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The bird shown in the present post has been observed at the saltpans in Fuencaliente over the last few days, and poses identification challenges.
The dilemma is obviously whether this Actitis species is a Common (hypoleucos), or a Spotted (macularius) Sandpiper.
The first feature which drew my attention to this visiting wader was the very short projection of the tail beyond the primaries: it looks too short for the typical Common Sandpiper (A. hypoleucos).
On the other hand, there do seem to be dark notches along the edges of the tertials, just discernible in some of the photos, which would indicate Common (hypoleucos), rather than Spotted (macularius).
Although the notches are faint, they seem to extend along the feather edges, rather than being confined to their tips.
The strikingly short tail projection beyond the folded wings can be appreciated in photo nº 4 above.
In the poor quality image nº 5 above, the wing stretching seems to reveal a white wing bar that does not reach the bird's body, diagnostic of Spotted Sandpiper (A. macularius).
The overall plumage tones and compact build also seem to fit macularius, but the legs would perhaps need to be a darker shade of yellow (?).
Regