 (this Agreement), is entered into by and among TARGA RESOURCES PARTNERS LP, a Delaware limited partnership (the Borrower), each other Loan Party party hereto, BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., as Administrative Agent (in such capacity, the Administrative Agent) and the Lenders party hereto. Capitalized terms used but not defined herein shall have the meanings assigned to such terms in the Credit Agreement (as defined below).
WHEREAS, the Borrower, the Administrative Agent, the Collateral Agent, the Lenders party thereto from time to time and the other agents and parties party thereto from time to time entered into that certain Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of June 29, 2018 (as amended, restated, supplemented or modified prior to the date hereof, the Original Credit Agreement and the Original Credit Agreement as amended hereby, the Credit Agreement) pursuant to that certain Third Amendment and Restatement Agreement, dated as of June 29, 2018;
WHEREAS, the Borrower has requested that the Required Lenders agree to amend certain provisions of the Original Credit Agreement as further set forth herein; and
WHEREAS, the Lenders party hereto (constituting the Required Lenders) are willing to agree to such amendments subject to certain conditions.
Accordingly, in consideration of the mutual agreements herein contained and other good and valuable consideration, the sufficiency and receipt of which are hereby acknowledged, the parties hereto agree as follows:
SECTION 1. Amendments to Original Credit Agreement. On the Effective Date (as defined below), the Original Credit Agreement shall be amended as follows:
(a) The following definitions are hereby added to Section 1.01 of the Original Credit Agreement where alphabetically appropriate:
First Amendment means the First Amendment to Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of June 7, 2019, by and among the Borrower, the Administrative Agent and the Lenders and other parties party thereto.
First Amendment Effective Date means the Effective Date as defined in the First Amendment.
(b) Clause (ii) of the last paragraph of the definition of Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA in Section 1.01 of the Original Credit Agreement is hereby amended and restated in its entirety to read as follows:
(ii) the aggregate amount of all Material Project EBITDA Adjustments during any period shall be limited to, (a) with respect to any period ending before June 30, 2019, 20% of the total actual Consolidated EBITDA for such period, (b) with respect to any period ending on June 30, 2019, September 30, 2019, December 31, 2019, March 31, 2020, or June 30, 2020, 30% of the total actual Consolidated EBITDA for such period and (c) with respect to any period ending after June 30, 2020, 20% of the total actual Consolidated EBITDA for such period. In the case of each of the foregoing (a), (b) and (c), total actual Consolidated EBITDA shall be determined without including any Material Project EBITDA Adjustments.
(c) The first proviso in the definition of Consolidated EBITDA in Section 1.01 of the Original Credit Agreement is hereby amended and restated in its entirety to read as follows:
provided, however, notwithstanding the foregoing, (A) net income attributable to Unrestricted Subsidiaries (other than Included Unrestricted Subsidiaries for such period) shall not be considered in calculating Consolidated EBITDA, but actual cash distributions to the Borrower or any of its Consolidated Restricted Subsidiaries by such Unrestricted Subsidiaries shall be included in calculating Consolidated EBITDA in respect of any fiscal quarter if such distributions (x) are received by the Borrower or any of its Consolidated Restricted Subsidiaries on or prior to the date of determination of Consolidated EBITDA for the applicable calculation period and (y) have not been included in calculating Consolidated EBITDA for a prior fiscal quarter, and (B) actual cash distributions to the Borrower and its Consolidated Restricted Subsidiaries by any Persons that are not Subsidiaries shall be included in calculating Consolidated EBITDA in respect of any fiscal quarter if such distributions (x) are received by the Borrower or any of its Consolidated Restricted Subsidiaries on or prior to the date of determination of Consolidated EBITDA for the applicable calculation period and (y) have not been included in calculating Consolidated EBITDA for a prior fiscal quarter.
(d) The last sentence of the definition of Included Unrestricted Subsidiary in Section 1.01 of the Original Credit Agreement is hereby amended and restated in its entirety to read as follows:
For the avoidance of doubt, it is acknowledged and agreed that (y) nothing in the limited liability company agreements of (A) Targa Pipeline Mid-Continent WestOk, LLC, Targa Pipeline Mid-Continent WestTex, LLC, or Grand Prix Pipeline LLC, in each case, as in effect on the Closing Date, or (B) Targa Train 7 LLC as in effect on the First Amendment Effective Date, constitutes a preferential right to Restricted Payments for the purposes of clause (vii) above and (z) clause (viii) above shall not prevent Cedar Bayou Fractionators, L.P. from being designated as an Included Unrestricted Subsidiary so long as its limited partnership interests that are owned by the Borrower or any of its Affiliates are owned by the Borrower or a Restricted Subsidiary and are subject to Liens under Security Documents.
(e) The definition of Unrestricted Subsidiary in Section 1.01 of the Original Credit Agreement is hereby amended and restated in its entirety to read as follows:
Unrestricted Subsidiary means (a) each Person listed on Schedule 1.01B hereto and (b) any Subsidiary which the Borrower has designated in writing to the Administrative Agent to be an Unrestricted Subsidiary pursuant to Section 6.17.
(f) Article I of the Original Credit Agreement is hereby amended by inserting a new Section 1.07 as follows:
Section 1.07 Divisions. For all purposes under the Loan Documents, in connection with any division or plan of division under Delaware law (or any comparable event under a different jurisdictions laws): (a) if any asset, right, obligation or liability of any Person becomes the asset, right, obligation or liability of a different Person, then it shall be deemed to have been transferred from the original Person to the subsequent Person, and (b) if any new Person comes into existence, such new Person shall be deemed to have been organized on the first date of its existence by the holders of its Equity Interests at such time.
(g) Article X of the Original Credit Agreement is hereby amended by inserting a new Section 10.24 as follows:
Section 10.24 Acknowledgment Regarding Any Supported QFCs. To the extent that the Loan Documents provide support, through a guarantee or otherwise, for Swap Contracts or any other agreement or instrument that is a QFC (such support, QFC Credit Support and each such QFC a Supported QFC), the parties acknowledge and agree as follows with respect to the resolution power of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act and Title II of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (together with the regulations promulgated thereunder, the U.S. Special Resolution Regimes) in respect of such Supported QFC and QFC Credit Support (with the provisions below applicable notwithstanding that the Loan Documents and any Supported QFC may in fact be stated to be governed by the laws of the State of New York and/or of the United States or any other state of the United States):
(a) In the event a Covered Entity that is party to a Supported QFC (each, a Covered Party) becomes subject to a proceeding under a U.S. Special Resolution Regime, the transfer of such Supported QFC and the benefit of such QFC Credit Support (and any interest and obligation in or under such Supported QFC and such QFC Credit Support, and any rights in property securing such Supported QFC or such QFC Credit Support) from such Covered Party will be effective to the same extent as the transfer would be effective under the U.S. Special Resolution Regime if the Supported QFC and such QFC Credit Support (and any such interest, obligation and rights in property) were governed by the laws of the United States or a state of the United States. In the event a Covered Party or a BHC Act Affiliate of a Covered Party becomes subject to a proceeding
under a U.S. Special Resolution Regime, Default Rights under the Loan Documents that might otherwise apply to such Supported QFC or any QFC Credit Support that may be exercised against such Covered Party are permitted to be exercised to no greater extent than such Default Rights could be exercised under the U.S. Special Resolution Regime if the Supported QFC and the Loan Documents were governed by the laws of the United States or a state of the United States. Without limitation of the foregoing, it is understood and agreed that rights and remedies of the parties with respect to a Defaulting Lender shall in no event affect the rights of any Covered Party with respect to a Supported QFC or any QFC Credit Support.
(b) As used in this Section 10.24, the following terms have the following meanings:
BHC Act Affiliate of a party means an affiliate (as such term is defined under, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 U.S.C. 1841(k)) of such party.
Covered Entity means any of the following:
(i) a covered entity as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. § 252.82(b);
(ii) a covered bank as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. § 47.3(b); or
(iii) a covered FSI as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. § 382.2(b).
Default Right has the meaning assigned to that term in, and shall be interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. §§ 252.81, 47.2 or 382.1, as applicable.
QFC has the meaning assigned to the term qualified financial contract in, and shall be interpreted in accordance with, 12 U.S.C. 5390(c)(8)(D).
SECTION 2. Conditions to Effectiveness of Agreement. The effectiveness of this Agreement is subject to the satisfaction of the following conditions (the date on which such conditions are satisfied, the Effective Date):
(a) The Administrative Agent shall have received a counterpart of this Agreement, executed and delivered by (i) the Borrower, (ii) each other Loan Party, and (iii) the Required Lenders;
(b) The Administrative Agent shall have received all fees and other amounts due and payable on or prior to the Effective Date, including (i) to the extent invoiced, reimbursement or payment of all out of pocket expenses required to be reimbursed or paid by the Borrower
under the Credit Agreement and (ii) for the account of each Lender that has delivered a signature page approving this Agreement, a fee in an amount equal to five basis points on its Revolving Credit Commitment on the Effective Date;
(c) Each of the representations and warranties made by any Loan Party in or pursuant to the Credit Agreement and the other Loan Documents shall be true and correct in all material respects on and as of the Effective Date as if made on and as of such date except to the extent such representations and warranties expressly refer to an earlier date (in which case such representations and warranties shall be true and correct in all material respects as of such earlier date); provided that any representation or warranty that is qualified as to materiality, Material Adverse Effect or similar language is true and correct (after giving effect to any qualification therein) in all respects on such respective dates; and
(d) No Default or Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing on the Effective Date.
SECTION 3. Effect of Agreement.
(a) The execution, delivery and effectiveness of this Agreement shall not operate as a waiver of any right, power or remedy of any Lender or the Administrative Agent under any of the Loan Documents, nor constitute a waiver of any provision of the Loan Documents.
(b) The parties hereto acknowledge and agree that (i) the Obligations are in all respects continuing with the terms, conditions, covenants and agreements contained in the Original Credit Agreement being modified only to the extent provided in this Agreement; and (ii) the Liens and security interests as granted under the Security Documents securing payment of the Obligations, the Cash Management Obligations and the Secured Swap Obligations are in all respects continuing in full force and effect. From and after the Effective Date, the terms Agreement, herein, hereinafter, hereto, hereof and words of similar import as used in the Credit Agreement, and the term Credit Agreement as used in the other Loan Documents, shall mean the Original Credit Agreement as modified by this Agreement, as may be further amended, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time.
(c) This Agreement shall constitute a Loan Document for all purposes of the Credit Agreement and shall be administered and construed pursuant to the terms of the Credit Agreement.
SECTION 4. Reaffirmation of Guaranty and Security. The Borrower and each other Loan Party, by its signature below, hereby (a) agrees that, notwithstanding the effectiveness of this Agreement, the Guaranty and the Security Documents continue to be in full force and effect, (b) affirms and confirms all of its obligations and liabilities under the Credit Agreement and each other Loan Document, including its guarantee of the Obligations, the Cash Management Obligations and the Secured Swap Obligations and the pledge of and/or grant of a security interest in its assets as Collateral pursuant to the Security Documents to secure the Obligations, the Cash Management Obligations and the Secured Swap Obligations, all as provided in the Guaranty and the Security Documents, and acknowledges and agrees that such obligations,
liabilities, guarantee, pledge and grant continue in full force and effect in respect of, and to secure, the Obligations, the Cash Management Obligations and the Secured Swap Obligations under the Credit Agreement and the other Loan Documents, (c) certifies that each of the representations and warranties made by any Loan Party in or pursuant to the Credit Agreement and the other Loan Documents are true and correct in all material respects on and as of the Effective Date as if made on and as of such date except to the extent such representations and warranties expressly refer to an earlier date (in which case such representations and warranties are true and correct in all material respects as of such earlier date); provided that any representation or warranty that is qualified as to materiality, Material Adverse Effect or similar language is true and correct (after giving effect to any qualification therein) in all respects on such respective dates and (d) certifies that no Default or Event of Default has occurred and is continuing on the Effective Date.
SECTION 5. Amendments; Counterparts. This Agreement may not be amended nor may any provision hereof be waived except pursuant to a writing signed by the Borrower, the Administrative Agent and other parties hereto. This Agreement may be executed by one or more of the parties hereto on any number of separate counterparts, and all of said counterparts taken together shall be deemed to constitute one and the same instrument. Delivery of an executed signature page of this Agreement by facsimile or other electronic submission (including .pdf format) shall be effective as delivery of a manually executed counterpart hereof.
SECTION 6. Severability. Any provision of this Agreement that is prohibited or unenforceable in any jurisdiction shall, as to such jurisdiction, be ineffective to the extent of such prohibition or unenforceability without invalidating the remaining provisions hereof, and any such prohibition or unenforceability in any jurisdiction shall not invalidate or render unenforceable such provision in any other jurisdiction.
SECTION 7. Governing Law. THIS AGREEMENT AND THE RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES HEREUNDER SHALL BE CONSTRUED IN ACCORDANCE WITH AND BE GOVERNED BY THE LAW OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. EACH PARTY HERETO HEREBY AGREES AS SET FORTH FURTHER IN SECTION 10.14 AND SECTION 10.15 OF THE ORIGINAL CREDIT AGREEMENT AS IF SUCH SECTIONS WERE SET FORTH IN FULL HEREIN.
SECTION 8. Headings. The headings of this Agreement are for purposes of reference only and shall not limit or otherwise affect the meaning hereof.
THIS AGREEMENT, THE ORIGINAL CREDIT AGREEMENT AND THE OTHER LOAN DOCUMENTS REPRESENT THE FINAL AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE PARTIES AND MAY NOT BE CONTRADICTED BY EVIDENCE OF PRIOR, CONTEMPORANEOUS OR SUBSEQUENT ORAL AGREEMENTS OF THE PARTIES. THERE ARE NO UNWRITTEN ORAL AGREEMENTS OF THE PARTIES.
[Remainder of page left intentionally blank]
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be duly executed by their respective officers as of the day and year first above written.
TARGA RESOURCES PARTNERS LP, as Borrower
By: Targa Resources GP LLC, its sole general partner
Name: Jennifer R. Kneale
Title: Chief Financial Officer
TARGA RESOURCES OPERATING LLC
TARGA RESOURCES OPERATING GP LLC
TARGA INTRASTATE PIPELINE LLC
TARGA LIQUIDS MARKETING AND TRADE
TARGA LOUISIANA INTRASTATE LLC
TARGA MIDSTREAM SERVICES LLC
TARGA DOWNSTREAM LLC
TARGA GAS MARKETING LLC
TARGA GAS PIPELINE LLC
TARGA MLP CAPITAL LLC
TARGA CAPITAL LLC
TARGA NGL PIPELINE COMPANY LLC
TARGA TRANSPORT LLC
TARGA GAS PROCESSING LLC
TARGA COGEN LLC
TARGA CRUDE MARKETING LLC
TARGA CRUDE PIPELINE LLC
VERSADO GAS PROCESSORS, L.L.C.
TARGA CHANNEL VIEW LLC
[Signature Page to Targa Resources First Amendment]
SLIDER WESTOK GATHERING, LLC
TARGA CHANEY DELL LLC
TARGA MIDKIFF LLC
TARGA PIPELINE MID-CONTINENT
HOLDINGS LLC
TARGA PIPELINE MID-CONTINENT LLC
TARGA PIPELINE PARTNERS GP LLC
TPL ARKOMA HOLDINGS LLC
TPL ARKOMA INC.
TPL ARKOMA MIDSTREAM LLC
TPL GAS TREATING LLC
TPL SOUTHTEX MIDSTREAM LLC
TPL SOUTHTEX PIPELINE COMPANY LLC
VELMA INTRASTATE GAS TRANSMISSION COMPANY, LLC
TARGA SOUTHOK NGL PIPELINE LLC
TARGA DELAWARE LLC
TARGA MIDLAND LLC
TARGA SOUTHERN DELAWARE LLC
FCPP PIPELINE, LLC
FLAG CITY PROCESSING PARTNERS, LLC
TARGA PIPELINE OPERATING PARTNERSHIP LP
TARGA PIPELINE PARTNERS LP
By: Targa Pipeline Partners GP LLC, its general partner
TPL BARNETT LLC
By: Targa Pipeline Mid-Continent Holdings LLC,
its sole member
PECOS PIPELINE LLC
TESUQUE PIPELINE, LLC
By: TPL Barnett LLC, its sole member
VELMA GAS PROCESSING COMPANY, LLC
By: Targa Pipeline Mid-Continent LLC, its sole member
TARGA SOUTHTEX MIDSTREAM COMPANY LP
TPL SOUTHTEX GAS UTILITY COMPANY LP
TPL SOUTHTEX MIDSTREAM HOLDING
COMPANY LP
TPL SOUTHTEX PROCESSING COMPANY LP
TPL SOUTHTEX TRANSMISSION COMPANY LP
By: TPL SouthTex Pipeline Company LLC, its general partner
BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., as Administrative Agent
/s/ Christopher DiBiase
Name: Christopher DiBiase
BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., as a Lender
BARCLAYS BANK PLC, as Lender
/s/ Sydney G. Dennis
Name: Sydney G. Dennis
CAPITAL ONE, NATIONAL
ASSOCIATION, as Lender
/s/ Christopher Kuna
Name: Christopher Kuna
Title: Vice President
Citibank, N.A., as Lender
/s/ Michael Zeller
Name: Michael Zeller
ROYAL BANK OF CANADA, as Lender
/s/ Jason S. York
Name: Jason S. York
Title: Authorized Signatory
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as Lender
/s/ Emily Board
Name: Emily Board
Compass Bank, as Lender
/s/ Gabriela Azcarate
Name: Gabriela Azcarate
Title: Senior Vice President
GOLDMAN SACHS BANK USA, as Lender
/s/ Jamie Minieri
Name: Jamie Minieri
JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Lender
/s/ Jorge Diaz Granados
Name: Jorge Diaz Granados
Title: Authorized Officer
MUFG Union Bank, N.A., as Lender
/s/ Todd Vaubel
Name: Todd Vaubel
PNC Bank, National Association, as Lender
/s/ Stephen Monto
Name: Stephen Monto
Title: SVP
THE TORONTO-DOMINION BANK,
NEW YORK BRANCH, as Lender
/s/ Maria Macchiaroli
Name: Maria Macchiaroli
Title: Authorize Signatory
ABN AMRO CAPITAL USA LLC, as Lender
/s/ Darrell Holley
Name: Darrell Holley
Title: Managing Director
/s/ Anna C. Ferreira
Name: Anna C. Ferreira
Title: Vice-President
ING CAPITAL LLC, as Lender
/s/ Subha Pasumarti
Name: Subha Pasumarti
For any Lender requiring a second signature line:
/s/ Alberto Mihelcic Bazzana
Name: Alberto Mihelcic Bazzana
Morgan Stanley Bank N.A., as Lender
/s/ Megan Kushner
Name: Megan Kushner
The Bank of Nova Scotia, Houston Branch,
as Lender
/s/ Joe Lattanzi
Name: Joe Lattanzi
SUMITOMO MITSUI BANKING CORPORATION, as Lender
/s/ Michael Maguire
Name: Michael Maguire
Title: Executive Director
SunTrust Bank, as Lender
/s/ Brian Guffin
Name: Brian Guffin
BRANCH BANKING AND TRUST COMPANY, as Lender
/s/ Ryan K. Michael
Name: Ryan K. Michael
BMO HARRIS BANK N.A., as Lender
/s/ Kevin Utsey
Name: Kevin Utsey
CANADIAN IMPERIAL BANK OF COMMERCE, NEW YORK BRANCH, as Lender
/s/ Trudy Nelson
Name: Trudy Nelson
/s/ Scott W. Danvers
Name: Scott W. Danvers
CITIZENS BANK N.A., as Lender
/s/ David Baron
Name: David Baron
CREDIT ARGICOLE CORPORATE AND INVESTMENT BANK, as Lender
/s/ Darrell Stanley
Name: Darrell Stanley
/s/ Michael Willis
Name: Michael Willis
Fifth Third Bank, as Lender
/s/ Larry Hayes
Name: Larry Hayes
REGIONS BANK, as Lender
/s/ David Valentine
Name: David Valentine
The Huntington National Bank, as Lender
/s/ Greg Ryan
Name: Greg Ryan
U.S. BANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, as Lender
/s/ Benjamin Leonard
Name: Benjamin Leonard
ZIONS BANCORPORATION, N.A. DBA AMEGY BANK, as Lender
/s/ G. Scott Collins
Name: G. Scott Collins
Title: Executive Vice President
/s/ Patricia Gorzycki
Name: Patricia Gorzycki
Title: Assistant Vice President
Raymond James Bank, N.A., as Lender
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March 15, 1969: Dionne Warwick, Tyrone Davis, Stevie Wonder, The Rascals, Richie Stevens
Editor’s note: a few of James’s earlier single reviews for Record Mirror have surfaced, spanning from 1969 to 1974. These will also be posted on this blog.
DIONNE WARWICK: This Girl’s In Love With You; Lonely In My Heart/Dream Sweet Dreamer (Pye International 7N 25484).
Right and proper that Dionne should sing Herb Alpert’s big vocal hit, as it is of course a Bacharach and David song (of exceptional beauty, which everyone must know already). This is much the same as Herb’s version — if not better — except that in place of his trumpet it has what sounds like, but surely can’t be, comb and paper! The song is so good that it should be a smash again with no difficulty, and is already just that in America. Some confusion over what the flip is, but if it’s “Lonely In My Heart” it’s nice. CHART CERTAINTY.
TYRONE DAVIS: Can I Change My Mind; A Woman Needs To Be Loved (Atlantic 584253).
Release at last for this monster American R&B/ Pop smash. Tyrone Davis debuts most impressively, and, if he can maintain this quality, should soon become a Giant of Soul (Doctor Soul’s prediction). With a fantastically powerful but beautifully controlled, roaring, Little Milton-ish voice, he power-drives through the gentle B-side slowie with such force that it gave me goose-bumps on first hearing! However, it’s the ambiguous-beat, slowish and catchy “Can I Change My Mind” that should be a hit, especially just after “For Once In My Life’s” success. Tony Blackburn, please play it! CHART POSSIBILITY.
STEVIE WONDER: I Don’t Know Why; My Cherie Amour (Tamla Motown TMG 690).
Lovely freaky noises lead into mature-voiced Stevie, who pours his heart out more and more as the strings and brass build and build. The mid-tempo slowie is nowhere near as melodious as “For Once In My Life”, and will probably have less wide-spread appeal as a consequence, but it must sell well just on the strength of Stevie’s impassioned delivery . . . he leaves you feeling quite limp! For melody lovers, the pretty flip is the side, and it could be equally popular. CHART CERTAINTY.
THE RASCALS: Heaven; Baby I’m Blue (Atlantic 584255).
One must admire the Rascals’ devotion to Negro music, especially when, as here, they alienate most of their white audience by sounding more spook than spooks! “Heaven” has a heavy muddled waltz tempo and busy backing, while the flip-side slowie is very soulful and more satisfying. Their singing really wails! * * * * *
RICHIE HAVENS: Three Day Eternity; No Opportunity Necessary, No Experience Needed (Verve Forecast VS 1512).
Popular with the Negro folk-rocker’s fans, this slow and poignant song is distinctive enough to stick in the mind — and could do rather well if played by the BBC. * * * * *
(Note: Havens was misprinted in Record Mirror as “Stevens”.)
THE ELECTRIC FLAG: Sunny; Soul Searchin’ (CBS 4066).
Somebody, muzzle Buddy Miles! Rarely does his singing match his drumming — luckily the A-side is complemented by a very fine stompin’ instrumental flip. Actually, “Sunny” is not that bad! Fans will dig. * * * * *
THE BOX TOPS: Sweet Cream Ladies, Forward March; Sandman (Bell BLL 1045).
A re-release, with the sides reversed so that the Box Tops’ current American hit is now the A-side. It’s interesting and original, but the slow “Sandman” remains more appealing. * * * *
BO DIDDLEY: Bo Diddley 1969; Soul Train (Chess CRS 8088).
Bo Diddley’s back in the driver’s seat! Subdued guitar keeps that ole’ beat going, while chicks chorus — a thin sound, but it moves. Lots of organ on the funkier Kasenetz-Katz flip. * * * *
PAUL REVERE AND THE RAIDERS Featuring Mark Lindsay: Mr. Sun, Mr. Moon; Without You (CBS 4025).
Mark Lindsay actually wrote, arranged, and produced both sides too! It’s jolly Bubble Gum music, and has returned the teeny-boppers’ favourites to the U.S. Top 30, where they belong. * * * *
WES BUCHANAN: Working My Way Through A Heartache; A Heel That Time Will Wound (CBS 4084).
Pleasant C&W song, with mandolin-sounding guitar giving it a Mexican flavour . . . somehow it ought to be Elvis singing! Lovely title, but typical stuff on flip. * * * *
PEACHES & HERB: When He Touches Me (Nothing Else Matters); Thank You (Direction 58-4085).
The re-united original duo sing prettily and airily the slowie that was first recorded (very soulfully) by Rodge Martin . . . quite nice. Slow ‘n’ lush flip is pretty too. * * * *
LOU RAWLS: It’s You; Sweet Charity (Capitol CL 15583). Lou never made it here, and has now faded even in the States. This cooks along quite nicely, with jazzy backing, but won’t help him much. How about a re-issue of “Love Is A Hurting Thing“, hey? * * *
Author Mike APosted on March 15, 1969 April 25, 2018
5 thoughts on “March 15, 1969: Dionne Warwick, Tyrone Davis, Stevie Wonder, The Rascals, Richie Stevens”
david wilson says:
Always fascinating to look at reviews of “new” releases with the benefit of hindsight and a whole lot of time/history. Often recordings that go on to become iconic classics or massive sellers are greeted with no more than a lukewarm reception by the reviewer. The review of Stevie Wonder’s single is a case in point- “the pretty flip” etc. Also the cultural norms of the time shine through- references to “negro’s & spooks” makes me wince! The plea to Tony Blackburn acknowledges the power that Radio 1 jocks had in helping break records and create hits- never to be underestimated! Lou Rawls would of course “make it” in the UK 7 years later with the classic Philly track “You’ll Never Find”. Look forward to more of this new focus on your blog.
Mike A says:
The racial references in that Rascals review made me wince so hard, that I seriously wondered if they should even be re-published – but I think, on balance, that it’s better to be historically accurate about these things.
The passing reference to Lou Rawls’ earlier track, Love Is A Hurting Thing, is interesting. I only knew of the song as covered by Gloria Ann Taylor in 1973, and only then because it was re-released in 2015 – to some considerable interest – at around the same time that it was sampled by U.S. Girls for a track called Window Shades.
Agree re the racist comments Mike- they are seen here in context and serve to remind us of how the world was not that long ago
80s Nights says:
In all the millions of words I must have read from this period and before and I’m talking all the way back through the 20th century ive never seen something like spooks written in a review or anything else -outside outright blatant racist stuff not published by mainstream publishers.
The use of negro is completely different many blacks at the time would still have described themselves as negros. With James’s immersion in black culture and his time in America specifically in Afro American culture (and when even most true racists wouldn’t have used it in something meant for publication) I can only think he had heard it used on the street by Afro Americans and misconceivedly tried to use it as white man trying to get down with the brothers.
And further to my above comment it should also be remembered that James was a man who as we’ll see later in his columns used to big up Malcom X and thought Martin Luther King was too soft.
Next Next post: March 22, 1969: David Ruffin, Tommy Roe, Mama Cass, Sarah Vaughan & Billy Eckstine, Judy Collins
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Home > Uncategorized > My sister, Lisa Baird, 5 Years later – posted 10/19/2014
My sister, Lisa Baird, 5 Years later – posted 10/19/2014
October 19, 2014 jonbaird Leave a comment Go to comments
It has now been 5 years since my sister Lisa died. My family organized a memorial event on November 22, 2009 at the Germantown Jewish Center. Many people attended and quite a few people offered remarks. On this occasion I wanted to remember Lisa by reprinting the remarks of Lisa’s friend, Sherri Grasmuck, as well as my own remarks on that day. I also wanted to add a very artful video tribute to my sister that was created by my son Josh. This also was shown at the 2009 memorial event. The video is about 10 minutes long. The link is http://vimeo.com/7766076
Sherri’s remarks
I would like to begin by publicly thanking Deena for the generous way she opened her home to so many of us who loved Lisa and felt the need to be very close in the final days of her life and for the attentive and brave way she confronted the unbearable process of watching her second child die in her presence. Lisa felt that it was in her mother’s care that she wanted to have her final days and to have that relationship affirmed by those final days spent together. Thus we are even more grateful that you shared these treasured moments and your beautiful canopied bed with so many of us.
Though I have known Lisa for more than 30 years, she remains a mystery to me. Since she died I have been trying to get my head around that. I knew her in Texas in overlapping political circles, and lived with her at two different times in Germantown in the early l980’s, once as single women and once when she lived with John and me in a quasi-group house and through the years between then and now. Lisa was a very happy soul back in those early days. We shared many happy solutions to life’s challenges.
Rather than repairing or repainting ugly chipping walls in my house, we drove to French Creek State park with John and painted on huge rolls of paper, murals of bold red and black streaks. We then nailed them over all the questionable surfaces of my house, deluding ourselves that it worked aesthetically.
We had the good fortune to wear the same shoe size. So when we were shifting from hippydom to our early professional jobs, we managed to share for one solid year, on alternative days, the one acceptable pair of shoes— we had. A pair of flat heeled, blond Spanish leather pumps. We mourned that lost capacity when she moved out- a sweet kind of shoe intimacy.
Another challenge related to our commitment to shared meals in that group house. In those days, Lisa was one of the worst cooks imaginable. There was not a noodle casserole, one of her favorites, which she did not overcook by at least an hour. We coped by giving her one less night to cook than the rest of us. She loved to assure me later in life that she had overcome that early disability. But since one of her favorite contributions to potlucks was strudel made not by her but by Deena, her mother, my doubts lingered.
When I think of Lisa I think of polka dots.
There is a lot to celebrate about polka dots
and a lot to share in that spunky, playful, out-there side of Lisa.
Polka dots are perky, mischievous and stick together, devoted to collective solidarity, ready but huddled on the same surface.
Their mere presence, especially if they appear on someone’s grandmother’s underwear, can bring a smile, like Lisa–an announcement that frivolity is allowed.
Her gray blue eyes, those golf ball pink cheeks, curls and more curls.
The way she leaned forward to tease. Lisa was game.
Always happy to see you, taking time to remember details of our lives that so many others seemed to forget.
Polka dots and Lisa in their essence just make us smile.
Polka dots also huddle together, ready for action and but clustered together on the same surface.
They dramatize, like Lisa, solidarity. Lisa’s was the human kind.
She cared about and was interested in human dramas. No conversation with Lisa failed to include a detailed account of someone else’s life. She knew a lot about the people she worked with, carried those stories around with her. Recently she hired my daughter, Tessa, to do some official translation at a deportation hearing and what struck her most, even more than the intensity of the drama involved was how much time Lisa spent beforehand offering details of the lives of her clients so that she would see them through their human yearnings, even though it was not essential to the task of translating their words.
Lisa enriched so many lives; she had a powerful urge to have children, and to love them deeply, to make them know this. She certainly succeeded in this just as she succeeded in enriching, improving even rescuing the lives of so many others, clients and friends alike.
Polka dots and Lisa, make us smile and feel their solidarity.
But polka dots also float in a mysterious darkness, something below the surface that contrasts with the happy dance. Lisa could delight us with her stories, but they also served to direct our attention away from her present, from her own unresolved personal struggles.
Lisa was a master at looking away from her present.
Listening to Lisa sometimes I wanted desperately to stop her from talking about so many other people, to admit in a shouting voice that she deserved more personal happiness, to face what she needed to do to rescue her heart from manipulation, to rescue herself from the need to fight for her right to love her children in an unfettered way. But Lisa was a master of camouflage, she would trick you, she would turn that gaze on you, on your needs, making you collude in turning away from her deepest longings.
Lisa said to me at the end of her life, “Sher, you know that I’ve has always been my own worst enemy,” her form of, personally taking on the blame for not having gotten her house more in order. Though my head tells me otherwise, my heart rebels and leaves me with a lingering despair that perhaps more could have been done to help her feel more entitled to a defense of her own welfare. Maybe I’m wrong, but I can’t shake the haunting feeling that we did not find the way to help her rescue herself in a manner similar to the way she rescued others. But Lise was a master at directing our and her own attention toward the happy polka dots and away from the darker isolation of her life. But both were part of the truth of her existence.
I hope Molly and Lou will take comfort in the years to come in the depth of her love for them, by remembering how much meaning and joy they gave to her existence. She held onto life so tenaciously precisely because of them. I am profoundly grateful to Lisa for the way her friendship enriched my life. I share the profundity of the loss that her family feels. But it is a small comfort to me to realize that Lisa is also now free from the burdens she privately endured as she sparkled, danced and delighted the lives of so many of us.
My remarks
This event stirs up many feelings. Pride in the person my sister was. Horrible sadness in the tragedy of her death. Regret at what we will not be able to share. And fear that life will go on its normal way with Lisa forgotten.
I was recently told that in early Polynesian culture, the world was not divided up into the living and the dead. Rather, there were the dead and forgotten, the dead and remembered and the alive.
I am glad we are here today remembering Lisa and honoring her memory. Lisa was an unsung heroine, although I know she would have resisted that characterization. She attended to the small daily tasks of family and the injuries to her clients with zealous devotion. But she also had a bigger picture view that she remained true to. Lisa represented the best of the New Left generation.
In looking through Lisa memorabilia at my mom’s apartment, I came across her old Baldwin School yearbook from 1970. The quote under her picture read, “Hello I love you won’t you tell me your name.”
That totally evokes the Lisa I knew my whole life. Lisa’s magic was her warmth and capacity for empathy. That was a great connector with all kinds of people from all walks of life. She redefined the attorney client relationship to something warmer than the norm. To resurrect an old phrase, Lisa could feel your pain. Instead of turning away from other peoples’ pain, she took the person in. Lisa was about as down-to-earth as you could get.
That empathetic quality was at the heart of Lisa’s politics and her lawyering.
I am reminded of a quote from a beautiful book, Song of Ariran, about a Korean revolutionary, written by Nym Wales, Edgar Snow’s wife.
“I like unhappy people. I understand them. Suffering creates character and human feeling. Cheerful, happy people seem like idiots to me. They seem to fly over the surface of life and never to know its meaning. They are not close to the heart of humanity but are remote and isolated. Perhaps this is why they can remain cheerful.”
Lisa did know about suffering and pain. She was schooled in it and maybe that is why she was close to the heart of humanity. She never seemed to do anything the easy way. I think this was true in many areas of her life. I wish it had not been so true.
I have to say that in her last weeks I never saw even an iota of self-pity. She faced her death with bravery. On mornings when she got up and felt a little better, she would say to me, “I don’t think I’m going to croak today.” Her focus remained her kids and her clients.
Her selfless quality drove me crazy because so often she left herself out of the equation. That is very unusual in this culture, but Lisa was stubborn and pretty much went her own way.
Marion Wright Edelman has said that “service is the rent we pay for living”. I think that was Lisa’s ethic.
She was very precocious politically. She figured out capitalism at age 16. She made it her business to educate me. Lisa was a critical thinker, but she was always engaged in practical politics to help poor and oppressed people. Her activism was lifelong and it never stopped. Lisa never surrendered. I am glad that she got to see Barack Obama elected President.
Lisa had a lighter side with a fine sense of humor. I wanted to mention some random memories of happy times:
* playing stair games at 284 Melrose Road when we were little
* Lisa’s boffo performance as the Artful Dodger in Oliver singing “You’ve Got to Pick a Pocket or Two” at Friends Central School in 4th grade
* her encyclopedic knowledge of Broadway show lyrics and her frequent singing demonstrating that memory
* her horseback riding, especially with my Dad
* her being Winnie captain at Camp Red Wing where she had fabulous good times and adored being a camper
* her falling asleep in my bedroom early doing her Baldwin homework because she was a morning person
* her long distance swimming, especially with Joyce Abrams
* bobbing contests with me at the Longport Seaview pool in Longport NJ
* just being at the shore in NJ with Rob, Mom and Dad
* teasing Lisa for her whole life with her affectionate way of responding to my teasing by saying, “Shut up, you asshole!”.
To Molly and Lou, I want to say your mother unconditionally adored you. To say she was proud of you does not do justice to the depth of her feelings. She kvelled talking about both of you. Your happiness was probably the most important thing in her life. She was a warrior for both of you and I hope the memory of her love can be a source of strength for you.
To my mom, I want to say thanks for opening up your home and allowing Lise to have as humane an end to her life as possible. Mom, you have always been a tremendous, caring mother. Lise, Rob, Rich, and I have been and are blessed to have you as a mom.
To Lisa’s friends, I again want to say thank you for your amazing support and help during this most trying period. Tish, you were an angel. Bob, John and Sherri, Bebo, and Eva, I will always be grateful for your stepping up at the hardest times. Kate Winkler, I also want to mention because she was there in the trenches for Lise. I think Kate gave Lisa courage to go on and vice versa. I know I am not naming others who I should name and thank. Please do not be offended. Lisa had a wide circle.
Finally, I want to say “Lise, I will miss you.” I was incredibly lucky to have a sister like you. You taught me so much and helped me in a million ways. I miss the simple act of calling you up everyday and chatting. Please know that I will miss you everyday I am alive.
Categories: Uncategorized Tags: Lisa Baird, Lisa Baird video tribute, Sherri Grasmuck tribute to Lisa Baird
Jon, thank you for sharing your memories of your beloved sister Lisa. I am thinking of you! —
Joshua Cherry
What an amazing set of words to read…even 5 years on. A touching tribute on such a difficult anniversary.
Thanks Josh. I appreciate your kind words. Jon
Rebecca Houseman
I was very moved by Lisa’s story. You, Mr. Baird, have something important to say and contribute. I think we need to start the Progressive political movement right now one step at a time. You could lead it or be a catalyst to keep people focused. I’m from a leftist activist family, too. I’m also an attorney and love helping my clients the most. I think there are a lot of people like me who’ve lost their political focus. But you can help us find it again. We need to own the financial distress we’re all in and talk about it. Funny, I mean sad, how our egos and success at all costs mentality won’t let smart people admit they’re struggling. No, those mortgages were for foolish people, not me. No one can say, “I’m f’g stressed out just trying to get by and have a stable future.” That’s the first step. Honesty. We honestly need to promote progressive issues. Are we really happy with Hillary? Then we need to find a way to influence her. Your thought, please.
Hi Rebecca – I will write you more on private email. Thanks for reading the Lisa piece. I started writing in part because I did not see an adequate presentation of progressive values in the public domain. I would not describe my family as leftist activist. My sister was. Much to say. As I said, I will email..Jon
Don Lockman
Lisa Baird, summer, 1971, at Camp Red Wing.
She is just to the left of the dork in the yellow shirt in the back row (me).
I never knew her after that summer.
But I agree, she was special.
Hi Don, thanks for writing me about Lisa. I miss her everyday.
What Happens When a Federal District Court Judge Beats His Wife? – posted 11/2/2014 and published in the Concord Monitor on 11/8/2014 Jose Pepe Mujica: An Unorthodox President Who has Lived His Ideals – posted 10/13/2014 and published in the Concord Monitor 10/22/2014
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Germany calls upon Turkey to avoid escalation and refrain from illegal drillings
Cyprus should not be left alone to deal with asylum and migration issues, UNHCR official says
Showers and thunderstorms with possibility of hail forecast for Thursday
Health services in the north issue public health caution after floods
Health services in the occupied north issued a public health notice on Wednesday over the possible spread of contagious diseases in areas hit by recent floods.
The notice says there is a high possibility of the spread of contagious diseases due to contaminated water from the floods which may have infiltrated water and sewerage systems.
According to the announcement, water-borne micro-organisms can cause diarrhoea and respiratory infections. Also, liquid and solid waster in the water may cause skin infections.
Such microorganism can be transmitted through affected furniture or buildings.
The services urged the public to stay away from areas and homes affected by the floods and refrain from driving their vehicles on affected roads.
The public is also urged to stay away from exposed electric wires, and to take action to stop the spread of mice and snakes.
Children under no circumstances should be allowed to play in stagnant flood waters, the announcement says.
The public is asked to drink only bottled water or water that has previously been boiled at 100C. Residents in the affected areas should seek expert evaluation of the water quality in their homes, it concludes.
Last week, storms caused widespread damages and floods in the occupied north areas of Cyprus. Four people died as a result of the floods.
Also, according to Turkish Cypriot media, 57 persons had been offered shelter and 16 persons received aid. Moreover, 12 houses/buildings, 93 roads and walls, the furniture of 90 houses and 143 vehicles were damaged.
Turkish Cypriots assess damages after last week’s floods (video)
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Manchester United vs Bournemouth: Kick-off time, how to watch on TV and live stream, team news, line-ups and odds
Ole Gunnar Solskjaer hopes to make it three wins from three as caretaker manager
Manchester United will take on Bournemouth at Old Trafford on Sunday (Getty Images)
Louis Doré 7 months Thursday December 27th 2018
Hazard hits ton as Chelsea celebrate Christmas with a win at Watford
Bournemouth travel to Old Trafford to face Manchester United smarting from a Boxing Day 5-0 thrashing at the hands of Tottenham Hotspur.
A tough test faces Eddie Howe’s side, as they will play a Red Devils team reenergised under Ole Gunnar Solskjaer. Under the Norwegian interim boss the Mancunians have scored eight goals in two victories.
Read more: Next Manchester United manager: 5 contenders for permanent job
Bournemouth have never recorded a Premier League win against Manchester United at Old Trafford, but drew 1-1 in March 2017. Whether they can break the hoodoo just as United seem to have found form, will be interesting to see.
Here is everything you need to know about the match.
Kick-off: 4.30pm on Sunday, 30 December 2018 at Old Trafford
TV channel: Coverage starts from 4:15pm on Sky Sports Main Event and Sky Sports Premier League. You can stream the match live on Sky Go or via Now TV with sports pass.
Referee: Lee Mason
Form: Manchester United WLLWW, Bournemouth LLLWL
Odds: Manchester United 7/19, Draw 49/11, Bournemouth 19/2
Team news and lineups
Anthony Martial missed the most recent match against Huddersfield through illness, and he may recover in time for the Bournemouth fixture. Romelu Lukaku is expected to return from compassionate leave, while Alexis Sanchez has travelled to England from Chile to finish his recovery from injury and is touch and go for the weekend. Ander Herrera is expected to return to the squad and Eric Bailly may feature again in the back four.
Chris Smalling is out until mid-January with a foot problem, while Scott McTominay and Marcos Rojo are both doubts with knocks.
Bournemouth will miss Simon Francis, who injured his ACL badly in the Boxing Day match against Tottenham Hotspur. If they maintain their 3-4-3 formation, they will likely use Ryan Fraser or Tyrone Mings in the right wing-back position. Diego Rico may be rotated into the lineup too.
Adam Smith is sidelined until February with a knee cartilage problem, while Dan Gosling is out after an operation on his own knee injury. Lewis Cook continues his long road to recovery.
Here is how the sides could line up:
Manchester United (4-3-3): De Gea; Young, Bailly, Lindelof, Shaw; Herrera, Matic, Pogba; Lingard, Martial, Rashford
Bournemouth (3-4-3): Begovic; Daniels, Ake, S. Cook; Ibe, Brooks, Surman, Rico; King, Wilson, Stanislas
Take a look at i‘s new product review section, ibuys, where you can find expert advice on everything from Christmas gifts to kitchen appliances.
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SpaceX booster soft landing test fails
Posted 11:02 am, January 10, 2015, by CNN Wires
(CNN) — In spite of a successful rocket launch on Saturday, things didn’t quite work out as SpaceX had hoped, when it tried to make history with an experiment.
The Falcon 9 rocket lifted off as scheduled at 4:47 a.m. ET from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on a routine mission to resupply the International Space Station.
SpaceX launches fifth official mission to resupply the International Space Station: http://t.co/tETeK1TW7s pic.twitter.com/5JB8bsoUqy
— SpaceX (@SpaceX) January 10, 2015
What went up is doing fine. What came down didn’t quite, but the rocket scientists were almost counting on that, and they’re not too disappointed.
The company tried to land the first section of the rocket, which is 14 stories tall, back down gingerly and on its feet on Earth, while the rest of the rocket continued on.
A floating landing pad was waiting out in the Atlantic ocean for the booster. It made it there, but came down a little too hard, SpaceX founder Elon Musk said in a tweet.
“Rocket made it to drone spaceport ship, but landed hard. Close, but no cigar this time.”
Don’t lose it; reuse it
Normally, once it has vaulted the rest of the rocket to space, the huge booster falls back into the ocean as, basically, garbage. That has been compared to throwing away a Boeing 747 passenger jet after it makes one transatlantic flight.
But SpaceX has been determined to change the practice to save millions in costs. Instead of losing the biggest part of the rocket, the company aims to reuse it.
The Falcon 9 is made up of two sections, called stages, that contain engines. On top of the rocket is the capsule, which carries its payload. It could also carry astronauts some day.
After the launch — then the separation from the second stage of the rocket — the Falcon 9 rocket’s booster turned around to head back down to the floating platform.
The company logo’s signature “X” marked the spot in the middle of a bull’s eye on the black tarmac of the “spaceport drone ship” that plowed through the water autonomously — with no need of human drivers, who could get hurt in a bang-up.
Some stuff on the ship did get dinged when the rocket plunked down on it, Musk said in a tweet.
Second try
The originally planned launch on Tuesday was scrubbed due to technical issues that turned up in the rocket’s second stage.
Scratching a launch time is routine for the space industry — sometimes due to weather, sometimes for technical reasons.
As Musk said when a different model rocket self-detonated as a safety measure during a soft-landing test in August: “Rockets are tricky.”
The official mission
Though the landing was a test, the launch was not. The “Dragon” capsule is carrying a payload of up to about 5,000 pounds to the ISS.
With five previous trips, the resupply missions have become somewhat routine. And this one appeared to be going as planned on Saturday.
The Dragon will land back on Earth the usual way in four and a half weeks, plopping into ocean water, after blazing back through the atmosphere with red-hot heat shields glowing at up to 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit.
The historic part
SpaceX has tried the landing experiment before, with the exception of the last step. If the Falcon 9’s booster had pulled off the landing on the platform, that would have been historic.
In previous experiments, engineers brought it down softly into the water.
Here’s how the booster was designed to get back down to Earth.
First, fall at a speed of about a mile a minute. Then fire boosters three times in sequence, which Space X describes in colorful terms.
The first boost, called the “boostback burn” turns the bottom of the first stage downward, then the “supersonic retro propulsion burn” cuts the fall speed to about 800 feet per second. Then comes the “landing burn,” when the landing gear legs also push out for the set-down.
By then the booster descends at a speed of about seven feet per second.
Falcon 9 boosters have gone through these phases successfully in two prior tests, SpaceX said. At the end, the rockets tipped sideways and crashed into the ocean, causing damage that made them unusable.
But that was according to plan, SpaceX said.
Setting down with its landing legs onto the platform would have made history, preserving the booster for its possible reuse.
Though it didn’t work out, SpaceX didn’t necessarily expect it to. It had puts the odds of success of this first try at 50% — at best.
TM & © 2015 Cable News Network, Inc., a Time Warner Company. All rights reserved.
NASA is renting out another piece of historic property to Jeff Bezos’ rocket company.
NASA wants astronauts to go back to the moon in 2024. Is it possible?
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The world’s largest plane just flew for the first time
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Gymnast who dislocated both knees now just hopes she can walk down the aisle
Standoff suspect surrenders for hamburger in Oklahoma
Helicopter crash-lands on top of building in Manhattan, killing pilot
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Search continues for California father of four, missing for nearly a month
Posted 7:03 pm, February 5, 2019, by Tribune Media, Updated at 07:01PM, February 5, 2019
OCEANSIDE, Calif. -- A California father of four has been missing for nearly a month and his wife is hoping someone has seen him or his gray pickup truck.
KSWB spoke to John Sturkie's wife, Theresa, who said her husband would never leave his family. Police, as well as a private detective, are investigating his disappearance.
Theresa Sturkie said John, an electrician, came home from work Jan. 4 and ate a quick dinner because he was in a rush to get out the door.
“He said that there was going to be an event with some friends. That they were going to do a bonfire and have some readings and stuff that they were going to do,” Theresa said.
Theresa recalls the last conversation she had with her husband.
“I’m Catholic so I said, 'let me get your scapular and let me bless you,'" she said through tears. "I said, 'OK, now you bless me' and he did."
Then, she said, he walked out of their Oceanside home.
“Never in a million years would I think when my husband walked out the door he wouldn’t come home,” Theresa said.
Concern set in when she woke up the next morning to find her husband was not home and he was not answering his phone. She told KSWB that she used an app to trace his cellphone to El Cajon, about 45 miles south, but did not find him or his silver 2015 Toyota Tundra with California license plate No. 62517F2.
“He’s such a family person. I’ve been married 20 years and he always comes back home,” she said.
Theresa said John is not only a family man who deeply loves his kids but is also very involved in his church and Boy Scouts and had an upcoming trip that he would not have missed.
“I’m scared. I’m scared because this is so unlike him,” Theresa said.
John is a man known for loving the outdoors. His wife said it is possible he went to one of his favorite spots like Palomar Mountain, Julian or the Mud Caves.
“My biggest hope is that he comes back alive and well. The kids need him. I need him. His mom needs him. All of his family needs him and his friends need him,” Theresa said.
Theresa also mentioned that her husband has not pulled any money from the bank and has not used his cards.
Anyone with information should call Elizabeth Bunn of Oceanside Police Department at 760-435-4069 or email ebunn@ci.oceanside.ca.us.
California camper found alive 4 days after vanishing in ‘extremely remote’ area
New developments in the Lynn Messer case come to light during vigil
They saw a man about to jump off a highway overpass. Cell phone video captured what happened next.
Great-grandmother says California boy who died suspiciously begged not to be reunited with birth parents
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Pam Hupp: “I just started shooting him, walking towards him, because I wanted to be sure I hit him”
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Janet Jackson says Michael’s legacy will live on
Thanks to DNA sleuths, a Jane Doe killed 37 years ago might finally get a headstone with her name on it
Dog waits with Washington man’s body after he dies while hiking
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Kungfu Paradise - Cafe with a Kick???
Following our late lunch last Saturday at Old Town White Coffee, hubby and I had a very late dinner that same day. There was a revamped mall just outside the town where we live, called Junction 10, and it has this family restaurant called Kungfu Paradise that opens till 3 or 4am, depending on whether it’s a weekday or a weekend. What’s tempting to me though is the 50% discount on all sliced cakes after 10pm. If you haven’t noticed by now, I have sweet tooth, much like my hubby and my favourite Divo 🙂
So we set off just before 10pm, the ride was a mere 5 minutes drive from home but hubby missed the turn into the parking lot and had to go a big round. As usual, he didn’t take my word that the car park was just at the turn. I swear most times he doesn’t listen to me but that’s another matter 😛
We went to the restaurant with about seven minutes to spare (I wanted the 50% cake :P). So we took our time to look at the menu. It was a brightly lit, cheery place and the staff there would shout ‘Welcome, disciple!’ when someone enters the restaurant. It may sound weird but it is in line with the theme of the restaurant, or at least, the name of the restaurant, Kungfu Paradise. But then, it would’ve been more polite to address their customers ‘Masters’ instead of relegating them to being just ‘disciples’!
Kungfu Paradise
Inside the restaurant
Talk about kungfu, I asked son if he wanted something to eat and he asked where we were going. I told him Kungfu Panda. He said ‘huh?’ I said Kungfu Panda again. He said ‘What’s that?’ This time hubby came to the rescue and said ‘Kungfu Paradise lah!’ (note: ‘lah’ is a local word added to the end of a sentence for emphasis 😉 ) I must have enjoyed the animated film Kungfu Panda too much LOL
Back to the restaurant. The staff, just like those in the Old Town White Cafe restaurant, were mainly Filipinos. You would think that we, the Singaporeans, are the minority in our own homeland what with all these establishments choosing to employ foreigners. They keep saying Singaporeans wouldn’t want such a job but the truth is that they’re paying peanuts that would mean more to the foreigners (Filipinos, Chinese PRCs, Indonesians, etc) than to a Singaporean who is already struggling with the high cost of living here.
Moving away from dangerous grounds (don’t want to rant since I had already ranted on the public transport today), let’s talk about food now. Hubby ordered a bowl of beef brisket soup noodle and a Kungfu Style coffee.
Hubby didn’t like the texture of the noodles. It’s like the thicker Korean instant noodles, a little too hard for his taste. The beef, he said, could’ve been more tender. The soup base, however, was just right, not too bland or too salty. I tried the soup and thought it was good too.
Look at that bowl!
Burp!
The coffee was nothing special at all, even though it’s stated as their special coffee. It’s just local coffeeshop coffee (coffee powder blended with corn) with frothy milk. Too thick and bitter for his taste. I didn’t like it either. As bad as the one from Old Town White Coffee.
Kungful Style Coffee (or something like that!)
I ordered a strawberry cheese cake, custard buns and honey lemon drink. The strawberry cheese cake was ordinary, but at 50% off, I shouldn’t complain 😛
Strawberry Cheese Cake
Now, the custard buns are like the chocolate lava cake, except that it’s a Cantonese dim sum with a creamy, milky, salted egg filling. It is steamed, making the buns soft and the custard inside moist.
Salted Egg Custard Buns
The trick to eating this and not squirting yourself or your companion with the hot custard filling is to turn it over and break it up from the bottom. Be careful not to let the custard drip onto your hand because it’s very hot.
Custard Bun
The buns here aren’t soft enough but the filling is smooth and not too salty or sweet, just nice.
The honey lemon drink was too sour for my taste. I wanted tea, but they only had Lipton tea, not my favourite. Coffee at such late hours will keep me awake throughout the night.
Ordered a Mango Thai Chicken rice with a sunny-side up to go for son. He lapped it all up so it must be good, or it just meant he was hungry since it was so late by the time we got home.
We probably would never go back there again because hubby ended up with a stomach upset throughout the night, going to the loo four times before I woke up the next morning and gave him two charcoal tablets to stop the ‘flow’. We almost didn’t make it to son’s birthday lunch that day. Kungfu Paradise – cafe with a kick? A kick to the stomach perhaps! Luckily he recovered well enough to enjoy a sumptuous Japanese meal in a hotel.
Yep, that’s right, another food blog coming soon. Are you sick of it yet? 😛
5 thoughts on “Kungfu Paradise…Cafe with a Kick!”
joan said:
No, love hearing about different foods…And better you give us pictures…
Meant to say better yet, you give us pictures
Judith Tan said:
Thank goodness hubby always reminds me to take pictures before he digs in, knowing that’s what I would want to do. But sometimes his patience can run a little thin…especially when I’m not fast enough!
suberbabe said:
I’m a foodie in any country so please feed me again with another blog.
Right! Next one up is Japanese cuisine…but that will have to wait.
Leave a Reply to Judith Tan Cancel reply
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« Circle The Wagons (Or Sharks) | Main | Noonan On The Net »
Jack Shafer Gets Results! (But What Are They?)
Jack Shafer takes up the puzzle of the Nick Kristof column that started it all:
A fossil hunter in search of the origin of the Valerie Plame affair would probably trace it to New York Times columnist Nicholas D. Kristof's May 6, 2003, piece, "Missing In Action: Truth." The column cites anonymous sources to report that a former U.S. ambassador had been "dispatched to Niger" after the office of the vice president requested more information about a purported uranium deal between Iraq and Niger.
Ahh, but the column was based on some errors, or miscommunications, or something, a point we have belabored seemingly endlessly.
But now Jack Shafer gets results:
Addendum, 7 p.m.: Sometime between my morning interview with Kristof and this moment, the columnist posted to his Times Web page a clarification to his May 6, 2003. (You must be a Times Select reader to view the clarification.) So far, so good.
That is my tipping point - as a home subscriber, I am entitled to Times select for free. Free! It is only the baffling sign-up procedure of Times Reject that has daunted me the last three times I tried to exercise my rights, thereby depriving my readership of selected excerpts from MoDo's finest thinking on the events of the day (no, the emailed complaints have not been piling up.)
We are undaunted! Fourth time lucky!
But before we bash on, let's note a few points - first. Mr. Shafer includes an appropriate and understated tribute to Mr. Kristof in his column, which we will repeat here:
What distinguishes Kristof from the usual op-ed blowhard is his devotion to reporting, especially of the get-out-of-New-York-and-Washington variety. You may recall that he and his wife Sheryl WuDunn shared a Pulitzer Prize for their Tiananmen Square coverage.
For more contemporaneous examples he could have mentioned Mr. Kristof's coverage of Darfur, or of the Pakistani rape victims. We don't always keep fairness and perspective front and center here at JustOneBashing, but we would like to imagine it is lurking around the fringes of our coverage.
Secondly, let's note the odd symmetry - both the Nick Kristof and Judy Miller journalistic puzzles surfaced around the time that Howell Raines was stepping aside and Bill Keller was taking over as a consequence of the Jayson Blair debacle in June 2003. Mr. Keller explained recently that he deferred a look at Ms. Miller's WMD reporting (covered here by the unrelenting Jack Shafer) because the Times was in turmoil. Might that also explain the long delay in the Kristof coverage?
MORE: Hey, we are lucky! Here we go, from Mr. Kristof's "not a blog" at the Times, rather than his column: [LATE UPDATE: Nick Kristof made substantial, unnoted revisions to his original post in response to the criticisms below, so some of the excerpts below are now passe. More here.]
The indictment of Scooter Libby has called attention to my May 6, 2003, column, in which I wrote about the Niger uranium events. Some bloggers on the right have been fuming about the column – and since I’m big on Cheney opening windows and being transparent, here’s my effort to do the same.
OK, trench warfare - Bob Somerby was on this too, and much as I would love to think of him as a righty, he would never have it.
One of the criticisms from the right is that it sounds as if the vice president dispatched Wilson to Niger, but I don’t buy that objection. The wording in the column is simply that Cheney asked for more information about the uranium deal, and then the former ambassador was dispatched. And that’s what happened.
Oh, bother. Here is where what might have been a good thing goes sour. On more than one occasion, more than one person has noted that Mr. Kristof wrote TWO columns with Joe Wilson as a key source. Let's go to the lead of his June 13 column:
Condoleezza Rice was asked on "Meet the Press" on Sunday about a column of mine from May 6 regarding President Bush's reliance on forged documents to claim that Iraq had sought uranium in Africa. That was not just a case of hyping intelligence, but of asserting something that had already been flatly discredited by an envoy investigating at the behest of the office of Vice President Dick Cheney.
"At the behest". Do I need to get a dictionary? Do I need to count how many times Chris Matthews used the exact word "behest" on his June 9, 2003 show (the show that might have prompted Lewis Libby's irate call to Tim Russert, for those scoring at home.)
Fine. Per Merriam, "Behest" means:
"an authoritative order : COMMAND;2 : an urgent prompting"
And Chris Matthews used "behest" twice, and "request" once to describe Cheney's role in directing the Wilson trip. Let's not pretend that the May 6 Kristof column is the only problem, or that the June 13 column had no impact.
In fairness, though, it is true that Cheney apparently didn’t know that Wilson had been dispatched. If I’d known that I would have said so.
So now we know. Of course, DCI Tenet said that on July 11, 2003, but hey.
The better objection is that the references to the documents themselves make it sound as if the envoy had the documents in possession, while in fact he didn’t.
"Better objection"? Grrr. How about "the excellent objection, as contrasted with the merely very good one"?
Wilson has said that he misspoke when he made references to the documents to me and to two other journalists. By the time we spoke in 2003, these problems in the documents had been pointed out and were in the public domain, but apparently not in early 2002. So while it’s possible that he reported that the signatures were wrong, that seems to me unlikely.
Emphasis added, and I don't even know what Kristof means. Wilson has also said (to Paula Zahn) that those anonymous statements were "either misquotes or misattributions".
Is Kristof saying it is unlikely that Wilson reported that the documents were wrong? Well, on the one hand, yes, we all agree it is unlikely that he debunked forgeries he had not seen.
Per the Senate Intelligence Committee report, Wilson had not seen any documents at all, summaries or otherwise (although the summaries were discussed, and folks were quite cagey in describing to the Senate just what Wilson was allowed to see). But let's add this - anything Wilson saw at his meeting with the CIA and other intel people preceded his trip to Niger. Did he masterfully debunk a few summaries, then leave to learn about Niger and enjoy the tea? Hey, maybe he is that good.
But then again, in his July 11, 2003 statement, DCI Tenet said this:
There was no mention in the report [based on Wilson's debriefing] of forged documents -- or any suggestion of the existence of documents at all.
So, with Mr. Kristof on board at least we all have come together and agreed that it is unlikely that Wilson debunked any forgeries. But when Kristof says "it’s possible that he reported that the signatures were wrong", let me ask - reported to whom? Kristof was there, wasn't he, taking notes and all. What is "possible" about it? Did it or did it not happen, or doesn't Kristof know?
Is Kristof saying that his column misrepresented or misquoted Wilson? Or did Wilson misspeak, or embellish his discoveries in talking to Kristof? Say the magic words. Please. And while on this point, let's not overlook the June 13, 2003 column, which repeated the same story about debunked forgeries. Did Kristof really mis-hear Wilson on two occasions? It's possible! And I suppose we could follow up with Walter Pincus and the earnest toilers at the New Republic, whose gory stories were documented by Matthew Continetti.
But Mr. Kristof is moving on:
There’s also a suggestion from the right that Wilson was wildly spinning me and others and exaggerating how strongly he debunked the deal.
Really? By odd coincidence, Wilson joined the Kerry campaign as an advisor in mid-May 2003. I am straining to think of a linkage, or a reason for Wilson to spin anyone.
So where does that leave us? I think that the attacks on Wilson are overdone. He clearly was wrong in any hinting that he had seen the documents, but he has acknowledged that. He may have exaggerated how strongly he debunked the documents, but that seems to depend a bit on who was listening.
Well, he acknowledged to Paula Zahn that the anonymous leaks about debunked forgeries were due to the sloppy reporting of others, including Mr. Kristof. Quite a stand-up guy. As to "that seems to depend a bit on who was listening", what does that mean? Kristof, Pincus of the WaPo, and Judis and Ackerman of The New Republic all misheard him? If this is a correction or clarification, I am about ready to turn to something simpler, like the Sunday crossword.
More generally, I find the attacks on a private citizen like Wilson rather distasteful. Sure, he injected himself into the public arena with his op-ed column and TV appearances, and so some scrutiny is fair. But I figure it's more important to examine and probe the credibility of, say, the vice president than a retired ambassador.
Uh huh. The credibility of a private citizen who is working as an adviser to the Kerry campaign is off limits when he is, uhh, misheard all over Washington.
Well, if it will raise Mr. Kristof's comfort level, let's not pretend it is all about Wilson - we are delighted to point out that this is also an attack on the journalistic practices at the Times.
Just for example, Wilson's July 6 op-ed more or less contradicted some of the key points in the early Kristof columns. For instance, Wilson wrote that:
"As for the actual memorandum, I never saw it. But news accounts have pointed out that the documents had glaring errors — they were signed, for example, by officials who were no longer in government — and were probably forged..."
Did that tinkle any bells at the Times? Right about July 6 might have been a good time for Mr. Kristof to offer an "Ooops" column. Or maybe the Times editors could have alerted their readers to the possibility that their guest contributor had been changing his story over the past few months. Or something.
Let's see how the Times described Mr. Wilson in his signed guest piece:
Joseph C. Wilson 4th, United States ambassador to Gabon from 1992 to 1995, is an international business consultant.
Well, he was also an adviser to the Kerry campaign, back when Kerry was the front-runner for the Democratic nomination. Did the Times fail to detect that in their sleuthing, or did they think people would laugh at loud over their Sunday coffee if they read, basically, "Kerry adviser attacks Bush".
And was the Times utterly unaware that Ms. Wilson was at the CIA, in the same division that was locked in a bitter dispute with the White House over the use of pre-war intelligence? Andrea Mitchell of NBC knew that Ms. Plame was at the CIA (and said it was widely known among reporters on that beat), but she did not know where in the CIA. And, per Vanity Fair, Nick Kristof had breakfast with Mr. and Mrs. Wilson while Joe told his story. Did they exchange knowing looks? (We will parse Mr. Kristof's "denial" at the bottom).
Maybe a Times investigation would have prompted the following hypothetical identification of Mr. Wilson, author of the guest op-ed:
Joseph C. Wilson IV, the former Ambassador to Gabon, is a Kerry adviser. Mr. Wilson is married to a CIA officer engaged in a dispute with the White House and his story has been changing over the past few months, but here is his latest version.
That would have made for honest, but possibly low-impact, journalism.
Oh, well, hail progress. Mr. Kristof acknowledges what? He spoke to Wilson, and mistakes were made. A bold first step.
DID Mr. Kristof use Valerie Plame as a source? See below:
On Oct. 11, 2003, Mr. Kristof broke major news about Ms. Plame's history at the CIA, telling us that she was moved into an early retirement path in 1994 after possibly being outed by Aldrich Ames.
He also described his own reporting relationship with Ms. Plame:
I know Mrs. Wilson, but I knew nothing about her CIA career and hadn't realized she's "a hell of a shot with an AK-47,'' as a classmates at the CIA training "farm,'' Jim Marcinkowski, recalls. I'll be more careful around her, for she also turns out to be skilled in throwing hand grenades and to have lived abroad and run covert operations in some of the world's messier spots. (Mrs. Wilson was not a source for this column or any other that I've written about the intelligence community.)
Well. "I knew nothing about her CIA career" might mean:
(a) I had no idea she was at the CIA;
(b) I knew she was at the CIA, but I had no idea what she did.
(c) I know what she is doing at the CIA *now*, but I had no idea of the career path that brought her here.
"Mrs. Wilson was not a source for this column or any other that I've written about the intelligence community" is a bit better, but what an odd caveat to include "about the intelligence community" - were the May 6 and June 13 columns about the intelligence community? Or were they about Dick Cheney and the White House misuse of intelligence, with the intelligence community as minor players? Was Ms. Plame a source for some unrelated column from yesteryear about, for example, Iran's nuclear aspirations?
I would think a direct statement would be easy and appropriate - was Ms. Plame a source for the May 6 column, and/or the June 13 column? Was she a source for any earlier columns?
If this Oct 11, 2003 denial is meant to be a denial, then there is no harm in clarifying it.
Of course, if it is meant to be a tap dance, well, here we go again.
And yes, I understand that there are source confidentiality issues. But there is also a little issue of journalistic ethics - if the Times ran the Wilson piece without disclosing the marital conflict of interest, and then sat back and wrung their hands about the leak of infromation which their reporter already knew, well, that is a problem too.
Posted by Tom Maguire on November 03, 2005 | Permalink
The problem is that, as Rush says, Wilson is a media whore. Last weekend or so, he was all over TV - CNN, C-Span, etc. Again. That is not someone worried about the effects of publicity on his family. That is not someone who wants his family left alone. That is someone seeking another 15 minutes of fame.
That said, if you read what Wilson has said, he really doesn't lie. He just misleads. For example, he was apparently sent to Niger to find out if Iraq had tried to buy yellow cake. In his NYT article, he stated that Iraq had not bought yellow cake from Niger. He didn't mention in that article the apparent attempt by Iraq to do so that the CIA apparently seized upon. But, as noted, he didn't lie, he just misled. Ditto for saying that his wife didn't send him to Niger. True. She instigated it and followed up with a memo. But she didn't authorize it, so, she didn't send him to Niger.
Posted by: Bruce Hayden | November 03, 2005 at 10:02 PM
Let's concede that
1. Valerie wasn't covert because she hadn't lived abroad for six years even tho
Larry Johnson says that the requirement is
only that she should have travelled abroad
during those six years, which she did.
2. Lot's of people knew she worked for the CIA.
3. Andrea Mitchell and many others in the media new she was covert (sort of conflicts
with concession #1 , but in for a penny
in for a pound.
4.Wilson shouldn't have been seen in public
with Valerie - don't understand this but
that's what Mickey Kaus claims , so let's
concede it.
5.Wilson lied by saying that Cheney sent him
to Niger.
6.Wilson lied by saying that he personally
debunked the forged documents.
7. When Libby called Russert they talked
about Matthews' earlier show about the yellowcake.
8.No damage was done to national security
by Valerie's outing.
9. Valerie was very influential in arranging
for Joe to go to Niger.
10.Libby may have just misremembered his
conversation with Russert.
And in exchange will you guys agree that
if Libby did perjure himself by saying that
Russert told him that all the media knew
about Valerie's status and involvement
then 1-9 are irrelevant and he's guilty>
Posted by: r flanagan | November 03, 2005 at 10:04 PM
Out, out, damn italics...
Posted by: Sue | November 03, 2005 at 10:32 PM
R. Flanagan,
Larry Johnson also says Iraq/Middle Easterners were behind the Oklahoma bombings. Not sure what to make of Larry Johnson. He likes to send personal emails telling you how stupid he thinks you are.
Larry Johnson says . . .
Say, is that the same Larry Johnson, VIPS member, who lauds "whistleblowing," and whose organization called for illegal leaks in March, 2003?
The 25-member group, Veteran Intelligence Professionals for Sanity, composed mostly of former CIA analysts along with a few operational agents, is urging employees inside the intelligence agency to break the law and leak any information they have that could show the Bush administration is engineering the release of evidence to match its penchant for war.
And in exchange will you guys agree that if Libby did perjure himself by saying that Russert told him that all the media knew about Valerie's status and involvement then 1-9 are irrelevant and he's guilty
Can we get an "amen" on that, and an exchange agreement that if Valerie Plame responded to her buddy Larry's request for a leak (via her husband's article), that they are both guilty as well?
Posted by: Cecil Turner | November 03, 2005 at 10:47 PM
"amen"
Posted by: topsecretk9 | November 03, 2005 at 11:00 PM
Say it Preacher!
Posted by: Gary Maxwell | November 03, 2005 at 11:10 PM
amen amen...
Posted by: clarice | November 03, 2005 at 11:11 PM
rflanagan, 1-9 are relevant whether Libby is quilty or not. If he lied to the grand jury he is guilty period.
Posted by: JBS | November 03, 2005 at 11:11 PM
amen! (chorus)
Posted by: BurkettHead | November 03, 2005 at 11:16 PM
Joe is so funny, earnestly telling us now details of his 2/02 briefing with such precise understanding of the Yellow Cake information. A US officer; one wonders who that was.
You really have to be a true believer to fall for him anymore.
Posted by: kim | November 03, 2005 at 11:30 PM
Well, its circular logic - sure, if he perjured himself then he is guilty of perjury.
But in terms of the political/ethical questions, as distinct from the legal ones, I think that in the court of public opinion the truth or falsity of 1-9 is highly significant.
And that debate will become very topical if/when Bush pardons Libby.
Just for example, let's draw inspiration from Dan Rather and go with the "False but accurate" defense.
Suppose Libby is in jail for perjury. Case closed, no further investigation.
Then Russert has the Final Truth-telling on MTP, and says, "Booy, even though I did *not* tell him all the reporters knew, I sure could have, because guess what - we all knew! Lucky guess by Libby - sucks to be him, in jail."
Now, would that admission affect public response to a pardon?
On the dying horse issue of whether Wilson lied to Kristof about the forgeries - it is interesting that Kristof wrote the forgeries were debunked in Feb, presumably at the meeting preceding the trip.
But *if* Wilson is telling the truth about that, hasn't he been lying since his op-ed, when he says he never saw any documents, and could nto have debunked any forgeries, ad Kristof/Pincus misquoted hin?
And shouldn't we be re-writing the entire history of the forgeries (which I guess is the point) to say that the CIA and INR knew, thanks to Joe, that they were debunked in Feb 2002, then sat on that news until March 2003?
And I suppose, the theory is that after accidentally spilling the beans to Kristof, Wilson re-joined the cover-up by switching stories and disavowing his early version.
But doesn't that mean that Wilson is part of the Evil BushCo cover-up? Que pasa? What sinister hold do they have over this poor man? And why can't they get him to STFU?
Or is it a sinister CIA cover-up, which Joe temporarily muddled? But wait, the CIA are the good guys in this story - Valerie and Joe battling Evil Doers in the White House.
Puzzling.
Posted by: TM | November 03, 2005 at 11:31 PM
pollyusa - Back at you.
Stuckincall - You might learn how to read before you go calling other people idiots. Or maybe it's not you, maybe you just got suckered by the SSCI report. Among other things, what you claim is the same report is not; also, you botch the issue of verbatim text v. the very different issue of the source of the report (Italy).
cecil - That last post of yours was uncharacteristically hackish. I remain grateful to you for drawing attention to the fact that on Feb 18th 2002 the embassy in Niamey issued a cable that laid great stress on the names in the verbatim text of documents of an agreement between Niger and Iraq, the same verbatim text Wilson discussed at the CIA the very next day, which makes it pretty plausible to me that he discussed the names that were and should have been on those documents. Thanks. Wilson is clearly a blowhard who enjoys the spotlight. Maybe he's unlikeable and unappealing. But that doesn't make him guilty of all the ridiculous charges a number of you here have launched against him.
Posted by: Jeff | November 03, 2005 at 11:37 PM
You can't blame MSM for being confused about this. They've been confusing the rest of us for two years.
First, I am really confused by the point of this article. You have a group of facts that amount to many many screw ups by the Republicans. No matter how you arrange these facts it was a screw up or at least a chain of failures. The objective seems to be trying more and more innovative ways to string together a row of turds in the hope they will start looking like not-turds.
So far I haven't seen any of this patterns look any more not-turdish so I don't see the point in the attempt.
Second, Wilson working for Kerry and his wife being a Bush hater because she didn't believe Saddam had WMD's is another attempt to convert turds into not-turds. It doesn't matter if they were both virulent Bush haters, they were correct in all the statements and reports they made, whether they jumped the gun or guessed right or not.
At best they are both psychics, but they were right not wrong.
Thirdly you have a group of facts about Wilson and the only ones that seem to be wrong is that he talked about the documents being false before he could have seen them. The argument is not whether the documents were false but that he said it before he could have known.
But unless he was a fortune teller he did know, despite his denials. So isn't the most likely scenario that he was told something by his wife or on being briefed about this at the CIA? He might not be able or willing to mention it because he might have been leaking classified information himself, intentionally or not.
So he can't be a liar, he is either a psychic or a leaker.
Fourthly the Republican need to clean house, and hose away all these turds and the people that did them. Then they can spend their time doing their job instead of trying to construct arguments that are deceitful. They fucked up, and they covered it up. This is the truth and this is the past.
The problem is whether they are going to stay in denial or clean house. Up is downism worked for longer than it should, but it doesn't work any more.
I for one would like to see people own up to all their mistakes, put better people in charge, and go on to make good Republican policy. If they can't or won't then they deserve all the bad press they get.
Posted by: carot | November 03, 2005 at 11:45 PM
For being such an expert, you can't see that Joe is full of shit?
Jeff: You call Joe a blowhard. You call him unlikable and unappealing. So why do you believe him? Better, which of his contradictions do you believe? Don't ask me to cite a contradiction; Joe gives you an example everytime he opens his mouth.
Very cool analysis TM--I always thought the troubling thing for Wilson was the seeing the forgeries before he saw them business..but your take on the Kristof sort of walk back makes it even more complicated..
This might be kind of fun. Write down one thing you think Joe has said. A prize to the first who can think of when he has contradicted himself on that one thing. This game could be endless.
How about 'We shouldn't attack Iraq because Saddam might use his chem and bio WMD on our troops', from his 2/6/03 LATimes op-ed piece.
Posted by: kim | November 04, 2005 at 12:05 AM
Front Side of Tee shirt: I BELIEVE JOE WILSON!
Backside: ///////////////NOW THATS FUNNY
The troubling part about Joe's newfound confabulation Feb 02 knowledge of the forgeries, is that he has done so much rowing back about that after the Kristoff columns. This latest spin from the both of them is just a feeble effort to portray themselves as other than complete fools and knaves.
WooWOO--Some interesting news. Dow Jones has filed suit to unseal the Fitz presentation to the Ct in the Miller case--
[quote]Rather than join this parade of masochism, we thought we'd try to speed things along, as well as end one of the remaining mysteries in the probe. That's why Dow Jones & Co., this newspaper's parent company, filed a motion late Wednesday requesting that the federal district court unseal eight pages of redacted information that Mr. Fitzgerald used to justify throwing Judith Miller of the New York Times in the slammer.
The pages were part of Judge David Tatel's concurring opinion in the ruling against Ms. Miller and Time magazine's Matthew Cooper. Judge Tatel said the eight pages showed that, with his "voluminous classified filings," Mr. Fitzgerald had "met his burden of demonstrating that the information [sought from the reporters] is both critical and unobtainable from any other source."
The pages remain sealed, but now that Mr. Fitzgerald has indicted Mr. Libby and said "the substantial bulk" of his probe is "completed," there's no reason to keep those pages secret. The indictment itself discloses the nature and "major focus" of Mr. Fitzgerald's grand jury probe, including the fact that Valerie Plame worked for the CIA. The special counsel's own extensive public discussion of the facts in the case should also have vitiated any protection from disclosure under grand jury rule of evidence 6(e). Future prosecutors and judges trying to decide whether to throw a reporter in jail should be able to inspect the evidence in this case, which will be an influential precedent.
(more)[/quote] http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110007504
Guess what? It was made early in the case, and just maybe it includes a lot of factual claims that time has proven to be crap--i.e., that Plame was a covert agent. And if they win, we can see who made the false assertions.
Posted by: clarice | November 04, 2005 at 12:24 AM
Kim=======================================
what makes a poster intriguing?...something tells me, you and he why.
Posted by: topsecretk9 | November 04, 2005 at 12:30 AM
Why would Fitz be so foolish as to proceed?
Don't you think there were a number of assertions in there that in time proved rather preposterous? Tatel found them quite compelling and we know that is a crock..
proceed? The divination among us?
This evening we went to a Borders where my daughter had an old paperback bought a library benefit sale signed by the author. On a whim I pulled out a Shorter Summa, opened it randomly near the middle and looked about midway down the left hand page. I could make no better sense of it than if it had been typewritten by a gang of monkeys. But, I enjoy Chesterton, a new found pleasure.
AnonLib -
If you really believe this shoudn't be a game between liberals & conservatives, perhaps you should consider refraining from repeatedly generalizing about conservative attitudes and simply respond to the folks who are posting here instead.
You may consider Wilson to be a side issue, but the item we're all commenting on happens to be about Kristoff and Wilson which means that Wilson is, in fact, a primary issue here, not the conservative mindset elsewhere. For your benefit, however, I would note that I have heard very few conservatives dismiss the seriousness of the charges against Libby; I have however heard Democrats both on the ground and in leadership positions (e.g. Harry Reid's preface to invoking Rule 21) proceeding as if the Libby indictment itself is both evidence of an underlying conspiracy and an indictment of the White House casus belli -- despite the prosecutor's emphatic, targetted, caveats to the contrary.
In the grand scheme of things, Wilson may be small potatoes, but surely you can't be seriously contending that he is not central to case now heading to trial and any other potential indictments in the offing? Frankly, I find the idea of the prosecutor casually giving Joe Wilson a call on the phone about as shocking as anything I've read on the subject today. I would also note that while Fitzgerald has, indeed, stated that Plame's employment at the CIA was classified info, you'll find that in the press conference you've referenced, he specifically declined to confirm that her status was actually covert. In addition, in discussing the basis for potential charges on an underlying crime, he did not cite the covert outing statute, but rather the Espionage Act (see previous comment here).
In my personal (not-a-conservative!) opinion, only the wilfully blind remain prepared to ignore the systemic malaise at the C.I.A. which disastrously inhibited its ability to provide reliable intelligence, in favor of placing the onus for those failures exclusively on the shoulders of an administration they detest. Only ingenue or acolyte could posit that the agency was apolitical till Cheney came to town. And only the thoroughly partisan could refuse even to contemplate the possibility that the choice of the flamboyant Joe Wilson for one of the most incredibly sensitive, critically important missions in the pre-war intelligence cosmos was symptomatic of existing problems, not curative. The ass covering here has been very nearly universal.
Posted by: JM Hanes | November 04, 2005 at 12:54 AM
Yes, C, someone was very sagacious to ask for revelation of those redacted pages, but if they had blockbuster stuff it probably would have shut down Fitz for him to have since found that he was in error.
Cecil -
Have only just now seen your last comments under "Reporters Who Knew." I can only ditto your perspective on both the prosecutor (whose commentary is decidedly worth a legal parsing) and on the wisdom of proposed legislation on torture. Ditto, ditto, ditto.
Kim, you are probably right..and maybe if we get to see the redacted pages they will just contain titillating information, but assume that the statements were overbroad.
I can't imagine they alleged (per Tatel's comments) that Plame was just an analayst whose position was classified.
(Go to p. 29 of his opinion where he talks about weighing the different interests involved).
Florence --
I couldn't agree more. No one will be more disappointed if Llibby pleads and this doesn't go to trial. I want to hear everybody on the stand and under cross.
(And yes, AnonLib, that means Wilson,esq. under oath for change too:)
Carot:
First of all, your turd metaphor was well played. I was literally laughing out loud. Good job in using it to carry your argument.
That said, the arguments expressed by most of the Wilson detractors are not turds. They are reasonable concerns.
The standard story of the Plame saga is this. Wilson had particular knowledge of a particular line in Bush's 2003 SOTU address. So he blew the wistle. In retaliation, the WH blew his wife's -- super spy Valerie Plame -- top secret cover, jeopardizing and comprimising intelligence essential to national security in the process.
Concern #1: People with supersecret CIA spy-spouses who have done work for the CIA themselves simply do not write highly publicized accounts of thier CIA work, particularly where the spouse suggested them for the work. Which invites the question: Just how covert was Valerie Plame. That is not a turd of a question. I daresay it is the one question most feuling our unhealthy Plamegate addiction.
Concern #2: Wilson was talking (leaking?) a lot to Kristof for a couple of months before he wrote his article. He talked to other reporters. His story was big, big news. It stimulated many very inquistive and intelligent minds in the foriegn affairs and national politics press corps, an aggressive bunch. What led to Wilson's being chosen for the mission would be a question these journalists would inevitably ask, which lead to Plame. Which leads to this question: Was Plame linked known in the press corps before Novak wrote his piece? Which leads to this question: Should we not analyze and parse every word written and spoken by those journalists closest to the story for clues?
Those question are not turds either. They are very legitimate questions flowing inexorably from the facts.
So, no. We are not arranging queing up turds in an attempt to defend the administration. We are asking perfectly legitimate questions to a set of facts that simply do not add up.
If I have misunderstood your argument, Carot, I apologize.
Posted by: Chants | November 04, 2005 at 01:33 AM
We are asking perfectly legitimate questions to a set of facts that simply do not add up.
an additional "amen" for that
Sorry for the apparent circular logic
97 posts or so above. Just trying to save
space in describing the fateful Libby/Russert phone call.
Anyway I now understand that there are to be two trials :Fitz prosecuting Scooter in a DC court house and TM hauling Joe ,Nick Tim , etc before the court of public opinion.
That is , unless , as I expect , Scooter
gets a Cap Weinberger-like pre trial pardon.
And a medal.
Posted by: r flanagan | November 04, 2005 at 01:53 AM
Can I just pay tribute Rick Ballard for a moment?
She was a Hostess god-dammit post...he retorted with this:
And a cupcake too - say maybe the Twinkie defense will work!
TM and Lesley-- day late and a dollar short but...
Wilson pushed the church angle as (MODO, Oct.03 and and WAPO 7-03)
then says what you have noted on Larry King
Now, I'm prepared to think the worst of Karl Rove ever since he told Chris Matthew's that my wife was fair game. And that's tough for me because Karl and I go to the same church. We go to different services, we go to the same church. I know his wife's name because we get a church newsletter. So, why he wouldn't know my wife's name, perhaps he doesn't read the newsletter.
tonight he tells us:
OLBERMANN: Lastly, and it‘s more along the lines of curious twist, almost comic relief, is this true, you and Karl Rove have attended the same church?
WILSON: Yes, we‘re members of the same congregation. We go to different services. I think Karl was in Aspen, Colorado, not too long ago, and he said that I attend the wacky service. I actually attend the service that is a family service for people with kids. We have 5-year-old twins, and so we go to an earlier service than he does. I‘ve only seen him in church once, probably because I don‘t go as often as my wife does. But we do normally attend different services.
OLBERMANN: It is a small town, Washington. But you‘d never think it would be that small.
Um, yeah...small town...but Wilson had only seen Rove at church once (because he doesn't go that much), so...Rove has only potentially seen Wilson at church once...so Wilson's pompous claim that Rove not reading the newsletter is lame (as usual) and that Rove would piece it all together form the newsletter is just another exploitation.
BTW as mentioned, the Wilson's advertised the church connection not Mr. or Mrs. Rove.
Actually, while the MSM love to frame this as humorous silly connection it is just as grossly opportunistic of the Wilson's to mention as they claim of Rove
Tops, you little darling! Thank you for finding that!
Posted by: Lesley | November 04, 2005 at 02:53 AM
It will be interesting to see what Fitzgerald's position will be on unsealing the redacted pages.
Posted by: MJW | November 04, 2005 at 02:54 AM
It will also be interesting to see what Libby's lawyers' position will be.
vnjagvet noted...the little twist of irony that Wilson is fond of pointing out....one of Lib's (there are bound to be some that hate that abbrev..) attorney is:
Jeffress is from the firm Baker Botts, where Bush family friend and former Secretary of State James A. Baker is a senior partner. Jeffress has won acquittals for public officials accused of extortion, perjury, money laundering, and vote-buying, his firm's Web site says.
because after all, Wilson has detailed his time with Secretary Baker in the Politics of Truth...
"...By the middle of December, the beating of the war drums in Washington actually left the Iraqis thinking that we really were not going to attack. One well-informed journalist for the London Sunday Times reported to me: “The Iraqis have concluded that you are bluffing. If you were serious, you wouldn’t keep beating your chests. You would let your actions speak for you.”
I took that to heart and relayed her thoughts to Washington, recommending that we tone down our threats. I remember the cable as being appropriately polite; but Larry Grahl, who hand-carried my message to Secretary Baker, later told me, “I thought you had lost your mind, telling the president and the secretary in effect to shut up.” Then, a couple of days later, when he realized the U.S. government had gone silent, “I concluded you were brilliant,” Grahl said. It was, of course, the British journalist who had had the brilliant idea, but soon the benefit was nullified, as every pundit and member of Congress had jumped on the chattering bandwagon, and silence was not maintained...
...Finally, I took a second to look around the room and woke up. After all, Jim Baker was sitting beside me on the sofa; the president was seated in a chair to my right, in front of the fireplace. Across the room, sitting next to the desk, was Brent Scowcroft taking notes on a legal-size yellow pad. It looked to me like he was writing down everything I said. My first conscious thought, since the moment I had been introduced to President Bush, occurred when I looked at Scowcroft and his legal pad...
...All too soon, Secretary Baker looked at his watch, the signal that the meeting was over....
"I've never once held Joe Wilson out to be a hero or some bastion of truth-telling, so I really don't see what your point is. My point was that many (though not all) conservatives seem to have lost perspective in this affair. They're obsessed with the veracity of the ex-ambassor to Gabon, and utterly unconcerned with the veracity of those occupying the White House. "
I don't see why people can't be obsessed with both Libby and Wilson--why do you think it has to be one or the other? Like it is for many liberals who obsess on Libby and the WH and totally ignore Wilson.
And many liberals and especially the New York Times still haven't admitted the falsities in Wilson's story let alone recognized that he was the one who started the 'Bush Lied' meme because of (1)twisting his story and (2)reading comprehension problems of the press.
And until the above is admitted and settled, don't expect attention on Wilson to go away.
We've spent thousands and thousands of collective hours on Libby and you know damned well we have.
Posted by: Syl | November 04, 2005 at 04:06 AM
Wow. Wilson is sooooo important that every word he uttered was written down by Scowcroft!
Wow. Just wow!
"If the CIA now had proof that the docs were faked and the guy that was sent to Niger as a result of a request from the VP, then the least the CIA should have done was pass this info back to the VP. That they did not seems really wrong to my way of thinking. "
Think of the alternative. Wilson did not debunk anything. So there was nothing to report to Cheney. Mystery solved.
pollyusa
The agencies already doubted the authenticity of a sale though they were intrigued that this memorandum contained more detail than other reports.
There is no way Wilson could say 'forgery!' if he didn't see the actual honest-to-god document this memorandum was about. The memo could have been a lie and not based on a real document at all.
As Wilson himself said (as quoted above by mary mapes LOL):
I was briefed that an officer, a U.S. officer, had either seen the documents or had been briefed on their existence. And my briefing was based upon the transcript or his report about the existence of those documents.
So we have a briefing of a memorandum which was itself a briefing of what someone either saw or was briefed on.
And from that Wilson can claim he debunked a forgery?!?!?
No, even with the cable coming from Niger saying names were wrong, all that would do is put another checkmark in the 'doubt' column. It is not definitive.
Wilson added little or nothing to what the CIA already suspected. Except he added the bit about Baghdad Bob wanting to buy some onions.
Ok, here are some turds which no matter how they are spun just look like turds to me, no blossom to be found.
Turd 1: Either President Bush, Cheney or both of them have known all along that Plame was outed and chose to impede an investigation. However you spin it this is dusgusting behavior for any officials to waste a prosecutor's time for a year. Anyone else who did this would be in jail.
Turd 2: No one on both the right wing or the left wing has suggested Bush would not pardon the conspirators behind this. So virtually everyone including the press acknowledges Bush, their president, has no regard for the rule of law in this. The whole investigation is widely seen as a waste of time because any conclusion is immume from justice through the pardon process.
Turd 3: Whether Wilson was working for the Dems or not, or working against Bush in any way nothing he has said is basically inaccurate. There were no WMD's. The documents were a forgery. Saddam didn't buy uranium from Niger. The truth is apolitical. These things happened and for the Republican party to be credible in the future they must clean house on this, as it cannot possibly be swept under the carpet. Look for example at the way this is breaking in Italy, and Bush is still denying all this with Berlusconi standing right next to him. No lies will work here.
Turd 4: Nothing can be accomplished by making the Dems look bad. Nothing. Why? Because they have had no power at all for the last 5 years. All Kerry is is a guy who ran for president and didn't win, it doesn't matter if Wilson worked for him or not. No legislation the Dems have suggested has been passed to any significant degree. Everything is the Republican's fault, and that turd won't look any better by trying to evade responsibility for it. People aren't judging this on what went wrong, because shit happens. They are judging this on people who stay in denial won't fix the problem.
Turd 5: The Iraq war was wrong. If people had known how it would turn out, no one would have supported it at the start. People are only trying to make a mistake look good somehow now, trying to rearrange the turds, put lipstick on the pig. The best outcome will be a semi democracy that limps along and then turns into Iran. Iran knows this which is why they were behind trying to start the war in the first place. At some point the Iraqis are going to kick everyone out, say thanks for the 300 billion, and no one will have anything to show for the whole venture.
Turd 6: The war was about the oil. If it wasn't then it should have been. Oil is the only reason to have anything to do with the Middle East. Whatever is best to keep the price of fuel reasonable and flowing without interruption, that is the only policy needed towards Iraq.
Turd 7: The Darfur massacre. If Bush really cared about people in the region why didn't he care about them? Why spend 300 billion to stop atrocities in Iraq then let people get massacred next door?
Posted by: carot | November 04, 2005 at 04:29 AM
Jeff Said: "Among other things, what you claim is the same report is not; also, you botch the issue of verbatim text v. the very different issue of the source of the report (Italy)."
I didn't botch anything. What don't you understand about this statement: "Committee staff asked how the former ambassador could have come to the conclusion that the "dates were wrong and the names were wrong" when he had never seen the CIA reports and had no knowledge of what names and dates were in the reports." His response under oath was that he had "misspoken." Wilson didn't respond to this challenge by telling them that he really did know the names and dates or that he had learned the information in one of the briefings surrounding his trip. He said he had "misspoken". For the logically impaired, that means he bailed on his lie when he was confronted with it under oath.
The truth is that Wilson never saw the documents and was never briefed on the specific information regarding the dates or who signed the documents. Maybe Plame knew all the information contained in the forged documents and told Wilson during some spy pillowtalk. Either way, Wilson didn't debunk anything and the documents were irrelevant to the British intelligence referred to by Bush in his speech. Wilson's trip has always been irrelevant to the entire debate on WMD intelligence. Who was it that brought this buffoon into the argument? Oh yeah, it was Mr. Kristoff and his employer.
I say we prosecute Plame for mishandling classified information. We don't need any evidence, we can get Ronnie Earle. Fraudulent prosecutions without any supporting evidence are his specialty. Plame and Libby can share a cell.
Finally, liberals are trying to parse every statement by every party in this farce to avoid the obvious fact that Wilson is a liar. Wilson critics are merely responding to what he said and the importance placed on his multiple lies by the NY Times, Wash. Post, The Nation, the DNC, the Kerry Campaign and other assorted liberals.
Posted by: StuckinCali | November 04, 2005 at 05:57 AM
The whole Wilson/PFlame bit is to cover that Libya was buying the yellowcake for the Iraqi nuke program. The Iraqi nuclear program was being done by Libya.
Lybian deception ops
Posted by: M. Simon | November 04, 2005 at 06:09 AM
When the trial and its consequences are all sorted out, Scooter Libby's business card will have the title, "New York Times CEO and Owner."
Joe Wilson's, Valerie Plame's and several journalists' "business" cards will each have a name, booking number and two portrait photographs.
Posted by: VRWconspiracy | November 04, 2005 at 07:25 AM
Lets see now....
immediately after Wilson talks to Kristof, Kristof writes a column in which the proper sequence of events is described (Cheney ask the CIA for more info, the CIA sends Wilson to Niger.)
A month later, Kristof uses the ambiguous term "at the behest" to describe Cheney's involvement --- and its WILSON's fault.
Maguire, you need to get off the GOP talking points, and get back to reality.
Its obvious that Wilson has been telling the truth, and nothing but the truth, since this thing began. Its also obvious that in discussions with journalists prior to the publication of his own column, Wilson was talking not just about his own role in the debunking of the Niger report, but placing it in a larger context of what was eventually determined.
Its not unlikely that in the course of those conversations, Wilson used imprecise or ambiguous language that may have lead Kristof and Pincus to write that Wilson claimed he proved the documents were forgeries, rather than Wilson proved the claims were bogus.
This, of course, is a distinction without a difference. Wilson was not testifying under oath -- he was coversing with journalists about the manipulation of intelligence, and his personal role in debunking a bogus claim that the administration continued to repeat.
The only thing that Wilson has said that may (or may not) be true is that Cheney was briefed specifically on his findings. (Its not like Cheney and the White House is incapable of lying when it claims this briefing did not happen.)
But if its not true, its an honest and easily understood mistake, based upon Wilson's extensive experience with DC bureaucracies. If Cheney was not briefed, it is ONLY because on the same day that Wilson returned from Niger, Cheney got a briefing that contained the same conclusions that Wilson would reach -- that the reported sale of yellowcake was completely bogus.
You're no longer credible, Tommy-boy. You're obsessive parsing of everything Wilson in an effort to find damning inconsistencies has warped your mind. Instead of trying to put the pieces of the puzzle together with all the new information coming out, your continued obsession with Wilson is evidence of an unhealthy monomania.
[Self-parody alert! Although coming from Lukasiak, advice about monomania has a certain "Been there" credibility. Regrettably, his next comment has been deleted for excessive trolling. We will see if his manners and ability to stay on-topic (sorry, this topic, not his) can improve.]
Posted by: p.lukasiak | November 04, 2005 at 08:29 AM
Critics of the administration are getting away with a couple of mischaracterizations of the facts that I find irritating.
One is the idea that Bush was saying that Iraq had purchased yellow cake uranium from Niger. He didn't say that. He said that Iraq was seeking to do so.
Another misdirection is the idea that since the documents from Niger proporting that a sale had taken place were found to be forged that there was no evidence to support the idea that Iraq was trying to purchase uranium. This is of course not the case. In addition, there was other evidence to support that theory. Wilson's own report to the CIA said that the Iraqis were at one point in Niger looking to trade, most likely for uranium, which is why the CIA told the Administration that it was still a possiblity.
If it was "very unlikely" that Iraq had actually purchased uranium from Niger it was still very likely that Iraq was trying to do so, and that was the point, to show the nefarious intent of the Hussein regime. Because, after all, if they were seeking to get the materials to make nuclear weapons they might have found those materials some place else.
Posted by: Frew | November 04, 2005 at 08:36 AM
"Its obvious that Wilson has been telling the truth, and nothing but the truth, since this thing began."
Yeah, and that's why he's backtracked.
If he debunked anything it was a briefing of a memorandum which was itself a briefing of what someone either saw or was briefed on.
Which doesn't matter anyway because the forgeries were a RED HERRING and have nothing to do with the 16 words.
Wilson's entire schtick was propaganda.
And Wilson knew it would work because idiots wanted it to be true. So he can backtrack when he's under oath and it doesn't matter because the idiots still want it to be true.
Stuckincall- That's a nice non-response to the specific things I said you screwed up, which you did. You claimed that what are in fact two different reports were the same, and you used a quote about whether WIlson was told the source of the February 2002 report or not to argue he didn't know about other stuff. As for the quotation from the SSCI you use in your latest post, you might want to know that Wilson has written about that, and said he was not given an opportunity to revisit the relevant information by the committee. In other words, he was thrown into confusion by the committee. You will almost certainly not believe that, but if you are trying to use Wilson's own statements against him, you have an obligation to pay attention to what he actually said.
Most the rest of what you say is just spouting Republican talking points that have been debunked, concerning all the intelligence that led us to war and so on. Oh yeah, you're also an abusive schmuck. And you evidently still don't know how to read.
Posted by: Jeff | November 04, 2005 at 08:55 AM
You keep forgetting that it was more than intelligence that led us to war.
Syl: "Critics of the administration are getting away with a couple of mischaracterizations of the facts that I find irritating.
One is the idea that Bush was saying that Iraq had purchased yellow cake uranium from Niger. He didn't say that. He said that Iraq was seeking to do so."
The "mischaracterization" is even more egregious than that. The President actually stated:
"The British government has learned that Saddam Hussein recently sought significant quantities of uranium from Africa." To this day, the British government stands by this information.
Another area of concern is the timing of Wilson's trip to Niger and the appearance & analysis of the forged documents. (I know that this has been address on different threads so please forgive any repetition.) There are four countries in Africa that have exported uranium in recent years - Nambia, Niger, South Africa and Gabon. Joe Wilson claims that he had not seen these "forged documents" so one has to wonder why he/they chose Niger for his fact finding tour - especially if that tour was done at the behest of the VP as he implied. If Joe hadn't seen the documents but the CIA had and they were such obvious forgeries, then why send him to Niger at all if not to tamper with the President statement without seeming to do so as a means of discrediting the administration and the reasons for going into Iraq?
Posted by: arrowhead | November 04, 2005 at 10:41 AM
"been addressed..."
Kaus takes a stab at Kristof--- it's good too!
http://www.slate.com/id/2129234/&#weaselly
Wilson is very unclear on when he deduced that the documents were forged. In the NYT he says:
However, in his book he quotes Kristof as saying (immediately after the SSCI report) "I remember you saying that you had not seen the documents. my recollection is that we had some information about the documents at that time - e.g., the names of people in them - but i do clearly remember you saying that you had not been shown them"
And of course Kristof originally says "The envoy reported, for example, that a Niger minister whose signature was on one of the documents had in fact been out of office for more than a decade."
So what's up? If Wilson was simply repeating what the IAEA had known for a month and that was all over the newspapers, why did Kristof report that as news? Kristof's version implies that Wilson 'reported' the information to the administration (we know know the CIA) in March '02 NOT to Kristoff in March '03.
All in all there is very little in the public record to support the idea that Wilson debunked the forgery to the CIA - Wilson denies it, and Kristof's wording doesn't exactly say that he did, just as it doesn't exacltly say the the VP sent Wilson.
Posted by: nittypig | November 04, 2005 at 12:12 PM
Just to clarify...
Joe Wilson and his wife donated to both democratic AND republican campaigns. Wilson served under Bush 41 and was responsible for getting the hostages home from Iraq when Saddam held them prior to Gulf War 1.0. That flaming lib!
Wilson did not start working for Kerry until AFTER the smear campaign started.
Posted by: DR | November 04, 2005 at 12:45 PM
Mickey Kaus is a Democrat but a fair one. Our Democrat friends here could learn some from him.
I like this conclusion to his take down of Kristof ( making fun of publishing a story in the dead tree version and then later putting up a kinda sorta you know correction):
The B.S. is free. The truth you have to pay for!
Left out the Times Select version for the correction
I love Kaus, too.
DR, Joe was a Scowcroftian--you know doing nothing substantive in the ME except pressure Israel to concede more--gave us 50 "years of peace".Like the bien pensant layabouts in the DoS and CIA, he opposed the Bush proactive approach. He hsaid this mildly beginning in Feb 2003. And reserved his his attack on the Administration until May of 2003. Ass backwards your contention is.
Wilson denies it, and Kristof's wording doesn't exactly say that he did, just as it doesn't exacltly say the the VP sent Wilson.
In both cases, Kristof's second article is more definite (on positions we now know to be incorrect . . . partly because Wilson has disavowed them):
That was not just a case of hyping intelligence, but of asserting something that had already been flatly discredited by an envoy investigating at the behest of the office of Vice President Dick Cheney.
Immediately upon his return, in early March 2002, this senior envoy briefed the C.I.A. and State Department and reported that the documents were bogus, for two main reasons. First, the documents seemed phony on their face — for example, the Niger minister of energy and mines who had signed them had left that position years earlier.
I don't see much to suggest an alternate interpretation, nor is it an unimportant point. Wilson's case depends on having debunked the Niger claims and having told the Administration about it (otherwise his "twisting" accusation makes no sense) . . . and both are false.
Might want to recheck your dates. Wilson started working for Kerry's campaign in May, 03.
Though the June 13 article did say "at the behest", it also includes this:
Italy's intelligence service obtained the documents and shared them with British spooks, who passed them on to Washington. Mr. Cheney's office got wind of this and asked the C.I.A. to investigate.
The agency chose a former ambassador to Africa to undertake the mission, and that person flew to Niamey, Niger, in the last week of February 2002. This envoy spent one week in Niger, staying at the Sofitel and discussing his findings with the U.S. ambassador to Niger, and then flew back to Washington via Paris.
There's a lot that bugs me about this affair. For example, though Kristof says that Wilson showed the documents were wrong, he doesn't attribute that to Wilson. Perhaps I missed something where "a person present at the meeting" was a subtle way of talking about Wilson himself.
It's crazy. The only time we see words that we know damn well are Wilson's, he says flat out that he never saw the documents... yet everyone concentrates on Kristof's columns and the Post story, either, or both, of which could have been unclear.
The worst part of this is, while a lot of people are calling Wilson a liar, if you take away a claim that he specifically debunked the documents (that is: if we assume that he did not make that claim, and it seems likely that he did not), then the "lies" vanish. What else is left? That his wife didn't have anything to do with sending him? Well, she couldn't authorize the trip, and couldn't order anyone else to. It's a little careless, since she said he might be willing to volunteer his time, but given that his wife was harmed by her exposure, "she's got nothing to do with this!" is going to be on the tip of his tongue, anyway.
There aren't any other meaningful lies people can point to. Wilson never claimed that Cheney had sent him, and only reported that he assumed his trip had settled the matter... not that he knew, for a fact, that it had.
Given what he found (that there was solid accounting for the uranium and strong controls), it was reasonable to make this assessment.
Posted by: John Palmer | November 04, 2005 at 01:09 PM
"...After returning to the United States, the envoy reported to the CIA that the uranium-purchase story was false, the sources said. Among the envoy's conclusions was that the documents may have been forged because the "dates were wrong and the names were wrong," the former U.S. government official said...."
Wilson and his channelers would seem to like to forget the previous Pincus and Kristoff columns and begin reality on July 6. Wilson has 3 versions for this...
1. He told SSIC he "mispoke" when confronted with (in particular) the statement above
2. He was "misquoted or misattributed" when confronted again
3. That he was purposely blind-sided by Committee staff--- by not given an opportunity to review relevant reporting that caused him to say the statement above, so therefore he was too confused to answer, so responded he "mispoke"...
(side note here, let's not forget ...when asked how he "knew" that the Intelligence Community had rejected the possibility of a Niger-Iraq uranium deal, as he wrote in his book, he told Committee staff that his assertion may have involved "a little literary flair." while we are at it.)
Wilson confuses the issue in his letter to SSCI by glossing over and Ignoring Pincus and Kristof, and only addressing July 6 Op-Ed. It's actually a clever way to re-write or rather RE-FRAME the issue. Committee staff know that Wilson has no need to refer to the "relevant" reporting because her was clear and consistent in his admitted source comments to Pincus and Kristoff. But Wilson tries to slice and dice his own OP-ED, the OP-ED that was written to cover or back pedal the very statements made to Kristoff and Pincus, in an effort to show he never asserted as such and pulls up the his much needed memory provider, the relevant reporting to illustrate his OP-ED is consistent and accurate....well, all fine and well, if he hadn't said so much to Pincus and Kristof (and his own book)
http://www.buzzflash.com/contributors/05/07/con05233.html
Posted by: dogtownGuy | November 04, 2005 at 01:14 PM
John Palmer
You say :
There aren't any other meaningful lies people can point to. Wilson never claimed that Cheney had sent him,
Are parsing too or did you forget about his speech to EPIC that we have a transcript where Wilson says he was sent "by the government not the CIA the government"
Now I will grant that does not have Cheney name in it but he was retailing the story that the Adminstration sent him just as sure as I am 2 +2 gets you 4.
Yes--and in that EPIC speech he affirms (in the Q and A) that he was the source of the Pincus and Kristof articles, Neither at that time nore in his subsequent appearances did he say the article misquoted him--until July of this year. Not only was he silent if the reports were in error, he affirmed them, I'd say.
The Op-Ed also says:
"In February 2002, I was informed by officials at the Central Intelligence Agency that Vice President Dick Cheney's office had questions about a particular intelligence report. While I never saw the report, I was told that it referred to a memorandum of agreement that documented the sale of uranium yellowcake — a form of lightly processed ore — by Niger to Iraq in the late 1990's. The agency officials asked if I would travel to Niger to check out the story so they could provide a response to the vice president's office. "
This states flat out that his charge was to investigate whether there had been an agreement signed between Niger and Iraq.
Per the SSCI this is untru about this:
"The talking points were general, asking officials if Niger has been approached, conducted discussions, or entered into any agreements concerning uranium transfers with any 'countries of concern'.... The talking points did not refer to the specific reporting on the alleged Iraq-Niger deal"
He was sent to investigate whether Iraq had had any meetings with Niger on uranium. He states he was sent to investigate the alleged deal, which was the geensis of the trip. The former PM told Wilson that he had been approached by Iraq in 1999, and he thought that the approach was about uranium sales.
Wilson's Op-Ed is simply wrong about what the CIA charged him with doing in Niger. This allows him, in the Op Ed, to hide the fact that he found evidence that Iraq had been seeking uranium from Niger.
How did the Kerry campaign learn that Joe Lies! was Kristoff's source? Or was it just conincidence they hired the former ambassador who caused such a kerfuffle throughout the remainder of the summer?
Did the Kerry campaign use the NYT? Or did the Kerry campaign and the NYT work in conjunction? (Recall the NYT used their six-degrees-of-separation argument to discredit the Swiftboaters. The Left then dismissed them based on this coverage.)
Posted by: Eric | November 04, 2005 at 04:07 PM
Carot-
Oh Lordy, I just can’t resist! You’re shovelin’ turds alright:
#1: Historic Republican Talking Point, repeatedly denouced by Dems in the 20th century, newly resurrected for use in the 21st. “Anyone else who did this would be in jail.” Yet Clinton roams free!
#2: Shit-for-Logic: The President may actually exercise the authority granted to the Chief Exec. by law, thereby proving he has no respect for the rule of law. Bonus points for a classic Everybody-Knows premise.
# 3: “Whether Wilson was working for the Dems or not, or working against Bush in any way nothing he has said is basically inaccurate” (excepting, of course, all those times he mispoke or was misquoted).
Geez, why didn’t you relay this turd to candidate Kerry? He apparently thought Wilson had been thoroughly discredited and felt compelled to expunge the guy from his campaign website as though he never existed. Bonus points for gratuitous advice, speaking of which, you might want to clean up the following:
“There were no WMD's” Should read: “There are no WMD’s.”
“The documents were a forgery.” Never cited by the Administration.
“Saddam didn't buy uranium from Niger.” Who said he did & when did they say it?
“The truth is apolitical.” which is why it’s ignored so routinely in the capital.
“No lies will work here.” Absurd on its face.
#4: “Everything is the Republican's fault…” This should really be Turd Numero Uno! “Nothing can be accomplished by making the Dems look bad,” and when the Dems figure that out, their election prospects will improve considerably. Unfortunately, they remain in denial, which, I must agree, is probably why they can’t seem to fix the problem.
#5: “The Iraq war was wrong.” The past tense here is an esp. nice touch. Run, don’t walk, to Murdoc Online with your prognostications so that he can update his list.
#6: “The war was about the oil. If it wasn't then it should have been.” Choose one; we’ll talk.
# 7: “If Bush really cared about people in the [Darfur] region why didn't he care about them?” Oh dear, I'm afraid I’ll just have to wing it on this one: Because the he decided to take Kerry’s advice and go the U.N. route? Because he’s saving his pennies for the invasion of North Korea? Because President Bush doesn’t like black people? So many turds, so little time!
Posted by: JM Hanes | November 04, 2005 at 04:27 PM
can someone here explain to me how the documents which claimed that a sale of yellowcake had been arranged could be something other than forged, when it was proven that the information in the documents was bogus?
Seriously, explain how BOGUS information about an IMPOSSIBLE sale could be gotten from GENUINE, UNFORGED documents...
[Third time lucky. TM]
Posted by: p.lukasiak | November 04, 2005 at 04:33 PM
Can someone explain to me why the FACT of documents being FORGED is so important if information contained in them was BOGUS?
Posted by: Syl | November 04, 2005 at 04:40 PM
You see, it has not been established that the information briefed from a memo which was a brief someone had gotten from a briefing was ever PROVEN BOGUS.
And can you explain to me why the fact there was ever a DOCUMENT that was FORGED means squat when the information it contained was never used in the 16 words anyway?
Eric - No doubt, the Kerry campaign used the New York Times. Don't forget, Kerry's media guru at the time was Chris Lehane, the guy who got the "Rats Ad" story planted on the front page of the Times in the 2000 campaign. He was VERRRRRY good at manipulating reporters; in fact, a NYT story later in the campaign about Lehane specifically mentioned his uncanny ability to get reporters talking to each other about a story he planted, so that eventually nobody remembers where it came from. Sound familiar?
Posted by: Wilson's a liar | November 04, 2005 at 04:52 PM
well herein-lies the problem...per the talking points Wilson was not charged with "DE-BUNKING" anything, rather dispatched to go find out if there was any truth and/or additional information that could be used by the Intelligence Community, not him, to ascertain the validity of foreign intelligence reporting. And He did!
He provided the Intelligence com. an affirmative on an effort.
The problem is the Lame Stream Media is ignorant of the actual scope (via the talking points) of Wilson's trip, so they allow Wilson to proclaim (lie) that he not only "debunked" a sale, but that he "de-bunked" the forgeries as well.
This is why Kristof looks like such a fool.
NEWSFLASH:
Self-appointed self-help pseudo-guru p.lukasiak condemns search for for "damning 'evidence' that is easier to explain by miscommunication than by lying." Chastened Democrats see the light and agree amongst themselves to stop calling their Chief Executive a liar. "After all," conceded one former partisan, "the President's miscommunication skills are indisputable." "Intelligent discussion of the C.I.A. (A.K.A. "The Leaky Sieve") may now commence!" declared an anonymous official of dubious rank.
UPDATE: The nomination of Tim ("Tommy-boy") Maguire, whose Obsessive Parsing recently earned him a Nobel Prize, for top dog at Justice is widely expected to sail through the Senate. In other news, CNN's popular "Where Are They Now" reports on the conviction of p.lukasiak for the "wanton practice of psychiatry without a license" and "spurious distinctions which may (or may not) make a difference." One juror explained that changing your comments ex post facto just doesn't cut it in the court of public opinion. Lukasiak has been sentenced to a year in Remedial Logic 101.
I don't know, p. (can I call you p.?), from a quick perusal of your website, I presume you would be the forged document expert here.
Posted by: Joe | November 04, 2005 at 06:40 PM
good question. An even better question is why didn't the White House say "Joe Wilson is "debunking" a claim that we didn't make.... and although Mr. Wilson's efforts were essentially redundant, and we had no intention of making claims based on those documents because they had been discredited by other means, we do appreciate his efforts on behalf of the US government"...and let it fade into history?
and the answer to that is simple -- there were lots of other examples of the administration making claims about Niger. One major example was a State Department Fact Sheet dated 12/19/2002 created in response to Iraq's Declaration to the UN about its WMDs. The 'fact sheet' said...
The Declaration ignores efforts to procure uranium from Niger. Why is the Iraqi regime hiding their uranium procurement?
Unlike Bush's SOU statement, that is specific with regard to the country in question (Bush said "Africa") and was not qualified with "the British government has learned."
So while the White House could have "rebutted" Wilson's column with regard to the reference to the State of the Union, they still had the rest of the administration statements, which were specific and unqualified, to contend with.
Joe Wilson became the focus of the White House efforts to discredit its critics because he was providing answers at the point in time that the media was finally starting to ask questions. Lots of Bushco's claims had been rebutted in the run up to the war, and the media ignored it. But no WMDs were being found, the media was asking "Why", and Joe Wilson had the answer.
I believe the Administration was punctilious is not making claims not justified by the intel at hand. They stuck on the WMD question to the matters in the NIE as to which EVERY US intel agency signed on to. (Even Wilkerson admits that).
I am getting so angry about this Dem political nonsense...GRRR And when I get that angry watch out...........It's about time for me to dust off the secret memo to Rockefeller and writing in Jewish publications what a shanda it is that Levin and Waxman are behaving this way..Hell, Maybe I'll sign up for a tour of Hadassah with Ed Kock, and those gals are more ferocious that I am.
p.l.
"Joe Wilson had the answer." Joe Wilson had tea with a bunch of folks who -- as you would put it -- might (or might not) be terminally stupid enough tell a party guy about their deepest, darkest, oh-so-clandestine illegal dealings with anybody on the oh-so-obviously-just-shoot-me-wrong side of the U.S. ledger.
"The Declaration ignores efforts to procure uranium from Niger."
But there were efforts to procure uranium. Even Joe Wilson discovered that.
So what's your point?
Lost in all the noise is that the infamous "16 words" are in fact true. And can be determined to be true from the information gleaned by Joe Wilson on his trip to Niger.
In February 2002, Wilson met with Niger’s now former Prime Minister Ibrahim Mayaki who told him of a visit by an Iraqi delegation in June 1999 who were interested in “expanding commercial relations” with Niger. Mayaki said he interpreted the overture as a bid to buy uranium yellowcake. (See Senate Intelligence Committee report, Page 43.)
So the crux of the Joe Wilson Op-Ed piece in the New York Times (i.e. "Saddam Hussein recently sought significant quantities of uranium" was untrue, based on forgeries) can be disproven by the every information that Joe Wilson reported to his CIA debriefers in March 2002, which he conveniently forgot to mention since then. Afterall, "Ibrahim Mayaki" isn't exactly a household word, not even with Nexus-Lexus. Has anyone held Joe Wilson utter "Ibrahim Mayaki" ?
And besides, how would Joe Wilson know that the "16 words" were based on forgeries and not his own statements, unless his wife or one of her colleagues told him otherwise, but of course, it would be illegal to do so.
Posted by: Neo | November 05, 2005 at 10:58 AM
The whole problem I have with the "Bush Lied" mantra is the image of all of those soldiers (and imbedded reporters) getting in and out of their chemical warfare outfits every time there was Iraqi artillery fire. You would think that if Bush was telling a lie so elaborate, it would be easy enough to plant some WMD and find them. As I recall, nobody expected to find nukes. The real danger on the nukes was that unless we left 100,000 troops on his border in the midst of unfriendly populations, he would have reconstituted the program, or eventually, started carrying on a suicide bombing program in Kuwait on the troops we had stationed there.
Posted by: TP | November 05, 2005 at 11:18 AM
A Tough Case? No Lie
It's Never Easy To Prove Perjury
By Michael N. Levy
Sunday, November 6, 2005; Page B01
Posted by: ratdog | November 07, 2005 at 10:39 AM
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Home » Evangelion
Update: Khara confirms final Shin Evangelion film in production
The latest update on progress with the final Rebuild of Evangelion comes straight from studio Khara, with a tweet confirming that the movie is in production. With an image [...]
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Event: Shin Godzilla and Evangelion clash in symphony concert
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Stemming social anxiety in Soul Eater
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Costa Rica, News Briefs
Conjugal Visits For Gay Couples Legalized In Costa Rica
October 13, 2011 By Roque Planas
The gay pride flag.
Costa Rica has overturned a rule prohibiting conjugal visits for gay prisoners, the Supreme Court announced Thursday.
Article 66 of Costa Rica’s Technical Penitentiary Regulations guaranteed the right to “intimate visits,” but specified that the inmate’s visitor “must be of the opposite sex.” The Supreme Court struck down the latter phrase in its four-three ruling, declaring it unconstitutional.
“This Court considers that [the regulation] contradicts, among other things, the principles of equality and human dignity,” the Court said in a press release.
The challenge to the law was presented by Public Defender Natalia Gamboa in February 2008 on behalf of Manuel Morales Urbina, a prisoner at the San Sebastián Admissions Unit. Gamboa argued the that the regulation constituted a form of discrimination.
The Attorney General’s Office supported her case. “There’s no objective or just reason to discriminate against homosexual prisoners, using sexual preference as the only criterion,” said Attorney General Ana Lorena Brenes.
The historic decision marked the first time in the 22 years that the Constitutional Division of the Supreme Court has operated that the entity had declared any national law or regulation in violation of the principle of equality or human dignity because of discrimination based on sexual preference, according to Costa Rica’s Radio Reloj.
Representatives of Costa Rica’s gay community cheered the decision as a step toward equal rights before the law, Spanish newswire EFE reported.
Gay rights activist Yashin Castrillo applauded the decision, but also said that a number of discriminatory laws remain on the books in Costa Rica. He cited provisions of the country’s Family Code and rules requiring people who cohabitate to be of the opposite sex in order to be classified as a couple for the purposes of public insurance, as examples.
But the ruling opens the door to the possibility that the Court may decide other cases related to discrimination, including a challenge to the restriction of marriage to heterosexual couples, according to Radio Reloj’s legal analyst Fabián Volio.
Volio argued that recognizing prisoners’ conjugal rights takes the courts one step closer to defining gay couples’ as a legal entity.
“With this vote, the position of the Constitutional Division [of the Supreme Court] is clearly getting closer to a recognition of a legal relationship similar in its effects, if not its name, to marriage between people of the same sex,” Volio said.
Image: Sigmaration @ Flickr.
May 10, 2011 > Mari Hayman
Cuban Government Says Dissident Died of Pancreatitis, not Police Beating
May 29, 2011 > Roque Planas
Manuel Zelaya Returns To Honduras And Promises To Reenter Politics
April 25, 2011 > Mari Hayman
Brazilian Air Force Monitored Politicians, Civilians, Church, for Ten Years After Dictatorship’s End
May 9, 2011 > Mari Hayman
Tens Of Thousands March To Protest Drug War Violence In Mexico
October 13, 2011 > Erwin Cifuentes
Abortion Ban Rejected By Colombian Senate
October 13, 2011 > Andrew OReilly
Mexico Arrests Zetas Leader Suspected Of Ordering Monterrey Casino Attack
Guatemala: Former President Mejía Declared Fugitive For Genocide says:
[…] Costa Rica overturned a rule prohibiting conjugal visits between same-sex couples, the Supreme Court said Thursday. […]
Conjugal Visits For Gay Couples Legalized In Costa Rica | Tico Times says:
[…] Latin America News Dispatch […]
LGBT people in prison « I Am Who I Am says:
[…] In August of 2008, the Costa Rican Constitutional Tribunal rejected a man’s appeal in a lawsuit against prison authorities who stopped his conjugal visits to his male partner, a current inmate, ruling that gay inmates do not have the right to conjugal visits. The court recently rejected this ruling and now allows same-sex conjugal visits. https://latindispatch.com/2011/10/13/conjugal-visits-for-gay-couples-legalized-in-costa-rica/ […]
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DILG: LGUS SUPPORT THE EXTENSION OF MARTIAL LAW IN MINDANAO
Wednesday | December 12, 2018
All Local Government Units (LGUs) in Mindanao as well as the national league of local governments support the extension of Martial Law in Mindanao, according to the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG).
DILG Assistant Secretary and Spokesperson Jonathan Malaya said that all LGUs in Mindanao including the umbrella organization of all LGUs, the Union of Local Authorities in the Philippines (ULAP) have all expressed their support for the extension of Martial Law. “In fact, we have not heard of any local chief executive in Mindanao who opposes the extension of Martial Law,” he said.
“According to our elected local government officials, Martial Law in Mindanao has led to improved peace and order in their areas. Who are we to argue against that?,” said Malaya.
He also said that the extension of Martial Law is also timely because of the forthcoming mid-term elections where political rivalries are expected to be heated. “The extension will ensure an improved security climate especially in election hotspots,” he said.
The DILG Spokesperson cited the case of the Philippine Councilors League, the largest organization of local government officials in the country, which has passed a resolution in support of the extension of Martial Law. “We had a meeting with the officials of ULAP led by Albay Governor Al Francis Bichara and he said that they are 100% behind the recommendation of Sec. Eduardo M. Año on this matter,” he said.
PCL National Chairperson Danilo Dayanghirang said that the people of Mindanao are at peace with the implementation of Martial Law which is why declaring support to its third extension in Mindanao comes easy.
Dayanghirang, who is also Davao City Councilor, says that the implementation of Martial Law in Mindanao has paved the way to various developments in the island and points to the entities opposing its extension as "insignificant minority" who are just plain detractors of the current administration.
"They are just the insignificant minority who keep on attacking President Rodrigo Duterte and his administration. In reality, majority of the people in Mindanao are at peace with Martial Law," Dayanghirang says.
With Martial Law implemented, Dayanghirang explains, Mindanao has been experiencing growth in its economy and continuous decline of its crime rate.
"Practically, the economy is up and criminality is down. Infrastructures and investments are growing due to an improved peace and order situation in Mindanao. Politically, we are very stable as well," he says.
"Mindanao is booming. There are more flights going to its various provinces plus inter-province flights. The gross domestic product of Mindanao is higher than the national government," he adds.
He also says that the support for the extension resonates from a great number of councilors, especially, the ones in Mindanao who have articulated their resounding satisfaction over the affirmative results Martial Law have afforded the region.
"When we went around, we found out during our formal and informal discussions that the consensus of the general majority of councilors in Mindanao is that the people are safer because of the prevailing Martial Law in the region," Dayanghirang explains.
"There were no military abuses reported. Military personnel are courteous and respectful to civilians which is key to a more peaceful Mindanao," he adds.
The PCL National Chairperson shares that the proliferation of firearm-related violence was minimized due to efficient military management. This, according to him, will also be practical in the coming election season.
"The extension will be beneficial especially now that the 2019 Midterm election is fast approaching for it implements an intensified campaign against carrying firearms, hence, resulting to decrease of firearms in the streets and election-related violence," he says.
LEGARDA: RETURN OF BALANGIGA BELLS SIGN OF GOODWILL, SOLIDARITY BETWEEN PH, US
POE DISMAYED AT LACK OF SECURITY CAMERAS IN AIRPORTS
Mindanao Stories
DRUG DEN DISMANTLED
ALARM RAISED OVER SPIKE IN DENGUE CASES IN REGION 9
6 DEAD, 4 HURT IN SEPARATE HIGHWAY MISHAPS IN NOCOT
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Cher Goes MAGA Over Bernie Saying Imprisoned Terrorists, Murderers and Rapists Should Get to Vote
Posted by Mike LaChance Wednesday, April 24, 2019 at 7:00am | 4/24/2019 - 7:00am
“EXCUSE THE FK OUT OF ME IF I DONT FEEL WHITE BLACK,BROWN,CONVICTED CHILD MOLESTERS, MURDERERS OR RAPISTS STILL IN PRISON SHOULD KEEP RIGHT TO VOTE‼️”
Just last week, Cher made headlines by tweeting something that was surprisingly in line with Trump. She didn’t like the idea of sending a flood of migrants to the sanctuary city of Los Angeles when they can’t even take care of their own homeless people, many of whom are veterans.
Trump even screen capped Cher’s tweet and shared it on his feed:
I finally agree with @Cher! pic.twitter.com/i5acSgUrCk
Now Bernie Sanders has pushed Cher to the right after he said during a CNN town hall event that criminals, including murderers, rapists, and even Boston Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, should have the ability to vote.
Cameron Cawthorne of the Washington Free Beacon has the details:
Sanders Supports Allowing the Boston Marathon Bomber to Vote: My Campaign Wants to Create a ‘Vibrant Democracy’
Sen. Bernie Sanders (I., Vt.) on Monday night said he supported the voting rights of felons, including the Boston Marathon bomber who killed four people and injured 264 others during the 2013 attack.
Anne Carlstein, a Harvard University student, asked Sanders at a CNN town hall in Manchester, N.H. about recent comments supporting felons and sex offenders voting while in prison.
“Does this mean you would support enfranchising people like the Boston Marathon bomber, a convicted terrorist and murderer. Do you think those convicted of sexual assault should have the opportunity to vote for politicians who could have a direct impact on women’s rights?” Carlstein asked…
“Anne to answer your question, as it happens in my own state of Vermont, from the very first days of our state’s history, what our Constitution says is that everybody can vote,” Sanders said. “If somebody commits a serious crime, sexual assault, murder, they’re going to be punished. They may be in jail for 10 years, 20 years, 50 years, their whole lives. That’s what happens when you commit a serious crime, but I think the right to vote is inherent to our democracy. Yes, even for terrible people.”
Cher’s reaction to this was surprisingly rational and although she has already deleted her tweet, Stephen Miller made a copy:
She’s going to be posting at Free Republic before the year is out. pic.twitter.com/lFiVA1YWjM
— Stephen Miller (@redsteeze) April 23, 2019
Cher must have gotten some blowback from the left for saying that because she also deleted a related follow-up tweet which read:
DIDNT U SEE EARLIER TWT,ABOUT WHITE PPL CALLING POLICE IS NOW A CRIME⁉️DO YOU PPL JUST CHOOSE TWTS YOU CAN TWIST⁉️EXCUSE THE FK OUT OF ME IF I DONT FEEL WHITE BLACK,BROWN,CONVICTED CHILD MOLESTERS, MURDERERS OR RAPISTS STILL IN PRISON SHOULD KEEP RIGHT TO VOTE‼️
Most people reacted to Bernie’s comments the same way Cher did. This was not a garden variety gaffe. In a sane world, something like this blows a candidate’s chances completely.
Last word goes to Jim Geraghty:
Go ahead. Tell women you want to restore the voting rights of abortion clinic bomber Eric Rudolph. Tell African-Americans you want to restore the voting rights of the Charleston church shooter.https://t.co/rhFfYPq5XX pic.twitter.com/S6Va9tI6bR
— Jim Geraghty (@jimgeraghty) April 23, 2019
37 37 Comments 2020 Democratic Primary, Bernie Sanders, California, Crime, Culture, Hollywood, terrorism
Cher Goes MAGA Over Bernie Saying Imprisoned Terrorists, Murderers and Rapists Should Get to Vote… https://t.co/3eb9nfOfDZ
@🇺🇸🇺🇸Jimmy Johnson🇺🇸🇺🇸
Cher Goes MAGA Over Bernie Saying Imprisoned Terrorists, Murderers and Rapists Should Get to Vote https://t.co/CcH2reeAfe
@Cletus
Cher Goes MAGA Over Bernie Saying Imprisoned Terrorists, Murderers and Rapists Should Get to Vote https://t.co/0aGHXc4iwU
Cher Goes MAGA Over Bernie Saying Imprisoned Terrorists, Murderers and Rapists Should Get to Vote https://t.co/zMGGDceeP9
@Thomas Maahs
Uh oh! Cher Goes MAGA Over Bernie Saying Imprisoned Terrorists, Murderers and Rapists Should Get to Vote https://t.co/XWLsScJnaY
Cher Goes MAGA Over Bernie Saying Imprisoned Terrorists, Murderers and Rapists Should Get to Vote… https://t.co/KF4uAdhdvq
@Mary ⚾️🐻
RT @moraro456: "EXCUSE THE FK OUT OF ME IF I DONT FEEL WHITE BLACK,BROWN,CONVICTED CHILD MOLESTERS, MURDERERS OR RAPISTS STILL IN PRISON SH…
@Wilt
"EXCUSE THE FK OUT OF ME IF I DONT FEEL WHITE BLACK,BROWN,CONVICTED CHILD MOLESTERS, MURDERERS OR RAPISTS STILL IN… https://t.co/oYtzq21F1Y
@Morris Robinette
RT @LegInsurrection: Cher Goes MAGA Over Bernie Saying Imprisoned Terrorists, Murderers and Rapists Should Get to Vote https://t.co/G2i43B0…
@Lostmyleggins
Cher Goes MAGA Over Bernie Saying Imprisoned Terrorists, Murderers and Rapists Should Get to Vote https://t.co/Rq5FBUGZKW
@Blaise Pascal 🖖 ⭐️⭐️⭐️
Cher Goes MAGA Over Bernie Saying Imprisoned Terrorists, Murderers and Rapists Should Get to Vote https://t.co/ALGgzrjLOW
@Indy News®
Cher Goes MAGA Over Bernie Saying Imprisoned Terrorists, Murderers and Rapists Should Get to Vote https://t.co/goSpgX8roG via @edmecka
@Ed Mecka
@(((IsraelMatzav)))
@MCPR
Cher Goes MAGA Over Bernie Saying Imprisoned Terrorists, Murderers and Rapists Should Get to Vote https://t.co/hFFkCjjiFQ
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@ChrisMazzucaDCS
Cher Goes MAGA Over Bernie Saying Imprisoned Terrorists, Murderers and Rapists Should Get to Vote https://t.co/NooeiGy7Ei
@Proud Deplorable
Cher Goes MAGA Over Bernie Saying Imprisoned Terrorists, Murderers and Rapists Should Get to Vote https://t.co/G2i43B0wGW
tom_swift | April 24, 2019 at 7:22 am
It’s not clear that this is a Right-Left thing.
Bernie bases his notion on the NH Constitution (or at least his own reading of it). A very logical position.
Cher bases her position on The Feelz. She soesn’t “feel” that various sorts of criminals should have the right to vote. Whatever its virtues, this is an arbitrary, and not a terribly logical, notion.
Normally, the modern American Right is relatively strict and uncompromising about civil rights (which of course include the rights of the accused and of criminals), easily distinguised from the (rather Stalinist) Left position that rights can be sacrificed ad-hoc for the sake of transient expediency.
healthguyfsu | April 24, 2019 at 7:47 am
There’s no reversal here.
Conservatives support punishment for crimes committed that includes forfeiture of several rights guaranteed to non-criminal citizens. Voting is just one of those rights.
Liberals are the ones trying to undermine criminal justice codes while recruiting voters from among the ranks of convicted criminals.
DaveGinOly | April 24, 2019 at 10:34 am
Spot-on (you beat me to it).
We have the right to not live in a cage, but we take that right away as punishment for crimes. We take away other valuable rights as well. Why should the right to vote be sacrosanct?
Firewatch | April 24, 2019 at 10:57 am
Democrats and convicted felons. Democrats just want to be able to continue voting after their conviction?
Valerie | April 24, 2019 at 8:22 am
Bernie isn’t being “logical” at all. He is hostile to the entire notion of a Constitutional republic, and he will undermine it in any way he can.
The point of the vote is to allow We The People to choose our leadership. We want good picks. Convicted felons are a class of people recognized for their bad choices.
The same is true of 16-year-olds, and Nancy Pelosi wants to give them the vote, too.
It’s all about finding people who can be used.
Merlin01 | April 24, 2019 at 8:36 am
By Bernie’s logic criminals in prison should be allowed to own guns. It’s a right granted in the constitution…
Pasadena Phil | April 24, 2019 at 8:06 am
The Dems are so far off the rails that their last desperate hope to avoid being completely blown out of the game in 2020 is to allow non-citizens and criminals to vote. Apparently, they don’t think bribing off millenials’ by paying off their college debt is going to be enough.
PLEASE PLEASE PLEASE nominate Grampa!!! And it only gets worse as you go down the list of alternatives! How did the Dems get so lost? Which country do they think they live in?
BobM | April 24, 2019 at 8:20 am
I don’t know about New Hampshire, but it’s not anything new for felony convictions in most of the USA to lead to curtailment of otherwise inalienable civil rights. Voting, being able to serve on juries, gun ownership to name a few. Or the Big One, the right to not be in jail at all. Many states have a process to enable restoration of those rights, ranging from simply serving out your sentence to applying to a board for restoration based on years of not being a criminal douchebag any longer.
This is not “transient expediency” based on “feelz”, this is red letter Law long in practice and enshrined in many State Constitutions.
The logic is not so hard to follow, the idea is that citizenship entails obligations to not be a criminal douchebag. You don’t necessarily have to be a “nice” person, but you can’t make your living criminally preying on others, or otherwise be guilty of major crimes like murder, attempted murder, rape or (say) mass murder. If you can’t handle following those fairly simple obligations, you can’t be trusted to not use those (curtailed) citizen rights in furtherance of new criminal activity. The gun part is the most obvious line of thought, but voting and jury duty are just as logical once you remember historical situations such as when Cook County was being run by Capone et Alia, and it was neigh impossible to convict connected crooks or elect honest governance.
In fact if Bernie’s Wet Dream of enlisting the (convicted) professional criminal class as a new and large Democrat voting block (to join their unconvicted brothers and sister) ever takes place, I can well imagine the next step – civil rights lawsuits vis a vie employment discrimination. Given the premise that boys/girls will be boys/girls and past misdeeds should not be held against convicts citizenship rights, there’s no logical reason a released past rapist/embezzler/thief/whatever should be denied full employment rights. You’re a convicted pedophile who wants to teach grade Schoolers? A convicted carjacker who always wanted to go into law enforcement? A convicted thief who wants a job handling money transactions of some sort? There’s a class action suit out there just waiting for you. Pile on Citizen, pile on…..
Morons, all morons!
xtron | April 24, 2019 at 8:35 am
because no higher power ever said anything about voting, it is NOT a right. it is a PRIVILAGE granted by governments.
convicted felons have had their voting privilage removed by something called DUE PROCESS.
txvet2 | April 24, 2019 at 9:42 pm
“”That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed…..” Voting is not a privilege granted by government, at least not in this country. Exactly the opposite.
I wouldn’t claim Cher as a DJT supporter, but her libertarian streak goes ‘way back.
smalltownoklahoman | April 24, 2019 at 8:43 am
Crazy Bernie at it again! *Sigh* Man Bernie, do you even understand why people lose certain rights when they are sent to prison for felony level offenses? A good part of it is because we as a society have said “we can no longer trust this person”. This includes not entrusting them with the right to vote because by their deeds they have expressed that they do not have respecting the rights and/or good of their fellow citizens at heart, at least in specific circumstances anyway. This is especially true of the Boston Marathon Bomber whom by his deeds it’s pretty easy to say he is actively malicious to our society in general!
Obviously it’s too early in the AM for some to get their cognitive faculties in gear. The point is NOT that incarcerated persons have some of their civil rights curtailed. D’uh. They can’t move about as they please, for one thing—that’s the essential feature of incarceration. The question here is exactly which rights, and why—what connection do they have to the sentence, or to crime & punishment in general? Other rights may be curtailed as an act of the legislature, or by bureaucratic whim. After serving the sentence, some may remain curtailed, some will be restored; again, as per legislation or whim. Exactly which rights suffer these fates is generally arbitrary. None (except the freedom to move about at whim) have anything to do with a sentence of incarceration. Whether a prisoner votes or not, he’s still a prisoner and still serving his sentence.
Bernie claims to have some basis in law for his opinion. I’m not sufficiently interested to investigate whether he’s right about that or not. Cher cites no legal authority whatever for her opinion, nor any philosophical justification. Just the “feelz”, which, to be fair, is of course sometimes all we have.
To be fair to Cher, she doesn’t have to “cite legal authority” to buttress her opinion, her personal opinion is also the current Law’s “opinion”. She’s merely stating she concurs with it for practical and logical reasons.
There’s an old saw to the effect that extreme claims require extreme proofs. Cher is not the outlier or extremest here, Bernie is. It is thus Bernie’s job to make his case that it is both historically, legally and practically justified that we should trust those who prey on society to help decide society’s direction.
Recovering Lutheran | April 24, 2019 at 9:10 am
This should surprise exactly no one. Since the 1960s (if not before) the Left has toyed with the idea that murderers, rapists, and thieves locked behind bars are really political prisoners victimized by a racist judicial system. According to the proponents of this theory, the REAL criminals who should be in the slammer are the Enemies of the People (read: anyone who will not bow the knee to our self-anointed Progressive betters).
What is new about Sanders’ and Harris’s latest pronouncement is that they now feel sufficiently powerful enough to put their mad plans into action in such a public way. They may be right about being beyond the reach of the Deplorables. A combination of the far Left Deep State, an education system that openly preaches communism, near absolute control of entertainment and media, and voting fraud schemes such as ballot harvesting means voters have an ever shrinking role in determining who rules them.
Barry | April 24, 2019 at 2:43 pm
Double Plus Good, RL.
stablesort | April 24, 2019 at 9:28 am
We do not take crime seriously enough. Our criminal justice system criminalizes too many things as a means of controlling the population at large. We need three types of punishment (forget rehabilitation) 1) misdemeanor – 3 months, 2) felony – 1 to 5 years and 3) felony – death. Restructure our laws accordingly.
Want to make it illegal to braid hair without a license or to urinate on Jane Fonda’s grave? Go ahead, but keep in mind that we’re not going to be able to punish according to the severity of the offense.
Do we risk innocent lives when employing the death penalty? We sure do, but no more than we risk lives in the military. It is a price that must be paid if civilization is to be maintained.
filiusdextris | April 24, 2019 at 2:07 pm
If this lifetime was all the existence we had, that would make sense, but this lifetime is short compared to eternity. We should be hoping and praying and working to ensure that as many as can be saved will be saved, even killers. While the death penalty may be necessary in some cases to protect innocent lives, more widespread (and somewhat more indiscriminate) use will likely mean that for many felons, their time for repentance is reduced. God can still work to change their hearts within the shortened timeline we create, but I’m not sure that we should be putting God to that test.
God can deal with them as God see’s fit.
Arguing we need to give them more time for God to do his work is perhaps the silliest argument against the death penalty I’ve ever heard.
By your own logic, God has infinity to do rehab as He sees fit after the sucker is executed.
JusticeDelivered | April 24, 2019 at 10:15 am
I wonder if cher has figured out that all those illegals already in LA suck up resources which should be going to our own people. Cher should embark on a campaign to repudiate sanctuary and to start expelling all those illegals. In the meantime we should dump illegals there until California understands that all illegals should be expelled.
Texasyankee | April 24, 2019 at 10:35 am
Does anyone know how many states allow felons who have completed their sentences to vote? I know conservative Texas does.
And is right in doing so, given that the perp in question has paid his debt to society, and by the mere fact of being released is recognized as being eligible to resume his place in society. Arguments can be made either way for parolees.
bobinreverse | April 24, 2019 at 11:14 am
Like every dem candidate but especially whitey Bernie has to show minorities that he talks the talk and walks the walk.
floridaman | April 24, 2019 at 11:36 am
Harris just wants to make sure her nephew Jussie will still be able to vote for her in case he goes to the big house.
Milhouse | April 24, 2019 at 10:10 pm
Jussie Smollett is not related to Kamala Harris. It’s a stupid stupid LIE that some idiot came up with because Harris is such a rare name that all Harrises must be related. And anyone who repeats it is just as stupid.
Ratbert | April 24, 2019 at 11:40 pm
Lighten up, Francis. I had to log in just to downvote you.
alaskabob | April 24, 2019 at 11:41 am
The trend is to restructure what is a crime. In California , auto theft under $15K is a misdemeanor but police will not investigate. Theft in Dallas below $750 isn’t a crime. Lawlessness is a mindset.
“…auto theft under $15K is a misdemeanor…”
Otherwise known as a training program for auto theft > 15K.
txvet2 | April 24, 2019 at 10:00 pm
Exactly the opposite of what Giuliani did in NY.
CKYoung | April 24, 2019 at 7:09 pm
This is an infantile position… what other “Constitutional” rights are we going to give back to incarcerated felons? They lost the right to vote via due process. There is a reason we don’t want rapists, terrorists, murderers, arsonists etc. voting. If the left can’t figure it out, I say they should put it in as a plank in their platform and see what happens. These people are absolutely f-ing insane.
Extending that logic would seem to imply that we punish all crimes by life imprisonment.
4fun | April 24, 2019 at 8:25 pm
Trying to understand how cher is even taken seriously by anyone.
So here’s my take on Clan Cher, stolen shamelessly from the internet.
Don’t feel bad, I got kicked under the table at a restaurant by my wife when she asked what trans fats were and I answered Chaz Bono.
forksdad | April 24, 2019 at 10:02 pm
This isn’t a democracy. We don’t want everyone to have the franchise, it’s too broad as it is. If I murder, rape, or kidnap someone take away my voting rights for life.
jmccandles | April 25, 2019 at 9:55 am
Perhaps some Leftard’s have a few brain cells left to think and reason with.
Notanymore | April 25, 2019 at 10:28 am
Noval Idea anyone on welfare should not have a right to vote. This would restore political integrity. Politicians could no longer buy votes with welfare.
If all prisoners had a right to vote politicians would spend more money on prison comfort. Imagine prison communities with 3 or 4 thousand votes in one lump sum.
Speak of prison reform Republicans would be pushing prisoners out right and left. Democrats would be the new tough on crime party. Talk about an upside down world.
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Courts Government
Squireses' Properties? Going, Going, Gone?
by Kimberly Wear
Courtesy of city of Eureka
The city tears down a house owned by the Squireses on H Street.
The city of Eureka originally selected Santa Monica-based attorney Mark Adams to help bring more than two dozen properties owned by Floyd and Betty Squires up to code. Now he’s hoping to see them auctioned off — and he intends to buy them himself.
If that were to happen on the scheduled Nov. 27 sale date, Adams says the lives of the people currently living in the assortment of homes and apartments owned by the couple would “change for the better.”
“Right now, that’s what’s intended,” Adams says in a phone interview from his Southern California office. “If we’re the successful bidder, then we would literally own the properties and we have a property management firm lined up to take over. … It’s not bravado to say people’s live are going to change for the better … We’re ready to go.”
The Squireses’ attorney, Bradford Floyd, has a different take, saying Adams’ “attempted” foreclosure of the couple’s properties “will be stopped.”
“It’s a ploy that they’re using,” Floyd says. “I don’t think they’re going to be successful … but that’s the road they’re traveling right now.”
How things got here is a long and complicated story that dates back to 2011, when the city first filed a lawsuit seeking to wrest control of hundreds of rental units away from the couple, claiming their management was akin to that of “slumlords.”
By then, the Squireses had acquired 77 code violation actions in an eight-year span and accrued nearly $500,000 in citations, fines and special assessments.
Known as a receivership, city officials have described the legal action as an “extreme remedy” but one that was needed to immediately address pervasive issues with unsafe and substandard conditions at 26 of the Squireses’ properties located within city limits.
After years of legal wrangling that included numerous delays and appeals, Judge Dale Reinholtsen eventually appointed a third-party monitor — known as a receiver — to inspect the properties and order needed repairs.
Adams briefly served as that receiver twice in 2011, a role which now belongs to former county planning commissioner Jeff Smith, who was the Squireses’ preferred choice.
But in the interim, the Squireses filed a civil lawsuit against Adams, his son Andrew Adams and their company California Receivership Group, claiming they jumped the gun in reaching out to tenants before a final court order in the receivership case had been filed.
After a jury found in the Adamses’ favor last July, Mark Adams successfully petitioned the court to order the Squireses to reimburse him for the costs he incurred defending the trespassing suit and for work he did during his stint as the receiver six years ago.
In February, Reinholtsen ordered the Squireses to pay Adams just over $158,000 — a mixture of legal costs, fees and compensation for about four weeks of receiver work — then essentially authorized Adams to secure the money by using the 26 properties as collateral.
When the Squireses failed to pay the $158,000, Adams says he turned to the deed of trust he held on the properties to collect by filing what’s known as a “non-judicial” foreclosure, equating the situation to that of a homeowner who defaulted on their mortgage.
Barring judicial intervention, Adams says, the properties are now slated to be sold as a bundle Nov. 27.
The starting bid: $277,566.73.
“Squires has no one but himself to blame for this court order and these fees,” Adams says. “It’s just so typical that he can’t acknowledge the power of a court order. … I understand exactly how to litigate with these people at this point.”
Floyd, who has represented the Squireses for several years, says he disagrees with Adams’ analysis of the situation but declined to discuss any legal avenues he and his clients might be exploring.
“It’s more legal maneuvering,” Floyd says of Adams’ plan. “That’s what is going on.”
The way Adams sees it, Squires has a few options at this point, including declaring bankruptcy or asking a judge to stay the foreclosure proceeding, saying “it would not be the first objectionable thing he’s done in this case.”
Neither, in Adams’ view, is viable.
“He didn’t make one effort to pay one dime of the judgement and I would suspect Judge Reinholtsen would not be sympathetic to him if he came in trying to stop the sale,” Adams says. “He should have just paid it.”
That still could happen but Adams says the bill has gone up by more than $100,000 in the meantime, between accrued interest and the expenses he and his company incurred trying to get paid.
That includes filing a July motion that is now pending before Reinholtsen in which Adams asked the judge to appoint a receiver to aid him in collecting his judgement, as well as additional amounts the Squireses owe to others if they join in the action.
In the court filing, Adams estimates the couple collects some $90,000 a month in rent from their properties while simultaneously running up a sizeable amount in outstanding debt, including $1.5 million in back property taxes, $300,000 owed to the city of Eureka and $650,000 to at least one mortgage lender.
“Without intervention by this Court via appointment of a post-judgement receiver, Squires(es) will continue to collect and use rents for their own accord instead of to maintain the properties properly and in accordance with California law and to pay their many judgements and other creditors, including the city of Eureka and Humboldt County,” the motion states.
Humboldt County Tax Collector John Bartholomew confirmed that the Squireses have several properties that are past the five-years delinquency point.
Brian Gerving, the city’s public works director who has been at the forefront of dealing with code issues at the Squireses’ properties, says he’s unsure whether the auction will actually take place at this point.
This year, the city has razed two of the Squireses’ properties and condemned a third.
“I would say that the city’s position is that anything that is going to increase the likelihood that the properties are rehabilitated and brought into compliance is a step in the right direction,” he says.
Adams, who has been appointed to oversee the rehabilitation of more than 100 properties in 11 counties by nearly 50 judges over the last decade, describes the Squireses’ case is the “most reprehensible we’ve ever been involved in.”
He says the “happy ending” would have been for Reinholtsen to have promptly appointed his receiver request, heard in August, to undo what he describes in his court motion as “a trail of devastation” that the Squireses have left in Eureka
But for now, the plan is to forge ahead with the foreclosure route.
“We are committed to getting the Squireses’ properties cleaned up, however we can do it,” Adams says.
Kimberly Wear is the assistant editor and a staff writer at the Journal. Reach her at 442-1400, extension 323, or kim@northcoastjournal.com. Follow her on Twitter @kimberly_wear.
This article appears in the Nov. 9, 2017 edition of the Journal.
Courts Government Floyd Squires Betty Squires Eureka Mark Adams Dale Reinholtsen Brian Gerving
Photo By Jillian Butolph
Squireses Set to Step Back From Their Rentals, at Least for Now
by Kimberly Wear | Apr 13, 2018
Bid to Alter Squireses' Bankruptcy Case Cites 'Gross Mismanagement'
by Kimberly Wear | Feb 24, 2018
Eureka to Shutter H Street Squires Property
by Jennifer Fumiko Cahill | Jan 13, 2018
Thadeus Greenson
Squireses File for Bankruptcy as Auction Looms 1
by Kimberly Wear | Nov 10, 2017
City Of Eureka
'Tipped Over the Edge' 3
Eureka's apparent attempt to publicly shame Floyd Squires may backfire
by Kimberly Wear | Sep 7, 2017
Neighbors Successfully Sue the Squireses
Meanwhile, the city of Eureka's long-standing case continues its courthouse march
by Kimberly Wear | Jun 8, 2017
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Arts+Entertainment » Literary Arts
Rege Behe’s PGH Pages: Chatham’s Sherrie Flick relishes teaching
“I never feel isolated in the classroom. There’s a great, vibrant energy, and exchange of knowledge that keeps me buoyed up on bad writing days.”
by Rege Behe
PHOTO: Richard Kelly for The Pittsburgh Writers Project
Sherrie Flick
If Sherrie Flick isn't writing short stories, she's editing a manuscript or penning a food piece for publications such as The Wall Street Journal. This South Side resident's versatility allows her a rare work-a-day independence, but it also requires solitude.
That's why Flick relishes every class she teaches in the MFA and Food Studies programs at Chatham University.
“The work we do, we do alone,” says Flick of writers. “There’s no real way around that. But I never feel isolated in the classroom. There’s a great, vibrant energy, and exchange of knowledge that keeps me buoyed up on bad writing days, for sure.”
Flick is releasing two new books with local publishers. Thank Your Lucky Stars (Autumn House) is a collection of short stories. She's also the series editor of The Best Small Fictions (Braddock Avenue Books). Each volume features her preference for extremely short stories, or flash fiction.
Some of the stories are less than a page long. “I like the idea of compression, being able to take a larger work and put it into the small form,” says Flick, who's been experimenting with flash fiction since 1987. “I also like the sense that there's almost a required interaction between the reading and the writing. As the reader reads the compressed scene, he or she is filling in more details than are on the page.”
Flick was born in Beaver County, but left when she was 18. She lived in New England, the Bay Area, Wyoming, and Nebraska before returning to Pittsburgh in 1998. Her works reflect her travels: There are no Western Pennsylvania landmarks in the stories, which are often set in anonymous, and sometimes Midwestern, locales.
“Some writers come here or grow up in this region, and the landscape and atmosphere of Western Pennsylvania, or Pittsburgh in particular, becomes imbued in their writing,” she says. “For me, and maybe it's because I grew up here, the landscape here is neutral to me as a far as being a writer. … This landscape has never sparked a creative interest for me. I write best when I'm in a kind of place I don't understand.”
Flick will appear September 7 with writers from Autumn House Press at Miller Gallery on the campus of Carnegie Mellon University.
For Flick, that means writing sojourns to the Florida Keys, New Mexico, or Cape Cod to work. But teaching at Chatham provides a ballast, a community, that she can't replicate anywhere. While the emotions of a story can flare briefly and sometimes linger, the byproducts of teaching are more tangible and lasting.
“These students become my friends and fellow writers,” Flick says. “And that big circle of mentorship and influence is important to me.”
More information: sherrieflick.com
The Bridge Series returns for a discussion on the region's air quality. “Breathing” will be explored by poet Barbara Edelman, a senior lecturer at the University of Pittsburgh; Nathaniel Broadus, youth projects coordinator at Partner4Work Pittsburgh and author of The Police State Saga; Grant MacIntyre of the University of Pittsburgh Law School, and former counsel for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; and City Paper’s Amanda Waltz. Proceeds benefit the Group Against Smog and Pollution.
Wed. Aug. 29.
$5. Brillobox
4104 Penn Ave., Bloomfield
brillobox.com/events.
Mystery Lovers Bookshop in Oakmont is again under new ownership. Natalie Sacco and Trevor Thomas, owners since 2015, sold this indie book store to Tara Goldberg-DeLeo and Kristy Bodnar, former New York City residents since relocated to the borough.
Goldberg-DeLeo has a background in publishing, having worked for McGraw Hill. Bodnar has worked in financial and tech services.
The new owners plan to expand the shop's children's section and offer fresh coffee, but otherwise maintain the focus on mysteries established by founding owners Mary Alice Gorman and Richard Goldman in 1990.
Chatham University launches Food Bank Farm to grow fresh crops for communities in need
More than a thousand march in student-led protest calling for justice for Antwon Rose II
Pittsburgh and Japanese college students celebrate city's first Coming of Age Day
Book Reviews + Features Books Sherrie Flick Chatham University Braddock Avenue Books
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Will Love Pass Me By william devine analog (26)
Everyone Relies on Time michael2 spaghetti western on acid (1), disgruntled at times (1), who am i ? (1), lo-fi (39), indie rock (41), psychedelic (124), synth wierdness (1), analog (26), improvisation (103), sexually ambigous but assured of my manliness (1), sine (7), oscillating faster than the speed of sound (1)
This Way bryanjbenting electro (185), 80's (40), analog (26), space (234), robot (24), lasers (2), Johny #5 (1)
Jason's Loop Song sundaydriver flute (193), percussion (78), fx (16), noise (85), strange (32), insane (17), crazy (86), humor (43), silly (43), drums (314), synth (386), analog (26), experimental (505), loop (46)
Second song MarkHolbrook analog (26), rock (1959), love (1469)
In the Forest (Micromoog Multitrack 1978) Bubowski Analog (26), Synthesizer (74), Old (36), stuff (16), from (23), 1978 (4)
Analog to Digital abstractreality abstractreality (239), Analog (26), Digital (14)
Quel Fromage poodyglitz electronic (563), trance (387), experimental (505), moog (32), space (234), fromage (2), arturia (6), protools (8), soundscape (49), analog (26), sequencer (1), collage (9), cinematic (124), soundtrack (289), film (111), score (38), trippy (50), psychedelic (124), filter (6)
heavens so near dimm witness New Wave (28), Old Wave (3), No Wave (7), Next Wave (1), Wavy (3), Wavish (1), Wavier (1), Newer (1), Older (2), No-er (1), Nexter (1), Electronic (563), Moog (32), Nat King Cole (2), Spooky (32), Miraculous (1), Beat Matching (1), Analog (26), Mattel (2), Synsonics (1), Radio Shack (4), Realistic (4), Moog (32), Crazy (86), God (270), Heaven (48), Near (4), Clever (5), a little too clever (1), borderline smarmy (1), please forgive me (1)
test after live dimm witness Moog (32), Realistic (4), MG-1 (2), Concertmate (3), Oscillators (2), Subtractive Synthesis (1), synthesizer (74), 24dB ladder filter (1), analog (26), bliss (10), tears (44), eyes. (1)
BoWevil (LIVE! Analog, Recorded 1971) wearebittersweet Prog (53), Progressive (220), Analog (26), Live (168), Hard Rock (100), Rock (1959), Minneapolis (8)
Zero In Twos wearebittersweet Bittersweet (16), prog (53), progressive (220), analog (26), live (168), hard rock (100), rock (1959), minneapolis (8)
Mabel (live, around 1971 +/-) wearebittersweet minneapolis (8), rock (1959), progressive (220), prog (53), hard rock (100), live (168), analog (26)
Untitled (live, analog 1971+/- wearebittersweet live (168), analog (26), bittersweet (16), minneapolis (8), hard rock (100), prog rock (19), rock (1959)
Blackened Bride (analog/studio/1971+/-) wearebittersweet rock (1959), minneapolis (8), bittersweet (16), analog (26), tape (2)
Changes (analog, 1972?, studio-w/false start) wearebittersweet Bittersweet (16), Minneapolis (8), Analog (26), Prog (53), Progressive (220)
Call My Name To The Sun (analog 19710 wearebittersweet Bittersweet (16), Analog (26), Minneapolis (8)
Ana Lager oldlibmike Analog (26), iPad (73), iMini (1), Mixtikl (3)
I'll See You Yesterday aRcTip analog (26), delay (17), hardware (5)
Bronx Cheer aRcTip analog (26), hardware (5), jam (94), sorry for the lack of MIDI (1)
You'll Never Know Me aRcTip analog (26), tape delay (1), jam (94), experimentation (3)
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Mark Carbery
Cars, brands and design
Changing attitudes to mobility: the hidden factor in the PSA-Opel deal
March 2, 2017 Brands, Cars, mobility, TransportApple, Automation, Connectivity, Geely, GM, Google, Lynk, Opel, PSA, Tesla, Volvo, VWmarkcarbery
The likely takeover of GM’s European unit Opel by PSA isn’t all to do with economics. It’s also about changing attitudes to mobility and transportation.
Although fully autonomous passenger cars are still some way off, the technology is well advanced. And connectivity is already becoming a must-have, so the way we access mobility can change very quickly once legislation and a wider offering from the OEMs and new entrants are in place. Together these things promise to turn the automotive industry upside down. That OEMs must adapt to changing market needs is clear.
Yet the OEMs aren’t impatiently waiting for legislation and market demand; they like the status quo. Their existing, set-in-stone business model is based on customers paying a premium for a brand and owning the asset or leasing it long-term. The OEMs build a car, send it from the factory gates to a dealer and see it again in three years’ time. That’s how they like it. They react to change; they don’t drive it.
What they do like is the fact that barriers to entry for new carmakers are significant. Designing and building cars is extremely complex and difficult, and it’s even harder to make money out of them. Tesla is an exception to an extent, but it is not fundamentally different or disruptive, and it still doesn’t make money. It makes conventional looking cars with battery packs and motors and sells them to mainstream customers. It hasn’t reinvented the form of the product or the business model, and automation is a feature on its cars, not a purpose.
Effectively Tesla wants to join the establishment but doing it with a bit of chutzpah; it’s not establishing a new paradigm. But that’s what new entrants should be doing and existing players need to move towards. The likes of Google and Apple have wisely stepped out of the shadows to think very carefully about what their place in the mobility landscape should be. In a decade or less the power may well be at the other end of the value chain from the traditional business model, with Uber-type autonomous taxi brands and ultra-short-term leasing.
The barriers to entry here are far lower, and this is what the established OEMs have to be ready to be a part of.
So in the next few years they ought to be redefining themselves – moving away from the selling and ownership model, not trying to please everyone everywhere and instead focusing on the specific areas where they can offer real value and relevance. This was implicit in GM president Dan Ammann recently saying, “…we need to decide what we’re not going to do.”
It’s through this lens that we should view GM’s offloading of Opel. Leaving Europe is a big move for a company which has previously tried to be a leader in all markets, and no carmaker has ever walked away from a big share in Europe. But these are times which require clear sight and strong action. Yes, there are the financial imperatives – it hasn’t made money in Europe this century and, the last time it did, Clinton was in power: the world is has changed massively since then.
Being prepared to abandon declining markets and profits means that it can focus more on new technologies and new revenue streams. That’s the consequence of what Amman was saying.
Some of the other major OEMs are showing evidence that they’re beginning to think about how they can fit into a world of disruptive change – Volvo for example has established a new shared mobility unit and its parent Geely has recently launched the Lynk and Co brand, founded on the trend towards ad hoc usership.
But among the biggest players any new mindset is a consequence of necessity. VW is reinventing itself as an EV and mobility provider – forced into faster, more fundamental change by the diesel scandal – yet as part of that process is having to ask fundamental questions of itself: what is it, what is its purpose, what must it and can it become for the future? These are questions which, when answered, define a brand.
And ultimately this is a question brand – of purpose, relevance, engagement, vand culture. All the OEMs must start focusing on the shift from being a manufacturer of products – autonomous pods will inevitably commoditise a brand – to being a deliverer of a service and an experience creator. The existing OEM brands and new entrants all have to forge a positioning and offering which will allow them to prosper in the 2020s and 2030s, when the marketplace will look very different from today.
GM, for all the unsentimental expedience of its farewell to Europe, may have taken the first steps towards that.
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Can car-loving Los Angeles be the model for driving lower carbon?
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White Lima
White Black Alpaca Blend Shawl Wrap from Peru, 'White Lima'
White and black are knit into an original shawl of trendy elegance from Raquel and Gregor. The shawl is knit with a soft alpaca blend and finished by hand with crocheted borders.
90% alpaca, 10% nylon
Lay flat to dry
Hand wash separately in cold water
67" L x 24.5" W
Accessories Shawls Alpaca Accessories Alpaca Wool Accessories Alpaca Wool Blend Accessories Nylon Accessories Patterned Accessories Striped Accessories
This item was created by Raquel and Gregor in Peru
Raquel and Gregor
"We would like to thank you for supporting our art, which in turn will benefit many Peruvian families."
"My name is Raquel Iriarte de Brenner and I was born on May 20, 1958 in the province of Piura. I describe my work as an art form, and I've been dedicated to it along with my husband, Gregor. Our garments carry the name "Sillpa" which is an ancient Aymara word that implies "softness," "comfort," and "pleasure."
"What draws me to weaving is the opportunity to work with natural fibers by rescuing ancient Inca weaving techniques. The greatest challenge I have faced is to educate my children in the right path so they may have a professional career. As far as work is concerned, the greatest challenge has been to present our work to people from around the world."
"My name is Gregor Brenner Knoch and I was born in Peru on 10 October 1954. I come from an artistic background, therefore the world to me seems more about creativity than technology. Each person is an artist at heart, I think we only need to let our 'artist' out.
"What motivates me to do this kind of work is to see natural fibers transformed into garments. We use as reference natural colors including those you see in the Andean landscape, the jungle, and the coast.
"We use natural materials including alpaca wool, fine cotton, and silk. We help an Andean community by employing weavers on traditional looms who then help us finish each piece by hand. Sillpa is dedicated to preserving Peru's millenary weaving traditions.
"We would like to give our thanks to Novica customers for allowing us to be part of this great international team. We would like to thank you for supporting our art, which in turn will benefit many Peruvian families."
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Woman says poop from a passing plane fell onto her face and gave her pink eye
Low angle view of an airplane flying in front of cloudy sky in bright morning
By Morgan Sung 2018-06-06 19:45:28 UTC
A woman in Kelowna, Canada contracted pink eye after her car was pelted with human poop from an overhead plane.
Susan Allen and her son Travis were waiting at a traffic light on May 9, enjoying the spring weather with the sunroof open. Then a nasty slush of sewage and lavatory chemicals started raining down on her car and the car idling next to her, covering Allen, her son, and the other driver in human waste. It was truly a shitstorm.
SEE ALSO: Kanye West trolls us into listening to a song about scooping poop
“It was in my sunroof, it was all over my seat, it was in my face, and down my shirt," Allen told Vice."It was disgusting.”
Allen added that the smell was so bad, Travis, 21, immediately vomited. When she looked up through the poop-soaked sunroof, she saw a plane flying above.
Allen drove straight to a carwash after the incident and hosed down herself, her son, and her car. She told the Star that the experience was "disgusting, degrading, [and] demoralizing."
She also came down with conjunctivitis — commonly known as pink eye — from coming in contact with poop. Her eye swelled up to the size of a golf ball. In the doctor's note obtained by Vice, the physician blames "being inundated with sewage" for the infection.
Transport Canada is investigating the incident — since the Kelowna airport was nearby, the loose sewage is believed to have fallen out of a passing plane.
According to CTV News in Vancouver, Allen isn't the only victim of a turd bombing. Another man in Kelowna found his car covered in feces on May 12.
In a statement to Gizmodo, Transport Canada said that the department is "collecting and reviewing recent incidents" and "given this review is ongoing, we are not in a position to provide more details at this time."
Allen kept quiet about the experience for almost a month because she didn't want to tell people that she was (literally) shit on. But when Transport Canada delayed on taking action, she decided to go public. In an interview with Global News, she said "an apology would be nice" and requested compensation for her pink eye.
The sewage tanks in airplane bathrooms are supposed to be dumped in specific airport facilities, but according to Transport Canada, it could leak and freeze to the plane's exterior. Known as "blue ice" because of the disinfectant's bright blue color, the frozen disinfected poop can melt off the plane and fall onto innocent bystanders as the aircraft descends.
Airlines have been having a crappy year, from accidentally sending a dog to Japan instead of Kansas City, to making emergency landings when a passenger was partially sucked out of a broken window. And last year wasn't much better — even if passengers were less likely to die in a plane crash in 2017, it seems they were more likely to be treated like garbage.
But few things are as disgusting as being inundated with feces.
"All we want people to know is that it was quite devastating to be covered in poop," a distraught Allen told the Star. "And I hope it never happens to anybody else."
WATCH: NASA is attempting to fly a helicopter on Mars for the first time
Topics: Airlines, Culture, poop
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Manchikoni Breaking News, Live Updates, Latest Headlines, Viral News, Top Stories, Trending Topics, Videos
Home / Health / The science behind these viral videos of frozen soap bubbles
The science behind these viral videos of frozen soap bubbles
Leo Tolstoy Health
It has a YouTube video, a built-in freezer at a negative 20 degrees Celsius, and a few very charred engineering students for researchers to finally find out why freeze soap bubbles look like shines in a snowball. The trick itself is a popular winter science experiment when temperatures fall under freezing: head outside, blowing a bubble, light it softly on snow or ice and watch crystals dance on the movie until the whole thing & # 39; 39 is a delicate ice ball. It is visually astonishing – but until recently people didn't know exactly why bubbles freeze in this particular, enchanting way.
When a drop of water or a puddle of freezing, it usually starts in ice at the coldest place, where it comes in contact with other snow or ice. Fresh ice freezes the neighboring water and creates a pretty orderly pace over what is called a freezing front. But when you freeze a bubble in a cool room, all that command goes out of the window quickly.
It usually starts growing, from the bottom, where it touches the ice, to the top, but then suddenly hundreds of freezers appear on the bubble's surface. "It looks like the whirling crystals you'd see in a toy snow world. That's why we call it a snowball effect," says Jonathan Boreyko, co-author of & # 39; a new article about the snowball effect, just published in the journal Nature Communications .
Farzad Ahmadi and Christian Kingett
Boreyko, a mechanical engineer, leads a Virginia Tech laboratory focusing on how liquids act – including how pools and drops freeze. When some of his graduate students wanted to know if they could look at why bubbles in popular YouTube videos were frozen in those separate patterns, he was excited. "I think it's the first time in my life. I can say that my paper was inspired by YouTube." Boreyko says. Graduate student Farzad Ahmadi and undergraduate Christian Kingett will bundle in jackets for years and borrow a nearby laboratory's walk-in freezer – cooled to negative 20 degrees Fahrenheit – to carefully deposit soup bubbles on ice with caps.
Because of all the cold work, they found that the snowball effect was driven by something called a Marangoni flow. "It's just fancy talking for basics, liquids flowing from hot to cold at an interface," Boreyko says. As the bubbles in the freezer froze, the still-liquid portion of the bubble continued to move and poured ice crystals from the growing freezing front and overturned them. Those ice crystals each created their own freezing front, allowing the bubble's surface to solidify faster.
But in a freezer where everything is the same temperature, how were parts of the bubble enough to create the flow? "It seems the answer is in the freezing point," says Boreyko. "It's very counter-intuitive to people who aren't in the field, but when you freeze it, it's actually warmed up." That little bit of heat (usually just a few degrees) is enough to start moving the soap to the top, where the freezer still keeps it cold.
After the degree students thawed a little, they tried the same experiment at room temperature, and then called again at a block of ice. The results were very different, as you can see in this video:
Instead of completely freezing, the bubble just halves the freezing front … stop. The warmer air in the room holds the bubble in a strange purgatory until the air slowly creeps out of small holes in the frozen half of the bubble. The holes are so small that Boreyko says it took a few minutes for some of the half-frozen bubbles to fall completely.
Both experiments have been poisonous, and if you live in a cold climate, you get the chance to try the experiments for yourself this winter. All you need is a little soap solution, a cold surface (such as snow), and a day where the air is freezing.
"It's pretty easy for people to do and that's why I wanted to do it," says Boreyko. "Anyone can see the effects themselves, and it can tell the reasons behind the beauty they see if they are interested in learning more about it."
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Rabies Alert issued for Leon County Department of Health
Bella Thorne unveils her and ex Tana Mongeau & # 39; is no longer good & # 39 ;: & # 39; She has a broken girl code & # 39;
Amazon Facing Antitrust Probe in the EU About Its Use of Marketplace Merchant Data
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Category: Jay-Bee Oil & Gas
Pipeline Ruptures & Burns at Jay-Bee Well Pad in Tyler County, WV
There was a rupture of a gas pipeline at a Jay-Bee Oil and Gas drill pad in the Big Run area of Tyler County, WV early Friday morning. There was no explosion, and no one was injured–but there was a fire and the fire could be seen for miles in the dark early morning. The fire from the ruptured pipe (cause still being investigated) burned for an hour before it was extinguished. The wells on the pad are currently shut-in while the WV Dept. of Environmental Protection investigates. This is not the first Jay-Bee accident in the Big Run area…
July 13, 2015 Accidents, Energy Companies, Industrywide Issues, Jay-Bee Oil & Gas, Pipelines, Tyler County, West Virginia
More Bids to Drill Under WV State-Owned Land, Incl Ohio River
West Virginia keeps up its aggressive push to lease and allow drilling under state-owned land–both under the Ohio River and under other tracts of state-owned land in prime Marcellus/Utica country. Last Friday the state Dept. of Commerce, responsible for overseeing the leasing program, opened its latest round of bids. Some of them are truly eye-popping. You may recall Antero Resources has paid $12,000 per acre (with 20% royalties) to drill under 518 acres of the Conaway Run Wildlife Management Area (see Record High Bid to Drill Under Bambi’s Home in Tyler County, WV). In the bids opened Friday, Jay Bee bid an even higher price to drill under the Jug Wildlife Management Area, also in Tyler County…
January 27, 2015 Energy Companies, Gastar Exploration, Jay-Bee Oil & Gas, Lease & Royalty Payments, Marshall County, Noble Energy, Statewide WV, Statoil, Triad Hunter, Tyler County, West Virginia, Wetzel County
Frack Tank Explosion in Tyler County Shuts Down Jay-Bee Pad
Try as we might, sometimes an important news story slips by our otherwise keen eye on the Marcellus and Utica. Case in point: On Jan. 2 there was a rare accident at a shale drilling site in Tyler County, WV, a drill site operated by WV-based Jay-Bee Oil & Gas. A flow-back tank on the drill pad exploded, injuring a worker at the site and causing the spill of a “black sludge” onto a neighboring field. The West Virginia Dept. of Environmental Protection (DEP) shut down the Lisby drill pad operation, which is located along Big Run Road, roughly 6 miles southeast of Middlebourne, WV, and issued Jay-Bee a citation over the incident.
Jay-Bee was supposed to have provided a report to the DEP by yesterday outlining what happened and why. The DEP is also requiring Jay-Bee to provide a best management practices plan for flow-back tank systems at all of its operations in WV. In other words, Jay-Bee is now on the hot seat and needs to prove to the DEP that they can operate safely. Here’s what we can so far find about the accident, including the WVDEP’s statement about it…
January 15, 2014 Accidents, Energy Companies, Hydraulic Fracturing, Industrywide Issues, Jay-Bee Oil & Gas, Tyler County, West Virginia
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Serving Southeast Utah since 1896
City of Moab
San Juan County
Tennis team has mixed results in first competition
Mar. 20, 2019 Jun. 8, 2019
The Grand County boys tennis team finished in the middle of a crowded St. George Invite on Friday, Mar. 15 and Saturday Mar. 16, the team’s first tournament of the 2019 campaign.
According to coach Skylar Johnson, the team finished seventh out of 14 schools and Grand was the second highest ranked 3A team at the tournament.
Grand beat the Juab Wasps 3-2. Kai Wainer, Kasey Kemp, and Cody Johnston won their singles matches. Wainer went 6-2, 6-3, Kemp 6-3, 6-1, Johnston 6-1, 6-0. In doubles action, the boys lost both matches to Juab.
Grand beat the Hunter Wolverines 3-2. Wainer, Kemp, and Johnston won their singles matches. Wainer went 6-3, 6-4, Kemp 6-1, 6-4, Johnston 6-1, 6-4. In doubles action, the boys again lost both matches.
The boys lost all singles and doubles matches to the Bonneville Lakers both days of the tournament.
The team went 1-5 against the Morgan Trojans. Wainer was a singles winner 6-1, 6-0.
“We went 2-3 as a team. We won two on Friday and wound up in the championship bracket on Saturday. We lost to two bigger schools. Our first singles went 4-1 and everyone else went a mixture of 2-3,” Johnson said.
The team is scheduled to face Richfield and South Sevier on Tuesday, Mar. 26 and will be home to play San Juan on Mar. 28.
© 2019 The Times-Independent
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Huawei P30 could land at the end of March
The Huawei P30 and Huawei P30 Pro are both likely to land soon, but exactly when has been unclear so far, with no real release date rumors. But now one rumor has emerged, and points to an announcement at the end of March.
The source of this rumor is Polish site Telix.pl, which adds that the unveiling will be in Paris, but it’s not clear where it got the information from, so we’d take it with a pinch of salt.
Huawei would accept EU ‘supervision’
Report: New iPad mini 5 will look the same as iPad mini 4 design, aimed as lower cost product
Huawei Mate 20 Pro deals: a world class phone at an unbelievably low price
Huawei Mate X foldable smartphone posters hint nearing launch
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Max Yates, Ph.D.
Astrodynamicist & Space Systems Innovator
Angles-Only Navigation Research
Military Fellow at MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Invented angles-only navigation technique for spacecraft proximity operations with non-cooperative targets
First known maneuver-free & unassisted solution for angles-only navigation
Applications for space situational awareness & optimal trajectory planning
MIT Space Systems Lab Download Dissertation
National Space Strategy & Policy Papers
Recipient of the William S. Sims Award for top graduate in the College of Naval Command and Staff at the U.S. Naval War College, June 2018
An End to Enmity? An Examination of the Sino-U.S. Space Policy
Statecraft and the Space Economy
From Exclusion to Inclusion: Reformulating the U.S. Space Policy on China
Nowhere to Hide: A Rapid, Crowdsourced Solution for Global Space Situational Awareness
Enhanced Orbit Prediction Research
Applied Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser (KAM) Theory to predict the evolution of non-conservative perturbing forces on Earth orbits
Advanced KAM torus orbital models evaluated with GPS data from the International Space Station
Eliminates special and general perturbation paradigms by representing orbits on tori in 6-dimensional phase space
First to demonstrate that perturbed motion near KAM tori is predictable
Advised by Bill Wiesel Download Thesis
A Foundation for Leading Change
Student Body President of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (top hat tradition)
Pioneered beam energy propulsion technology with Dr. Leik Myrabo to lower the cost of accessing space
Distinguished Graduate of the U.S. Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps, Detachment 550
The contents of this site reflect my own personal views and are not necessarily endorsed by the Department of Defense. Designed by HooThemes.
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Home News & Events News Meet the 2019 Inspiring Explorers
Meet the 2019 Inspiring Explorers
It is with much excitement that we can now announce the team that will be heading to the Antarctic Peninsula next month on our 2019 Inspiring Explorers' Expedition with Olympic kayaker Mike Dawson!
They are accomplished photographer Alexander Hillary (Sir Edmund Hillary’s grandson); living kidney donor and freelance camera operator Leah Stewart; Wellington communications specialist and mum Rosanna Price; Christchurch learning advisor Georgina Archibald; and photographer and sound specialist Marco de Kretser, from Auckland.
Inspiring Explorers 2019: Leah Stewart, Alexander Hillary, Marco de Kretser, Rosanna Price and Georgie Archibald. Image courtesy of the Antarctic Heritage Trust.
The group will join two students and a teacher from Sir Edmund Hillary Collegiate on the expedition in March. The group will travel to the Antarctic Peninsula from South America aboard a One Ocean Expeditions vessel.
Sir Edmund Hillary Collegiate PE teacher Caragh Doherty will accompany Year 13 students, Mele Fetu’u and Lana Kiddie-Vai who were selected to join the expedition late last year under a new partnership between the Trust and the Collegiate. The agreement was inspired by the connection they both share to iconic New Zealander, and the Collegiate’s namesake, Sir Edmund Hillary.
Inspiring Explorers Lana Kiddie Vai, Mele Fetu'u and Caragh Doherty. Image courtesy of the Antarctic Heritage Trust.
Expedition leader and Trust Executive Director Nigel Watson says once there, the team will go kayaking under guidance from One Ocean’s experts and Mike Dawson, which will be an exhilarating experience.
“They’ll paddle between icebergs and through the pristine playground of whales and seals taking in the sights of Antarctica including penguin colonies and historic bases. It’ll be beautiful but not without its challenges.”
“Antarctica has the power to change lives. Such a close and personal experience with Antarctica allows them to connect with the legacy and spirit of exploration. It’s about inspiring a new generation of explorers.
Nigel says the 2019 Inspiring Explorers’ team is an incredible one, and each person will have the opportunity to grow.
“Our Inspiring Explorers’ Expedition programme is about encouraging young people to connect with the spirit of exploration. We ask each team member to share their story to inspire others to explore too. It’s about getting young people out of their comfort zone, off their devices and into the world around us.”
Mike Dawson, who has kayaked in some of the world’s most extreme waters, says this expedition will be unlike anything he’s ever experienced.
“Antarctica is an exciting, unpredictable and harsh environment, but this is a chance to get to know its history, its wildlife, science and its importance to the world today. I can't wait to share this journey with a group of young enthusiastic explorers who are at the start of their adventuring lives.”
This is the fourth Inspiring Explorers’ Expedition, and follows last year’s successful 560km crossing of the Greenland ice cap, the summiting of Mt Scott in 2017, and the crossing of South Georgia island in 2015.
Read more and follow the expedition on our dedicated Inspiring Explorers’ Expedition website.
Updated on 7th March 2019
info@nzaht.org(03) 358-0212(03) 358-0244
Private Bag 4745, Christchurch Mail Centre 8140
Inspiring Explorers' Expedition 2019
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Research builds on genetic link to autism and schizophrenia
by University of Leeds
A genetic link between schizophrenia and autism is enabling researchers to study the effectiveness of drugs used to treat both illnesses.
Dr Steve Clapcote from the University of Leeds's Faculty of Biological Sciences will be analysing behaviour displayed by mice with a genetic mutation linked to schizophrenia and autism and seeing how antipsychotic drugs affect their behavioural abnormalities.
"We don't fully understand how the drugs used to treat schizophrenia and some symptoms of autism work," explained Dr Clapcote. "If we can show they can affect mice with this particular genetic mutation, then it gives us a clue to better understand the illnesses and opens up the possibility of more targeted treatments with fewer side effects."
A number of autism and schizophrenia patients have been found to have mutations of neurexin 1a, a protein which helps to form and maintain nerve signals in the brain. Scientists in the USA recently discovered that mice with the same genetic mutation display behavioural abnormalities which are consistent with schizophrenia and autism.
Dr Clapcote is planning to build on these initial findings to provide further evidence for a genetic link to the conditions. He also aims to assess the impact on the mice of antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia and some symptoms of autism.
"The genetic studies so far are suggesting a common cause for both schizophrenia and autism, which is something our studies will help to establish," said Dr Clapcote. "However, these illnesses are complex, involving not only inheritance, but other factors such as environment and experience. It's possible the genetic mutation might create a predisposition, making people more likely to develop autism or schizophrenia."
The mice will be run through a series of tests designed to assess behaviour related to autism and/or schizophrenia: hyperactivity, sensitivity to psychostimulants, attention levels, memory, social interaction and learning. Dr Clapcote will also look at verbal communication - using bat recorders to 'listen' to the interaction between the mice which takes place beyond the range of human hearing.
"Behaviour is the final output of the nervous system and the means by which autism and schizophrenia are diagnosed, which is why our research focuses on behaviour," said Dr Clapcote. "Schizophrenia and autism patients both display lower levels of verbal communication and we hope to see this mirrored in the mice we're working with."
The two-year project has been funded by a £250,000 grant from the Medical Research Council. If the research proves successful, Dr Clapcote plans to investigate a proposed link between neurexin 1a and nicotine dependence, as a possible explanation for why a large percentage of schizophrenia patients become dependent on tobacco.
Provided by University of Leeds
Citation: Research builds on genetic link to autism and schizophrenia (2010, February 24) retrieved 18 July 2019 from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2010-02-genetic-link-autism-schizophrenia.html
Researchers wirelessly hack 'boss' gene, a step toward reprogramming the human genome
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New method helping to find deletions and duplications in the human genome
From centenarians' genetic code, a potential new therapy against cardiovascular diseases
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Lisa Vanderpump quits Real Housewives of Beverly Hills after nine seasons
Tilly PearceSaturday 8 Jun 2019 9:06 am
Lisa Vanderpump has quit Real Housewives of Beverly Hills (Picture: Rex)
Lisa Vanderpump – the Queen of Beverly Hills herself – has reportedly quit Real Housewives of Beverley Hills after nine years on the show.
The reality star and restaurant owner has been a major character on the long-running reality series, joining in the show’s first season and remaining a constant throughout.
But after nine seasons, the British native has reportedly had enough, and has walked away after her fraught relationship with the other stars of the show blew up once again.
According to Variety, Lisa declared that she ‘wasn’t a housewife anymore’ as she was awarded the Legacy of Hollywood Award at the Real to Reel: Portrayals and Perceptions of LGBTQ’s in Hollywood.
In the latest series, she was accused of planting stories in the press to damage the reputation of another Housewife – something she has continued to deny.
Dorit Kemsley originally brought back a puppy she had adopted from Vanderpump’s Dog Centre, picking up tiny pup Lucy Lucy Apple Juice instead.
Lisa was one of the original housewives alongside Yolanda Hadid Foster and Brandi Glanville
(Picture: Rex)
But when Lisa enquired as to where the puppy was, Dorit said that a woman had fallen in love with her and she went to a better home.
However, it later emerged that the dog had ended up at a kill shelter, with Dorit then claiming that she had bitten one of her children.
Among the fallout, the other housewives took the side of Dorit, blaming Lisa for the story being leaked to the press.
Despite her even willingly taking part in a lie detector test to prove her innocence, there was no luck.
Lisa also has her own spin-off reality series, Vanderpump Rules.
Taylor Swift and Idris Elba throw some feline shapes in teaser for Cats The Movie
Love Island's Joanna Chimonides shuts down Michael Griffiths for calling her 'standoffish'
Ant McPartlin 'will return to I'm A Celebrity' a year on from drink-drive arrest
It’s not yet known if that has been cancelled as well.
The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills is currently available on HeyU in the UK.
Got a showbiz story?
If you've got a story, video or pictures get in touch with the Metro.co.uk Entertainment team by emailing us celebtips@metro.co.uk, calling 020 3615 2145 or by visiting our Submit Stuff page - we'd love to hear from you.
MORE: Love Island’s Callum Macleod reveals he quit job to be on reality show after getting kicked out in first week
MORE: The Good Place season 4 confirmed to be last season of Kristen Bell and Jameela Jamil comedy
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Gamble Holds Steady To Win Knighton 20
Written by runABC Midlands on Tue 14 Mar 2017
Ben Gamble laid down a marker with an early season win at Sunday’s (12 March) New Balance Knighton 20. The Tipton Harriers was first across the finish line in 1:47:33 followed by Patrick Martin of Stockport Harriers in 1:48:37. Oliver Harradence of Royal Sutton Coldfield AC was third in 1:55:52.
Hannah Jarvis of Dorking & Mole Valley AC was in equally fine form, winning the women’s race in 2:08:40. Deborah Thomas of Trentham RC was second in 2:20:11 with Joanne Bentley of Stone Master Marathoners third in 2:22:45.
David Alan Smith of South Cheshire Harriers was the midpoint runner, finishing in 2:51:22. The last runner came home in 4:40:11.
There was also a relay option for teams of three runners – men, women and mixed. It was a clean sweep for Stone Master Marathoners who won all three in 2:03:44 (men's team), 2:38:05 (women's team) and 1:59:57 (mixed team).
It was perfect spring weather for the Knighton 20 Mile Road race, third in the North Staffs Road Runners Association (NSRRA) series and popular with runners preparing for spring marathons. Formerly the Stafford 20 it is organised by the same team who are responsible for the Alsager 5 and incorporates a League Race and the Staffordshire Championships.
The race started at 10.30am from Knighton Sports and Social Club, Staffordshire with runners completing three laps around scenic country lanes with support and encouragement from spectators. There were prizes for the first three men, first three women and all age categories plus the first male, female and mixed team in the relays.
Every finisher received a technical T-shirt.
Photo courtesy of Bryan Dale.
Knighton 20
Tipton Harriers
Stockport Harriers
Royal Sutton Coldfield AC
Dorking Mole Valley AC
Trentham RC
Stone Master Marathoners
South Cheshire Harriers
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Vernon And Judd Secure UK Cross Titles →
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Our Places
Landscapes and localities
Historic homesteads
Walking Guide to Historic Milton NSW
Written by on . Posted in Guides
Take home more from your visit to Milton with a walk around its historic town buildings and charming late 19th to early 20th century homes.
Milton main street walk, plus two extension walks
The main street walk, Walk A, is about 900m and you can add two extension walks. The Walk B loop to the north is an extra 340m, and the Walk C loop to the south-east, adds another 1.8km. Each of the walks has stops at historic buildings and sites along the way, numbered A1 to A17, B1 to B3 and C1 to C22 for each loop.
You can access this guide one of three ways: using this online version, downloading a PDF you can use offline on your device such as a smart phone or tablet, or downloading a PDF that’s suitable for printing.
Walking Guide to Historic Milton, NSW – PDF for phone/tablet
Walking Guide to Historic Milton NSW – PDF print version
Walking Guide links
Milton settlement history
Milton architecture
Walk A – main street walk
Walk B – northern loop
Walk C – south-eastern loop
Walk A is a loop which starts and finishes on the south-west corner of Wason St and the Princes Highway. (see ★ on map, below)
– in the free all-day carpark behind the shops on the south-western side of the highway and accessed from either Wason St (driveway next to Annabel’s Cafe) or Myrtle Street
– park along any side street
– in the carpark on the eastern side of the Princes Highway behind IGA, and accessed from Church St.
If you need a comfort stop during your walk, you will find public toilets next to Milton Library (Walk A), in Mick Ryan Reserve (Walk B) and in the hall behind the Church of St Peter and St Paul (start of Walk C). Further south, you can sample the coffee and baked delights of the Heritage Bakery to then use its toilets (Walk C).
Milton is on Murramarang country, of the Yuin nation and Dhurga language group, and is overlooked by the sacred Didthul (Pigeon House) Mountain.
Didthul Pigeon House Mountain. An HC Blackburn postcard
Aboriginal occupation of the area extends back at least 20,000 years and the area has many fine examples of rock paintings, engravings and tool making. You can learn more about the indigenous history of this area by joining a local elder for a Coomee Nulunga Cultural Tour, named for Coomee Nulunga, aka Moriah/Maria, a well-known local Aboriginal elder woman (1829-1914).
Milton is set among one of the most beautiful pastoral landscapes in Australia with rolling green hills and dairy farms dating back to the 1830s. If you explore some of the surrounding countryside you will find elegant mid- to late- 19th century homesteads and farm buildings at Mt Airlie, Boolgatta, Kendall Dale, Kirmington, Whoppindally, Narrawilly, Sunny Vale, Pine View, Mimosa Farm, Loch Leven, Avenal, Applegarth, Danesbank and Eyrie Bowrie.
British settlers first came to the Milton area to harvest the valuable red cedar but soon realised the farming potential of the surrounding nutrient-rich volcanic soil, known as Milton monzonite. They also developed a thriving timber industry, cutting the tall, straight local trees such as the spotted gum (Corymbia maculata) for export to the Illawarra region and Sydney for building, railway sleepers and mine timbering. Along the elevated ridgeline from Stony Hill settlers built homes at ‘The Settlement’ (now Milton), and also to the west on the fertile plain at Croobyar, and at ‘Boat Harbour’, now Ulladulla.
Milton Subdivision Plan 1860, as surveyed by Morton
Milton town centre was subdivided in 1860 by speculator John Booth on land bought from Joseph Whatman of Myrtle Farm. The 32 lots sold in the area were bounded by Myrtle St, Thomas St, Church St and Croobyar Rd, with the Southern Rd (also locally known as Murramarang St, or also simply ‘Main St’, and now the Princes Highway) crossing it at an angle, causing some unusual block shapes and intersections. Streets were named for family and friends and the building lots sold quickly for up to £27 each.
Nobody knows for sure why the town was called Milton. John Booth had a cousin who owned Milton Park in Bedfordshire, or another story says that Booth was a fan of the English poet John Milton who wrote ‘Paradise Lost’.
Milton grew and prospered over the following century, becoming a thriving centre for the local industries of dairying, timber getting and silica mining. Although Ulladulla was the all-important port, Milton became the main commercial and shopping precinct for the entire district, with Ulladulla only moving ahead as the commercial centre since the 1970s.
Several of Milton’s main street public buildings date from the late 19th century and the surrounding streets have many fine examples of late Victorian cottages with their symmetrical layout, weatherboard cladding, steeply pitched ‘corrugated-iron’ roofs, and 4-6 post front verandahs. Among them you will also see layers of later buildings such as Federation and 1920s bungalow-style houses with single or double gables, post WW2 cottages with hip roofs, and also mid-century homes featuring corner windows and flat steel roofs.
Milton’s Murramarang or Main St (now Princes Highway), looking south east from near the corner of Myrtle and Thomas Streets. From a postcard dated 1908
Walk A – The Main Street Walk – 900 metre circuit on a level grade. All paved
Begin your walk on the south-west corner of Wason St and the Princes Highway (see ★ on map, above).
Note that the buildings are listed in order along the side of the Princes Highway that you are walking. However you will find that viewing them again from across the other side of the Highway will give you a better view of their overall architecture.
Walk north-west (uphill)
A1. 69 Princes Highway – Milton School of Arts/Town Hall (now Milton Library)
Built in 1871 by public subscription as a School of Arts, it was designed by T.O Charter and built by John Porter of Milton. Many townspeople enjoyed educational lectures and lantern slide nights held here. In 1874 the newly-formed Council of the Municipality of Ulladulla rented space here for its meetings for several years, then moved to Wason St (east side) into a timber-lined corrugated iron building. In 1927 it finally bought the School of Arts and moved back in, no doubt a welcome improvement in accommodation. The Council then renamed it the Town Hall, changing the sign on the building’s facade. Money from the sale funded the building of the ‘New School of Arts’, now the Milton Theatre, next door.
School of Arts, Milton NSW c.1910. Note original facade sign says ‘School Arts 1871’, not ‘Town Hall’ as it does today
After WW1 it was used as the ‘welcome home’ venue for returning servicemen and women, including decorated local nurse Kitty Porter and Military Medal winner Private Jack Jones. You can imagine the scene – the building decorated with Union Jacks and Australian flags, the Milton Town Band playing, the crowd of men in their best suits and ladies in white dresses with giant hats, and then the cheers as everyone pushes forward as the motorcar arrives, bringing their local hero home.
Since the 1980s it has been used as a library, although it came close to being closed down a few years ago and was only saved by the quick thinking and dedication of group of local volunteers.
You will notice a small annexe on the left side of the building – originally there was a matching annexe on the right side too, but it was demolished to make room for the Milton Theatre.
A2. 69 Princes Highway – Milton Theatre
Built in 1927-1929 from the proceeds of sale of the School of Arts to the Council, this building was originally called the “New School of Arts, Milton”, and was used as a dance hall and picture theatre. During the days of silent films, intermission entertainment included magicians, singers and even a woodchopping contest on the stage.
Milton street scene in the 1930s showing the ‘New School of Arts’ (built 1927), now the Milton Theatre. Bartlett’s bus travelled from Nowra to Moruya
Since then it has also been used as a community events centre and a cinema from 1952-1962, and also again from the mid-1970s. Today, the Milton Theatre is a much loved venue for live music, festival events and annual shows performed by the Milton Follies and the Milton Entertainers. It has stall seats and a small dress circle.
A3. 67 Princes Highway – Hindmarsh House
Dating from 1873, this classic Victorian-era brick residence was built as a private home for William Rutter Hindmarsh, whose initials ‘WRH’ can be seen over the door. Hindmarsh farmed out at Croobyar and played a major role in introducing Australian Illawarra Shorthorn cattle to the Milton area. He was also a local magistrate, dedicated pigeon shooter and stalwart of the Agricultural Society, often winning prizes for his vegetables.
Hindmarsh House, was Thompson’s Bakery in late 1970s
If he and his family ever lived in this house it was only for a very short time as by mid 1873 he had sold up all his property in the district and moved back to his home town of Gerringong. The building was later used as a telegraph office in 1876, and also as a bank, and by Dr Renwick as his surgery in the early 1900s. Most locals know it as ‘Thompson’s Bakery’, which it was during much of the 20th century. It was beautifully restored and renovated in 2014-15.
A4. 61 Princes Highway (north-west corner of Myrtle St)
Built in 1886, these corner buildings are now clothing shops and a solicitor’s office. In the 1950s-60s, Peter Gatehouse ran his ‘Electronic Devices’ business from here. He also used to startle the town by broadcasting his favourite music on Saturday mornings through speakers that he had rigged up on telegraph poles down the main street of Milton. Peter favoured light classics and popular tunes – and of course, he could then sell you the record from his shop.
Optional Walk B Loop
From 61 Princes Highway on the corner of Myrtle St, take the 340m Walk B extension loop by continuing north up the highway or, to continue the Main Street walk, cross the Princes Highway to the corner of Thomas St.
A5. 1 Thomas St – former Wesleyan Methodist Parsonage
Built in the early 1860s as a parsonage for the first Wesleyan minister on land donated by Henry Claydon. Although local folklore says that the parsonage was not occupied by Wesleyan ministers because the church hierarchy and the minister thought it was too grand, this is unlikely as several other similar buildings were used by Methodist ministers in NSW. The first minister, Rev J. Zillman was a single man who, not surprisingly, preferred to board with a local family, as did many subsequent unmarried ministers. However records show that Rev George Pickering and his wife Martha lived here in the 1870s.
The old parsonage was finally sold in 1929 and has been used as a residence, a hostel and, during WW2, as a surveillance post for spotting enemy aircraft.
Walk a little further down Thomas St to see Milton Public School
A6. 9 Thomas St – Milton Public School
The establishment of Milton School was one example of bitter rivalry during the 1860s-70s between David Warden of Croobyar (to the west of Milton, along Croobyar Rd) and a Milton town faction, headed by John Miller and supported by David Warden’s estranged brother James Warden, with whom he feuded for decades. David Warden wanted Croobyar to become the main town while Milton’s residents were just as passionate about promoting their town by getting government institutions established there. The argument over a Croobyar v Milton public school went all the way to the NSW Governor, who sensibly declined to get involved. Finally the Council of Education chose Milton as the place with the most rapid population growth.
Milton Public School c.1900. Milton NSW
The school’s original ‘rustic Gothic-style’ rendered sandstock brick building, designed by GA Mansfield, was built in 1877-78, alongside a four-roomed brick residence for the appropriately-named first school master, Henry Skillman. By 1895 the school had 183 pupils. A most-feared headmaster of the early 1900s, William J Healey (nicknamed ‘Rufus’) was notorious for his code of ‘spare the rod and spoil the child’, regularly wielding of a 4 foot long cane to discipline the children. Thankfully very different from the supportive and inclusive educational style of today’s school.
In the grounds of the school is an old timber classroom moved to the site from Brooman School in 1969 and also a Henry Kendall memorial garden built in 1966.
Cross back over Thomas St and walk across Milton Memorial Park to the Princes Highway
A7. Milton Memorial Park and Cenotaph
This park was created on the site of Pickering’s A1 Cash Store, demolished by Shoalhaven Council in 1979. Pickering’s was a two-storey masonry building with large verandah, built by Samuel Pickering, son of the Wesleyan minister.
Pickering’s A1 Cash Store once stood where the Milton Memorial Park is today, just south of the corner of Thomas St and the Princes Highway, Milton NSW
The granite obelisk was dedicated in 1923 and is inscribed with an honour roll of those from the Milton district who served during WW1 and WW2, including nurse Sister Kitty Porter awarded a Red Cross Medal in 1919, Cecil Baxter the Distinguished Conduct Medal (WW1), and Military Medals to William Booth, Walter Bishop, Thomas Duffy, William ‘Jack’ Jones and Edward King.
A8. 64 Princes Highway – Milton Courthouse
As Milton grew, the local court was moved here from Ulladulla in 1877, including fixtures and fittings from that building, despite the protests of Ulladulla residents who had donated them. The 1870s building with a police station at the rear was designed by Colonial Architect James Barnett but soon became too small for the court business of a growing town, so a new courthouse was designed by Walter Vernon. While the government initially considered the cost for this Federation-style courthouse to be too high, this handsome building was finally constructed in the mid-1890s after the original courthouse roof fell in.
Apart from the usual small crimes of petty theft (usually stealing animals), and being drunk and disorderly, Milton was so law-abiding that the Ulladulla and Milton Times suggested in early 1905 that “the people will have to stir themselves up a bit and run foul of the law a little more often than has been the case in the past, else we might lose the police court“. Fortunately for Milton, a minor crime wave must have followed as the Milton Courthouse is still used Tuesday to Thursday for the Milton Local Court.
A9. 66 Princes Highway – Milton Post Office
Milton’s first post office opened in January 1860 after vigorous petitioning by its wealthier residents, who saw it as essential for the new town’s future. This was equally vigorously opposed by Boat Harbour (Ulladulla) Postmaster, David Warden, who didn’t want its importance as the government centre diminished and claimed that most Milton inhabitants were illiterate anyway. After much impassioned letter writing by both parties, a somewhat bemused Post Master General approved the Milton licence but also continued that of Boat Harbour.
Milton Post Office single storey c.1900
The Milton post office was in various locations around the town until the original single storey building on this site, designed by NSW Government Architect WL Vernon and built by James Poole was finished in 1880. It had two porticos supported by square columns and a hip roof. Renovations in 1895 produced the unusual half circle window and a gable roof, and then the second storey was added in 1904.
A10. 72 Princes Highway – Mellick’s Corner
Cec Mellick, who arrived in Milton in 1938, was its most eccentric shopowner. A renowned collector and hoarder, he created a drapery and emporium-style shop plus offices in the 1950s by building a new shopfront along the highway and also cobbling together a number of repurposed old buildings, including the former corrugated-iron Council chambers around the corner in Wason St.
Cec was notorious for refusing to serve customers if he didn’t like something about them (for example, if they came from Victoria), for reciting lengthy passages of Shakespeare, or loudly offering unasked-for advice. But he was also a gifted glass-worker and cabinet-maker, and was very generous to local charities and to his community.
Mellick’s Corner in the 1970s
Cec Mellick sold his property to Shoalhaven Council for $1.00 in 1991 but could continue his use of it until his death. But by the early 1990s the buildings had become derelict and unsafe, while still filled with a tightly-packed jumble of display cabinets, wood-working equipment and unsold items, including boxed shirts, vinyl kitchen chairs, leadlight windows, and a perplexingly huge stack of flyscreens. Despite Cec’s expectation that his buildings would be used as a community arts complex, and facing local opposition, Shoalhaven Council demolished those along Wason St and sold the land for development.
A11. 74 Princes Highway – Commercial Hotel
The single storey Commercial Hotel built in 1871 was replaced with a handsome two-storey building around 1888, with an upstairs verandah and high-quality accommodation. The upstairs iron balustrading was added in 1919.
Commercial Hotel, Milton NSW. Peace Day march, July 1919
Unfortunately unsympathetic modernisation in the late 20th century removed the verandahs and the Commercial Hotel lost much of its external charm.
A12. 82 Princes Highway – Star Hotel
The original single level timber-slab Star Hotel on this site was built in 1860 by Edward Tyderman. A second storey addition with a decorative timber verandah and impressive parapet was added by Tom Cork (a renown teetotaller) and his wife Louise during their ownership 1906-1924.
Star Hotel Milton NSW. c1910
Starting in 1924, the facade of the Star Hotel has been very much altered, with an extension at its southern end, windows bricked-in, the removal of the balcony and verandah, and addition of a cantilevered awning.
Walk back to the pedestrian crossing and cross the Princes Highway. Or you can also view most of these buildings from this (eastern) side of the highway.
A13. Corner of Princes Highway and 39 Wason St – formerly Faust’s Newsagency
Just along Wason St from its north-west corner was a newsagency and confectionary business, run by the Faust family. It’s distinctive triangular gable is now covered by a new facade. In the early 1900s, JM Faust’s six acetylene lights on 4.5 metre poles lit up the nearby intersection. This was to encourage night-time shopping, as Faust’s stayed open until 10pm and was a popular venue for an evening game of euchre, with the losers shouting a threepenny hop beer or halfpenny toffee bar for the winners.
Faust’s Newsagency in Wason St, Milton NSW, late 1930s
Unfortunately patriarch J.M. Faust’s Germanic origins gave the family considerable difficulty during WW1 – his name was removed from the electoral roll, his personal bank account was frozen and a small percentage of the town were openly hostile. This was despite him being a naturalised Australian citizen since 1892 and two of his sons serving in the Australian navy. Fortunately Faust, a man who had shown in many ways his love for Australia and Milton, had many more supporters than opponents and he stoically endured this adversity, and remained and prospered in Milton.
A13(a) Outside 43 Wason St – Domed well
Straight ahead of you at the end of the raised section of footpath on the north side of Wason St you will see a curious concrete dome, about 3 metres in diameter. This is one of the Milton district’s many wells, dating from the late 19th century, which were used by early settlers in the days before town water supply. They are now all covered with distinctive concrete domes. You can see other domed wells at the Milkhaus cafe and on Mollymook beach near the Surf Life Saving club.
A14. 93-97 Princes Highway – The Settlement
‘The Settlement’ includes a row of Victorian masonry shops built by John Kendall in the 1870s, used as the Australian Joint Stock Bank (until 1888), then as auctioneer’s rooms (including J Boag and later JF Wallace) and now as a clothing shop, Pilgrims Vegetarian Cafe and Peach Cafe. Note the original decorative render detailing above the windows and doors.
At the rear of The Settlement (accessed through a short arcade between Peach Cafe and Wild Ivy or another arcade further on beside Brown Sugar Cafe) are Frederick Hall’s weatherboard shop and residence c.1874 (now Country Leather), sold to HC Blackburn in 1881 and incorporated into his store and residence.
A15. 103 Princes Highway – former Blackburn’s ‘The Popular’ store (now Wild Ivy, apple + arrow, and Milton Newsagency plus upstairs design and vintage shops)
HC Blackburn and Sons established a thriving retail business in Milton known as Blackburn’s ‘The Popular’ Store from the town’s earliest days. In 1899 he updated his small shop and post office with a grand quadruple-fronted two-storey shop, including a beautiful iron lace verandah. The bricks were handmade locally in the Montgomery Brick Kiln on Narrawallee Creek. The store sold everything from fresh food to furniture and fashion, and hardware to homewares.
HC Blackburn’s ‘The Popular’ store, viewed from the south, 1911
Meeting under Blackburn’s original verandah (now removed – it was in front of of the current Milton newsagent) soon became the town’s social hub, especially during Saturday night shopping. HC Blackburn, compulsive beard-stroker, owner of Milton’s first car and frequent extender of credit to those going through hard times – used to enjoy standing on the verandah and throwing lollies down to the children on Empire Day. The original verandah was demolished and the suspended veranda added in the 1950s. Blackburn’s continued through three generations but was closed by John Blackburn in 1973 and the shop converted into multiple uses.
A16. 107 Princes Highway – former CBC Bank Building (now Coast cafe and Specially Gifted)
Now hosting shops and cafes, the beautiful Italianate-style Commercial Banking Company of Sydney building with its decorative turrets and chimney pots, was designed by GA Mansfield and dates from 1875, with additions in the early 1900s. For the first half of the 20th century it was the only bank in the district.
Commercial Banking Company of Sydney in Milton NSW, and manager’s residence c1910
Take a short detour through to the Village Green, accessed alongside the old bank building. Enjoy panoramic views to the west, surrounded by cottage-style shops and several sign boards with further historical information about the Milton district.
A17. 111 Princes Highway – St Peter and St Paul Anglican Church
John Kendall dedicated the foundation stone of the Gothic-revival style Church of St Peter and St Paul on 21 August 1859, on land donated by Joseph Whatman of Myrtle Farm. The original church building (the long section with a tall arched window) was one of Milton’s earliest buildings, built by John Chandle and A. Bond in 1860. Lay preachers, such as Thomas Kendall, acted as clergymen in the early years as it took some time for the small congregation to attract a minister. Regular services began in 1869.
Anglican Church of St Peter and St Paul, Milton NSW original building, 1890s
The original building had a steeple added in the late 1800s and was extended in 1906-1907 by builders Mudge and Poole, adding a chancel, vestry, sanctuary and organ chamber as well as decorative windows. A small organ built by C. Richardson and Co of Sydney was installed in 1909 (restored in 2012).
In 1920, Alice Kendall planted the Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia) just inside the front fence. The weatherboard church hall behind the church fronting Church St, built by Mudge, dates from 1918.
The rectory, which stood alongside the church on the corner, was demolished in the 1960s.
From here you can turn around and walk back along the Princes Highway to finish Walk A at Wason St and the carpark, or you can take the Walk C loop extension
Optional Walk C loop
From the Church of St Peter and St Paul you can add the 1.8km Walk C loop continuing southwards along the Princes Highway to Croobyar Rd then back via Wason St to the carpark.
Walk B loop – a 340m northern loop between the corner of Myrtle St and the Princes Highway (Stop A4) and the Wesleyan Methodist Parsonage (Stop A5) – adds 340 m on a level grade. Some unpaved footpath.
From the corner of Myrtle St (stop A4) continue on the same side of the highway for 150 metres to Times Past B&B
B1. 51 Princes Highway – Times Past B&B
Built in about 1890 this late-Colonial style building was the homestead of one of the first dairy farms providing town milk.
Walk next door to the Heritage Fig in Mick Ryan Park.
B2. 49 Princes Highway – Mick Ryan Reserve and the Heritage Fig
This huge small-leafed fig (Ficus obliqua), with its 40 metre-wide canopy is a district icon and listed on the National Register of Big Trees. Probably every child born in Milton has climbed its majestic limbs or played hide-and-seek around its buttressed trunk. Local stories suggest a planting date during the late 1820s.
From the Heritage Fig cross the highway and walk southwards past several 1900-1920s cottages
B3. Corner Thomas St and Princes Highway Milton – Whatman family cemetery
Almost hidden between 56 Princes Highway and the former Wesleyan Methodist Parsonage is a small triangle of land which old records indicate is the burial place of Joseph Whatman, original owner of Myrtle Farm, bought by John Booth for his Milton town subdivision in 1859.
Now continue Walk A, the main street loop walk, beginning at 1 Thomas St, the Wesleyan Methodist Parsonage (stop A5)
Walk C loop – an 1800m extension loop from the Anglican Church of St Peter and St Paul (stop A17) back to the Wason St carpark. Grass (unpaved) footpaths and some moderate slopes.
NOTE – many of the historical buildings and sites listed here, including former churches, are on private property. While they can be viewed from the street, they are not open to the public, so please respect the privacy of owners and occupiers.
From St Peter and St Pauls Church continue south on the same side of the highway (west side) for 850 metres. The buildings listed are on both sides of the Princes Highway, shown by E or W on their listing
C1. 92 Princes Highway (E) – Milton Bakery
Dating from the early 1890s, this rendered Victorian two-storey corner building still has its original parapet but its elegant two-storey verandah has been removed.
92 Princes Highway, the two-storey building on the corner of Church St east side (now Milton Bakery), early 1900s
Continue on past several charming early 20th century cottages, several now repurposed as professional rooms and medical clinics
C2. 131 Princes Highway (W) – former doctor’s surgery and dispensary, now part of Milton Medical Centre
A Victorian Georgian-style masonry residence with a steeply-pitched hipped slate roof, this handsome building with its distinctive twin metal post verandah appears on some of Milton’s earliest photographs. Dr Nicholas Faust and Christian Koychen, pharmacist set up a practice here around 1874.
Early view of Milton looking SE from Church St, with 131 Princes Highway Milton visible in middle distance, c1880
C3. 141 Princes Highway (W) – former Salvation Army Hall
Built around 1900 and donated by William Garrad, the hall became the town’s centre for the Salvation Army, which came to Milton in 1886 and finally disbanded in 1932. The ‘Sallies’ band of drums and tambourines would often march into town on a Saturday night and play loudly outside the main street hotels. The Ulladulla and Milton Times reports in November 1892 that, in Milton, the Army can “number among our ranks some of those who were once the victims of drink, and whose vicious careers made them a standing menace to the more peaceably inclined citizens of Milton“.
C4. 122 Princes Highway (E – corner Gordon St) – former Lighthouse keeper’s cottage (now Lighthouse Medical Centre)
Really part of Ulladulla’s heritage rather than Milton’s, the lighthouse keeper’s cottage associated with the Warden Head lighthouse in Ulladulla was sold in 1922 when it became superfluous due to automation of the lighthouse. It was bought by Milton auctioneer John Boag who moved it here.
Warden Head Lighthouse at Ulladulla and lighthouse keeper’s cottage in original location c.1910
C5. 128 Princes Highway (E) – Masonic Temple
Founded in 1878, Milton’s Masonic Lodge originally met in the town’s School of Arts. This brick building dates from 1923.
Masonic Temple Milton, NSW, in 1924
C6. 146 Princes Highway (E)
This interwar period home is an interpretation of Federation style but with fibre cement sheeting above sill height. The building is listed by the NSW Chapter of RAIA in its Register of Significant Twentieth Century Architecture.
C7. 150 Princes Highway (E) – ‘Melrose’
Set well back from the highway, ‘Melrose’ is a pretty Georgian-style farm cottage with hipped roof and four-post verandah, built in the 1880s for the Kendall family
Continue along the Princes Highway to Croobyar Rd and cross Croobyar Rd to the Heritage Bakery. On the other side of the highway 50m along (past the Heritage Bakery) is a timber slab cottage at 176 Princes Highway, thought to be one of Milton’s oldest buildings.
C8. 201 Princes Highway – Heritage Bakery
Built in 1842 and then repurposed as a general store by Adam McArthur in 1870, this classic stone building, originally built in the Georgian style without a verandah, is possibly the oldest commercial building in the Shoalhaven.
Heritage Bakery Milton NSW, in 1899 being used as HC Blackburn’s temporary store
It was used as a temporary store by HC Blackburn in 1899 when rebuilding his Milton main street shop, and has also been a restaurant. It is now a bakery, famous for its pies.
Cross back over Croobyar Rd and walk 100 m along Croobyar Road
C9. 10 Croobyar Rd – site of Anglican Pioneer cemetery
In 1859 Roger Seccombe donated this land to Milton’s Church of England of St Peter and St Paul as its burial ground. Although over 170 burials were recorded here, there were only a few dozen headstones as most families could not afford anything more than a timber cross. The last burial was in 1903, as by that time the site was clearly unsuitable as springs flowed through it to the nearby creek.
Church of England ‘Pioneer’ Cemetery at 10 Croobyar Road Milton NSW, April 1976
Sadly, over a third of those buried here were children – many of them dying during epidemics of diphtheria, scarlet fever and typhoid in 1875-76. Decades of neglect and cattle roaming the site destroyed most of the headstones but many fragments remain below the ground, revealed by an archeological dig in 2011. The cemetery was sold to private owners in 1988.
Walk along Croobyar Rd for 300 metres to the former Congregational Church, crossing both Drury Lane and Gordon St. Note that Drury Lane is named not for the old nursery rhyme, but for the Drury family which ran most of the bullock teams used for dragging (snigging) cut timber from the forests to the mills.
C10. 38 Croobyar Rd – former Congregational Church and Manse
Congregational services began in 1872 after the church was built by stonemason James Poole from first class rubble masonry with dressed quoins and facings, and with elegant timber joinery by JB Moore. This handsome village church also has double glazed windows with cathedral glass, and a porch which was added in 1885 by Poole’s son, William Poole. The sandstock brick Manse behind the church was built in 1875, to save the minister his 30 miles of weekly travel from rented accommodation. The church’s burial ground is in the nearby locality of Woodstock.
In 1947, a wild winter gale blew off most of the roof and caved in part of the western wall causing extensive damage. Fortunately James Poole’s grandson George Poole was available to complete the restoration. This church became Milton’s Uniting Church in the 1980s however, by 2017, with the number of local worshippers falling, services moved to Ulladulla and the church was sold to private owners.
Walk along the northern side of Croobyar Rd to Wason St and then cross Croobyar Rd to the former Methodist Church.
C11. 71 Croobyar Rd – former Wesleyan (later Methodist Church) plus Sarah Claydon grave
This beautiful Victorian Gothic-style stone church is built on land donated by ex-convicts Henry Claydon and William Jinks. Designed by Colonel Thomas Rowe, it is constructed from coursed rubble walls with ashlar quoins and replaced an earlier timber building.
Wesleyan Methodist Church Croobyar Rd Milton c.1890s
The church opened for services in June 1883. It was extended in the early 20th century and also features a WW1 commemorative stained glass window.
After services moved to the Uniting Church, the church was sold to private owners in 1982. The building was internally renovated as a private home but is now used as a wedding venue and can be inspected by appointment.
It is the only Milton Church surrounded by its parish graveyard and has the grave of local ‘angel of mercy’ Sarah Claydon, a woman who devoted her life to the sick and needy in her district, particularly as a midwife, and refused all payment for her services. Her headstone reads “I was sick, and ye visited me”.
Cross back over Croobyar Rd and walk northwards up Wason St
C12. 69 Croobyar Rd – Mudge’s Corner and Turnbull’s Antiques
The long shed, which now houses Turnbull’s Antiques was used as a cordial factory in the early 1900s. Cordial makers made aerated drinks, including ginger beer and lemonade, for local customers in the days before refrigeration and international corporations like Coke and Pepsi.
Mudge’s workshops also housed a building company, a blacksmith and an undertaking business. The pretty timber Federation cottage fronting Wason St dates from 1906.
Walk up Wason St for 250 metres to see many well-preserved Victorian-era cottages. Buildings are shown as being either on the eastern (E) or western (W) side of Wason St
C13. 70 Wason St (E)
Victorian weatherboard worker’s cottage
Mid 19th century timber slab cottage, one of Milton’s oldest buildings
Late Victorian-era weatherboard cottage, renovated in the 1920s with a unique art-deco pressed metal hallway
C16. 73 Wason St (W)
Late Victorian weatherboard cottage
C17. 69 Wason St (W) – ‘Priaulx Villa’
Built by the Hamon-Pearce family in the 1870s and named for Rachel Hamon’s Guernsey-born father, Pierre Priaulx.
A Georgian-style Victorian-era brick cottage
C19. 63 Wason St (W) – now Mrs Top at Milton B&B
Victorian period worker’s cottage
C20. 61 Wason St (W, corner Charles St)
Victorian weatherboard corner store, used by John Bollingmore in the 1890s as a grocery and drapery in and, by 1905, WH Lander, solicitor
C21. 48 Wason St (E, corner Charles St) – the King House, now Legacy House
Georgian-style Victorian-era two storey brick residence, built about 1875
From here, look back down Wason St to compare with this early 1900s photo
Wason St Milton, looking south from Charles St to Croobyar Rd. King (Legacy) House near left, Mudge’s workshops end of Wason St right side, and former Wesleyan Methodist Church in distance
C22. 42 Wason St (E) – Donovan’s Cottage
Victorian-era weatherboard cottage built in 1870.
Walk C finishes where Walk A began, at the Wason St carpark (BACK TO TOP)
A Driving Guide to Historic Ulladulla
Historic Sites of Milton, Narrawallee and Mollymook
A Driving Guide to Historic Sites of the Lower Shoalhaven (from Bendalong to Durras)
Sources and Other Resources
The books listed are available for reading in Shoalhaven Library’s Ulladulla and Milton branches in the local studies section.
Nulladolla – a history of the Milton-Ulladulla District by MUHS, 2013
Meet the Pioneers by Joanne Ewin, 2004
Memoirs of Mollymook, Milton and Ulladulla by Alex McAndrew, 1990
Milton Ulladulla Historical Society archives and photograph collection
ulladulla.info/history
australianhistoryresearch.info
Historic Milton Walking Guide – Milton Promotions
© Milton Ulladulla Historical Society Inc, 2019
MUHS bus trip to historic Braidwood, NSW
Written by on . Posted in Our Stories
Come with MUHS on our bus trip to the beautiful historic town of Braidwood, on Sunday 10 March 2019.
It’s only a 1.5 hour drive by comfortable bus from Milton-Ulladulla to see one of NSW’s most picturesque historic towns, where many of the old town buildings have been preserved and restored.
Milton Ulladulla in 1883
Written by on . Posted in Industries, Our Stories, People, Places
On 20 January 1883, the popular broadsheet publication ‘Australian Town and Country Journal‘ published a unique insight into the district of Milton-Ulladulla. Called ‘Southern Pencillings‘ and attributed to ‘The Raven’, it included several line drawings featuring Pigeon House mountain, Lake Conjola, Airlie House and Ulladulla Harbour.
Ulladulla’s famous Funland, and Rowen’s Arcade
In the late 1940s and early 1950s, with my wife Doreen, we would spend many weekends in the Milton-Ulladulla area, spear fishing and water skiing. When King’s Point was subdivided, we had the first house built there by Millard and Ingold builders, as a weekender.
Farewell Joanne Ewin
Written by on . Posted in Our Stories, People
The Milton Ulladulla Historical Society (MUHS) recently lost one of its highly-valued Life Members with the passing of Joanne Ewin on 24 January 2018, a well-known and respected member of the Milton-Ulladulla community and a past secretary of MUHS.
Join MUHS today
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Home / African
African names - Baby names with the origin African
The Naming Complexity Of Africans
African people speak 2,000 different languages and comprise over a 1,000 various ethnic groups. Religious practices vary from Voodoo to Muslim to Christian, with many others in between. Major name types are indicative of usage and can imply geographical regions. They consist of Eastern Africa, Southern Africa, Western Africa, Yoruba, and Igbo. Interestingly, Nigerian names span the last 3 types of 5 classifications. The multitude and diversity of its inhabitants make Africa one of the most complex in naming customs on the planet.
The Continent
The first human habitation in the world and according to paleontologists, the origin of human beings, the African continent is the oldest in the world.1 With youths, aged 14-25, comprising over 20 % of the countries total population, Africa is also the youngest continent. Second only to Asia in population and size, Africa blankets 20.4 % of the Earth’s total land area. Africans number over 1 billion accounting for about 15 % of the world population.2 The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea (N), the Atlantic Ocean (W), the Indian Ocean (SE), and the Red Sea & Suez Canal (NE).
Name Derivations
Naming practices in Africa are often references to the circumstances or the birth’s timing. For example, Akinyi means “born in the morning”, Ige says “born breach”, and Abiodun “born on a festival”. Other names reference the day of the child’s birth: Esi (Sunday), Kwaku (Wednesday), and Khamisi (Thursday). Gender neutral, ordinal references for birth are also used, as in Mosi (1st born), Kunto (3rd born), Nkruma (9th born), and Kato (the 2nd twin).
Traditional African names may serve as descriptive parental desires for their children, like:
Yejide (of the mother)
Olanrewaju (future wealth is mine)
Dada (curly hair)
Azubuike (strong back)
Parental reactions to the child’s arrival in the world can also provide another name source, as in:
Abeni (we got what we asked for)
Amadi (seemed destined for death when born)
Chidimma (God is good)
Tafadzwa (we are pleased)
Ayomide (joy has arrived)
Words from a particular African tribe’s vocabulary are commonly used in naming. The name Simba means “lion” in Swahili, while in the Tswana and Sesotho tribes, the name Tau has the same meaning. Additional examples include Marjani (coral), Sefu (sword), and Masamba (leaves or vegetables).
Africa’s 54 states and 9 regions were once predominantly Christian with small segments continuing to practice tribal religions, such as Voodo, and even smaller factions practicing Buddhism, Hinduism. However, over the past decade the nation has undergone rapid Islamization spreading from Africa’s northern horn, and presently, the religion of Islam is the most practiced faith on the continent.3 This religious transition has resulted in a transition from European and Christian names to Muslim names. This is further indicated on Africa’s current top ten baby names list surveyed online which is given below.
Sort : Alphabetical | Date
Abebi African Asked for (Nigerian).
Boy Yes Shortlist
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Home Authors Posts by Dr Gerry Wolff PhD CEng
Dr Gerry Wolff PhD CEng
Dr Gerry Wolff is the coordinator of Desertec-UK and the Kyoto2 Support Group. He writes about alternative energy.
Bringing Down The Cost of Energy
The UK may begin to import solar electricity from North Africa quite soon using existing transmission lines. As quantities of electricity increase, transmission lines may be upgraded.
Concentrating Solar Power in Brief
The TRANS-CSP report calculates that CSP is likely to become one of the cheapest sources of electricity in Europe, including the cost of transmission.
Solar Plan Debated in Parliament
A plan to supply the whole of Europe with clean solar power from desert regions in North Africa and the Middle East has now been debated in the House of Commons.
Solar, Not Nuclear
There is no need for nuclear power because there is a simple mature technology that can deliver huge amounts of clean energy without any of the headaches of nuclear power.
Clean Power from Deserts for Europe, the Middle East and North...
Prince Hassan bin Talal of Jordan presents White Paper to EU Parliament
‘Desert Bounty’ Where can one find an oasis?
Where there is no life, no food or drink, no shops, no entertainment, or a general absence of anything of value, we may say 'It's a desert!'
Survival crisis for small online retailers (e-tailers) in India as big players seize the market
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Wake Forest University Physicians Names New Associate Vice President
WINSTON-SALEM, N.C. – Vickie Russell, M.B.A., has been named associate vice president of Wake Forest University Physicians (WFUP), an operational role that will include business development and direct liaison work with the clinical departments.
Robin K. Meter, vice president of Wake Forest University Health Sciences and WFUP, said that Russell will assume her new position July 1.
"Vickie’s expertise in clinical operations and business development, coupled with her extensive knowledge and experience in academic medicine, make her a perfect fit for this leadership role in WFUP," Meter said.
WFUP is the organization comprising the physicians who are the School of Medicine’s board certified medical faculty and attending staff of N.C. Baptist Hospital. WFUP outpatient clinics include about 85 medical and surgical specialties or subspecialties.
Russell has been vice chair for administration and finance in the Department of Internal Medicine since 1998. She began her career at Wake Forest University Health Sciences in the dean’s office in 1980 after graduating from Salem College with a bachelor’s in economics. In 1986 she moved to the Department of Internal Medicine administration before moving to Charleston in 1994 to take a position at the Medical University of South Carolina. In 1998 she returned to the Department of Internal Medicine as vice chair for administration and finance.
Russell said her experience working in a large clinical department has provided an excellent foundation and a wealth of knowledge about all missions of the Medical Center.
“My goal is to bridge the clinical departments with WFUP administration as the institution moves even closer to a united medical center structure, and to facilitate development of a premier, integrated group practice throughout the organization,” she said.
Bonnie Davis: bdavis@wakehealth.edu, 336-713-1597
Shannon Koontz: news@wakehealth.edu, 336-713-4587
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No More Facebook Reviews? Introducing Facebook Recommendations for Business
nextpaw - 08/24/2018 - Online Reviews
For a short while, Facebook was testing a 10 point scale for reviews of Facebook business pages as opposed to the traditional 5 star system. Now, Facebook has gone in a new direction entirely. They’ve gone to a binary system of: “do you recommend this business or not?” This appears to be replacing the star-rating system entirely. The average star rating out of 5 is still currently being displayed but only takes into account past reviews and new recommendations.
Facebook has yet to open up the recommendations system API, so once the reviews system is disabled- reputation management systems will need to stay on top of things in order to continue to collect reputation data.
Rich Endorsements
The star system update is not the only thing that’s changed. In the recommendation process, customers can leave what’s called a ‘Rich Endorsement,’ which includes photos and pre-set text. This is currently only available for restaurants and coffee spots but will soon be featured for other industries. These suggested attributes or ‘tags’ make the recommendation process much simpler. This is also used by Google My Business subjective and objective attributes.
These changes have implications for businesses. Mainly in the way that businesses go about requesting and handling Facebook reviews, or more accurately- recommendations. Making a recommendation request is quicker and easier than asking customers for on online review. On the downside, the recommendation system runs the risk of only collecting polar feedback from the people with the most severe opinions of a business. It used to be that people who were unsure could simply leave a 2 or a 3 star review. With the recommendation system it’s a yes or a no and customers without a strong opinion might simply refrain from leaving a ‘recommendation’ at all.
Since the number of review possibilities has been reduced from 5, down to 2- people who are monitoring and acting on Facebook reviews and recommendations will need to pay more attention to the actual text and content of the recommendation. The content of the recommendation is where customers can bridge the gaps left by the removal of the ‘middle-lane’ 3 star ratings.
There is one more option, which is to leave a message that answers the question: “How could Widget Business improve?” These messages will be posted to the page if the user chooses to, rather than sending private feedback. Sending the feedback privately is a little more complex and involves adjusting recommendation privacy.
Facebook Recommendations and their Authenticity
There is a process for reporting fake Google reviews, but it’s rather difficult and definitely underutilized. Facebook reports that in order to preserve the ‘authenticity’ of recommendations both users and Facebook page owners will be able to report recommendations for:
Recommendation not relevant
Unfair recommendation
Suicide or Self-Injury
False News
Unauthorized Sales
While there is nothing specific to ‘fake reviews’ but ‘unfair,’ ‘not relevant,’ and ‘harassment,’ all come to mind when you spot a fake review.
In closing, we recommend you adjust your review acquisition strategies to deal with this new change while keeping your primary focus on Google 5-Star Reviews! We will watch and see how this change impacts other reputation management tools and review growth strategies.
Need help? Call or Email Us
(866) 810-7890 | support@nextpaw.com
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Acts of Courage & Spirit Awards: Honoring individuals for heroism
Posted on June 21, 2019 by American Red Cross of Northeast Ohio
By Mark Sitch, American Red Cross volunteer
June 21, 2019- The annual Acts of Courage & the Spirit of the Red Cross awards was held at the Metroplex in Liberty, Ohio on Thursday, June 13th. It is regarded as the greatest evening of celebrated acts of courage, compassion, character & humility in which the Red Cross Lake to River Chapter proudly honors its deserving recipients each year.
Following a guest reception and social period, Debbi Grinstein, Lake to River board chair, welcomed all to an evening of regional recognition. Opening remarks followed the presentation of colors by Troop 40 of Girard and the chapter’s Disaster Action Teams (DAT) that took part in the hero’s processional. The program master of ceremonies was Greg Greenwood, representing the Greenwood Foundation and a Red Cross Hope Partner.
After a delicious dinner buffet was enjoyed by nearly 300 in attendance, the focal point of this night was now center stage. The spirit of giving and courage was squarely in the spotlight with patriotism for our country, community and individuals exemplifying acts of selflessness. Ten individuals for their heroic efforts and a respected business that captured the spirit of proactive giving were honored. Recipients were:
Nathen White – (Mahoning County) The Mill Creek Metro Park police officer didn’t plan on saving the life of Malayla Jackson. However, recognizing her allergic reaction, struggling to breathe and time restraints, he hurried her to the hospital in his squad car for the help needed for her survival. “She felt like she was dying”, time was critical and officer White’s quick actions saved her life.
Candice Desanzo – (East Palestine) didn’t know Ruth Kennedy; that is until their paths crossed in an emergency at a local restaurant. While enjoying dinner, Candice witnessed Ruth collapse from an apparent chocking episode. She immediately cared for her with both abdominal thrusts & CPR until EMS arrived. Candice made a difference in positive outcome through her training in live saving techniques.
Fab Four (Mosquito Lake) – Scot Oehlstrom, Rod Schaaf, Mike Soots & Zachery Westrich all had one thing in common on this cold January afternoon – ice fishing. Their second commonality became sharply apparent when they collaborated together to help a family of seven when their tent broke through the ice and heard their calls for help. Nearly 30 yards from shore with a ten-year-old untested rope and the determination of these four enthusiasts knew they had to act fast due to hypothermia. These men, with the screams for help ranging in ages from 7 to 34 were answered in affirmative actions rescuing each one from the frigid water. All survived the frightening ordeal because of the bravery of this fab four who now have more in common; they are heroes.
Mat Jamison (Girard) – Officer Jamison was on routine patrol when he noticed fire at the back of a duplex apartment in the city. After calling the fire department, he felt he had to act now to avoid a possible tragic outcome and entered the burning building with disregard for his own safety to rescue the adults & children inside. Girard Police Chief, John Norman interjected that Jamison had no reservations on going into the house, knocking on doors and getting the people to safety. The department, the city and the community are proud to recognize and honor his efforts that go above and beyond his call of duty.
Judy Sheve (Ashtabula) – Is another of our heroes that knew what to do in a choking emergency, such is the case of a fortunate 91-year-old Simone Campbell. While attending a senior center bridge club night, waitress Judy, recognized the chocking patron and with quick action of abdominal thrusts saved a golden life. In a twist, she left the tip that night; training is paramount in an emergency.
Madison Withrow (Ashtabula) – Is only 10 years old, which is why sharing her story of courage is so important. Madison was home with her mom and her 5 younger siblings when a fire broke out in their home. Against all odds and the will of passion, she was able to carry two 4-month-old twins and return for a 2-year-old brother to safety before first responders arrived. Sadly, Maddie nor the fire fighters could rescue her mother or two younger brothers. We honor and celebrate her selfless courage.
If handling emergencies like the preceding honorees are called acts of courage. Then planning to avoid a life-threatening emergency also falls into the same category, but over a longer period of time as with our next hero.
David Crawford (Canfield) – The local High School is the epicenter of a friendship of Coach Crawford and his boss, Athletic Director, Greg Cooper. Greg was diagnosed with non-alcoholic end stage liver disease-cirrhosis and was waiting for a match. When the coach found out that he was an exact match, “I knew I had the chance to save my friend” he said. That he did, donating 65% of his liver to save Greg’s life that would have ended all too soon.Greg’s daughter delivered a public heartfelt message of affection for the Crawford family and David’s gift of life for her father in a compassionate moment.
Hill Barth & King (HBK) – Was awarded the Spirit of the Red Cross. Founded in Youngstown in 1949 with seventeen offices in five states, they exemplify leadership in the community; compassion for its people and dedication to the life saving mission of the Red Cross.
The closing remarks by chapter director, Karen Conklin, expressed the compassion for family, a friend or a stranger develops extraordinary character, courage and humility that is the spirit of the Red Cross.
Thank you to the Acts of Courage Committee, chair Grinstein, the chapter board, committee judges and the awesome staff for their planning. It was a proud night for our chapter to honor these recipients. Congratulations and thank you for your selfless acts of courage & spirit!
This entry was posted in Awards, Lake to River, Lake to River Chapter, Northeast Ohio Events, Northeast Ohio Region and tagged ACTS OF COURAGE & SPIRIT AWARDS, Lake to River Chapter, Northeast Ohio, Red Cross by American Red Cross of Northeast Ohio. Bookmark the permalink.
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Nerdy But Flirty
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Top 5 of Death Podcast: Live Show and Patreon Launch – Interview!
By sagaofsarah December 15, 2015 Interview podcast top 5 of death top 5 of death podcast
If you haven’t listened to the Top 5 of Death podcast, you’re missing out. The concept sounds a little strange the first time you hear it:
Top 5 of Death is a weekly podcast where the hosts share their personal top 5 lists on any given topic. After the episode, the lists go up online where fans can vote for which list they agree with most. On the following episode the winner is announced. That person then tells a story about how the other hosts “die” using subject matter from the previous week’s episode.
I shared my love for this podcast in a previous article. I’ve been a fan since episode one. Each week, I look forward to listening to Matt, DJ, BWK, Dooley, and Fro just like I would be excited to hang out with old friends.
Listening to their podcast is almost like eavesdropping. That’s why, when I got to interview Matt, DJ, and BWK a few weeks back, conversing took some getting used to. I kept getting caught up listening to their comments and would forget I was the one directing the conversation.
Matt, DJ, and BWK were all nice enough to chat with me before they recorded the podcast. Fro was upstairs, “dying” according to Matt. But we’ll get to that later.
Death: Live on Stage
I wanted to talk with the guys about their first live show. It was held November 28th at the Riot Theater in Boston, Massachusetts and served as a launch party for their Patreon site. The topic: Top 5 pick up lines.
Tickets sold out in three days, shared BWK, who also confided that he’d never been on stage before. He referred to the situation as “my personal Hell.” The second the show started and BWK sat down, though, all that disappeared. “He was a natural,” said Matt, the show’s founder.
BWK (left) charming everyone at the live show
“I was a God!” joked BWK. “Yeah, I’m groveling at my feet,” interjected DJ, their 17 years of friendship showing.
The last time DJ was on stage was during The Nutcracker in first grade. He didn’t have to say anything. Surprisingly, years later, he wasn’t “as nervous as I should have been.”
When they started the podcast, Matt figured the group might do a few episodes and it would fizzle out. Going from that mentality, to recording the 100th episode, to recording in front of an audience was a cool moment, says Matt.
Launching the Patreon
Already, the group has raised more than $470 a month in donations on their Patron website.
Their milestone goals are:
$100/month: This will cover the cost of running the podcast.
$250/month: Upgraded website that will include articles, photos, reviews, and editorials.
$500/month: The gang will regularly produce “majestic moving web shorts.”
$750/month: The podcast will be streamed on a live video feed. The group joked that if they get to $750, they’ll shower at your house using caviar, obviously. But don’t hold them to that.
$1,000/month: 12 months from when this goal is reached, the guys will release a fully produced documentary on them, the show, and everything in between. “It will def be all 100% fact…like most of our fact-based episodes…”
Getting to almost $500 in donations so quickly was a shock. Matt shares that he was just hoping they would clear $100 a month to cover hosting, “and then it went cuckoo bananas.” They added more reward tiers. “It makes me feel like it’s a worthwhile venture,” Matt says.
“It makes me feel guilty,” says BWK. He feels obligated to listeners and wants to make sure the group is providing them with incredible content. “These people really care. This made me see that.”
Matt, wooing the crowd by asking “Yo! You got a butt?”
Matt says that crossing the $500 mark will mean more milestone goals, although the guys are already stretched pretty thin with what they’re offering. “If people want more, though, and if they’re willing to pay, who am I to say no? Who am I to deny them content?” says Matt, a self-proclaimed workaholic. “I just don’t want to overcommit everyone. I’m a bit of a lunatic.”
Majestic Moving Web Shorts
The $500 milestone goal promises “majestic moving web shorts.” Matt shared that fans can expect the same quality from these videos as they get from the show. “Quality helps content speak,” says Matt. If a podcast sounds bad, no one’s going to listen. He takes the same approach to video production. Matt’s already got a camera, but plans to use the Patreon money for lighting equipment—
“and CGI for muscles!” adds BWK.
“Yeah those aren’t cheap. BWK is a small guy,” says Matt. In the end, Matt hopes that the website will be a place to go for everything “nerdy and comedy.”
“We’re kind of stepping on your toes—taking your ideas!,” says BWK, referring to Nerdy but Flirty.
For the most part, the group hopes to bring the ideas they “throw around” and the bits they do with each other to life. They also hope to use the funds to travel to conventions such as PAX East to meet fans.
Podcasts Galore
Although the show has welcomed female guest hosts, some listeners think the show could benefit from a more permanent female voice. Matt recently said on the podcast that he’d love to see an all-female Top 5 of Death and he’d even produce it. “There are just some topics we have no business talking about,” he says.
According to him, he has some people in mind to do it. He just needs to get the right group together. “I want to set them up for success,” he says. “It’s all in the casting,” says BWK, “its definitely a voice we’re lacking.”
“I’m thinking of calling it Top 5 of Death: Femme Fatale,” announces Matt, “we could even challenge each other to topics.”
It seems like the guys have good taste in other podcasts as well. Matt enjoys Laser Time, BWK enjoys Lore, and both he and DJ love Comedy Bang Bang. Matt also mentioned two newer ones that I’ve been listening to: The Black Tapes Podcast and Tanis.
All of them seem thrilled about the possibilities that come with the podcasts that fans can subscribe to by pledging to the Patreon. For $5 a month, you can get one of these directly to your ears. For $10 or more per month, you get access to all five podcasts, including:
Fro Got a Podcast? How’d that Happen?: Join Fro and his co-host Matt as they discuss the current landscape of all things geeky. Matt said this includes Batman, the Ninja Turtles, wrestling, Magic the Gathering, comic books, and current events.
Interpretunes: DJ and Jeff sit down with a respective song that they each pick to reconstruct. Whether it’s a song they love or a song they love to hate, they’ll try to get into the mind of whoever wrote that masterpiece or masterpiece of garbage.
DJ shares that he and Jeff had a lot of fun riffing on “Sk8er Boi” in early episodes of the Top 5 of Death. He looks forward to taking apart terrible songs. Matt chimed in that they should try to get Meat Loaf on the show. “You know,” inserted BWK, “the singer of Blues Traveler tweeted at us once!”
Conspira-seeking the Truth! Matt asks the questions everyone is afraid to ask. Conspiracies, U.F.O.s, demons, Big Food…there’s no topic or story Matt won’t get to the bottom of. He’ll host experts and firsthand witnesses to the world’s most secret happenings.
Although this podcast is “shrouded in secret,” Matt did share some specifics with me. “It’s going to be totally over the top. It’ll be my vessel for really produced stuff. The podcast will be very funny—kind of a cross between improv comedy and actual information. We’ll be talking about real theories and information, but in a hilarious way.”
BWK is WRONG!!! A guest will easily prove BWK wrong on topics he knows little about.
This was BWK’s idea, for the record. No one is coercing him into it. “They’ll prove me wrong in minutes,” BWK explains. It’s basically all set up. An expert on a certain topic will come on the show. “They could be a dungeon master, for example,” says BWK, “I don’t know anything about that. But, I’m comfortable telling them everything I do know. Then they’ll tell me how wrong I am!”
Stranger Danger. Dooley will interview someone he doesn’t really know on the podcast. It could be a family member he doesn’t really know, someone off the street, or a complete stranger.
I expressed concern over Dooley’s safety. Although he is a well-travelled man, what if he’s taken hostage in Matt’s home (that’s where he’ll be recording)? “If anyone is concerned, it’s me,” says Matt jokingly, “I’m the one giving out my address.” In reality, the guys are just working off of the Top 5 Questions to Ask a Stranger episode of the show, says BWK. “Don’t worry though,” says Matt, “I’ll buy Dooley a taser with the Patreon money.”
The gang doesn’t see any of these podcasts becoming quite as popular at the T5oD, but Matt hopes that everyone will put just as much effort into their own shows as the main one. BWK agrees, “the Top 5 of Death definitely has more mass appeal. But can you imagine if my show is the one that blows up and does the best?”
The Adoring Fans
Not everyone who hears about the show has the most sane reaction. Matt shared that the other day, he was at Guitar Center buying some equipment for the podcast. When a guy asked him what his show was about, Matt explained it in a nutshell. All the guy said in response was: “Did you talk about heroin yet?”
“Uh, not yet. We’re going to get there hopefully by the end of the season,” jokes Matt.
The fans can be quite creative. Credit for this invention goes to @noodzer on Twitter.
Aside from that anomaly, the group is excited about what the Patreon means in terms of getting to know their fans better. The opportunity for a monthly dinner with the guys is on the table for the first 9 people willing to give $25 or more per month.
Matt thinks, “it’ll be a lot of fun. We’ll check in with them and everything. Like, ‘hey last time I remember you said you were going to a job interview—how’d that go?’”
BWK explains that this isn’t just hanging out with random people, “these are people who listen to the podcast and they really do care.” Matt remembers that, when he first brought the idea up, BWK’s first question was if they really had to eat dinner.
If you’re really dedicated, you can even pledge $100 or more a month to pick a show topic, then be on the show. Are they concerned about running into someone that wouldn’t quite fit into the group? Nope.
DJ explains, “Matt can handle anyone and turn a trainwreck into something great. But if the person is cool enough to donate that much money,” he thinks they’ll be fine.
“The show itself is very conversational,” says BWK. “It lends itself to just popping it. We haven’t had a bad host yet. We could even put this interview up as a show!”
Matt has considered the worst case scenario and he figures, “at least it wouldn’t be live. I could always just edit it. As long as the person doesn’t have a bad sense of humor or is degrading, it shouldn’t be a problem. That’s really just stuff we don’t have to worry about. I’ll just have DJ handle it.”
“It’s Impenetrable.”
Speaking of people who have been edited on the show — back to Fro being sick upstairs:
Anyone who listened to the live show knows that Fro’s last pick up line was “dreadful.” Emphasis on dread. To make it less dreadful, he cut off his deadlocks, right on stage.
“I tried to cut his hair. It’s impenetrable,” said Matt. When Fro told Matt his plan right before the live episode, Matt responded by saying that he was “game for anything.” “I was totally shocked,” said BWK.
Nothing says “date me” quite like getting your head shaved live on stage.
Matt decided the conversation couldn’t end without me getting the chance to chat with Fro. He brought the phone up to Fro’s room, whispering that I should ask Fro if he regretted cutting off his dreads; I think he was hoping for an emotional reaction.
There was scuffling. I gathered that, for some reason, Fro had to put on pants before speaking with me. If Fro was upset about his sudden lack of dreadlocks, it didn’t show. In fact, he has a pretty good attitude as he deals with the “weird awkward point” as it grows out.
I’ve been there Fro. I feel you.
Before we could finish talking, a fire alarm began blaring. Total chaos ensued as Matt rushed downstairs to see what was going on. BWK, the “pyromaniac” as Matt yelled, decided to “light a candle right under the smoke detector.”
Top 5 of Death Podcast can be found on iTunes, Stitcher, Podomatic, and anywhere else you listen.
Posted in Features, Interviews, Podcasts/Vlogs
One thought on “Top 5 of Death Podcast: Live Show and Patreon Launch – Interview!”
cheryl keefe
BWK, aka, my son Brian is adorable!
Leave a Reply to cheryl keefe Cancel reply
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Scott Graves
Photo by Sean Gardner/Getty Images
Friday 5: Key questions leading into 2019 Cup season
By Dustin LongJan 18, 2019, 6:30 AM EDT
Cup teams test in two weeks in Las Vegas. The Daytona 500 is a month away. The new rules package debuts in five weeks in Atlanta.
There are many questions to ponder with the Cup season nearing. Here are five key questions.
1. What will the racing be like?
NASCAR made the decision to go with a new rules package that should make the racing tighter.
Will it? Can this package lead to more side-by-side racing, more beating and banging and more drivers upset with one another?
If it does, this could be among the steps to attract more fans. If not, then what?
2. What’s next from NASCAR?
It could be argued that this year will be among the most pivotal for NASCAR.
Steve Phelps enters his first full season as President. Jim France remains interim Chairman, having taken over after Brian France went on an indefinite leave after his arrest Aug. 5 for aggravated driving while intoxicated and possession of a controlled substance in the 7th degree.
Phelps and Jim France will be among those who decide NASCAR’s direction. Phelps has twice said publicly since late September that “everything is in play” when looking at the Cup schedule for 2020 and beyond.
There has been talk of starting the season earlier and ending it sooner, midweek racing and doubleheaders.
How fans accept what NASCAR does — or doesn’t do — will be key.
3. Can Ford teams — particularly Stewart-Haas Racing and Team Penske — avoid the new-car blues that Toyota and Chevrolet teams experienced the past two years?
Both Toyota (2017) and Chevrolet (2018) struggled at times with their new cars in their debut seasons. If the same thing happens to Ford this year with the Mustang, it could allow Chevy and Toyota teams a chance to win races, qualify for the playoffs and build playoff points. That could be significant.
Toyota debuted the Camry in 2017 to mixed results. Although Martin Truex Jr. won three times in the first 18 races with the car at Furniture Row Racing, Joe Gibbs Racing could not get any of its Toyotas to Victory Lane until the 19th race of the season.
Things changed in the second half of the season. Toyota cars won 14 of the last 19 races and also the championship.
Chevrolet debuted the Camaro last year and also struggled in the first half of the season. Chevy teams won once — the Daytona 500 — in the first 21 races last year. Chevrolet won three times after that — all by Chase Elliott.
So can Ford teams be strong all season or will they need some time to become dominant or will they struggle much of the year?
4. Will new driver-crew chief pairings lead to wins?
The focus this season will be on Jimmie Johnson and Chad Knaus no longer working together on the No. 48 team — Johnson will be with rookie Cup crew chief Kevin Meendering and Knaus will be paired with sophomore Cup driver William Byron — but there are other pairings to watch.
After going winless last year, Denny Hamlin will be with crew chief Chris Gabehart, who has won in the Xfinity Series with Hamlin, Erik Jones and Ryan Preece.
Kurt Busch moves to Chip Ganassi Racing for what could be his final Cup season. He’ll look to crew chief Matt McCall to help make this year memorable.
Austin Dillon is reunited with crew chief Danny Stockman. They combined for championships in the Truck and Xfinity Series. While Dillon won last year’s Daytona 500, he wasn’t much of a threat at many other tracks. Can this pairing have success again?
Daniel Suarez lost his ride at Joe Gibbs Racing to make room for Martin Truex Jr. and Cole Pearn. Suarez moves to Stewart-Haas Racing and looks to crew chief Billy Scott to help him succeed.
Ryan Newman moves to Roush Fenway Racing and will have Scott Graves as his crew chief. Graves came from Joe Gibbs Racing. Can these two help raise Roush Fenway Racing’s profile?
5. Who wins first?
It was shocking that Jimmie Johnson, Denny Hamlin and Kyle Larson each went winless last year.
Don’t count on that happening this year. Don’t be surprised to see all three win this year. As for who will be the first to win? You don’t have much longer to find out. The season is approaching quickly.
Tags: Billy Scott, chad knaus, chevrolet, Chris Gabehart, Danny Stockman, Daytona 500, Ford, Friday 5, furniture row racing, Jim France, joe gibbs racing, Kevin Meendering, Matt McCall, nascar, roush fenway racing, Scott Graves, Steve Phelps, Stewart-Haas Racing, team penske, toyota
Scott Graves to be Ryan Newman’s crew chief at Roush Fenway Racing
By Dustin LongOct 23, 2018, 10:02 AM EDT
Roush Fenway Racing confirmed Tuesday that Scott Graves will be Ryan Newman‘s crew chief next season on the No. 6 Cup team.
Graves had been the crew chief for Daniel Suarez this season until leaving Joe Gibbs Racing Oct. 9.
Graves joined Roush Fenway Racing as an engineer in 2006. He was a crew chief there from 2012-15. He did four races as an Xfinity crew chief in 2012, working with a variety of drivers. In 2013, he served as Ricky Stenhouse Jr.‘s crew chief for three Cup races late in the season. Graves was Stenhouse’s crew chief in Cup for the 2013 season. Graves returned to the Xfinity Series and was the crew chief for Chris Buescher in 2014-15. They won the championship in 2015.
Graves left Roush for Joe Gibbs Racing and was Suarez’s crew chief in Xfinity in 2016 when he won the championship. Graves started 2017 with JGR’s Xfintiy program before moving up to be Suarez’s Cup crew chief early in the season.
“We are very pleased to bring Scott back to the fold,” said team co-owner Jack Roush in a statement from the team. “Scott is an exceptional talent atop the pit box and he has done an outstanding job throughout his career – with multiple championship campaigns attesting to that.
“He brings a strong engineering background to the table and we are excited about the opportunity to pair him with Ryan Newman going into the 2019 season.”
Roush Fenway Racing announced Sept. 22 that Newman would join the team in 2019.
Matt Puccia is the crew chief on the No. 6 car this season. Roush Fenway Racing stated that details on Puccia’s role are being worked out.
Tags: jack roush, joe gibbs racing, Matt Puccia, nascar, roush fenway racing, Scott Graves, Chris Buescher, Daniel Suarez, Ricky Stenhouse Jr., Ryan Newman
Daniel Suarez gets new crew chief for final six races of season
Photo by Jerry Markland/Getty Images
By Dustin LongOct 9, 2018, 3:02 PM EDT
Crew chief Scott Graves is leaving Joe Gibbs Racing and will be replaced immediately by Dave Rogers, the team announced Tuesday.
Rogers has served as technical director for JGR’s Xfinity operation. He will be the crew chief for Daniel Suarez the rest of the season.
Rogers and Suarez worked together for five races in 2017, Suarez’s rookie year, before Rogers took a personal leave of absence. Graves had been Suarez’s crew chief since then.
Rogers has 18 career Cup wins while working with Kyle Busch, Denny Hamlin and Carl Edwards at JGR.
Suarez was the only Joe Gibbs Racing driver not to make the Cup playoffs this season. He enters this weekend’s race at Talladega Superspeedway 18th in points.
I can't thank @JoeGibbsRacing enough for the last 3 years. Winning the Xfinity championship with @Daniel_SuarezG in 2016 is something I will always be proud of. It was a really tough decision to leave the company and all the great people that are there.
— Scott Graves (@scott_r_graves) October 10, 2018
Tags: dave rogers, joe gibbs racing, nascar, Scott Graves, Carl Edwards, Daniel Suarez, Denny Hamlin, Kyle Busch
NASCAR docks Kyle Larson 20 points for rear window infraction
By Daniel McFadinMay 15, 2018, 5:35 PM EDT
NASCAR docked Kyle Larson’s team 20 driver and owner points for a rear-window violation from Saturday night’s race at Kansas Speedway.
Larson dropped from 10th to 11th in the standings behind Aric Almirola. Larson also lost one playoff point from his second stage victory at Kansas.
Car chief David Bryant was suspended for two points races for the L1 violation. Crew chief, Chad Johnston was fined $50,000
MORE: NASCAR official says teams will get maximum penalties for future rear-window violations
The NASCAR penalty report cited Larson’s team for violating “Section 20.4.h Body and 20.4.8.1.b&c Rear Window Support and Structure; rear window support braces must keep the rear window glass rigid in all directions at all times.”
In a statement, Chip Ganassi Racing announced it wouldn’t challenge the penalty: “Although all parties agree that the infraction was unintentional and the result of contact, we will not appeal the penalty so that we can focus our energy on the All-Star Race and the Coca-Cola 600.”
After he finished fourth at Kansas, Larson blamed his sagging rear window on damage from contact with Ryan Blaney with 20 laps to go.
Steve O’Donnell, NASCAR’s executive vice president and chief racing development officer, said Monday on SiriusXM NASCAR Radio about Larson’s car: “We see claims of damage, but I think in talking to our folks, I’ve never seen damage cause that.”
It’s the fifth rear-window violation in the Cup Series this season and the third in two weeks.
After the May 6 race at Dover International Speedway, the teams of Clint Bowyer (second) and Daniel Suarez (third) received similar penalties to Larson’s.
Kevin Harvick also was penalized after his win at Las Vegas Motor Speedway in March, and Chase Elliott’s team was punished after the April 8 race at Texas Motor Speedway.
The only other penalty NASCAR announced Tuesday was a $10,000 fine to crew chief Todd Gordon for an unsecured lug nut on Joey Logano‘s car after the Kansas race.
Tags: Chad Johnston, kansas speedway, mike bugarewicz, nascar, penalties, Scott Graves, Todd Gordon, Aric Almirola, Chase Elliott, Clint Bowyer, Daniel Suarez, Joey Logano, Kevin Harvick, Kyle Larson, Ryan Blaney
Martinsville Cup race turns back clock to 1978 (video)
By Dustin LongMar 27, 2018, 12:05 PM EDT
MARTINSVILLE, Virginia — The last time a Martinsville Cup race featured four cautions before Monday?
You have to go back to when car owner Richard Childress was racing, the field had 30 cars, and drivers in that race included Satch Worley, Baxter Price and Ferrel Harris, along with eight Hall of Famers — race winner Cale Yarborough, Darrell Waltrip, Benny Parsons, Richard Petty, Bobby Allison, Terry Labonte, David Pearson, and Childress.
That was September 1978. That race also had four cautions.
Of the four cautions in Monday’s snow-delayed race won by Clint Bowyer, two were for stage breaks, one was a competition caution and the other one was for an incident.
So, why were there so few cautions in Monday’s 500-lap race?
Opinions vary.
“Once you get strung out here, there’s not a lot of attrition,’’ Denny Hamlin, a five-time winner at Martinsville, said after placing 12th Monday. “Guys give each other room and when somebody is faster, somebody gives up the spot.
“It’s different racing now than what it used to be. I think that everyone is running the same speed. All of our cars, whether it be data sharing, setups that we’re sharing with each other and all that, everyone is getting their car to drive very, very similar.
“Even when I would come up on lapped cars, they were running a similar speed to what I was, but I was able to get through traffic better than they were. We’ve gotten the cars to where the drive is so similar so when everyone runs the same speed it’s hard to pass and with less passing there’s less chance for incidents. I thought it was still a good race, a lot of races have gone caution-free for a long time back in the day and Clint really put a whipping on them.”
Jeremy Bullins, crew chief for Ryan Blaney, said that with so few restarts, there were fewer chances for accidents and cautions toward the end of the race.
“I don’t know about the data sharing aspect,’’ Bullins told NBC Sports. “It could have an impact on it, but I think it’s just one of those days were it seemed like everybody stayed off each other a little bit more than normal and weren’t knocking each other out of the way. You saw the end of the Truck race. Once they started racing hard, they started going crazy.
“We didn’t have that caution with 50 to go that led to all the cautions at the end. That’s really what makes a difference. If you don’t get the late caution and jam everybody back up again, that’s what separates them at the end. Once they get spread out like that, you’re not going to get a caution. It’s the late cautions that jumble everything up.’’
The race’s final caution was from laps 385-391 for contact between Austin Dillon and Jamie McMurray.
Scott Graves, crew chief for Daniel Suarez, had a different thought on the matter.
“This is the third (race) on this tire combination,’’ Graves told NBC Sports, noting the change to the right-side tread compound before the 2017 spring race that helped create an outside groove at the flat track. “I feel like since we’ve been on this tire combination it’s been a little different, it hasn’t been your typical Martinsville. … With this tire you still don’t have all the marbles going down and you can run on the outside a little bit and it’s not as big a penalty as it used to be.’’
The four cautions in Monday’s Cup race at Martinsville were the fewest there since the September 1978 race. A look back at what was taking place in 1978:
1978 Cup champion: Cale Yarborough
1978 Daytona 500 winner: Bobby Allison
Cost of gas: 65 cents a gallon
Highest-grossing movies: 1. “Grease”; 2. “Animal House”; 3. “Superman”; 4. “Every Which Way but Loose”
Billboard top 100 singles for 1978: 1. “Shadow Dancing” by Andy Gibbs; 2. “Night Fever” by Bee Gees; 3. “You Light Up My Life’’ by Debby Boone.
Tags: Baxter Price, Benny Parsons, Bobby Allison, Cale Yarborough, Darrell Waltrip, david pearson, Ferrel Harris, Jeremy Bullins, Martinsville Speedway, nascar, Richard Childress, richard petty, Satch Worley, Scott Graves, Terry Labonte, Austin Dillon, Clint Bowyer, Daniel Suarez, Denny Hamlin, Jamie McMurray, Ryan Blaney, Terry Labonte
Friday 5: Key questions leading into 2019 Cup season January 18, 2019 6:30 am Scott Graves to be Ryan Newman’s crew chief at Roush Fenway Racing October 23, 2018 10:02 am Daniel Suarez gets new crew chief for final six races of season October 9, 2018 3:02 pm NASCAR docks Kyle Larson 20 points for rear window infraction May 15, 2018 5:35 pm Martinsville Cup race turns back clock to 1978 (video) March 27, 2018 12:05 pm Clint Bowyer’s crew chief suspended one race for Martinsville post-race infraction November 1, 2017 3:37 pm One Cup crew chief, two others in Trucks, fined for Bristol penalties August 23, 2017 12:25 pm Daniel Suarez unsure how long he’ll be with new crew chief March 31, 2017 3:48 pm Joe Gibbs Racing crew chief Dave Rogers taking personal leave for indefinite period March 29, 2017 6:16 pm NASCAR penalizes Joe Gibbs Racing for Atlanta Xfinity win violation March 8, 2017 1:09 pm Report: Scott Graves won’t follow Buescher to Sprint Cup, jumps to JGR December 22, 2015 4:54 pm
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You Say You Want a Revolution?
As We Approach the Fourth of July
Greece Is The Way We Are Feeling!
Do Not Ignore the Dostoyevskies
Mastering Media: American Dissident Voices 24th Anniversary
Orwell Alert: Jew Media Insists American Prosperity Depends Upon Turning America into a Third World Country
Ann Coulter Identifies Focuses of Jewish Power in the USA
Why Don’t More Respectable, Successful, Influential White Community Leaders Help Our Noble Cause, Dr. Pierce?
FBI’s Secret MLK Report: Kevin Alfred Strom Was Right
Bradford Hanson · 10 November, 2017
by Dale Bennett
KEVIN ALFRED STROM’s 1994 report on compromised Black leader Martin Luther King has been proven correct in nearly all particulars by the Trump administration’s recent release of a secret FBI document on King prepared in 1968.
The 23-page FBI document is dated just three weeks before King’s assassination in April 1968.
The file was released along with a trove of documents relating to the assassination of John F. Kennedy this week. Mr. Kennedy is not referenced in the file and it is not clear why it was kept secret for almost 50 years. Its cover shows it was assessed in 1994 by an FBI task force on the JFK assassination, which concluded that the document should be kept totally secret from the public.
Among its conclusions are that:
• King was surrounded by advisers with strong links to organized Communism
• His statements were always subject to approval by Communist operatives, especially his main handler, Jewish Communist Stanley Levison (who, confirming Mr. Strom’s report from 23 years ago, was King’s ghostwriter on numerous occasions)
• He was a secret supporter of Communism, “a whole-hearted Marxist”
• His organisation, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, set up a “tax dodge” to raise funds for its activities and conceal Jewish/Communist sources
• King took part in “drunken sex orgies” involving both Black and White prostitutes, coerced young women to take part in unnatural acts, and “initiate” them if they were hesitant
• He was unfaithful to his wife, and had sexual liaisons with numerous females, including part-Mestizo, part-White folk singer Joan Baez
A ‘Slow Thinker’ with Abnormal Sexual Preferences
The report states that King’s advisers and handlers approved everything King said in advance: “King is such a slow thinker he is usually not prepared to make statements without help from someone,” it reads.
Linking King to Communism, it stated: “King is a whole-hearted Marxist who has studied it (Marxism), believes in it and agrees with it, but because of his being a minister of religion, does not dare to espouse it publicly.”
And, in another part, the document says: “During the early 1960s, the CPUSA [Communist Party USA] was striving to obtain a Negro-labor coalition to achieve its goals in this country… Martin Luther King, Jr, and his organization were made to order to achieve these objectives.”
At a February 1968 workshop to train ministers in “urban leadership” evidently monitored by the FBI, the report reveals: “One Negro minister in attendance later expressed his disgust with the behind-the scene drinking, fornication, and homosexuality that went on at the conference. Several Negro and white prostitute[s] were brought in from the Miami area. An all-night sex orgy was held with these prostitutes and some of the delegates.”
The document reports that King also engaged in a “two-day drunken sex orgy” in Washington in January 1964: “When one of the females shied away from engaging in an unnatural act, King and others of the males present discussed how she was to be taught and initiated in this respect,” it added. “It is a fact that King not only regularly indulges in adulterous acts but enjoys the abnormal by engaging in group sexual orgies.”
You can read the full FBI report in PDF form here.
Below is the video version of Kevin Alfred Strom’s 1994 broadcast exposé on King:
Source: US government; Donald Trump; National Vanguard correspondents
Trump's Voicemails Hacked, Made Public
Abraham Lincoln and Donald Trump
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Eckart and Hitler on Jewish Bolshevism, part 1
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Trump Promising Netanyahu Jerusalem Embassy, Wants Advice on Building Fences
Congress Rejects Trump’s Border Wall, Says He Only Gets 33 Miles Of Fence
Tags:CommunismDonald TrumpFBIFederal Bureau of InvestigationKevin Alfred StromMartin Luther King
Iowa: National Alliance "Love Your Race" Message Triggers Hysteria
Blacks Arrested: Gang Rapists Forced Oral Sex on Girl Until Her Throat Bled
Trump Appoints Yet Another Extremist Jew to Top State Department Post
American Dissident VoicesAudioKevin Alfred StromRadio
Degenerate, Communist MLK: National Alliance Proved Right, Again
Trump Deserves a Serious Comeuppance
1968. The killing of MLK brought William Bloody Bill Anderson to the surface at my high school about 60 miles outside of Houston (the formidable East Texas).
The Negroes did not go to school the day after MLK was shot. The school Principal Mr. Anderson gave every black student an inexcusable absence. Before the last bell rang, Anderson was dubbed Blood Bill as a running joke.
It’s a remarkable fact that premier black republican Lincoln and black democrat Obama both claim Illinois as their home state.
The examples above are strict proof that every day across the country an event takes place that acquits the South for escaping the Federal government.
ZachP
It’s time to make a lot of noise about this and demand that all his statues come down, along with his name being stripped from highways and public schools all over the country, as well as ending his ridiculous holiday. After all, who in their right mind would celebrate a plagiarist, adulterer and communist?
Anthony Collins
11 November, 2017 at 11:24 am — Reply
“Who in their right mind would celebrate a plagiarist, adulterer, and communist?” Nobody in their right mind would do this, but sanity has hardly been normative in American politics and culture for a long time. The crooked and the crazy canonized the beast called “Martin Luther King,” and the cowardly did not dare oppose this obscenity. Cuckservatives have even claimed King as one of their own, as if to demonstrate just how utterly shameless and contemptible they are.
Will Williams
8 January, 2018 at 10:38 am — Reply
The [FBI] document reports that King also engaged in a “two-day drunken sex orgy” in Washington in January 1964: “When one of the females shied away from engaging in an unnatural act, King and others of the males present discussed how she was to be taught and initiated in this respect” …
A forced unnatural sex act on a female!! Oh, my! The “me, too” crowd of feminists need to be all over this while the issue is hot in Jew-controlled mass media. A good place to start: https://metoomvmt.org/
You take down our statues; we’ll take down yours!
9 January, 2018 at 2:34 am — Reply
“You take down our statues; we’ll take down yours!” That’s a good line.
Speaking of statues, I’ve thought that the statue of Nelson Mandela in London should be “necklaced” (i.e., have a gasoline-soaked tire placed around its neck and set on fire).
Arvin N. Prebost
I am sure that all the white Christian ministers who lauded King for his Christian character, and the white Republican leaders who lauded King for being “a member of the Republican party” will come out with defenses for him that they would never use for Robt. E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, Christopher Columbus, or George Washington.
It will all probably amount to, “No matter his sexual failings, at least King did not own slaves.”
Perhaps the apologists of Martin Luther King will (1) accuse King’s critics of “defaming the dead” (a line commonly used against Holocaust revisionists); (2) insinuate that it’s “obscene” to draw attention to King’s abominable behavior (as if King’s critics, rather than King himself, are the ones guilty of sexual depravity); (3) insinuate that the evidence against King is somehow inadmissible because the FBI acquired it by underhanded means (in which case, if we are good little goyim, we should banish it from our minds); or (4) go into denial mode (I’ve seen one article that effectively dismissed the FBI report discussed in the article above as filled with lies because . . . White people produced it).
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A New Religion for Us, part 7
Basic Doctrine of the NSDAP Regarding Jews
Texas “Clock Kid” Ahmed Mohamed Demands $15 Million and an Apology for “Hoax Bomb” Arrest
Congressional Candidate Paul Nehlen “Suspended” by Twitter
Change Versus Progress
Yale’s “Diversity”: White Students, Step Back
Aryans: Culture Bearers to China
Israeli Government to Pay African Refugees $3,500 to Leave
The Lion of Lucerne, by Bertel Thorvaldsen, commemorates the Swiss Guards who were massacred in 1792 during the French Revolution. It symbolizes for us the powerful force of European racial consciousness, wounded now perhaps, but still protective and soon awakening. Mark Twain said of it “The Lion lies in his lair in the perpendicular face of a low cliff — for he is carved from the living rock of the cliff. His size is colossal, his attitude is noble. His head is bowed, the broken spear is sticking in his shoulder, his protecting paw rests upon the lilies of France. Vines hang down the cliff and wave in the wind, and a clear stream trickles from above and empties into a pond at the base, and in the smooth surface of the pond the lion is mirrored, among the water-lilies.”
by the staff of National Vanguard
SCIENCE CONTINUES to prove that race exists. The Human Genome Project has unlocked human DNA, and medical advances are being made based on targeting genetic sequences individual to each race. Thousands upon thousands of years of separate racial development have led to a great diversity of human races, which have in turn formed separate cultures with vastly different values and achievements.
Race, variety, and subspecies are all similar terms and they apply to human beings no less than to other life forms on this planet.
Races are new species in the making. Without racial divergence, the evolution of life itself could never have taken place.
But powerful forces are attempting to obliterate all racial, ethnic and cultural differences worldwide, with the goal of “uniting humanity” into one global, anonymous mass. Open borders, “outsourcing,” and the growth of corporate and governmental globalism are all elements in the systematic destruction of human biological and cultural diversity.
The European race is uniquely beautiful and creative. It is imperative that we survive and progress.
Our goal is a change in consciousness. We publish with that goal in mind even when we have differences of opinion with a given author. We want to reach those among our people who are still capable of independent thought, and who have the energy, character, and intelligence to shape the future.
National Vanguard magazine (which until 1982 was a tabloid newspaper, until 1978 titled Attack!) was founded by William Luther Pierce (1933-2002) and his associates in 1969. Its editorship and control, along with that of his other publications, was given by William Pierce to Kevin Alfred Strom shortly before the former’s death. This online magazine, nationalvanguard.org, was founded by Kevin Alfred Strom in 2003. Assisted by staffers and volunteers on four continents, he continues his proprietorship today. It is the flagship publication supporting the National Alliance headed by William White Williams, the leading organization advocating for the interests of men and women of European descent worldwide.
If we have made an impact on your life and the lives of those you love, please consider helping us — whether by funding our efforts, or by adding to or promoting our work.
Multiracialists Are Crazy, part 1 « National Vanguard
8 November, 2010 at 12:20 am — Reply
[…] About Us […]
DC McKinley
The Terrifying Truth about Muslims, Muslim Terrorism and Warning of the conflict to come in the United Kingdom:-
Muslim leaders and preachers proclaim the evil and fanatical idealogy of Islam, which forms the core belief of muslim identity. They revile and preach hatred of Christians Jews and non believers who are called Kuffar. Islam is an extremely dangerous, extremely violent, mysogynist idealogy. The Koran states: “Kill the unbelievers wherever you find them” and “Maim and crucify the infidels”. Muslims reject and disdain western values of freedom and democracy, but cunningly use all the powers of democratic legitimacy to subvert western secular society. They demand the construction of more mosques, the subjugation and veiling of women (Life for most muslim women is a dystopian nightmare from which they cannot escape), cruel bestial and utterly barbaric female genital mutilation, (punishable by up to 14 years in prison under English Law, but few cases are brought before the courts) polygamy, forced marriages, often of children and minors, the prohibition of alcohol, the carnage of cruelty that is the barbaric halal slaughter of farm animals. Muslims advocate criminal justice that sanctions punishments of horrifying medieval savagery, including public beheading,hanging, amputation, stoning to death, flogging, muslims who convert to Christianity are sentenced to death.The Archbishop of Canterbury has warned that Christians are being deliberately attacked because of their faith in parts of the muslim world and even martyred for their faith in large numbers. Millions of muslims live in Britain and many of them support ‘jihad’ and the bloody atrocities and mass murder committed by their activists who call themselves ‘soldiers of allah’. An affront to the civilized world, ‘Islamic State’ and its terrorist army are killing and torturing with merciless savagery across the Middle East and threaten All Europe. Let nobody be under any illusion spread by their preachers and propagandists that islam is ‘a religion of peace’, because anyone who dares to speak out against muslims risks being murdered and butchered by their killers. British soldiers are frequently subjected to death threats. On Wednesday 22 May 2013, a day of infamy, the full force of muslim savagery found its target and willing perpetrators , two ‘soldiers of allah’ committed the brutal bloody murder of Fusilier Lee Rigby. There are currently an estimated 13,000 muslims in UK prisons at an annual cost of over £600 million, most of them are extremely dangerous. Due to the lax and lenient Criminal Justice System, many of them could be released early, free to carry out terrorist attacks to murder and maim potentially thousands of people. The British Government will have failed in its primary duty to maintain and protect the security of its citizens. Islamic idealogy is fundamentally opposed to the collective conscience of the majority of British people and sets muslims in direct conflict with the values of Western Civilization. Higher muslim birth rates will produce a majority muslim population in large parts of Britain by the year 2035. England is on course to become a muslim country before the end of the century. The supreme symbol of muslim dominance will be the conversion of Canterbury Cathedral into a mosque destroying over one thousand four hundred years of Christian Civilization and History. Muslim leaders will be exultant to repeat the historical precedent of 1453, when the leader of the Ottoman Turks, Sultan Memhed ll ordered the Hagia Sophia, the main church of Orthodox Christianity to be converted into a mosque, symbolising his conquest of Constantinople. Christian worshipers were slaughtered without mercy or sold into slavery and the building was desecrated and looted.
In future years muslims will outnumber non muslims and internecine warfare will break out as increasing muslim cultural barbarism and terrorism spread throughout the land. Their avowed objective of imposing a muslim caliphate in Britain by terrorising the non muslim population into submission to this malignant, vicious, evil creed will cause civil strife on an unprecedented scale.The battle for the defence of Christian Civilization against muslim barbarism will continue a conflict which has lasted for centuries, battles to come will be fought on mainland Britain, for THE ENEMY IS WITHIN.”The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men (and Women) to do nothing”, Edmund Burke 18th century statesman, author and philosopher.
footnote: Canterbury Cathedral is under armed guard.
24 December, 2016 at 2:26 am — Reply
You are talking sh** again.
Waldo Hassenpfeffer
6 January, 2017 at 10:03 pm — Reply
It must feel horrible to be so scared …
Calfay
You are a hatred and uncultivated liar. Where did you read in the Coran the BS you are quoting?!
If you want to spread lies, try at least to make a small research or read a little HISTORY before telling craps! Where did you find in history that ” Christian worshipers were slaughtered without mercy or sold into slavery” by Ottomans??! What are your references? Why didn’t you put a single annotated bibliography? You are just smearing a religion that you know nothing about and telling STORIES about people for whom you have hate and contempt.
Jews and Christians are living among Muslim in peace in all Muslim countries for more than 1 400 years. That does not mean all Muslims are good people. However, I challenge you to provide any historical fact stating that Muslims slaved or killed or deported non muslims.
As a reminder, Mr. the historian of the century, Muslim did not make WW1 nor WW2, they did not kill millions of innocent persons. They did not bombed Hiroshima nor Nagasaki. They did not slaughter Indians nor slaved Africans. They did not invaded North Africa and committed genocides. They did not destroy Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, Libya. They did not brutalize and butcher Palestinians, ……etc.
I really feel sorry for you, because, in 2017 such madness should not exist anymore.
Violetta Bennich-Plaka
29 March, 2017 at 6:26 pm — Reply
In response to your suicidal challenge “to provide any historical fact stating that muslims enslaved, killed or deported non muslims”, I would like to refer to the fall of Constantinople (May 29th 1453):
“Mehmed II had promised to his soldiers 3 days to plunder the city, to which they were entitled. Soldiers fought over the possession of some of the spoils of war. According to the Venetian surgeon Nicolò Barbaro “all through the day the Turks made a great slaughter of Christians through the city”. According to Philip Mansel, widespread persecution of the city’s civilian inhabitants took place, resulting in thousands of murders and rapes and 30,000 civilians being enslaved or forcibly deported.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople#Plundering_phase
“As the fierce battle raged for control of the city, old men, women and children sought shelter in the church of St. Sophia. That was their fatal mistake as the Muslims had no consideration for age or sex.”
” Inside the congregation prayed for the miracle that alone could save them. They prayed in vain. It was not long before the doors were battered down. The worshippers were trapped. A few of the ancient and infirm were killed on the spot; but most of them were tied or chained together. Veils and scarves were torn off the women to serve as ropes. Many of the lovelier maidens and youths and many of the richer-clad nobles were almost torn to death as their captors quarrelled over them. Soon a long procession of ill-assorted little groups of men and women bound tightly together was being dragged to the soldiers’ bivouacs, there to be fought over once again. The priests went on chanting at the altar till they too were taken.” (Runciman, The Fall of Constantinople 1453 , p. 147). http://www.reformation.org/fall-of-constantinople.html
“After the doors were breached, the troops separated the congregation according to what price they might bring in the slave markets.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople#Plundering_phase
Another example of how peacefully muslims have coexisted with others is the islamic conquest of India, “the bloodiest story in history” (starting in the 8th c., but mainly from the 12th c. to the 18th c.). Dr Koenraad Elst , a Belgian historian, writes in his “Negation in India”:
“The Muslim conquests, down to the 16th century, were for the Hindus a pure struggle of life and death. Entire cities were burnt down and the populations massacred, with hundreds of thousands killed in every campaign, and similar numbers deported as slaves. Every new invader made (often literally) his hills of Hindus skulls. Thus, the conquest of Afghanistan in the year 1000 was followed by the annihilation of the Hindu population; the region is still called the Hindu Kush, i.e. Hindu slaughter. The Bahmani sultans (1347-1480) in central India made it a rule to kill 100,000 captives in a single day, and many more on other occasions. The conquest of the Vijayanagar empire in 1564 left the capital plus large areas of Karnataka depopulated.”
“As a contribution to research on the quantity of the Islamic crimes against humanity, we may mention that the Indian (subcontinent) population decreased by 80 million between 1000 (conquest of Afghanistan) and 1525 (end of Delhi Sultanate).”
I could go on forever, since the historical material is huge, but I won’t be wasting more time and space answering a person who writes the way you did in your deplorable post.
3 May, 2017 at 2:46 am — Reply
How do you reason that that behavior is predicated upon following Islam rather than simply being human?
What about the Namibians slaughtered by Germans in the earth 20th century? The Benin Expedition of 1897? The Arabs killed by the Mongols when Baghdad was razed in 1258? The Rwandan genocide? The Serbian genocide? The Cathar Crusade? Would the Spanish not have done the same to the Central and South Americans had the Amerindians not been decimated by disease?
Genocidal violence is a human quality and is not specific to any one religion.
Truthweed
You forget to mention that in the case of Namibia the first victims were Germans. After German women and children were murdered the Germans prevented the Namibians from reaching nearby waterholes, to drive away their attackers.
It was originally a genocide against the Germans.
21 November, 2017 at 11:55 pm — Reply
Eloy Martinez
On July 14, 2016, a muslim man drove a truck through a crowd of unarmed civilians celebrating France’s Independence Day in Nice France. Lahouaiej-Bouhlel, the terrorist, did this in the name of Islam and according to the Islamic teaching that a muslim must wage war against non-muslims. For me, that was the last day I ever listened to a muslim apologist. That was the last day, I wanted to be a friend with a muslim. That was the last day, I wanted to patronize a muslim business. And that was the last day, I will listen to lies by people who believe in a false religion and a false prophet that kill random innocent people.
21 March, 2018 at 12:12 am — Reply
What bullshit is this? Define clearly what the term “race” as applied to human beings, means.
Lawrence Newman
18 January, 2017 at 10:16 pm — Reply
Species.
The ramblings of a Christian Zionist no doubt…
6 December, 2016 at 4:01 pm — Reply
To Max and John Welsh:
There are none so blind as those who do not want to see.
1 January, 2017 at 4:58 pm — Reply
Max and John,
When is the last time you extracted yer heads from out yer asses?
Sethmoto
9 February, 2017 at 11:37 pm — Reply
The greatest crime the white race did was rely upon non-whites for labor, money-lending and trading. Why did the founding fathers from England allow jews to be citizens in the new America? The Dutch colonialists wanted jews excluded. Well, a full 900-1200 years earlier, the administrative vacuum in barbarian white nations let jews in, to absorb the unfit and degenerate ostracized by the naturally eugenic pre-christians, and to do the money-lending and trading – a dependency that ultimately was more ruinous to jews than whites. And no need to say more on the presence of black flesh in the western hemisphere other than whites didn’t need black labor as much as their own safety, and with the wealth generated from slavery the robber barons could have funded black repatriation.
heandrewsjr
The lion looks like the White Race today. We must heal and then ATTACK.
Permela Ramsey
To What Species Do We Actually Belong?
So many different domesticated and undomesticated species are known to produce fertile offspring in nature (interspecific hybrids) that biologists practically define a race or “species” as a population of organisms that are GENETICALLY more similar to each other than they are to members of other gene pools. E.g., Bonobos and Chimpanzees are classified as different species despite their anatomical similarities because they differ from each other in disposition and behavior as much as any two races of mankind, and because those differences are assumed to be instinctive instead of cultural.
Celts, Eskimos and Pygmies belong to three different species of mankind according to most scientists’ definition of the word “species”. Why hide the fact that a branch of mankind is a separate species if a forensic anthropologist can easily identify it merely by looking at one tooth, bone or skull?
permela
3 May, 2017 at 11:40 am — Reply
“Races are new species in the making” according to the article written by the staff of National Vanguard above.
The Aryan race is more likely to survive if it considers itself to be a species instead of a race. Any race that considers itself to be a separate species will be far prouder, and far more likely to reject miscegenation.
Why refer to Pygmies and Negroes are different “races” instead of different “species”?
Is there any scientific reason for referring to Pygmies and Negroes as being “races” instead of separate “species”?
My 2:12 AM post on MAY 1, 2017 states that each of the different “races” of mankind is actually a separate species according to the definition that most scientists use.
Some of the various definitions of the word species that scientists used are discussed at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_problem
People who refer to Pygmies and Negroes as belonging to the same species are actually using the loosest definition of the word species. I doubt that any scientist uses that definition when discussing the different species of any other organism.
Cheryl D. Uzamere
First, I am African American. I am one of Jehovah’s Christian Witnesses. In spite of this, I have a few ideas that are mine, and mine alone.
White people, whether agreeing with race mixing or not, are very beautiful. I recognize beauty in all its form, and it is a sight to see when young ladies of European descent are coming from school, laughing, some of them talking tough, trying to sound grown. Their hair flies in the wind, and they are naive so they don’t realize they attract so much positive attention. Beauty is beauty, and white people tend to be beautiful.
I see nothing wrong in wanting to retain, not just the beauty, but the intelligence that goes along with it. It is not wrong for me, as an African American, to acknowledge that most of the inventions that made the world a better place were made by non-Jewish Europeans.
Non-Jewish Europeans made one fatal mistake, though. They sided with Jews and Arabs with regard to their hatred of Africans. Arab-Canaanites and Judeo-Canaanites were never lover of any god of love. Both groups are literally worshipers of Molech (the Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Sanhedrin 64a allows Jews to worship Molech. This is one of many issues in the Gentile-hating Babylonian Talmud that I plan to show every national delegate to the United Nations. I have already received a death threat from Israel, so if you hear that Cheryl D. Uzamere was shot and killed, you’ll know why.
In both Judaism and Islam, men are allowed to have sex with children. You might want to do some research on Youtube.com It’s very easy to find.
Would you like to see proof of Judaism’s and Islam’s barbarity? Here it is.
White man, both you and African American who are Christians have a fight: (1) to respect that which we find beautiful in our own races and stay with it; and, (2) Defeat Judaism and Islam.
It’s a lot of information, but it’s the proof you need:
American Muslims Have a Race Problem
http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2015/6/american-muslims-have-a-race-problem.html
Anti Black Racism in Tunisia. (Arab/Muslim world)
https://youtu.be/mNIFblwTCEE
Black Africans STILL Living Under EXTREME Racism and Segregation in Arab-Islamic Countries
https://youtu.be/NafGxS4zEnE
Brutal Treatment of Africans in Saudi Arabia Still Going On.
https://youtu.be/LQ3j5B5yEVg
Black Woman in Arab County
https://youtu.be/CBUPA_DePbE
The Ongoing Fight to Free Thousands of African Slaves in Yemen
https://youtu.be/KVuQTiQNJOE
Mauritania: Slavery’s last stronghold
https://youtu.be/5yQlOPD8mNo
Former Black Muslim Exposes The Anti-Black Racism In Islam
https://youtu.be/IV-lCVZKcmQ
African Women Sold Into Slavery in Kuwait as Domestic Workers
https://youtu.be/XgoQbQ6INdo
Horrifying video of Ethiopian refugees being beaten by their Arab captives in Saudi Arabia
https://youtu.be/Ia-3pPSN_LM
Libya’s Dirty Secret Massacre Of Blacks Libyan in Tawergha by Racist Arabs
https://youtu.be/LsnsVHFQL4Q
Blacks in Morocco-North Africa-The Brutal Reality
https://youtu.be/3IfWJeCo4m8
Sudan: The Secret Slave Trade
https://youtu.be/BpYTusFqeDM
A Runaway Slave Tells His Horrific Fight To Freedom.
https://youtu.be/VQXRKuoZLFI
Black Egyptians Suffer From Racism in Their Country
https://youtu.be/0uddOui8DoY
Arab Saudi prince Majed Abdulaziz Al Saud arrested for a sex crime in LA compound https://youtu.be/nved6CTbv6E
Sick & tired of racism in Israel
https://youtu.be/XDES2UIHXF8
Do Black Lives Matter in Israel?
https://youtu.be/qS9zdTDB90M
60 Minutes Exposing The Truth About Boystown (Breaking The Silence.) https://youtu.be./7y2PddkkJgs
Please note: Pedophile rings are Judaic in nature, even if the participants are not Jews. The Babylonian Talmud regulates sex with children.
At the Jewish website Come and Hear, it says: Let’s review the above-cited Mishnah: “When a grown-up man has had sexual intercourse with a little girl, or when a small boy has intercourse with a grown-up woman …” It is obvious that sex activity between a grown man and a little girl, and between a grown woman and a little boy, is a part of the woof and the warp of everyday Talmud life; such relationships, in the eyes of the Sages, are unremarkable. There is no prohibition on sexual activity between adults and young children — it is simply regulated. Please refer to http://www.come-and-hear.com/editor/america_2.html; http://www.come-and-hear.com/kethuboth/kethuboth_11.html
Islam is also allowed to have sex with children. Please see https://youtu.be/HmP66xGpjGo; https://youtu.be/NMp2wm0VMUs; https://youtu.be/zcaEDDmcdU8
Disgusting! Muslim woman with Hijab attacked by Moroccan men.
https://youtu.be/wQxbKjQtYSo
Saudi Prince Sentenced to Life for Sexual Murder of Servant
https://youtu.be/D4aIrsrK5Yg
Court drops human trafficking charge against Saudi princess
https://youtu.be/O-QTSFeLn5k
The Jewish Talmud Exposed
https://youtu.be/ZA-JCLYeDro
Jewish Woman Talks About Ritual Killings
https://youtu.be/b98ch_Pyi-Y
Sick Evil Jewish Talmud
https://youtu.be/3TggYOQuMB0
Slavery Of Young Slavic Women In Israel (Part 1)
https://youtu.be/4CJiUqn3VzM
Sex Slaves Hidden In Walls In Israel
https://youtu.be/1PFvTW23Oi0
The Jewish Mafia and White sex slave trade in 2014
https://youtu.be/EVj7801R17M
Popular Videos – Maid & Saudi Arabia: Bangladeshi Maid Abused
https://youtu.be/CFbR8yCBdlk
Arab’s brutality : An Arab torturing a Bangladeshi female household worker; https://youtu.be/RBFKy66EZJQ
Arab punishes servant
https://youtu.be/ftrgdDyoXRE
Torturing a Bangladeshi woman in Arabian Gulf – beaten and tortured maid Arabian Gulf ; https://youtu.be/kAiOYHJpBJQ
8-year-old Yemeni Child Bride Dies on Wedding Night!
https://youtu.be/ZWNNFXWHmDU
Saudi Arabia Deports Ethiopians As Nigerians Endure Ill Treatment At Thier Embassies; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PNbkgY0eI-w
Brutal Treatment Of Africans In Saudi Arabia Still Going On
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQ3j5B5yEVg&t=343s
Black People in Arabs County
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XpmnuNuJzw8&t=283s
Ebou Bah
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqB-rVeMyuqRiqQE7_ztxRg
Message to the Racist Arabs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Hwji5zyA3Q
Denham Haqq El
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5Sa3csvAmqpZsJ9j3apRlw
ARAB RACISM IN THE SUDAN:The Untold Story
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U73RLxUveHY&t=34s
https://www.youtube.com/0dRNa1VBL9Q
You Wouldn’t Want to be Black in the New Libya
https://www.youtube.com/-jhT5u6ecTQ
Ethiopians tortured in Saudi Arabia and Arab countries
They prefer boys in Afghanistan: Dancing bachas recruited for sex (RT Documentary); https://youtu.be/eM-xe6wHjnw
Torture Tape Implicates UAE Royal Sheikh
https://youtu.be/XHgaMqTzWaE?list=PLCbbYCusuEhaDcoTJ_meSwHkWCFjFsLKw
Saudi Arabia Police Beating A Bangladeshi man /https://youtu.be/puPSg-H9ggc?list=PLCbbYCusuEhaDcoTJ_meSwHkWCFjFsLKw
Saudi whips and beats victim for looking at his wife – Truthloader /https://youtu.be/5RfLZnwPD0s?list=PLCbbYCusuEhaDcoTJ_meSwHkWCFjFsLKw
Lebanese men beating an Ethiopian maid in broad daylight
https://youtu.be/xzRq9AOozeY?list=PLCbbYCusuEhaDcoTJ_meSwHkWCFjFsLKw
Ethopian beaten in Saudi Arabia
https://youtu.be/w1AkTh3UrKA?list=PLCbbYCusuEhaDcoTJ_meSwHkWCFjFsLKw
Saudi Arabian Family beat up their Ethiopian maid
https://youtu.be/shQG7WZ_894
house maid in saudi arbia /https://youtu.be/sqBWAJPg0nI
WATCH: Saudi OFW cries and begs for help through Facebook video/
https://youtu.be/aF7PKVCL-Fw
Gruesome attack photo: Filipino maid burned after Saudi boss drenches her with boiling water /https://youtu.be/neaXvcn8D_c
Saudi Prince Sentenced to Life for Murder of Servant /
Saudi Princess was Hiding. Domestic slaves! Human Trafficking
https://youtu.be/_HLz-21BKig
After Ordering Bodyguard To Kill Decorator, Saudi Princess Flees Paris
https://youtu.be/excPsY1lbMQ
Wife’s Hidden Camera Catches Saudi Man Groping Maid, Now She Faces Jail
https://youtu.be/xtqlUd1Ly-4
Pinay rape victim in KSA dies/
https://youtu.be/gHMRDqWEqFY
Israeli Doctors Stealing Organs In Haiti/
https://youtu.be/Po8RGHiLzH4
Israel Steals Haitian Organs From Earthquake Victims/
https://youtu.be/XytQ7e5Ac98
Accusing Israel of organ harvesting in Haiti
https://youtu.be/OmIlqjVtqnU
Haiti Earthquake Organ Harvesting And Child Trafficking (by IDF Israel Defense Forces)/
https://youtu.be/RQUCgoveC_E
Undercut crime: Israel admits illegal organ harvesting
https://youtu.be/0bF21E9eVxs
Angola 1st Country To Ban Islam And Destroy Mosques
https://youtu.be/j9VcsjoeTWI
In 18th Century Thomas Jefferson Banned Islam From America
https://youtu.be/032BbT1906U
http://www.thewatcherfiles.com/jewish_sacrifice.htm
Rabbis Say its OK to Kill Goyim
https://www.youtube.com/UhFvfW3Pai0
http://www.dailystormer.com/talmud-pedophilia-the-jewish-religion-allows-sex-with-3-year-old-baby-girls-and-little-boys-under-nine
2 June, 2017 at 11:35 am — Reply
This is very remarkable information. What has motivated you to amass all these documentaries?
3 July, 2017 at 3:40 pm — Reply
Insanity, clearly.
11 July, 2017 at 9:32 pm — Reply
Must Life Perish Unless Mongoloids Conquer the World?
Posted Jul 11, 2017 at
Permela posted the following response in the National Vanguard forum at https://nationalvanguard.org/about/ on July 11, 2017 and at http://whitebiocentrism.com/viewtopic.php?f=17&t=3202 .
CHERYL D. UZAMERE claims to be a mulatto, and seems to think that Whites hate non-Whites as much as Whites are hated by non-Whites.
The descendants of Aryan farmers in Europe, America, etc. can not survive unless they quickly learn how to behave as savagely and hatefully as the Semites and Negroes who are replacing them.
Civilization can not exist without domesticated animals, and above all, a domesticated species/race of mankind. Aryan farmers had to create the security that makes civilization possible by breeding some of the dangerous survival instincts out of their own race and the domesticated animals and plants that make it possible for their civilization to exist.
Are Aryans too civilized, i.e., compassionate, to compete with the savage Semites and Negroes who have been invading, terrorizing and exploiting Aryan homelands and civilization for thousands of years in order to steal, murder, rape and exploit the Aryan race?
The Aryan race has always been the most domesticated and powerful species of mankind in the world because it invented farming in the Fertile Crescent, and thereby the first civilization.
The savage Semitic herdsmen from which all Jews and Arabs descend first began to conquer and enslave Aryan farmers of Mesopotamia about eight thousand years ago because they wanted what the farmers produced, e.g., a permanent food supply.
The enslavement of the Aryan race made it possible for the Semitic population to become large enough to conquer the rest of the Fertile Crescent, e.g., ancient Egypt, by 2000 BC (during the lifetime of the herdsman Abraham from which Jews and Arabs claim to descend).
The ancient Egyptians call Abraham and other Semites “HYKSOS”, which means “rulers of foreign lands” or imperialists in plain English.
After centuries of slavery Amosis I united the Egyptian clans and drove their Semitic exploiters and parasites out of ancient Egypt (in the same way that Hitler tried to rid Germany of its exploiters according to the “Transfer Agreement” by Jew Edwin BLACK. See https://www.amazon.com/Transfer-Agreement-25th-Anniversary-Dramatic-Palestine/dp/0914153137 of download a .pdf version for free via a Google Search ( https://www.google.com/search?q=Transfer+Agreement%22+by+Edwin+BLACK ).
Although the Jews enslaved the Egyptian farmers, they claim in the “sacred scriptures” referred to as the Bible that their Semitic ancestors were enslaved by the ancient Egyptians, even though the concept that farmers can enslave herdsmen is as ridiculous as the rest of the nonsense that European Christians were forced to accept as the “WORD” of God over a thousand years ago.
Aryan farmers could not survive unless they allowed the herdsmen who terrorized them to enslave them. Shepherds have to follow their flocks so they are nomads. Their mobility allows them to raid and to terrorize the farmers with impunity. The farmers of the Fertile Crescent were easily terrorized, conquered and enslaved because they are tied to their farms, and have to live in permanent homes.
The only other way for the Aryan clans and nations of the Fertile Crescent to survive was to flee from the Fertile Crescent to the forests of Europe, since cattle starve in a forest.
The Aryans who settle in southern Europe took the land of the cold-adapted Cro-Magnon hunter gatherers who survived the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in southern Europe, and created the civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome.
Miscegenation between Aryans and Cro-Magnon hunter gatherers caused their civilizations to eventually become less secure and prosperous, i.e., to “fall” in the same way that civilization in Europe is now falling apart because it is being invaded by Negroes and Semites.
Northern Europe did not warm enough for farming until about five thousand years ago so the Aryan farmers who fled to norther Europe from the Fertile Crescent during the Holocene became hunter-gatherers. The Aryan race of northern Europe remained pure because the LGM drove all of the Cro-Magnon hunter gatherers out of northern Europe about 20 thousand years ago.
Jews Christianized the Aryans of southern Europe, gained control of the government of the Roman Empire, and used its military might to eventually force the Aryans of the rest of Europe to worship a Jew. Most northern Europeans probably inherited a little southern European blood from the Roman Aryan/Cro-Magnon hybrids.
The civilizations that the Aryans of northern Europe created became the most powerful in the world despite Christianity because they were secure and became prosperous enough to create the powerful technology that made it possible for them to conquer America and other continents.
Aryans tried to civilized the savage races that they conquered because they wrongly believed that teaching savage races to worship a Jew would civilize them too.
Aryans domesticated their race via thousands of years of selective breeding, i.e., law enforcement. Aryans eliminated from their gene pool the survival instincts that make it possible for people to survive in the homelands of savage races. To expect a man to become civilized because he worships a Jew, i.e., says that “Jesus is Lord”, is a nonsensical as anything else that Christians have been taught to believe.
The more savages immigrate to the homelands of Europeans, the sooner they will become as impoverished and technologically primitive as the homelands of Negroes and Semites are today. Politically correct Elon Musk seems to think that genetic engineering can civilize a hybrid race, in the same way that Aryans did it the old fashioned way. Otherwise, miscegenation will eventually doom any colony that Chistianized Aryans create on Mars.
If the Mongoloid race can maintain its purity and avoid becoming Christianized, i.e., Jew-worship, its civilization may eventually become the most powerful in the world and even on Mars, and have the opportunity to conquer and colonize the rest of the world, and possibly even to help life to outlast planet earth.
Red Menace
29 October, 2017 at 6:37 pm — Reply
LMAO y’all are nuts hahaha oh man, I thought religious people were crazy but I think I’ve found the craziest place on the internet, you’re irrational fears and paranoia would be entertaining if it weren’t for the fact that this sort of thing is exactly what’s holding mankind back, we will achieve greatness when the world becomes one culture (via the internet and globalism with cultural globalization) and we shed concepts such as race, religion is abolished, and we restructure society to put an end to oligarchy and hierarchy.
Thank you, friend. The cards are stacked against both of our races and they are trying to get us to fight each other. We need to unite and fight the Jews and their Muslim lackeys or we are both toast.
5 November, 2017 at 9:26 pm — Reply
So disappointing that people still walk the earth thinking that the COLOR of a HUMAN BEING’S SKIN is a measurable factor in their importance as a person. The only “impact” this organization has made on my life was reinforcing the fact that people who think whites are superior in ANY way have zero place at all in the world. Is it really so difficult to love people for who they are? Is it really so hard for you to hold back your racist, unwarranted, and unwanted hate towards anybody different than you? Thank God you have a president to back you up now because I guarantee you ABSOLUTELY NOTHING will come from you promoting white people as better than anyone else.
We all bleed the same color, people. Its not rocket science.
We aren’t saying we are better numbskull. We are trying to not go extinct, whites are 8% of the world and have benefitted the world to great measures. Obviously, there is something special about us with our ability to create magnificent civilizations and technology/inventions. We are here to make sure that we don’t go extinct, we aren’t promoting hate or violence.
White people no better than anyone else?
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/USA_2009._Percent_of_adult_males_incarcerated_by_race_and_ethnicity.png
There is only ONE race. The HUMAN race. We can all mix and mingle have children together….organs work the same, we all bleed red. Peel our skin off and you wouldn’t know the difference if you found us siting in the woods. What separates us are culture, language and some religion only. We are ALL cousins going way back to a few forefathers that decided to walk out of Africa. So many of us share the same DNA. Regardless of what you want to believe this is the god damn truth!
(97% of Europeans are able to find a tissue match if they need e.g. a bone marrow transplant. It is almost impossible to find a match for a person of mixed race.
Austin Marshall
23 September, 2018 at 5:10 pm — Reply
Re: The Southern California Handshake
Is it possible that a major American city is in bed with the world’s largest charity fundraiser? Why are San Diego’s elected officials featured on The Devil Corp website? If you go to the Executive Teams section and scroll down to the bottom, you’ll find portraits of the mayor, the city council, the district attorney, the sheriff, and just about every judge in the county. Why are politicians from America’s 8th largest city displayed on a website that apparently has nothing to do with them? Is this evidence of political corruption? What did ‘America’s finest city’ do to earn its place on Appco Group’s website The Devil Corp? Did they break the law? Were they paid off? I’m sure San Diego’s political elite have a reasonable explanation as to why they’re featured on an uncontested website that exposes a multinational sales cult.
https://thedevilcorp.wordpress.com/
* Please note that Executive Teams has some 800 portraits, so if they don’t all load immediately, just refresh the page once or twice in order to see their pretty faces.
IOAN DIRINA
Our country is being invaded,and this time the enemy is already inside the gate ! IT’S THE END OF WHITE AMERICA !
Please visit my site at http://WWW.DIRINAIOAN.COM for details and please place me in your mailing list.
With anticipated thanks,Ioan Dirina,author
21 April, 2019 at 9:23 am — Reply
I stopped reading as soon as I read your proclamation of “Evolution”.
Evolution is a “theory”. And an unproven one at that.
That you offer it as a fact as a way to proclaim that we’re all part of different “races”, when it’s already been clearly proven that we are all HUMAN, is a complete joke. It is, by the way, our DNA, that PROVES that WE ARE ALL HUMAN.
Proof can also be found in simple genetics. You have a mother and a father. Each of your parents had a mother and a father. Each of their parents had a mother and a father. Follow this method back for only 100 generations. See the number of people it would take to exist just for you to exist today. Please, by all means, try to prove to me that all of our ancestors, from all colors and ethnic groups, did not interbreed like rabbits.
You can be as proud as you want to be of your skin color, but there is one very obvious fact that you are missing. Your ancestors lived their lives for themselves, not for you, generations later.
So, sticking to just your skin color, is pretty ridiculous. When it really comes down to it, considering the number of people it takes within 100 generations, or even 50 generations, as even that number of people needing to exist would be high in the trillions, your skin color is more coincidence, if anything.
In all truth, you’re simply building yourself up with false pride that your skin color means anything at all.
As I said in another post, there are good people and there are bad people, and your skin color has absolutely nothing to do with whether you are good or bad.
So, learn from this or stay blissfully content in your ignorance.
Of the very few things that you actually have control over, you, at least, have a choice to do that.
FenrirSSon
15 June, 2019 at 2:56 am — Reply
We have a culture that is being purposefully sabotaged. Our people are being purposefully murdered in some twisted blood ritual(I wonder why our blood and culture are made to die, while all others retain their cultures and spread their blood…)
Our heroes and the bravest among Aryan Folk are systematically undermined, framed, or killed outright. Our traditional land is being infringed upon by our enemies through other races that don’t have anything to do with the matter.
I know it’s PC and “good” to say everyone is equal, human race, blah blah ad nauseum. But get a grip Folks.
These are not fear mongers trying to manipulate or terrorize for material gain. They are decent Folks who don’t want to see themselves and their children(really just the newest versions of themselves) die off and be less than a footnote in the story.
Our ancestors did not live just for themselves, as was said in a comment. My ancestors are always with me and continue to help me today. Without a doubt.
They thought of ME while they lived and even in this disphoric landscape and time with little hope, I think of my Folk who will succeed me.
That is what has been given to me from my Kin.
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Home Tv & Show A Place in the Sun: ‘Overwhelmed’ Danni Menzies issued apology as buyer...
A Place in the Sun: ‘Overwhelmed’ Danni Menzies issued apology as buyer bursts into tears
Danni, 30, welcomed husband and wife Tony and Julie to the Italian coastal town of Trabocchi on today’s instalment of Channel 4 holiday home show, A Place in the Sun.
Tony and Julie were hoping to get their hands on a property they could reside in as a holiday home, with Danni lining up five potential locations the pair could contemplate.
The couple told Danni they could waiver from their original budget of £150,000, telling the host they would be willing to pay up to £165,000 if she picked them a good enough property.
It seemed Danni may have done the job when the presenter showed the couple the fourth home and instantly, Julie fell in love with the holiday home before even seeing the interior.
Seeing the views they would be looking out on if they purchased the property, Julie’s emotions took over as she began crying to her husband and Danni.
However, it was Danni who Julie apologised to over her emotional moment, telling the presenter: “Sorry Dani.”
The host instantly consoled the holiday home buyer, wrapping her arm around Julie’s shoulders as she said: “I know how much it means to you guys.”
Wiping away the tears, Julie opined: “I’m just getting overwhelmed. It’s amazing,” taking in the majestic views.
There was a catch as Danni explained there were in fact two properties situated on the land, with the landlord striking a deal if the couple would want to take the whole lot.
Although Tony and Julie eyed up the first property in awe, they weren’t too convinced by the second building.
Commenting on the first property on the land, Danni said: “This property is bursting with character and I can’t wait to see what they make of it,” referring to whether the pair were going to make a bid.
Tony and Julie were keeping their cards on the table with two more properties still to see at this point.
Though seeing the property did help the couple make one big decision as they eventually ruled out the first property they saw which once belonged to Michael Angelo.
After viewing the final two properties, Tony and Julie met with Danni once more and told her they needed to do more research before making a final decision but would still be holding the plot in great consideration.
Before the end credits rolled, Dani revealed the couple were still hoping to get their hands on the land but still hadn’t got the go ahead to do the renovation work they wanted to complete.
On yesterday’s show, Danni’s colleague Jonnie Irwin, 45, the presenter was helping couple Jane and Michael find their dream holiday home.
After showing the couple a collection of potential properties, it was the final home which blew the pair away.
Jane remarked: “If you had shown us this property first, you wouldn’t have had a programme,” as it ticked all the boxes they had asked for in what they wanted from their dream holiday home.
Seeing the kitchen changed their mind and Jane took back her original comment, leading Jonnie to leave the couple to contemplate their future in Spain away from the show.
Another member of the A Place in the Sun Team, Laura Hamilton, 37, has recently teased to her 42,000 Instagram followers a new travel programme she is set to present in the not-so-distant future.
A Place in the Sun airs weekdays at 4pm on Channel 4.
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Campfire Carnage: Gratuitous Violence Ensues in Slash-and-Dice Thriller Black Rock
Katie Aselton’s 'Deliverance'-inspired romp joins the schlock hall of fame
By Rex Reed • 05/21/13 4:47pm
Lake Bell, Katie Aselton and Kate Bosworth in Black Rock.
Apparently I’m not alone in my growing disgust with movies glorifying the physical and mental abuse of people in general and the butchering of women in particular. I had nightmares following the news of the three kidnapping victims in Cleveland who escaped unspeakable horrors after being imprisoned by a maniac for a decade. But I don’t want to see a movie about it. Nor do I envy anyone who suffers through a slash-and-dice thriller called Black Rock, about three hot babes camping out on a remote island off the Maine coast who are tracked, hunted, raped (and worse) by three demented hunters, veterans back from Iraq and Afghanistan. In time, the girls take revenge by reversing the gender roles, giving the brutality a phony feminist slant. Despite the sight of so much cheesecake romping naked through the woods like the girls have never heard of poison ivy, it’s the usual disreputable grindhouse schlock.
Kate Bosworth, an appealing blonde who played Sandra Dee in the dismal Bobby Darin biopic Beyond the Sea and Lois Lane in Superman Returns, plays Sarah, a can-do feminist who ropes two estranged gal pals into a trip to an uninhabited island for some quality time to mend bruised feelings over an old boyfriend. Lou (Lake Bell) and Abby (played by the film’s director, Katie Aselton) hold a grudge and scarcely speak. But they hike, open cans over a campfire and bicker about betrayal and jealousy caused when Abby slept with Lou’s ex-fiancé. Before you can say “Deliverance,” they are joined by three hunters who seem friendly enough, until Abby stupidly gets drunk and seduces one of the men, turning his predatory friends horny. Rage and resentment build. Let the violence begin.
Chased with guns, arrows, knives and whatever else turns gym-sculpted girls into candidates for a slab in the morgue, the women fight back using the same Hunger Games mentality as their pursuers. In Deliverance, the villains were inbred swamp cretins. In Black Rock, the psychos are war veterans entrusted with fighting for their country. If there is any point to this carnage, the message is, “Before girls go camping, they should pack their own weapons to protect themselves from demented war heroes.” (Except in this case, the bogus “heroes” were dishonorably discharged, a fact the girls ignore.) By the time 83 unbearable minutes finally end, you can’t tell the difference between good girls and bad guys because they’ve all turned into savages. In the clumsily filmed, blood-soaked finale, it’s a task to find any evidence of survival with a telescope. This shlockfest was written by Mark Duplass, the actor who loaned some ballast to the awful Hump Day and is married to Black Rock star and director Katie Aselton. The writing tanks while the actors try to stay above water, but nobody leaves a trace on the radar.
rreed@observer.com
Written by Mark Duplass and Katie Aselton
Directed by Katie Aselton
Starring Katie Aselton, Lake Bell and Kate Bosworth
Running time: 83 mins.
Filed Under: Entertainment, Movies, movie, Kate Bosworth, Mark Duplass, Lake Bell, Black Rock, Katie Aselton
SEE ALSO: Jean Reno’s ‘Cold Blood’ Won’t Raise Your Temperature, Even in Sub-Zero Weather
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How Netflix Became the No. 1 Destination for Television Entertainment (By Far)
By Brandon Katz • 07/04/18 6:00am
Netflix is the No. 1 destination for television content. Thomas Trutschel/Photothek via Getty Images
Here’s something you probably already knew for yourself: Netflix is the most popular destination for television entertainment. Shocking, I know.
The streaming platform was named the No. 1 source for small screen content in a recent Wall Street poll conducted by Cowen & Co. Netflix ranked ahead of traditional cable and broadcast television networks as well as Amazon, Hulu, YouTube and other online competitors, cementing its place atop the crowded food chain. Shark, meet minnow.
Overall, Netflix earned the No. 1 spot with 27 percent of the vote, besting basic cable (20 percent), broadcast (18 percent) and YouTube (11 percent).
The company’s current financial state supports their dominant position as well, as stock was trading at $396.35 per share and its market cap has stretched to $169.3 billion as of this writing. That’s notably higher than Disney ($105.23; $156 billion), largely considered Netflix’s greatest threat.
So how did they do it? How did they transform from a DVD-rental company into arguably the most powerful entertainment player in the world? Without going too deep down the rabbit hole, here are a few ways Netflix climbed its way to the top.
I love how the Terminator franchise employs artificial intelligence, specifically with the learning capabilities of the machines. In the series, each villainous Terminator can learn from its previous encounter with the good guys and adapt its tactical approach accordingly. Similarly, since Netflix’s inception, it has been forced to do battle with titans of the industry and has come out stronger for it each time.
Initially, Netflix’s primary competition was Blockbuster, a duel that taught them a great deal about getting out ahead of trends (Netflix stockpiled DVDs at the tail end of the VHS era while Blockbuster stubbornly stuck with the older technology) and pivoting strategies quickly (the back-and-forth streaming war between the two in the mid 2000s was like a heavyweight prize fight).
Next, the streamer took on HBO, and while the premium cable channel has not lost subscribers in the wake of Netflix’s ascension, it has conceded that it can’t keep pace. President of programming Casey Bloys recently said that the voluminous approach of Netflix doesn’t fit HBO’s model, nor does the streamer’s spending habits. He also admitted that Netflix is disrupting the economic status quo of television and that you “have to adjust to the marketplace.” From HBO, Netflix learned the value of buzz-worthy awards contenders and their impact on brand perception. Without HBO, Netflix likely never would have invested in House of Cards, Orange is the New Black or Stranger Things.
Now, Netflix continues to apply the lessons it has learned over the last 15 years in its battles against Disney, Amazon and other competition that is readily mounting.
Millennial-Driven Business Model
In the digital age, convenience has become the most crucial factor in entertainment consumption. People want to watch what they want, when they want, without being beholden to outmoded network schedules and commercial breaks. Enter: Generation Text.
Millennials are driving the shift in viewing habits as entertainment consumption becomes further personalized. The company’s lead in the advertiser-friendly 18 to 34 demographic is startling: Almost 40 percent of those surveyed in that age range cited Netflix as their most-used TV-viewing option, crushing YouTube (17 percent), basic cable (12.6 percent), Hulu (7.6 percent) and broadcast TV (7.5 percent).
Detractors like to label the Millennial generation as the most entitled age group in recent memory (I counter with this). If true, Netflix has leveraged that by personalizing its content on a 1-1 level, rather than the 1-to many of traditional television, making it feel far more tailored to individual users. Netflix has endless data on viewing habits for each user: what you watched, how long you watched it, what type of content you like to watch, when you press pause, what type of content you jump from, etc. Using that data to serve and promote to an audience enables the streamer to keep them engaged; subscriber growth is key, but retention is even more important. The increasingly personalized nature of TV-viewing can be used as a growth tool that hooks audiences for longer.
You could just hear the old guard of TV yelling, “And I would have gotten away with it too, if it weren’t for you meddling kids.”
Flood of Content and Migration of Talent
By the end of 2018, Netflix will have released 1,000 originals and plopped down a mind-numbing $8 billion on content, not to mention $2 billion in marketing. Those figures are flat out astonishing. No other platform can rival the library of Netflix’s and that’s before we even get to their extensive back catalog of existing shows and movies (where Hulu can compete as well).
With such an immense buffet-style selection, Netflix has branded itself as the “something for everyone” option, a one-size-fits-all platform that other streamers and outfits simply cannot match. There’s immense broad appeal value in such a stance, but to maintain such a tidal wave of content, the streamer has begun putting a greater emphasis on recruiting marquee behind-the-scenes talent.
Last summer, Netflix gave ABC uber-producer Shonda Rhimes a $100 million deal to jump ship; in February, the company snared Fox’s small screen golden boy Ryan Murphy with a $300 million deal. Both moves struck a significant blow against rivals on traditional television (and prompted Warner Bros. to shell out $400 million to retain producer Greg Berlanti, another example of the Netflix effect), yet neither was even the streamer’s splashiest move.
That distinction belongs to the unprecedented deal the company struck with the Obamas to produce original content, a move that generated immense buzz throughout the television industry. The poaching of elite talent to develop content is only going to ramp up in the coming years, and eventually you could see the surrender of linear television altogether.
Streamers survive on buzz, which leads to awareness which leads to new subscriptions; that just so happens to be the area where Netflix can continue to expand.
Global Ambitions
Unlike some television destinations, Netflix is not limited by borders.
As of this writing, the streamer operates in 190 countries and boasts 125 million worldwide subscribers (56.71 million in the United States). Yet there is still room to grow thanks to developing internet technologies that has connected potential users far more rapidly than even the company projected. That is especially true in India.
“Given the consumer base, the next 100 million [subscribers] for us is coming from India,” Netflix CEO Reed Hasting said earlier this year, per The Economic Times. Hastings noted that India is “the most phenomenal example anywhere in the world of low internet costs, expansion of 4G. We didn’t see that coming, and we just got lucky on that one.”
While the exact subscriber counts for India, which has a population of 1.3 billion, remain unknown, Hastings did note to The Economic Times, “What we can tell is that the international segment as a whole is over 60 million and grown over 40 percent year over year. India is a key part of that, and we are continuing to see that success throughout the world.”
Despite the dominant market share Netflix has established, there is still ample room to grow.
Viewed altogether, you can see a loose sketch of how Netflix arrived at its current point atop the industry.
Filed Under: TV, Entertainment, Barack Obama, Netflix, Amazon, YouTube, FOX, ABC, disney
SEE ALSO: Will Netflix Ever Run Ads?
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The Long Dark inspires a different, more primal kind of fear than a lot of other survival entries. Bye-bye zombies, hello hypothe...
Second Look: The Long Dark
Mass Effect: Andromeda Review
Andromeda is robust and delivers effectively on the key elements it advertises, and then goes above and beyond regarding play style tailoring and experienceable customization. That said, the characters look more at home in the Sims 3 era, and the dialog fails to be more than lackluster - cringe-worthy at times. Nevertheless, while Mass Effect: Andromeda proves a quality example of its genres, diehard fans of the Mass Effect universe and its original story should wait until BioWare patches the technical bugs, and the price point lowers.
For The King Early Access Review
For the King is a strategic RPG that features procedurally generated maps, so each playthrough is palpably different from the last. However, the randomness dampens appeal as the results are frequently unforgiving or unjust. The hit to replayability is a shame, as this title has much to offer to the patient – or the masochists. Diehard RPG strategists, however, will appreciate this title.
NieR: Automata Review
NieR: Automata contains twenty-six different endings, which inevitably incentivizes those who want to see all possible conclusions. But, the apparent lack of story, which drops off for a good while after the introductory level, is stinging, and you must have enough commitment to see past this.
Streets of Rogue Early Access Review
Without a doubt, few things are more appealing than a good excuse to log online and murder random opponents with my friends – and, typically, the Artificial Intelligence (AI) variety is preferable to salty, overly-competitive strangers. Streets of Rogue is a refreshing, action-RPG-adventure-stealth-shooter conglomeration developed by Matt Dabrowski, and it's a title that promises to be an excellent addition to the line-up of hits from tinyBuild Games. Released on March 10th, 2017, this Early Access title stresses that it is all about choices – but will gamers choose it, when there are so many other chaotic, anarchic alternatives?
MyWorld Early Access Review
Clunky combat provides shallow gameplay and limited tactical variety, quests are few and repetitive, and progression brings nothing other than higher numbers on your screen. The world builder might be MyWorld’s saving grace, but in its current state, The Game Creators have yet to deliver on their basic premise. Keep an eye on as the game is in its early stage of Early Access, but the jury is still out.
Atelier Firis is a great addition and continuation to the Atelier series at large. The series may not appeal to players who prefer nearly non-stop action and combat, though if you enjoyed previous Atelier titles, there is a high chance you will come to relish Atelier Firis. The drive for pushing through the story builds slowly, but, once you reach this point, it's unlikely you'll be able to put this game down.
Chaos Drift Review
Given the current state of the stat system, there is a definite need for some tweaking; and this is desperately needed in light of Chaos Drift’s description on Steam, which specifically mentions this customizable stat system. This feature drew me in, but high expectation quickly gave way to disappointment as my head began to spin, trying to make sense of what was going on with the incorrigible stat system.
Quarantine Early Access Review
As of now, Quarantine doesn’t do enough to distinguish itself from others in the strategy genre, but the potential is there: Quarantine could easily polish up and add more content to boost replayability, creating a much more fulfilling gaming experience.
Torment: Tides of Numenera Review
The writing team, led by designers Adam Heine, Colin McComb, and George Ziets, show their chops throughout this engaging experience, as shown by the way everything comes together, like a rubik's cube of moral dilemmas. Discover the treasure of TToN, rich and rewarding for lovers of the RPG genre, new and old alike.
Atelier Sophie: The Alchemist of the Mysterious Book Review
Atelier Sophie offers a fantastic experience, with a refreshing motivation behind the story and the ultimate goal of the main character. Good character depth and development pairs well with a playful yet intricate alchemy crafting system to guarantee hours upon hours of great gameplay for Atelier fans and newcomers alike.
The Wild Eight Early Access Review
All in all, The Wild Eight is a relatively inexpensive addition to the Survival genre, and it's one that comes with a lot of potential. Even as it stands, The Wild Eight is an excellent choice for players who want to face the wilderness with a group of friends, and watching your loved ones’ avatars get gored to death by wild boars certainly breaks up the monotony of foraging.
With an intricately crafted world, innovative and engaging battle system, and delightful array of scenery and music, this game is a splendid and true tribute to the SNES JRPG. The bugs one might encounter in beta versions are overshadowed by pure awe and captivation—a relentless desire to play more and more.
Hero Review
While it's commendable that a two-man team set out to create an adventure of relatively broad scope, I can't recommend Hero, especially not at its current price point. It does have decent music and sound effects, but the lackluster graphics, lack of polish and uninspired gameplay are too glaring to ignore.
Disgaea 2 Review
Disagea 2 is a fantastic release that plays quite smoothly and has a tremendous amount of depth and playability to offer. Granted, the combat mechanic can seem repetitive, but there is a staggering number of classes to recruit, along with new abilities to unlock and level up, and new maps and aspects to explore. As a Prinny might say: download the demo and check it out, dood!
Xenon Valkyrie Review
XenonValkyrie is a project that held many promising ideals. It sought to be the synchronized combination of a platforming shooter, rogue-like, and Metroidvania game, but couldn't quite live up to its potential. It had too much on its plate, and the result was a disjointed and buggy mash of disconnected aspects of many genres. Pile that on top of balance, design, and control issues and you get a game that is unfairly difficult and lacks truly elaborate content. Nevertheless, the game is still somewhat enjoyable, if you have a knack for the brutally challenging and are willing to invest a lot of time and tolerance to unravel what it does have to offer.
Learn Japanese To Survive! Katakana War Review
One of the best virtual introductions to a new language I have ever seen. Thanks to Learn Japanese To Survive!Katakana War, one could be well on their way to learning the Japanese language while immersing themselves in a genuinely fun game.
A House of Many Doors Review
A House of Many Doors is a terrifying trek through the unknown, a disjointed story with startling descriptions of lost memories and slow declines into madness. It is beautiful, haunting, gripping… and boring. It is simply hard to identify with it, and complicated to understand, which prevents it from truly capitalizing on its amazing elements which would otherwise stand alone so well.
Diluvion Review
Diluvion tugs at the soul of the land-bound adventurer who longs to experience the mysteries of the deep. It ties together RPG elements, resource management, combat, and the salty appeal of a marine environment in a brilliant blend of whimsical and exciting.
Ashbourne Review
Ashbourne is a title that I would love to have enjoyed and recommended. Sadly, I didn’t and I can’t. Despite its promising premise, the game severely lacks any substance, it feels like a Beta, if not an alpha, and so much work needs to be done to transform it into a compelling, memorable addition to the Action-RPG genre. While we understand this is a low budget production, some attention to detail and much-needed refinements are direly needed to improve the experience overall. Unless heavily patched, Ashbourne will be forgotten as a jarring, clunky experience of the 2017 year in PC gaming.
Unhappy Ever After Review
Unhappy Ever After is the result of a wicked mind’s imagination, and it’s a charming and enchanted, yet morbidly terrifying world that will suck you in, deep. The visual design is done so well that it paints a vivid picture of a battle between the imaginative world we inhabit within our mind and our daily struggles with societal issues of modern days. At $6 on Steam, it’s a steal.
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Difference between revisions of "Augustine of Hippo"
Revision as of 03:59, February 9, 2006 (view source)
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(→Reception of Augustine in the Orthodox Church: added Yannaras quote)
Revision as of 19:36, February 12, 2006 (view source)
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(expanded information on views in Orthodoxy)
'''Augustine of Hippo''' (354–430) is one of the great [[Church Fathers]] of the fourth century; he was the eldest son of [[Monica of Hippo|Saint Monica]].
'''Augustine of Hippo''' (354–430) is one of the important Western theological writers of the fourth century; he was the eldest son of [[Monica of Hippo|Saint Monica]].
==Life==
Augustine's writings developed St Ambrose of Milan's theory of [[just war]]. He also advocated the use of force against the [[Donatism|Donatists]], asking "Why . . . should not the Church use force in compelling her lost sons to return, if the lost sons compelled others to their destruction?" (''The Correction of the Donatists'', 22-24). However, he objected to capital punishment and said that it would be preferable to set his opponents free than to execute them.
Augustine was [[Glorification|glorified]] by popular recognition. His [[feast day]] is [[August 28]], the day on which he died.
The addition of Augustine to the Menologion is uncertain. Some regard him as [[Glorification|glorified]] by popular recognition in the distant past, yet he was not added to the Horologion in Greece until 1983 (and then only in the index, but with no mention of his name on the page for June 15). He appears to have been added to the calendar in Russia during the "Western Captivity" when Jesuit priests domninated education (especially the seminaries) and publishing. His [[feast day]] is [[June 15]].
==Reception of Augustine in the Orthodox Church==
:''We further declare that we hold fast to the decrees of the four Councils, and in every way follow the holy Fathers, [[Athanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]], [[Hilary of Poitiers|Hilary]], [[Basil the Great|Basil]], [[Gregory the Theologian]], [[Gregory of Nyssa]], [[Ambrose of Milan|Ambrose]], Theophilus, [[John Chrysostom|John (Chrysostom) of Constantinople]], [[Cyril of Alexandria|Cyril]], '''Augustine''', Proclus, [[Leo the Great|Leo]] and their writings on the true faith.''[http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-14/Npnf2-14-111.htm] (emphasis added)
In the acts of the [[Sixth Ecumenical Council]] (not yet translated into English), he is called the "most excellent and blessed Augustine" and is referred to as "the most wise teacher." In the Comnenian Council of Constantinople in 1166 he is referred to as " Ο ΑΓΙΟΣ ΑΥΓΟΥΣΤΙΝΟΣ" - "Saint Augustine."
In the acts of the [[Sixth Ecumenical Council]] (not yet translated into English), he is called the "most excellent and blessed Augustine" and is referred to as "the most wise teacher." In the Comnenian Council of Constantinople in 1166 he is referred to as "Ο ΑΓΙΟΣ ΑΥΓΟΥΣΤΙ
Despite these acclamations, most of his works were not translated into Greek until the 13th century (?) and some Orthodox Christians identify errors in his theology—especially those in his [[Triadology]] which gave rise to the ''[[Filioque]]'' addition to the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]]—and regard him as being one of the major factors in the [[Great Schism]] between the Church in the East and in the West. Thus, there are those among the Orthodox who regard Augustine as a [[heresy|heretic]], although there has never been any conciliar condemnation of either him or his writings.
More moderate views regard Augustine as either simply one theological writer among many in the early Church (but not a [[saint]]), or even perhaps with the title "Blessed" before his name. It should be noted, however, that the Orthodox Church has not traditionally ranked saints in terms of "blessed" or "saint" (i.e., suggesting that the latter has a greater degree of holiness than the former). Saint "rankings" are usually only differences in kind (e.g., monastics, married, bishops, martyrs, etc.), not in degree. The practice of ranking by degree is much more characteristic of the [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] tradition.
There is at least one book explicitly dealing with the issue of Augustine's place in Orthodoxy, ''The Place of Blessed Augustine in the Orthodox Church'' by Fr. [[Seraphim Rose]] (ISBN 0938635123), which is generally favorable toward Augustine, citing his importance as a saint in terms of his confessional and devotional writings rather than in his theology. Its cover includes a traditional Greek icon of Augustine, where he is labelled as '''Ο ΑΓΙΟΣ ΑΥΓΟΥΣΤΙΝΟΣ'''—"Saint Augustine."
Another view is expressed by [[Christos Yannaras]], who descibed Augustine as "the fount of every distortion and alteration in the Church's truth in the West" (''The Freedom of Morality'', p. 151n.).
==Quotes==
===From ''The City of God''===
St. Augustine evidently originated the phrase "love the sinner, hate the sin", which he tied in with a privative notion of evil:
:For this reason, the man who lives by God's standards and not by man's, must needs be a lover of the good, and it follows that he must hate what is evil. Further, since no one is evil by nature, but anyone who is evil is evil because of a perversion of nature, the man who lives by God's standards has a duty of "perfect hatred" ([[Psalms|Psalm]] 139:22) towards those who are evil; that is to say, he should not hate the person because of the fault, nor should he love the fault because of the person. He should hate the fault, but love the man. And when the fault has been cured there will remain only what he ought to love, nothing that he should hate. (14:6, Penguin ed., transl. Bettenson)
===From ''Confessions''===
:Our hearts shall ever restless be, until they find their rest in Thee. (1:1)
*[http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo More quotes at Wikiquote...]
==Writings==
At the end of his life (426-428?) Augustine revisited his previous works in chronological order and suggested what he would have said differently in a work titled the ''Retractations'', which gives us a remarkable picture of the development of a writer and his final thoughts.
===Books===
*''On Christian Doctrine'', 397-426
*''Confessions'', 397-398
*''City of God'', begun c. 413, finished 426.
*''On the Trinity'', 400-416.
*''Enchiridion''
===Letters===
*On the Catechising of the Uninstructed
*On Faith and the Creed
*Concerning Faith of Things Not Seen
*On the Profit of Believing
*On the Creed: A Sermon to Catechumens
*On Continence
*On the Good of Marriage
*On Holy Virginity
*On the Good of Widowhood
*On Lying
*To Consentius: Against Lying
*On the Work of Monks
*On Patience
*On Care to be Had For the Dead
*On the Morals of the Catholic Church
*On the Morals of the Manichaeans
*On Two Souls, Against the Manichaeans
*Acts or Disputation Against Fortunatus the Manichaean
*Against the Epistle of Manichaeus Called Fundamental
*Reply to Faustus the Manichaean
*Concerning the Nature of Good, Against the Manichaeans
*On Baptism, Against the Donatists
*Answer to Letters of Petilian, Bishop of Cirta
*The Correction of the Donatists
*Merits and Remission of Sin, and Infant Baptism
*On the Spirit and the Letter
*On Nature and Grace
*On Man's Perfection in Righteousness
*On the Proceedings of Pelagius
*On the Grace of Christ, and on Original Sin
*On Marriage and Concupiscence
*On the Soul and its Origin
*Against Two Letters of the Pelagians
*On Grace and Free Will
*On Rebuke and Grace
*The Predestination of the Saints/Gift of Perseverance
*Our Lord's Sermon on the Mount
*The Harmony of the Gospels
*Sermons on Selected Lessons of the New Testament
*Tractates on the Gospel of John
*Homilies on the First Epistle of John
*Soliloquies
*The Enarrations, or Expositions, on the Psalms
*Peter Brown, ''Augustine of Hippo'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967) (ISBN 0-520-00186-9)
*Adolphe Tanquerey, ''The Spiritual Life: A Treatise on Ascetical and Mystical Theology'', 1930, reprint edition 2000 (ISBN 0895556596) p. 37.
*Fr. [[Seraphim Rose]], ''The Place of Blessed Augustine in the Orthodox Church'', 1997 (ISBN 0938635123)
==External links==
*[http://www.goarch.org/en/ourfaith/articles/article8153.asp St. Augustine in the Greek Orthodox Tradition], by Fr. [[George C. Papademetriou]]
*''On Christian Doctrine,'' ''Confessions,'' and ''City of God'' are available freely at http://www.ccel.org/a/augustine/
*Other writings are available freely at http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/
*[http://www.mrrena.com/august.shtml St. Augustine: Between Two Worlds]
*[http://personal2.stthomas.edu/gwschlabach/docs/jhy-aug.htm Augustine and 'other catholics']
*[http://www.philosophyarchive.com/text.php?era=400-499&author=Augustine&text=Confessions%20and%20Enchiridion%20Introduction The Enchiridion] by Augustine
*[http://www.gutenberg.net/catalog/world/authrec?fk_authors=1156 eTexts] of Augustine's works, at [http://www.gutenberg.net/ Project Gutenberg]
[[Category:Bishops]]
[[Category:Church Fathers]]
[[Category:Saints]]
Revision as of 19:36, February 12, 2006
Augustine of Hippo (354–430) is one of the important Western theological writers of the fourth century; he was the eldest son of Saint Monica.
Aurelius Augustinus was born in 354 in Tagaste to a Christian mother and a Pagan father, raised in Roman north Africa, educated in Carthage, and employed as a professor of rhetoric in Milan by 383. He followed the Manichaean religion in his student days, and was converted to Christianity by the preaching and example of Ambrose of Milan. He was baptized at Easter in 387, and returned to north Africa and created a monastic foundation at Tagaste for himself and a group of friends. In 391 he was ordained a priest in Hippo Regius (now Annaba, in Algeria). He became a famous preacher (more than 350 preserved sermons are believed to be authentic), and was noted for combatting the Manichaean heresy.
In 396 he was made coadjutor bishop of Hippo (assistant with the right of succession on the death of the current bishop), and remained as bishop in Hippo until his death in 430. He left his monastery, but continued to lead a monastic life in the episcopal residence. He left a Rule (Regula in Latin) for his monastery that has led him to be designated the "patron saint of Regular Clergy," that is, parish clergy who live by a monastic rule.
Augustine died on August 28, 430, during the siege of Hippo by the Vandals. He is said to have encouraged its citizens to resist the attacks, primarily on the grounds that the Vandals adhered to heretical Arian Christianity.
Influence as a theologian and thinker
Augustine remains a central figure, both within Christianity and in the history of Western thought. Himself much influenced by Platonism and neo-Platonism, particularly by Plotinus, Augustine was important to the "baptism" of Greek thought and its entrance into the Western Christian (and subsequently the European) intellectual tradition. Also important was his early and influential writing on the human will, a central topic in ethics, and one which became a focus for later philosophers such as Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche, but also to the Protestant Reformers such as Martin Luther and John Calvin.
Augustine's writings developed St Ambrose of Milan's theory of just war. He also advocated the use of force against the Donatists, asking "Why . . . should not the Church use force in compelling her lost sons to return, if the lost sons compelled others to their destruction?" (The Correction of the Donatists, 22-24). However, he objected to capital punishment and said that it would be preferable to set his opponents free than to execute them.
The addition of Augustine to the Menologion is uncertain. Some regard him as glorified by popular recognition in the distant past, yet he was not added to the Horologion in Greece until 1983 (and then only in the index, but with no mention of his name on the page for June 15). He appears to have been added to the calendar in Russia during the "Western Captivity" when Jesuit priests domninated education (especially the seminaries) and publishing. His feast day is June 15.
Reception of Augustine in the Orthodox Church
Book by Fr. Seraphim Rose
The Fifth Ecumenical Council, held in Constantinople in A.D. 553, listed Augustine among other Fathers of the Church, though there is no unqualified endorsement of his theology mentioned (just as there is none for most saints of the Church):
We further declare that we hold fast to the decrees of the four Councils, and in every way follow the holy Fathers, Athanasius, Hilary, Basil, Gregory the Theologian, Gregory of Nyssa, Ambrose, Theophilus, John (Chrysostom) of Constantinople, Cyril, Augustine, Proclus, Leo and their writings on the true faith.[1] (emphasis added)
In the acts of the Sixth Ecumenical Council (not yet translated into English), he is called the "most excellent and blessed Augustine" and is referred to as "the most wise teacher." In the Comnenian Council of Constantinople in 1166 he is referred to as "Ο ΑΓΙΟΣ ΑΥΓΟΥΣΤΙ
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Home BIG STORY HARSH ON MODI, PM LEAVES REST TO HISTORY
HARSH ON MODI, PM LEAVES REST TO HISTORY
New Delhi, Jan 3:
Known for his placid demeanour and even temperament, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Friday took everyone by surprise when he came out being unusually acerbic against his much talked about political opponent, prime minister-aspirant Narendra Modi.
As the prime minister settled down to read his opening statement at the newly inaugurated National Media Centre, many thought Manmohan Singh will just list the achievements of the UPA government’s 10 years rule and take a few questions on politics, minus the controversial ones.
That is what some journalists were warned in advance regarding their expectations of the much-awaited press conference.
The prime minister seemed a bit hesitant when he started reading from his prepared four-page note, so much so that he read out the new year greetings from the statement itself – without even lifting his head to look at the crowd of mediapersons and senior government officials who had packed the conference hall.
Even as journalists were settling down, he threw his first bombshell, that he was handing over “the baton over to a new prime minister. I hope it will be a UPA chosen prime minister…”
Many started furiously scribbling it in their notebooks, while some, mostly television channel reporters, texted the Breaking News to their offices that was airing the press conference live.
As the prime minister, with his usual wooden expression, faced the media after a gap of two years with Information and Broadcasting Minister Manish Tewari anchoring it, Manmohan Singh suddenly tore into Bharatiya Janata Party’s prime ministerial candidate Narendra Modi.
“Without discussing the merits of Narendra Modi, I sincerely believe that it will be disastrous for the country to have Modi as the PM,” he declared in a low voice, without altering his expression.
He continued to be harsh on Modi, seen by many as the next prime minister of the country, when a journalist asked him his reaction to Manmohan Singh being viewed widely as a “weak prime minister”.
Manmohan Singh shot back: “If by strong prime minister you mean you preside over the massacre of innocents on the streets of Ahmedabad, that is not the kind of strength I will like to have.”
In fact, the usually reticent prime minister took one question after another – mostly critical of his government’s failing in governance and not able to stop the economic decline – for an hour, without looking uncomfortable, hesitant or losing his cool, but his expression remained fairly grim and unsmiling.
Even though the press conference was officially wound up, Manmohan Singh tarried to take another question on Modi that was flung at him from the hall.
Asked about the Gujarat chief minister’s statement that India will be rid of the Congress in the coming general elections, he retorted: “I sincerely believe what Mr Narendra Modi is saying is not going to materialize.”
He, however, seemed more charitable about the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP). “Time will tell (if AAP has been) capable of dealing with challenges. (They) must be given time to justify themselves.”
Answering the inevitable question about Congress vice president Rahul Gandhi, Manmohan Singh said: “Rahul Gandhi has outstanding credentials to be nominated as the prime ministerial candidate, and I hope our party will take that decision at the appropriate time.”
Manmohan Singh appeared not too worried about contemporary criticism that has dogged him and his government for two years, saying repeatedly that “history will judge” him differently.
Asked why he chose to remain silent on crucial issues, he said: “I have been speaking whenever there was a need and will continue to speak.” This evoked some laughter in a hall where senior officials too were present.
(IANS)
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Econ Complexity 8th of 126
$70.7 Billions
Exports 40th of 221
Imports 43rd of 221
$44.9 Thousands
GDP Per Capita 26th of 214
Photo by edweerdt
Looking for commercial partners in 芬兰? List your company on Macro Market.
Product Space
Complexity and Income Inequality
Economic Complexity Ranking
芬兰 verb_is the 40th largest export economy in the world and the 8th most complex economy according to the Economic Complexity Index (ECI). In 2017, 芬兰 exported $70.7 Billions and imported $65.4 Billions, resulting in a positive trade balance of $5.26 Billions. In 2017 the GDP 芬兰 was $251 Billions and its GDP per capita was $44.9 Thousands.
The top exports 芬兰 are 精炼石油 ($5.23 Billions), 高岭土涂布纸 ($4.69 Billions), 大的平轧不锈钢 ($3 Billions), 汽车 ($2.96 Billions) and 硫酸盐化学木浆 ($2.1 Billions), using the 1992 revision of the HS (Harmonized System) classification. Its top imports are 原油 ($4.62 Billions), 汽车 ($3.06 Billions), 精炼石油 ($2.41 Billions), 汽车零件 ($1.67 Billions) and 包装的药剂 ($1.53 Billions).
The top export destinations 芬兰 are 德国 ($8.97 Billions), 瑞典 ($6.66 Billions), 美国 ($5.55 Billions), 荷兰 ($4.64 Billions) and 中国 ($3.95 Billions). The top import origins are 德国 ($10.7 Billions), 俄国 ($8.37 Billions), 瑞典 ($6.74 Billions), 中国 ($5.01 Billions) and 荷兰 ($3.76 Billions).
芬兰 borders 挪威, 俄国 and 瑞典 by land and 爱沙尼亚 by sea.
In 2017 芬兰 exported $70.7 Billions, making it the 40th largest exporter in the world. During the last five years the exports 芬兰 have decreased at an annualized rate of -1.5%, from $75.7 Billions in 2012 to $70.7 Billions in 2017. The most recent exports are led by 精炼石油 which represent 7.41% of the total exports 芬兰, followed by 高岭土涂布纸, which account for 6.65%.
In 2017 芬兰 imported $65.4 Billions, making it the 43rd largest importer in the world. During the last five years the imports 芬兰 have decreased at an annualized rate of -1.7%, from $71.3 Billions in 2012 to $65.4 Billions in 2017. The most recent imports are led by 原油 which represent 7.07% of the total imports 芬兰, followed by 汽车, which account for 4.68%.
As of 2017 芬兰 had a positive trade balance of $5.26 Billions in net exports. As compared to their trade balance in 1995 when they still had a positive trade balance of $11.6 Billions in net exports.
The top export destinations 芬兰 are 德国 ($8.97 Billions), 瑞典 ($6.66 Billions), 美国 ($5.55 Billions), 荷兰 ($4.64 Billions) and 中国 ($3.95 Billions).
The top import origins 芬兰 are 德国 ($10.7 Billions), 俄国 ($8.37 Billions), 瑞典 ($6.74 Billions), 中国 ($5.01 Billions) and 荷兰 ($3.76 Billions).
Economic Complexity 芬兰
The product space is a network connecting products that are likely to be co-exported and can be used to predict the evolution of a country’s export structure.
The economy 芬兰 has an Economic Complexity Index (ECI) of 1.71 making it the 8th most complex country. 芬兰 exports 243 products with revealed comparative advantage (meaning that its share of global exports is larger than what would be expected from the size of its export economy and from the size of a product’s global market).
In this version of the product space products are colored according to their Product Gini Index, or PGI. The PGI of a product is the level of income inequality that we expect for the countries that export a product. For more information see: Linking Economic Complexity, Institutions and Income Inequality and The structural constraints of income inequality in Latin America.
More on 芬兰 from our other sites
Globally Famous People 芬兰
This treemap shows the cultural exports 芬兰, as proxied by the production of globally famous historical characters
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Globally Famous People 芬兰 by City
This treemap shows the cultural exports 芬兰 by city, as proxied by the production of globally famous historical characters.
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Home Places Wonders 19 Interesting Facts About Machu Picchu
19 Interesting Facts About Machu Picchu
In the beautiful laps of the Andes Mountains in Peru, above the Urubamba River Valley, Machu Picchu is truly a gem of South America. Due to its spectacular location and history, it is crowned as one of the 7 wonders of the world. Here are some interesting facts about Machu Picchu:
GIF: tumblr.com
1. Lost City Of The Incas
It is often denoted as “Lost City of the Incas” because the Spanish never found the city when they conquered the Inca in the 1500’s.
Source: ducksters.com
2. The Secret Jewel Of The Incan Empire
Emperor Pachacuti (animated image)
This remarkable wonder was created as an estate for the 9th Inca emperor called Pachacuti in the 15th-century.
Source: Wikipedia, Image: Wikia.com
3. Sitting At A Colossal Height
It is located in the laps of the Andes Mountains and hence is 8,000 ft above sea level.
4. Less Is More
Considering the area of about 13 sq km, it was a small city with capacity for around 1000 people.
5. The City Was Divided Into 3 Parts
The city of Machu Picchu was divided into 3 parts such as the sacred district, popular district, and nobility district.
6. Intihuatana Structure Holds The Sun!
Intihuatana at Machu Picchu
Intihuatana is a sacred structure in Machu Picchu; as it was made to keep the Sun along its annual path. Some described it as an astronomical clock or a calendar.
Source: rediscovermachupicchu.com, Image: David Stanley, Flickr
7. Small; Yet Highly Optimized
Despite the fact that Machu Picchu was not big in size, it was well optimized; as there are nearly 140 buildings in the city as well as over 100 flights of stone steps.
8. Discovered By Hiram Bingham
Hiram Bingham III
Hiram Bingham, an explorer, and politician from the United States, discovered the Machu Picchu in the summers of 1911. With the help of local farmers, he discovered an eye-catching ancient city.
Source: Wikipedia, Image: loc.gov
9. Earthquake Resistant Buildings
The Inca Empire was technically very sound in building great architecture; as it can be observed by watching their meticulous work on stones. As Peru is a highly earthquake sensitive zone, the Inca Empire created such stones so that when an earthquake occurs, the stones tend to bounce through “the vibrate” and then fall back into place.
Source: nationalgeographic.com
10. The Best Creation Of The Inca Empire Is Hidden!
Inca Empire was one of the craftiest empires around the world. They were not only good in creating spectacular walls but also in civil engineering; as it has been found that around 60% of their creations were underground, which includes deep building constructions and crushed stones for drainage purpose.
11. Ashlar Technique Was Used For Cutting
Ashlar technique was widely used for cutting the stones artfully. It was so well made, without using any mortar that even the small things cannot be put between the stones.
Source: machupicchu.org
12. A World Heritage Site
In 1983, UNESCO declared the Machu Picchu as a World Heritage Site.
Source: softschools.com
13. Anonymous Site
Machu Picchu is counted among the 7 wonders of the world. However, not much description of the ruins can be seen at the site, which makes it anonymous.
14. Scenic Movie Locations
Rajinikanth & Aishwarya Rai shooting for their film Endhiran (South Indian) or Robot (Bollywood) at Machu Picchu, Peru
Endhiran or Robot, a South Indian movie of 2010 was partially filmed here. Featured by Rajinikanth and Aishwarya Rai, it was one of the few films allowed to shoot at the Machu Picchu.
Source: tucantravel.com, Image: globalfilmbook.com
15. Strange Gateway Rules
There is a strange gateway rule in Machu Picchu that outsiders cannot wear native or customary clothes here.
Source: tucantravel.com
16. Another Marathon!
A marathon like track and field event of around 82 km takes place every year in this part of the region.
Source: tucantravel.com, Image: lunicmusic.files.wordpress.com
17. Trek To Reach The Heights
Visitors hiking up to reach Machu Picchu
Trekking is the way to reach the Machu Picchu. It’s a 3-day process and reaching such a height is also physically demanding. Because of erosions around the area, the government has instructed that the trekkers must have locally-hired porters.
Source: tucantravel.com, Image: accountingtools.com
18. Abandoned
It is believed that due to epidemic smallpox, people of this city had left the place.
19. Earthquake Resistant Houses
The houses built at the Machu Picchu were earthquake resistant; the video shows how amazing the ancient technology was!
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18516Appalachian Scholars Open House reception 12/10/07..Robyn Rhodes from Gallipolis......Appalachian Scholars program: A Q&A.Information session scheduled tonight.Dec. 10, 2007.By George Mauzy..The Athens campus will host its third annual Appalachian Scholars information session for high school students and parents at 7 p.m. today in the Baker University Center Ballroom. Organizers will outline the program's requirements and answer questions...In anticipation of tonight's event, Outlook asked Associate Provost for Appalachian Access and Enrichment Programs Richard Greenlee to share his thoughts about the program. But first, some background...The Appalachian Scholars award, now in its second year, is a need-based, renewable four-year scholarship award valued at $10,000 each year. It includes an annual book stipend and participation in a yearly leadership seminar...The university has 20 Appalachian Scholars on five campuses, including 12 on the Athens campus and two on each regional campus except Lancaster, which is not in one of Ohio's 29 Appalachian counties. This fall's class of 10 recipients was chosen from more than 150 applicants...Last year's Appalachian Scholars information session, the first large-scale public event held in the new University Center, attracted more than 200 people. A similar crowd is expected tonight...The Eastern campus will host its info session at 6 p.m. Wednesday in Shannon Hall. The Chillicothe and Southern campuses have already held their sessions, and one is expected to be scheduled on the Zanesville campus in January...Why is the Appalachian Scholars program important?..It demonstrates the university's commitment to families and communities in the 29-county region by helping high school students attain a college education...The program teaches students and their families how to navigate the educational experience. It promotes economical sustainability and social mobility by providing the students with an education and developing the
Appalachian Appalachian Scholars Diversity One Time Events Students event events scholars
All One- Time Events, Appalachian and Urban Scholars, Students, Fall, All Annual Events, Regional Campuses
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Looking beyond the geek culture, but also exploring everything fandom has to offer.
Otaku no Culture
Nerdy Guide to Vancouver Island
In March, Ann Marie Fleming’s Window Horses Rides Again
By Ed Sum (The Vintage Tempest)
For a list of upcoming screenings,
Window Horses has been trotting through many festivals since its world premiere at the 2016 Annecy International Animated Film Festival in France. In North America, it’s making a return for a special engagement today in Vancouver with the producer of this movie, Ann Marie Fleming, in attendance. It has played in other shows like the Toronto Film Festival last year and the Victoria Film Festival early Feb 2017. On March 4th, it is playing at the New York International Children’s Film Festival.
Plans for a wider distribution is continuing with Mongrel Media handling distribution, and soon, folks can see why this colourful and powerful coming-of-age story is particularly engaging.
This film’s main protagonist, Rosie Ming (voiced by Sandra Oh), is on a journey of self discovery. She lost her parents at a very young age and has been raised by her over-protective Chinese grandparents (mother’s side). She never knew why her Iranian father disappeared. The film’s introduction shows her leading a typical life of a twenty-something in a dead-end job and yearning for more to do with her life. One day, she looks out the window, sees a horse (hence the film’s title) and plays her guitar. Inspiration hits her, and she writes a collection of poetry which she gets self-published through an online service. Copies surface at a few book stores and before she knows it, she’s invited to an International Poetry Festival in Shiraz to read her works. When she arrives, she befriends an eclectic mix of poets, including one snarky German dilettante named Dietmar (nicely played by Don McKellar), and locals in her search for the meaning of not only her life but also in how to grow as a bard. Not only that, she learns about what happened to her father.
I became fascinated with this film because not everyone can easily understand poetry. There is more to it than reading a string of words expressing personal experiences through similes and metaphors. One film is not enough to educate, as it really has to be studied from The Epic of Gilgamesh to the Romantic era (at least) to see how poetry has evolved over the centuries. I enjoyed Fleming’s story about Rosie facing her fears and developing her voice as a bard. One published book does not cement anyone’s status as an literary master.
This stick character developed some muscle, so to speak. That is, the way she is drawn was created by Fleming years ago and how she looks will not change. In the Q&A during the Victoria Film Festival with McKellar and two production artists, they revealed Rosie is a representation of Fleming’s own life. As for the rest of the people Rosie encountered, I think they are creations partly inspired by the Cubist works of Pablo Picasso. Perhaps they are fractured in some way or there’s a complexity about them which requires looking into their psyche to fully understand.
In this film, other artistic styles are presented (including one straight out of Greek mosaics). The movie is a tour-de-force of not only poetry but also art history. The dash of cultural exposition is meaningful but I kept on having visions of Zack Snyder’s 300 because of how the Ancient Persians were than the peaceful world we see in this film. Had this movie been longer, I’m sure more of the modern styles would be presented, but insofar as I can ascertain, I would say at least six periods of artistic expression (in both the visual and literal worlds) are explored. Technically, Rosie is a creation from the school of Minimalism.
This movie is worth purchasing when it comes to home video to study again. Fleming created a richly textured and deeply layered story that can be interpreted multiple ways. It’s not a simple animation to take a child to see, but rather a complex tale for the tween to look at should he or she need extra guidance in navigating the tough life to come.
4½ Stars out of 5
Tags: Ann Marie Fleming, Don McKellar, Mongrel Media, National Film Board of Canada, Sandra Oh
Categories Animation, Movie Reviews
Author Ed Sum
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The first plant bast fibre technology: identifying splicing in archaeological textiles
Jul 2018 | Margarita Gleba, Susanna Harris
Recent research into plant bast fibre technology points to a Neolithic European tradition of working fibres into threads by splicing, rather than draft spinning. The major issue now is the ability of textile specialists and archaeobotanists to distinguish the technology of splicing from draft-spun fibres. This paper defines the major types of splicing and proposes an explicit...
Margarita Gleba, Susanna Harris
Environmental context and adaptations of prehistoric and early historical occupation in the Southern Altai (SW Siberia–East Kazakhstan)
Jun 2018 | Jiri Chlachula
The Altai Mountains are well-known for their unique archaeological records, with rich, chronologically sequenced Palaeolithic, Neolithic and the Bronze Age (late fourth–early first millennium BC) sites and, in particular, the Iron Age Scytho-Siberian and early historical monuments represented by burial sites, ritual structures, and rock-art. The Altai prehistoric archaeological...
Jiri Chlachula
Pasture usage by ancient pastoralists in the northern Kazakh steppe informed by carbon and nitrogen isoscapes of contemporary floral biomes
Jun 2018 | A. R. Ventresca Miller, T. M. Bragina, Y. A. Abil, et al.
Identification of variation in pasture use by domesticated livestock has important implications for understanding the scale of animal husbandry and landscape use in modern and ancient societies alike. Here, we explore the influence of pasture floral composition, salinity, and water availability on the carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopic composition of plants from the...
A. R. Ventresca Miller, T. M. Bragina, Y. A. Abil, et al.
A late medieval or early modern light gun barrel from the Castle Museum in Malbork—typology, technology of manufacture and identification of the smelting process
May 2018 | Grzegorz Żabiński, Mateusz Biborski, Ewelina A. Miśta-Jakubowska
The paper discusses a gun barrel of a possibly late 15th-early 16th c. date from the collection of the Castle Museum in Malbork (Marienburg), Poland (MZM/468/MT). The barrel was originally part of a hand-held gun (a hackbut?) and was later converted into a light cannon. The barrel was made from unevenly carburised soft steel (c. 0.1–0.2% C). Both metallographic examinations and...
Grzegorz Żabiński, Mateusz Biborski, Ewelina A. Miśta-Jakubowska
The Islamic cemetery at 33 Bartomeu Vicent Ramon, Ibiza: investigating diet and mobility through light stable isotopes in bone collagen and tooth enamel
May 2018 | George Dury, Andrew Lythe, Nicholas Marquez-Grant, et al.
The Balearic Islands occupy a central space in the western Mediterranean, at the maritime crossroads between North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula and the rest of southwestern Europe. As such, it is well placed to investigate changes in subsistence practices associated with the major cultural transitions following the arrival of Islamic rule. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope...
George Dury, Andrew Lythe, Nicholas Marquez-Grant, et al.
Ecology and hydrology of early rice farming: geoarchaeological and palaeo-ecological evidence from the Late Holocene paddy field site at Maoshan, the Lower Yangtze
Apr 2018 | Yuxiang Jin, Duowen Mo, Yiyin Li, et al.
The well-preserved Maoshan paddy fields (4700–4300 bp) were built on an intermediate landscape between the foothills and alluvial plain of the Lower Yangtze River. Despite several interdisciplinary research, there has been a lack of detailed environmental and ecological data to contextualise the reconstructed rice farming practices within a wider paleo-environmental background...
Yuxiang Jin, Duowen Mo, Yiyin Li, et al.
Did military orders influence the general population diet? Stable isotope analysis from Medieval Tomar, Portugal
Apr 2018 | Ana Curto, Anne-France Maurer, Cristina Barrocas-Dias, et al.
This study integrates bone collagen stable isotope data (carbon, nitrogen and sulphur) from 33 human adult tibiae (15 females; 18 males) and 13 faunal remains from Tomar, while it was under the Military Orders domain (eleventh–seventeenth centuries). Historical literature indicates that the amount of meat consumption amongst Templars was lower than in individuals with similar...
Ana Curto, Anne-France Maurer, Cristina Barrocas-Dias, et al.
Correction to: The trade of glass beads in early medieval Illyricum: towards an Islamic monopoly
Apr 2018 | Elisabetta Neri, Bernard Gratuze, Nadine Schibille
Elisabetta Neri, Bernard Gratuze, Nadine Schibille
Correction to: Open-air preservation of miniaturised lithics: experimental research in the Cederberg Mountains, southern Africa
Apr 2018 | Natasha Phillips, Justin Pargeter, Marika Low, et al.
Natasha Phillips, Justin Pargeter, Marika Low, et al.
Diet, sex, and social status in the Late Avar period: stable isotope investigations at Nuštar cemetery, Croatia
Apr 2018 | Rocio Vidal-Ronchas, Petra Rajić Šikanjić, Zrinka Premužić, et al.
Diet often plays a vital role in defining social divisions within and between social groups and thus can be used to understand the social paradigms of archeological cultures. During the Early Avar period (568–630 A.D.), burial evidence indicates that there were strong demarcations of social stratification and divisions between sexes and age groups; however, the symbols of intra...
Rocio Vidal-Ronchas, Petra Rajić Šikanjić, Zrinka Premužić, et al.
Plus ça change: pots, crucibles and the development of metallurgy in Chalcolithic Las Pilas (Mojácar, Spain)
Mar 2018 | Miguel del Pino Curbelo, Peter M. Day, María Dolores Camalich Massieu, et al.
This paper considers the structure of production, distribution and consumption of ceramics within Chalcolithic communities of SE Iberia, an important region for modelling social and technological change in the recent prehistory of Eurasia. Our research provides new data through the comparative analysis of domestic and metallurgical ceramics, as well as building and other clay...
Miguel del Pino Curbelo, Peter M. Day, María Dolores Camalich Massieu, et al.
Clarity and brilliance: antimony in colourless natron glass explored using Roman glass found in Britain
Mar 2018 | Sarah Paynter, Caroline Jackson
This paper discusses the development of Roman antimony decolourised natron glass, its dominance, and subsequent decline, using new trace element data for colourless glass found in Britain. Experimental glasses are used to investigate the influence of different proportions of raw materials (particularly the ratio of natron to calcium carbonate) on the resulting transparency or...
Sarah Paynter, Caroline Jackson
The anomaly of glass beads and glass beadmaking waste at Jiuxianglan, Taiwan
Feb 2018 | Kuan-Wen Wang, Yoshiyuki Iizuka, Yi-Kong Hsieh, et al.
Glass beads and beadmaking waste have been excavated at the Iron Age site of Jiuxianglan (ca. third century BC–eighth century AD) in southeastern Taiwan. It was suggested that this site may be a production and exchange centre of glass beads in Iron Age Taiwan. This paper presents the analysis of 44 samples, to explore the relationship between glass beads and waste and the nature...
Kuan-Wen Wang, Yoshiyuki Iizuka, Yi-Kong Hsieh, et al.
DNA profiling of Hungarian King Béla III and other skeletal remains originating from the Royal Basilica of Székesfehérvár
Feb 2018 | Judit Olasz, Verena Seidenberg, Susanne Hummel, et al.
A few decades after the collapse of the Avar Khaganate (c. 822 AD), Hungarian invaders conquered the Carpathian Basin (c. 862–895 AD). The first Hungarian ruling dynasty, the Árpáds played an important role in European history during the Middle Ages. King Béla III (1172–1196) was one of the most significant rulers of the dynasty. He also consolidated Hungarian dominance over the...
Judit Olasz, Verena Seidenberg, Susanne Hummel, et al.
Patterns of camelid management in Wari Empire reconstructed using multiple stable isotope analysis: evidence from Castillo de Huarmey, northern coast of Peru
Feb 2018 | Weronika Tomczyk, Miłosz Giersz, Arkadiusz Sołtysiak, et al.
Camelid management was a major part of the Wari Empire’s (ca. ad 600–1050) economy; however, it is uncertain whether camelid husbandry was centrally regulated or locally managed. To address this problem, we applied combined isotope ratio analyses (δ13C, δ15N, δ18O, 87Sr/86Sr, and 20nPb/204Pb) to camelid remains from Castillo de Huarmey, a Wari administrative center along the...
Weronika Tomczyk, Miłosz Giersz, Arkadiusz Sołtysiak, et al.
The trade of glass beads in early medieval Illyricum: towards an Islamic monopoly
Jan 2018 | Elisabetta Neri, Bernard Gratuze, Nadine Schibille
The trade of glass beads has long been assumed to have been under Islamic dominance during the early centuries following the Arab conquest of the Middle East, judged by the prevalence of Islamic beads in the archaeological contexts from Viking Scandinavia to medieval Morocco. This paper explores the impact of the Byzantine-Slavic transition on the use and by extension trade of...
Material description of a unique relief fibula from Poland
Dec 2017 | Ewelina A. Miśta, Ryszard Diduszko, Aneta M. Gójska, et al.
A unique relief fibula dated to the Migration Period (first half of the sixth century) was found in Radziejów, Poland. This stray find changes previous opinions on the lack of settlement in central Poland at that time. As the find is the only one of such type in Poland, a special attention was paid to possible analogies, mainly finds from Scandinavia and Western Europe. The...
Ewelina A. Miśta, Ryszard Diduszko, Aneta M. Gójska, et al.
Correction to: Villa del Casale (Piazza Armerina, Sicily): stone and glass tesserae in the baths floor mosaics
Dec 2017 | Marco Verità, Lorenzo Lazzarini, Elena Tesser, et al.
The original version of this article, unfortunately, contained error. Modifications have been made to the Introduction, Results and discussion, Conclusions and figure caption. The original article has been corrected.
Marco Verità, Lorenzo Lazzarini, Elena Tesser, et al.
Reconstructing change in firing technology during the Final Neolithic–Early Bronze Age transition in Phaistos, Crete. Justthe tip of the iceberg?
Dec 2017 | R. Mentesana, V. Kilikoglou, S. Todaro, et al.
Changes in firing practice have been suggested as representing a revolution in ceramic technology at the beginning of the Bronze Age in Crete. The introduction of kiln structures has been held responsible for such a change, perhaps by newcomers to the island, along with other innovative technologies. However, these hypotheses were often based on limited analytical data and mostly...
R. Mentesana, V. Kilikoglou, S. Todaro, et al.
Social status in late medieval and early modern Brittany: insights from stable isotope analysis
Dec 2017 | Rozenn Colleter, Benoît Clavel, Anita Pietrzak, et al.
We document for the first time the diet of a privileged French population from Brittany, a region that was the center of battles between the Kingdoms of England and France until the end of the fifteenth century. We present here the results of stable isotope analyses of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur of human and animal bone and tooth collagen for a late medieval to early modern...
Rozenn Colleter, Benoît Clavel, Anita Pietrzak, et al.
Beyond isolation: understanding past human-population variability in the Dutch town of Oldenzaal through the origin of its inhabitants and its infrastructural connections
Nov 2017 | L. M. Kootker, R. J. van Lanen, B. J. Groenewoudt, et al.
This study presents a first attempt to assess the mechanisms and potential controls behind past residential mobility through the integration of isotopic data from human inhumations and spatial infrastructural information pertaining to the settlement containing these inhumations. Strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and oxygen (δ18OPDB) isotope data are derived from 200 (post)medieval...
L. M. Kootker, R. J. van Lanen, B. J. Groenewoudt, et al.
A systematic GIS-based analysis of settlement developments in the landscape of Venusia in the Hellenistic-Roman period
Nov 2017 | Anita Casarotto, Jeremia Pelgrom, Tesse D. Stek
This paper investigates the settlement developments of the landscape around the ancient town of Venusia in southern Italy using legacy field survey data. A Latin colony was established here in 291 BC and also other subsequent Roman colonization movements are known from the literary sources. As in many other Roman colonial landscapes, trends in the settlement data of Venusia have...
Anita Casarotto, Jeremia Pelgrom, Tesse D. Stek
Precision farming and archaeology
Nov 2017 | Henry Webber, Volker Heyd, Mark Horton, et al.
With a significant growth in the agricultural technology industry, a vast amount of agricultural data is now being collected on farms throughout the world. Farmers aim to utilise these technologies to regularly record and manage the variation of crops and soils within their fields, to reduce inputs, increase yields and enhance environmental sustainability. In this paper, we aim...
Henry Webber, Volker Heyd, Mark Horton, et al.
A regional case in the development of agriculture and crop processing in northern China from the Neolithic to Bronze Age: archaeobotanical evidence from the Sushui River survey, Shanxi province
Nov 2017 | Jixiang Song, Lizhi Wang, Dorian Q. Fuller
The article presents the results of the analysis of survey archaeobotany samples from the Sushui valley. This provides evidence for changes over time for a region in the proportions of crops, especially rice versus millets. In addition, the composition of samples, both grouped by period and considered on a sample-by-sample basis, are considered as representing routine crop...
Jixiang Song, Lizhi Wang, Dorian Q. Fuller
First evidence of rice (Oryza cf. sativa L.) and black pepper (Piper nigrum) in Roman Mursa, Croatia
Oct 2017 | Kelly Reed, Tino Leleković
This paper presents archaeobotanical evidence of rice (Oryza cf. sativa L.) and black pepper (Piper nigrum) recovered from an early 2nd century AD septic pit excavated near the centre of colonia Aelia Mursa (Osijek, Croatia). Within Roman Panonnia the archaeobotanical record shows evidence of trade consisting mostly of local Mediterranean goods such as olives, grapes and figs...
Kelly Reed, Tino Leleković
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Hamilton Avenue Bike Lane Proposal Tabled by Princeton Council
Krystal Knapp5 min readFebruary 25, 201518 comments
A proposal to eliminate parking on both sides of Hamilton Avenue in order to make room for bike lanes has been put on hold until the town comes up with a master plan for biking.
The Princeton Council voted unanimously Monday night to table an ordinance that would eliminate on-street parking on the stretch of Hamilton Avenue from Harrison Street to Snowden Lane and replace the parking with bike lanes when the road is repaved next month.
A bike lane will be added on the side of the street heading into Princeton where parking already is not allowed, leaving the existing parking on the other side. Sharrows could be added to that side of the street. The council can still revisit the issue of adding another bike lane and removing the parking in the future.
The council heard public comment and discussed the issue for almost three hours.
Bike advocates called on officials to approve the ordinance as a step toward making Princeton a more bicycle-friendly town. They said the bike lanes would improve safety for cyclists and encourage biking.
Opponents complained that they were not given enough advance notice about the proposal, said the removal of parking would be a hardship, and asked what the town’s bigger plan is for cycling and how the Hamilton proposal fits into a larger plan.
Councilman Lance Liverman proposed tabling the ordinance.
“It is never easy to make a decision and then go to McCaffreys and some people will say hi to you and some will not. I love to bike. All my friends bike, but there are a lot of factors involved in this, setting precedent,” Liverman said. “If we don’t do it, some people say we will be a laughable community. I can truly say we are serious about protecting everyone though…I’d like to propose to table it until we have a bike master plan completed, and have heard input from lot people, and people are notified in a fair way.”
Councilman Patrick Simon has been an opponent of the bike lane proposal, saying it would be a hardship for some residents who depend on the parking, including a couple who uses a handicapped space on the street. He pushed for more input from the public about the ordinance and larger plans for a bicycling network throughout town.
Biking advocate Bainy Suri questioned whether Simon was allowed to vote on this issue since he lives around the corner from Hamilton Avenue. Trishka Cecil, the lawyer for the governing body, said there was no conflict because Simon does not live on the street.
The Princeton Traffic and Transportation Committee unanimously endorsed the plan to remove parking and add two bike lanes last fall after considering five options, including sharrows. Princeton area bicycling advocates spoke in favor of the bike lanes at the meeting, and a few parents also said the lanes would make it safer for their children to bike to school.
Mercer County Freeholder Andrew Koontz called the plan to add bike lanes a historic opportunity.
“You’re really being asked to choose this evening what is the greatest public good in this particular case. What is more valuable to public, to have parking on Hamilton Avenue or to have safety for cyclists?”
Koontz said not all of street parking is created equal. Metered street parking is the most valuable parking for the town because it generates revenue. Downtown parking is beneficial to merchants and visitors to Princeton.
David Cohen said that the council should not be myopic about the bike lanes on Hamilton Avenue.
“This is a community-wide issue. It can’t be focused on as a neighborhood by neighborhood thing. You’re talking about the public right of way…It was not intended to be obstructed by private rights being claimed by residents of the street. Just because they have always had it does not mean it is an intrinsic right.”
Dan Rappaport and other speakers said many cyclists do not feel safe biking on the streets in Princeton. “The streets are unsafe to pedal on, but the sidewalks are not made for biking either,” he said.
Hamilton Avenue residents voiced opposition to the proposal and said 98 percent of the residents on the street oppose the removal of the parking. The residents said they were not properly notified about the proposal when the town notified residents about paving. The town did not hold a neighborhood meeting until last week.
William Jones, who lives on Hamilton Avenue and bikes or walks to work every day, said there was a procedural failure regarding notifying residents.
“There should be a plan for the whole town,” he said. “I don’t think installing bike lanes along a small section of road way is a good way of doing things.”
George Cohen, who lives on Hawthorne Avenue, said parked cars act as a calming measure on Hamilton Avenue and slow traffic down. “If you take away that parking, I think you’re making it more unsafe,” he said.
Residents said the three accidents along the stretch of Hamilton Avenue over the last five years have been at intersections, and that the bike lanes would not solve the issue of crossing or turning at intersections.
Welmoet Van Kammen, a Hamilton Avenue resident, said while biking is in her blood and bones as a Dutch native, the ordinance should be tabled.
“It’s not really a plan that will add much safety…The intersection of Harrison Street and Hamilton Avenue is dangerous. What effect will bike lanes have on that? Table the ordinance, reconsider things, and come up with a better plan.”
Bike Princeton says:
It is what it is, Complete Parking Lots, not Complete Streets, approved by the old order of conservative councillors masquerading in liberal clothes. There seems little point in wasting time hoping for change from the majority of the current set of elected officials.
you're making it up says:
“Nassau St is the poster child for Context Sensitive Design ”
If Nassau Street, which is unsafe for cars, bike and pedestrians, is your example of what we should be aiming for, then I think that tells us everything. Complete Streets is supposed to make streets safe for all users. The decision on Tuesday night means that sharrows will be used as a substitute for a safe bicycle facility, which is specifically discouraged by the most current design guides. However, Council did not say that they found sharrows to be an acceptable long-term Complete Streets solution. The majority said to use them as an interim measure until a new bike circulation masterplan is created.
CompleteStreetsAdvocate says:
For anyone interested in understanding policies, there is some good reading in the links below on NJDOT Complete Streets and NJDOT Context Sensitive Design. You really don’t have to read much because the statements that balance is key to successful implementations show up immediately in both the first paragraph of the Complete Streets Introduction, and the first paragraph of Context Sensitive Design. (direct quotes are provided below). Thoughtful planning and rational decision making are ALWAYS about balancing and Complete Streets and Context Sensitive Design are no different.
http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/eng/completestreets/pdf/cspolicydevelopmentguide2012.pdf
The NJDOT Complete Streets Introduction is quite clear “adopting a Complete Streets policy does not mean that every street should have sidewalks, bike lanes, and transit. Instead, design is driven by local context and demand; there is no universal, prescriptive design. The needs of local users naturally vary from an urban arterial, to a suburban residential street, to a rural byway, and hence, while the underlying goal of balancing the needs of all users remains, the implementation of a Complete Street should vary accordingly.”
The forgotten fact is that the residents use the streets far more than any other individual user, and we are very concerned about our own pedestrian safety that was completely ignored in the Ordinance. The risks to our safety created by the Ordinance were far greater than any highly speculative benefit from two standalone, disconnected, bike lanes on a perfectly safe segment.
Complete Streets requires a “comprehensive, integrated, connected” plan. Any thoughtful comprehensive plan considers and balances interests. The “context” of the neighborhood is a significant consideration, as is pedestrian safety. An integrated and connected plan reflects the disciplines of the Master Plan and the upcoming Bike Master Plan. The segment is not designated as either a current or a future bike route in the currently approved Master Plan and there is also no current or future plan to have comparable bike lanes on the remainder of Hamilton/Wiggins/Paul Robeson. It is neither integrated nor connected.
Since those requirements were clearly not met by the Ordinance, tabling the Ordinance
was a victory for the Complete Streets policy. It does work.
Complete Streets policy has as a foundation Context Sensitive Design http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/eng/CSD/ , which NJDOT incorporated in 1999.
Again, balancing is key: “CSD involves a commitment to a process that encourages
transportation officials to collaborate with community stakeholders so the design
of the project reflects the goals of the people who live, work and travel in the area. Such collaboration results in creative and safe transportation solutions.” To me, that is the right way to do Community planning, collaboratively.
On the above CSD link, Nassau St is the poster child for Context Sensitive Design demonstrating the value of our local transportation planners collaborating with the people who live, work, and travel in the area. It is a sad statement that collaboration was the choice for the Prospect and Mt Lucas residents but NOT for the Hamilton residents.
Instead, the Hamilton residents were blindsided by the introduction of the Ordinance, and to date, there has been no explanation provided of why they were treated so very differently.
Thankfully though, the local “processes” do work and on Feb 24, rational leadership and decision making prevailed when the Ordinance was unanimously tabled, a victory for
Complete Streets and Context Sensitive Design. By their action, the Council did demonstrate “a commitment to a process that encourages transportation officials to collaborate with community stakeholders “, and that is a very good thing for the entire Community.
PBAC_08540 says:
Hey “CompleteStreetsAdvocate”,
Do you actually reside anywhere near Princeton ? Do you vote and/or pay taxes here ? Just wondering. Thanks for chiming in with the double-speak examples, though. I’m not aware of any local everyday bicyclist who shares your viewpoint.
The other question being, do you really need to change your handle all the time – do you think you’re fooling anybody ? Two weeks ago, you were “Nearly 100K Biking Miles” but today you’ve squirmed into a completely different balaclava.
http://planetprinceton.com/2015/02/09/hamilton-avenue-princeton-bike-lane/#comment-1852767375
The Complete Streets policy doesn’t say anything about balancing interests. It says to make streets safe for all users subject to relevant engineering guidelines. Maybe Council wants to make the safety of vulnerable road users subordinate to the perceived needs of local residents, but that is not what Complete Streets says. To characterize this as a victory for Complete Streets has it exactly backwards.
The vote to table was a victory for the Complete Streets policy because, as required, it reflects a proper balance of the interests of pedestrians, cyclists, motorists, residents, and Community.
The plan to put in a bike lane, though, is quite troubling.
The Princeton Master Plan does not designate the Hamilton segment to be either a current or future bike route, so no plan is in place and the vote bypassed the Master Planning process. A Bike Master Plan is being developed in 2015. What is the compelling reason that the Council must suddenly presuppose those disciplined results and make an ad hoc decision for a single stand alone street segment? It just does not make sense.
The Master Plan also designates that the car lanes for such a road should be 12 ft wide. Taking 5 ft from the existing dual car lanes and making it into a bike lane, now has set the car lanes at a extremely dangerous 9 ft wide. There is simply NOT space on the road for a safe bike lane to standards, which is the exact reason that two way sharrows are on the rest of Hamilton and Wiggins, which have significantly higher traffic volumes. In 2010, PBAC recommended two way sharrows on the entire Hamilton/Wiggins/Paul Robeson, a recommendation that was supported by Sustainable Princeton in 2011. Why suddenly are bike lanes the only viable solution?
Putting a bike lane on the segment bypasses the Master Plan, is inconsistent with the rest of Hamilton/Wiggins, and results in unnecessarily dangerous below standard car lane widths. I fail to see that as a safe or prudent “compromise”.
Part of living in a community is compromise. It great to hear that the bike lane was already in the works — that part was never part of the news stories on this issue. It was always presented as two bike lanes or none.
Having lived in cities where there was a single bike lane shared by bikers in both directions, I think that could work fine, especially in a small town like Princeton. If the new single bike lane works well, it will set a precedent for other bike lanes (single or double) elsewhere.
SFB says:
The bike lane on the north side was already planned and did not require council approval. By trying to take credit for that lane, the council members are showing a certain shamelessness. They know that it wasn’t their role to approve that lane- it was their role to judge on the parking ordinance. It is the great skill of a politician to answer a different question to the one they were asked and make it seem like a meaningful response. There are enough of us in this town who are not fooled however. The councillors have flip-flopped on their own policy, which is to make streets safe for all users during road engineering projects. And now they expect us to stand back and applaud? You’d have to laugh if it wasn’t so bad.
why we can’t give credit ….
There isn’t a bike lane there currently, so it is something new. I’m not sure why we give credit when the council does something positive.
Is there any precedent to suggest the question about conflict of interest was justified? It’s hard to interpret this as a collegial inquiry.
Council have nothing to do with making a lane on one side of the road. The space for that lane already exists, hence that question was not part of the proposed ordinance. If you’re willing to give them credit for that, you must be willing to give them credit when the sky is blue and the sun shines. On the matter in hand, they didn’t compromise. They just said ‘no’. Will they revisit it in the future? Who knows? In the meantime, there is no safe facility for cycling, so people will continue to ride on the sidewalk. As for Pat Simon, he had quietly referred himself to the municipal attorny for a judgement on conflict of interest, so he clearly agreed that the local residents query was entirely legitimate. If you had been at the meeting, you might have seen that the query was made in a collegiate spirit to protect Mr Simon’s reputation, and hardly with the ill will that you erroneously imply.
Council didn’t vote against bikes. They voted against their own policy. Despite a stated commitment to using best practice to advance transport choices, they once again refused to do something that might create any percieved inconvenience to people driving cars. If you plan for cars, you get cars. That is what Princeton keeps doing. It’s hardly a ‘middle ground’, because Council has done nothing to create bike facilities. The space for one potential bike lane was there anyway. The only ‘compromise’ is the possibility of maybe, possibly, implementing their own policy on ‘Complete Streets’ at some indefinite point in the future. It’s “mañana, mañana” on bike facilties, but full speed ahead on that nice tax increase. Bike-friendly communties build safe facilties, Princeton Council only offers warm words.
I hope eliminating cars is not the issue. Cars will continue to pour into town seven days a week regardless of the vote, just as they do in NYC. And what is wrong with parking spaces in town? Where else are people who can’t bike supposed to park?
Having lived and biked in several cities, the idea that its safer to bike there than in Princeton shows that a realistic perspective has been lost in this discussion. Princeton is relatively safe for biking.
The council didn’t vote against bikes. They found a middle ground. There is going to be a bike lane on Hamilton.
Sad says:
Sadly, it seems as if it has already made that decision. The council, the University – and it seems many in the town – oppose any sort of planning that would negatively impact cars and drivers. As a result, Hamilton/Wiggins will remain unsafe for bikes and pedestrians, cars will continue to pour into town seven days a week, and most of the town will become a parking lot. It’s sad that biking is easier and safer in a congested city like New York than in small town like Princeton.
SpokesMan says:
Princeton has to decide if it’s to become a real community with a sound network for pedestrians, cyclists and safe routes to school, or just remain a parking lot for cars. The single bike lane is going to lead to safety and perception issues by users and drivers. Not so much a compromise but an escalation of the unsatisfactory situation there.
Princeton had a chance to show it was capable of moving forward even with a flawed scheme such as this.
I don’t think it is ever going to now without a fundamental rethink about what sort of town it wants to be.
It seems last night’s “vote” was more or less taken BEFORE the public hearing. The PCDO clearly do not want bike lanes in our town at this time. All of us should ask ourselves why we waste our time advocating for improvements in this excuse for a liberal town.
Congrats to the council. Having a bike lane on one side of the road for short-term, while the long-term plan is worked out seems like a great compromise.
I am saddened that a supporter of the bike lanes sought to suppress Pat Simon’s vote. We should be able to be respective of differences without resorting to such ridiculous tactics. The same rationale would suggest that the biking members of the council not be allowed to vote as they would use the bike lanes.
ok, it means we will not get a bike lane before 10 years! A missed opportunity!
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DISCOVER THE NGO
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A: The validity of the test score is five years.
Q: I have not tested my abilities or achievements. Can I join the university?
A: You can not apply. Entrance to the (ability) and (achievement) test is a prerequisite for acceptance and differentiation among applicants.
Q: How does the student know the result of acceptance and when does SMS reach the students?
A: The student must enter her account through the unified electronic admission portal for the students on the dates stated and specified in the submission schedule. This is supported by the sending of text messages and e-mails. A text message is sent on the applicant's mobile phone when entering the civil registration number, when the wishes are satisfied, when the interviews are submitted and when the results of acceptance are received. The student should not rely on mobile messages and access her account at the unified acceptance site According to the published schedule.
Q: If I do not accept in college because I do not have a personal interview or a test, do I have a second desire?
A: If you are not accepted, you are nominated for the other colleges according to the criteria of nomination.
Q: Is there another opportunity to apply to the University for those who missed the registration?
A: There is no other opportunity to apply for university after the deadline for submission.
Q: What happens if the student does not confirm her acceptance through the unified admission portal for female students within the specified period?
A: Acceptance is canceled.
Q: Do I have the right to withdraw from acceptance after confirmation of acceptance? What are the procedures?
A: Yes, you have the right to withdraw from admission.
Q: Can I go to the university to apply?
A: You can not do so.
Q: What are the university admission criteria and criteria?
A: To view the admission criteria, you should check the admission guide on the university website.
Q: I am a student enrolled in a university, but I have not been studying for more than four semesters (over two years).
A: Yes, you can apply through the acceptance portal and be considered a new student according to the conditions of admission.
Q: Can I apply again to the university and I am a student enrolled in a university?
A: A regular student at a university may not apply on the portal unless she is withdrawn.
Q: On what basis do I arrange the disciplines available to me?
A: The order of disciplines should be based on your desire and your scientific orientation, but the good selection and arrangement of disciplines are the things that you must pay attention to.
Q: Can I use the result of the capacity test and achievement test I received last year?
A: Yes, you are entitled to use the result of last year's test.
Q: Do I have to send my documents after I accept the EMS?
A: The University will not receive any paper documents. Acceptance of the electronic acceptance through the unified electronic admission portal is considered an alternative to receipt of the paper file.
Q: How do I get my university degree?
A: After admission to the university, you will receive a message on the university number on your mobile so make sure to put a mobile phone right and effective.
Q: What are the cases in which students are refused admission?
A: For the cases where the student is not accepted, you should check the admission guide.
Q: I graduated from the university with a diploma degree. Can I apply again for a bachelor's degree?
A: A graduate student from the university does not have the right to apply for a bachelor's degree.
Q: Does the non-Saudi student accept a Saudi mother?
A: Yes, she is treated as a Saudi student and after her acceptance, she will review the Deanship of Admission and Registration with photos of her residence, passport, birth certificate and mother card.
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On the Campus Performance Critique
By Ricardo Diaz ’19
Tim Vasen
Denise Applewhite/Office of Communications
A student remembers the late Tim Vasen
“If it scares you, if it makes you nervous, then use those emotions and do it.” Those were the first words of advice the great Tim Vasen, director of Princeton’s Program in Theater, ever uttered to me, the time I came in an hour before my first performance in class venting my frustration over having to cope with crippling anxiety. My first performance was … interesting, to say the least. It was in no way successful, other than for the fact that I was able to garner quite a few legitimate criticisms. Lines were dropped, long unintentional pauses dominated the scene, and I couldn’t help but feel my hands trembling throughout the entirety of it. Being sure of my utter failure as an actor and already scanning my mind for other classes I could switch into, I stayed after class to talk to Tim. After I spewed my frustrations on him, he simply smiled and said, “Ricardo, you’ll be fine.”
My experience with acting has been almost nonexistent the last few years, other than my trying (and failing) to hide my sexual orientation from others. The last time I was in a play was around fifth grade, where the lines were minimal and the audience was made up entirely of loving parents armed with cameras in a competition to see who could capture the largest amount of photos in a span of an hour. Other than that, my time was filled up with pointless auditions in Miami Beach for bookings that never would call back. Coca Cola, Royal Caribbean,Burn Notice: They loved having me there for callbacks, only to leave me glued to the phone waiting for a call that would never come. After six years of an acting and child-modeling career with nothing to show for it but a foot-modeling campaign, a voice-over booking, and a single print ad, I relegated myself to acting purgatory, being convinced I was a failure. I cast away all my love and devotion for performance throughout middle and high school. Once I got to Princeton, I saw the course listing and decided it was time. If I was a failure, I’d want to hear it one more time from a professor. Luckily, Tim never called me a failure.
I was obsessed with the art of live performance. I was consumed with seeing the differing energies in the room converge for a single moment, held so closely and dearly as to spawn a new world for the viewers to escape into. There were so many tangibles that could go wrong and wreak havoc on a performance, it seemed as if the success of a scene was hanging by a single, thin thread threatening to snap at any moment. With our Anton Chekhov scenes, I studied the plays religiously and wrote pages upon pages of notes, prompting Tim’s remark of “That’s so weird. I love it.” I was determined to vigorously study the scenes in a cool, calculated manner to ensure their vitalization once the moment came. I would pore over my notes before my scenes to ensure every single physical movement was prompted by the dialogue, that the emotions matched the character. Tim quickly rebuked me for that, urging me to pay attention to the certain magic contained within performance theatre. There were intangibles that couldn’t be explained, that couldn’t be studied the way chemistry could. He pushed me toward a realm I never let myself stray too far into: trust. He guided me through hours and hours of rehearsal outside of class to believe in myself and my ability as an actor to breathe life into these crafted characters.
For my second scene, one with Arkadina and Kostya in Act 3 of The Seagull, I decided to trust. I let go any preconceived notions I held onto so dearly and just allowed the emotions to flow as they came. I became the driver and the passenger at the same time. Trapped and, at the same time, in control of Kostya’s body. Words face quite a burden describing the feeling of almost possession that came over me. My usually awkward body movement was replaced with seething rage that propelled me toward jumping atop a table and slinging mandarin oranges at Arkadina. My limited array of emotions was overtaken by a bout of grief producing genuine sobs of sadness that collapsed me onto the ground with tears racing down my cheeks. I had never felt so alive in years. I fell in love again. I was bitten for the second time.
Tim’s comedic facial expression told a story of its own at the conclusion of the scene. His mouth dropped all the way to his chin; he stayed silent for a moment before exclaiming what phenomenal work he had just seen and how I had “come alive” for the first time in the whole year. I couldn’t wait to tackle my next scene, and carefully scoured the monologues laden within Shakespeare’s plays. I settled on one from Measure for Measure, playing across gender as Isabella after having been coerced for sex in exchange for her brother’s life. I decided to trust the instinct Tim had taught me to home in on the entire semester. I met the character. I crept inside her mind to understand who she was, what made her tick. I wanted to make the scene as real for me as possible. I borrowed a white, flowing dress and tan leather boots to bring Isabella to life. She deserved to be heard.
Once we reached my cue to begin, I ran to the center of the stage and collapsed. The words poured over each other in a desperate attempt to surpass the other. I moved as my body urged me to, once the words flowed seamlessly across the room. I begged straight into the eyes of Jared, cursed the Angelo inside of Tim, and rejoiced with Anna. I was no longer in the room. Isabella had walked in and had simply rented my body out for a couple of minutes. She lived because I allowed her to. I lived because I allowed myself to.
Theatre 201 was a rollercoaster of emotions for me. It started with a jolting, rocky ride that threatened to throw me off the tracks of acting for good. Once we reached the top, however, I learned how to allow myself to free-fall into my characters and invade their thoughts. The rollercoaster ended with a surge of emotions, no longer pushed on by the endorphins that numbed and propelled.
Tim’s death Dec. 28 was a tragic event for me. I had lost my mentor on campus. The one who believed in me and kept urging me to be myself, whether that be in my schoolwork or my social life. I remember breaking down in front of an airline representative buying my plane tickets, with Tim’s words rolling around inside my mind. I am who I am today because of him. Once I reached campus, I decided to live my life truthfully as Tim always had suggested. I came out to all my friends. I began to live my life as the person I truly was, leaving behind the mask I had worn for so many years in the past. I owe him my current happiness, and for that I will be forever indebted to my dear friend.
Ricardo Diaz ’19 plans to concentrate in the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is an officer of Princeton’s Entrepreneurship Club, a writer for Business Today, an executive board member of Princeton Latinos Y Amigos, and a member of the Asian American Students Association and the Princeton Film Club. He recently founded a startup with two classmates that was selected as a finalist for the Hult Initiative, one of the world's largest entrepreneurship competitions.
Comment Archives
Fred Kaleo '68 Says:
What an inspiring and well-crafted piece celebrating the life of an outstanding professor. Bravo, Mr. Diaz, bravo.
Jenny Hetzel '93 Says:
I was moved to tears by this! Nice job! Way to go, tiger!
Examining American Race Relations Through ‘The Little Rascals’
Julia Lee ’98
Snow on the Ledges
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Features His Daily Bread
By Mark F. Bernstein ’83
Published in the April 11, 2018 Issue
Steven Kaplan ’63, shown here at Franck Debieu’s boulangerie in Sceaux, a suburb of Paris, puts his heart — and his nose — into the job.
Steve Murez s’74/Black Star
Steven Laurence Kaplan ’63 knows the secrets of le pain
Man does not live by bread alone. On second thought, strike that. Steven Laurence Kaplan ’63 just might.
Kaplan is an expert on French bread, a subject about which he has written nine books. A professor emeritus at Cornell University specializing in French social history, he lives in Paris but has appeared everywhere from New York magazine to Conan O’Brien’s late-night TV show. To call bread his passion would be an understatement. Kaplan speaks of the lowly boule the way oenophiles speak of a Château Lafite Rothschild, as a lover speaks of his beloved.
I aspire to feel what he feels, so we agreed to meet early one morning last fall at one of his favorite boulangeries, named for its owner, Dominique Saibron, in the 14th arrondissement, just across from the Alesia Metro stop. If Parisian bakers can be celebrities, Saibron surely qualifies; in various competitions, he has been honored as baker of the third-best baguette and fourth-best croissant in the city, and he has opened locations in Tokyo and Osaka.
In the predawn darkness, Saibron’s shop is warm and inviting, the shelves piled high, the smells intoxicating. Kaplan arrives in a hurry, on his way to a local TV station to promote his latest book, published in French, in which he analyzes the political economy of bread during the reign of Louis XV. Still, he always has time for a quick tasting lesson, based on his own six-point rubric. Kaplan selects a simple baguette, perhaps the most representative of all French breads (10 billion are sold annually in France alone). And to dispel any doubts that he is serious about his work, he reaches into his coat pocket and produces an 8-inch bread knife, folded over like a switchblade. He has had more than one confiscated by airport security.
Bread is both universal and elemental, the product of earth (wheat), air (fermentation and kneading), water, and fire. “Dough is a living substance,” Kaplan explains, his accent betraying his Brooklyn roots. “Every day the baker creates life, and when you create life, it’s recalcitrant, it doesn’t always follow the same rules.” Time, temperature, humidity, even the baker’s mood will produce something that is slightly different. A loaf baked at 6 a.m. won’t taste exactly the same as one baked at noon.
Spend even a little time with Kaplan and illusions are shattered — such as that bread is best fresh out of the oven. “You do not want to eat warm bread,” he warns. “When you go into a restaurant and they give you warm bread, it’s because it’s awful or it’s stale. Heating bread doesn’t make it better, it simply makes it impossible for you to verify if it’s any good at all.”
With that admonition, Kaplan picks up the baguette in front of us, which fortunately has cooled to room temperature. On his first grading point — appearance — he gives high marks. There are the traditional six scars across the top, curled ends indicating that it was made by hand. “This is elegant, seductive, appetizing. It makes me want to go further,” he says, turning the baguette over in his hands. “I am seduced by this bread based on its appearance.”
So am I. Kaplan’s enthusiasm for the baguette is contagious. Its crust is the color of autumn leaves. But a frown crosses his face.
He spots a telltale white line along the sides, thin as a pencil mark, where the crust did not fully brown. When the assistant baker comes over to greet him, Kaplan shakes his head. To a bread connoisseur it means that the loaves were laid close together on the baking pan, so they touched in the oven. The French term for this is baiser — the loaves were “kissing” — but Kaplan characterizes their relations using a coarser Anglo-Saxon word. The baker acknowledges this deficiency with a Gallic shrug.
Also, Kaplan says as he turns back to me, this baguette doesn’t sound right. Hear that? When he whacks it on the table, it doesn’t produce the right thump. It’s another mark of hurry and commodification, a sign that too many loaves were crammed into the oven to boost production and then weren’t baked long enough, perhaps only 19 minutes instead of the necessary 21. From such frayed threads, he contends, the entire fabric of national gastronomy can unravel.
Kaplan makes a point to baker Marc Morel at Franck Debieu’s boulangerie.
Now I can’t un-see that white line, which looks almost like the underbelly of a fish, but Kaplan has moved on to his second grading point: the crumb, which refers to the entire interior of the loaf. He makes a cut and inspects the baguette like a surgeon. The crumb does not adhere well to the crust because the crust is insufficiently caramelized — he’s clearly not going to let this go — but the crumb itself is “lovely,” the right pearl-gray color. Swiss cheese-like gaps made by escaping air bubbles, called alvéolages, are present in a mix of shapes and sizes. “These holes have a savage pattern that makes no sense at all,” he pronounces. “This is just what I want to see.”
Next, aroma. Kaplan takes a slice and buries his nose in it, almost rubs it across his face. There are more than 200 volatile molecules in bread, he explains; chemically, it is more complex than wine or cheese. Kaplan picks up notes of hazelnut, dried apricot, and a little bit of pepper. Across the table I’m getting undertones of ... I don’t know, wheat?
Enchanting as it seems, the aroma is not exceptional. “It’s not catastrophic,” he pronounces, “but it’s not the mesmerizing, enchanting aroma I expect.” Though I have not yet had breakfast, I am beginning to wonder if I should try a croissant instead.
Kaplan’s fourth grading point is what he calls mâche — not taste but “mouth feel.” Kaplan pops a piece and chews it, searching for the right words to describe the sensory experience of having a chunk of bread in his mouth. He frowns again. “It’s a bit recalcitrant,” he concludes, “and that’s because I don’t have enough crust to lubricate the combination of crumb and crust. But it’s agreeable enough.”
And then, for the same reason wine tasters don’t swallow the wines they sample, Kaplan nonchalantly — oh my God, I can’t believe he’s doing this — spits the half-masticated chunk into a bag.
What makes someone become an expert on bread? Perhaps like Proust’s madeleines, it is the aroma that pulls Kaplan back into memory.
He began his career studying Southern history under Eric Goldman at Princeton and C. Vann Woodward at Yale, where he earned his doctorate. Growing up, bread was just something to put around tuna fish or peanut butter. On his first morning in Paris as a Fulbright scholar in 1962, he had an epiphany.
Seeking lunch, Kaplan walked into Lionel Poilâne’s boulangerie near the Church of Saint-Sulpice and was overwhelmed. More than half a century later, he recalls that he ordered a bâtard, a torpedo-shaped loaf. “I can still feel it and taste it,” he says — still hear it, too, recalling its “melodic, crusty sound.” He carried the bâtard, a chunk of goat cheese, and a small bottle of wine to enjoy in the Luxembourg Gardens, but never got to the cheese. The bread was “so formidably defamiliarizing that I said to myself, ‘What is this?’ ”
For the remainder of his time in France, Kaplan kept a bread journal and visited five or six boulangeries a week, driven, he says, “by a hedonistic and cultural lust.” Returning to Yale, he informed Woodward that he was switching to French history. Though he was only beginning to appreciate it, the study of bread was his entrance to a range of other subjects: agriculture, technology, economics, religion, sociology, politics, even neuroscience. In his 1996 book, The Bakers of Paris and the Bread Question, 1700–1775, he traced the many roles bread, and the want of it, played in contributing to the French Revolution. He became a pioneer in the emerging field of culinary scholarship.
Though Kaplan could hardly have anticipated it, the man and the moment met in another way. French baguettes, at least named as such, originated shortly after World War I, the product of better ovens and the wider availability of white flour. But World War II destroyed much French agriculture and left the country unable to afford culinary luxuries. When the postwar economy improved, the national diet diversified and globalized. People ate more meat, while bakers cut corners on a less discerning public, using cheaper flour and commercial yeast. Their products may have been beautiful to look at, but they were “insipid” to eat. Bread, that staple of French cuisine and culture, seemed doomed to a Pepperidge Farm-like uniformity.
Somewhat like craft brewing, artisanal baking made a comeback in the 1970s and ’80s. Saibron, Poilâne, and other bakers led the resurgence, forswearing the use of additives, reintroducing sourdough fermentation, and encouraging the use of better flour. Kaplan, who had already befriended many of these retro artisans, celebrated their efforts in his 2006 book, Good Bread Is Back, and gave them intellectual underpinning and historical context. In recognition, the French government has twice made him a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor.
In short, French baking was saved, but victory is never permanent. The health-conscious French eat less bread than they used to, and the number of boulangeries has shrunk from 54,000 in the 1950s to about 30,000 today. A few years ago, the bakers’ lobby tried to reverse this trend by launching an advertising campaign with the slogan, “Coucou, tu as pris le pain?” (“Hey there, did you pick up the bread?”) But beyond a small tier of artisans, commercialization and globalization roll on. “The old crap is still out there,” Kaplan cautions.
If Kaplan’s passion for French bread has not diminished, the same cannot be said for his consumption. On a typical day, he might eat only a quarter of a baguette, but not because he is shunning carbs. No, the reason is more spiritual. “I have found,” he says, “that the more I have learned to discern and savor what goes into my nose and mouth, the more quickly I become sated with dense pleasure relatively rapidly.”
His desire to write about bread has not produced an equal desire to make it. Although he sometimes bakes at home — and nearly missed his son’s birth because he was hanging out with master baker Pierre Poilâne (Lionel’s father) — Kaplan is humbled by how hard it is to do well.
“I’d like you to know,” he confides, “that I am a mediocre baker.”
On this particular morning, unfortunately, so is Dominique Saibron.
Returning to the baguette before us, Kaplan moves to the last item on his rubric, the one a novice might think matters most: taste — or as the French put it, saveur. He cuts a fresh slice, chews, and ponders. “There’s a kind of lusty taste to it, fairly intense,” he concludes. “It’s pleasant, but somewhat monolithic rather than multiple. A little note of citrus toward the end that is agreeable.”
When he was ranking the city’s top boulangeries, Kaplan graded on a 20-point scale, which mimics the grading scale in French secondary schools. Only about 10 boulangeries in Paris (out of perhaps 1,200) earned a grade of 16 or higher, which Kaplan analogizes to three Michelin stars. Twelve points was his cutoff, the equivalent of a single star. He gives this baguette a grade of 12.5.
“It makes the cut,” he concludes, “but it is not the sharply distinct bread that I want to associate with.”
With that, Kaplan grabs an organic country loaf to take home and heads for his TV interview, leaving me to devour the rest of our baguette, insufficiently caramelized crust or not. The sun has come up, the streets of Paris are alive, and the boulangerie is filling with commuters seeking a bit of breakfast on their way to work.
The bread connoisseur is philosophical about our experience. This is not Panera. Exceptional baguettes can’t be churned out on an assembly line. Bakers create life, remember, and as with any artist, even with God himself, sometimes that creation is flawed.
If he ran into his old friend Saibron, Kaplan insists, he’d say, “Dominique, this was not your best day.”
Let Us Eat Bread!
These are Steven Kaplan ’63’s favorite bakers in and around Paris — with his explanations of what makes them so good.
FRANCK DEBIEU 6 rue du Dr Berger in the southern suburb of Sceaux Astonishing virtuoso: Try the tourte or the barely mixed St-Père, a voluptuously aromatic rustic loaf that breathes forth lime blossoms and black cherry.
FRÉDÉRIC PICHARD 88 rue Cambronne, 75015 Creative technician, master of complex fermentation, wood-burning oven, spellbinding baguette de tradition that evokes cooked pumpkin and dried Corinthian raisins.
DOMINIQUE SAIBRON 77 avenue du Général Leclerc, 75014 Eclectic rigorist, exceptional on stone-ground organic country loaves with a dried apricot and almond inflection, and a savory baguette with a slight citrus patina.
CHRISTOPHE VASSEUR 34 rue Yves Toudic, 75010 Celebrated for an organic rectangular loaf (pain des amis) that emits three distinct aromatic layers, with a touch of leather, spice, and smoky vanilla.
RAOUL MAEDER 158 boulevard Berthier, 75017 Exquisite, crusty baguettes exuding a butter and hazelnut flavor; and Alsatian kugelhopfs, lactic and fruity.
JEAN-PAUL MATHON 86, avenue Gambetta, 75020 Highly inventive, bucolic loaves of mixed grains, and an ebony-colored baguette derived from high-extraction flour and larded with a robust flavor of cooked zucchini and lentil.
ANIS BOUABSA 32 rue Tristan Tzara, 75018 Splendid baguette and wide array of richly flavored country loaves.
ARNAUD DELMONTEL 39, rue des Martyrs, 75009 Creamy and crusty baguette, and a new organic stone-ground line that features loaves irrigated by a nutty germ and heightened with a note of spicy fruit.
Mark F. Bernstein ’83 is PAW’s senior writer.
Bread-th of Knowledge
By Nina Potsiadlo ’94
Another Topic, Please
By Kirk Kiracofe '60
Bread Is Alive!
By Ali Chalabi *86
Alan Lightman ’70 Explores the Intersection of Science and Spirituality
Clicking: How Our Brains Are in Sync
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Home Industries Technology Security speaker Michael Santarcangelo to lead upcoming Tech Collective forum
Security speaker Michael Santarcangelo to lead upcoming Tech Collective forum
Susan Shalhoub
TECH COLLECTIVE will host a forum for chief information officers and chief information security officers in Providence on June 20, featuring speaker and consultant Michael Santarcangelo, founder of Security Catalyst.
PROVIDENCE – At the request of its cybersecurity steering committee, Tech Collective is forming a chief information security officer forum to run concurrently with its next two chief information officer forums.
On Thursday, a combined forum will host nationally known security speaker and consultant Michael Santarcangelo, founder of Security Catalyst. He has developed a framework called Straight Talk to help guide organizations to success. The presentation is called “Straight Talk on Execution: Elevating Technology and Security Team Performance and Accelerating Results.”
The event is geared toward CIOs, CISOs, chief technology officers and high-level security managers.
“His diverse expertise in leadership, business innovation, process improvement and execution combined with his IT, security and risk-management knowhow allows Michael to deliver a straightforward recipe for building high-performing technology and cybersecurity teams,” said Jason Albuquerque, chief information security officer at Carousel Industries of North America Inc. and chair of the Tech Collective Cyber Security Steering Committee.
The forum will be held from 4-7:30 p.m. and is free for Tech Collective members. Tech Collective is located at 188 Valley St. in Providence.
The event starts with registration, networking and appetizers, with the presentation and discussion from 4:30-6:30 p.m., and networking, heavy appetizers and open bar from 6:30-7:30 p.m.
Registration can be made here.
Susan Shalhoub is a PBN contributing writer.
Carousel Industries
Jason Albuquerque
Michael Santarcangelo
Security Catalyst
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Ranen Aviner
Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Biology
Bachelor of Science, Tel-Aviv University (2008)
Doctor of Philosophy, Tel-Aviv University (2014)
Judith Frydman, Postdoctoral Faculty Sponsor
ranen@stanford.edu
University - Scholar Department: Biology Position: Postdoctoral Scholar
Proteostasis in Viral Infection: Unfolding the Complex Virus-Chaperone Interplay. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology Aviner, R., Frydman, J. 2019
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that rely on their hosts for protein synthesis, genome replication, and viral particle production. As such, they have evolved mechanisms to divert host resources, including molecular chaperones, facilitate folding and assembly of viral proteins, stabilize complex structures under constant mutational pressure, and modulate signaling pathways to dampen antiviral responses and prevent premature host death. Biogenesis of viral proteins often presents unique challenges to the proteostasis network, as it requires the rapid and orchestrated production of high levels of a limited number of multifunctional, multidomain, and aggregation-prone proteins. To overcome such challenges, viruses interact with the folding machinery not only as clients but also as regulators of chaperone expression, function, and subcellular localization. In this review, we summarize the main types of interactions between viral proteins and chaperones during infection, examine evolutionary aspects of this relationship, and discuss the potential of using chaperone inhibitors as broad-spectrum antivirals.
Proteomic analysis of polyribosomes identifies splicing factors as potential regulators of translation during mitosis NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH Aviner, R., Hofmann, S., Elman, T., Shenoy, A., Geiger, T., Elkon, R., Ehrlich, M., Elroy-Stein, O. 2017; 45 (10): 5945–57
Precise regulation of mRNA translation is critical for proper cell division, but little is known about the factors that mediate it. To identify mRNA-binding proteins that regulate translation during mitosis, we analyzed the composition of polysomes from interphase and mitotic cells using unbiased quantitative mass-spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We found that mitotic polysomes are enriched with a subset of proteins involved in RNA processing, including alternative splicing and RNA export. To demonstrate that these may indeed be regulators of translation, we focused on heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C (hnRNP C) as a test case and confirmed that it is recruited to elongating ribosomes during mitosis. Then, using a combination of pulsed SILAC, metabolic labeling and ribosome profiling, we showed that knockdown of hnRNP C affects both global and transcript-specific translation rates and found that hnRNP C is specifically important for translation of mRNAs that encode ribosomal proteins and translation factors. Taken together, our results demonstrate how proteomic analysis of polysomes can provide insight into translation regulation under various cellular conditions of interest and suggest that hnRNP C facilitates production of translation machinery components during mitosis to provide daughter cells with the ability to efficiently synthesize proteins as they enter G1 phase.
View details for DOI 10.1093/nar/gkx326
Complementary Post Transcriptional Regulatory Information is Detected by PUNCH-P and Ribosome Profiling SCIENTIFIC REPORTS Zur, H., Aviner, R., Tuller, T. 2016; 6: 21635
Two novel approaches were recently suggested for genome-wide identification of protein aspects synthesized at a given time. Ribo-Seq is based on sequencing all the ribosome protected mRNA fragments in a cell, while PUNCH-P is based on mass-spectrometric analysis of only newly synthesized proteins. Here we describe the first Ribo-Seq/PUNCH-P comparison via the analysis of mammalian cells during the cell-cycle for detecting relevant differentially expressed genes between G1 and M phase. Our analyses suggest that the two approaches significantly overlap with each other. However, we demonstrate that there are biologically meaningful proteins/genes that can be detected to be post-transcriptionally regulated during the mammalian cell cycle only by each of the approaches, or their consolidation. Such gene sets are enriched with proteins known to be related to intra-cellular signalling pathways such as central cell cycle processes, central gene expression regulation processes, processes related to chromosome segregation, DNA damage, and replication, that are post-transcriptionally regulated during the mammalian cell cycle. Moreover, we show that combining the approaches better predicts steady state changes in protein abundance. The results reported here support the conjecture that for gaining a full post-transcriptional regulation picture one should integrate the two approaches.
View details for DOI 10.1038/srep21635
Uncovering Hidden Layers of Cell Cycle Regulation through Integrative Multi-omic Analysis PLOS GENETICS Aviner, R., Shenoy, A., Elroy-Stein, O., Geiger, T. 2015; 11 (10): e1005554
Studying the complex relationship between transcription, translation and protein degradation is essential to our understanding of biological processes in health and disease. The limited correlations observed between mRNA and protein abundance suggest pervasive regulation of post-transcriptional steps and support the importance of profiling mRNA levels in parallel to protein synthesis and degradation rates. In this work, we applied an integrative multi-omic approach to study gene expression along the mammalian cell cycle through side-by-side analysis of mRNA, translation and protein levels. Our analysis sheds new light on the significant contribution of both protein synthesis and degradation to the variance in protein expression. Furthermore, we find that translation regulation plays an important role at S-phase, while progression through mitosis is predominantly controlled by changes in either mRNA levels or protein stability. Specific molecular functions are found to be co-regulated and share similar patterns of mRNA, translation and protein expression along the cell cycle. Notably, these include genes and entire pathways not previously implicated in cell cycle progression, demonstrating the potential of this approach to identify novel regulatory mechanisms beyond those revealed by traditional expression profiling. Through this three-level analysis, we characterize different mechanisms of gene expression, discover new cycling gene products and highlight the importance and utility of combining datasets generated using different techniques that monitor distinct steps of gene expression.
View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005554
Genome-wide identification and quantification of protein synthesis in cultured cells and whole tissues by puromycin-associated nascent chain proteomics (PUNCH-P) NATURE PROTOCOLS Aviner, R., Geiger, T., Elroy-Stein, O. 2014; 9 (4): 751–60
Regulation of mRNA translation has a pivotal role in modulating protein levels, and the genome-wide identification of proteins synthesized at a given time is indispensable to our understanding of gene expression. This protocol describes the mass-spectrometric analysis of newly synthesized proteins from cultured cells or whole tissues by using a biotinylated derivative of puromycin, which becomes incorporated into nascent polypeptide chains by ribosome catalysis. In this method, termed puromycin-associated nascent chain proteomics (PUNCH-P), intact ribosome-nascent chain complexes are first recovered from cells by ultracentrifugation, followed by biotin-puromycin labeling of newly synthesized proteins, streptavidin affinity purification and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Unlike methods that require in vivo labeling, the sensitivity and coverage of PUNCH-P depend only on the amount of starting material and not on the duration of labeling, thus enabling the measurement of rapid fluctuations in protein synthesis. The protocol requires 3 d for sample preparation and analysis.
View details for DOI 10.1038/nprot.2014.051
Novel proteomic approach (PUNCH-P) reveals cell cycle-specific fluctuations in mRNA translation GENES & DEVELOPMENT Aviner, R., Geiger, T., Elroy-Stein, O. 2013; 27 (16): 1834–44
Monitoring protein synthesis is essential to our understanding of gene expression regulation, as protein abundance is thought to be predominantly controlled at the level of translation. Mass-spectrometric and RNA sequencing methods have been recently developed for investigating mRNA translation at a global level, but these still involve technical limitations and are not widely applicable. In this study, we describe a novel system-wide proteomic approach for direct monitoring of translation, termed puromycin-associated nascent chain proteomics (PUNCH-P), which is based on incorporation of biotinylated puromycin into newly synthesized proteins under cell-free conditions followed by streptavidin affinity purification and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Using PUNCH-P, we measured cell cycle-specific fluctuations in synthesis for >5000 proteins in mammalian cells, identified proteins not previously implicated in cell cycle processes, and generated the first translational profile of a whole mouse brain. This simple and economical technique is broadly applicable to any cell type and tissue, enabling the identification and quantification of rapid proteome responses under various biological conditions.
View details for DOI 10.1101/gad.219105.113
PUNCH-P for global translatome profiling Methodology, insights and comparison to other techniques TRANSLATION Aviner, R., Geiger, T., Elroy-Stein, O. 2013; 1 (2): e27516
Regulation of mRNA translation is a major modulator of gene expression, allowing cells to fine tune protein levels during growth and differentiation and in response to physiological signals and environmental changes. Mass-spectrometry and RNA-sequencing methods now enable global profiling of the translatome, but these still involve significant analytical and economical limitations. We developed a novel system-wide proteomic approach for direct monitoring of translation, termed PUromycin-associated Nascent CHain Proteomics (PUNCH-P), which is based on the recovery of ribosome-nascent chain complexes from cells or tissues followed by incorporation of biotinylated puromycin into newly-synthesized proteins. Biotinylated proteins are then purified by streptavidin and analyzed by mass-spectrometry. Here we present an overview of PUNCH-P, describe other methodologies for global translatome profiling (pSILAC, BONCAT, TRAP/Ribo-tag, Ribo-seq) and provide conceptual comparisons between these methods. We also show how PUNCH-P data can be combined with mRNA measurements to determine relative translation efficiency for specific mRNAs.
View details for DOI 10.4161/trla.27516
Mitotic Modulation of Translation Elongation Factor 1 Leads to Hindered tRNA Delivery to Ribosomes JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Sivan, G., Aviner, R., Elroy-Stein, O. 2011; 286 (32): 27927–35
Translation elongation in eukaryotes is mediated by the concerted actions of elongation factor 1A (eEF1A), which delivers aminoacylated tRNA to the ribosome; elongation factor 1B (eEF1B) complex, which catalyzes the exchange of GDP to GTP on eEF1A; and eEF2, which facilitates ribosomal translocation. Here we present evidence in support of a novel mode of translation regulation by hindered tRNA delivery during mitosis. A conserved consensus phosphorylation site for the mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase 1 on the catalytic delta subunit of eEF1B (termed eEF1D) is required for its posttranslational modification during mitosis, resulting in lower affinity to its substrate eEF1A. This modification is correlated with reduced availability of eEF1A·tRNA complexes, as well as reduced delivery of tRNA to and association of eEF1A with elongating ribosomes. This mode of regulation by hindered tRNA delivery, although first discovered in mitosis, may represent a more globally applicable mechanism employed under other physiological conditions that involve down-regulation of protein synthesis at the elongation level.
View details for DOI 10.1074/jbc.M111.255810
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Public Policy Forum Blog
Mitigating the risk of making a bad schooling choice
Dec 16, 2008 - 11:39am
'Tis the season for school shopping, as certain programs and schools have deadlines for fall enrollment quickly approaching. An article last week in the New York Times covered this subject by following one mother's struggle to find the right high school for her daughter. The irony was that this mother was an expert on the city's schools. Says the article:
"...Ms. Hemphill literally wrote the book on the subject — her series of “New York City’s Best Schools” books are regarded as the bible for navigating school choices — yet she has found herself befuddled and overwhelmed trying to help her 13-year-old daughter, Allison Snyder, find a spot."
Choosing from among the best and most selective public high schools in New York City is the kind of problem many parents in Milwaukee would like to have. But choosing a school here in Milwaukee can be similarly daunting. City residents can choose:
a neighborhood MPS school;
a specialty MPS school, with options including Montessori, Waldorf, fine arts, or technical careers, among many others;
a charter school, chartered by either the city, UWM, or MPS;
a suburban public school, either through open enrollment or the city-suburb integration program;
or a private school, with those who can afford it paying tuition and those who can't using a tax-payer funded voucher.
Perhaps someone needs to write a book on Milwaukee's best schools. Having spent nine years at the Forum studying schooling in Milwaukee and co-authoring a previous book on school choice, I could be a good candidate to do so. But I would have to reveal the dirty little secret about choosing schools: There's no rule requiring parents to choose schools based on academic criteria. Parents can choose a school for any reason whatsoever.
I learned the secret when I was choosing a school in Milwaukee for my own son. I found myself, one of the "experts," basing my choice on location, a full-day pre-Kindergarten program, and an award-winning afterschool program. It made sense for us, becasue my husband and I both work downtown full-time and having eight hours of convenient child care a day was important. But academics didn't really enter the picture and we could have chosen based on any number of quirky reasons. In fact, we briefly considered a private school, but rejected it based on the junk-food-laden lunch menu.
The New York family narrowed their choices using arbitrary criteria of their own. Reports The Times: "She focused on smaller schools that were no more than 45 minutes from home and would offer her a chance to take advanced classes but also give her enough time to focus on dance and theater after school."
There may be facets of a school that are a greater priority than academic performance for the parents choosing that school--religious instruction, teaching methodology, and student discipline, for example. Certain schools can thus attract parents despite low scores. But, as a result, competition among schools may not result in better school performance and there is little evidence that it has, in Milwaukee.
So, if even school performance "experts" find choosing schools difficult and overwhelming, due to all the factors that could be considered, can anything be done to help regular parents exercise their choice more efficiently and with better results?
The answer is simple: mitigate the risk of making the choice. Parents who are wealthy enough to exercise their school choice by choosing to buy a home in a good school district don't have much risk attached to that decision-making process. They are able to choose from among a host of academically good options.
School choice in its various guises in Milwaukee was supposed to result in similar empowerment for Milwaukee's low-income parents, but it has not, mainly because their choices carry risks: quite a few of the schools available to them are not performing adequately, according to data from a state-sanctioned evaluation of voucher schools and charter school test scores. If parents were making choices based on school performance, this would not be a concern, as we could assume they would not choose bad schools. But they aren't (which we know from the number of voucher schools that have failed despite having rather large enrollments) and so, despite the availability of choice, many children in Milwaukee are continuing to suffer educationally.
The state has recently taken steps aimed at mitigating the risk of choice, by requiring voucher schools to be accredited, for example. But there are few other regulations regarding academic offerings and accountability.
Having a choice among mostly poorly performing schools is no better than not having a choice at all. Without accountability for academic performance, we put the burden on parents to be experts on schooling, instead of expecting schools to excel.
Anneliese Dickman
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Roustabout Theatre Explores the Life and Works of The Bard in "Big Daddy Shakespeare"
by Crysta Coburn
THEATER & DANCE REVIEW
Roustabout Theatre's Big Daddy Shakespeare looks at The Bard in a more personal and humanizing lens than is generally studied in school. A one-act play adapted from several of Shakespeare’s works by Anna Simmons and directed by Josie Lapczynski, shows him as a son, husband, and father who he left his young family to be a playwright in London. What was he thinking? Feeling? And how could his plays reflect his state of mind through separations -- and grief?
The Ypsi Experimental Space (YES) is decorated throughout with a specific theme. A popcorn machine greets you at the door, the warm scent of the freshly popped treat filling the air. Posters from past Roustabout Theatre shows are plastered on the walls like old circus playbills. The stage is draped in the unmistakable striped fabric of a circus tent.
The vehicles for our exploration of Shakespeare are, fittingly, four roustabouts, or circus workers who erect and dismantle tents, care for the grounds, and handle animals and equipment. Our four roustabouts (Amanda Buchalter, Julia Garlotte, Russ Schwartz, and Cynthia Szczesny) enter the stage to put up another poster (for the show we are about to see) and set up some stage equipment and costumes the circus might need, but are, of course, used for their own show.
The roustabouts seamlessly weaving back and forth between talking about Shakespeare, reenacting several scenes from his plays, and drawing from his poetry. We learn of his perhaps troubled relationship with his father and wonder why he left his family alone for so long.
Were so many of Shakespeare’s female characters strong-minded because his own mother was so, or because he was the father of two daughters?
Shakespeare did write an awful lot about fathers and daughters after all. There is also Shakespeare's son, Hamnet, whose name bears an obvious similarity to his play Hamlet and died young.
While occasionally pensive, Big Daddy Shakespeare is far from a sedate play. The four actors are masters of language and expression, and they absolutely bring the physical comedy, keeping the audience laughing throughout. Schwartz, in particular, has some wonderful facial expressions, most notably as the indignant father Egeus from A Midsummer Night's Dream. Buchalter perfectly captures the inordinate lovesickness of so many of Shakespeare's young heroines. I would watch Garlotte in Hamlet any day, and Szczesny nails Lady Capulet and King Lear. (Keep an eye on everyone’s faces during the King Lear scene, and just try not to snicker.)
This is not Roustabout’s first tackling of The Bard. In 2017, the company presented Shakespeare, You Sexy Beast, a montage show that used his sonnets as the scene transitions. Having the actors as commenters rather than just presenting Shakespeare's words adds interest and helps to shape the way the audience views the plays and the real man himself -- a rebellious son, absent husband, and father to three children.
Crysta Coburn is a desk clerk with the Ann Arbor District Library, freelance writer, editor, and author.
Roustabout Theatre presents "Big Daddy Shakespeare" at YES, 8 N. Washington St, Ypsilanti, through July 14. For tickets visit roustabout.brownpapertickets.com.
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New Health Trend is Latest Lifestyle Choice
Posted on : March 28, 2018 By Abigail Moore
By Abigail Moore
“It’s a lifestyle,” Yvette Cruz said, while munching on an organic apple.
Cruz is a junior at Quincy University and throughout her time on campus, she has prioritized eating predominantly organic foods. She was raised in a family that strongly believed in the dangers of GMO foods, so she kept her distance for the benefit of her own health. Cruz became accustomed to her home life habits and brought them with her to college, where she currently uses her resources and knowledge to maintain her health. Cruz vouches for the importance of consuming organic foods and using organic products because she truly believes that her body pays the price if she doesn’t eat organic food.
“It clears your body of certain processed foods. It gives your body a break from all of the GMOs. It’s important because you are what you eat. So you put whatever you have into your body. The more natural the better obviously,” Cruz said.
GMO stands for genetically modified organism. This constitutes a plant, animal, microorganism, or any other organism whose genetics have been modified by using genetic engineering. GMOs are found in the foods we consume. Many environmental risks are linked to food containing GMO’s. A non-GMO is an organism untouched by genetic engineering, pesticides, or growth hormones, believed and tested to be healthier to consume.
“I’ve learned to be okay with them (GMOs). I’ve had to be more conscious about the environment and how I can use the environment to benefit myself,” Cruz said.
GMO and non-GMO foods have been investigated thoroughly by scientists. Regardless of the findings, it still raises questions about the health factor. According to Natural Revolution, genetically modified foods have been linked to side effects such as digestive problems, increase allergens, toxins, and anti-nutrients, infertility, immune problems, accelerated aging, faulty insulin regulation, and changes in major organs and the gastrointestinal system. Despite these reported side effects, Professor of Environmental Biology Joe Coehlo does not believe GMOs are a health hazard.
“Basically everything we eat is genetically modified in some way, unless you killed it in the wild, right? Like you shot a deer and ate it,” Coehlo said.
Cruz has made non-GMO’s a staple in her diet. But, besides fueling her body with organic whole foods, Cruz says she uses organic products such as toothpaste, shampoo, certain clothes, mouthwash, makeup, face cleansers, and several other beauty products.
The QU Cafeteria also joined in on the non-GMO movement. Chef Chase Mangan strongly believes in the health risks tied to eating GMO foods. His goal for the year was for students to be consuming safer and healthier foods. That change happened quicker than he imagined. Mangan began purchasing healthier options for the students.
“Our company, we strive to buy non-GMO foods because we want the organic natural trend to grow,” Mangan said.
According to The Organic and Non-GMO Report, more than 70 percent of processed foods found in retail stores and restaurants contain ingredients derived from corn, soy beans, canola, and cotton. This is included in the list of GMO foods that have been approved the grow in the United States: corn, soybeans, canola, sugar beets, alfalfa, papaya, yellow “crook neck” squash, zucchini, ‘arctic” apple, and “innate” potato. This can make it difficult to completely stay away from GMO foods.
Although it can be difficult to avoid GMO’s all together, there are ways to identify GMO foods. Ways to avoid GMO foods are to shop for locally grown foods, look for non-GMO verified products on the shelves of your local market, and grow your own food. For students dining on campus, Mangan says there are plenty of healthy options to choose from every week.
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Posts Tagged ‘selective inhibitors’
Developments in the Genomics and Proteomics of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Treatment Targets
Posted in Cell Biology, Signaling & Cell Circuits, Chemical Biology and its relations to Metabolic Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Disease Biology, Small Molecules in Development of Therapeutic Drugs, Genome Biology, Genomic Testing: Methodology for Diagnosis, Inferential analysis, Metabolomics, Molecular Genetics & Pharmaceutical, Nephrology, Pharmaceutical Analytics, Pharmacologic toxicities, Proteomics, Systemic Inflammatory Response Related Disorders, Translational Effectiveness, Translational Science, tagged cardiovascular complications, Diabetes mellitus type 2, gene expression, Genome Research, genomic drug development, Heart Failure, New England Journal of Medicine, Obesity, Personalized medicine, prediabetes, selective inhibitors, stage 3 & 4 renal disease on December 8, 2013| 1 Comment »
Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP, Reviewer and Curator
https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2013-12-08/larryhbern/Developments-in-the-Genomics-and-Proteomics-of-Type-2-Diabetes-Mellitus-and-Treatment-Targets
Researchers Solve a Mystery about Type 2 Diabetes Drug
AB SCIEX TripleTOF® and QTRAP® technologies support breakthrough medical study.
Published: Friday, November 22, 2013
Researchers from St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research in Melbourne, Australia, in collaboration with researchers at McMaster University in Canada, are reportedly the first to discover how the type 2 diabetes drug metformin actually works, providing a molecular understanding that could lead to the development of more effective therapies. Mass spectrometry technologies from AB SCIEX played a critical role in the analysis that led to this breakthrough finding. The research is published in this month’s issue of the journal Nature Medicine.
Doctors have known for decades that metformin helps treat type 2 diabetes. However, questions had lingered for more than 50 years whether this drug, which is available as a generic drug,
worked to lower blood glucose in patients by directly working on the glucose.
People with type 2 diabetes have high blood sugar levels and have trouble converting sugar in their blood into energy because of low levels of insulin. For treating this condition, metformin is considered the most widely prescribed anti-diabetic drug in the world.
Until now, no one had been able to explain adequately how this drug lowers blood sugar. According to this new study, the drug works by reducing harmful fat in the liver. People who take metformin reportedly often have a fatty liver, which is frequently caused by obesity.
“Fat is likely a key trigger for pre-diabetes in humans,” said Professor Bruce Kemp, PhD, the Head of Protein Chemistry and Metabolism at St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research. “Our study indicates that
metformin doesn’t directly reduce sugar metabolism, as previously suspected, but instead
reduces fat in the liver, which in turn allows insulin to work effectively.”
The breakthrough in pinning down how the drug functions began with the researchers making
genetic mutations to the genes of two enzymes, ACC1 and ACC2,
in mice, so they could no longer be controlled. What happened next surprised the researchers:
the mice didn’t get fat as expected,
but Associate Professor Gregory Steinberg, PhD at McMaster University noticed that
the mice had fatty livers and a pre-diabetic condition.
Then the researchers put the mice on
a high fat diet and they became fat, while metformin
did not lower the blood sugar levels of the mutant mice.
The findings are expected to help researchers better directly target the condition, which affects over 100 million people around the world, according to published reports. It is also believed that with the mystery of metformin solved, the application of the drug could go beyond just diabetes and potentially be used to treat other medical conditions.
“AB SCIEX mass spectrometry solutions help researchers explore big questions and conduct breakthrough studies, such as this remarkable type 2 diabetes study,” said Rainer Blair, President of AB SCIEX. “In order to understand disease at the molecular level, researchers need the sensitive detection and reproducible quantitation provided by AB SCIEX tools. We enable the research community to solve biological mysteries and rethink the possibilities to transform health.”
For the research conducted by the Australian and Canadian researchers, the analysis at the molecular level was optimized on AB SCIEX instrumentation, including the AB SCIEX TripleTOF® 5600 and the AB SCIEX QTRAP® 5500 system.
The TripleTOF system, with its high-speed, high-quality MS/MS capabilities,
was used for the discovery of key proteins and phosphopeptides.
The QTRAP system, with its high sensitivity MRM (multiple reaction monitoring) capabilities,
was used for quantitation of metabolites, including nucleotides and malonyl-CoA.
Bardoxolone Methyl in Type 2 Diabetes and Stage 4 Chronic Kidney Disease
D de Zeeuw, T Akizawa, P Audhya, GL Bakris, M Chin, ….,and GM Chertow, for the BEACON Trial Investigators
November 9, 2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1306033
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1306033
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most important cause of progressive chronic kidney disease in the developed and developing worlds. Various therapeutic approaches to slow progression, including
restriction of dietary protein,
glycemic control, and
control of hypertension,
have yielded mixed results.1-3 Several randomized clinical trials have shown that
inhibitors of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system significantly reduce the risk of progression,4-6 although
the residual risk remains high.7
None of the new agents tested during the past decade have proved effective in late-stage clinical trials.8-12
Oxidative stress and impaired antioxidant capacity intensify
with the progression of chronic kidney disease.13
In animals with chronic kidney disease,
oxidative stress and inflammation
are associated with impaired activity of the nuclear 1 factor (erythroid-derived 2)–related factor 2 (Nrf2) transcription factor.
The synthetic triterpenoid bardoxolone methyl and its analogues are the most potent known activators of the Nrf2 pathway. Studies involving humans,14 including persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus and stage 3b or 4 chronic kidney disease, have shown that
bardoxolone methyl can reduce the serum creatinine concentration for up to 52 weeks.15
We designed the Bardoxolone Methyl Evaluation in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: the Occurrence of Renal Events (BEACON) trial to test the hypothesis that
treatment with bardoxolone methyl reduces the risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or death from cardiovascular causes
among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and stage 4 chronic kidney disease.
Study Design and Oversight
The BEACON trial was a phase 3, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, international, multicenter trial of
once-daily administration of bardoxolone methyl (at a dose of 20 mg in an amorphous spray-dried dispersion formulation), as compared with placebo.
Participants were receiving background conventional therapy that included
inhibitors of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system,
insulin or other hypoglycemic agents, and, when appropriate,
other cardiovascular medications.
The trial design and the characteristics of the trial participants at baseline have been described previously.16,17
Reata Pharmaceuticals sponsored the trial. The trial was jointly designed by employees of the sponsor and the academic investigators who were members of the steering committee. The steering committee, which was led by the academic investigators and included members who were employees of the sponsor, supervised the trial design and operation. An independent data and safety monitoring committee reviewed interim safety data every 90 days or on an ad hoc basis on request. The sponsor collected the trial data and transferred them to independent statisticians at Statistics Collaborative. The sponsor also contracted a second independent statistical group (Axio Research) to support the independent data and safety monitoring committee. The trial protocol was approved by the institutional review board at each participating study site. The protocol and amendments are available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org. The steering committee takes full responsibility for the integrity of the data and the interpretation of the trial results and for the fidelity of the study to the protocol. The first and last authors wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All the members of the steering committee made the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Briefly, we included adults with
type 2 diabetes mellitus and
an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 15 to <30 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 BSA.
Persons with poor glycemic control,
uncontrolled hypertension, or
a recent cardiovascular event (≤12 weeks before randomization) or
New York Heart Association class III or IV heart failure were excluded.
Additional inclusion and exclusion criteria are listed in Table S1 in the Supplementary Appendix, available at NEJM.org. All the patients provided written informed consent.
Randomization and Intervention
Randomization was stratified according to study site with the use of variable-sized blocks. The steering committee, sponsor, investigators, and trial participants were unaware of the group assignments. After randomization,
patients received either bardoxolone methyl or placebo.
The prescription of all other medications was at the discretion of treating physicians, who were encouraged to adhere to published clinical-practice guidelines. Patients underwent event ascertainment and laboratory testing according to the study schema shown in Figure S1 in the Supplementary Appendix. Ambulatory blood-pressure monitoring was performed in a substudy that included 174 patients (8%).
The statistical analysis plan defined the study period as the number of days from randomization to a common study-termination date. In the case of patients who were still receiving the study drug on the termination date, data on vital events were collected for an additional 30 days.
The primary composite outcome was ESRD or death from cardiovascular causes. We defined ESRD as
the need for maintenance dialysis for 12 weeks or more or kidney transplantation.
If a patient died before undergoing dialysis for 12 weeks, the independent events-adjudication committee adjudicated whether the need for dialysis represented ESRD or acute renal failure. Patients who declined dialysis and who subsequently died were categorized as having had ESRD. All ESRD events were adjudicated. Death from cardiovascular causes was defined as death due to either cardiovascular or unknown causes.
The trial had three prespecified secondary outcomes —
first, the change in estimated GFR as calculated with the use of the four-variable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation, with serum creatinine levels calibrated to an isotope-dilution standard for mass spectrometry;
second, hospitalization for heart failure or death due to heart failure; and
third, a composite outcome of nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, or death from cardiovascular causes.
The events-adjudication committee, whose members were unaware of the study assignments, evaluated whether
ESRD events,
cardiovascular events,
neurologic events, and
met the prespecified criteria for primary and secondary outcomes (described in detail in the Supplementary Appendix).
We calculated that we needed to enroll 2000 patients on the basis of the following assumptions:
a two-sided type I error rate of 5%, an event rate of 24% for the primary composite outcome in the placebo group during the first 2 years of the study,
a hazard ratio of 0.68 (bardoxolone methyl vs. placebo) for the primary composite outcome,
discontinuation of the study drug by 13.5% of the patients in the bardoxolone methyl group each year, and
a 2.5% annual loss to follow-up in each group.
Under these assumptions, if 300 patients had a primary composite outcome, the statistical power would be 85%.
We collected and analyzed all outcome data in accordance with the intention-to-treat principle. We calculated Kaplan–Meier product-limit estimates of
the cumulative incidence of the primary composite outcome.
We computed hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals with the use of Cox proportional-hazards regression models with adjustment for
the baseline estimated GFR and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
We performed analogous analyses for secondary time-to-event outcomes. Given the abundance of early adverse events, we also report discrete cumulative incidences at 4 weeks and 52 weeks.
For longitudinal analyses of estimated GFR, we performed mixed-effects regression analyses using
study group,
the interaction of study group with time,
estimated GFR at baseline,
the interaction of baseline estimated GFR with time, and
urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio as covariates, and
we compared the means between the bardoxolone methyl group and the placebo group.
We adopted similar approaches when examining the effects of treatment on other continuous measures assessed at multiple visits. Since the between-group difference in the primary composite outcome was not significant,
secondary and other outcomes with P values of less than 0.05 were considered to be nominally significant.
Statistical analyses were performed with the use of SAS software, version 9.3 (SAS Institute). Additional details of the statistical analysis are provided in the Supplementary Appendix.
From June 2011 through September 2012, a total of 2185 patients underwent randomization, including 1545 (71%) in the United States, 334 (15%) in the European Union, 133 (6%) in Australia, 87 (4%) in Canada, 46 (2%) in Israel, and 40 (2%) in Mexico. Figure S2 in the Supplementary Appendix shows the disposition of the study participants.
As shown in Table 1Table 1Baseline Characteristics of the Patients in the Intention-to-Treat Population., the patients were diverse with respect to age, sex, race or ethnic group, and region of origin;
diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy were common conditions among the patients,
as was overt cardiovascular disease.
See Table S2 in the Supplementary Appendix for a more detailed description of the characteristics of the patients at baseline; Figure S3 in the Supplementary Appendix shows the distribution of baseline estimated GFR and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
Drug Exposure
The median duration of exposure to the study drug was 7 months (interquartile range, 3 to 11) among patients randomly assigned to bardoxolone methyl and
8 months (interquartile range, 5 to 11) among those randomly assigned to placebo.
Figure S4 in the Supplementary Appendix shows the time to discontinuation of the study drug. Table S3 in the Supplementary Appendix shows the reasons that patients discontinued the study drug and the reasons that patients discontinued the study.
The median duration of follow-up was 9 months in both groups.
Primary Composite Outcome
A total of 69 of 1088 patients (6%) randomly assigned to bardoxolone methyl and 69 of 1097 (6%) randomly assigned to placebo had a primary composite outcome (hazard ratio in the bardoxolone methyl group vs. the placebo group, 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70 to 1.37; P=0.92) (Figure 1AFigure 1Kaplan–Meier Plots of the Time to the First Event of the Primary Outcome and Its Components.).
Death from cardiovascular causes occurred in 27 patients randomly assigned to bardoxolone methyl and in 19 randomly assigned to placebo (hazard ratio, 1.44; 95% CI, 0.80 to 2.59; P=0.23) (Figure 1B).
ESRD developed in 43 patients randomly assigned to bardoxolone methyl and in 51 randomly assigned to placebo (hazard ratio, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.55 to 1.24; P=0.35) (Figure 1C).
One patient in each group died from cardiovascular causes after the development of ESRD. The mean (±SD) estimated GFR
before the development of ESRD was 18.1±8.3 ml per minute per 1.73 m^2 in the bardoxolone methyl group and
14.9±4.0 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 in the placebo group.
During the study period, 96 patients in the bardoxolone methyl group had heart-failure events (93 patients with at least one hospitalization due to heart failure and 3 patients who died from heart failure without hospitalization),
as compared with 55 in the placebo group (55 patients with at least one hospitalization due to heart failure and
no patients who died from heart failure without hospitalization) (hazard ratio, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.32 to 2.55; P<0.001) (Figure 2AFigure 2Kaplan–Meier Plots of the Time to the First Event of the Discrete Secondary Outcomes.).
A total of 139 patients in the bardoxolone methyl group, as compared with 86 in the placebo group, had
a composite outcome event of nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, or death from cardiovascular causes (hazard ratio, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.31 to 2.24; P<0.001) (Figure 2B).
Incidences of Composite Outcomes and Rates of Death from Any Cause
The cumulative incidences of the primary composite outcome and of the two secondary composite outcomes at 4 weeks and at 52 weeks are shown in Table S4 in the Supplementary Appendix. The rates of death from any cause are shown in Figure S5 in the Supplementary Appendix. From the time of randomization to the end of follow-up, 75 patients died: 44 patients in the bardoxolone methyl group and 31 in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 1.47; 95% CI, 0.93 to 2.32; P=0.10). The causes of death are listed in Table S5 in the Supplementary Appendix.
Estimated GFR
Patients randomly assigned to placebo had a significant mean decline in the estimated GFR from the baseline value (−0.9 ml per minute per 1.73 m2; 95% CI, −1.2 to −0.5), whereas those randomly assigned to bardoxolone methyl had a significant mean increase from the baseline value (5.5 ml per minute per 1.73 m2; 95% CI, 5.2 to 5.9). The difference between the two groups was 6.4 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 (95% CI, 5.9 to 6.9; P<0.001) (Figure 3AFigure 3Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), Body Weight, and Urinary Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio.).
Physiological Variables
Physiological variables are shown in Table S6 in the Supplementary Appendix. The mean body weight remained stable in the placebo group
but declined steadily and substantially in the bardoxolone methyl group (Figure 3B).
There was a significantly smaller decrease from baseline in mean systolic blood pressure in the bardoxolone methyl group than in the placebo group (between-group difference, 1.5 mm Hg [95% CI, 0.5 to 2.5]), and
the mean diastolic blood pressure increased from baseline in the bardoxolone methyl group whereas it decreased in the placebo group (between-group difference, 2.1 mm Hg [95% CI, 1.6 to 2.6]).
Blood-pressure results from the substudy in which ambulatory blood-pressure monitoring was performed were similar in direction but were more pronounced (between-group difference of 7.9 mm Hg [95% CI, 3.8 to 12.0] in systolic blood pressure and 3.2 mm Hg [95% CI, 1.3 to 5.2] in diastolic blood pressure).
Heart rate also increased significantly in the bardoxolone methyl group, as compared with the placebo group (between-group difference, 3.8 beats per minute; 95% CI, 3.2 to 4.4).
Other Laboratory Variables
Data on laboratory variables are shown in Table S7 in the Supplementary Appendix.
The urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio increased significantly in the bardoxolone methyl group, as compared with the placebo group (Figure 3C).
Serum magnesium, albumin, hemoglobin, and glycated hemoglobin levels decreased significantly in the bardoxolone methyl group, as compared with the placebo group.
The level of B-type natriuretic peptide increased significantly by week 24 in the bardoxolone methyl group, as compared with the placebo group.
The rates of serious adverse events are summarized in Table 2Table 2Most Commonly Reported Serious Adverse Events in the Intention-to-Treat Population. Serious adverse events occurred more frequently in the bardoxolone methyl group than in the placebo group (717 events in 363 patients vs. 557 events in 295 patients). There were 11 neoplastic events in the bardoxolone methyl group and 10 in placebo group. The most commonly reported adverse events are summarized in Table S8 in the Supplementary Appendix.
The current trial was designed to determine whether bardoxolone methyl, an activator of the cytoprotective Nrf2 pathway, would reduce the risk of ESRD
among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and stage 4 chronic kidney disease
who were receiving guideline-based conventional therapy.
The trial was terminated early because of safety concerns, driven primarily by an increase in cardiovascular events in the bardoxolone methyl group. Bardoxolone methyl did not lower the risk of ESRD or of death from cardiovascular causes, although too few events occurred during the trial to reliably determine the true effect of the drug on the primary composite outcome.
Given the truncated duration of the trial and the number of adjudicated events (46% of the events planned), and assuming no change in any of the original assumptions, we estimated the conditional power of the trial to be less than 40%. Although patients treated with bardoxolone methyl had a significant increase in the estimated GFR, as compared with those who received placebo,
there was a significantly higher incidence of heart failure and of the composite outcome of nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, or death from cardiovascular causes in the bardoxolone methyl group.
There were numerically more deaths from any cause among patients treated with bardoxolone methyl than among those in the placebo group.
Bardoxolone methyl is among the first orally available antioxidant Nrf2 activators. A small previous study showed that bardoxolone methyl
reduced inflammation and oxidative stress13 and
induced a decline in the serum creatinine level.
In the 52-Week Bardoxolone Methyl Treatment: Renal Function in CKD/Type 2 Diabetes (BEAM) trial,15 227 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and an estimated GFR of 20 to 45 ml per minute per 1.73 m2
had a significant increase in the estimated GFR (mean change, 8.2 to 11.4 ml per minute per 1.73 m2, depending on the dose group)
that was sustained over the entire trial period.
Muscle spasms and hypomagnesemia were the most common adverse events;
there was no increase in the rate of heart failure or other cardiovascular events.
The current trial was designed to determine whether the change in estimated GFR that we anticipated on the basis of the results of the BEAM trial would translate into a slower progression toward ESRD. Although in the current trial ESRD developed in fewer patients in the bardoxolone methyl group than in the placebo group, the early termination of the trial precludes conclusion of the effect on ESRD events.
The mechanism linking bardoxolone methyl to heart failure is unknown. Since an excess in heart-failure events was unanticipated, echocardiography was not performed routinely before randomization. Although weight declined significantly in the bardoxolone methyl group, we were unable to determine whether there was loss of body fat, intracellular (skeletal muscle) water, or extracellular (interstitial) water.
The fall in serum albumin and hemoglobin levels may reflect hemodilution caused by fluid retention.
Bardoxolone methyl also increased blood pressure.
An increase in preload due to volume expansion and an increase in afterload (as reflected by increased blood pressure),
coupled with an increase in heart rate,
constitute a potentially potent combination of factors that are likely to precipitate heart failure in an at-risk population.
The rise in the level of B-type natriuretic peptide with bardoxolone methyl
is consistent with an increase in left ventricular wall stress owing to one or more of these mediators or to unrecognized factors such as
impaired diastolic filling of the left ventricle.
After recognizing the initial increase in heart-failure events, the independent data and safety monitoring committee tried to identify
clinical characteristics that were associated with patients who were at elevated risk for heart failure
after the initiation of bardoxolone methyl therapy (with the possibility of modifying eligibility criteria or otherwise altering the trial),
but the committee was unable to do so. Other, noncardiovascular adverse events were also observed more frequently among patients exposed to bardoxolone methyl than among those who received placebo. Whether the effects of Nrf2 activation, or one or more counterregulatory responses, rendered this particular population vulnerable, is unknown. Zoja et al.18 found an increase in albuminuria and blood pressure along with weight loss in Zucker diabetic fatty rats treated with an analogue of bardoxolone methyl; these effects were not observed in other studies in Zucker diabetic fatty rats or other rodent models or in 1-year toxicologic studies in monkeys.19-21
Why were these adverse effects identified in the current trial and not in the BEAM trial?
First, the number of patient-months of drug exposure in the current trial was roughly 10 times that in the BEAM trial.
Second, the population in the present trial had more severe chronic kidney disease than did the population in the BEAM trial.
Observational studies have shown significantly higher rates of death and cardiovascular events, including heart failure,
among patients with stage 4 chronic kidney disease than among patients with stage 3 chronic kidney disease.22
Finally, our trial used an amorphous spray-dried dispersion formulation of bardoxolone methyl at a fixed dose rather than at an adjusted dose. We chose the 20-mg dose and the specific formulation used in the BEACON trial
on the basis of four phase 2 studies of chronic kidney disease (three studies used the crystalline formulation, and one used the amorphous formulation),
a crossover pharmacokinetics study involving humans that used both formulations, and
several studies in animals that used both formulations (Meyer C: personal communication),
to provide an activity and safety profile that was similar to that observed with 75 mg of the crystalline formulation, which was one of the dose levels tested in the BEAM trial.
In conclusion, among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and stage 4 chronic kidney disease, bardoxolone methyl did not reduce the risk of the primary composite outcome of ESRD or death from cardiovascular causes. Significantly increased risks of heart failure and of the composite cardiovascular outcome (nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, or death from cardiovascular causes) prompted termination of the trial.
Alto, CA 93034, or at gchertow@stanford.edu.
Investigators in the Bardoxolone Methyl Evaluation in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: the Occurrence of Renal Events (BEACON) trial are listed in the Supplementary Appendix, available at NEJM.org.
Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of the Patients in the Intention-to-Treat Population.
Fig 1. Kaplan–Meier Plots of the Time to the First Event of the Primary Outcome and Its Components.
Fig 2. Kaplan–Meier Plots of the Time to the First Event of the Discrete Secondary Outcomes
Fig 3. Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), Body Weight, and Urinary Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio
Table 2 Most Commonly Reported Serious Adverse Events in the Intention-to-Treat Population
1 Klahr S, Levey AS, Beck GJ, et al. The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. N Engl J Med 1994;330:877-884
2 The ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2560-2572
3 Parving HH, Andersen AR, Smidt UM, Svendsen PA. Early aggressive antihypertensive treatment reduces rate of decline in kidney function in diabetic nephropathy. Lancet 1983;1:1175-1179
4 Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2001;345:861-869
5 Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001;345:851-860
6 Parving HH, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J, Gomis R, Andersen S, Arner P. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001;345:870-878
7 Heerspink HJ, de Zeeuw D. The kidney in type 2 diabetes therapy. Rev Diabet Stud 2011;8:392-402
8 Pfeffer MA, Burdmann EA, Chen CY, et al. A trial of darbepoetin alfa in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 2009;361:2019-2032
9 Parving HH, Brenner BM, McMurray JJ, et al. Cardiorenal end points in a trial of aliskiren for type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2012;367:2204-2213
10 Packham DK, Wolfe R, Reutens AT, et al. Sulodexide fails to demonstrate renoprotection in overt type 2 diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012;23:123-130
Combined Angiotensin Inhibition for the Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy
Linda F. Fried, M.D., M.P.H., Nicholas Emanuele, M.D., Jane H. Zhang, Ph.D., Mary Brophy, M.D., Todd A. Conner, Pharm.D., William Duckworth, M.D., David J. Leehey, M.D., Peter A. McCullough, M.D., M.P.H., Theresa O’Connor, Ph.D., Paul M. Palevsky, M.D., Robert F. Reilly, M.D., Stephen L. Seliger, M.D., Stuart R. Warren, J.D., Pharm.D., Suzanne Watnick, M.D., Peter Peduzzi, Ph.D., and Peter Guarino, M.P.H., Ph.D. for the VA NEPHRON-D Investigators
N Engl J Med 2013; 369:1892-1903November 14, 2013DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1303154
Combination therapy with angiotensin-converting–enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs) decreases proteinuria; however, its safety and effect on the progression of kidney disease are uncertain.
We provided losartan (at a dose of 100 mg per day) to patients with type 2 diabetes, a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (with albumin measured in milligrams and creatinine measured in grams) of at least 300, and an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30.0 to 89.9 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and then randomly assigned them to receive lisinopril (at a dose of 10 to 40 mg per day) or placebo. The primary end point was the first occurrence of a change in the estimated GFR (a decline of ≥30 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 if the initial estimated GFR was ≥60 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 or a decline of ≥50% if the initial estimated GFR was <60 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), end-stage renal disease (ESRD), or death. The secondary renal end point was the first occurrence of a decline in the estimated GFR or ESRD. Safety outcomes included mortality, hyperkalemia, and acute kidney injury.
The study was stopped early owing to safety concerns. Among 1448 randomly assigned patients with a median follow-up of 2.2 years, there were 152 primary end-point events in the monotherapy group and 132 in the combination-therapy group (hazard ratio with combination therapy, 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70 to 1.12; P=0.30). A trend toward a benefit from combination therapy with respect to the secondary end point (hazard ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.58 to 1.05; P=0.10) decreased with time (P=0.02 for nonproportionality). There was no benefit with respect to mortality (hazard ratio for death, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.73 to 1.49; P=0.75) or cardiovascular events. Combination therapy increased the risk of hyperkalemia (6.3 events per 100 person-years, vs. 2.6 events per 100 person-years with monotherapy; P<0.001) and acute kidney injury (12.2 vs. 6.7 events per 100 person-years, P<0.001).
Combination therapy with an ACE inhibitor and an ARB was associated with an increased risk of adverse events among patients with diabetic nephropathy. (Funded by the Cooperative Studies Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development; VA NEPHRON-D ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00555217.)
A complete list of investigators in the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) study is provided in the Supplementary Appendix, available at NEJM.org.
Figure 1 Kaplan–Meier Plot of Cumulative Probabilities of the Primary and Secondary End Points and Death.
Figure 2 Kaplan–Meier Plot of Cumulative Probabilities of Acute Kidney Injury and Hyperkalemia
The End of Dual Therapy with Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System Blockade?
Nov 14, 2013 de Zeeuw D. (Editorial)
N Engl J Med 2013; 369:1960-1962
Treatment aimed at multiple risk factors and specific markers such as glucose level, blood pressure, body weight, cholesterol levels, and albuminuria has been the main focus to slow cardiovascular and renal risk among patients with diabetes. Among the agents used, those that interrupt the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) have shown protection that extends beyond decreasing blood pressure. In part, these additional effects may be explained by a decrease in albuminuria.1 Therefore, angiotensin-converting–enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II–receptor blockers (ARBs) have become first-choice drugs in patients with diabetes. Despite some success, the residual cardiovascular and renal risk among patients with diabetes remains
Diabetes: Mouse Studies Point to Kinase as Treatment Target
By Kristina Fiore, Staff Writer, MedPage Today
Targeting a pathway that plays a major role in both hepatic glucose production and insulin sensitivity may eventually help treat type 2 diabetes, researchers reported.
In a series of experiments in mice, researchers found that inhibition of the kinase CaMKII — or even some of its downstream components — lowered blood glucose and insulin levels, Ira Tabas, MD, PhD, of Columbia University Medical Center in New York City, and colleagues reported online in Cell Metabolism.
The pathway is activated by glucagon signaling in the liver, and appears to have roles in both insulin resistance as well as hepatic glucose production in the liver.
In an earlier study, Tabas and colleagues showed that inhibiting the CaMKII pathway lowered hepatic glucose production by suppressing p38-mediated FoxO1 nuclear localization.
In the current study, they found CaMKII inhibition suppresses levels of the pseudo-kinase TRB3 to improve Akt-phosphorylation, thereby improving insulin sensitivity.
Thus this single pathway targets “two cardinal features of type 2 diabetes — hyperglycemia and defective insulin signaling,” the researchers wrote.
“When we realized we had one common pathway that was responsible for these two disparate processes that, in essence, comprises all of type 2 diabetes, we though it would be an ideal target for new drug therapy,” Tabas told MedPage Today.
Tabas and colleagues conducted several experiments to evaluate the CaMKII pathway.
In one experiment in obese mice, they found that
no matter how CaMKII was knocked out, it led to lower blood glucose levels and lower fasting plasma insulin levels in response to a glucose challenge.
The improvements also occurred
when they knocked out downstream processes, including p38 and MAPK-activating protein kinase 2 (MK2).
“Thus liver p38 and MK2, like CaMKII, play an important role in the development of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in obese mice,” they wrote.
In further analyses, the researchers discovered
deleting or inhibiting any of these three elements ultimately improved insulin-induced Akt-phosphorylation in obese mice —
an important part of improving insulin sensitivity.
And unlike the effects on hepatic glucose production, these changes didn’t occur through effects on FoxO1.
Instead, inhibiting the CaMKII pathway suppressed levels of the pseudo-kinase TRB3, which likely occurred because of suppression of ATF4 —
all of which led to an increase in Akt-phosphorylation and insulin sensitivity.
Indeed, when mice were made to overexpress TRB3, the improvement in phosphorylation disappeared, “indicating that
the suppression of TRB3 by CaMKII deficiency is causally important in the improvement in insulin signaling,” they wrote.
As a result, there “appear to be two separate CaMKII pathways,
one involved in CaMKII-p38-FoxO1 dependent hepatic glucose production, and
the other involved in defective insulin-induced p-Akt,” they wrote.
The findings suggest the possibility of a drug that can target both hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes, they said.
Association Between a Genetic Variant Related to Glutamic Acid Metabolism and Coronary Heart Disease in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes
Lu Qi; Qibin Qi; S Prudente; C Mendonca; F Andreozzi; et al.
JAMA. 2013;310(8):821-828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.276305.
Diabetes is associated with an elevated risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Previous studies have suggested that the genetic factors predisposing to excess cardiovascular risk may be different in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals.
To identify genetic determinants of CHD that are specific to patients with diabetes.
Design, Setting, and Participants
We studied 5 independent sets of CHD cases and CHD-negative controls from the Nurses’ Health Study (enrolled in 1976 and followed up through 2008), Health Professionals Follow-up Study (enrolled in 1986 and followed up through 2008), Joslin Heart Study (enrolled in 2001-2008), Gargano Heart Study (enrolled in 2001-2008), and Catanzaro Study (enrolled in 2004-2010). Included were a total of 1517 CHD cases and 2671 CHD-negative controls, all with type 2 diabetes. Results in diabetic patients were compared with those in 737 nondiabetic CHD cases and 1637 nondiabetic CHD-negative controls from the Nurses’ Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study cohorts. Exposures included 2 543 016 common genetic variants occurring throughout the genome.
Main Outcomes and Measures
Coronary heart disease—defined as fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass grafting, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, or angiographic evidence of significant stenosis of the coronary arteries.
A variant on chromosome 1q25 (rs10911021) was consistently associated with CHD risk among diabetic participants,
with risk allele frequencies of 0.733 in cases vs 0.679 in controls (odds ratio, 1.36 [95% CI, 1.22-1.51]; P = 2 × 10−8).
No association between this variant and CHD was detected among nondiabetic participants, with risk allele frequencies of 0.697 in cases vs 0.696 in controls (odds ratio, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.87-1.13]; P = .89),
consistent with a significant gene × diabetes interaction on CHD risk (P = 2 × 10−4).
Compared with protective allele homozygotes, rs10911021 risk allele
homozygotes were characterized by a 32% decrease in the expression of the neighboring glutamate-ammonia ligase (GLUL) gene in human endothelial cells (P = .0048).
A decreased ratio between plasma levels of γ-glutamyl cycle intermediates pyroglutamic and glutamic acid was also shown in risk allele homozygotes (P = .029).
Conclusion and Relevance
A single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs10911021) was identified that was significantly associated with CHD among persons with diabetes but not in those without diabetes and was functionally related to glutamic acid metabolism, suggesting a mechanistic link.
Adipocyte Heme Oxygenase-1 Induction Attenuates Metabolic Syndrome In Both Male And Female Obese Mice
Angela Burgess1,2, Ming Li2, Luca Vanella1, Dong Hyun Kim1, Rita Rezzani4, et al.
1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614
2Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595
3Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595
4Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
5Department of Pediatrics and Center for Applied Genomics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
6The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065
Hypertension. 2010 December ; 56(6): 1124–1130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.151423
Increases in visceral fat are associated with
increased inflammation,
dyslipidemia,
insulin resistance,
glucose intolerance and
vascular dysfunction.
We examined the effect of the potent heme oxygenase (HO)-1 inducer, cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP), on regulation of adiposity and glucose levels in both female and male obese mice. Both lean and obese mice were administered CoPP intraperitoneally, (3mg/kg/once a week) for 6 weeks. Serum levels of
adiponectin,
TNFα,
IL-1β and
IL-6, and
HO-1,
PPARγ,
pAKT, and
pMPK protein expression
were measured in adipocytes and vascular tissue . While female obese mice continued to gain weight at a rate similar to controls, induction of HO-1 slowed the rate of weight gain in male obese mice. HO-1 induction led to lowered blood pressure
levels in obese males and females mice similar to that of lean male and female mice.
HO-1 induction also produced a significant decrease in the plasma levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β and fasting glucose of obese females compared to untreated female obese mice. HO-1 induction
increased the number and
decreased the size of adipocytes of obese animals.
HO-1 induction increased adiponectin, pAKT, pAMPK, and PPARγ levels in adipocyte of obese animals. Induction of HO-1, in adipocytes was associated with
an increase in adiponectin and
a reduction in inflammatory cytokines.
These findings offer the possibility of treating not only hypertension, but also other detrimental metabolic consequences of obesity
including insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in obese populations
by induction of HO-1 in adipocytes.
Moderate to severe obesity is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular complications and insulin resistance in humans1, 2 and animals3, 4. Cardiovascular risk is specifically associated with increased intra-abdominal fat. Women in their reproductive years have a higher BMI than males, which largely reflects increased overall subcutaneous adipose tissue or “gynoid” obesity, this is not associated with increased cardiovascular risk5. However, due to increases in visceral fat with aging, after the age of 60 the fat distribution in females more closely resembles that in males6. Increased androgen levels also often occur after the menopausal transition. These changes in visceral fat content and androgen levels correlate with both central obesity and insulin resistance and are an important determinant of cardiovascular risk7.
Heme oxygenase (HO) catalyzes the breakdown of heme, a potentially harmful pro-oxidant, into its products biliverdin and carbon monoxide, with a concomitant release of iron (reviewed in8). While HO-2 is expressed constitutively, HO-1 is inducible in response to oxidative stress and its induction has been reported to normalize vascular and renal function9–11. Further, induction of HO-1 slows weight gain, decreases levels of TNF-α and IL-6 and increases serum levels of adiponectin in obese rats and obese diabetic mice4, 9, 12.
The association observed between HO-1 and adiponectin has led to the proposal of the existence of a cytoprotective HO-1/adiponectin axis4, 13. Previously, L’Abbate et al,14 have shown that induction of HO-1 is associated with a parallel increase in the serum levels of adiponectin, which has well-documented
insulin-sensitizing,
antiapoptotic,
antioxidative and
anti-inflammatory properties.
Adiponectin is an abundant protein secreted from adipocytes. Once secreted, it mediates its actions by binding to a set of receptors, such as
adipoR1 and adipoR2, and also
through induction of AMPK signaling pathways15, 16.
In addition, increases in adiponectin play a protective role against TNF mediated endothelial activation17.
In this study, we evaluated the effect of CoPP, a potent inducer of HO-1,
on visceral and subcutaneous fat distribution in both female and male obese mice.
We show for the first time a resistance to weight reduction upon administration of CoPP in female obese mice but
a significant decrease in inflammatory cytokines.
Despite continued obesity,
CoPP normalized blood pressure levels,
decreased circulating cytokines, and
increased insulin sensitivity in obese females.
CoPP treatment of obese mice
reduced the size of adipocytes.
CoPP treatment of both male and female obese mice reversed the reduction in adiponectin levels seen in obesity. This study suggests that in spite of continued obesity,
HO-1 induction in female obese mice serves a protective role against obesity associated metabolic consequences via expansion of healthy smaller insulin-sensitive adipocytes.
Effect of induction of HO-1 on body weight, appearance, and fat content of female and male obese mice. Previously, we have shown CoPP treatment results in the prevention of weight gain in several male models of obesity including obese and db/db mice and Zucker fat rats4, 12. We extended our studies to examine the effect of CoPP on weight gain in female obese mice. CoPP-treatment prevented weight gain in male obese mice when compared to age-matched male controls (Figure S1). The revention of body weight gain was accompanied by a
reduction in visceral fat in male obese mice. However, female obese mice administered CoPP did not lose weight but continued to gain weight at the same rate as untreated female obese mice (Figure S1). This was in spite of food intake being comparable between the two
groups. CoPP administration decreased subcutaneous fat content in both obese males and females (p<0.05; p<0.05, respectively). CoPP produced a decrease (p<0.05) in visceral fat in male but not in female obese mice when compared to untreated obese mice (Figure S1D).
We examined adipocyte size by haematoxilin-eosin staining in both lean, obese and CoPP treated obese female mice (Figure 1A, upper panel). CoPP treatment resulted in a decrease in adipocyte size (p<0.05) compared to untreated obese animals (Figure 1A, lower left panel). We then examined the number of adipocytes in lean, obese and CoPP-treated obese female mice. The number of adipocytes (mean±SE) in lean, obese and CoPP-treated obese animals was 40.83±3.50, 18.33±1.80 and 32.00±1.67 respectively indicating that CoPP treatment of obese mice increased the number of adipocytes to levels similar to those in lean animals (Figure 1A, lower right panel). Similar results were seen in male animals.
The induction of HO-1 was associated with a reduction in blood pressure (BP). Systolic blood pressure in obese female mice was 142 ± 6.5 mm Hg compared to obese-CoPP treated, 109 ± 8.1 mm Hg, p<0.05. The value in obese female mice treated with CoPP is similar to the blood pressure seen in lean female mice (110 ± 9.6 mm Hg). The systolic blood pressure in obese male mice was 144± 4.5 mm Hg compared to obese-CoPP treated, 104 ± 3.6 mm Hg, p<0.05.
We further examined whether CoPP affects HO-1 expression in adipocyte using immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Immunostaining showed increased levels of HO-1 (green staining), located on the surface of adipocytes, after CoPP treatment (p<0.05), compared with female obese mice, Figure 1B. As seen in Figure 1C, HO-1 and
HO-2 levels in adipocyte isolated from lean, untreated female obese mice or female obese mice treated with CoPP. Densitometry analysis showed that HO-1 was increased
significantly in female obese mice treated with CoPP, compared to non-treated female obese mice, p<0.05, which is in agreement with immunohistochemistry results. This pattern of HO expression in obesity occurs in other tissues, including aortas, kidneys and hearts of male obese mice4, 13.
Effect of CoPP on HO-1 expression and HO activity in female and male obese mice
HO-1 protein levels were increased by CoPP treatments in liver and renal tissues similar to that seen in adipocytes. Western blot analysis showed significant differences (p<0.05) in the ratio of HO-1 to actin in renal of male and female obese and lean mice (Figure S 2A). Obesity decreasd HO-1 levels in both sexes when compared to age matched lean animals.
In addition, HO-1 levels were significantly (p<0.05) lower in obese females compared to obese males (Figure S 2A). This reflects a less active HO system in both male and female
obese animals compared to age matched lean controls. Next, we compared the effect of CoPP on male and female HO-1 gene expression in adipocytes. CoPP increased HO-1
expression in both male and female obese animals compared to untreated obese animals (Figure S 2B, p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). Similar results of HO-1 expression were seen in liver tissues (Result not shown).
Effect of CoPP on cytokine levels in female and male obese mice
CoPP administration resulted in a significnt increase in the levels of plasma adiponectin in both female (p<0.001) and male obese (p<0.001) mice (Figure 2A). Untreated female obese animals exhibited a significant (p<0.05) increase in plasma IL-6 levels when compared to age-matched male obese mice (Figure 2B). CoPP decreased plasma IL-6 levels in both female and male obese mice (p<0.05A )p<0.01, respectively) when compared to untreated obese miec. Similar results were observed with plasma TNF-α and IL-1β levels (Figure 2C and 2D). These results indicate that though female obese mice exhibited elevated serum levels of inflammatory cytokines compared to male obese mice, CoPP acts with equal efficacy in both female and male obese animals in reducing inflammation while simultaneously increasing serum adiponectin levels (Figure 2).
Effect of CoPP on blood glucose and LDL levels in female and male obese mice
Fasting glucose levels were determined after the development of insulin resistance. CoPP produced a decrease in glucose levels in both fasting female (p<0.05) and male (p<0.001) obese mice when compared to untreated obese control animals (Figure 3A). CoPP reduced LDL levels in both male (p<0.01) and female (p<0.05) obese mice when compared to untreated obese controls (Figure 3B). Treatment with SnMP, increased LDL levels. In separate experiments two weeks apart, glucose levels and insulin sensitivity were determined after development of insulin resistance (Fig. 4A and B). Blood glucose levels in female obese mice were elevated (p<0.01) 30 min after glucose administration and remained elevated. In CoPP-treated female obese mice produced a decrease in glucose but not in the vehicle-treated female obese mice (p<0.01).
Effect of Obesity on Protein Expression Levels of pAKT, pAMPK, and PPARγ levels in female and male obese mice
Western blot analysis of adipocytes harvested from fat tissues,showed significant differences in basal protein expression levels of pAKT and pAMPK in untreated female obese mice compared to untreated obese male mice. pAMPK levels were higher in obese females compared to obese males (Figure 5A, p< 0.05). This was also the case for pAKT protein levels, where increased levels of pAKT were seen in obese females compared to obese males (Figure 5B, p<0.05). CoPP treatment increased pAMPK and pAKT levels in bothe obese females and obese males. In addition, CoPP administration increased PPARγ levels, in both male (p<0.001) and female (p<0.05) obese mice (Figures 5C).
In the current study, we show for the first time that induction of HO-1 regulates adiposity in both male and female animals via an increase in adipocyte HO-1 protein levels. A second novel finding is that induction of HO-1 was associated not only with a decrease in adipocyte cell size but with an increase in adipocyte cell number. Further, induction of HO-1 affects visceral and subcutaneous fat distribution and metabolic function in male obese mice differently than in female obese mice. Despite continued obesity, upregulation of HO-1 induced major improvements in the metabolic profile of female obese mice exhibiting symptoms of Type 2 diabetes including: high plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and low adiponectin levels. CoPP treatment resulted in increased serum adiponectin levels and decreased blood pressure. Adiponectin is exclusively secreted from adipose tissue, and its expression is higher in subcutaneous rather than invisceral adipose tissue. Increased adiponectin levels reduce adipocyte size and increase adipocyte number12, resulting in smaller, more insulin sensitive adipocytes. Adiponectin has recently attracted much attention because it has insulin-sensitizing properties that enhance fatty acid oxidation, liver insulin action, and glucose uptake and positively affect serum trglyceride levels18–21. Levels of circulating adiponectin are inversely correlated with plasma levels of oxidized LDL in patients with Type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease, which suggests that low adiponectin levels are associated with an increased oxidative state in the arterial wall22. Thus, increases in adiponectin mediated by upregulation of HO-1 may account for improved insulin sensitivity and reduced levels of LDL and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels) in both male and female mice.
Females continued to gain weight in spite of the metabolic improvements. One plausible explanation for this anomaly is the direct effects of HO-1 on adiponectin mediating clonal expansion of pre-adipocytes. This supports the concept that expansion of adipogenesis leads to an increased number of adipocytes of smaller cell size; smaller adipocytes are considered to be healthy, insulin sensitive adipocyte cells that are capable of producing adiponectin23. This hypothesis is supported by the increase in the number of smaller adipocytes seen in
CoPP-treated female obese animals without affecting weight gain when compared to female obese animals. Similar results for the presence were seen in males indicating that this effect is not sex specific.
Upregulation of HO-1 was also associated with increased levels of adipocyte pAKT, and pAMPK and PPARγ levels. Previous studies have indicated that insulin resistance and impaired PI3K/pAKT signaling can lead to the of endothelial dysfunction24. In the current study, increased HO-1 expression was associated with increases in both AKT and AMPK phosphorylation; these actions may protect renal arterioles from insulin mediated endothelial damage. By this mechanism, increased levels of HO-1 limit oxidative stress and facilitate activation of an adiponectin-pAMPK-pAKT pathway and increased insulin sensitivity. Induction of adiponectin and activation of the pAMPK-AKT pathway has been shown to provide vascular protection25, 26. A reduction in AMPK and AKT levels may also explain why inhibition of HO activity in CoPP-treated obese mice increased inflammatory cytokine levels while decreasing adiponectin. The action of CoPP in increasing pAKT, pAMPK and PPARγ is associated with improved glucose tolerance and decreased insulin resistant.
Advances in Separations Technology for the “OMICs” and Clarification of Therapeutic Targets
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Curator, Reporter, EAW: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP
This discussion is a continuation of an earlier piece on the technologic framework for , proteomics, nutrigenomics, and translational medicine. The last decade has seen the emergence of a genomic science that is changing the trajectory of biological sciences and medicine. It has not resolved all of our problems by any means, but it has begun to redraw the map, which began with the elucidation of major metabolic pathways in the first half of the 20th century, was then captured by the transformation of genetics with the discovery of the “Watson-Crick Model”, and then later was recharged with the discovery of the Toll-like receptor and the drawing of “signaling pathways”. What we have seen in an unraveling of protein-genome interactions, small peptide regulators, and dynamic changes in pathway dominance, bloackage, and reentry, depending on genetic, dietary, and environmental conditions, mostly expressed in what we refer to as “oxidative stress”.
Unraveling the multitude of nutrigenomic, proteomic, and metabolomic patterns that arise from the ingestion of foods or their bioactive food components will not be simple but is likely to provide insights into a tailored approach to diet and health. The use of new and innovative technologies, such as microarrays, RNA interference, and nanotechnologies, will provide needed insights into molecular targets for specific bioactive food components and how they harmonize to influence individual phenotypes. A challenging aspect of omic technologies is the refined analysis of quantitative dynamics in biological systems.
In recent years, nutrition research has moved from classical epidemiology and physiology to molecular biology and genetics. The new era of nutrition research translates empirical knowledge to evidence-based molecular science. Following this trend, Nutrigenomics has emerged as a novel and multidisciplinary research field in nutritional science that aims to elucidate how diet can influence human health. It is already well known that bioactive food compounds can interact with genes affecting transcription factors, protein expression and metabolite production. The study of these complex interactions requires the development of advanced analytical approaches combined with bioinformatics.
The Institute of Medicine recently convened a workshop to review the state of the various domains of nutritional genomics research and policy and to provide guidance for further development and translation of this knowledge into nutrition practice and policy. Nutritional genomics holds the promise to revolutionize both clinical and public health nutrition practice and facilitate the establishment of
genome-informed nutrient and food-based dietary guidelines for disease prevention and healthful aging,
individualized medical nutrition therapy for disease management, and
better targeted public health nutrition interventions (including micronutrient fortification and supplementation) that maximize benefit and minimize adverse outcomes within genetically diverse human populations.
For metabolomics, gas and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry are well suited for coping with high sample numbers in reliable measurement times with respect to both technical accuracy and the identification and quantitation of small-molecular-weight metabolites. This potential is a prerequisite for the analysis of dynamic systems. Thus, metabolomics is a key technology for systems biology.
The bioavailability of bioactive food constituents as well as dose-effect correlations are key information to understand the impact of food on defined health outcomes. Both strongly depend on appropriate analytical tools to identify and quantify minute amounts of individual compounds in highly complex matrices–food or biological fluids–and to monitor molecular changes in the body in a highly specific and sensitive manner. Based on these requirements, mass spectrometry has become the analytical method of choice with broad applications throughout all areas of nutrition research.
Dynamic Construct of the –Omics
Metabolomics is a term that encompasses several types of analyses, including
metabolic fingerprinting, which measures a subset of the whole profile with little differentiation or quantitation of metabolites;
metabolic profiling, the quantitative study of a group of metabolites, known or unknown, within or associated with a particular metabolic pathway; and
target isotope-based analysis, which focuses on a particular segment of the metabolome by analyzing only a few selected metabolites that comprise a specific biochemical pathway.
Any unifying concept of the metabolome was incomplete or debatable in the first 30 years of the 20th century. It was only known that insulin is anabolic and that insulin deficiency (or resistance) would have consequences in the point of entry into the citric acid cycle, which generates 28-32 ATPs. In fat catabolism, triglycerides are hydrolyzed to break them into fatty acids and glycerol. In the liver the glycerol can be converted into glucose via dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by way of gluconeogenesis. In the case of this cycle there is a tie in with both catabolism and anabolism.
See Aerobic glucose and acetate metabolism. (from dos Santos MM, et al. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2003; 2:599–608)
For bypass of the Pyruvate Kinase reaction of Glycolysis, cleavage of 2 ~P bonds is required. The free energy change associated with cleavage of one ~P bond of ATP is insufficient to drive synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), since PEP has a higher negative DG of phosphate hydrolysis than ATP.
The two enzymes that catalyze the reactions for bypass of the Pyruvate Kinase reaction are the following:
Pyruvate Carboxylase (Gluconeogenesis) catalyzes pyruvate + HCO3- + ATP — oxaloacetate + ADP + Pi
PEP Carboxykinase (Gluconeogenesis) catalyzes: oxaloacetate + GTP —- phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2
Many high throughput methods have been employed to get some insight into the whole process and several examples of successful research. Proteomics and metabolomics need to encompass large numbers of experiments and linked data. Due to the nature of the proteins, as well as due to the properties of various metabolites, experimental approaches require the use of comprehensive high throughput methods and a sufficiency of analysed tissue or body fluids.
Ovesná J, Slabý O, Toussaint O, Kodícek M, et al. High throughput ‘omics’ approaches to assess the effects of phytochemicals in human health studies. Br J Nutr. 2008;99 E Suppl 1:ES127-34.
An important and revolutionary aspect of ‘The 2010 Project’ is that it implicitly endorses the allocation of resources to attempts to assign function to genes that have no known function. This represents a significant departure from the common practice of defining and justifying a scientific goal based on the biological phenomena. The rationale for endorsing this radical change is that for the first time it is feasible to envision a whole-systems approach to gene and protein function. I shall not discuss the emerging field of bioinformatics that makes this possible.
In this review, the end-of-the line “detector will be considered having been covered. The entire focus proceeds to a discussion of separation methods. Separation methods have always been tricky, time consuming, and a multiple step process that depended on using anionic and cationic resins as intermediate steps in bulk separation, and then molecular size separation. Therapeutic Targets will be identified as they are seen.
Affinity Chromatography
The rapid development of biotechnology and biomedicine requires more reliable and efficient separation technologies for the isolation and purification of biopolymers such as therapeutic proteins, antibodies, enzymes and nucleic acids. In particular, monoclonal antibodies are centrally important as therapeutics for the treatment of cancer and other diseases, leading to recombinant monoclonal antibodies that dominate today’s biopharmaceutical pipeline. The large-scale production of therapeutic biopolymers requires
a manufacturing process that delivers reliability and in high-yield, as well as
an effective purification process affording extremely pure products.
Because of its high selectivity, affinity chromatography has been used extensively to isolate a variety of biopolymers. The retention of solutes is based on specific, reversible interactions found in biological systems, such as the binding of an enzyme with an inhibitor or an antibody with an antigen. These interactions are exploited in affinity chromatography by immobilizing an affinity ligand onto a support, and using this as a stationary phase.
Non-porous particles having an average diameter of 2.1 mm were prepared by co-polymerization of styrene, methyl methacrylate and glycidyl methacrylate, which was abbreviated as P(S–MMA–GMA). The particles were mechanically stable due to the presence of benzene rings in the backbone of polymer chains, and could withstand high pressures when a column packed with these particles was operated in the HPLC mode.
The polymer particles were advantaged by immobilization of ligands via the epoxy groups on the particle surface that were introduced by one of the monomers, glycidyl methacrylate. As a model system, Cibacron Blue 3G-A was covalently immobilized onto the non-porous copolymer beads. The dye-immobilized P(S–MMA–GMA) particles were slurry packed into a 1.0 cm30.46 cm I.D. column. This affinity column was effective for the separation of turkey egg white lysozyme from a protein mixture. The bound lysozyme could be eluted to yield a sharp peak by using a phosphate buffer containing 1 M NaCl. For a sample containing up to 8 mg of lysozyme, the retained portion of proteins could be completely eluted without any slit peak. Due to the use of a shorter column, the analysis time was shorter in comparison with other affinity systems reported in the literature. The retention time could be reduced significantly by increasing the flow-rate, while the capacity factor remained at the same level.
CH Chen, WC Lee. Affinity chromatography of proteins on non-porous copolymerized particles of styrene, methyl methacrylate and glycidyl methacrylate. Journal of Chromatography A 2001; 921: 31–37.
Affinity separation membranes, consisting of electrospun nanofibers, have been developed recently. Affinity ligands are attached to the surface of the constituent fibers, offering a potential solution to some of the problems of traditional, column-based, affinity chromatography. Electrospun fibers are good candidates for use in affinity separation because of their
unique characteristics of high surface area to volume ratio, resulting in
high ligand loading, and
their large porosity, resulting in
high throughput operation.
A number of polymers have been used for electrospun fiber mesh-based affinity membrane separations including poly (ether-urethane-urea), cellulose, poly(ethylene terephthalate, polysulphone, and polyacrlonitrile. Typically, very thin electrospun fiber meshes are produced by electrostatically collecting negatively charged fibers on a collector electrode. These very thin 2D electrospun fiber mesh mats provide excellent solution permeability as compared to 3D column packed with affinity beads.
M Miyauchi, J Miao, TJ Simmons, JS Dordick and RJ Linhardt. Flexible Electrospun Cellulose Fibers as an Affinity Packing Material for the Separation of Bovine Serum Albumin. J Chromatograph Separat Techniq 2011; 2:2 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7064.1000110
Dye Affinity Chromatography
Biomimetic Dyes
Affinity adsorbents based on immobilized triazine dyes offer important advantages circumventing many of the problems associated with biological ligands. The main drawback of dyes is their moderate selectivity for proteins. Rational attempts to tackle this problem are realized through the biomimetic dye concept according to which new dyes, the biomimetic dyes, are designed to mimic natural ligands. Biomimetic dyes are expected to exhibit increased affinity and purifying ability for the targeted proteins.
Biocomputing offers a powerful approach to biomimetic ligand design. The successful exploitation of contemporary computational techniques in molecular design requires the knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of the target protein, or at least, the amino acid sequence of the target protein and the three-dimensional structure of a highly homologous protein. From such information one can then design, on a graphics workstation,
the model of the protein and also
a number of suitable synthetic ligands which mimic natural biological ligands of the protein.
There are several examples of enzyme purifications
kallikrein
malate dehydrogenase
formate dehydrogenase
oxaloacetate decarboxylase
lactate dehydrogenase
where synthetic biomimetic dyes have been used successfully as affinity chromatography tools.
YD Clonis, NE Labrou, VPh Kotsira, C Mazitsos, et al. Biomimetic dyes as affinity chromatography tools in enzyme purification. Journal of Chromatography A 2000; 891: 33–44.
Interactions between Cibacron Blue F3GA (CB F3GA), as a model of triazine dye, and 2-hydroxypropyl-b-cyclodextrin (HP-b-CD), as a model of cyclodextrin, were investigated by monitoring the spectral shift that accompanies the binding phenomena. Matrix analysis of the difference spectral titration of CB F3GA with HP-b-CD revealed only two absorbing species, indicating a host–guest ratio of 1:1. The dissociation constant for this HP-b-CD–CB F3GA complex, K , was found d to be 0.43 mM. The data for HP-b-CD forming inclusion complexes with CB F3GA were used to develop the concept of competitive elution by inclusion complexes in dye-affinity chromatography.
When this concept was applied to the elution of L-lactate dehydrogenase from a CB F3GA affinity matrix, it was shown to be an effective elution strategy. It provided a 15-fold purification factor with 89% recovery and sharp elution profile (0.8 column volumes for 80% recovery), which is as good as that obtained by specific elution with NADH (16-fold, 78% recovery and 1.8 column volumes). In addition, the new elution strategy showed a better purification factor and sharper elution profile than traditional non-specific.
JA Lopez-Mas, SA Streitenberger, F Garcıa-Carmona, AA Sanchez-Ferrer. Cyclodextrin biospecific-like displacement in dye-affinity chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A 2001; 911: 47–53.
Affinity chromatography uses biospecific binding usually between an antibody and an antigen, an enzyme and a substrate or other pairs of key-lock type of matching molecules. Due to its high selectivity, it is able to purify proteins and other macromolecules from very dilute solutions. In this work, a general rate model for affinity chromatography was used for scale-up studies. Parameters for the model were estimated from existing correlations, or from experimental results obtained on a small column with the same packing material. As anexample, Affi-Gel with 4.5mol cm−3 Cibacron Blue F-3GA as immobilized ligands covalently attached to cross-linked 6% agarose was used for column packing. Cibacron Blue F-3GA was also used as a soluble ligand in the elution stage. Satisfactory scale-up predictions were obtained for a 98.2 ml column and a 501 ml column based on a few experimental data obtained on a 7.85 ml small column.
T. Gu, K.-H. Hsu and M.-J. Syu, “Scale-Up of Affinity Chromatography for Purification of Enzymes and Other Proteins.” Enzyme and Microbial Technology 2003; 33:433-437.
Affinity Column with AAAA as a Model Sense Ligand
The degeneracy of antisense peptides was studied by high-performance affinity chromatography. A model sense peptide (AAAA) and its antisense peptides (CGGG, GGGG, RGGG, SGGG) were designed and synthesized according to the degeneracy of genetic codes. An affinity column with AAAA as the ligand was prepared. The affinity chromatographic behaviors of antisense peptides on the column were evaluated. The results indicated that model antisense peptides have clear retention on the immobilized AAAA affinity column. RGGG showed the strongest affinity interaction.
R Zhao, X Yu, H Liu, L Zhai, S Xiong, et al. Study on the degeneracy of antisense peptides using affinity chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A 2001; 913: 421–428.
Frontal AC for Biomolecular Interactions
Frontal affinity chromatography is a method for quantitative analysis of biomolecular interactions. We reinforced it by incorporating various merits of a contemporary liquid chromatography system. As a model study, the interaction between an immobilized Caenorhabditis elegans galectin (LEC-6) and fluorescently labeled oligosaccharides (pyridylaminated sugars) was analyzed. LEC-6 was coupled to N-hydroxysuccinimide-activated Sepharose 4 Fast Flow (100 mm diameter), and packed into a miniature column (e.g., 1034.0 mm, 0.126 ml). The volume of the elution front (V) determined graphically for each sample was compared with that obtained in the presence of an excess amount of hapten saccharide, lactose (V ); and the dissociation constant, K , was calculated according to the literature. This system also proved to be useful for an inverse confirmation; that is, application of galectins to an immobilized glycan column (in the present case, asialofetuin was immobilized on Sepharose 4 Fast Flow), and the elution profiles were monitored by fluorescence based on tryptophan. The newly constructed system proved to be extremely versatile. It enabled rapid (analysis time 12 min/ cycle) and sensitive (20 nM for pyridylaminated derivatives, and 1 mg/ml for protein) analyses of lectin–carbohydrate interactions.
J Hirabayashi, Y Arata, K Kasai. Reinforcement of frontal affinity chromatography for effective analysis of lectin–oligosaccharide interactions. Journal of Chromatography A 2000; 890:261–271.
Immobilized Metal Ion Affinity
New immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) matrices containing a high concentration of metal–chelate moieties and completely coated with inert flexible and hydrophilic dextrans are here proposed to improve the purification of polyhistidine (poly-His) tagged proteins. The purification of an interesting recombinant multimeric enzyme (a thermoresistant b-galactosidase from Thermus sp. strain T2) has been used to check the performance of these new chromatographic media.
IMAC supports with a high concentration (and surface density) of metal chelate groups promote a rapid adsorption of poly-His tagged proteins during IMAC. However, these supports also favor the promotion of undesirable multi-punctual adsorptions and problems may arise for the simple and effective purification of poly-His tagged proteins. For example, desorption of the pure enzyme from the support may become quite difficult (e.g., it is not fully desorbed from the support even using 200 mM of imidazole).
The coating of these IMAC supports with dextrans greatly reduces these undesired multi-point adsorptions. However, this dextran coating of chromatographic matrices seems to allow the formation of strong one-point adsorptions that involve small areas of the protein and support surface, but the dextran coating seems to have dramatic effects for the prevention of weak or strong multipoint interactions that should involve a high geometrical congruence between the enzyme and the support surface.
C Mateo , G Fernandez-Lorente , BCC Pessela , A Vian, et al. Affinity chromatography of polyhistidine tagged enzymes. New dextran-coated immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography matrices for prevention of undesired multipoint adsorptions. Journal of Chromatography A 2001; 915:97–106.
The underlying principle of immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) of proteins is the coordination between the electron donor groupings on a protein surface (histidine, tryptophan, cysteine) and chelated (iminodiacetate; IDA) transition metal ions [IDA-M(II)]. This principle of immobilized metal ion affinity (IMA) has been presented by now in some detail. The practice of IMAC in the purification of proteins has had its empirical phase. There is now a need, from the body of data, to establish somewhat more detailed ground rules that would allow for the use of IMAC in a more predictive manner.
Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) has been explored as a probe into the topography of histidyl residues of a protein molecule. An evaluation of the chromatographic behavior of selected model proteins-
ubiquitin
calmodulin
cytochrome c
on immobilized transition metal ions
Co2+
Ni2+
Cu2+
Zn2
-allows establishment of the following facets of the histidyl side chain distribution:
either interior or surface;
when localized on the surface, accessible or unaccessible for coordination;
single or multiple;
When multiple, either distant or vicinal.
Moreover, proteins displaying single histidyl side chains on their surfaces may, in some instances, be resolved by IMAC; apparently, the microenvironments of histidyl residues are sufficiently diverse to result in different affinities for the immobilized metal ions. IMAC, previously introduced as an approach to the fractionation of proteins, has become also, upon closer examination, a facile probe into the topography of histidyl residues.
This is possible because of the inherent versatility of IMAC; an appropriate metal ion (M2+) can be selected to suit the analytical purpose and a particular chromatographic protocol can be applied (isocratic pH, falling pH, and imidazole elution). We now report that IMAC may be exploited as an analytical tool in addition to its use as a protein purification technique. IMAC can be used to ascertain several facets of the status of a histidyl residue(s) in a protein molecule:
localization (interior vs. surface)
coordination potential as defined by the steric accessibility and the state of protonation
single vs. multiple
surface density.
ES Hemdan, YJ Zhao, E Sulkowski, J Porath. Surface topography of histidine residues: A facile probe by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1989; 86: 1811-1815. Biochemistry.
A novel, two-step preparative technique is described for the purification of authentic recombinant human prolactin (rhPRL) secreted into the periplasm of transformed Escherichia coli cells. The first step is based on immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography of periplasmic extract, using Ni(II) as a relatively specific ligand for hPRL in this system. It gives superior resolution and yield than established ion-exchange chromatography. Size-exclusion chromatography is used for further purification to .99.5% purity. The methodology is reproducible, leading to 77% recovery. Identity and purity of the rhPRL were demonstrated using sodium dodecylsulphate–polyacrylamide electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, mass spectrometry (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight), radioimmunoassay, RP-HPLC and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography. In the Nb2 bioassay, the hormone showed a bioactivity of 40.9 IU/mg.
EKM Ueda, PW Gout, L Morgantia. Ni(II)-based immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography of recombinant human prolactin from periplasmic Escherichia coli extracts. Journal of Chromatography A 2001; 922:165–175.
Adenosine Affinity Ligand for Glutamine Synthase
Glutamine synthetase has been purified from both procaryotic and eucaryotic sources using various types of affinity chromatography. For example, ADP-agarose has been used to purify glutamine synthetase from photosynthetic bacteria, while the related “Blue” chromatography media (e.g. Affigel Blue) have been used to purify glutamine synthetases from a variety of sources. In addition, 2’,5’-ADPSepharose 4B has been used to purify glutamine synthetase from procaryotes, plants and insects. However, this latter affinity ligand resembles NADP more than ADP, particularly with respect to the position of the phosphate moieties. This is reflected in the more general use of this affinity ligand in the purification of NADPH-dependent enzymes.
In the present report, we characterize the ability of glutamine synthetase to be purified by three different adenosine-affinity ligands: 5’-ADP-agarose (an ADP analogue), 2’,5’-ADP-Sepharose 4B (an NADP analogue) and 3’,5’-ADP-agarose (a cyclic AMP analogue). We report conditions for the successful purification of insect flight muscle glutamine synthetase using each of these three different affinity ligands.
The enzyme bound most strongly to the
ADP analogue (S-ADP-agarose),
followed by the NADPH analogue (2’,5’-ADP-Sepharose 4B), and least strongly to
the cyclic AMP analogue (3’J’-ADP-agarose).
In all cases, binding was strongest in the presence of Mn2+ when compared to Mg”. These results suggest that the binding of glutamine synthetase to adenosine-affinity media is related to the participation of Mn. ADP in the y-glutamyl transferase reaction that is catalyzed by glutamine synthetase.
M Dowton, IR Kennedy. Purification of glutamine synthetase by adenosine-affinity chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A 1994; 664: 280-283
Aptamer Based Stationary Phase
An anti-adenosine aptamer was evaluated as a stationary phase in packed capillary liquid chromatography. Using an 21 aqueous mobile phase containing 20 mM Mg , adenosine was strongly retained on the column. A gradient of increasing 21 Ni (to 18 mM), which is presumed to complex with nitrogen atoms in adenosine involved in binding to the aptamer, eluted adenosine in a narrow zone. The adenosine assay, which required no sample preparation, was used on microdialysis samples. Total analysis times were short so samples could be injected every 5 min.
Q Deng, CJ Watson, RT Kennedy. Aptamer affinity chromatography for rapid assay of adenosine in microdialysis samples collected in vivo. Journal of Chromatography A 2003; 1005:123–130.
We will realize the full power of proteomics only when we can measure and compare the proteomes of many individuals to identify biomarkers of human health and disease and track the blood-based proteome of an individual over time. Because the human proteome contains an estimated 20,000 proteins – plus splicing and post-translational variants – that span a concentration range of ,12 logs, identifying and quantifying valid biomarkers is a great technical challenge.
Proteomic measurements demand
extreme sensitivity
accurate quantification.
We describe a new class of DNA-based aptamers enabled by a versatile chemistry technology that endows nucleotides with protein-like functional groups. These modifications greatly expand the repertoire of targets accessible to aptamers.
The resulting technology provides efficient, large-scale selection of exquisite protein-binding reagents selected specifically for use in highly multiplexed proteomics arrays.
Aptamers are a class of nucleic acid-based molecules discovered twenty years ago, and have since been employed in diverse applications including
Aptamers are short single-stranded oligonucleotides, which fold into diverse and intricate molecular structures that bind with high affinity and specificity to
small molecules.
Aptamers are selected in vitro from enormously large libraries of randomized sequences by the process of Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX). A SELEX library with 40 random sequence positions has 440 (,1024) possible combinations and a typical selection screens 1014–1015 unique molecules. This is on the order of 105 times larger than standard peptide or protein combinatorial molecular libraries.
The interrogation of proteomes (‘‘proteomics’’) in a highly multiplexed and efficient manner remains a coveted and challenging goal in biology and medicine. We present a new aptamer-based proteomic technology for biomarker discovery capable of simultaneously measuring thousands of proteins from small sample volumes (15 mL of serum or plasma).
Our current assay measures 813 proteins with low limits of detection (1 pM median), 7 logs of overall dynamic range (,100 fM–1 mM), and 5% median coefficient of variation. This technology is enabled by a new generation of aptamers that contain chemically modified nucleotides, which greatly expand the physicochemical diversity of the large randomized nucleic acid libraries from which the aptamers are selected. Proteins in complex matrices such as plasma are measured with a process that transforms a signature of protein concentrations into a corresponding signature of DNA aptamer concentrations, which is quantified on a DNA microarray.
Our assay takes advantage of the dual nature of aptamers as both folded protein-binding entities with defined shapes and
unique nucleotide sequences recognizable by specific hybridization probes.
This is a versatile and powerful tool that allows large-scale comparison of proteome profiles among discrete populations. This unbiased and highly multiplexed search engine will enable the discovery of novel biomarkers in a manner that is unencumbered by our incomplete knowledge of biology, thereby helping to advance the next generation of evidence-based medicine.
L Gold, D Ayers, J Bertino, Christopher Bock, et al. Aptamer-Based Multiplexed Proteomic Technology for Biomarker Discovery. PlosONE 2010; 5 (12): e15004
Biomarker Discovery, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics
Progression from health to disease is accompanied by complex changes in protein expression in both the circulation and affected tissues. Large-scale comparative interrogation of the human proteome can offer insights into disease biology as well as lead to
the discovery of new biomarkers for diagnostics
new targets for therapeutics
can identify patients most likely to benefit from treatment.
Although genomic studies provide an increasingly sharper understanding of basic biological and pathobiological processes, they ultimately only offer a prediction of relative disease risk, whereas proteins offer an immediate assessment of “real-time” health and disease status.
We have recently developed a new proteomic technology, based on modified aptamers, for biomarker discovery that is capable of simultaneously measuring more than a thousand proteins from small volumes of biological samples such as plasma, tissues, or cells. Our technology is enabled by SOMAmers (Slow Off-rate Modified Aptamers), a new class of protein binding reagents that contain chemically modified nucleotides that greatly expand the physicochemical diversity of nucleic acid-based ligands. Such modifications introduce functional groups that are absent in natural nucleic acids but are often found in protein-protein, small molecule-protein, and antibody-antigen interactions. The use of these modifications expands the range of possible targets for SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential Enrichment), results in improved binding properties, and facilitates selection of SOMAmers with slow dissociation rates. Our assay works by transforming protein concentrations in a mixture into a corresponding DNA signature, which is then quantified on current commercial DNA microarray platforms. In essence, we take advantage of the dual nature of SOMAmers as
both folded binding entities with defined shapes and
unique nucleic acid sequences recognizable by specific hybridization probes.
Mehan MR, Ostroff R, Wilcox SK, Steele F, et al. Highly multiplexed proteomic platform for biomarker discovery, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013; 734:283-300.
Aptamers and Smart Drug delivery Targeting
In this review, the strategies for using functional nucleic acids in creating smart drug delivery devices will be explained, as their has been very recent progress in controlled drug release based on molecular gating achieved with aptamers. Aptamers are functional nucleic acid sequences which can bind specific targets.
An artificial combinatorial methodology can identify aptamer sequences for any target molecule, from ions to whole cells. Drug delivery systems seek to increase efficacy and reduce side-effects by concentrating the therapeutic agents at specific disease sites in the body. This is generally achieved by specific targeting of inactivated drug molecules.
Aptamers which can bind to various cancer cell types selectively and with high affinity have been exploited in a variety of drug delivery systems for therapeutic purposes. Recent progress in selection of cell-specific aptamers has provided new opportunities in targeted drug delivery. Especially functionalization of nanoparticles with such aptamers has drawn major attention in the biosensor and biomedical areas.
Nucleic acids are recognized as attractive building materials in nanomachines because of their unique molecular recognition properties and structural features. An active controlled delivery of drugs once targeted to a disease site is a major research challenge. Stimuli-responsive gating is one way of achieving controlled release of nanoparticle cargoes. Recent reports incorporate the structural properties of aptamers in controlled release systems of drug delivering nanoparticles.
Nanoparticle-encapsulated drug delivery aims to deliver the active therapeutic ingredients to the disease site in stable compartments in order to reduce premature release. This ensures that the effects of drug are maximized and the side effects are reduced. An encapsulated nanoparticle system requires a specific targeting mechanism and at the same time the retention of drugs inside the container should be high. The balance between specificity of targeting and the extent of premature leakage determines the success of a given delivery system.
Nanotechnology research approaches in drug delivery include a wide variety of nanomaterials ranging from soft hydrogels to solid polymeric particles. Large surface area, high drug loading efficiency and potential combination with other organic/inorganic materials are the main properties of hollow nanostructures that are attractive for biomedical applications.
Packaging of small-molecule drugs
improves their availability
reduces toxicity
Controlling the drug release profile is the main challenge in drug delivery development when the drug is to be successfully targeted to a specific site. Stimuli-responsive materials have been created by using biological, physical and chemical properties of materials for heat-activated, light-activated or pH-activated delivery. Nucleic acids are utilized to construct rationally designed nanostructures at molecular levels for nanotechnology applications. Integration of the properties of nucleic acids can offer many opportunities for drug delivery systems, including stimuli-responsive nanogates for nanocarriers and molecular sensors. Favorable drug release kinetics can be achieved at the target sites by aptamer-based capping systems.
VC Ozalp, F Eyidogan and HA Oktem. Aptamer-Gated Nanoparticles for Smart Drug Delivery.
Pharmaceuticals 2011, 4, 1137-1157; doi:10.3390/ph4081137. ISSN 1424-8247. http://www.mdpi.com/journal/pharmaceuticals
Activity Based Profiling
Powerful strategies for the gel-free analysis of proteomes have emerged, including isotope-coded affinity tagging (ICAT) for quantitative proteomics and multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT) for comprehensive proteomics, both of which utilize liquid chromatography (LC) and MS for protein separation and detection, respectively.
Nonetheless, these methods, like 2DE-MS, still focus on measuring changes in protein abundance and, therefore, provide only an indirect estimate of dynamics in protein function. Indeed, several important forms of post-translational regulation, including protein–protein and protein–small-molecule interactions, may elude detection by abundance-based proteomic methods.
To facilitate the analysis of protein function, several proteomic methods have been introduced to characterize the activity of proteins on a global scale. These include large-scale yeast two-hybrid screens and epitope tagging immunoprecipitation experiments, which aim to construct comprehensive maps of protein–protein interactions, and protein microarrays, which aim to provide an assay platform for the rapid assessment of protein activities. A chemical proteomic strategy referred to as activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) has emerged that utilizes active site-directed probes to profile the functional state of enzyme families directly in complex proteomes.
Recent advances in genomic and proteomic technologies have begun to address the challenge of assigning molecular and cellular functions to the numerous protein products encoded by prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes. In particular, chemical strategies for proteome analysis have emerged that enable profiling of protein activity on a global scale. Herein, we highlight these chemical proteomic methods and their application to the discovery and characterization of disease-related enzyme activities.
N Jessani and BF Cravatt. The development and application of methods for activity-based protein profiling. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 2004; 8:54–59. In Proteomics and genomics, M Snyder and J Yates III, eds. 2003 Elsevier Ltd. DOI: 10.1016/ j.cbpa.2003.11.004
Cells with fundamental metabolic alterations commonly arise during tumorigenesis, and it is these types of changes that help to establish a biochemical foundation for disease progression and malignancy. A seminal example of this was discovered in the 1920s when Otto Warburg found that cancer cells consume higher levels of glucose and secrete most of the glucose carbon as lactate rather than oxidizing it completely.
Since then, studies by multiple groups have uncovered a diverse array of metabolic changes in cancer, including
alterations in
glycolytic pathways
the citric acid cycle
glutaminolysis
lipogenesis
lipolysis
These in turn modulate the levels of cellular building blocks
lipids, nucleic acids and amino acids,
cellular energetics,
oncogenic signaling molecules
the extracellular environment to confer protumorigenic and malignant properties.
Despite these advances, our current understanding of cancer metabolism is far from complete and would probably benefit from experimental strategies that are capable of profiling enzymatic pathways on a global scale. To this end, conventional genomic and proteomic methods, which comparatively quantify the expression levels of transcripts and proteins, respectively, have yielded many useful insights. These platforms are, however, limited in their capacity to identify changes in protein activity that are caused by posttranslational mechanisms.
Annotating biochemical pathways in cancer is further complicated by the potential for enzymes to carry out distinct metabolic activities in tumor cells that might not be mirrored in normal physiology. In addition, a substantial proportion of the human proteome remains functionally uncharacterized, and it is likely that at least some of these poorly understood proteins also have roles in tumorigenesis. These challenges require new proteomic technologies that can accelerate the assignment of protein function in complex biological systems, such as cancer cells and tumors.
Metabolomics has emerged as a powerful approach for investigating enzyme function in living systems. Metabolomic experiments in the context of enzyme studies typically start with
the extraction of metabolites from control and enzyme-disrupted biological systems,
followed by metabolite detection and comparative data analysis.
For example, lipophilic metabolites can be enriched from cells or tissues by organic extraction.
Mass spectrometry (MS) has become a primary analytical method for surveying metabolites in complex biological samples, with upfront separation accomplished by liquid chromatography (LC–MS) or gas chromatography (GC–MS). MS experiments can be carried out using
targeted or untargeted approaches,
depending on whether the objective is
to profile and quantitate known metabolites or
to broadly scan for metabolites across a large mass range, respectively.
As metabolomic experiments generate a large amount of data, powerful software tools are needed for identification and quantitation of ions in LC–MS data sets (see the figure; the mass to charge ratio (m/z) is indicated). One such program is XCMS95, which
aligns,
quantifies and
statistically ranks ions that are altered between two sets of metabolomic data.
This program can be used to rapidly identify metabolomic signatures of various disease states or to assess metabolic networks that are regulated by an enzyme using pharmacological or genetic tools that modulate enzyme function. Additional databases assist in metabolite structural characterization, such as HMDB96,97, METLIN98,99 and LIPID MAPS100.
In this Review, we discuss one such proteomic platform, termed activity based protein profiling (ABPP), and its implementation in the discovery and functional characterization of deregulated enzymatic pathways in cancer. We discuss the evidence that, when coupled with other large scale profiling methods, such as metabolomics and proteomics, ABPP can provide a compelling, systems level understanding of biochemical networks that are important for the development and progression of cancer.
Large-scale profiling methods have uncovered numerous gene and protein expression changes that correlate with tumorigenesis. However, determining the relevance of these expression changes and which biochemical pathways they affect has been hindered by our incomplete understanding of the proteome and its myriad functions and modes of regulation. Activity-based profiling platforms enable both the discovery of cancer-relevant enzymes and selective pharmacological probes to perturb and characterize these proteins in tumour cells. When integrated with other large-scale profiling methods, activity-based proteomics can provide insight into the metabolic and signaling pathways that support cancer pathogenesis and illuminate new strategies for disease diagnosis and treatment.
Representative activity-based probes and their application to cancer research
enzyme class applications in cancer
Serine hydrolases increased KIAA1363 and MAGL
aggressive human cancer lines
uPA and tPA serine protease aggressive cancers
RBBP9 activity in pancreatic carcinoma
Metalloproteinases neprilysin activity in melanoma cell lines
Cysteine proteases cathepsin cysteine protease in pancreatic islet tumours
Kinases Inhibitor selectivity profiling of kinase inhibitors
Caspases visualization of apoptosis in colon tumour-bearing mice treated with Apomab
Deubiquitylases Identified increased carboxy-terminal hydrolase UCHL3 and UCH37 activity in HPV cervical carcinomas
Cytochrome P450s Identified the aromatase inhibitor anastrazole as an inducer of CYP1A2
Serine hydrolases KIaa1363 and MaGL regulate lipid metabolic pathways that support cancer pathogenesis. Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) identified
KIAA1363 and
monoacylglycerol (MAG) lipase (MAGL)
as being increased in aggressive human cancer cells from multiple tumour types. Pharmacological and/or RNA interference ablation of KIAA1363 and MAGL coupled with metabolomic analysis revealed specific roles for KIAA1363 and MAGL in cancer metabolism. Disruption of KIAA1363 by the small-molecule inhibitor AS115 lowered monoalkylglycerol ether (MAGE), alkyl lysophosphatidic acid (alkyl LPA) and alkyl lysophosphatidyl choline (alkyl LPC) levels in cancer cells. Disruption of MAGL by the small-molecule inhibitor JZL184 raised MAG levels and reduced free fatty acid, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in cancer cells. Disruption of KIAA1363 and MAGL leads to impairments in cancer cell aggressiveness and tumour growth, PAF, platelet-activating factor.
• Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) facilitates the discovery of deregulated enzymes in cancer.
• Competitive ABPP yields selective inhibitors for functional characterization of cancer enzymes.
• ABPP can be integrated with metabolomics to map deregulated enzymatic pathways in cancer.
• ABPP can be integrated with other proteomic methods to map proteolytic pathways in cancer.
• ABPP probes can be used to image tumour development in living animals.
DK Nomura, MM Dix and BF Cravatt. Activity-based protein profiling for biochemical pathway discovery in cancer. Nature Reviews. Cancer. 2010; 10: 630-638.
New methods are thus needed to accelerate the assignment of biochemical, cellular and physiological functions to these poorly annotated genes and proteins. Here we propose that the emerging chemical proteomic technology, ABPP, is distinctly suited to address this problem.
Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP), the use of active site-directed chemical probes to monitor enzyme function in complex biological systems, is emerging as a powerful post-genomic technology. ABPP probes have been developed for several enzyme classes and have been used to inventory enzyme activities en masse for a range of (patho)physiological processes.
ABPP uses active site–directed, small molecule–based covalent probes to report on the functional state of enzyme activities directly in native biological systems. ABPP probes are designed or selected to target a subset of the proteome based on shared principles of binding and/or reactivity and have been successfully developed for many enzyme classes, including
serine
cysteine,
aspartyl
metallo hydrolases
glycosidases
histone deacetylases and
oxidoreductases.
These probes have been shown to selectively label active enzymes but not their inactive precursor (zymogen) or inhibitor-bound forms, thus allowing researchers to capture functional information that is beyond the scope of standard proteomic methods.
By presenting specific examples, we show here that ABPP provides researchers with a distinctive set of chemical tools to embark on the assignment of functions to many of the uncharacterized enzymes that populate eukaryotic and prokaryotic proteomes.
Reactive group Enzyme Enzyme class
Benzophenone Presenilins Aspartyl protease (γ-secretase )
Bromoethyl HSPC263 (OTU domain) Deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB)
Vinyl-methylester UL from HSV-1 Deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB)
Aryl 2-deoxy-2-fluoro glycoside Cfx from C. fimi Glycosidase (β-1-4-glycanase)
Fluorophosphonate SAE Serine hydrolase
Examples of enzymes assigned to specific mechanistic classes by ABPP
ABPP can also be implemented as a direct assay for inhibitor discovery, allowing researchers to develop potent and selective pharmacological probes for uncharacterized enzymes.
Examples of enzymes assigned to specific mechanistic classes by ABPP.
Probe Leu-Asp-αCA probe selectively labeled Upβ
Substrate the endogenous Upβ substrate, N-carbamoyl-β-alanine
Substrate mimicry of an ABPP probe.
Multidimensional profiling strategy for the annotation of the cancer-related enzyme KIAA1363. ABPP using fluorophosphonate probes identified KIAA1363 as a highly elevated enzyme activity in aggressive cancer cells. Competitive ABPP was then used to develop a selective KIAA1363 inhibitor (AS115). Metabolomic analysis of cancer cells treated with AS115 determined a role for this enzyme in the regulation of MAGE lipids in cancer cells. Biochemical studies confirmed that KIAA1363 acts as 2-acetyl MAGE hydrolase in a metabolic network that bridges the platelet activating factor and lysophosphatidic acid classes of signaling lipids.
Assignment of enzyme mechanism by ABPP
There are multiple levels of annotation for enzymes. The most basic level is assignment to a specific mechanistic class based on the general chemical reaction catalyzed by the enzyme (for example, hydrolase, kinase, oxidoreductase and others). Additional annotation involves determining the endogenous substrates and products for the enzyme. Finally, complete annotation requires an understanding of how the specific chemical transformation(s) catalyzed by an enzyme integrate into larger metabolic and signaling pathways to influence cell physiology and behavior.
Many of the predicted enzymes uncovered by genome sequencing projects can be assigned to a mechanistic class or ascribed a putative biochemical function based on sequence homology to well-characterized enzymes. But some enzymes have insufficient sequence relatedness for class assignment or have a function different from that predicted by sequence comparisons. ABPP has facilitated class annotation for several such uncharacterized enzymes.
KT Barglow & BF Cravatt. Activity-based protein profiling for the functional annotation of enzymes. Nature Methods 2007; 4(10): 822- 827. DOI:10.1038/NMETH1092
A principal goal of modern biomedical research is to discover, assemble, and experimentally manipulate molecular pathways in cells and organisms to reveal new disease mechanisms.
Toward this end, complete genome sequences for numerous bacteria and higher organisms, including humans, have laid the fundamental groundwork for understanding the molecular basis of life in its many forms. However, the information content of DNA sequences is limited and, on its own, cannot describe most physiological and pathological processes.
Unlike oligonucleotides, proteins are a very diverse group of biomolecules that display a wide range of chemical and biophysical features, including
membrane-binding,
hetero/homo-oligomerization, and
posttranslational modification.
The biochemical complexity intrinsic to protein science intimates that several complementary analytical strategies will be needed to achieve the ultimate goal of proteomics – a comprehensive characterization of the expression, modification state, interaction map, and activity of all proteins in cells and tissues.
A powerful LC-MS strategy for proteomics involves the use of isotope-coded affinity tags (ICAT). This approach enables the comparison of protein expression in proteomes by treating samples with isotopically distinct forms of a chemical labeling reagent. ICAT methods provide superior resolving power compared to gel-based methods and improve access to membrane-associated proteins. More recently, isotope-free MS methods for quantitative proteomics have emerged.
Reverse protein microarrays have also been described in which proteomes themselves are arrayed and the antibodies used for detection in a format analogous to Western blotting. In addition to increasing the throughput of proteomic experiments by integrating the protein separation and detection steps, microarrays consume much less material than conventional proteomic methods. Still, the general application of microarrays for proteomics is currently limited by the availability of high-quality capture reagents (e.g., antibodies, aptamers, etc).
These approaches, by measuring protein abundance provide, like genomics, only an indirect assessment of protein activity and may fail to detect important posttranslational events that regulate protein function, such as protein–protein or protein–small-molecule interactions. To address these limitations, complementary strategies for the functional analysis of proteins have been introduced. Prominent among these functional proteomic efforts is the use of chemistry for the design of active site-directed probes that measure enzyme activity in samples of high biological complexity.
Many post-translational modes of enzyme regulation share a common mechanistic foundation – they perturb the active site such that catalytic power and/or substrate recognition is impaired. Accordingly, it was hypothesized that chemical probes capable of reporting on the integrity of enzyme active sites directly in cells and tissues might serve as effective functional proteomic tools. These activity based protein profiling (ABPP) probes consist of at least two general elements:
a reactive group for binding and covalently modifying the active sites of many members of a given enzyme class or classes
a reporter tag for the detection, enrichment, and identification of probe-labeled proteins
ABPP probes have been successfully developed for more than a dozen enzyme classes, including
all major classes of proteases
GSTs
Post-translational regulation of enzyme activity. Many enzymes are produced as inactive precursors, or zymogens, which require proteolytic processing for activation. Enzyme activity can be further regulated by interactions with endogenous protein inhibitors.
The field of proteomics aims to develop and apply technologies for the characterization of protein function on a global scale. Toward this end, synthetic chemistry has played a major role by providing new reagents to profile segments of the proteome based on activity rather than abundance. Small molecule probes for activity-based protein profiling have been created for more than a dozen enzyme classes and used to discover several enzyme activities elevated in disease states. These innovations have inspired complementary advancements in analytical chemistry, where new platforms have been introduced to augment the information content achievable in chemical proteomics experiments. Here, we will review these analytical platforms and discuss how they have exploited the versatility of chemical probes to gain unprecedented insights into the function of proteins in biological samples of high complexity.
Advanced analytical platforms utilize a range of separation and detection strategies, including LC-MS, CELIF, and antibody microarrays, to achieve an unprecedented breadth and depth of proteome coverage in ABPP investigations. The complementary strengths and weaknesses of each of these methods suggest that the selection of an appropriate analytical platform should be guided by the specific experimental question being addressed.
SA Sieber and BF Cravatt. Analytical platforms for activity-based protein profiling – exploiting the versatility of chemistry for functional proteomics. Chem. Commun. 2006, 2311–2319. http://www.rsc.org/chemcomm
Diagnostic Therapeutics in Activity Based Probes
Activity-based chemical proteomics-an emerging field involving a combination of organic synthesis, biochemistry, cell biology, biophysics and bioinformatics-allows the detection, visualisation and activity quantification of whole families or selected sub-sets of proteases based upon their substrate specificity. This approach can be applied for drug target/lead identification and validation, the fundamentals of drug discovery. The activity-based probes discussed in this review contain three key features;
a ‘warhead’ (binds irreversibly but selectively to the active site),
a ‘tag’ (allowing enzyme ‘handling’, with a combination of fluorescent, affinity and/or radio labels),
a linker region between warhead and tag.
From the design and synthesis of the linker arise some of the latest developments discussed here; not only can the physical properties (e.g., solubility, localisation) of the probe be tuned, but the inclusion of a cleavable moiety allows selective removal of tagged enzyme from affinity beads etc.
Heal WP, Wickramasinghe SR, Tate EW. Activity based chemical proteomics: profiling proteases as drug targets. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2008; 5(3):200-12. PMID: 18690889
The genomic revolution has created a wealth of information regarding the fundamental genetic code that defines the inner workings of a cell. However, it has become clear that analyzing genome sequences alone will not lead to new therapies to fight human disease. Rather, an understanding of protein function within the context of complex cellular networks will be required to facilitate the discovery of novel drug targets and, subsequently, new therapies directed against them. The past ten years has seen a dramatic increase in technologies that allow large-scale, systems-based methods for analysis of global biological processes and disease states.
In the field of proteomics, several well-established methods persist as a means to resolve and analyze complex mixtures of proteins derived from cells and tissues. However, the resolving power of these methods is often challenged by the diverse and dynamic nature of the proteome. The field of activity-based proteomics, or chemical proteomics, has been established in an attempt to focus proteomic efforts on subsets of physiologically important protein targets. This new approach to proteomics is centered around the use of small molecules termed activity-based probes (ABPs) as a means to tag, enrich, and isolate, distinct sets of proteins based on their enzymatic activity.
Berger AB, Vitorino PM, Bogyo M. Activity-based protein profiling: applications to biomarker discovery, in vivo imaging and drug discovery. Am J Pharmacogenomics. 2004;4(6):371-81.
Recent advances in global genomic and proteomic methods have led to a greater understanding of how genes and proteins function in complex networks within a cell. One of the major limitations in these methodologies is their inability to provide information on the dynamic, post-translational regulation of enzymatic proteins. In particular proteases are often synthesized as inactive zymogens that need to be activated in order to carry out specific biological processes. Thus, methods that allow direct monitoring of protease activity in the context of a living cell or whole animal will be required to begin to understand the systems-wide functional roles of proteases. In this review, we discuss the development and applications of activity based probes (ABPs) to study proteases and their role in pathological processes. Specifically we focus on application of this technique for biomarker discovery, in vivo imaging and drug screening.
Fonović M, Bogyo M. Activity based probes for proteases: applications to biomarker discovery, molecular imaging and drug screening. Curr Pharm Des. 2007;13(3):253-61.
Proteases, in particular, are known for their multilayered post-translational activity regulation that can lead to a significant difference between protease abundance levels and their enzyme activity. To address these issues, the field of activity-based proteomics has been established in order to characterize protein activity and monitor the functional regulation of enzymes in complex proteomes.
Fonović M, Bogyo M. Activity-based probes as a tool for functional proteomic analysis of proteases. Expert Rev Proteomics. 2008; 5(5):721-30. PMID: 18937562. PMCID: PMC2997944
As a result of the recent enormous technological progress, experimental structure determination has become an integral part of the development of drugs against disease-related target proteins. The post-translational modification of proteins is an important regulatory process in living organisms; one such example is lytic processing by peptidases. Many different peptidases represent disease targets and are being used in structure-based drug design approaches. The development of drugs such as aliskiren and tipranavir, which inhibit renin and HIV protease, respectively, testifies to the success of this approach.
Mittl PR, Grütter MG. Opportunities for structure-based design of protease-directed drugs.
Curr Opin Struct Biol 2006; 16(6):769-75. Epub 2006 Nov 16. PMID: 17112720
Presenilin is the catalytic component of γ-secretase, a complex aspartyl protease and a founding member of intramembrane-cleaving proteases. γ-Secretase is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease and a top target for therapeutic intervention. However, the protease complex processes a variety of transmembrane substrates, including the Notch receptor, raising concerns about toxicity. Nevertheless, γ-secretase inhibitors and modulators have been identified that allow Notch processing and signaling to continue, and promising compounds are entering clinical trials.
Molecular and biochemical studies offer a model for how this protease hydrolyzes transmembrane domains in the confines of the lipid bilayer. Progress has also been made toward structure elucidation of presenilin and the γ-secretase complex by electron microscopy as well as by studying cysteine-mutant presenilins. The signal peptide peptidase (SPP) family of proteases are distantly related to presenilins. However, the SPPs work as single polypeptides without the need for cofactors and otherwise appear to be simple model systems for presenilin in the γ-secretase complex.
Critical clues to the identity of γ-secretase included:
(1) Genes encoding the multi-pass membrane proteins presenilin-1 and presenilin-2 are, like APP, associated with familial, early-onset Alzheimer’s disease. The disease-causing missense mutations were found to alter how γ-secretase cuts APP, leading to increased proportions of longer, more aggregation-prone forms of Aβ.
(2) Knockout of presenilin genes eliminates γ-secretase cleavage of APP.
(3) Peptidomimetics that inhibit γ-secretase contain moieties typically found in aspartyl protease inhibitors.
These findings led to the identification of two conserved transmembrane aspartates in the multi-pass presenilins that are critical for γ-secretase cleavage of APP, evidence that presenilins are aspartyl proteases.
Presenilin is endoproteolytically cleaved into two polypeptides, an N-terminal fragment (NTF) and a C-terminal fragment (CTF), the formation of which is
metabolically stable
part of a high-molecular weight complex
suggesting that the NTF-CTF heterodimer is the biologically active form. NTF and CTF each contribute one of the essential and conserved aspartates, and transition-state analogue inhibitors of γ-secretase, compounds designed to interact with the active site of the protease, bind directly to presenilin NTF and CTF.
Presenilins are also required for Notch signaling (Levitan and Greenwald, 1995), a pathway essential for cell differentiation during development and beyond.
The highly conserved role of γ-secretase in Notch signalling and its importance in development led to genetic screens in Caenorhabditis elegans that identified three other integral membrane proteins besides presenilin that modify Notch signaling.
Designed inhibitors have proven to be useful tools in understanding the mechanism of γ-secretase and substrate recognition – affinity labelling with transition-state analogue inhibitors showed binding at the interface between the presenilin NTF and CTF subunits, consistent with the active site residing at this interface, with each presenilin subunit contributing one of the essential aspartates.
The concept of presenilin as the catalytic component for γ-secretase was considerably strengthened when
signal peptide peptidase (SPP) was found to be a similar intramembrane aspartyl protease
SPP is exploited by the hepatitis C virus for the maturation of its core protein, suggesting that this protease may be a suitable target for antiviral therapy
SPP was identified by affinity labeling with a peptidomimetic inhibitor, and the protein sequence displayed similarities with presenilin.
SPP contains two conserved aspartates, each predicted to lie in the middle of a transmembrane domain, and the aspartate-containing sequences resemble those found in presenilins.
SPP appears to be less complicated than γ-secretase.
Expression of human SPP in yeast reconstituted the protease activity, suggesting that the protein has activity on its own and does not require other mammalian protein cofactors.
Aspartyl I-CLiPs are found in all forms of life and play essential roles in biology and disease. How these enzymes carry out hydrolysis in the membrane is a fascinating question that is not entirely resolved, but evidence suggests an initial substrate docking site and a lateral gate into a pore where water and the active site aspartates reside. Designed inhibitors have been critical in elucidating these mechanisms, but inhibitors targeting γ-secretase for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease must avoid interfering with Notch signaling.
MS Wolfe. Structure, Mechanism and Inhibition of γ-Secretase and Presenilin-Like Proteases.
Biol Chem. 2010 August; 391(8): 839–847. doi: 10.1515/BC.2010.086. PMCID: PMC2997569. NIHMSID: NIHMS254540
Study Suggests Expanding the Genetic Alphabet May Be Easier than Previously Thought
Genomics Monday, June 4, 2012
A new study led by scientists at The Scripps Research Institute suggests that the replication process for DNA—the genetic instructions for living organisms that is composed of four bases (C, G, A and T)—is more open to unnatural letters than had previously been thought.
An expanded “DNA alphabet” could carry more information than natural DNA, potentially coding for a much wider range of molecules and enabling a variety of powerful applications, from precise molecular probes and nanomachines to useful new life forms.
The new study, which appears in the June 3, 2012 issue of Nature Chemical Biology, solves the mystery of how a previously identified pair of artificial DNA bases can go through the DNA replication process almost as efficiently as the four natural bases.
“We now know that the efficient replication of our unnatural base pair isn’t a fluke, and also that the replication process is more flexible than had been assumed,” said Floyd E. Romesberg, principal developer of the new DNA bases.
Adding to the DNA Alphabet
Romesberg and his lab have been trying to find a way to extend the DNA alphabet since the late 1990s. In 2008, they developed the efficiently replicating bases NaM and 5SICS, which come together as a complementary base pair within the DNA helix, much as, in normal DNA, the base adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G).
The following year, Romesberg and colleagues showed that NaM and 5SICS could be efficiently transcribed into RNA. But these bases’ lack the ability to form the hydrogen bonds that join natural base pairs in DNA. Such bonds had been thought to be an absolute requirement for successful DNA replication‑—a process in which a large enzyme, DNA polymerase, moves along a single, unwrapped DNA strand and stitches together the opposing strand, one complementary base at a time.
An early structural study of a very similar base pair in double-helix DNA added to Romesberg’s concerns. The data strongly suggested that NaM and 5SICS do not even approximate the edge-to-edge geometry of natural base pairs—termed the Watson-Crick geometry, after the co-discoverers of the DNA double-helix. Instead, they join in a looser, overlapping, “intercalated” fashion. “Their pairing resembles a ‘mispair,’ such as two identical bases together, which normally wouldn’t be recognized as a valid base pair by the DNA polymerase.” Yet in test after test, the NaM-5SICS pair was efficiently replicable.
The NaM-5SICS pair maintain an abnormal, intercalated structure within double-helix DNA—but remarkably adopt the normal, edge-to-edge, “Watson-Crick” positioning when gripped by the polymerase during the crucial moments of DNA replication. “The DNA polymerase apparently induces this unnatural base pair to form a structure that’s virtually indistinguishable from that of a natural base pair.” NaM and 5SICS, lacking hydrogen bonds, are held together in the DNA double-helix by “hydrophobic” forces, which cause certain molecular structures to be repelled by water molecules, and thus to cling together in a watery medium. “It’s very possible that these hydrophobic forces have characteristics that enable the flexibility and thus the replicability of the NaM-5SICS base pair.”
An Arbitrary Choice?
The finding suggests that NaM-5SICS and potentially other, hydrophobically bound base pairs could some day be used to extend the DNA alphabet. It also hints that Evolution’s choice of the existing four-letter DNA alphabet—on this planet—may have been somewhat arbitrary. “It seems that life could have been based on many other genetic systems.” Source: The Scripps Research Institute
DNA damage response (DDR) network
Eukaryotic cells have evolved an intricate system to resolve DNA damage to prevent its transmission to daughter cells. This system, collectively known as the DNA damage response (DDR) network, includes many proteins that detect DNA damage, promote repair, and coordinate progression through the cell cycle. Because defects in this network can lead to cancer, this network constitutes a barrier against tumorigenesis. The modular BRCA1 carboxyl-terminal (BRCT) domain is frequently present in proteins involved in the DDR, can exist either as an individual domain or as tandem domains (tBRCT), and can bind phosphorylated peptides. We performed a systematic analysis of protein-protein interactions involving tBRCT in the DDR.
We identified 23 proteins containing conserved BRCT domains and generated a human protein-protein interaction network for seven proteins with tBRCT. This study also revealed previously unknown components in DNA damage signaling, such as COMMD1 and the target of rapamycin complex mTORC2. Additionally, integration of tBRCT domain interactions with DDR phosphoprotein studies and analysis of kinase-substrate interactions revealed signaling subnetworks that may aid in understanding the involvement of tBRCT in disease and DNA repair.
NT Woods, RD Mesquita, M Sweet, MA. Carvalho, et al. Charting the Landscape of Tandem BRCT Domain–Mediated Protein Interactions. Sci. Signal 2012; 5(242): rs6. DOI: 10.1126/ scisignal.2002255.
Mitochondrial ROS production
Mitochondria have various essential functions in metabolism and in determining cell fate during apoptosis. In addition, mitochondria are also important nodes in a number of signaling pathways. For example, mitochondria can modulate signals transmitted by second messengers such as calcium. Because mitochondria are also major sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS), they can contribute to redox signaling—for example, by the production of ROS such as hydrogen peroxide that can reversibly modify cysteine residues and thus the activity of target proteins. Mitochondrial ROS production is thought to play a role in hypoxia signaling by stabilizing the oxygen-sensitive transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor–1α. New evidence has extended the mechanism of mitochondrial redox signaling in cellular responses to hypoxia in interesting and unexpected ways. Hypoxia altered the microtubule-dependent transport of mitochondria so that the organelles accumulated in the perinuclear region, where they increased the intranuclear concentration of ROS. The increased ROS in turn enhanced the expression of hypoxia-sensitive genes such as VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) not by reversibly oxidizing a protein, but by oxidizing DNA sequences in the hypoxia response element of the VEGF promoter. This paper and other recent work suggest a new twist on mitochondrial signaling: that the redistribution of mitochondria within the cell can be a component of regulatory pathways.
M. P. Murphy. Modulating Mitochondrial Intracellular Location as a Redox Signal. Sci Signal 2012; 5(242): p re39. DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2002858
A challenge in the treatment of lung cancer is the lack of early diagnostics. Here, we describe the application of monoclonal antibody proteomics for discovery of a panel of biomarkers for early detection (stage I) of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We produced large monoclonal antibody libraries directed against the natural form of protein antigens present in the plasma of NSCLC patients. Plasma biomarkers associated with the presence of lung cancer were detected via high throughput ELISA. Differential profiling of plasma proteomes of four clinical cohorts, totaling 301 patients with lung cancer and 235 healthy controls, identified 13 lung cancer-associated (p < 0.05) monoclonal antibodies. The monoclonal antibodies recognize five different cognate proteins identified using immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry. Four of the five antigens were present in non-small cell lung cancer cells in situ.
Guergova-Kuras M, Kurucz I, Hempel W, et al. Discovery of lung cancer biomarkers by profiling the plasma proteome with monoclonal antibody libraries. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2011 (12): M111.010298. Epub 2011 Sep 26.
Genedata’s Refiner MS Used by Max Planck Institute will Demo at Metabolomics Conference 2010 (prweb.com)
Expanding database enables discoveries in emerging field of metabolomics (esciencenews.com)
Expanding database enables discoveries in emerging field of metabolomics (fssalerts.wordpress.com)
Expanding database enables discoveries in emerging field of metabolomics (phys.org)
Endothelin Receptors in Cardiovascular Diseases: The Role of eNOS Stimulation. pharmaceuticalintelligence.com
Inhibition of ET-1, ETA and ETA-ETB, Induction of NO production, stimulation of eNOS and Treatment Regime with PPAR-gamma agonists (TZD): cEPCs Endogenous Augmentation for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction – A Bibliography
Building a Drug-Delivery System(DDS): choice of polymers and drugs
NO Nutritional remedies for hypertension and atherosclerosis. It’s 12 am: do you know where your electrons are?
Introducing smart-imaging into radiologists’ daily practice
Mediterranean Diet is BEST for patients with established Heart Disorders
Targeting Glucose Deprived Network Along with Targeted Cancer Therapy Can be a Possible Method of Treatment
Chemo Regimens Selected by MDs: SNP Test to Predict Side Effects
Congestive Heart Failure & Personalized Medicine: Two-gene Test predicts response to Beta Blocker Bucindolol
Transthyretin and Lean Body Mass in Stable and Stressed State
Proteomics and Biomarker Discovery
Nitric Oxide has a ubiquitous role in the regulation of glycolysis -with a concomitant influence on mitochondrial function
Is the Warburg Effect the cause or the effect of cancer: A 21st Century View?
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Stop, Collaborate and Listen: Nursing, Power and Gender in Interprofessional Collaboration
Pharmaceutical Sciences MSc graduate Patti Leake
Patti Leake is no stranger to the intricate working relationships between members of the healthcare sector.
Trained as a midwife, Leake’s interactions with patients, physicians, nurses and other allied health professionals sparked a curiosity turned graduate research topic focusing on the nature of interprofessional collaboration between nurses and physicians. Now, a recent pharmaceutical sciences MSc graduate, her thesis offers incredible insight on the interprofessional hierarchy prevalent in the healthcare sector.
Titled Nursing, Power and Gender in Interprofessional Collaboration, Leake provides an in-depth analysis of top-cited articles discussing collaboration between nurses and physicians, questioning how each article reflects professional struggles, hierarchies and gendered positions.
Invisible Gender & Hierarchy
Leake’s analysis presents two common themes among her research base, the rarity of considering gender as necessary to exploring collaboration, and how interprofessional hierarchies are reinforced by gendered professions.
Leake’s findings suggest that gender easily slips from view in writing on the subject of interprofessional collaboration, citing that 58% of her article base lacked any direct mention of gender. Although, cited works in many of the articles analyzed cover the topic of gender extensively, Leake found that authors made the decision to leave it out.
“Now that medicine is nearly gender balanced, it may be that a discussion of gender in interprofessional collaboration is no longer relevant, but I do believe that this assumption ignores the fact that nursing is still a gendered workforce” states Leake. “I think that the role of nurses and physicians need to be acknowledged as gendered positions, regardless of whether a male or female holds them.”
Most notably, her work highlights the hierarchical nature of the healthcare landscape, suggesting that the distribution of power between physicians and nurses is reinforced by physicians.
“While the literature demonstrates that physicians ascribe the role of ‘handmaiden’ to nurses, it is interesting to see that nurses, aware of the hierarchy, often ‘play the game’ or make recommendations seem as if they are at the request of the physician. It is how nurses access power” says Leake.
In her thesis, Leake suggests that when issues of power are ignored, collaboration is unlikely to succeed. While the goal of interprofessional collaboration is to provide diverse professional opinions, it appears that gendered positions within interprofessional hierarchies have perpetuated a power displacement that makes this difficult to achieve.
“I believe it is important for researchers studying interprofessional collaboration to take a step back and look for patterns in gendered behaviour. I think this can really open up the discourse, and provide a much more detailed understanding of the power at play”.
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solar cell efficiency
News tagged with solar cell efficiency
Related topics: solar cells
Nanobowl arrays endow perovskite solar cells with iridescent colors
With the maturing of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) technology, it is highly desirable to develop colorful solar cells to satisfy the requirements of aesthetic purposes in applications including building integrated photovoltaics ...
Researchers clear runway for tin-based perovskite solar cells
Researchers at the University of Surrey believe their tin based perovskite solar cell could clear the runway for solar panel technology to take off and help the UK reach its 2050 carbon neutral goal.
Breathing new life into dye-sensitized solar cells
Researchers at the Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences at Kyoto University have made a popular type of dye-sensitized solar cell more efficient by adjusting and updating its structure. Published in the Journal ...
Ready, jet... print
Inkjet printing is expected to fast track the commercialization of organic solar cells. Researchers from the KAUST Solar Center have exploited this technique to generate high-efficiency solar cells at large scales.
Solar cell defect mystery solved after decades of global effort
A team of scientists at the University of Manchester has solved a key flaw in solar panels after 40 years of research around the world.
How 'doping' boosts next-gen solar cells towards commercialisation
An international team of researchers has brought a new generation of solar cells a step closer to commercialisation, by showing how sunlight can trigger a 'healing process' in the cells to improve their efficiency and stability.
Researchers solve scientific puzzle that could improve solar panel efficiency
A Loughborough University Ph.D. student has helped shed light on a solar panel puzzle that could lead to more efficient devices being developed.
New type of silicon promises cheaper solar technology
An international research team led by The Australian National University (ANU) has made a new type of silicon that better uses sunlight and promises to cut the cost of solar technology.
Brightening perovskite LEDs with photonic crystals
All inorganic cesium lead halide perovskite semiconductors exhibit great potential for nanolasers, light emitting diodes and solar cells due to their unique properties, including low threshold, high quantum efficiency and ...
Light from an exotic crystal semiconductor could lead to better solar cells
Scientists have found a new way to control light emitted by exotic crystal semiconductors, which could lead to more efficient solar cells and other advances in electronics, according to a Rutgers-led study in the journal ...
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1373 open access dissertations and theses found for:
cmt(Paine, Mary F) » Refine Search
1 - 30 of 1373 displayed. Next >
The effect of the dynamic interplay of P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A on the portal bioavailability of dual substrates
by Dufek, Matthew Beau, Ph.D. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 2011: 207 pages; 3465198.
In vitro thyroid hormone metabolism: Effects of nuclear receptor activation on the metabolic profiles of thyroxine in rat and human hepatocytes
by Richardson, Vicki Michele, Ph.D. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 2013: 225 pages; 3562945.
The serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus in opiate dependence and stress-induced relapse
by Lunden, Jason, Ph.D. Temple University. 2013: 129 pages; 3564758.
If you listen, I'll tell you how I feel: Incarcerated men expressing emotion through songwriting
by Wilson, Catherine Marie, Ph.D. The University of Iowa. 2013: 276 pages; 3608802.
Preferential Options and Palimpsests: Transferring the Founders' Catholic Charism from Vowed Religious Educators to Lay Educators
by Lynch, Patrick P., Ed.D. Loyola Marymount University. 2011: 298 pages; 3473584.
Development of infrared spectroscopic methods for assessment of extracellular matrix changes in cardiovascular diseases
by Cheheltani, Rabee, Ph.D. Temple University. 2014: 113 pages; 3623127.
Outsider leadership transitions: A phenomenological study of Army Reserve General Officers
by Smith, Tammy, D.M. University of Phoenix. 2012: 209 pages; 3574920.
Oxidative protein folding in vitro: Studies of the cooperation of quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase with protein disulfide isomerase and explorations of the substrate specificity of the oxidase
by Rancy, Pumtiwitt C., Ph.D. University of Delaware. 2009: 141 pages; 3412020.
Asexual scripts: A grounded theory inquiry into the intrapsychic scripts asexuals use to negotiate romantic relationships
by Haefner, Carol, Ph.D. Institute of Transpersonal Psychology. 2011: 201 pages; 3457969.
The Enactment of Learning and Knowledge Creation: A Study of Hospital Leadership Group Interaction
by Davis, Kathryn Bremner, Ed.D. The George Washington University. 2011: 260 pages; 3434179.
Transitional change services and intent to leave in the pharmaceutical industry: Minimizing survivor intent to leave post-downsizing
by Person, Jennifer A., D.B.A. Capella University. 2013: 168 pages; 3606372.
The underrepresentation of female executives in the beauty industry: Does mentoring, networking, and advanced training help with career advancement?
by Mugnano, Stephanie Lynne, D.B.A. Capella University. 2016: 152 pages; 10239866.
Tula—2: A novel protein tyrosine phosphatase that regulates osteoclast differentiation and function
by Back, Steven H., Ph.D. Temple University. 2014: 99 pages; 3623106.
Repair of the injured adult heart involves resident cardiac stem cell derived new myocytes
by Angert, David W., Ph.D. Temple University. 2011: 166 pages; 3457818.
The impact of background, academic preparation, college experiences, major choice, & financial aid on persistence for African-American and White students in the Indiana public higher education system
by Kuykendall, John A., III, Ph.D. Indiana University. 2008: 196 pages; 3297939.
Leadership retention strategies for Hispanic employees in the corporate workforce
by Aponte Gonzalez, Katherine M., D.B.A. Capella University. 2016: 157 pages; 10161992.
The influence of accountability and commitment on team performance of airline flight crews
by Greenfield Pace, Joe Ann, D.B.A. Capella University. 2016: 153 pages; 10008978.
An algorithm of a fully conservative volume corrected characteristics-mixed method for transport problems
by Wang, Wenhao, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin. 2009: 129 pages; 3390101.
Magnet hospitals and patient outcomes
by Rosenberg, Marie-Claire, Ph.D. Dartmouth College. 2008: 159 pages; 3397939.
Riding the Wave: A Proposed Empowerment Group for Women of Color in Higher Education
by Aguirre, Priscilla E. M., M.A. Saint Mary's College of California. 2018: 84 pages; 10825782.
Perfluorochemical augmented intratracheal delivery of antioxidant enzymes and genes to attenuate oxidative stress-induced lung and respiratory muscle alterations
by Malone, Daniel Joseph, Ph.D. Temple University. 2009: 284 pages; 3344409.
Diet Quality among Pregnant Women Associated with Food Supplementation from the Women, Infants and Children Program
by Zvenyach, Tracy Marie, Ph.D. University of Maryland, Baltimore. 2018: 118 pages; 10815658.
The case for an Islamic school in Nashville, Tennessee
by Salman, Amin, Ed.D. Tennessee State University. 2008: 156 pages; 3341910.
Examining leadership styles and employee engagement in the public and private sectors
by Moody, Vernice J., Ph.D. University of Phoenix. 2012: 138 pages; 3535727.
Faculty-mentored undergraduate research: A qualitative examination of its influence on student engagement and academic achievement
by Nichols, Michael L., Ed.D. University of Pennsylvania. 2016: 145 pages; 10158531.
Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress as Predictors of Breast Cancer Risk in Women and Adolescent Girls
by Brennan, Laura A., Dr.P.H. Columbia University. 2016: 161 pages; 10182409.
Performance for ethnography, dialogue, and intervention: Using activating theatre to explore the reproductive health issues facing Kenyan adolescent girls
by Kimaiyo, Purity J., M.A. East Carolina University. 2014: 165 pages; 1583693.
Relationship Between the U.S. Air Force Physical Fitness Assessment and Healthcare Utilization
by Arushanyan, Elena E., D.N.P. Walden University. 2018: 49 pages; 10749499.
Full Text - PDF (687.5 KB)
Tailored charged particle beams from single-component plasmas
by Weber, Tobin Robert, Ph.D. University of California, San Diego. 2010: 111 pages; 3426076.
An examination of the impact of computer-based animations and visualization sequence on student understanding of Hadley Cells in atmospheric circulation
by Harris, Daniel Wyatt, Ph.D. University of Maryland, College Park. 2012: 178 pages; 3517776.
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606 open access dissertations and theses found for:
sub(Medical imaging) » Refine Search
121 - 150 of 606 displayed. < Previous | Next >
Quantification in fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose dedicated breast PET/CT
by Bowen, Spencer Lawson, Ph.D. University of California, Davis. 2010: 167 pages; 3427421.
Harnessing Electrocorticographic Signals for Neuroscience and Neurosurgery
by de Pesters, Adriana, Ph.D. State University of New York at Albany. 2017: 199 pages; 10606239.
Network science and the effects of music on the human brain
by Wilkins, Robin W., Ph.D. The University of North Carolina at Greensboro. 2015: 152 pages; 3708255.
The Effect of Phosphodiesterase 5A Inhibitors on Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Function in Dystrophin-Deficient (mdx) Mice
by Adamo, Candace Marie, Ph.D. University of Washington. 2011: 87 pages; 3472334.
High resolution X-ray imagers: System design and application
by Wang, Weiyuan, Ph.D. State University of New York at Buffalo. 2011: 297 pages; 3460813.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Monitoring of Neuropathology Following Acute Organophosphate Intoxication
by Hobson, Brad Alan, Ph.D. University of California, Davis. 2017: 194 pages; 10642019.
The Psychological Impact of Medical Error: Symptoms of Trauma in Family Members of the Injured
by Worsham, Sherry L.O., A.L.M. Harvard University. 2009: 112 pages; 1518406.
A conceptual framework of the clinical learning environment in medical education
by Padmore, Jamie Sue, D.Mgt. University of Maryland University College. 2015: 166 pages; 10041765.
The blame game: An axiological approach to the Doctrine of Doing and Allowing
by Cleary, Christine, M.A. Kent State University. 2013: 113 pages; 1555295.
The influence of group medical visits on patients' behavioral intentions, self-management behaviors, and clinical outcomes
by Zuniga, Ruth, Ph.D. University of Alaska Anchorage. 2013: 187 pages; 3561520.
Imaging performance in advanced small pixel and low light image sensors
by Anzagira, Leo, Ph.D. Dartmouth College. 2016: 213 pages; 10144602.
Design and Selection of Probes for In Vivo Molecular Targeting and Imaging
by Glasgow, Heather Lovae, Ph.D. University of California, San Diego. 2015: 220 pages; 3709622.
Complex Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Reflectometry: Quantitative Lensless Imaging with Short-Wavelength Light in Reflection Geometries
by Porter, Christina Lynn, Ph.D. University of Colorado at Boulder. 2019: 214 pages; 13420508.
Coherent EUV light from high-order harmonic generation: Enhancement and applications to lensless diffractive imaging
by Paul, Ariel J., Ph.D. University of Colorado at Boulder. 2007: 155 pages; 3273819.
Optimal wave focusing for seismic source imaging
by Bazargani, Farhad, Ph.D. Colorado School of Mines. 2014: 150 pages; 3646086.
Understanding Water Diffusion in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury Remote from Injury Epicenter
by Motovylyak, Alice, Ph.D. Marquette University. 2018: 134 pages; 13418932.
Components and metrology for terahertz imaging
by Dietlein, Charles Robert, Ph.D. University of Colorado at Boulder. 2008: 152 pages; 3315848.
Absorption-Based Spectroscopy and Microscopy on Nanostructures
by Li, Zhongming, Ph.D. University of Notre Dame. 2017: 111 pages; 13836261.
Bioengineering Novel Reporter Proteins
by Bartelle, Benjamin B., Ph.D. New York University. 2013: 225 pages; 3556976.
Extreme Ultraviolet Laser Ablation Mass Spectrometer for Molecular Imaging at the Nanoscale
by Kuznetsov, Ilya, Ph.D. Colorado State University. 2018: 196 pages; 10750483.
3D radio reflection imaging of asteroid interiors
by Ittharat, Detchai, M.S. Colorado School of Mines. 2014: 77 pages; 1557520.
Full Text - PDF (151.82 MB)
A study of the feasibility and performance of an active/passive imager using silicon focal plane arrays and incoherent continuous wave laser diodes
by Vollmerhausen, Richard H., Ph.D. University of Delaware. 2013: 151 pages; 3598763.
Image analysis for realistic electromagnetic imaging systems
by Ramirez-Velez, Mabel Delice, Ph.D. University of Colorado at Boulder. 2009: 172 pages; 3366658.
Cerenkov Luminescence for Imaging and Therapy: Quantitative Investigation of Clinical Applications and New Instrumentation
by Klein, Justin Shaun, Ph.D. University of California, Davis. 2017: 133 pages; 10606959.
Polar Synthetic Imaging: Single Pixel Imaging with Rotating Spiral Masks
by George, Jonathan Keith, M.S. The George Washington University. 2014: 73 pages; 1566270.
Computational and design methods for advanced imaging
by Birch, Gabriel C., Ph.D. The University of Arizona. 2012: 184 pages; 3523949.
Diffusion MRI white matter tractography: Estimation of multiple fibers per voxel using Independent Component Analysis
by Wong, Chi Wah (Alec), Ph.D. University of Southern California. 2009: 134 pages; 3368725.
Legitimizing Medical Practice
by Smith, William R., Ph.D. University of Notre Dame. 2018: 542 pages; 13836371.
Electronic health records in Trinidad and Tobago
by Mohamud, Koshin, Ed.D. Saint Mary's University of Minnesota. 2014: 198 pages; 3739555.
A descriptive comparison of human research protection program characteristics and accreditation outcomes in VA facilities
by Jeans, Charlotte Karen, Ph.D. University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. 2010: 77 pages; 3410292.
121 - 150 of 606 displayed.
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You searched for: Subject Headings State Governments Officials and Employees Remove constraint Subject Headings: State Governments Officials and Employees
1 - 25 of 3,536 results
Sort by Date: Newest First
1. Interview with John Simonett, Minnesota Supreme Court Historical Society Oral History Project, St. Paul, Minnesota
Simonett, John E., 1924-2011
Interview with former Minnesota Supreme Court Justice John Simonett on his legal and judicial career. Simonett was appointed to the Minnesota Supreme Court in 1981 and served until 1994. Subjects discussed: his education and family life, and his experiences as a judge. Interviewed by Tom Boyd and Paul Anderson at the studio of Minnesota Continuing Legal Education.
Minnesota State Law Library
2. Senator Steve Morse speaks in committee, St. Paul, Minnesota
Oakes, David
Senator Steve Morse speaks in committee, St. Paul, Minnesota. For biographical information, see the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library database at: Morse, Steven: http://www.leg.state.mn.us/legdb/fulldetail.aspx?id=10438
Black-and-white photographs
3. Senator Steve Dille listens to testimony during a committee hearing, St. Paul, Minnesota
Senator Steve Dille listens to testimony during a committee hearing, St. Paul, Minnesota. For biographical information, see the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library database at: Dille, Stephen E.: http://www.leg.state.mn.us/legdb/fulldetail.aspx?id=10146
4. Senator Dallas Sams speaks in committee, St. Paul, Minnesota
Senator Dallas Sams speaks in committee, St. Paul, Minnesota. For biographical information, see the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library database at: Sams, Dallas C.: http://www.leg.state.mn.us/legdb/fulldetail.aspx?id=10582
5. Senator Bob Lessard speaks in committee, St. Paul, Minnesota
Senator Bob Lessard speaks in committee, St. Paul, Minnesota. For biographical information, see the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library database at: Lessard, Bob B.: http://www.leg.state.mn.us/legdb/fulldetail.aspx?id=10372
6. Senator William Belanger speaks on the Senate floor while Senator Claire Robling listens, St. Paul, Minnesota
Senator William Belanger speaks on the Senate floor while Senator Claire Robling listens, St. Paul, Minnesota. For biographical information, see the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library database at: Belanger, William V. Jr.: http://www.leg.state.mn.us/legdb/fulldetail.aspx?id=10038 ; Robling, Claire A.: http://www.leg.state.mn.us/legdb/fulldetail.aspx?id=10566
7. Senator David Johnson speaks on the Senate floor, St. Paul, Minnesota
Senator David Johnson speaks on the Senate floor, St. Paul, Minnesota. For biographical information, see the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library database at: Johnson, David H.: http://www.leg.state.mn.us/legdb/fulldetail.aspx?id=10285
8. Senator William V. Belanger, Minnesota Legislature, 1997-1998 Legislative Session
Oakes, David (Minnesota Senate Photographer)
Served in the Minnesota Legislature: Senate 1981-82 (District 38); Senate 1982-2002 (District 41); Senate 2003-2006 (District 40). For biographical information, see the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library database at: http://www.leg.mn/legdb/fulldetail.asp?ID=10038
9. Senator Warren E. Limmer, Minnesota Legislature, 1997-1998 Legislative Session
Served in the Minnesota Legislature: House 1989-92 (District 48A); House 1993-95 (District 33B); Senate 1995-2002 (District 33); Senate 2003-Present (District 32). For biographical information, see the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library database at: http://www.leg.mn/legdb/fulldetail.asp?ID=10376
10. Senator Steve P. Kelley, Minnesota Legislature, 1997-1998 Legislative Session
Served in the Minnesota Legislature: House 1993-96 (District 44A); Senate 1997-2006 (District 44). For biographical information, see the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library database at: http://www.leg.mn/legdb/fulldetail.asp?ID=10310
11. Senator Steven G. Novak, Minnesota Legislature, 1997-1998 Legislative Session
12. Senator Steve Morse speaks on the floor of the Senate, St. Paul, Minnesota
Senator Steve Morse speaks on the floor of the Senate, St. Paul, Minnesota. For biographical information, see the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library database at: Morse, Steven: http://www.leg.state.mn.us/legdb/fulldetail.aspx?id=10438
13. Senator Stephen E. Dille, Minnesota Legislature, 1997-1998 Legislative Session
Served in the Minnesota Legislature: House 1987-92 (District 21A); Senate 1993-2002 (District 20): Senate 2003-2010 (District 18). For biographical information, see the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library database at: http://www.leg.mn/legdb/fulldetail.asp?ID=10146
14. Senator Sheila M. Kiscaden, Minnesota Legislature, 1997-1998 Legislative Session
Served in the Minnesota Legislature: Senate 1993-2006 (District 30). For biographical information, see the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library database at: http://www.leg.mn/legdb/fulldetail.asp?ID=10323
15. Senator Sandra L. Pappas, Minnesota Legislature, 1997-1998 Legislative Session
Served in the Minnesota Legislature: House 1985-90 (District 65B); Senate 1991-Present (District 65). For biographical information, see the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library database at: http://www.leg.mn/legdb/fulldetail.asp?ID=10503
16. Senator Roy W. Terwilliger, Minnesota Legislature, 1997-1998 Legislative Session
17. Senator Richard Day, Minnesota Legislature, 1997-1998 Legislative Session
Served in the Minnesota Legislature: Senate 1991-1992 (District 30); Senate 1993-2002 (District 28); Senate 2003-2010 (District 26). For biographical information, see the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library database at: http://www.leg.mn/legdb/fulldetail.asp?ID=10128
18. Senator Rebecca Jo Lourey, Minnesota Legislature, 1997-1998 Legislative Session
Served in the Minnesota Legislature: House 1991-92 (District 14B); House 1993-96 (District 8B); Senate 1997-2006 (District 8). For biographical information, see the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library database at: http://www.leg.mn/legdb/fulldetail.asp?ID=10386
19. Senator Randy Cameron Kelly, Minnesota Legislature, 1997-1998 Legislative Session
Served in the Minnesota Legislature: House 1975-82 (District 66B); House 1983-90 (District 67A); Senate 1991-2002 (District 67). For biographical information, see the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library database at: http://www.leg.mn/legdb/fulldetail.asp?ID=10312
20. Senator Paula E. Hanson, Minnesota Legislature, 1997-1998 Legislative Session
21. Senator Pat Piper, Minnesota Legislature, 1997-1998 Legislative Session
Served in the Minnesota Legislature: House 1983-86 (District 31B); Senate 1987-92 (District 31); Senate 1993-2000 (District 27). For biographical information, see the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library database at: http://www.leg.mn/legdb/fulldetail.asp?ID=10537
22. Senator Michelle L. Fischbach, Minnesota Legislature, 1997-1998 Legislative Session
Served in the Minnesota Legislature: Senate 1996-Present (District 14). For biographical information, see the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library database at: http://www.leg.mn/legdb/fulldetail.asp?ID=10180
23. Senator Martha R. Robertson, Minnesota Legislature, 1997-1998 Legislative Session
24. Senator Mark Ourada, Minnesota Legislature, 1997-1998 Legislative Session
25. Senator Linda Runbeck, Minnesota Legislature, 1997-1998 Legislative Session
Served in the Minnesota Legislature: House 1989-92 (District 52A); Senate 1993-2000 (District 53); 2011-Present (District 53A). For biographical information, see the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library database at: http://www.leg.mn/legdb/fulldetail.asp?ID=10575
Sound Recording Nonmusical
more Date Created »
Minnesota State Capitol
State Governments Officials and Employees[remove]
Women Legislators
more Subject Headings »
Cottonwood County Historical Society
Heritage Education Commission
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NWM Partners With Perkbox
LONDON, November 3, 2016
NWM, an umbrella company providing payroll solutions for contractors and recruiters, has partnered with Perkbox, a leading employee engagement platform, to launch an exciting new incentives, rewards and engagement programme for its employees and contractors.
As part of its continuing commitment to improve retention and loyalty, NWM will now provide its staff and contractors with free and exclusive access to over two hundred practical and recreational perks. New benefits now available to the team at NWM via Perkbox include up to 8% off at 20,000 retail stores and 50 nationwide brands, 4% off at Amazon, two for one or 50% off in more than 6,500 restaurants with a free tastecard, free mobile phone insurance, money off in pubs, bars and coffee shops, heavily discounted theatre tickets and attraction day passes, corporate rates in top gym chains and half price MOTs, amongst hundreds of other benefits. Fresh perks will be added to the platform regularly and all employees and contractors will be able to redeem these 24/7 via their own dedicated account, using Perkbox’s online desktop and tablet platform and smartphone app.
As well as easy online and on-the-go redemption using the latest technology, NWM staff and contractors will also have access to an engagement platform that is designed to enhance financial, emotional and physical wellbeing. This includes a wellness hub of professionally-made online classes in yoga, healthy cooking, exercise and meditation, a 24-hour assistance helpline and financial advice. The team will be automatically enrolled in an online internal Rewards and Recognition platform – a gamified system carefully constructed to facilitate top-down rewards and drive peer-to-peer recognition via the exchange of digital badges. Admin users will also be able to add any other perks they offer in addition to Perkbox to the platform and will be able to track return on investment via an online dashboard, which highlights how many staff are actively using the platform and how much money staff have saved.
Graham Williams, Company Director at NWM, commented: “We wanted to take our investment in employee engagement to the next level to reward the hard work of staff and contractors on a more regular basis. Perkbox seemed like a natural partnership and we look forward to seeing how the platform can make us more attractive both to our staff and contractors.”
Chieu Cao, CMO & Co-Founder at Perkbox, said: “We are acutely aware of how important it is that staff in client-facing roles, such as those at NWM, are happy and engaged at work. NWM pride themselves on their stand-apart customer service and having Perkbox as a benefit will further motivate employees and contractors, helping the business to maintain these high standards. We are delighted to have partnered with NWM and look forward to helping them to transform themselves into a happier, healthier and thus more attractive place to work.”
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Tag Archives: afflict your souls
Vayishlach – Dina,objectified and silent, a pawn in the game of male power
Posted on December 14, 2016 by sylviarothschild
The only daughter of Jacob who is recorded in bible is Dina, the daughter of Leah. Born after her mother has given birth to six sons, she is named by her mother as her brothers were, but unlike their naming no meaning is ascribed to the name so given. (Gen 30:21)
We know nothing of her until her father Jacob had taken his family and wealth and left Haran, had had his name changed to Israel at the ford of Jabok, had encountered and made his peace with Esau his brother, and then settled down, first in Succot and then in the city of Shechem in the land of Canaan, buying land in which to spread his tent and erecting an altar he called “El-elohei-yisrael” (Gen 33:17-20)
And then her presence is made known to us, with a narrative that seems quite separate from all that has happened before. The story is a difficult one. It begins with the sentence that Dina, daughter of Leah whom she had borne to Jacob, went out to see the daughters of the land.
וַתֵּצֵ֤א דִינָה֙ בַּת־לֵאָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר יָֽלְדָ֖ה לְיַֽעֲקֹ֑ב לִרְא֖וֹת בִּבְנ֥וֹת הָאָֽרֶץ:
And it ends with the voices of her brothers Shimon and Levi asking “should one treat our sister as a prostitute?” הַֽכְזוֹנָ֕ה יַֽעֲשֶׂ֖ה אֶת־אֲחוֹתֵֽנוּ:
But what happens between these two sentences? And is this a story about Dina, or is it really a story about the men in the family?
Dina goes out to meet the local women. We can only guess why she does this and what is in her mind, for she does not ever speak to us in the text nor does the narrative give us an explanation or any insight into her thinking. Her father has settled in the land, he has done business with the local chieftain Hamor, father of Shechem. They are at peace. So why would a girl with twelve brothers and no sisters that we know of not want to go out to meet the local girls, and why should anyone think she should not have done so, or that she should even have been prevented from doing so? Yet after that moment, the story is all about the status of the men.
Shechem, the pampered prince of the area sees her and so the story really begins. For instead of her “seeing” the local girls she herself is seen. He takes her and he lies with her and “va’y’anei’ha”. And his soul cleaves to Dina daughter of Jacob and he loves the girl and he speaks to her heart.
וַיַּ֨רְא אֹתָ֜הּ שְׁכֶ֧ם בֶּן־חֲמ֛וֹר הַֽחִוִּ֖י נְשִׂ֣יא הָאָ֑רֶץ וַיִּקַּ֥ח אֹתָ֛הּ וַיִּשְׁכַּ֥ב אֹתָ֖הּ וַיְעַנֶּֽהָ: וַתִּדְבַּ֣ק נַפְשׁ֔וֹ בְּדִינָ֖ה בַּת־יַֽעֲקֹ֑ב וַֽיֶּֽאֱהַב֙ אֶת־הַֽנַּֽעֲרָ֔ וַיְדַבֵּ֖ר עַל־לֵ֥ב הַֽנַּֽעֲרָֽ:
Dina is now not described as Leah’s daughter but as Jacob’s. The verbs are to do with sexual intercourse, but there is nothing in the text to say that this is not consensual sex. The problem is really in the process or rather the lack of process. The young prince’s soul cleaves to her, he loves her, he speaks to her heart – but he has had sex with her without first dealing with her family, and this is the meaning of the verb “va’y’anei’ha” here. Ayin Nun Hei is a root with a number of meanings – to answer, to afflict, to humble, to test, to answer. In this sentence we are clear that by his act he has lowered her status in the eyes of those who prize virginity. Her bride price will be affected; she is worth less on the marriage market than she was earlier that morning.
It is worth looking at who else is the object of this verb in biblical narrative. Hagar is treated by Sarah in this way, treated in a way that made her feel worthless, and she runs away. (Genesis 16:6)
God treats Israel with this verb (Deut 8:2) keeping them forty years in the wilderness in order to test them, to ensure that they would follow God’s commandments.
In Leviticus we are told to do this to our souls on Yom Kippur – often described as afflicting our souls from which the rabbinic tradition infers that we should fast on that day – it is a day of self-humbling, of recognising that our power and our status are fleeting and that we are dependent on God’s will for our lives.
Tamar uses the word before her brother Ammon rapes her (2Sam 13) but a close reading shows that she is referring to the shame she will endure, and not to the act which is denoted with the verb h.z.k ‘to seize or overpower’ and which is not used in the narrative around Dina.
The fact that Shechem loves her, speaks kindly to her, wants to marry her – all of this militates against their encounter being a forcible rape. But we don’t know what Dina really thinks – her voice is not recorded nor any action either – she is the object of a story that speaks not about her and her wishes but about the status of the family of Jacob.
The response of her brothers and the anger they show do not bespeak either love or concern for their sister. They are concerned only that she has been made lesser in some way, presumably in terms of her social status and her financial worth. And this will reflect upon them. We only have to think about the wrongly named ‘honour killings’ reported too frequently in our newspapers, which are never about the honour of the woman and only ever about the perceived status of the family to which the woman belonged.
Jacob is silent in the face of all of this, but his sons are not. When the family of Shechem come to organise a marriage they first come to Jacob while the sons are in the fields. He speaks of no anger, he simply waits for the boys to come home. But they are furious – the sexual act between Shechem and Dina is unacceptable to them “v’chein lo ya’a’seh” This should not be done.
Hamor doesn’t seem to realise how angry the men are, how transgressive the act has been in their eyes. Instead he speaks again of Shechem’s feelings for Dina, asks for her hand in marriage, suggests that the two groups become allies and intermarry their children. He offers a peaceful future, trading possibilities, living together in the land. Then Shechem himself speaks – was he there all along? – and he proclaims that whatever they ask as a bride price he is willing to pay. He wants to build a good relationship with them, he wants to marry Dina.
The sons of Jacob answer Hamor and Shechem with slyness – in their eyes their sister has been defiled (t’mei), and the defiler is Shechem. They tell Hamor and Shechem that they cannot marry their sister to an uncircumcised man, so the condition is that every man should be circumcised, and if that is not acceptable they will go away from the land, and take Dina with them. But should they agree, then indeed they will intermarry and become one people with the family of Shechem.
Shechem and Hamor go back and relay the information to their people. They speak of the peaceable nature of the children of Israel; they say the land is large enough for both groups to be there, they speak of the trade that will ensue between them, and of the marriages that will take place between the two groups.
There is only one jarring note in the text, when Hamor says “Shall not their cattle and their substance and all their beasts be ours? ”This does not fit with the rest of the narrative which speaks of co-existence and of peacefulness. There doesn’t seem to be a need for Hamor to increase his wealth by taking on that of the Israelites so what is the sentence doing in the text? It points up that marriage between tribes is always about property and money, they are alliances rather than being about romantic love. And it reads almost as an attempt to justify the actions that will happen shortly – that on the third day after the mass circumcision when the men were in pain, that Shimon and Levi came and slaughtered all of them, including Hamor and Shechem, and took Dina out of their house and, rather poignantly, the text says “va’yetzei’u”, echoing Dina’s original action of ‘tetzei’
They despoiled the city, took captives and all the wealth and the animals belonging to the people, and their father’s only response is to tell them that their actions have made Jacob’s continued position in the land dangerous. Their response ends the story – “should one treat our sister like a prostitute?”
This is a story not about a woman but about male power and identity expressed through their genitalia and the act of sex. It begins just after Jacob has been injured in the groin area by the angel, then comes the sexual act by Shechem who ‘takes’ Dina, then comes the mass circumcision ordered by Jacob’s sons, when the power of the people of Hamor and Shechem is at its lowest, this is followed by the death of Rachel in childbirth, and ends with the story of Reuven sleeping with his father’s concubine Bilha.
The story is sandwiched between the two accounts of Jacob changing his name to Israel – there seems to be some transitional process in which the maleness of the protagonists is both used and also tamed. The centrality of the male organ can’t be ignored. Milah, the act of circumcision is used both for the male organ, for fruit bearing trees, and for the heart/mind. In bible the act of milah is often followed by increased fertility or life – Abraham only has Isaac after his circumcision for example – an uncircumcised heart does not cleave to God; and it also curtails unbridled power.
The story of Dina seems to be a pretext on which to hang an ancient and powerful belief that has nothing to do with a young woman and everything to do with establishing and embedding a patriarchy. Sadly this direction has been continued in midrashic rabbinic teachings – which say everything from blaming her for leaving the house at all, to suggesting she liked to be looked at, had dressed provocatively, had brought the whole thing upon herself. From this quickly comes a whole raft of halachic responsa curtailing the activities and the physicality of women. It seems to be one of the biggest ironies that a sidra dealing with both the fear of male power as symbolised in the male organ and the need to tame and curtail such power has in the midrash and general understanding of the story become one in which the woman is blamed and victimised. Poor Dina. We never find out what happened to her after this, though Midrash marries her to Job, and also suggests that a child born of her encounter with Shechem later marries Joseph in Egypt. The concern once again of the different stories in midrashic imaginings is to rehabilitate her of her ‘sin’ and to bring her descendants back into the chain of tradition. Poor Dina, judged and punished and brought back into the family without ever once having her own voice heard.
image Gerard Hoet Shimon and Levy slaying the men of Shechem
Posted in Feminist bible, Not remaining silent, parashat hashavua, Women and Judaism | Tagged afflict your souls, alliance, ayin nun hei, bride price, brit milah, Canaan, circumcision, curtailing power, daughter of Jacob, daughter of Leah, defiling, Dina, Dinah, Esau, Hamor, honour killing, intermarrying, Jacob, Jacob is silent, Job, Judgement, love, male organ, male power, midrash, Parashat Vayishlach, patriarchy, power, prostitute, punishment, responsa, Shechem, taming male power, to afflict, to humble, trade, va'y'anei'ha, vatetzei Dina, Vayishlach, victim, virginity, yom kippur | Leave a reply
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April 2019 , Volume 79, Issue 5, pp 501–513 | Cite as
Management of Post-transplant Hyperparathyroidism and Bone Disease
Rowena Delos Santos
Ana Rossi
Daniel Coyne
Thin Thin Maw
Therapy in Practice
First Online: 27 February 2019
Significant advances in immunosuppressive therapies have been made in renal transplantation, leading to increased allograft and patient survival. Despite improvement in overall patient survival, patients continue to require management of persistent post-transplant hyperparathyroidism. Medications that treat persistent hyperparathyroidism include vitamin D, vitamin D analogues, and calcimimetics. Medication side effects such as hypocalcemia or hypercalcemia, and adynamic bone disease, may lead to a decrease in the drugs. When medical management fails to control persistent post-transplant hyperparathyroidism, treatment is a parathyroidectomy. Surgical techniques are not uniform between centers and surgeons. Undergoing the surgery may include a subtotal technique or a technique including total parathyroid gland resection with partial heterotopic gland reimplantation. In addition, there are possible post-surgical complications. The ideal treatment for persistent post-transplant hyperparathyroidism is the treatment and prevention of the condition while patients are being managed for their late-stage chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease.
Persistent post-transplant hyperparathyroidism is common after kidney transplantation, affects metabolic parameters, and is accompanied by morbidity.
Treatments for persistent post-transplant hyperparathyroidism include vitamin D, its analogues, and calcimimetics; regular monitoring is required to avoid adverse effects from treatment.
If medical management fails, parathyroidectomy should be considered.
For most patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice as it will improve patient survival while increasing quality of life compared to remaining on dialysis. Allograft survival has improved over the decades, where the one-year allograft survival has now reached over 93% for first-time transplant recipients, and over 72% for five-year allograft survival [1]. While patients benefit from improved allograft survival, they are burdened with the lasting effects of their chronic kidney disease (CKD). One of the accompanying conditions from CKD that can remain problematic post-transplantation is secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT), which occurs in virtually all patients who have CKD and requires ongoing management during dialysis. Even after kidney transplantation, recipients can continue to have elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. Several studies have evaluated the levels of PTH post-kidney transplantation showing an initial decrease in the PTH levels within the first 12 months post-transplant [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. However, in up to 50% of patients there is evidence of a persistent elevation in the PTH years after a successful transplantation [2, 3, 7, 8].
It is worth noting that there are different assays available to measure PTH. PTH is secreted from the parathyroid glands in several fragments and as an intact whole protein 84 amino acids in length. Different immunoassays detect the carboxyl terminal of the intact and partial proteins, making some testing assays non-specific because it would detect both whole and partial proteins. Improvements in immunoassays allow simultaneous detection of both the carboxyl and the amino terminals of the protein, and hence detects the biologically active whole PTH (wPTH) [9]. There is no consensus on a PTH level that clearly defines the presence of persistent post-transplant hyperparathyroidism. Most transplant physicians will allow up to 12 months post-transplant for normalization of PTH. Past this point, a PTH level greater than two times normal (> 130 pg/mL) is consistent with persistent post-transplant hyperparathyroidism (PT-HPT). Other lab abnormalities such as hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and an elevated alkaline phosphatase, can be associated with persistent PT-HPT.
2 Pathophysiology
Our understanding of the pathophysiology of SHPT and PT-HPT and its natural history has expanded over the last decade. In normally functioning kidneys, the parathyroid glands maintain homeostasis of calcium and phosphate balance through the kidneys, bones, and gastrointestinal tract. A fall in the ionized calcium below its normal set point stimulates increased PTH production from the parathyroid glands leading to increased renal tubular reabsorption of calcium. PTH stimulates renal proximal tubular conversion of 25-hydroxyvitiman D to its active form 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D). 1,25(OH)2D then stimulates increased intestinal calcium as well as phosphorus absorption and modulates the function of osteoblasts in bone. PTH and 1,25(OH)2D help stimulate production of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) production from osteocytes. PTH also leads to increased skeletal release of calcium through the stimulation of osteoclasts in bone. Once the ionized calcium is returned to the individual’s set point, negative feedback through the calcium-sensing receptors (CaSR) on the parathyroid glands decreases production of PTH. Higher 1,25(OH)2D level also provides negative feedback on the parathyroid glands, reducing PTH production.
Phosphate balance is maintained through the combined actions of FGF23, 1,25(OH)2D, and PTH. Increasing blood levels of phosphate early in CKD increases bone production of FGF23, which downregulates reabsorption of phosphate and 1-α-25-(OH)-vitamin D hydroxylase in the proximal tubule, leading to enhanced phosphaturia and decreased production of 1,25(OH)2D. Lower levels of 1,25(OH)2D lead to decreased intestinal phosphate absorption, and increased PTH production and parathyroid (PT) hyperplasia, resulting in SHPT and enlarging PT glands. These responses to declining renal function are usually able to maintain serum phosphate within the normal range until CKD stage 4–5 [10].
With the onset of severe CKD, overt hyperphosphatemia, low levels of 1,25(OH)2D lead to progressive SHPT and PT hyperplasia. FGF23 levels continue to increase due to hyperphosphatemia [10]. Thus, at the time of kidney transplant, patients commonly have SHPT and enlarged PT glands, hyperphosphatemia, low 1,25(OH)2D levels, and elevated FGF23.
Once a new kidney allograft is functional, the typical response is the reversal or improvement of these abnormalities, though persistent abnormalities in PTH and FGF23 can lead to alterations in bone and mineral homeostasis. Several groups have studied the changes in levels of PTH, FGF23, phosphate, calcium, and 1,25(OH)2D after receiving a renal allograft. Within the first 3 months post-transplant, mild to profound hypophosphatemia may develop, and appears due to the combined phosphaturic actions of PTH and FG23. Evenepoel et al. performed a single center observational study in 1165 kidney transplant recipients and found that hypophosphatemia affects approximately 40% of patients post-transplant, and is an early finding within the first three months of transplant [2]. The study concluded that the hypophosphatemia was due to the phosphaturic effect of PTH; however, this is before the discovery of FGF23 [2]. Wolf et al. did a similar multicenter study to monitor changes in biochemical parameters of mineral metabolism that included FGF23 [11]. They found that the FGF23 level decreases precipitously in the first 3 months then reaches a steady state [11]. Serum phosphate also drops significantly in the first 3 months post-transplant, with hypophosphatemia (defined as a serum phosphate < 2.5 mg/dL) seen in 35–55% of patients [11]. Hypophosphatemia is a short-lived event in most patients and improves over the course of the first-year post-transplant.
The same group also evaluated the PTH levels in post-transplant patients, separating those with a low PTH (defined as PTH > 65 and < 300 pg/mL) from those with a high PTH (defined as PTH > 300 pg/mL) at the time of transplant. Within 1 week of transplant, hypercalcemia (serum calcium > 10.2 mg/dL) developed in 21% of patients with low PTH and 30% with high PTH. The proportion of patients with hypercalcemia peaked at 29% for low PTH patients and 48% for high PTH patients by 8 weeks post-transplant, and then steadily decreased. However, the improvement in hypercalcemia is incremental; by 12 months post-transplant there were 11% of patients in the low PTH group and 25% of patients in the high PTH who continued to have hypercalcemia [11]. Both groups had a significant decline in PTH from baseline levels in the first 3 months, and a slower improvement over the succeeding months. At 12 months, the PTH was still elevated above normal values (high PTH group 146 pg/mL, low PTH group 118 pg/mL) [11]. Levels of 1,25(OH)2D increased in both groups through to 12 months post-transplant. Muirhead et al. describe their long-term experience with 1000 consecutive transplant recipients over several years of follow-up. They reported that nearly 17% of patients were hypercalcemic at 12 months post-transplant, and 10% were hypercalcemic at 48 months post-transplant [8]. In addition, while nearly 48% of patients had an elevated PTH at Month 12 post-transplant, approximately 39% continued to have an elevated PTH at Month 48 post-transplant [8].
Most transplant professionals will allow patients with SHPT up to the first-year post-transplant to improve, as some patients will experience normalization of biochemical parameters over time. Despite the improvement in FGF23, phosphate and vitamin D levels after a kidney transplant, there is a subset of patients that maintain a persistently high PTH level as well as hypercalcemia in some cases. One of the main drivers of persistent SHPT is the enlarged PT glands due to hyperplasia that can occur during long-standing SHPT. As a result of the ongoing stimulation of parathyroid tissue by the dysregulation in metabolic bone mineral parameters, the parathyroid tissue first undergoes diffuse hyperplasia, and in some patients develops into nodular hyperplasia. These nodules exhibit characteristics of autonomous adenomas seen in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, with a marked reduction in expression of CaSR and Vitamin D receptors, rendering them less responsive to elevation in serum calcium and 1,25(OH)2D levels. If control of these metabolic parameters is accomplished at the hyperplastic stage and maintained until the patient is transplanted, then the hyperplasia may be more likely to regress [12].
Unfortunately, there are no overt physical findings of PT-HPT. Persistent PT-HPT will primarily be discovered through laboratory testing. As previously described, patients will have a persistently elevated PTH. Some affected patients will have evidence of hypercalcemia on lab testing. There may be evidence of increased bone turnover through an elevated bone-specific alkaline phosphatase or osteocalcin [13].
Persistent PT-HPT has been associated with increased risk of bone fractures, increased mortality and decreased allograft survival [14, 15]. Perrin et al. evaluated the association between persistent PT-HPT and fracture risk in a cohort of 143 patients who were transplanted between 2004 and 2006 [14]. In a multivariable analysis, they found that HPT at 3 months, defined as a PTH > 130 ng/L, and pre-transplant osteopenia were associated with post-transplant factures within 5 years post-transplant [14]. In addition to the risk of fractures, Pihlstrom et al. sought to evaluate the association of persistent HPT with mortality, cardiovascular disease, and renal allograft survival in patients who participated in the ALERT trial [15]. In this long-term study of 1840 renal transplant recipients, an elevated PTH was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality (4%) and allograft loss (5%), but not with major adverse cardiovascular events [15]. Given the significant morbidity and mortality associated with persistent PT-HPT, the main clinical goal for patients with PT-HPT after renal transplantation is to obtain a level of PTH appropriate to the graft function and to normalize levels of calcium, phosphate and vitamin D. It is a common practice to follow a conservative approach with regard to serum PTH levels until adequate renal allograft function ensues, allowing the normalization of calcium and phosphate levels, and increasing the production of calcitriol to control HPT.
3 Pre-transplant Management of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Proper management of SHPT prior to transplantation can minimize PT-HPT and its complications of hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. In general, hypercalcemia post-transplantation is unusual if PTH is maintained in the advanced CKD and ESRD population at less than 600 pg/mL through use of active vitamin D and control of serum phosphate to < 6.0 mg/dL. While calcimimetics are effective at lowering PTH, they also lower serum calcium, and therefore may mask tertiary HPT. Consequently, we prefer to measure the PTH in transplant candidates 2–4 weeks after stopping the calcimimetic as part of the evaluation for transplant. If the PTH is < 800 pg/mL, the patient’s risk of hypercalcemia post-transplant appears to be low [16]. If the PTH is > 1000 pg/mL, this is indicative of severe HPT-related bone disease. We generally prefer a pre-transplant parathyroidectomy (PTX) with 3½ glands removed as this will lead to marked bone healing and increased bone mineral density (BMD) and obviates the need for cinacalcet post-transplant. PTX during the pre-transplant period increases BMD much more than surgery after transplantation [16]. We generally wait about 6 months after PTX to allow maximal bone healing and stable serum calcium and phosphate [16].
4 Medical Management and Treatment Options of Persistent Post-transplant Hyperparathyroidism
Once the kidney transplant takes place, there is little consensus about how to manage persistent PT-HPT. Treatment for persistent PT-HPT is challenging because there are no large randomized controlled trials to guide treatment decisions. Current Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines from 2017 provide recommendations on testing calcium, phosphate, PTH and alkaline phosphatase, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in intervals according to the post-kidney transplant recipients’ level of renal function [17]. KDIGO also suggests treatment using vitamin D, calcitriol/alfacalcidol and/or antiresorptive agents within the first 12 months of transplant to correct abnormal biochemical testing and prevent BMD loss. KDIGO guidelines only recommend bone biopsy if it will help guide treatment, while dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) testing can be used to evaluate fracture risk, especially in those where the results may alter treatment [17]. Other societies and countries, such as the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI), Renal Association of the United Kingdom, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Caring for Australians with Renal Impairment (CARI) and the Japan Society for Dialysis Therapy, have commented on current or previous KDIGO guidelines, and provide specific additions or recommendations for their members [18, 19, 20, 21, 22].
The management of persistent PT-HPT and related mineral bone abnormalities post-transplant vary between transplant centers; therefore, treatment should be individualized and be causal whenever possible. Here we provide a summary of different therapeutic measures for PT-HPT. A summary of the various medication classes and their safety, tolerability, effect on renal function, contraindications and special considerations is in Table 1. Table 2 describes the changes in calcium, phosphate and PTH with use of these medications.
Medications, efficacy, safety, tolerability, complications and special considerations
Vitamin D analogues
Calcimimetics
Bisphosphonate
Anti-RANKL
Anabolic rPTH
Can be useful in high doses
Effective in controlling calcium and PTH
Effective for stabilization of BMD
Effective for stabilization or improvement of BMD
No improvement in BMD in kidney transplant patients
Safety in kidney transplant recipients
Safe to use without effect on kidney function
Differing results on its effects on kidney function
Unclear utility as there is little evidence that this medication decreases fracture risk
No effect on renal allograft function
No effect on kidney function
Major side effects
Hypocalcemia
PTH can have significant decrease
Possible osteonecrosis of jaw
Transient hypocalcemia
Hypercalciuria
Tolerability
Well tolerated
GI side effects
Esophagitis/ulcers
Tolerated
Significant pre-existing hypercalcemia
Avoid in adynamic bone disease
Use not recommended in CrCl < 35 ml/min
Conditions causing hypercalcemia
Limited use in preventing bone loss post-transplant
Possible decrease in eGFR
Use has improved bone mineral density
Possible relationship to allograft fibrosis
No effect on BMD
Close monitoring and adjustments to medication is imperative to avoid adynamic bone disease
Does not affect PTH or course of persistent PT-HPT
Consider bone biopsy to rule out adynamic bone disease before start use
Vitamin D and calcium levels should be normalized prior to use
BMD Bone mineral density, CrCl creatinine clearance, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, PTH parathyroid hormone level, PT-HPT post-transplant hyperparathyroidism, RANKL receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand, rPTH recombinant parathyroid hormone
Medications and their effect on serum calcium, phosphate, PTH and BMD
Medication class
Change in biochemical parameter
Parathyroid level
Calcimimetic
No effect
BMD bone mineral density, PTH parathyroid hormone level, RANKL receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand
4.1 Use of Vitamin D and its Analogues
The liver converts vitamin D2 and D3 to 25-OH-vitamin D (calcidiol), which is measured to assess vitamin D status. Calcidiol levels > 30 ng/mL are considered normal. Calcidiol deficiency is common in kidney transplant recipients. Torres et al. showed that treatment with calcium supplements (0.5 g/day) during 1 year plus intermittent calcitriol (0.5 ug/every 2 days) for the first 3 months post-transplant, prevented bone loss and decreased PTH levels more rapidly than calcium supplementation alone [23]. Studies using vitamin D metabolites (calcidiol) or calcitriol, have shown a reduction in immediate bone loss by decreasing the effect of glucocorticoid on intestinal absorption or by suppressing PTH secretion [24, 25]. However, calcium and vitamin D use is limited by its capacity to produce hypercalcemia similar to the pre-transplant period. A study by Wissing et al. showed that kidney transplant recipients who received low doses of corticosteroid and cholecalciferol supplementation (25,000 IU/month) experienced normalization of PTH levels, but treatment did not prevent post-transplantation bone loss [26].
Paricalcitol, a synthetic metabolically active vitamin D analog of calcitriol, has been shown to suppress PTH post-transplantation [27]. However, it was also associated with a higher risk of hypercalcemia, with 20% developing hypercalcemia in the paricalcitol group, but only 6% of patients in the control group [27]. The same study showed that moderate renal allograft fibrosis was reduced in the paricalcitol group compared with the control group. Trillini et al. conducted a crossover study showing that paricalcitol also reduced bone remodeling as reflected by reduction of bone alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin together with improvements in lumbar spine BMD [28]. There was a reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) associated with paricalcitol therapy [28]. In a placebo-controlled trial of paricalcitol in patients with type 2 diabetes and proteinuria, paricalcitol decreased proteinuria and eGFR in a dose-dependent fashion. The reduction in eGFR was small (2–4 mL/min/1.73 m2) and resolved after stopping the drug, and therefore appeared to reflect hemodynamic changes [29]. A randomized open-label trial comparing the use of paricalcitol and calcifediol found that more participants had a higher end of study PTH (defined as PTH > 110 pg/mL) in the calcifediol group compared to the paricalcitol group, although it did not reach statistical significance [30]. The proportion of patients who had a PTH < 70 pg/mL was greater in the paricalcitol group compared to the calcifediol group. Bone turnover markers including C-telopeptide, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin were not different between groups, as were serum calcium and phosphate levels [30]. The paricalcitol group had a higher proportion of participants with a lower GFR and more fibrosis on protocol biopsy [30]. One of the limitations of this study was the short 6-month duration follow-up, thus limiting its application.
Many transplant physicians are often reluctant to use vitamin D and calcium supplementation in kidney transplant recipients for fear of inducing or aggravating hypercalcemia, and vascular calcifications. Hypercalcemia, a common complication in the early post-transplant period, is mostly caused by calcium release from the bone through PT-HPT [31]. In spite of the several studies of vitamin D or its analogues, the presence of autonomous parathyroid adenomas with decreased calcitriol, FGF23 or CaSR expression makes it difficult to achieve a successful outcome, and many cases of post-transplant persistent HPT become refractory to treatment with calcium and vitamin D analogues.
4.2 Calcimimetics
Cinacalcet is a calcimimetic drug that allosterically activates the CaSR expressed on the surface of the chief cells of the parathyroid glands among other cells. Calcium-sensing receptor activation inhibits PTH secretion and leads to a decrease in serum calcium [32]. The mechanism of calcium reduction is two-fold: first through a decrease in PTH-mediated calcium release from the bone, and second, through an increased renal calcium loss owing to a direct activation of the CaSR on the basolateral membrane of the thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop [33]. Calcimimetics have been used to reduce PTH levels in patients with persistent HPT on dialysis [34]. Cinacalcet has not been U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for use in kidney transplant recipients with persistent PT-HPT, although it has been used off-label in an effort to improve PTH and hypercalcemia and avoid parathyroidectomy (PTX).
Cinacalcet has been effective in reducing up to 50% PTH levels in moderate-to-severe PT-HPT [35, 36]. In addition to the effective decrease of PTH levels, cinacalcet could control two of the major problems of PT-HPT such as, hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. Observations regarding the effects of calcimimetic on kidney allograft function are contradictory. Some groups observed that cinacalcet use was associated with a decrease in GFR; however, others indicate no difference in kidney function, and no histologic effects on protocol-driven kidney transplant biopsies [37, 38, 39, 40].
With the expectation that some transplant recipients will experience a regression of their parathyroid hyperplasia, with improvement in their biochemical parameters, some studies have looked at discontinuing cinacalcet at various times after a successful kidney transplantation [41]. Evenepoel et al. found that patients who discontinued cinacalcet at the time of transplant experienced a higher proportion of nephrocalcinosis and a higher rate of post-transplant parathyroidectomies (147.5 PTX/100 person-years at risk for the cinacalcet group and 22.2 PTX/100 person-years at risk for the cinacalcet-naïve group) [41]. Parathyroidectomy was more likely for patients who were on higher doses of cinacalcet at the time of kidney transplantation. While this study looked at the immediate discontinuation of cinacalcet post-kidney transplantation, another study discontinued the cinacalcet after 12 months post-transplant. Though this study had 10 participants, it found that after discontinuation of cinacalcet, there was an initial rise in both PTH and serum calcium (0.68 ± 0.16 mg/dL) and stabilized afterward. Serum phosphate remained largely unchanged while the serum creatinine decreased after discontinuing cinacalcet [42].
In a randomized placebo-controlled 52-week trial of 114 hypercalcemic (> 10.5 mg/dL) kidney transplant recipients with persistent PT-HPT, Evenepoel et al. showed that cinacalcet normalized serum calcium in 79% and lowered PTH from a mean of 328 pg/mL to 169 pg/mL, while changes in the placebo group were negligible. At 56 weeks, 4 weeks following withdrawal of cinacalcet, PTH rebounded to a mean of 234 pg/mL versus 277 pg/mL in the placebo group, suggesting limited or no regression of parathyroid hyperplasia while on cinacalcet. There was also no improvement in BMD at the femoral neck, lumbar spine, or distal 1/3 radius between cinacalcet and the placebo group. Both groups had comparable and stable eGFR [38].
Zavvos et al. recently conducted a prospective single-center study to assess the long-term treatment effects of cinacalcet for a period of up to 5 years in a cohort of kidney transplant recipients. Treatment with cinacalcet decreased serum calcium by 0.21 mmol/L during the first 6 months, and this reduction was sustained during follow-up. The intact PTH level decreased by 7.68 pmol/L at 6 months (P not significant); however, intact PTH level decreased further by 20.07 pmol/L at the end of follow up (p < 0.01). Serum phosphate level increased significantly and eGFR remained stable throughout follow-up [39].
The new synthetic peptide calcimimetic, etelcalcetide, has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of SHPT in hemodialysis patients [43]. Although effective in this population, its applicability to the post-transplant population is limited by the fact that it is administered intravenously. No studies have investigated the use of this medication in kidney transplant recipients but could possibly be used in severely hypercalcemic post-transplant recipients who are awaiting PTX in a hospital.
Cessation of calcimimetic treatment leads to the return of serum calcium and PTH to pre-treatment levels, especially in patients with persistent SHPT [44]. Given the high prevalence of low bone turnover in renal transplant recipients with hypercalcemia and persistent HPT, the use of cinacalcet may exacerbate bone disease, although serum calcium normalizes. A prospective study performed by Borchhardt et al. demonstrated that bone biopsies in 10 patients with hypercalcemia and HPT had low bone turnover in 4 of 10 renal transplant recipients prior to cinacalcet. After 18–24 months of cinacalcet therapy, 8 of 10 participants had low bone turnover, including 5 with undetectable bone formation rates [45]. This change over to a majority of patients having low bone turnover or adynamic bone disease is concerning, given that another study using cinacalcet in hemodialysis patients only showed 3 patients out of 19 developed adynamic bone disease [46]. Close monitoring of patients’ biochemical parameters is imperative, and appropriate dose adjustments or discontinuation of the medication should be done while on cinacalcet.
4.3 Antiresorptive Agents Related to Osteopenia and Osteoporosis Post-transplant
The persistent HPT after kidney transplantation can also be associated with bone disease, especially bone loss and osteopenia/osteoporosis after transplant. Here we will discuss caveats related to the use of anti-resorptive agents, post-kidney transplant, as these agents are sometimes used for treatment of osteopenia and osteoporosis in this population. Many immunosuppressive regimens post-transplantation include corticosteroids and tacrolimus, which have been associated with the development of osteoporosis. Bisphosphonates induce osteoclastic apoptosis, reducing osteoclastic activity resulting in decreased bone resorption. There are several studies that used oral (risedronate, alendronate and ibandronate) and intravenous (pamidronate, zoledronic acid and ibandronate) bisphosphonates during the early post-transplant period. All of these studies showed the use of bisphosphonates preserves BMD in the short period after transplantation [47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52]. In this regard, bisphosphonates have shown efficacy in controlling bone loss, but there is no effect on PTH levels or the course of PT-HPT [53]. Additionally, there is no proven evidence that bisphosphonates decrease fracture risk in this population [54, 55, 56]. The levels of PTH and bone turnover biomarkers are not reflective of bone histology. Moreover, since bone biopsies are not routinely performed pre- and post-transplantation, it is practically challenging to avoid bisphosphonate use in patients with pre-existing adynamic bone disease. This group is one subset of transplant patients where bisphosphonates should be avoided. If there is suspicion of this condition, performing a bone biopsy to guide therapy is reasonable.
Denosumab is a fully humanized monoclonal antibody to receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL) that blocks its binding to RANK, inhibiting the development and activity of osteoclast. The use of denosumab causes a reduction in osteoclast formation and thus decreased bone resorption and an increase in BMD [57]. In a study of post-menopausal women with osteoporosis, subcutaneous denosumab 60 mg every 6 months was found to be safe, and significantly reduced fracture risk [58]. Denosumab was also effective at reducing fracture risk and was not associated with increased adverse events among those with impaired kidney function [59]. Bonani et al. conducted an open-label, prospective, randomized trial to assess the efficacy and safety of denosumab to prevent the loss of BMD in the first year post-kidney transplantation [60]. In this study, total lumbar spine area BMD increased by 4.6% [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.3%–5.9%] in 46 patients in the denosumab group and decreased by − 0.5% (CI − 1.8% to + 0.9%) in 44 patients in the control group [60]. The authors concluded that denosumab use increased BMD in the first year after kidney transplantation but found patients in the denosumab group to have more episodes of cystitis and asymptomatic hypocalcemia, while having no effect on PTH or serum creatinine levels post-transplant [60, 61, 62]. Others have found that while PTH levels remain stable before and after administration of denosumab, hypocalcemia can develop [63]. Hypocalcemia and an elevated PTH have been reported in a kidney transplant recipient [64]. Severe hypocalcemia after denosumab has been reported in patients with CKD, and therefore caution is advised. Denosumab should not be combined with cinacalcet therapy [65, 66, 67]. Similar to the bisphosphonates, it is not clear that denosumab has any effect on improvement of PT-HPT, and since its mechanism of action is to decrease bone resorption by decreasing osteoclast function, there is concern for use of this medication in patients who may have adynamic bone disease. Bone biopsy in patients suspected of having adynamic bone disease is reasonable prior to starting this medication.
Teriparatide, a recombinant human parathyroid hormone 1–34, is also used for the treatment of osteoporosis. A double-blind randomized study evaluated the use of this medication in 24 kidney transplant recipients. Over a 6-month period, there was no improvement in BMD, bone histology or bone turnover markers in the group receiving teriparatide compared to placebo [68]. Little evidence exists to support the use of this medication in the post-kidney transplant population [69].
When persistent PT-HPT does not respond to medical treatment, invasive management by percutaneous ethanol injection therapy (PEIT) of parathyroid glands or PTX should be considered.
5 Parathyroidectomy as a Treatment for Persistent Post-transplant Hyperparathyroidism
Approximately 80% of cases of SHPT resolve with a successful kidney transplant. As mentioned above, spontaneous regression of glandular hyperplasia may take 6–12 months; thus, it is prudent to wait 12 months post-transplantation before considering PTX. The prevalence of post-transplant PTX varies between 1 and 5.6% [70]. The most common indications for PTX are persistent hypercalcemia despite medical management, increase alkaline phosphatase indicating high bone turnover, and long-term complications of persistent PT-HPT and hypercalcemia such as osteoporosis, kidney stones, nephrocalcinosis and bone pain [71, 72].
Cruzado et al. performed the only randomized controlled trial to date comparing subtotal PTX to cinacalcet for the treatment of hypercalcemia caused by persistent HPT in kidney transplant recipients [73]. All patients with subtotal PTX and 67% with cinacalcet achieved normocalcemia. Moreover, the subtotal PTX group had a greater reduction of iPTH and was associated with improved BMD in the femoral neck. Vascular calcifications remained unchanged in both groups. A limitation of this study is the small sample size (only 15 participants per arm) and short-term follow up (12 months). Many observational studies examining outcomes after PTX in dialysis patients have demonstrated a significant reduction in mortality after PTX [74, 75, 76]. These positive findings are likely confounded by some degree of selection bias, as healthier patients tend to undergo surgery. This survival benefit has not been proven to be the case in kidney transplant recipients where graft function alone provides improvement in mineral bone metabolism; the possibility of selection bias is also likely reduced as all patients were deemed healthy enough to undergo kidney transplantation thus excluding the sickest patients [70, 74].
Given the lack of best practice guidelines, the specific surgical technique used depends more on surgeons’ preferences rather than patients’ characteristics [77]. Surgical techniques include subtotal PTX, or total PTX with or without auto-transplantation. In the rare event of a parathyroid adenoma, targeted PTX is also an option. Subtotal PTX involves the creation of a parathyroid remnant from the gland that has the best blood supply and accessibility. This technique has the benefit of fewer hypocalcemia complications but a higher incidence of treatment failure (5–30%) requiring repeated neck surgery [78, 79]. Total PTX with auto-transplantation involves creating a parathyroid gland autograft, which is usually placed in the non-dominant forearm. Potential additional sites for implantation include the sternocleidomastoid muscle or subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue. This is the preferred technique for patients with strong reasons to avoid repeated neck surgeries. This technique has also the potential of treatment failure if the implant hypertrophies and becomes autonomous. However, the implants are usually more surgically accessible than parathyroid remnants, making the repeated surgery easier to accomplish. On the other hand, total PTX with auto-transplantation may cause severe hypocalcemia if the implant fails. In this setting, the availability of tissue cryopreservation conveys the advantage of repeat auto-transplantation at a later time if needed. Total PTX without auto-transplantation is not recommended in the kidney transplant population as the subsequent hypocalcemia becomes difficult to control for patients off dialysis. A recent registry-based Swedish study comparing subtotal with total PTX found no difference in overall mortality, hip fracture, length of stay in hospital, or 90-day readmissions. There was a higher risk of cardiovascular events after total PTX compared to subtotal PTX (29% vs 14%, p < 0.001) [80].
Controversy persists regarding the usefulness of intra-operative PTH (ioPTH) monitoring. As opposed to primary HPT where established protocols exist for ioPTH monitoring, no such protocols have been validated for ESRD-related HPT. This may be in part related to delayed renal clearance of PTH in the ESRD population [81, 82, 83]. Intact PTH (iPTH) assays cross-react with PTH fragments, which can experience reduced clearance leading to an overestimation of PTH concentration. Whole PTH (wPTH) assays cross-react with 1–84 PTH molecules only, thus providing more accurate data [9]. However, there is clinical evidence showing similar ability to detect surgical failure; thus, there is no recommendation to perform the more expensive test of wPTH [84, 85].
The PTH value is typically measured once excision is completed and compared to pre-surgical values. In general, a decline of 80% predicts cure [82]. A small study of 42 patients undergoing PTX found that ioPTH at 30 min post-excision was very accurate at predicting the persistence of SHPT. A 30-min ioPTH level > 12% from baseline and a concentration > 166 pg/mL predicted persistent SHPT with a sensitivity of 100%, specificity 71% and a negative predictive value of 100% [86].
A pre-surgical cervical ultrasound can assist with perioperative planning by describing the anatomy, guiding the sequence of exploration, and facilitating the choice of a parathyroid remnant. Ultrasound can also facilitate the decision regarding PTX as glands > 1 cm in diameter or volume > 500 mm3 strongly suggest nodular transformation, which is usually refractory to medical treatment [87]. Additionally, ultrasound can uncover thyroid abnormalities that may need attention in the perioperative state. Ectopic parathyroid glands have been reported in up to 14% of cases, with the thymus being the most common location [88, 89]. The presence of ectopic glands increases the chances of PTX failure and the need to re-operate. Further neck imaging with Tc-MIBI-scintigraphy and SPECT/CT can help detect this hyperfunctioning tissue. However, it is unclear if extra imaging improves overall outcomes in hyperparathyroidism related to kidney disease [90, 91, 92, 93].
Known complications after PTX are described on Table 3. The rate of complications is higher for surgeons with limited experience. Thirty-day readmissions post-PTX have been reported around 24%, but reduced to 13% in the hands of an experienced surgeon [73, 94]. Hypocalcemia, due to hungry bone syndrome, defined as serum total calcium concentration < 8.4 mg/dL and/or prolonged hypocalcemia for > 4 days post-PTX, is the most commonly reported complication (27%) [95]. Risk factors include higher body weight, younger age, higher preoperative serum alkaline phosphatase and lower preoperative serum calcium levels [96, 97]. Hungry bone disease has been linked to prolonged length of stay and requires aggressive treatment with calcium and vitamin D supplementation. If hypoparathyroidism persists, the use of cryopreserved parathyroid tissue, when available, can be used. Reduced renal function has also been reported in the early post-operative period. This reduction in GFR is thought to be hemodynamically mediated as PTH has a positive regulatory effect on renal perfusion [98]. However, long-term graft survival is the same as recipients without PTX [70, 98].
Complications after parathyroidectomy
Failure to achieve durable cure
Symptomatic hematoma
Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury
< 1–2
Hyperparathyroidism is common among kidney transplant recipients due to the almost ubiquitous development of SHPT and enlarged parathyroid glands during the late-stage CKD and dialysis period. Sequelae of pre-transplant SHPT in the post-transplant kidney patient include hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, persistently elevated PTH, and FGF23. We offer the following practical management of PT-HPT. We agree with KDOQI guidelines and recommend regular laboratory evaluation of serum calcium, phosphorus, PTH, and alkaline phosphatase post-transplant. Conservative management of avoiding calcium supplements, maintaining high urine output, and occasional low-dose phosphate supplements, is usually sufficient, and the SHPT improves with time. More severe PT-HPT is usually seen in those with more severe SHPT prior to transplant and the use of a calcimimetic during the dialysis period, as these are markers of larger gland size. Pre-transplant, we typically use a PTH cutoff of 1000 pg/mL without calcimimetic use, or 500 pg/mL with calcimimetic use, as an indication that the parathyroid glands are enlarged, making improvement post-transplant unlikely. In these patients, we ask their nephrologists to consider pre-transplant PTX. We usually avoid the use of calcimimetics in the early post-transplant period. The majority of our post-transplant recipients will receive cholecalciferol 2000 IU daily. We recommend allowing PTH for at least 12 months post-transplant to normalize. If, despite employing conservative management, the patient’s PTH remains persistently elevated with a normal vitamin D level, then we consider vitamin D analogues with monthly lab monitoring. Hypercalcemia limits the use of vitamin D analogues as treatment. These patients may be treated post-transplant with a calcimimetic, but this rarely leads to regression of the hyperparathyroidism, and does not improve BMD. PTX normalizes hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia and has beneficial effects on bone mineral density. Treatment should be individualized, and while parathyroidectomy is recommended for persistent PT-HPT, patients considered at high risk for surgery can alternatively be treated with cinacalcet.
No sources of funding were used to assist in the preparation of this review.
Author RDS is a site investigator for multicenter trials with Shire and Astellas, and has received grant support from Veloxis, Novartis, Merck. RDS has served on speaker bureaus for Veloxis and Alexion, received royalties from UpToDate. RDS’s family member has stock in Pfizer. Author DC is the site principal investigator for multicenter trials with Janssen, Fibrogen, GSK, Medibeacon, and Astra Zeneca. DC receives consulting fees from Fresenius, Vifor, Medibeacon, GSK and Reata. DC has participated in review activities for Aspire Bariatrics and participated in lectures/speaker bureaus for Fresenius Medical Care-Renal Therapies Group. Author AR and Author TTM declare that they have no disclosures.
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OpenAccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
1.Division of NephrologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUSA
2.Division of Nephrology and HypertensionKeck School of Medicine of USCLos AngelesUSA
3.Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Maine Medical CenterMaine Transplant ProgramPortlandUSA
Delos Santos, R., Rossi, A., Coyne, D. et al. Drugs (2019) 79: 501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-019-01074-4
First Online 27 February 2019
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Forums > The Strangerhood
Big plothole...
Chessrook44
#262805 - 14 years ago
How did everyone know Tovar's name? It was never said.
DiMono FIRST Member Star(s) Indication of membership status - One star is a FIRST member, two stars is Double Gold It's Back Baby!
In reply to Chessrook44, #1:
Just because it doesn't happen on camera doesn't mean it doesn't happen.
In reply to DiMono, #2:
Much like 'They can't see me....I can't see them!'?
SeaforthBlue
And maybe they don't know his name like remeber the whole they called Caboose, Caboose for no reason for the longest time? Well that is RvB but still.
Caboose was in the show since it started... they had always been together!
No he came with the tank.
HAPPYending
Maybe they decided his name for him. Like in That 70's Show, how nobody could pronounce Fez's name, so they called him Fez. Tovar's real name could have been, 23456789837423842736. or maybe from where he's from names are against the law. =P Just thinking....
In reply to HAPPYending and some other people too:
I thought that was only for naming fish? Any yes Caboose was a Noobie in Ep. 3 I believe, but still they never even asked him his name, now how the f*** do you get Caboose? Anywhom Tovar is not something you could just make up but as I said niether was Caboose.
In reply to SeaforthBlue, #8:
When I hear Caboose I think of the back of a train. Or I think that's a caboost....
NaruKei
In reply to zeabrid, #10:
actually, that was "omally" talking when he had taken over caboose's little mind.
"Calling Church. This is your good friend, Pvt Omally"
"Omally? I thought you said your name was Caboose"
"I didn't say that, you guys did!"
obviously the last line was a cover for omally's slip up.
And as far as the audience knowing tovar's name.. THEY'RE THE AUDIENCE!! they know all of them! they see the opening! they're like us, the all seeing ones ^_^. it's the 3rd ep, it's a sitcom, the audience is already picking they're favs. much like fez in that 70s show as stated above.
[sigh]... there was no time between episode 2 and when Tovar came back in in episode 3 for everyone to learn his name. And by everyone, I mean Sam, Dr. Chalmers, etc.
Bellfast
Everyone knew Tovar's name because it was in the trailer.
Oh, for the love of god...
I don't mean US, I mean Sam and the others IN THE SHOW! They couldn't even remember their own names! How would they know Tovar's?
takeit
In reply to Chessrook44, #14:
well we dont see everything that happens in the show.
Good God... TOVAR didn't know his own name EITHER! NOBODY did! It just sprung up out of mid air!
It was a joke.. not a good one, but still.
Mithhuanion
Maybe that talking tv called everyone by there name somewhere between ep 2 and 3?
LtFiggnuts
In reply to NaruKei, #11:
I dont think he had the A.I. at that point, did he? I could swear that Tex wasn't dead by that point. Then again, I could be wrong.
Deverien
I always assumed that all the characters' names (except for Sam & Wade) would have been written on the invitational notes, the ones in Episode 2 that told them to go to Sam's house.
Sylv
In reply to LtFiggnuts, #19:
See, I always wondered that myself but my guess is the AI actually fled a little earlier (he had to do it BEFORE Tex died after all) just because otherwise that exchange makes no sense.
In reply to Sylv, #21:
I figured it would have fled the second it knew Tex was going to die, which probably wouldn't have happened until she was shot (was she shot? That episode was such a long time ago I don't remember).
I've never thought of it that way, though. I always thought that the A.I. actually being named O'Malley was a big plot hole. Caboose says his real name is O'Malley, suggesting that Caboose is just a nickname, but then when the A.I. goes into Caboose, IT'S name is O'Malley, and Caboose is now just Caboose. I'm also curious as to why Tex never displayed the symptoms of "A.I.-itis"--Doc is regularly overtaken by the A.I. It regularly controls his body and it has conversations with Doc. It mostly just made Tex really pissed off. So, I don't know.
Freevster
"Caboose" really is Caboose's name. This is proven in the line "MY NAME IS MICHAEL J. CABOOSE, AND I HATE BABIES!"
grifmasta
THe trailer stated it anyway..anything you know assume the characters know
In reply to Deverien, #20:
Yea, I like that theory.
Nobody knew their names except for Sam. (He found it on his underwear) and Wade... well, he thinks his name's Drrnt, while his nametag clearly states his name is Wade. The others... nada, nothing, zippo, zilch.
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Category: Commonwealth Games 2010
India Shining
Two women persecuted and prosecuted for Facebook status. Cops suspended and the political party calls a bandh. A youth persecuted for another update (supposedly not even by him). Two editors of a television channel caught for asking bribe from an industrialist MP. Of course channel hits back saying he wanted to kill the story and was ready to give bribe. PMO is asked by HC if Robert Vadra had involved in the alleged scams he is accused of. And obviously PMO says no (seriously.. did anyone really expect them to say otherwise?). Brazenness of this Government is getting appalling by the day.
This new scheme that everyone is talking about as game changer for the UPA. Absolute trash. It will be announced with much fanfare but will never take off. The people it is meant for, they don’t even have a bank account or aadhar cards! And we can be sure that there will suddenly be thousands of such fake cards and bank accounts so that the money can be siphoned off.
Talking of schemes… it was hilarious that the so-called low-cost Tablet that government was talking about as innovation.. Made in China!!
And FDI in retail. Ikea is coming and wonder who all are getting excited over it? 95% of the population wont even know what Ikea is or what does it do. Talking about FDI, no one seems to be flying into India to buy stakes in airlines. Why? Because government has ensured that the aviation sector which was shining few years back is gasping for breath. Much like the telecom sector.
Couple caught for committing fraud worth 500 crores. Wonder how they were able to live such a lavish lifestyle without being noticed. Banks which are supposed to be very particular about who has an account, never figured out where they were getting money from? I think banks don’t bother checking if large sums of money are involved. It’s the average person they make suffer. And talking of banks, what exactly were they doing lending money to Kingfisher Airlines when it was not making profits or even able to clear debts??
IOC wants to suspend IOA because of the way the elections are being manipulated. IOC needs to get real. This is how things functions in India! and like cricket, in next few decades India will be the money center for Olympics too.. so the sooner they accept IOA the way it is, the better. Suresh Kalmadi made money, let others make money too. After all, the Commonwealth Games were a big success!
And all this is happening, the economy is increasingly going downhill and 2013 seems to be the year when everything will fall apart and what is this Government with so many financial stalwarts up to? Trying hard to ensure they last the full term and come up with populist schemes which will help them get to power in next election. Of course, the opposition is no better. They are clueless. They accuse the incumbent of corruption when there are enough corrupt people in their own parties.
FIPB clears IKEA’s FDI proposal (rediff.com)
IOC to propose suspension of Indian Olympic Association (sports.ndtv.com)
Is India ready for the cash transfer scheme? (zdnet.com)
India To Roll Out World’s Biggest Direct Cash Transfer Scheme For The Poor (ibtimes.com)
PM launches Aadhar-based direct cash transfers in 51 districts of India (ndtv.com)
India Billionaire Watching His Kingfisher Airlines Disappear (forbes.com)
Cashing in on schemes for poor (thehindu.com)
Mumbai Women Arrested for Political Facebook Comment (mashable.com)
By samirdatarin Commonwealth Games 2010, Finance, Indian Government, Random thoughts November 29, 2012 594 Words1 Comment
For over three hours… for people inside the stadium and the millions watching on TV… India was incredible! Yesss.. I think we had a spectacular opening ceremony! For that duration, everything was forgotten as the dazzle and the Rs 70 crores balloons with all the images on TV was enthralling. And of course Kalmadi got booed during his speech (was expected) and as one of my friends messaged… no need to burn him alive.. we can just hang him! lol
After all the mess in last one month leading up to the Commonwealth Games opening, I think a lot of us had tuned in to see if there are more screw ups (voyeurism at its best) and it was gripping stuff… Children forming Namaskar… fabulous stuff. The Indian ingenuity of getting it right at the last minute came through… as always. Gill can now gloat about his Indian wedding comment.
And not to miss the Incredible India commercial that played throughout. Awesome Ad!
I think all would be forgotten now and brushed under the carpet. The games would go off well and we would be back to our lives and media would have to look for something else to cry themselves hoarse about.
Commonwealth Games off to a colourful start (thehindu.com)
‘India has arrived’: spectacular ceremony opens Commonwealth Games (guardian.co.uk)
Vibrant ceremony opens Games (mirror.co.uk)
India comes through, finally and just in time (ibnlive.in.com)
Commonwealth Games: A Precise Opening as Commonwealth Games Begin (nytimes.com)
Against the odds, Commonwealth Games get under way (theglobeandmail.com)
Commonwealth Games Open on Winning Note (online.wsj.com)
By samirdatarin Commonwealth Games 2010 October 4, 2010 272 Words2 Comments
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Review | Open | Published: 09 May 2019
Nicholas M. Wragg1,
Liam Burke2 &
Samantha L. Wilson ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9152-91821
Renal Replacement Therapyvolume 5, Article number: 18 (2019) | Download Citation
The widening gap between organ availability and need is resulting in a worldwide crisis, particularly concerning kidney transplantation. Regenerative medicine options are becoming increasingly advanced and are taking advantage of progress in novel manufacturing techniques, including 3D bioprinting, to deliver potentially viable alternatives. Cell-integrated and wearable artificial kidneys aim to create convenient and efficient systems of filtration and restore elements of immunoregulatory function. Whilst preliminary clinical trials demonstrated promise, manufacturing and trial design issues and identification of suitable and sustainable cell sources have shown that more development is required for market progression. Tissue engineering and advances in biomanufacturing techniques offer potential solutions for organ shortages; however, due to the complex kidney structure, previous attempts have fallen short. With the recent development and progression of 3D bioprinting, cell positioning and resolution of material deposition in organ manufacture have never seen greater control. Cell sources for constructing kidney building blocks and populating both biologic and artificial scaffolds and matrices have been identified, but in vitro culturing and/or differentiation, in addition to maintaining phenotype and viability during and after lengthy and immature manufacturing processes, presents additional problems. For all techniques, significant process barriers, clinical pathway identification for translation of models to humans, scaffold material availability, and long-term biocompatibility need to be addressed prior to clinical realisation.
Worldwide kidney shortages are driving the requirement for alternative approaches.
The complex kidney microarchitecture and multiple cell types present engineering challenges which may be solved by 3D bioprinting.
Despite advances in 3D bioprinting, the production of a functioning kidney remains elusive.
It is imperative that developers consider the reliable, upscalable, and timely manufacturing processes.
The need for modern, accessible, and feasible regenerative therapy solutions for the manufacture of human organs has never been more significant, as the gap between organ need and availability continues to widen globally. This is despite significant efforts to educate the population in the importance of organ donation [1]. In 2014, a report into organ transplantation in the USA revealed kidneys as the most frequently transplanted organ with 15,978 operations, which is approximately 5000 more than all other organ transplants combined [2]. In the UK, kidneys are also the most in-demand organ, with more than 6500 people on a waiting list and 1 person dying almost daily whilst waiting [3]. The average waiting time for a kidney in the UK is 944 days [4], compared to 877 days in the USA [2]. During this time, if the kidneys enter renal failure, dialysis is required, either haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, whereby blood is diverted elsewhere to cleanse waste products before returning to the body. Dialysis is maintained until a suitable donor is found or, as is commonly the case, the patient passes away [5].
Whilst whole organ transplantation has been considered a success in general, in lesser economically developed countries (LEDCs) such as Pakistan, India, and China, there are serious bioethical issues emerging. The limited supply of organs has resulted in trafficking and compensated donations, giving rise to criminal behaviour, growth of the ‘black market’, and medical tourism [6]. Despite the introduction of rigorous policing in LEDCs, and a drive for more donors in more economically developed countries (MEDCs) with a default ‘deemed consent’ or ‘opt-out’ laws on consent being implemented in many countries [7,8,9,10], these issues remain prevalent.
Therefore, for kidney failure, there currently exists very limited options: haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, kidney transplantation, or death. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate current research and explore treatment avenues required to fulfil patient duty of care, with a focus on 3D bioprinted and biomanufactured tissues and organs. Current barriers and limitations of bioengineered strategies will be discussed, and strategies to overcome these are suggested.
Donor kidney characteristics
The ideal kidney donor is described as a younger person who died from a traumatic brain injury leaving the thoracic and abdominal organ function free from injury/abnormalities [11]. Despite this, due to the number of recipients on the waiting list, older and ‘less ideal’ donors are utilised in ever increasing frequency [12]. Currently, the list of criteria of which a replacement must meet is extensive and based upon the social and medical history of the donor in addition to the blood type, crossmatch antibody test, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing. These characteristics include age, history of hypertension or diabetes, potential of infectious disease transmission, cause of death, mechanism of death, anatomy of the allograft, morphology on biopsy, and functional profile prior to transplantation [11, 13]. Of course, kidneys can also be obtained from living candidates and they offer better graft function than deceased donor transplants [14]; however, at present, there exists no specific metric to which the quality of the kidney is measured, although risk indexes have been proposed and estimations of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney, exist [15, 16].
Risks and limitations of kidney transplantation
Mounting research aimed at evaluating the risks of transplantation, for both living donor [17,18,19] and recipient [20,21,22,23], is giving cause for concern regarding current clinical interventions. Cancer is the third most common cause of death following kidney transplantation [20, 24, 25], after organ rejection [26] and cardiovascular complications [27, 28], with higher cancer-related mortality rates for recipients compared to the general population [29]. An abundance of research has identified immunosuppression as the key factor increasing transplant mortality rates due to cancer [30], namely from interference in normal DNA repair mechanisms, whilst increased age, history of malignancy, and deceased donor transplantation further increase these rates [31,32,33]. Immunosuppressant drugs are used immediately post-transplant to prevent the body rejecting or attacking the foreign organ, for example, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) blocks, the proliferation of T and B cells which inhibit antibody formation and prevent the generation of cytotoxic T cells [31]. Despite increasing mortality, MMF is considered vital to transplant success and patient survival, with regimens lasting more than a year. However, risks are not exclusive to recipients; the major disadvantages to a living donor transplant are perioperative morbidity and mortality, and the long-term risk of living with one kidney, sometimes resulting in the donor becoming a transplant candidate following the development of renal failure at a later date [32]. Dialysis is not a viable alternative to enable long-term quality of life (QoL). Cardiovascular disease, including coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and pulmonary edema, along with erythropoietic and erythropoiesis deficiency, altered tissue oxygen delivery, increased and acute haemolysis, and associated bleeding and leukocyte abnormalities plus many more associated conditions occur directly as a result of dialysis and the wider influences of progressive renal failure [34,35,36]. This highlights the requirement for exploring alternative methods to reduce mortality, whilst aiding the global organ requirement.
Regenerative therapy options for organ replacement
Regenerative medicine replaces or regenerates human cells, tissues, and/or organs to restore or establish normal function [37]. In kidneys, this includes perfusion, filtration, secretion, and maintenance of homeostasis, with the ultimate aim of improving long-term patient QoL. Kidney research initially aimed to achieve this by targeting and improving dialysis.
Cell-integrated and wearable artificial kidney devices
Despite haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis’ ability to filter the blood, they fail to mimic the kidney’s ability to secrete endocrine and immunologic factors, reabsorb, or metabolise [38]. A renal tubule assist device (RAD) containing human cells, developed by Humes et al., aimed to restore an element of immunoregulatory function [38,39,40] (Fig. 1a). In this, a synthetic hemofilter connects in-series with a bioreactor cartridge containing human proximal tubule cells grown to confluency within an extracorporeal circuit using standard hemofiltration pump systems. Human renal proximal tubule cells are immunologically active, which when adapted with non-biodegradable fibres, allows membranes to act as scaffolds for the cells and as an immunoprotective barrier which previous filtration methods lacked. Phase I/II clinical trials demonstrated that the RAD was able to filter urine at a rudimentary level, improve metabolism, reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines, and improve cardiovascular stability [40], whilst improving long-term survival [41].
Schematic representation of cell-integrated and wearable artificial kidney devices. a Renal assist device (RAD), an extra corporeal circuit with in series connections. b Bioartificial Renal Epithelial Cell System (BRECS), an extracorporeal filtration unit with renal epithelial cells seeded onto porous discs. c Wearable artificial kidney (WAK), concept designed to be a wearable, portable device. d Wearable ultrafiltration (WUF), concept designed to be discrete and wearable under garments
Although RAD demonstrated that human proximal tubule cells could retain partial active transport properties and endocrine process activity, regeneration or restoration of previous functionality failed to improve for more than 24 h [38,39,40]. Furthermore, RADs generated from discarded kidneys were limited to 4–5 units; with only 5–10 kidneys discarded per month, clinical demand could not be met [42]. Coupled with the expensive manufacturing process, in particular, the requirement to maintain the device at 37 °C, the fragile nature of the hollow structural fibres making it unsuitable for cryopreservation and the complexity of the system that required trained staff to maintain and operate it halted the progression of the RAD [42]. From these barriers and a suboptimal clinical protocol design, clinical trials were discontinued until these issues could be resolved [42].
The limitations of RADs led to a change of focus in the development of bioartificial kidneys (BAKs). Bioartificial renal epithelial cell systems (BRECS, Fig. 1b), an extracorporeal hemofiltration unit, aimed to overcome many of the manufacturing hurdles identified during the development of RADs. Specifically, to address issues of cell shortage, renal epithelial cell (REC) culture was optimised to generate suitable cell yields in order to meet clinical demand [43]. In addition, allogenic progenitor cells could also be harvested from suboptimal donors, including the elderly (> 70 years) and those with hypertension. RECs seeded onto porous niobium-coated carbon discs contained in a polycarbonate structure were shown to maintain both sterility and structural integrity following cryopreservation for up to 6 months creating a more economically viable process [42]. Although biologically successful, the specialised chamber manufacturing process for the initial BRECS unit was unsuitable for mass production [44]. Thus, injection moulding of medical grade polycarbonate was implemented as a technique to overcome this [45]. Although yet to advance from preclinical testing, BRECS is aimed at targeting both acute and chronic conditions, with ovine and porcine models demonstrating an improved therapeutic efficacy and prolonged survival in comparison to controls [46].
Continued research looks to develop a wearable battery-operated BRECS device, also referred to as a wearable artificial kidney (WAK, Fig. 1c) or wearable ultrafiltration (WUF, Fig. 1d) devices. With the rapid advances in microelectrical systems and nanotechnology, attaining mass manufacture may be achievable; however, consideration must be given to the life span and ability to replace or renew failed components with minimal intervention. The concept of a WAK is a small, portable device, worn as a utility belt that continually performs prolonged haemodialysis and removes urea [47]. They are usually connected to the bloodstream via a catheter or fistula needle, and unlike traditional dialysis treatments, WAKs can be worn continuously. Using a 2D transition metals (titanium), interweaved with carbides or nitrides, nanomaterials referred to as MXene sorbents can be used to remove urea [48]. Meng et al. demonstrated the efficient removal of urea, 94% at 30 mg/dL, room temperature, with no reported cytotoxicity or biocompatibility issues [47].
The prevalent limitations of WAK and WUKs are the lack of vascular access whilst also retaining mobile and flexible properties [49]. Subcutaneous port devices [50,51,52,53,54] have been proposed; these allow wearers to go about their daily activities, although future developments require miniaturisation and improved compatibility. Human clinical trials from 2016 demonstrated no cardiovascular disruption following 24 h continued use of WAK [55]. Castro et al. summarised future requirements for the development of WAK and WUFs. These include miniaturisation and improved portability of the pumping systems and dialysis membranes, improved replaceability of pumps and sorbent cartridges, remote patient monitoring systems, and increased battery life and removal of needles to improve the safety of connection/disconnection systems [49].
Innate kidney repair and the influence of stem cells
The kidney involves the complex interplay between 26 different cell types derived from the ureteric bud and metanephrogenic mesenchyme [56]. In view of this, many of these native cells have been suggested for use in repair/regeneration of kidneys [57, 58]. Intrinsically, kidneys can self-repair after injury to the tubules after injury by the proliferation and re-integration of tubular cells [59, 60]. In 2003, Poulsom et al. described the influences of exogenous cell sources, specifically progenitor or ‘Stem’ cells (SCs) from sources such as bone marrow [59], in the repair of acute or extensive damage to the kidney’s nephron. A review in 2009 by Hopkins et al. took this further and discussed the application of SCs in therapy to assist in the regeneration of kidneys [61]. It has since been posited that SCs interact to assist regeneration as mesenchymal stem cells or renal progenitor stem cells via secretion paracrine factors including extracellular vesicles (EVs) and growth factors [62,63,64]. Utilising the secretome in therapies, EVs in particular, has a distinct advantage over using cells. Extraction of the secretome from conditioned medium is more economical and practical than large-scale production and administration of stem cells [65]. Application of the secretome removes issues of immune compatibility, tumorigenicity, and infection transmission; it can be assessed similarly to current pharmaceutical agents; long-term storage without diminishing the potency can be achieved without common toxic cryopreservation agents, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) [66,67,68]; and manufacturing schedules are significantly reduced in comparison to cell therapies. However, due to a cell’s response to signalling affecting the composition of the secretome, producing an efficacious output is challenging [64, 69].
To recapitulate complex kidney function, epithelial, endothelial, and mesangial cells in sufficient numbers are required [41]. However, application of cell type is dependent upon the renal disease in question, therefore making it difficult to choose between tubular cells or glomerular epithelial cells, and research failed to identify whether it would be better to introduce progenitor cells for integration into existing structures or support cells which encourage existing renal parenchyma to proliferate and repair. Methods of injecting renal parenchyma were inconclusive as this only delivered cells into restricted regions of the kidney, making global integration unlikely; the diverse pathology of chronic kidney disease (CKD) made it likely that no one cellular therapy will be applicable to all conditions. For instance, the uremic state in CKD is toxic to somatic stem/progenitor cells and detrimentally impacts their differentiation and angiogenic potential [70]. Hopkins et al. hypothesised that renal cell differentiation from SCs would only be applicable if cells were seeded into a biodevice or used to create a replacement organ, such as in 3D organ printing [61].
As an alternative cell type, embryonic stem cells would also enable the formation of kidneys; however, amongst ethical, legal, and technical issues, injections of embryonic cells (ESCs) have been found to give rise to teratomas and are therefore less viable [71]. However, the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can circumvent ethical issues presented by ESCs since they can be obtained from somatic cells. The high proliferative and differentiation capacity of pluripotent stem cells has meant that there has been a significant research focussed on the potential therapeutic benefit of iPSCs. However, caution should still be employed due to the presence of epigenetic memory [72, 73], and also, abnormal programming and the accumulation of somatic mutations may promote tumorigenesis and immunogenicity [74, 75].
Tissue engineering and 3D organ printing
Since the development of 3D printing in 1986 [76], the potential for healthcare applications has long been promoted and advances have seen the advent of bioprinting, in which solvent-free, aqueous-based systems enable direct printing of biological materials, including cells, into scaffolds, and thus, 3D bioengineering of organs has become a possibility [77]. Organ bioprinting has previously been defined as a layer-by-layer robotic biofabrication of 3D functional living macro-tissues and organ constructs using tissue spheroids as building blocks [78]. Mironov et al. identified three main steps to organ printing: developing blueprints to obtain a digital reconstruction of the natural form [78]; processing/printing using layer-by-layer placement of cells into a 3D environment either by droplet, dispensing, or stereolithography; and finally, perfusion and maturation of the printed organ post-processing.
The central challenge of organ printing is to reproduce the complex extracellular matrix (ECM) components with multiple cell types to recapitulate in vivo biological function [78]. In 2014, Murphy and Atala built upon Mironov et al.’s basic steps and proposed that successful organ printing may be achieved by consideration of the following approaches [79]: biomimicry, autonomous self-assembly, and mini-tissue building blocks. Successful biomimicry requires detailed replication of biological tissues, which relies upon the manufacture of physiologically accurate biomaterials, to achieve the functionality of natural processes. Autonomous self-assembly aims to replicate biological tissues based on the embryonic organ development process, whereby the early cellular components of a tissue produce their own ECM components, cell signalling, and organisation to achieve organ functionality [80]. This approach uses the cell to drive histogenesis, thus controlling the composition and functionality of the tissue [79, 81]. The mini-tissues approach treats organs and tissues as a series of biological building blocks, viewed functionally as the smallest part of a tissue (e.g. a kidney nephron). Mini-tissues can be self-assembled, constructed as per a design, or both. For example, cell spheres can self-assemble into macro-tissues using biological design, or highly detailed reproductions of a tissue unit are designed and then allowed to self-assemble into a functioning macro-tissue [78, 82]. These three approaches further expand to include six main steps of the 3D organ printing process: imaging, design, material selection, cell selection, printing, and application [79].
It should be recognised that bioprinting is still very much in its infancy [83]; despite this, such strategies have shown considerable progress and demonstrated great potential [84, 85]. In the last 5 years, there has been a significant increase in the development and applications utilising this technology [86], including biosensors [87], proteins, and DNA arrays of stem cells [88].
Current bioprinting methodologies and processes
Murphy and Atala and Derakhshanfar et al. are comprehensive in their description of the current state of 3D organ printing, but the area remains largely conflicted, particularly regarding the hypothesised success of various printing methods [79, 89] (Fig. 2). For example, stereolithography has been depicted as a trailblazing technique due to its capability for printing intricate shapes and is reported to have 100 μm resolution, with printing times of less than 1 h [90, 91]. Unfortunately, the fabrication process is cytotoxic and thus potentially detrimental to bioprinting [92] although the maintenance of high cell viability when seeded with cells has been reported [90, 91]. On the other hand, two-photon laser-based photo-crosslinking creates encapsulated 3D tissues rather than intricacies, but these can only be printed to several millimetres and are therefore clinically inappropriate [93].
Schematics of current bioprinting methods. Microextrusion can be used to produce a continuous flow of biomaterial (bio-ink) through a nozzle. Air pressure (pneumatic driven), pistons, and screws can be used to provide a driving force for dispersion. Inkjet printers are driven using thermal or piezoelectric actuators to create bubbles or a shape change to create droplets. Stereolithography utilises and focuses light to photopolymerised materials to a desired pattern. Laser-assisted bioprinting deposits microdroplets of bio-ink onto a substrate by application of a pulsed laser source to an absorbing layer above a bio-ink layer
Inkjet printers (or drop-on-demand printers) are the most commonly used biological printer, due to their low cost, wide availability, and high print speed [79]. However, they often suffer from mechanical stress, low droplet directionality, non-uniform droplet size, and nozzle clogging, thus making them unreliable for large-scale bioprinting applications [94]. Another limitation is that materials must be in liquid form to enable droplet formation before forming a 3D structure, which restricts the materials that can be applied using this technique. Khalil and Sun and Murphy et al. attempted to overcome this by crosslinking materials following deposition using chemical, pH, or ultraviolet mechanisms, but this slowed the bioprinting process and altered ECM properties [95, 96]. Analysing the success of the most common type of printer therefore emphasises two of the most difficult challenges which 3D bioprinting must overcome to become a success: obtaining a fast but reliable organ/tissue manufacture speed, whilst developing highly specific biomaterials.
With life expectancy previously shown to be limited following a kidney transplant [29, 32, 33, 97], it is imperative that a method which can create a functioning kidney with a reliable, upscalable, and timely manufacturing process is developed so that patients can be given the greatest chance of recovery. However, the layer-by-layer approach to reproducing the intrinsic tissue microarchitecture requires more time as the complexity and number of components required increases. In addition, cell distribution throughout the organ and fabrication of the complex ECM microenvironment is of vital importance and can be addressed using bottom-up micro- and nanotechnologies [98] including self-assembly techniques and soft lithography [99,100,101], but further work is required.
Although a fully functional human kidney is yet to be developed, it is theorised that production will be highly time-consuming due to the complex and vital nature demanded of an organ. Whilst this impacts directly on patient waiting time, prolonged printing can also result in adverse effects on cell viability and the functionality of printed building blocks [14]. Hybrid tissue fabrication methods have shown great promise in developing intrinsically complex, cell encapsulated structures [102, 103] such as bespoke aortic valve conduits. The goal of creating a fully functioning organ currently remains elusive, and so a potential solution to elongated manufacturing times would be to simultaneous printing of different components of an organ by multiple printers or to combine techniques on a single printer; Shanjani et al. developed a hybrid printing system able to run dispensing and stereolithography simultaneously, but as in the aforementioned studies, the resulting constructs were small and clinically inadequate [104]. More recently, for vascularised heart engineering, Mauullari et al. developed a multi-cell dispensing process with an alginate and a polyethylene glycol monoacrylate-fibrinogen bio-ink extruding both induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with a CaCl2 solution. However, this extrusion was through a single aperture and so precision from independent extrusion control of multiple extrusions was lacking. Multi-extrusion printers are available (e.g. 3Dynamic Systems’ 3DS Omega Bioprinter [105]) although the resolution of printed material is generally not appropriate. Therefore, further research into combining techniques and increasing the scale of manufacture is required to explore this avenue further [106]. A review by Ozbolat et al. offers a more in-depth review of bioprinter technologies [107].
Alternative processes, such as laser-assisted printing, are expensive and complex; the slow processing and assembly time of current strategies, lasting from days to weeks, lend itself to reduced cell viability and tissue necrosis [79]. The protocols often require extensive multistep processes [108] with manual intervention; this in itself leads to the increased risk of errors whilst reducing reproducibility and scalability for manufacturing purposes. Bioprinting deposition does not in itself encompass the complete manufacturing process [109], requiring further maturation steps [84]. Moreover, there is a need to preserve and/or store organs if they are to be available off-the-shelf clinically. Currently, there are limited storage solutions for materials and bioprinted constructs [86]. Cryopreservation is the most promising avenue, but the literature of long-term storage of tissue-engineered constructs is considerably lacking.
Bioprinting materials and structures
When deciding upon the printing material, there are several considerations to be made, including printability, cytocompatibility, mechanics, degradation, bioactivity, functionalization capacity, biocompatibility, and bioactivity [110]. Bioprinted organs face the same issues regarding host rejection that both living and deceased donor transplants face, whereby there is a risk that the host’s immune system will attack the foreign tissue [111, 112]. This highlights the importance of scaffold material biocompatibility to avoid host complications and/or rejection.
Many biomaterial ink formulations are currently unsuitable for cell printing [113, 114], since they require either elevated temperatures and dissolving solvents or a mixture of both. In incorporating a cellular structure within the printed construct, there is a need for the materials used to be more viscous and tuneable [115,116,117,118], whether this be via thermal or UV crosslinking [96, 119]. Whilst natural polymers including collagen and hyaluronic acid have good biocompatibility, they usually have poor mechanical properties; conversely, synthetic materials including polylactic acid and polyglycolic acid have good mechanical properties, but poor biocompatibility. To overcome this, a combination-material approach could be incorporated to meet the biomechanical requirements of the tissue/organ.
Novel bio-ink formulations are therefore required for each printing technology and strategy [120], since it is unlikely that no one ink will be compatible with all printing technologies and strategies.
In order to overcome microstructural difficulties, a modular approach can be adopted [121, 122], whereby smaller functional building blocks are assembled into biomimetic structures in a controlled manner. Nearly all organs and tissues require some form of vasculature for delivery of oxygen and nutrients and removal of waste. This microvasculature is currently lacking in bioprinted organs [123] and remains a major challenge to overcome [83] although progress is being made in some engineered tissues [124]. The use of in situ printing has been considered to overcome the problem of organ vascularization, although studies are currently limited [125]. This strategy encourages vessel sprouting from the endogenous tissue, which may be a solution if the organ to be replaced has retained functionality but may not be applicable for patients with acute kidney failure. A more appropriate approach may be to bioprint onto viable explants, although akin to in situ printing, studies presented in literature are currently limited [126]. The construction of channels into the interior of printed organs has also been investigated. The perfusion of nutrients into these channels may simulate vasculature, as can the addition of cells, although these structures are crude [123, 127,128,129] and further optimization of this process is required.
The layer-by-layer bioprinting process is not well suited to hollow structures; the resulting scaffold or construct often collapses, although the embedding of printed structures within a supporting to act as structural supports which can later be washed away has seen some success [130]; moreover, the mechanical properties in bioprinted kidneys are inferior in comparison to the native structures, leading to inaccurate structures when setting [86]. Sacrificial support materials can be employed to strengthen hollow scaffolds [127,128,129,130,131,132].
Researchers have had success in creating small organ models of a human kidney [133, 134] and heart [135] which are significant to disease modelling [136] and drugs and toxicity screening [137]. Unfortunately, the current limitations including the size of the structures mean that their lifespan is limited to days rather than years, which makes any estimation of appropriate scale model success speculative [1].
Barriers to bioprinted kidney manufacture
The process from identification of patient need to the printing of a new kidney can pose many barriers. With the addition of cells, these challenges further increase (Fig. 3). Furthermore, there are several technological challenges that are currently limiting the progress of bioprinted kidneys from proof-of-concept models to clinical realisation (Table 1). The largest hurdle is that there are currently no techniques capable of mimicking the multiscale, hierarchical architecture and complexity of the native tissue/organ [108, 122, 138] which is vital to function. The minimum criteria for any kidney scaffold are that it is biocompatible, able to mimic the basic organ structure (including vasculature), be able to withstand forces caused by fluid flow whilst having filtration properties, is safe to use, and durable enough to be surgically handled whilst maintaining in vitro and in vivo integrity. Perfusion, filtration, secretion, absorption, and drainage of urine whilst maintaining homeostasis and control of hemodynamic, immunologic, and endocrine functions are also important factors [41]. Other obstacles include the lack of high-resolution cell deposition [139], controlled cell distribution, vascularization [110], and innervation. Cell viability of printed organs is highly variable, with the side effects on the cells when using the various techniques unknown. The in vivo functionality and biocompatibility of printed organs and tissues remain largely unknown, with large variations in published animal studies [108]. Once printed control of cell phenotype and fate can be regulated via biological and physical factors including the use of growth factors [140], shear stress [141, 142], electrical stimulation [123, 143, 144], and mechanical cues, but these will need to be investigated in a systematic series of experiments.
Therapy timeline for kidney donation
Table 1 Critical Criteria for 3D printing
Cell sources for kidney bioprinting
The model cell source for kidney regeneration has yet to be determined. Ideally, cells should be readily available, easy to expand in culture, remain viable and functional, be non-immunogenic, and able to reproduce all functions of the kidney in order to be viable for bioprinting [79]. Since there are over 20 distinct cells in the kidney, it is unsurprising that regeneration of all types has yet to be achieved.
To begin to achieve this, autologous cells are usually obtained from biopsies or from the generation and differentiation of autologous SCs. Limitations of this approach, however, occur if the host is ill or suffering from genetic or metabolic disorders or renal failure [145], as it may not be viable to perform invasive surgical procedures. Human primary cells are difficult to expand and maintain, possessing a finite lifespan, making long-term functionality unlikely for bioprinted organs in the current state of the field [146]. Furthermore, isolated cell types from adult kidneys undergoing in vitro expansion and manipulation may not function as normal, losing their differentiated phenotype [147]. It is speculated as to whether this is due to the terminally differentiated cells being forced into a proliferative state, due to a lack of inherent cues, or a combination of both.
In vivo cells are reliant upon fluid mechanical cues including shear stress, tension, compression [138, 148], and biomolecular gradients for normal functionality. By gaining an understanding of embryonic development, this allows for the mechanisms that regulate the induction of collecting ducts versus kidney mesenchyme to be unpicked. In vivo, the metanephric mesenchyme generates the majority of kidney components including the vascularised glomeruli with podocytes, proximal and distal tubules, and lumina [149]. The majority of the epithelial cells are located in the nephron derived from multipotent progenitor cells in the metanephric cap [150,151,152,153] with the exception of those in the collecting ducts. To recapitulate this dynamic environment in vitro is extremely demanding [154]. 3D cell cultures, including suspension cultures [155], have shown more promise in comparison to monolayer cultures, although often inadequate cell sources have limited whole organ bioengineering [147]. Cellular cultures with a mechanistic approach allow for the generation of nephron-containing organoids, surrounded by renal interstitium and endothelial cells that are comparable to human foetal tissues [156]. Although such structures may currently be more applicable to disease and nephrotoxicity modelling, they may also serve as a source for cellular therapy and tissue engineering applications.
SCs are a promising alternative for fulfilling the shortcomings of human primary cells due to their ability to proliferate in an undifferentiated but multipotent state, as well as being able to generate multiple tissue-specific cell phenotypes. It is theorised that combinations of mature cell sources can be applied to reproduce the phenotypes required in a stable construct. Adult SCs derived from functional tissue components could be used to generate the building blocks of the organ construct, while MSCs derived from bone marrow or gestational tissue could generate the connective tissue required for the structural components of the organ [79]. Other types of stem cell, such as perinatal SCs from amniotic fluid or placenta, and iPSCs are thought to have a lesser multipotent differentiation potential but are considered safer and more ethically acceptable, therefore perhaps providing a temporary solution, allowing research to progress at a limited capacity [157, 158].
Induced PSCs have successfully been generated from cells of renal origin including mesangial, tubular epithelial cells and renal epithelial cells [159,160,161,162,163]. Tajiri et al. also demonstrated that it is possible to generate iPSCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients undergoing dialysis due to diabetic nephropathy and glomerulonephritis [70]. The study presented that protein and marker expression and nephron progenitor cell (NPC) derivation were similar to healthy controls. This may present a promising tool for personalised kidney regeneration, although the study was limited to three patients (with two control patients) and the efficacy was variable [70]. Also, further characterisation of these generated nephrons is required to determine long-term efficacy.
The differential induction of NPCs and ureteric buds has also been recently reported using multistep culture conditions on both mouse ESCs and human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) [149, 154, 164]. Protocols have been developed to mimic the physiological conditions during the development of metanephric progenitors to produce cells capable of establishing 3D nephric tubules and glomeruli. Published protocols are chemically defined, utilise low doses of fibroblast growth factor-8 (FGF8, 10 ng/mL) and CHIR to define anterior-posterior patterning, and suppress bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4) using Noggin in 3D suspension cultures to direct differentiation of iPSCs and ESCs [155]. In 2015, Takasato et al. published methods to modulate the introduction of two intermediate mesoderm-derived progenitor populations [156]. They utilised phasic Wnt stimulation and growth factors to promote metanephric mesenchyme development from iPSCs. However, full functionality may be lacking, since in vitro recapitulation of inter-nephron connections by the collecting ducts was lacking. A selective induction method was used by Taguchi et al. to improve the embryonic branching morphogenesis of epithelial tissue, a prerequisite of renal drainage systems [154]. This was an attempt to reconstitute higher-order organ structure and to support a model for kidney lineage specification. Although Morizane et al. generated NPCs from iPSCs more efficiently compared to Taguchi et al., the NPCs in Taguchi’s protocol were capable of interacting with both the uretic buds and glomeruli to attract blood vessels in vivo [154]. Mae et al. investigated the selective differentiation of uretic buds (renal progenitors) using iPSCs and hESCs; however, the differentiation process mechanisms have yet to be ascertained [164]. Despite robust protocols being devised, none yet are at the stage of generating fully functioning tissues or reliable, upscalable processes for the generation of renal cells for bioengineering. In order to realise this potential, there is still a requirement to devise expansion culture methods and the capability to achieve high throughput, efficient, rapid, reliable, and robust means of detecting cell differentiation [165]. The generation of functional kidney tissue from PSCs and iPSCs may allow for the development of cellular therapy treatments in the future.
It should be considered that current bioprinting techniques including extrusion, inkjet, and stereolithographic methods either reduce cell viability or have unknown consequences on cell fate [79, 108, 166]. Furthermore, reliable cell sourcing and printing of primary cells increase the complexity of the processes [86]. Porous scaffolds, similar to hollow scaffolds, often suffer from uncontrollable geometry and the risk of damage to the encapsulated cells [86]; similarly, inkjet printers, particularly when used with highly viscous polymer solutions, may clog [110, 167,168,169,170].
Currently, there are no regulatory approved cellular treatments for kidney disease despite numerous clinical trials being undertaken. Stem cells isolated for the bone marrow of the kidney donor have been investigated in conjunction with alemtuzumab (Campath, Lemtrada) as a preventative treatment for organ rejection. However, the addition of bone marrow stem cells (BMSC) failed to induce tolerance, with graft failure occurring in two of the four patients treated and graft loss in the third patient [171]; thus, the trial was terminated.
Bioprinting alternatives: self-assembling organoid formation
Although complete kidney regeneration using SCs remains elusive, small yet complex kidney structures with renal-specific functions, referred to as organoids, have been developed as a way of potentially replacing renal function [75]. Organoids are capable of spontaneous organisation into structures resembling nephron segments, glomeruli, interstitium, and collecting ducts [149, 154, 156, 172,173,174] akin to the embryonic kidney. However, the nephrons within current organoids are not fully differentiated and lack vital vasculature [165].
Since kidney organoids are predominantly comprised of a single cell type in a 3D matrix, they are currently limited to the study of kidney disease and injury [175,176,177], drug nephrotoxicity [178, 179], and kidney development [156, 172], since they are incapable of replicating the varied functionality of a kidney. Thus, the ability to restore renal structures and engineer new kidney tissues remains extremely ambitious [75], not least since the kidney is inherently unable to regenerate new nephrons in vivo. Despite this, iPSC-derived organoids may potentially be utilised in alternative bioengineering approaches; distinct renal cells isolated from iPSC kidney organoids may be useful for generating sufficient numbers of cells for populating biologic or artificial tissue scaffolds and matrices [165].
Tissue decellularization
Harvested kidneys do not always meet the quality control criteria for transplantation [147]; thus, the use of decellularized kidneys are a promising alternative approach [110], since these strategies have the potential to achieve a matrix that more closely resembles the native tissue. Decellularization as a process aims to remove residual cellular material whilst preserving the native structure, protein ratio, and location of inherent biological cues including glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteins including collagen I and IV, laminin, and fibronectin [180] to retain in vivo-like function and proliferation following reseeding [181, 182]. These factors may help promote and support multiple cell types and thus provide efficient and effective kidney regeneration [56]. Cellular material and immunogens must be eliminated since they may initiate inflammatory response [183], ultimately leading to immune rejection following transplantation. Chemical and physical cues are vital for cellular growth and expansion. GAGs bind growth factors and thus are important for prolonged growth and differentiation; they also retain water in the ECM and so are important for maintaining the gel-like properties of the ECM [184]. It is not only the inclusion of factors, but also the distribution that are important for cell homing and differentiation [183]. Potent growth factors including fibroblast growth factor (FGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) are all important for cellular fate and growth [57, 185]. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF), HGF, and FGF-9 are all crucial for kidney-specific gene expression [25, 172, 186].
Kidney decellularization success is often reliant upon the organ harvest, which must have occurred prior to proteolysis (4–6 h post-mortem) [41], and the age of the kidney has also been shown to have an effect on cellular repopulation [187]. Xeno matrices, including the use of porcine tissues, have also been investigated to reduce some of these barriers [183, 188, 189], since the organ size is comparable to humans [190,191,192,193] and porcine matrices are able to promote the adhesion, survival, and maintenance of human cells [180, 194,195,196]. However, for decellularization to be a viable starting point, there is a need to standardise decellularization processes and consider the manufacturing challenges including scalability, sterilisation, and preservation. Once processed and dependent upon the application, decellularized matrices may be utilised in one of two ways: acellular constructs to be cellularized by the recipient or reseeding of the construct. In the case of kidney, the goal is to provide a cellularized construct viable for transplantation.
Preservation of critical microstructure and intact vasculature are essential for successful recellularization [183]. The glomeruli and renal structures in particular are prone to damage due to high perfusion pressure applied during some decellularization processes [183]. Reseeding protocols have often proven to be problematic. Cannulation can be employed to recellularize the kidney vasculature, although recellularization of the collecting ducts poses a significant challenge [147]. Cellular delivery via the renal artery and ureter has been investigated in rat studies [197]. This permits delivery via the existing vasculature and collecting system, respectively, with viable cells detected in the vascular and glomerular networks [198], although seeding of the tubules poses more of a challenge. Song et al. were one of the first groups to transplant reseeded kidney transplants into nephrectomised rats [58]. However, a lack of glomeruli maturity meant that the constructs were unable to restore kidney-specific parameters. Similarly, Guan et al. demonstrated that despite the initial acceptance of reseeded kidney scaffolds, insufficient blood supply due to thrombosis in the renal artery and rein resulted in transplant failure [199]. This was thought to be due to incorrect cell differentiation of cells populating the vasculature.
Detergents sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and Triton-X100 are commonly utilised for kidney decellularization via renal artery perfusion methods. Despite reports of success in the removal of cellular material and maintenance of the kidney structure and biological cues, many protocols fail to look at the ECM regions in any detail [180]. The process itself inevitably causes alterations to the ECM topography and biochemistry. O’Neill et al. performed a porcine study and determined that sulphated GAG composition was variable in kidney sections and was often lower in the cortex [200]. Microstructural architectural disturbances can have a direct impact on cell morphology, phenotype, and organisation in addition to detrimentally affecting the organ biomechanical properties, which often go untested.
Residual decellularizing agents such as the detergents SDS and Triton-X100 are notoriously difficult to eradicate and can cause the failure of subsequent cell application. This is due to their cytotoxic properties and capacity to denature proteins, causing a loss of functionality if exposure is too long [195]. Despite this, often any detail regarding testing of residual decellularizing agents is not included in published literature. Currently, it is the inability to effectively differentiate reseeded cells that is hampering the success of reseeded kidney constructs. Thus, there is a need to understand the specific signalling pathways and growth factor combinations to guide differentiation. Furthermore, decellularizing agents may alter tissue-specific cell adhesion sites, thus impeding their growth and/or causing changes to genotype and phenotype [190].
Strategies to address current limitations
In order to realise the potential bioengineering, including the use of bioprinting for closing the organ donor gap, there is a need for innovative thinking, which encompasses scalability of current technologies and novel printing methodologies, whilst also accounting for cost-effectiveness. Currently, the biggest hurdle to overcome is the requirement of faster printers capable of higher resolution, than is currently available. Rather than attempting to optimise a single manufacturing process for the creation of a fully functioning kidney, the best approach may be to combine techniques to recreate the structural heterogeneity, tissue hierarchical structure, and functionality.
There is also a need for post-printing maturation of printed tissues under physiological conditions [109] which could be met via the use of bioreactors, or in vivo maturation, although this would require the native tissue to be non-vital and not completely dysfunctional [109]. Researchers should be working alongside regulators from the outset when developing any bioprinted organ to facilitate clinical realisation and translation.
The most likely application for bioprinted organs in the near future is the use of mini-tissues [201] for use in prostheses, predicting therapeutic and/or toxic responses [86, 202], whilst potentially decreasing the costs of novel drug discovery and increasing the understanding of disease mechanisms [99, 115, 203], whilst decreasing the reliance upon animal models [201]. It is likely that cellular therapies that promote natural repair pathways will reach clinical realisation prior to cell replacement therapies although supramolecular hydrogels with reversible crosslinking [204] and stimulus-responsive materials for biomimetic 4D printing [205] are beginning to show promise in the potential for augmented grafting which could offer a bridge towards whole organ engineering.
A review of current regenerative research demonstrates that work to advance 3D organ printing is abundant, but thus far falling short of providing a solution to current organ crises especially in the case of kidney transplantation. The main issues preventing functional human kidney constructs being developed are slow manufacture time, clinically inadequate printing methods, and biomaterial availability and ethicality. Innovative new printing methods are being designed, which incorporate some hybrid techniques, but do not yet combine multiple processes to manufacture whole kidney structures. This is limited by the relative infancy of the field and is still at a fundamental stage rather than translational. Current research has, however, advanced in understanding which cell types are viable for specific organ components (e.g. functional tissue-derived SCs for tissue construction and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for component connection. The central challenge of 3D organ printing is to reproduce the complex microarchitecture of ECM components and multiple cell types in sufficient resolution for normal biological function, and the current research indicates we are unable to do this adequately enough for clinical trials to go ahead at this stage, meaning that the kidney crisis faces further uncertainty in the near future.
BAK:
Bioartificial kidney
BMSC:
BRECS:
Bioartificial Renal Epithelial Cell System
CKD:
DMSO:
Dimethyl sulfoxide
ECM:
ESC:
Embryonic stem cell
Extracellular vesicle
FGF:
Fibroblast growth factor
GAG:
GFR:
Glomerular filtration rate
HGF:
Hepatocyte growth factor
HLA:
Human leukocyte antigen
HUVEC:
Human umbilical vein endothelial cell
IGF:
Insulin-like growth factor
IL-8:
Interleukin-8
iPSC:
Induced pluripotent stem cell
LEDC:
Lesser economically developed country
MEDC:
More economically developed country
MMF:
Mesenchymal stem cell
NPC:
Nephron progenitor cell
PBMC:
Peripheral blood mononuclear cell
RAD:
Renal assistive device
REC:
Renal epithelial cell
SC:
SDS:
Sodium dodecyl sulphate
VEGF:
Vascular endothelial growth factor
WAK:
Wearable artificial kidney
WUF:
Wearable ultrafiltration
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Availability of data and material
There is no funding associated with this publication.
Centre for Biological Engineering, Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
Nicholas M. Wragg
& Samantha L. Wilson
National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
Liam Burke
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NMW significantly contributed to the research, writing, production of figures, and editing of this manuscript. LB significantly contributed to the research and writing of the manuscript. SLW significantly contributed to the research and writing and undertook substantial reviewing and editing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Samantha L. Wilson.
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Tag Archives: Hot Flashes
Movie A Day!: Guilty Exposure!
Hey ho film fans! Did we all get in a bunch of movies this week? I had a real wham-bam of genres and even got in a new-ish one that some readers might of heard of! Boy oh boy, isn’t it great? Let’s get right to it.
103 04/17 Guilty Hands (1931) 3.5/5 Kicking off the 10th and final volume of the Forbidden Hollywood series with this pre-code gem starring Lionel Barrymore (Mr. Potter in It’s A Wonderful Life) as a district attorney who threatens to murder a colleague interested in marrying his daughter. Barrymore is great in the lead and the quick pace/short run time allows this one to be a lot of fun.
104 04/17 Herschell Gordon Lewis: The Godfather of Gore (2010) 4/5 The definitive documentary on the career of Lewis is pretty much all you can ask for. Great appearances by the likes of John Waters and Joe Bob Briggs, with HGL himself taking center stage to discuss his films and career. Tons of great clips and stories, it’s mandatory viewing for any film fan.
This one wraps up the massive Shock & Gore: The Films of Herschell Gordon Lewis set. I would give it a 5/5, a PERFECT FUCKING RATING! I know, many of the films are terrible but taken as a whole and presented this way? The set is a monster! HGL might have been a terrible director, but with writing, scoring, directing, producing, editing, special effect-ing and doing the ad campaigns for all these goofy movies, he is one of the true auteurs of film. I never would have dreamed a set like this would exist, and it’s only about half of his films. He has a whole other side or dreadful nudie cuties and children films. I hope we get a second set with those. A true original, The Blood Trilogy is an absolute must see and are flat out degenerate film classic. The man created the roughies and the gore films. We all owe him a huge debt.
105 04/19 The Mouthpiece (1932) 3.5/5 Pre-code sleaze Warren William plays a hot DA who prosecuted an innocent man to the electric chair, has a change of heart, grows his greasy moustache back and becomes a scumbag defence lawyer who’s only in it for the money. The courtroom scenes are bonkers and the rest is really good with Williams once again perfect as the morally defective lead. I’ve only recall ever seeing him play suave assholes, and here he is the perfect suave asshole. While not as scandalous as some pre-code films, this one was still a lot of fun.
106 04/19 Psycho Cop Returns (1993) 3/5 It’s the Vinegar Syndrome time of month! This one is a horror comedy about… A PSYCHO COP! It’s a sequel to a film I have never seen, but it doesn’t matter since it’s a stand alone film. Started off pretty painful with some hammy performances but once things get going it’s pretty near non-stop crazy gore effects and tits (cult legend Julie Strain!), so you can’t really complain. No risk of this one becoming anyone’s favourite film (guessing I’ll be proven wrong), but there are worse horror comedies to watch.
107 04/20 Secrets of the French Police (1932) 3/5 A burglar gets recruited by the police to help track his missing girlfriend who has been kidnapped by Russians in a ploy to get the riches of the missing Princess Anastasia. Throw in more than a touch of mad scientist and I don’t think you’ll get a more convoluted hour of film anywhere else. It’s not so much good as it’s so jam packed with different things going on that you can’t help but be enraptured by it.
108 04/21 Nighthawks (1981) 4/5 I hadn’t seen this one since the VHS days. I remembered it as one of my favourite Stallone films and it’s nice to see it holds up. Stallone and Billy Dee Williams are a pair of street cops that get recruited to a newly formed NYC terrorist squad to track terrorist Rutger Hauer. It’s a pretty typical action movie that pre-dates the jokey “Buddy Cop” formula that would take over the 80’s so it plays it pretty straight. It mostly just really works with Hauer putting in a great villain turn and the seedy NYC locations fitting the action. Worth checking out. (And for dirty film fans, porn legend Jamie Gillis has a bit part as a fashion designer!)
109 04/21 Hot Flashes (1984) 2/5 Pointless adult fair about a sexy news network doing sexy news stories. One of those quickies where you can periodically hear the director giving suggestions should tell you all you need to know. One of Vinegar Syndrome’s weaker efforts.
110 04/22 Double Exposure (1983) 2.5/5 More thriller than horror about a pin-up photographer who has nightmares of his models being killed, or are they memories? It mostly works, it’s interesting in that it’s a middle aged cast when most of these tend to skew younger. It has a TV vibe (despite being graphic) which hurts it more than helping it and it sadly just never seems to fully kick off properly.
111 04/22 Sicario (2015) 4/5 Crime film dealing with American agents going after the Mexican drug cartels and is fantastic. A great backdrop of the blurry politics involved helps the dramatic aspects be as interesting as the intense action bits. Emily Blunt is perfect as the agent swept up into the investigation, and Benicio Del Toro once again steals the movie. Highly recommended.
See? Not a bad week with something for everyone! Or nothing for no one. Who knows who even reads this thing? I should check the metrics.
Posted in Movies | Tagged ARROW VIDEO, Benicio Del Toro, Billy Dee Williams, Double Exposure, Emily Blunt, Forbidden Hollywood, Frank Morgan, Guilty Hands, herschell gordon lewis, Hot Flashes, jamie gillis, Joe Bob Briggs, John Waters, Julie Strain, Lionel Berrymoore, NightHawks, Pre-Code, Psycho Cop Returns, Rutger Hauer, Secrets of the French Police, Sicario, Sylvester Stallone, The Godfather of Gore, The Mouthpiece, Vinegar Syndrome, Warren William | Leave a reply
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We print the cards in a very unique way. Each card has different numeric values and its own unique name; a code in the case of weapons. This method of printing allows us to give the cards a breathe of uniqueness. The cards can thus have a much higher value than their purchase price.
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In 2018 Notre Game s.r.o. has received a grant by European Structural and Investing Funds, realized trough Operational Programme Prague - the Growth Pole of the Czech Republic via the first call of Specialized Vouchers (Registry No. CZ.07.1.02 / 0.0 / 0.0 / 16_027 / 0000607). The grant was aimed on the participation of Notre Game s.r.o. on Spielwarenmesse fair in Nurnberg and on Toy Fair in New York City in order to deepen the expansion of the company to foreign markets. The advantegous outcome is expansion to new markets in Europe and North America and the acquisition of new business partners. In 2019 Notre Game s.r.o. has received a grant from the European Regional Development Fund via the first call of Specialized Vouchers (Registry No. CZ.07.1.02 / 0.0 / 0.0 / 16_027 / 0000607). The grant was aimed on creation of character illustrations, comics, 3D models redesign, animated film and videos to improve the position on local and foreign markets. Expected outcome is the long-term affinity of players which is to be manifested by the expansion of the company's competence.
The projects of toy fairs in Nurnberg and New York City and the creative projects are co-financed by the European Union.
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Board index All Years of Reported Shark Attack Related Incidents 1990 - 1999 Shark Attacks and Related Incidents
1999/03/22 Nahid Davoodabai - Hawaii - ***Fatal***
Shark Attacks that happened in the years 1990 to 1999.
Post by sharkbait » Thu Apr 14, 2005 1:15 am
3/22/1999 Nahid Davoodabai Fatal USA Walking
Last edited by sharkbait on Sat May 27, 2006 1:38 am, edited 1 time in total.
3/22/2005 Court rules against man who lost wife to shark
Post by sharkbait » Sat Apr 16, 2005 3:29 am
Appeals court rules against man who lost wife to shark
SAN FRANCISCO -- A federal appeals court on Tuesday upheld a lower court's ruling that said a California man whose wife disappeared during a honeymoon kayaking trip off Maui six years ago cannot sue the U.S. government.
The 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the U.S. District Court's ruling in the case of Manouchehr Monazzami Taghadomi of Sunnyvale, whose wife, Nahid Davoodabadi, 29, was lost at sea during a kayaking trip off Lahaina on March 18, 1999.
Taghadomi said his wife was attacked by a shark after nightfall and died. Taghadomi and the kayak later washed up on Kahoolawe where he was stranded until his rescue three days later. His wife's body was never found.
Taghadomi and his wife's parents sued the kayak rental company on Maui, Extreme Sports Hawaii, but a federal jury in May 2003 found the company wasn't negligent.
The family also named the federal government in the lawsuit, claiming the Coast Guard was negligent in carrying out its rescue and in failing to contact local authorities who may have been able to save the couple.
U.S. District Judge Alan Kay granted the federal government a summary judgment in the case, which the San Francisco-based appeal court upheld.
The appeals court noted that the family attempted to sue under the Federal Tort Claims Act because they were ineligible under the only two other relevant maritime statutes, the Public Vessels Act and the Suits in Admiralty Act.
However, the appeals court said they were ineligible to bring the claim under the federal tort law because technically the claim fell under one of the maritime laws, and under that law they had exceeded the statute of limitations for filing a claim.
Peter A. Schey, Taghadomi's Los Angeles-based attorney, said Tuesday he had not seen the appeals court opinion.
The civil department of the U.S. Attorney's office in Honolulu was unavailable for comment.
Return to “1990 - 1999 Shark Attacks and Related Incidents”
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Exclusive: Fitbit's 150 billion hours of heart data reveal secrets about health
David Pogue
Tech Critic
Yahoo Finance 27 August 2018
For something as important as heart health, it’s amazing how little you probably know about yours.
Most people probably get their heart rates measured only at doctor visits. Or maybe they participate in a limited study.
But modern smartwatches and fitness bands can track your pulse continuously, day and night, for months. Imagine what you could learn if you collected all that data from tens of millions of people!
That’s exactly what Fitbit (FIT) has done. It has now logged 150 billion hours’ worth of heart-rate data. From tens of millions of people, all over the world. The result: the biggest set of heart-rate data ever collected.
Fitbit also knows these people’s ages, sexes, locations, heights, weights, activity levels, and sleep patterns. In combination with the heart data, the result is a gold mine of revelations about human health.
Back in January, Fitbit gave me an exclusive deep dive into its 6 billion nights’ worth of sleep data. All kinds of cool takeaways resulted. So I couldn’t help asking: Would they be willing to offer me a similar tour through this mountain of heart data?
They said OK. They also made a peculiar request: Would I be willing to submit a journal of the major events of my life over the last couple of years? And would my wife Nicki be willing to do the same?
We said OK.
Oh boy.
About resting heart rate
Before you freak out: Fitbit’s data is anonymized. Your name is stripped off, and your data is thrown into a huge pool with everybody else’s. (Note, too, that this data comes only from people who own Fitbits — who are affluent enough, and health-conscious enough, to make that purchase. It’s not the whole world.)
Most of what you’re about to read involves resting heart rate. That’s your heart rate when you’re still and calm. It’s an incredibly important measurement. It’s like a letter grade for your overall health.
“The cool thing about resting heart rate is that it’s a really informative metric in terms of lifestyle, health, and fitness as a whole,” says Scott McLean, Fitbit’s principal R&D scientist.
For one thing — sorry, but we have to go here — the data suggests that a high resting heart rate (RHR) is a strong predictor of early death. According to the Copenhagen Heart Study, for example, you’re twice as likely to die from heart problems if your RHR is 80, compared with someone whose RHR is below 50. And three times as likely to die if your RHR is over 90.
Studies have found a link between RHR and diabetes, too. “In China, 100,000 individuals were followed for four years,” says Hulya Emir-Farinas, Fitbit’s director of data science. “For every 10 beats per minute increase in resting heart rate, the risk of developing diabetes later in life was 23 percent higher.”
So what’s a good RHR? “The lower the better. It really is that simple,” she says.
Your RHR is probably between 60 and 100 beats a minute. If it’s outside of that range, you should see a doctor. There could be something wrong.
(The exception: If you’re a trained athlete, a normal RHR can be around 40 beats a minute. If you’re Usain Bolt, it’s 33.)
Regular exercise is good for your heart, of course. But all kinds of other factors affect it, too, including your age, sex, emotional state, stress level, diet, hydration level, and body size. Medicines, especially blood-pressure and heart meds, can affect it, too. All of this explains why RHR a good measure of your overall health.
Fitbit’s data confirms a lot of what cardiologists already know. But because the Fitbit data set is ridiculously huge, it unearthed some surprises, too.
“I was a researcher in my past life,” says McLean. “You would conduct an experiment for 20 minutes, then you’d make these huge hypotheses and conclusions about what this means for the general population. We don’t have to do that. We have a large enough data set where we can confidently make some really insightful conclusions.”
Women vs. men, young vs. old
The first observation from Fitbit’s data: Women tend to have higher resting heart rates than men.
Your heart speeds up until middle age — and then, weirdly, slows down.
“Because women tend to be smaller,” says Emir-Farinas, “their heart is smaller, and the heart needs to work harder to make sure that blood is circulating and it’s being provided to all vital organs.”
What’s weird, though, is that your RHR goes up as you approach middle age, and then goes down again later — and that’s something scientists hadn’t witnessed with such specificity before the Fitbit study. “This has never been reported before in the medical literature with such confidence,” says McLean.
So what’s going on? Why does your heart rate increase as you approach your late 40s?
Well, one big reason might be having kids. You get busy. You eat junkier food. You exercise less. You’re more stressed out.
And, of course, everybody’s metabolism naturally slows down — that’s why so many people gain weight around middle age. “Also, the heart itself is changing,” says McLean. “The muscle becomes weaker. Each time we contract, less blood goes into the heart.”
All of that means that that your heart has to work harder — and your RHR goes up.
OK, fine. But then why does your heart rate drop after middle age?
“We think some of the decline is attributed to the use of beta blockers and calcium channel blockers” — blood-pressure and heart-attack medicines — “because 30% of adults in the U.S. have hypertension,” says Emir-Farinas.
Otherwise, the Fitbit scientists aren’t sure what causes this effect; after all, they’ve just discovered the phenomenon. “This opens up all new possibilities to try and understand in more detail, with maybe more controlled experiments, why these things happen,” says McLean.
RHR Variation
The new data doesn’t just show our average RHR; it also shows how much our RHRs vary.
“Younger women, on average, experience a higher variation,” says Emir-Farinas. “Some of that could be explained by hormonal changes during menstruation.”
You know who else turns out to have wide swings in heart rate? Men over 50.
“It’s manopause, as my wife calls it in me,” McLean cracks. “But no, we don’t know the reason, because nobody’s really observed this before.”
Your body-mass index, or BMI, represents your height and weight. It’s your obesity level.
“As your weight increases, so does your resting heart rate — which makes sense, of course, because there’s more tissue to support, and the heart needs to work harder,” notes Emir-Farinas.
It’s healthiest not to be overweight — but underweight might not be healthy, either.
But the Fitbit data also shows an association between high RHR and low body weight.
“Yeah, there’s an optimal BMI, where the body is able to work efficiently. Either side of that, the body isn’t at an optimal state of general maintenance and efficiency. It’s having to work harder to provide the basic provisions.”
Physical Activity: Quantity
It’s not news that getting exercise is good for your heart. (The American Heart Association recommends that adults get 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous active minutes a week.)
What is surprising, though, is that the benefit tapers off after a couple hundred minutes of exercise.
Regular activity does wonders for your heart — up to a point.
“That’s good news — you don’t have to work out every minute of every day to continue to get more benefit,” says McLean. “After 200 to 300 minutes per week, you don’t see much of a change in resting heart rate or a benefit. I don’t have to do 500 minutes, I can do half that. That’s achievable.”
Physical activity: Consistency
Fitbit’s data makes it clear that it’s not just about getting a lot of exercise — it’s getting it consistently. The more consistent you are, the lower your resting heart rate.
Sitting all week and then blowing yourself out on the weekend is not a great approach. “You can’t gain cardiovascular health from a once-a-week exercise bash. Running in the morning and then sitting all day — that’s not a great approach, either,” Emir-Farinas says.
This, of course, is why smartwatches and fitness bands today all pop up reminders once an hour to get up and walk around.
RHR and age
The next chart emphasizes that it’s possible to lower your heart rate at any age.
You can lower your heart rate no matter how old you are, but it’s easier if you’re younger.
“As you can see, younger individuals can achieve a larger decline than older individuals,” says Emir-Farinas. “But it is possible for older people to reduce their resting heart rate, too, with sustained physical activity.”
Sleeping is good for you — but only to a point. Too much sleep might actually be bad for you.
“There is a sweet spot,” says Emir-Farinas. “It’s very clear from this plot that you have this window of optimal sleep, and it really does have an impact on your resting heart rate.”
In general, sleep is good for your heart — but there might be such a thing as too much.
That sweet spot is not 8 hours of sleep a night — it’s 7.25 hours. In terms of heart health, that’s the number you should be going for. “Which is good news for busy people,” says McLean.
Country vs. Country
“These are my favorite charts,” says Emir-Farinas. She plotted age-adjusted data from the 55 countries with the most Fitbit wearers.
It graphs the citizens’ activity levels (horizontal axis) against their average resting heart rate (vertical).
Amazingly, people in different countries have different heart rates, even if their age, sex, and exercise levels are the same.
The variation in heart rates is, to me, just crazy. Among people who get about 55 minutes of activity a day, the RHR is about 62 beats a minute in Costa Rica, but almost 70 in India! What could that mean?
“That means there’s other factors at play,” Emir-Farinas says. “It’s their nutrition, it’s their BMIs, it’s their practices, medication — and genetics, of course. That’s also a big part of it.”
In general, Europe beats the world here. “They have designed their cities so that there will be more physical activity. People have to walk more just do normal activities: going to the grocery store, going to work, they have to walk a little,” she says. (Check out Sweden, for example: almost 90 minutes of activity a day!)
They also drink a lot of wine in Europe. Just sayin’.
The scientists note that Qatar seems to be an outlier. Seventy percent of the Qatari population is obese — yet their RHR is an impressive 62. How could that be?
Emir-Farinas’s theory is that huge numbers of them are on blood-pressure and heart meds.
Congratulations to Italians, by the way, with an impressive 84 minutes a day of activity, and a nearly-dead 61 beats-a-minute RHR.
And as for Pakistan, with the worst activity level and a sky-high RHR — get with it, people!
Nicki and David
My wife Nicki has run 16 marathons. The last time she ingested fat or sugar, she was probably in kindergarten. She’s going to live to be 200.
So I wasn’t entirely looking forward to the slide that compares her health to mine. (I have run 0 marathons.)
Sure enough: There she is, in the ninth percentile of resting heart-rate. Meaning that 91% of women her age have a higher heart rate.
OK, my wife whomps me in the activity department — but I’m the king of sleep.
“Her resting heart rate is very low for her age and gender group. Daily active minutes — it’s amazing, 70 minutes per day,” says Emir-Farinas.
I was horrified to discover my Daily Active Minutes stat: I’m in the 12th percentile. (In my defense, these numbers don’t include all the sedentary people who don’t wear fitness bands.)
But Emir-Farinas cheered me up: “On the other hand, your sleep is amazing. You’re smashing it with your REM duration.”
The journal study
The wildest slides, for me, were the ones where they plotted our life events against our heart-rate data. Here’s mine:
This three-year vertical timeline plots my major life events against my resting heart rate.
Kind of wild to see how starting to use a treadmill — the first regular cardio workouts I’ve ever really gotten — visibly lowered my entire heart-rate range.
Also, it turns out that having kidney stones is bad for you. My heart rate went through the roof both times.
I was surprised and amused, though, to see the second most stressful events on my graph: holiday get-togethers.
“You see the heart rate go up before your family reunions, and then tend to really take a long time to come back after it,” notes McLean. In other words — who knew?? — holidays with the family are not a guarantee of peace, relaxation, and joy.
“You heard that first at Fitbit,” jokes Mclean.
The takeaways
Your resting heart rate boils a whole range of health-related stats — exercise, diet, age, sleep, where you live — down to a single, reliable statistic.
“Your resting heart rate is a very easily understood and digestible metric,” says McLean. “It’s something that lets you say, ‘Wow, I see my resting heart rate — I see it changing, that means something.’ It’s so motivational. I can go, ‘Wow, these are the things that obviously worked for me and these are the things that aren’t.”
He hopes to spread the word about the resting heart rate beyond the community of hard-core athletes.
“We view everyone as an athlete,” he says. “So you can be 20, you can be 30, you can be 40, you can be 70. You’re your own athlete, and you have an opportunity to improve your health.”
David Pogue, tech columnist for Yahoo Finance, welcomes comments below. On the web, he’s davidpogue.com. On Twitter, he’s @pogue. On email, he’s poguester@yahoo.com. You can sign up to get his stuff by email, here.
More by David Pogue:
The rise of fake Amazon reviews—and how to spot them
Inside the creative team that gives Google Assistant a personality
These gorgeous analog watches are smartwatches in disguise
The new Parrot Anafi drone can look up, zoom in, and fly wherever
Now I Get It: the ‘Fortnite’ craze
Menstrual cups safe, practical and cheap: study
Fatal drug overdoses drop in US for first time in decades
AP FACT CHECK: Savings from Sanders' Medicare plan dubious
Withings releases a digital blood pressure monitor which can also be used as an ECG and stethoscope
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150 New UK Language Service Providers so far in 2018 Take Total to Nearly 2,000
Data & Research ·
The language industry is becoming increasingly dominated by Anglo-American players with language service providers (LSPs) from the UK and the United States accounting for seven out of ten companies in the Slator LSPI.
The major LSPs continue to consolidate the market and grow either by M&A or by winning business from increasingly large clients but they only mark the tip of the iceberg. Below the surface, there is a very active corporate ecosystem of small and micro-companies vying for a piece of the (still) growing pie.
Case in point is the UK. Data from the UK Companies House indicates that in 2017 alone, a total of 265 new LSPs were set up in the United Kingdom. And 2018 is on track to top even that figure. By June 1, 2018 over 150 new LSPs were incorporated.
In total, there are now 2,164 entities incorporated in the UK under the SIC code 74300. A number of companies (likely in the low hundreds) appear to have multiple entities registered, which still puts the number of unique companies at around 1,800.
These impressive figures are consistent with the language industry according to LinkedIn, which shows that there are some 2,715 corporate accounts in the UK made up of 28,301 individuals.
Survivorship Bias
The chart shows the date when currently active companies were first created, and omits companies that were launched but are no longer in operation, meaning the actual figures for the number of companies incorporated each year is higher than displayed and the graph favors those companies who have so far lasted the distance.
Amazingly, there are two companies launched in the ‘50s still standing. With a whopping 61 years of service, the mantle of longest standing language service provider (LSP) goes to O.P.S Interpreting and Translating Service Limited, registered in 1957, closely followed by Aradco VSI Limited, registered in 1959, whose LinkedIn page advertises “solutions for any occasion. We offer consecutive, simultaneous and telephone interpreting. We also offer hire of interpreting equipment.” There are no companies registered in the UK in the ‘60s…a time when aspiring linguists were busy pursuing other interests, perhaps.
Another long-serving company, celebrating its 30th birthday in August 2018, is Translexis, a Greek translation services company, “based in St Ives, a picturesque market town some 12 miles to the northwest of the university city of Cambridge.”
All About London…
Cambridge appears to be a fairly popular location for companies to set up, and the other main locations come as no real surprise, with London-registered companies far outstripping those in other UK cities. Be warned that the data is someway skewed, given that Companies House is not that rigid on how companies input location information, e.g. Harrow is a borough of London, and Surrey is a county.
It’s all well and good quoting upwards of 2,000 registered language companies in UK, but what about the status and size of these companies? How many are actively trading? The type of accounts companies are required to submit speaks somewhat to the size of the company and, broadly speaking, the categories can be understood as follows, although it’s not an exact science:
Small, unaudited abridged, total exemption full and total exemption small – has a turnover of GBP 10.2m or less, GBP 5.1m or less on its balance sheet and has 50 employees or less (#809) – two or more must apply
Microentity – has a turnover of GBP 632k or less, GBP 316k or less on its balance sheet and has 10 employees or less (#733) – two or more must apply
Dormant – not doing business and doesn’t have any other income (#147)
Full – has a turnover of above GBP 10.2m or does not satisfy two or more of the criteria required to be a micro-entity or small company (#14)
The list of companies registered as filing full accounts (i.e. including top and bottom line results) mainly consists of the largest LSPs globally and their related entities: The Big Word (two entities plus Link Up Mitaka), SDL (plus Interlingua Group), and RWS (two entities plus its Pharmaquest, Corporate Translations Inc. and Eclipse Translations entities).
The UK entities of Welocalize and Danish LSP LanguageWire are also on the list of those required to file full accounts. Finally, there is Sussex Interpreting Services and Scotland-based Forth Valley Sensory Centre (FVSC). FVSC is an organization for “people with a visual or hearing loss, their friends, families, carers and the wider community can access quality services and advice from our partner organisations.” and provides translation and interpretation activities as part of a range of services including human health, social work and physical well-being.
Among the myriad of companies listed as micro-entities, there are of course bound to be a significant number of freelance linguists or project managers, trading under a company name.
This is a preferred option for some since there are some tax benefits associated to operating as a company director rather than a self-employed individual.
With the overwhelming numbers of small and micro-companies popping up in the UK (and staying the course), there is likely to be even more M&A activity and consolidation of the UK language market in the months and years to come. Get up-to-speed with Slator’s M&A report and stayed abreast of the emerging trends with weekly insights to your inbox.
Download the full list of UK language services providers below. To discuss Slator’s market entry and M&A advisory services contact andrew (at) slator.com.
Slator 2018 UK Company List
Full list (xls) of companies listed under SIC Code 74300: Translation and interpretation activities as of 1 June 2018.
Aradco VSI LimitedCompanies HouseCorporate Translations Inc.Eclipse TranslationsForth Valley Sensory CentreFVSCInterlingua GroupLanguageWireLink Up MitakaLinkedInO.P.S Interpreting and Translating Service LimitedPharmaquestRWSSDLSussex Interpreting ServicesThe Big WordTranslexisUKWelocalize
Research Director at Slator. Localization enthusiast, linguist and inquisitor. London native.
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Articles » Gastrointestinal anomalies, spleen & abdominal wall
2011-02-01-12 Fetal defecation © Sosa Olavarria www.TheFetus.net
Fetal defecation
Alberto Sosa Olavarria, MD.*, Eva Leinart, MD.**
* CEUSP, Valencia, Venezuela.
** Inner Vision Women's Ultrasound, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
According to the previous concepts, the human fetus does not defecate in the uterus. Fetal defecation was thought to be a result of some stress insult which caused the anal sphincter to release meconium. Multiple studies performed during the last 15 years show that in-utero defecation is a normal physiological process and can be observed by a 2D, 3D-4D imaging or color Doppler.
Stool in the first half of the pregnancy has a whitish color. This was proved by amniocentesis performed immediately after the defecation was observed by ultrasound. The typical dark greenish color of meconium, as we see it after delivery, is caused by biliverdin which stains the bowel content. The metabolism after 20 weeks may be slower, so the intestinal content stays within the bowel for a longer period of time which facilitates staining the stool with biliary pigments. Biliverdin, product of bilirubin oxidation system, is probably first produced after 20 weeks of gestation. The combination of this two factors may explain a different color of the meconium in the first and second half of the pregnancy [1,2,3].
Fetal defecation happens throughout the whole fetal life. Physiological defecation is not a result of the fetal distress. The amniotic fluid clearance system consists of fetal swallowing, respiratory tract secretion and urination. All these physiological processes are in balance under the normal circumstances. The clearance mechanism of amniotic fluid can be affected by fetal distress. Which explains meconium stained amniotic fluid of compromised fetuses [4].
This is a case of a patient who was scanned at 20 weeks of gestation. The patient had non-contributive family and personal history and her pregnancy was uneventful. There were no anomalies detected on ultrasound except of the echoic protrusion attached to the caudal region resembling a tail. The finding changed during the time, after 2 minutes of ultrasound observation, the protrusion detached from the caudal region and was floating in the amniotic fluid near the buttocks. The diagnosis was fetal defecation and the tail-like protrusion was a fetal stool.
Images 1- 4: Images showing caudal region, note an echoic, tail-like protrusion which seems to be attached to the perineal region. This protrusion is fetal stool attached to the anus.
Images 5: This image shows that the stool is not attached to the anus anymore. The meconium is visible by the buttocks (arrow).
Videos 1,2: Videos showing the fetus passing meconium.
Videos 3,4: Videos 3 shows meconium still attached to the anus. Video 4 shows the completed defecation, the stool is not attached to the anus, but floating next to the buttocks.
1. Ciftçi AO, Tanyel FC.In utero defecation: a new concept.Turk J Pediatr. 1998; 40(1):45-53.
2. Ramón y Cajal, C. L. and Martínez, R. O. Prenatal observation of fetal defecation using four-dimensional ultrasonography. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2005; 26: 794–795.
3. C. Lopez Ramon y Cajal,R.Ocampo Martınez. In-utero defecation between weeks 14 and 22 of gestation: stools are whitish. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 23: 93–95.
4. C.López Ramón y Cajal, R.Ocampo Martínez. Defecation in utero: A physiologic fetal function. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology.2003; 188 (1),153-156.
Other items by Olavarria
Partial molar pregnancy with normal diploid fetus-HTML
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Steve Earle & Opinions on Gnarls Barkley and The Raconteurs
Review Gnarls Barkley
Interview Steve Earle
Review The Raconteurs
Greg's Desert Island Jukebox
First up in the news is the passing of longtime Beatles friend, manager and business associate Neil Aspinall. The man who many called the“fifth Beatle,”died earlier this week at the age of 66. He grew from childhood friend of the Paul McCartney and George Harrison to CEO of Apple Corps, and was known for his fierce loyalty to the band. But, as Jim and Greg explain, many fans blamed Aspinall for the slow release of Beatles archival materials, as well as Apple Corps' resistance toward moving into the digital age. But, as Jim points out, before launching any new Beatles venture, he had to get Paul, George, Ringo and Yoko on board — no small feat.
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Ecuador is the ideal destination for an outdoor adventurer. It's diverse landscapes provide an array of of outdoor activities all in one country.
Located on the eastern side of the country, the upper and lower Amazon basins are destinations made for true adventurers. Local tribes located deep in the jungle still hold a wealth of knowledge about the flora, fauna, wildlife and lifestyle of the region. If you have always wanted to visit the rainforest, here is where to start.
Andes Mountains
The famous "Avenue of Volcanoes" runs straight through the middle of the country offering some of the most spectacular mountain scenery and trails on earth. Bring your climbing shoes, because there is no flat land in this part of the world.
Coastal Lowlands
As you descend from the Andes Mountains, Ecuador's climate changes into lush tropical forests all the way to the coast of the Pacific Ocean. Small towns and unspoiled beaches dot this coast. We recommend that you try the fresh ceviche at a cozy beach bungalow during your stay.
Many people don't realize that these famous islands are part of Ecuador. Placed in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, these small Islands have some of the most unique wildlife in the world due to their remote seclusion. So much so that Darwin formed his theory of evolution while exploring the Islands in the 1800's.
The New Ruta de Cacao (Cocoa Route) in E...
Discovering the Ayahuasca Experience of ...
Experience Ecuador’s Amazon Cultur...
Visit the Adventure Capital of Ecuador
Find Jungle Adventures at the Huasquila ...
Vilcabamba and the Valley of Longevity &...
Family Exploration in the Mindo Cloud Fo...
Whitewater Kayaking the Best Rivers in E...
Family of World Travelers Visit to Baños...
Top Things to Do in the Mindo Cloud Fore...
Stand Up Paddle Board Through the Amazon...
White Water Rafting Adventures in Banos,...
Climbing the Pichincha Volcano in Quito,...
Sail Amongst Whales off of Ecuador’...
Rock Climbing in Cojitambo – Ecuad...
Explore the Quilotoa Volcano Crater Lake...
Camping Ecuador
Climbing Ecuador
Hiking Ecuador
Snow Ecuador
Water Ecuador
Fishing Ecuador
Family of World Travelers Visit to Baños, Ecuador
Top Things to Do in the Mindo Cloud Forest – Ecuador
Climbing the Pichincha Volcano in Quito, Ecuador
Rock Climbing in Cojitambo – Ecuador Andes
Find Jungle Adventures at the Huasquila Amazon Lodge
The Amazon Jungle is one of those locations that people with even a small amount of an adventurous...
Family Exploration in the Mindo Cloud Forest – Ecuador
Whitewater Kayaking the Best Rivers in Ecuador
Stand Up Paddle Board Through the Amazon – Ecuador
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nick harcourt
29 Jan 2018 Blog amp, anaheim, anaheimconventioncenter, convention center anaheim, funk, gear, george clinton, georgeclinton, guitar, hip hop, kcrw, L.A., lights, los angeles, musicmerchants, NAMM, national association of music merchants, nick harcourt, parliament Funkadelic, sarod, stage, trumpet
The Heart of the Matter – Navigating NAMM 2018
sdmadmin
George Clinton Band
George Clinton & Nick Harcourt Interview
Ain’t No Mountain High Enough
Mariachi Madness
12 piece Mexican band
Ay yai yai yai yai
Arriba!
for the love of guitar
and now for something kinda different
fashionable drums
drum drums drums
guitar shredder for president
Patrick Abbate on Electric
Drum Circle – ‘your turn’
I arrived at NAMM with some mixed emotions. I’m not really a gear guy or a tech head so fighting L.A. traffic for a couple of hours on my annual pilgrimage got me wondering why I was making the trek at all? NAMM stands for National Association of Music Merchants which means, in short, all the latest guitars, software updates, trumpets, keyboards, stage lights, amps, mics and more ( in my 15 years of attending I’ve never seen a Sarod though). But this huge convention has always been much more for me than gear and this weekend I re-discovered why.
Soon after arriving I stumbled upon an interview with Nick Harcourt and George Clinton. Clinton, whose band Parliament Funkadelic has been making music since the 60’s, talked about how he always looked for and found a way to re-define his music to stay relevant to young people. When he saw that Hip Hop was going to be the next big thing he changed his compositions to make his music easier to sample.
Not only has Clinton’s crew remained relevant from generation to generation, they’ve thrived with shows now featuring both his kids and grandkids on stage as part of the band. I kept trying to leave the interview because of all the gear I wanted to check out but, like gravity, was drawn back again and again. I realized that without artists like George Clinton there would be no gear to upgrade and that the heart of the matter, what was bringing me back to NAMM every year, was the joy of music as expressed by the artists who create it. It was time well spent and I’m looking forward to NAMM 2019.
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Stop going off about the public option — March 22, 2010
Stop going off about the public option
March 22, 2010 /stevereads
Sorry to be so negative, but really: people just shouldn’t be getting pissed about the absence of a public option, for at least three reasons:
1. Even with a public option, we always would have needed to address subsidies for those with low incomes. People are welcome to chime in with other information here, but the public option does not address affordability at all. It addresses the quality of insurance. Subsidies were always the bigger deal.
2. *We got coverage for 32 million people*. We got *affordable* coverage for 32 million people. We got coverage that *saves 32 million people from health-care-related bankruptcy*. Liberals of a certain stripe have gotten monomaniacal about their preferred policy, rather than focusing on the end goal — which is *to help people who couldn’t afford good health insurance to afford good health insurance*.
3. Now we have something that we can fix. Before we had nothing. New entitlements don’t disappear, as David Frum has now-famously pointed out. Entitlements get better. So let’s make this one better.
This has been, in some ways, a great hour for the Left. In other ways, it has revealed them to be monomaniacal public-option fetishists. Now is not the time to continue the fetish. Now is the time to consolidate our gains and *keep moving forward*. You want a public option? Great! You’re closer to a public option than you were a year ago. So go get it. Donate to candidates who support it. Call Bernie Sanders’s office and ask what tactical advice he’d give. Don’t act like an armchair quarterback and complain that the big bad U.S. Congress with its big bad traitorous liberals didn’t give you what you wanted.
Categories: Health care and insurance, Helping the Less Fortunate, Liberalism
History is written by the winners; history also exalts the winners
Three progressively better ways to generate a random string in Python
The public option could have addressed affordability if it could reduce premiums by virtue of eliminating administrative overhead and profit-seeking. Now one might say that all insurance companies will be able to eliminate overhead, because cherry picking will now be illegal. But this isn’t quite right. Yes, guaranteed issue, community rating, and a generous minimum plan (except for those under 30) will mean that individuals cannot be denied the same coverage as everyone else at the same rate. But there will still be insurance companies seeking to use creative marketing to attract a healthier pool. Assuming the public option would not seek to do the same, it could save on overhead. But then it could also lose by acquiring a higher risk pool of enrollees. This was Paul Star’s concern about the public option.
But then there are Uwe Reinhardt’s concerns about the public option that I have pointed to before. Matthew Yglesias had a post a week or so ago (http://is.gd/aT5OB) identifying provider market power, structure, and incentives as the next frontier of health care reform. The clout of providers to insist on and win concessions and higher payments from health insurance companies is the great unspoken issue in the health care reform debate to date. Reinhardt has said all along that the public option had the potential to be a “mouse that roars,” since adding one more insurer into the mix reduces further the bargaining power that any one insurer has vis-a-vis health care providers (http://is.gd/72A7F). I’m not expert, but this seems to me to be the best response to those who go on and on about the public option. The last thing we want is for health care reform to be pegged to the public option, and then to have failures in the next frontier to reflect failures of reform in general.
March 22, 2010 — 10:05 pm
I have a deeper question with regards to the subsidies. Let’s say you were designing a wealth redistribution system for the United States from scratch. For a family of one adult, two children, in which the adult works full time earning $15k a year, what would be the total dollar value of the transfers/benefits minus total taxes, that you would give that family? What if the adult earned $25K a year, how much net redistribution would you give them? $35K? $45K? $55K? And then what total tax rates would you set on families earning $75K, $150K, and $300K a year?
Now on to the predictions/bets. Give me a number for the following:
1) Right now blacks have almost double the rate of uninsurance. The cancer mortality rate for blacks between age 60 and 64 is 36% higher. By 2020 (or 2025 if you wish), will the mortality gap decrease? By what percent will the black cancer mortality rate still exceed the white rate?
2) Currently Canadian life expectancy is 2.3 years greater than the American life expectancy. Do you expect that gap to close now that the U.S. has instituted universal insurance? By how much? What will the American-Canadian gap in life expectancy be in 2020?
3) How much will bankruptcy rates fall from 2013 to 2018?
4) What percent of GDP will be spent on healthcare in 2020?
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Foundations of Orthodoxy
Orthodox divine services
Gospel parables
Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy
Icons of the Mother of God
Marth
Lessons from the Fathers
Miscellaneous Homilies
Orthodox Feasts and Fasts
Home » Lives of Saints
Neomarytyr Bishop Macary (Gnevushev)
22 August / 4 September
In the summer of 1918, Bishop Macary (Gnevushev) of Vyazem was shot in Smolensk, together with 13 others arrested with him. They were driven...
New Hieromartyr Ephrem, Bishop of Selenga
Bishop Ephrem (in the world, Epiphany Andreevitch Kuznetsov) was one of those zealous and devoted servants of the Russian Church who was...
Blessed Maria of Diveevo
Blessed Maria (Maria Zakharovna Fedina) was born into a family of peasants in the Tambov District. Since childhood, she loved to be alone...
Martyrs Adrian and Natalia
26 August/8 September
The spouses Adrian and Natalia lived in the city of Nicomedia in the Bythinian province of Asia Minor. Adrian was a pagan and a dignitary of...
Martyr Mamas, of Caesarea in Cappadocia and his parents, Martyrs Theodotus and Rufina
2/15 September
Holy Martyr Mamas, son of the eminent Christians Martyrs Theodotus and Rufina, was born in Paphlagonia. Because they openly confessed their Faith,...
Holy Prophet Zacharias and Righteous Elizabeth, parents of St. John the Forerunner
They descended from the stock of Aaron: Saint Zacharias, the son of Barachias, was a priest in the temple at Jerusalem, while Saint Elizabeth was the...
Commemoration of the Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Colossae (Chonae) (4th Century)
In Phrygia, not far from the city of Hierapolis, in a place called Kherotopa, there was a church dedicated to the Archangel Michael. Near the church...
St. Makarius, archimandrite of Kanev
St.Macarius of Kanev was born in 1605 in the ancient city of Ovrucha in Volynia, to the pious Tokarev family, famous Orthodox zealots. His parents...
St. Euphrosynus the Cook of Alexandria
11/24 September
St. Euphrosynus, a monk in one of the monasteries of Palestine, carried out the obedience of working as a cook in the kitchen. While laboring for...
Great Martyr Ketevan, queen of Kakhetia, Georgia
Great-martyr Ketevan was of the royal house of Bagration, and was the great-granddaughter of King Constantine of Kartli (1469-1505). Having married...
Great-martyr Nicetas the Goth
September 15/28
Saint Nicetas was a Goth warrior and lived on the eastern side of the Danube River within the boundaries of present-day Rumania. Bishop Theophilus,...
Venerable St. Kuksha of Odessa
Venerable St. Kuksha (in the world, Kosma Velitchko) was born on January 12, 1875 in the village of Arbuzinka Kherson region, Nikolaev Province....
Righteous St. Alexis of Moscow (Metchev)
29 January /11 February (Synaxis of the New Martyrs),
9/22 June, 20 August/2 September (Saints of Moscow)
16/29 September (Translation of the Relics)
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Tag Archives: ISMAR-Building
Posted on June 24, 2019 by STOP THE MAANGAMIZI
Report by Esther Stanford-Xosei, 29 June 2019
Co-Vice Chair, Pan-Afrikan Reparations Coalition in Europe (PARCOE
Coordinator-General, ‘Stop The Maangamizi: We Charge Genocide/Ecocide!’ Campaign (SMWeCGEC)
Spokesperson, Afrikan Emancipation Day Reparations March Committee (AEDRMC)
Since last year, when Brother Steven Golding spoke at the 5th annual Afrikan Emancipation Day Reparations March, we stayed in contact. He got in touch earlier this year about the possibility of me visiting Jamaica to do a lecture in recognition of the 2015 – 2024 United Nations International Decade for People of African Descent. Such a trip was finally organised to take place at the end of May 2019.
From the 29th May to 5th June 2019, I was invited by Brother Steven to deliver a couple of public lectures on Reparations. This included doing a public lecture on the ‘The Reparations Challenge‘ at the UNIA Jamaica Mass Meeting, which took place at Liberty Hall, as well as being the first international speaker to deliver the annual Tacky Day Lecture in the Parish of St. Mary themed ‘Chief Tacky 1760 – 2060: The Struggle Then, The Struggle Now‘.
When I arrived in Jamaica, I was pleasantly surprised to be met at the airport by Sister Marva Pringle-Ximinnies from the Ministry of Culture, Gender, Entertainment & Sports, Brother Steven as well as Brother Derrick Robinson aka ‘Black X’. I did not know at the time but Black X had actually walked 57+ miles from Port Maria in the parish of St. Mary to Norman Manley International Airport in Kingston to officially welcome me to Jamaica as the international speaker for the Tacky Day Lecture.
This is a message that Black X had sent out to various networks before my arrival:
Dear friends, Today Tuesday May 28 at 3pm, I will be embarking on a 24 and a half hours walk from the Tacky Monument in Port Maria St Mary Jamaica to the Norman Manley Airport in Kingston, to be a part of the team that will be welcoming our Guest Speaker for Tacky Day to Jamaica! she is due to arrive in Jamaica from England (UK) at 3.30pm. Her Name is Esther Stanford-Xosei a Pan-African Speaker, a leading voice in the global Struggle in the call for Reparations to be paid for the atrocious and the beyond repair damage that was done to our African fore Fathers and Mothers. So it is with great conviction of duty in honourable memory of the Great Chief Tacky that in our Ancestors Name, I will challenge this 24 and a half hours walk to the Norman Manley Airport in Kingston from Port Maria St Mary. Thank you for your support.
Derrick Black X Robinson, Chairman
Tacky Foundation, Tacky Heritage – Pan-African Garden Of Assembly 1760
The first public lecture I did was on Sunday 2nd June, 2019 at the famous Liberty Hall at 76 King Street, Kingston which was (at one point) the Hon. Marcus Garvey’s headquarters and that of the UNIA-ACL. The U.N.I.A’s constitution required each UNIA to have a Liberty Hall, which was its headquarters. Jamaica’s Liberty Hall was the centre of activities for the Kingston division of The UNIA. The two-storey building was the first meeting hall in Jamaica that was fully owned and operated by people of Afrikan heritage. First opened in 1923, the site has been restored to serve as a museum of the life and work of Marcus Garvey, who was the first man to be declared an official National Hero of Jamaica.
Programme for the Mass Meeting
This is a link to an Instagram post of Emprezz @emprezzgolding with a video clip from my lecture at the UNIA Mass Meeting.
https://www.pictame.com/media/2060328762427461483_28515377
Reception Hosted by St. Mary Chamber of Commerce
On Monday 3rd June 2019, I was hosted at a reception organised by the St Mary Chamber of Commerce, Agriculture & Industry. I spoke at their meeting about the relevance of reparations to addressing local community development issues and challenges spoken about at the meeting.
I was a guest at the St. Mary Chamber of Commerce Meeting & Reception
Tacky Day Commemorations
Before I come unto the commemoration, it is important for me to say a little bit about Chief Tacky. Tacky’s War, or Tacky’s Rebellion, was an uprising of Akan (then referred to as Coromantee) enslaved persons that started on Easter Sunday 1760 and went on until July 1760. The Rebellion broke out in St. Mary and spread throughout most of the country. The leader of the rebellion, Tacky (Akan spelling: Takyi), was originally from the Fante ethnic group in West Afrika and had been a paramount chief in Fante land (in the Central region of present-day Ghana) before being enslaved. Tacky had been a Coromantee chief in Ghana before being enslaved on the Frontier Estate, in Jamaica where he was subsequently made foreman. However, he used this position to plan and influence some enslaved people on his estate and neighbouring Trinity Estate to revolt. He, along with the Asante Queen Nanny or Nana, both, with the support of fellow rebels, planned to take over Jamaica from the British to be a separate Black country. They began by seizing control of Frontier and the neighbouring Trinity plantation, killing the masters or estate managers before heading to the nearby town of Port Maria.
One of the most-well known people seeking to gain greater recognition of Tacky is Black X, Chairman of the Tacky Heritage Group, who is truly a legend in Jamaica and is doing excellent work to help conscientise the Jamaican public about the importance of Chief Tacky.
At the end of the lecture, I was presented with a picture by Chelsea Chin, administrator for Dr Morais Guy, J.P., Member of Parliament for Central St. Mary.
These are some of the pictures from the Tacky Day Commemorations, it was truly a beautiful day. Local MPs, the Mayor, business leaders, community members as well as children from 8 local schools in St. Mary attended the lecture!
Pics courtesy of Steven Golding.
Left to Right: Steven Golding, Dr Morais Guy, J.P., MP, Central St. Mary, Dr Norman Dunn, BH, J.P., MP South East, St. Mary, Derrick Robinson aka ‘Black X’
This is a link to Minister Olivia Grange’s speech that was read out by Dr Norman Dunn, BH, (M), J.P. Member of Parliament, South East, St. Mary:
HONOURABLE OLIVIA GRANGE CD MP SPEECH TACKY DAY 2019
Esther Stanford-Xosei with Derrick Robinson aka ‘Black X’ at Tacky Day Lecture
Make Chief Tacky A National Hero Resolution
Since my return to the UK, I have been forwarded the following text of resolution to be put forward at the local Parish Council in St. Mary on Thursday 11th July 2019:
MAKE CHIEF TACKY A NATIONAL HERO OF JAMAICA
On Easter Sunday, in the year 1760 in Jamaica in the Parish of Saint Mary, the great rebel leader called Chief Tacky led our ancestors in a rebellion against the establishment of chattel slavery in the country. They raided the English garrison at Fort Haldane and attacked the estates at Frontier, Trinity, Ballard’s Valley, Esher, among others. Tacky’s revolt/war spread to several parishes across the country and lasted for over 18 months even when they thought it had ended. The brave Chief Tacky lost his own life but his vision and actions had struck a blow for freedom that helped to hasten the end of the act of inhumanity and the bondage of chattel slavery. Ultimately, history has proven that freedom was irreversible from that point on.
In addition, Esther was a panellist for the UWI ‘African Liberation Day Lecture’ on 29th May 2019 featuring keynote speaker Dr Julius Garvey who spoke to the theme ‘Moving Towards A United Africa: Fulfilling Marcus Garvey’s Dream‘.
Meeting with Minister Olivia Grange & Representatives of the NCR
Another important aspect of the trip was the meeting I got to have with representatives of the Ministry of Culture, Gender, Entertainment & Sport, including the Hon. Olivia (Babsy) Grange, MP, CD, Minister of Culture, Gender, Entertainment & Sport and Barbara Blake-Hannah; in addition to meeting with several members of the National Council on Reparations (NCR), in particular, NCR Co-Chair Mrs Laleta Davis-Mattis (who attended the Reparations Challenge Lecture), Mr Frank Phipps, Q.C., Lord Anthony Gifford, Q.C., Attorney Bert Samuels, Dr Jahlani Niaah, Dr Michael Barnett and Ras Ho-Shing. Barbara Blake-Hannah was also in attendance at the meeting with members of the NCR and Minister Grange.
I did not get to meet or speak with NCR Co-Chair Professor Verene Shepherd on my trip.
During the meeting, Minister Grange updated me on some of the developments taking place pertaining to reparations, including the work being championed under the auspices of the Ministry of Culture in relation to the absolution of the resistance efforts of National Heroes. Minister Grange made a special presentation to me of a copy of The National Heroes and Other Freedom Fighters (Absolution from Criminal Liability in Respect of Specified Events) Acts, 2018 No.2
The following is a copy of the front and back page of the act of the act. A link to the act can be found below:
The National Heroes and Other Freedom Fighters (Absolution from Criminal Liability in Respect of Specified Events) Acts, 2018 No.2
In the meeting I also shared information about what reparations activism was taking place by the UK contingent of the International Social Movement for Afrikan Reparations (ISMAR). The main updates I shared pertained to:
The campaigning efforts of the ‘Stop the Maangamizi!’ Campaign and its partner the Afrikan Emancipation Day Reparations March Committee towards the establishment of the All-Party Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry for Truth & Reparatory Justice, (APPCITARJ), and responses received so far from the Office of the UK Prime Minister and the Foreign & Commonwealth Office.
The alliances being forged by elevating a reparatory justice approach to tackling the climate and ecological crisis which will disproportionately impact on our communities in Afrika and the Caribbean; highlighting developments made in this regard by the ‘Stop the Maangamizi!’ Campaign developing an affinity with Extinction Rebellion (XR). As a result of the advocacy and involvement of reparationists in the ‘Stop the Maangamizi!’ Campaign, this has resulted in the subsequent development of the CEE the Truth Campaign by some members of XR and the emerging Climate & Ecological Independents championing Planet Repairs and reparations, as one of their core demands of their political manifesto in the 2019 European Parliamentary Elections.
The importance of state and non-state actors, recognising their distinct but possibly complementary roles and working together on the common cause of effecting and securing reparatory justice by seeking to join up actions and initiatives where possible. An example being the Afrikan Emancipation Day Reparations March which takes place on 1st August.
In seeking accountability from European nation states, the importance of factoring engagement strategies with country diasporas living in the UK/Europe as well as the wider Afrikan Diaspora communities in Europe. This being necessary to ensure that there was harmonisation between distinct reparations strategies and tactics by state and non-state actors.
Likewise, the necessity of also seeking to influence European and other civil society populations in Europe and win support from them in standing in solidarity with the cause of reparatory justice. In this regard, it was pointed out that the notion of Britain and Europe coming to help “clean up the monumental mess of Empire” they left in the Caribbean is not being taken seriously or endearing support from wider constituencies in the UK. This is largely because it is clear, even to many white people, that the British Parliamentary System is in crisis, with Brexit and the emergence of Extinction Rebellion which is challenging the inadequacies of governance and failure of moral leadership of British parliamentarians who have failed to act to avert the climate & ecological crisis etc. The popular overstanding being how can Britain be asked to clean up the mess in the Caribbean when it cannot clean up the mess in its own back-yard?
Meeting with Minister Mike Henry
I also met with the Hon. Minister Mike Henry, MP, CD, Minister without Portfolio in the Office of the Prime Minister of Jamaica who spoke to me about the legal action he was pursuing against Queen Elizabeth II, as part of a reparations strategy, which is further explained in the newspaper articles section below.
I raised similar points made in the meeting with Minister Grange and members of the NCR, in particular, regarding:
The importance of those in the Caribbean linking with country diasporas and the wider Afrikan Diaspora in UK/Europe as well as paying greater attention to winning over those of European ancestry to be in solidarity with our cause of reparatory justice.
Us as state and non-state actors recognising differing strategy and tactics even when making legal and political challenges to the British State and seeking to have dialogue with each other and share information other about these different approaches so what we do does not conflict.
On behalf of the Afrikan Emancipation Day Reparations March Committee, I thanked Minister Henry for the solidarity message he gave for the 2018 Afrikan Emancipation Day Reparations March.
Minister Mike Henry made a special presentation to me of a copy of his book ‘Many Rivers To Cross: A Political Journey of Audacious Hope‘ (2013).
Pics courtesy of Steven Golding & Ras Ho-Shing.
The following are the newspaper articles about my visit:
This article clipping is taken from section C10 of the Gleaner on Monday 3, June, 2019
An online version of the Jamaica Information Service appeared in the Jamaica Observer on Thursday 30 May, 2019
Meeting with Lord Anthony Gifford
Due to the fact that Anthony Gifford could not attend the meeting with Minister Grange and members of the NCR, he invited me to visit with him. I was accompanied by Steven Golding and I discussed the work being done here in the UK, particularly with reference to some of the new developments on the work being done by representatives of the UK ISMAR to broaden constituents of engagement and influence in relation to reparatory justice through working with Extinction Rebellion Internationalist Solidarity Network (XRISN) and The CEE The Truth Campaign Climate & Ecological Emergency Independents.
I explained that The CEE Independents have adopted reparations as part of the core demands and there was much scope for those in the Caribbean also doing more to link the struggle for reparatory justice to the growing consciousness of the necessity of reparations for climate and ecological breakdown. I reiterated the messages given at public lectures on the importance of those in the national councils and committees for reparations in the Caribbean recognising the importance of the country and wider Afrikan Diasporas living in Europe and secondly the importance of messaging which can also win hearts and minds of allies of European and other non-Afrikan ancestries in Europe. This is a Gleaner newspaper article which Lord Gifford wrote aspects of which he has subsequently notified me were influenced by some of our discussions.
Since returning to the UK, I shared info regarding a recent interview with music artist and write Gaika given by Leader of the UK Opposition, Jeremy Corbyn where he speaks about his support for reparations to former colonies to combat climate change with Steven Golding and Lord Gifford which in my view affirms the approach that we in PARCOE and the ‘Stop The Maangamizi!’ Campaign have long been championing in relation to ‘Planet Repairs’ and the importance of including reparations for climate and ecological destruction (ecocide) as part of the advocacy strategies coming out of Afrika and the Caribbean.
Visit to Pre-View Windush Murals
I visited Studio 174, a Kingston based Art Academy in downtown Kingston, to preview a series of murals being finalised as a mobile exhibit featuring a series of murals to honour the Windrush Generation; people from Jamaica and the Caribbean who left the region, beginning in 1948, on The Empire Windrush. This exhibit is part of the Paint Up Ya Creative Space Initiative of the Ministry of Culture, Gender, Entertainment & Sports in partnership with the British Council. Some of the discussions myself and Steven Golding had with the artistic director and artists was the possibility of such an exhibit of murals to come to the UK and possibly feature as part of the events leading up to the annual Afrikan Emancipation Day Reparations March.
Pics courtesy of Steven Golding
I did the following interviews:
‘Rootsology’ show on Roots 96.1 FM,
‘Beyond the Headlines’ show on RJR 94 FM,
‘Talk Up Radio’ show on Nation-wide 90 FM
‘Sunrise’ show on CVM TV.
Unfortunately, although I contacted Pan-Afrikanist Activist-Journalist and host of the ‘Running African’ show on IRIE FM, Ka’Bu Ma’at Kheru ahead of the trip, with a view to meeting up during her visit, unfortunately I did not get to connect or speak with Ka’Bu on my trip. Ka’Bu was also the initiator of the ‘UofG Consult With Grass – Root Reparation Movements NOT Colonial Institutions!’ Petition on change.org (and also supported by the SMWeCGEC).
On the tentative schedule I received before my trip, it was planned that I was to do an interview on Thursday 30th May 2019 at 3pm on IRIE FM ‘Stepping Razor’ show with Mutabaruka and on Sunday 2nd June on IRIE FM at 7am on the ‘Running Africa Forum’ Radio with Ka’bu Ma’at Kheru. However, this changed with the updated schedule I received when I arrived in Jamaica. I was notified that Ka’bu had to travel urgently so had cancelled her show on 30th May.
Linking with Empress Esther of the EABIC ‘Bobo Shanti’
Through a link provided by Afrikan Emancipation Day Reparations March Committee, Co- Vice Chair, Prophet Jah B, I made contact with Empress Esther from the Ethiopia Africa Black International Congress (EABIC) on my visit. Although we did not get to meet in person, we did have discussions about the need for further outreach and connections with Rastafari community members and other Afrikan heritage communities in the Montego Bay Area who often do not get to go to Pan-Afrikan and Reparations focused events and activities in Kingston.
Courtesy Call on Permanent Secretary, Mr Denzil Thorpe
The last stop I made before leaving Jamaica, en route to the airport, was to return to the Ministry of Culture, Gender, Entertainment & Sport for a curtesy call on Mr Denzil Thorpe, Permanent Secretary for the Ministry. I was accompanied by my Steven Golding and Black X. Permanent Secretary Denzil Thorpe also made a special presentation to me of NCR memorabilia and we spoke about my visit to Jamaica.
Pics courtesy of Steven Golding & Marva Pringle-Ximminies
Thank you Letter
Posted in 2019 AFRIKAN EMANCIPATION DAY REPARATIONS MARCH, AEDRMC, INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL MOVEMENT FOR AFRIKAN REPARATIONS, REPARATIONS, SMWeCGEC, STOP THE MAANGAMIZI CAMPAIGN, Uncategorized | Tagged 1st August, African Liberation Day, Afrika, Afrikan Caribbean, Afrikan Diaspora, Afrikan Heritage, Afrikan Liberation, Afrikan Liberation Day, Chief Tacky, Climate Emergency, Climate Reparations, Ecocide, Ecological Emergency, Esther Stanford-Xosei, Grassroots Leadership, IDPAD, International Decade for People of African Descent, ISMAR-Building, Jamaica, Liberty Hall, Maangamizi, Marcus Garvey, Movement-Building, NCR, NothingAboutUsWithoutUs!, Pan-Afrikanism, PARCOE, People Power, Reparations March, Self-Repairs, Social Movement, St. Mary, St.Mary Parish, Tacky Day, Tacky's Rebellion, UN-IDPAD, UNIA Jamaica, UNIA-ACL, Windrush Generation, Windrush Scandal | Leave a comment
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MORE ALBUMS BY THIS ARTIST
Bob Dylan Leon Russell The Band
United States - California - LA
Rock: Americana Folk: Singer/Songwriter Moods: Solo Male Artist
Walkin' Shoes
by Ted Russell Kamp
© Copyright - Ted Russell Kamp / Pomo (192914893905)
Genre: Rock: Americana
1. Home Away from Home
2. Paid by the Mile
3. This Old Guitar
4. We Don't Have to Be Alone
5. Heart Under Pressure
6. Tail Light Shine
7. Highway Whisper
8. Get off the Grid
9. Written in Stone
10. Freeway Mona Lisa
11. Just About Time for a Heartache
12. Less Thinking, More Drinkin'
13. Roll on Through the Night
Walking’ Shoes is an album of 13 songs, all penned or co-written by Ted, that deals with these familiar themes but his adept use of poetry, humor and honesty and his rich understanding and reinterpretation of Amercian roots music make Walkin’ Shoes a joyous and inspiring ride. Kamp’s voice is full of wisdom (“When you play rock and roll long enough, the blues is what you get” he sings on This Old Guitar), tongue in cheek humor (“I could have played it safe, I could have stayed in bed, but I won’t stop and stay at home, I’ll rest when I’m dead” he sings on “Home Away From Home”) and wistfulness (“I’m not asking for much, just a horizon and a touch, of a hobo’s lullaby” he sings on Highway Whisper.
The music is a combination of classic California singer/songwriter music with hints of country and soul. With nods to Bob Dylan and the Band, Leon Russell and Waylon and Willie, it reflects the sound of the many cities and cultures Kamp has become familiar with and the cities he calls his homes away from home. The Big Takeover wrote, “Kamp simply knocks one ball after another out of the park…Saturated in talent and sincerity.”
Kamp collaborated on Walkin’ Shoes with many talented musicians. Some of the notable co-writes are “Paid By The Mile” (with Sam Morrow), “Written in Stone” and “Highway Whisper” (with Nashville writer and artist, Carey Ott), “Freeway Mona Lisa” (with renowned Dutch singer and songwriter Eric de Vries) and “Home Away From Home” (with Pi Jacobs and Dutch music duo the Spek Brothers).
Ted played many of the instruments on the record himself (electric and acoustic bass, guitars, trumpet, , trombone, Hammond organ and others). Joining him on the album are Brian Whelan on guitars keyboards (Dwight Yoakam, Jim Lauderdale), Jamie Douglass on drums (Shooter Jennings), John Schreffler on electric guitar (Shooter Jennings, Billy Joe Shaver), Eric Heywoodon on pedal steel (The Pretenders, Son Volt), Don Heffington on drums (Bob Dylan, Tina and the B Side Movement) and Dan Wistrom on pedal steel and guitar (Rich Robinson).
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Other US Sports
COMMENT: Westbrook has cemented his MVP case
Jay Asser 11/04/2017
On fire: Russell Westbrook.
The 28-year-old plays like a man who won’t be denied, so it’s fitting he’s put together a tour de force season that makes it difficult to deny him the MVP either.
In any other year, Westbrook’s case wouldn’t even be up for discussion, but because this campaign has seen several players have career seasons and perform at such high levels, we’re somehow left deliberating whether a man averaging 31.9 points, 10.4 assists and 10.7 rebounds has been the best player.
Or, it should be clarified, the player who has produced the most this season. The title of best basketball player is already held in a vice-like grip by LeBron James. But there’s a reason why James doesn’t win MVP and Gregg Popovich doesn’t earn Coach of the Year every season – they’re season awards, not generational honours.
And yet, James is still in the discussion due to the monster 2016-17 he’s had, along with other top candidates James Harden and Kawhi Leonard. You could hand the MVP to any of the four and be justified, but it’s become harder and harder to look past Westbrook.
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In theory, it’s weird not to have your MVP picked out this late into the season, as if a handful of games will make a difference on a year-long award. But that’s how difficult it’s been to distinguish one MVP frontrunner from the other.
Any voter that was left undecided, however, has likely been swayed by Westbrook’s tidal wave during this month, which has included him locking up the first triple-double average for a season since Oscar Robertson in 1961-62, before breaking the Big O’s record for most triple-doubles in a campaign.
Westbrook not only set the mark though, but did it in spectacular, storybook fashion by knocking down a 36-footer at the buzzer to eliminate the Denver Nuggets from playoff contention and cap off a jaw-dropping stat line of 50 points, 16 rebounds and 10 assists.
Forget the triple-doubles for a second and eliminate all the rebounds he’s grabbing – which could be considered ‘stat padding’ or inconsequential – and you still have to marvel at the fact he’s scored 40 points or more while dishing at least nine assists four times in the past seven games.
Meanwhile, James’ Cavaliers have continued to struggle post All-Star break, Harden’s efficiency has dipped and Leonard has remained, well, Leonard. If this was a horse race, Westbrook would be pulling ahead in the home stretch by a head.
Individual play isn’t the only factor though and Harden has somewhat of a point in saying: “I thought winning is what this is about – period.”
The irony behind Harden’s comment is that while it appeared aimed at Westbrook, it strengthens Leonard’s case, with the Spurs winners of 60-plus games and above Houston in the standings.
But winning is also what Westbrook has done, almost single=handedly, in carrying Oklahoma City to the playoffs after the departure of one of the five best players in the world in Kevin Durant. The minus-13.1 net rating difference when Westbrook plays and is off the court speaks for itself.
When we look back at this season, there’s no single player we’ll remember more than Westbrook. The definitive MVP case is being on the right side of history.
All Praise to the Man above 🙌🏾🙌🏾🙏🏾🙏🏾 #whynot #42 pic.twitter.com/UyuelBnrho
— Russell Westbrook (@russwest44) April 10, 2017
COMMENT: Westbrook's historic campaign should be appreciated
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Cleveland Cavaliers Houston Rockets James Harden Kawhi Leonard LeBron James Oklahoma City Thunder Russell Westbrook San Antonio Spurs Westbrook MVP More tags
NBA NBA US Sports Opinion
Cleveland Cavaliers Houston Rockets James Harden Kawhi Leonard LeBron James Oklahoma City Thunder Russell Westbrook San Antonio Spurs Westbrook MVP
DEBATE: Do the Cavs have any legitimate rivals in the East?
The Toronto Raptors are aiming to get past the defending champions.
JAY ASSER SAYS YES
We’re so used to seeing LeBron James’ teams stroll to the NBA Finals year in and year out that it’s against our nature to pick against his squad to come out of the Eastern Conference.
While no one should bet against LeBron, it’s obvious there’s more of a vulnerability to the Cleveland Cavaliers this year than in the past two. And that’s not a sentiment drawn from a small sample size – we have half-a-season’s worth of data that suggests Cleveland are beatable.
Since the All-Star break and up to the loss to Atlanta in the first of a back-to-back, the Cavaliers were 12-12 with a point differential of minus-0.7. While their offence has mostly held strong with a 111.4 offensive rating during that span, it’s been the other side of the ball that’s turned into a legitimate liability.
Only the Los Angeles Lakers have a worse defensive efficiency in the second half of the season, with Cleveland surrendering 111.2 points per 100 possessions. They’ve been leaky and it’s no surprise considering they have few average to above average defenders.
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And yet, they’ve likely done just enough to retain the top seed after dominating Boston in a game that could have very well tipped the scales against the Cavaliers had they lost, at least from a confidence perspective.
It would be short-sighted to write off the Celtics in a series against Cleveland simply off that one performance, as dismal as it was, but Boston may be the least of the Cavaliers’ concern in the playoffs, with threats also posed from the nation’s capital, as well as north of the border.
Washington have multiple scorers, while Toronto are one of the most balanced teams in the league.
The Raptors appear to be the East’s best chance to beat the defending champions and their mid-season trades of Serge Ibaka and PJ Tucker have bolstered their toughness and defence – they own the third-best defensive rating post All-Star break at 102.7.
The Cavs’ decline, coupled with other teams’ improvement, spells a more wide open battle in the East.
Washington’s John Wall drives against Cleveland’s Kyrie Irving.
JAMES PIERCY, SPORT360 EDITOR, SAYS NO
This season it’s been a little more challenging for Cleveland as, at various stages Boston (who could still get there), Toronto and Washington have had ideas on LeBron’s Iron Throne.
But still the Cavs stand above them, with the feeling there is a little more in the tank. And while that is hypothetical, what has to be considered is, realistically, how much better can that trio play?
Starting with the Raptors, yes, they have Kyle Lowry back at the right time and Serge Ibaka has added improvement both physical and technical at both ends of the floor, but can we expect DeMar DeRozan to go for 25+ points each game beyond Saturday? Or Lowry to be shooting 41.4 per cent from 3-point range (having averaged 30.4 in the postseason last year)? Or Jonas Valanciunas and Ibaka to stay out of foul trouble?
All that has gone so right could easily go so wrong. And they’re also historically awful in the playoffs.
The Wizards are this season’s surprise package with coach Scotty Brooks reinvigorating a stale-looking roster and given John Wall and a finally-fit Bradley Beal the freedom to play.
But Wall has a pretty poor shooting average (37.6 per cent) in the postseason (including a wretched 20.4 from 3-point range), and while he’s clearly a better player that, you’re still not backing him up against Kyrie Irving. At least not yet.
Beal, unlike Wall, has put up some impressive playoff numbers but may find himself having too much to do with a supporting cast of Markieff Morris, Otto Porter Jr. and Bojan Bogdanovic (combined playoff games: 0.
Boston have depth, defence and a clutch scorer to end all clutch scorers in Isaiah Thomas but can a team without a winning record against any of the East’s top six be relied upon to beat the very best in a seven-game series?
Finally, and perhaps most conclusively, it’s those numbers which paint the Cavs superiority in the best light as their regular season record against the next best three reads: 3-0 v Toronto; 3-1 v Boston; and 2-1 v Washington.
Should Boston cash in their assets at the trade deadline?
DEBATE: Has Westbrook been the MVP so far this season?
Can anyone stop Golden State Warriors?
DEBATE: Can Warriors break their own NBA wins record?
Boston Celtics Bradley Beal Cleveland Cavaliers DeMar DeRozan Isaiah Thomas John Wall Kyle Lowry LeBron James Toronto Raptors Washington Wizards More tags
NBA Cleveland US Sports
Boston Celtics Bradley Beal Cleveland Cavaliers DeMar DeRozan Isaiah Thomas John Wall Kyle Lowry LeBron James Toronto Raptors Washington Wizards
STATESIDE: UNC Tarred by stain of corruption allegations
Steve Brenner 10/04/2017
UNC have been in hot water despite their NCAA win.
From layup to cover up. The North Carolina revenge mission may have been completed with the pain of last year’s buzzer-beater defeat to Villanova wiped away with last week’s March Madness title win over Gonzaga.
It was UNC’s seventh championship and confirmed they are the best college basketball team in the land. Yet as the tickertape fell, chronic wrongdoing and scandal were being glossed over.
In the next few weeks, the spotlight will publicly shine again though, this time, dark matters will come to the fore. An exhaustive three-year investigation involving the NCAA is coming to the end, which, some believe, will uncover the worst academic fraud in history.
It’s alleged that between 2007 and 2011 over 3,000 students were enrolled in fake classes to help bring the best athletes in the US to their coveted programme.
Tutors were found carrying out homework for students. Grades had been adjusted accordingly. Plagiarism became commonplace.
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The end product for sporting supremacy? Millions of dollars for coaches, teachers and the facility. (NCAA rakes in around $900 million for March Madness alone).
The African and Afro-American studies department which has come under the severest scrutiny boasted 10 of the 15 players who helped the Tar Heels win the title 12 years ago.
UNC is the fourth team to win the #NationalChampionship after losing the Championship Game the previous year.
1982 UNC
1991 Duke
1998 UK pic.twitter.com/Cdhqj4wd5j
“Their classes were especially popular among those who played the ‘revenue’ sports of football and men’s basketball,” said a report.
To hell what happens in the classroom. Education? No, just worry about the next match.
Such a flagrant trouncing of rules by greedy men who should know better ignores the effect this will have on those in the system right now and in the future.
This sorry state of affairs is nothing new. College sports has been riddled with corruption for years.
University of Southern California (USC) were forced to take away 30 scholarships and had two title triumphs overturned because of illegal payments made to agents in 2010. A year later, Ohio State were banned after players received money for autographing memorabilia. Yet this mess digs far deeper into the depths of a continually abused system.
The whispers about UNC grew too loud to ignore and in 2014 Kenneth Wainstein, a former assistant attorney general, was asked to compile a report. His findings were remarkable. Student athletes were pushed towards meaningless subjects and even told to have a sleep at their desk if it all got too much. But despite all this, it took the NCAA ages before acting decisively.
Last December, a tough set of accusations against the university were filed. UNC lawyers agreed but quickly passed the buck back to the NCAA, whose rules members are supposed to operate under.
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Taking retrospective action is problematic – these incidents started a decade ago – though naturally, the response on campus was one of startling innocence. Behind the scenes however, everyone knew about the firestorm brewing.
Other former employees spoke of UNC operating, “like a crime family who would do anything to protect their athletic machine.”
No team has ever had championship banners taken down but if the titles remain, penalties may still follow. Scholarships could be taken away along with wins, while strong denials from the university could see the hammer fall even harder.
“People have tested my credibility and I haven’t appreciated that,” said Roy Williams (left), UNC’s coach who has now won three titles during the period in question and bagged a nice $500,000 bonus last Monday. “It’s been used against us in recruiting… I wouldn’t wish that on my worst enemy and I don’t have too many enemies.”
The NCAA, however, appear to be pulling no punches, declaring the situation in North Carolina, “implicates issues at the very core of the Collegiate Model.”
Crunch time is looming. The lines between academic and sporting prowess have been blurred and the NCAA need to act or risk further embarrassment elsewhere.
Basketball College March Madness NCAA North Carolina Stateside US USA More tags
Basketball College March Madness NCAA North Carolina Stateside US USA
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/ Football
Leicester 2 points away from Premier League title
Associated Press /
MANCHESTER, England — One chance gone for Leicester in its attempt to clinch a first English league title.
Over to you, Tottenham.
Needing three points to pull off the ultimate underdog success story in sports, Leicester only managed to pick up one from a 1-1 draw at Manchester United in the Premier League on Sunday.
Leicester still has two games left — against Everton at home next weekend and Chelsea away on the final day — to collect the required two points. It might not even go that far, as second-place Spurs has to beat Chelsea on Monday to keep the title race alive.
“I’d like to watch the (Chelsea-Spurs) match,” said Claudio Ranieri, Leicester’s Italian manager, “but I’m on a flight back from Italy so I might not know the result until I land.”
Spurs can at least prepare for that game at Stamford Bridge knowing they are guaranteed a top-four place and therefore a spot in next season’s Champions League.
The same can’t be said for either of the Manchester clubs.
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While United stayed in fifth place, Man City dropped to fourth by losing 4-2 at Southampton as manager Manuel Pellegrini’s risk in playing a weakened team backfired.
Key players like Sergio Aguero, Kevin de Bruyne and Vincent Kompany were among those rested ahead of the second leg of the Champions League semifinal against Real Madrid on Wednesday, and it showed in City’s loose display at St. Mary’s Stadium. Sadio Mane scored a hat trick for seventh-place Southampton, while Kelechi Iheanacho scored both of City’s goals.
In the tight race for the final two Champions League spots, Arsenal is third — three points ahead of City and seven points ahead of United which has a game in hand. West Ham is a point further back in sixth.
In the other game Sunday, Swansea guaranteed Premier League football for another season by beating Liverpool 3-1, with Andre Ayew scoring two of the goals.
Like City, Liverpool seemed preoccupied by a looming European game — Thursday’s second leg of its Europa League semifinal against Villarreal, which stands at 1-0 to the Spanish side — and fielded a depleted starting lineup.
Christian Benteke scored the only goal for Liverpool, which finished with 10 men following the 76th-minute red card to left back Brad Smith.
For Leicester, a seemingly impossible dream is one step closer and there’s now a good chance the team could seal the title in front of its own fans at the King Power Stadium next weekend against Everton, in the next-to-last round of fixtures.
Danny Drinkwater, Leicester’s box-to-box midfielder will miss that game after being sent off against United for collecting a second yellow card in the 86th minute.
United opened the scoring at Old Trafford through Anthony Martial’s powerful sidefoot volley in the eighth minute, by which time Leicester had barely got out of its own half.
Ranieri’s team of rejects, journeymen and unheralded foreign players has been confounding the doubters all season and they did so again here, digging deep and equalizing with their first genuine chance when Wes Morgan headed in from Drinkwater’s free kick in the 17th.
“I am very pleased with our performance after the goal,” Ranieri said. “We keep calm and score a goal. After that we get a lot of confidence and play better. After that, it was another match.”
United could also have finished with 10 men had the referee spotted Marouane Fellaini lashing out at Leicester defender Robert Huth, first with his forearm and then with his elbow, as they jostled at a set piece. Fellaini appeared to be reacting after his hair was pulled by Huth and United manager Louis van Gaal empathized with his player.
Mimicking the incident by appearing to grab a TV reporter’s hair off camera, Van Gaal said: “What is your reaction when I grab your hair? Your hair is shorter than Fellaini’s but when I do that, what are you doing then? It’s a reaction.”
Leicester’s vocal fans stayed behind after the final whistle, chanting “Tottenham Hotspur, we’re waiting for you,” and “Are you watching, Tottenham?”
The pressure now moves onto Spurs, who haven’t won away to Chelsea in the league since 1990.
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TAGS: Chelsea, Claudio Ranieri, English Premier League, EPL, Football, Leicester, Manchester United, Sergio Aguero, Spurs, Tottenham
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Turkey military ‘coup suspects’ forced to retire
ANKARA - Turkey’s top military council on Saturday ordered the retirement of dozens of generals and admirals who are currently being held on charges of coup plotting, the army announced on its website.
Fifty-five generals and admirals are required to retire due to a lack of vacancies in their positions and one admiral due to his age as of September 1, the army said in an online statement.
Among them were 40 generals and admirals in detention in connection with several probes including the so-called Ergenekon and Sledgehammer cases into alleged plots to topple the government of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan, reported the local media, after initially putting the number at 37. The jailed generals had been due for a promotion suspended at last year’s military council meeting. But the council Saturday said it had ordered their retirement instead.
The Supreme Military Council (YAS) began meeting on Wednesday to discuss promotions and dismissals within the armed forces. The decisions were made public Saturday after being approved by President Abdullah Gul. This year’s YAS meeting however ended without tensions compared to last year, which witnessed the shock mass resignation of the country’s top brass in a row with the government over officers jailed for alleged coup plots. Veteran journalist Fikret Bila said the retirement of the arrested generals and admirals was the government’s preference. Bila told private NTV television that some of those in custody might eventually be cleared in the ongoing trials “but the decision on their retirement shows they are being dismissed from the army before the cases are concluded.” The retirement orders are seen as considered the latest blow to Turkey’s beleaguered officer corps which has been targeted by a series of probes in recent years into past military interventions and coup plots.
Hundreds of suspects, including several senior retired and serving officers, as well as journalists, lawyers and politicians, separately face trial for their alleged role to topple the Islamic-rooted government.
The trials are widely seen as part of efforts by the current Justice and Development Party (AKP) government to roll back the military’s influence in politics.
But critics accuse Erdogan’s government of launching the probes as a tool to silence its opponents and impose authoritarianism - charges it denies. The Turkish army, which sees itself as the guarantor of Turkey’s secular principles, overthrew three earlier administrations in 1960, 1971 and 1980.
And in 1997, it pressured Islamic-leaning prime minister Necmettin Erbakan, Eerdogan’s political mentor, to step down.
The military council also appointed General Galip Mendi as new commander of the Second Army, which is based in southeastern Malatya province and responsible for protecting Anatolia from any threat emanating from Syria, Iran or Iraq. The army recently reinforced defences on the border with conflict-torn Syria with tanks, anti-aircraft missiles and other weapons. The military council, which meets twice a year, also promoted 29 generals and admirals to higher ranks, the army said on its website.
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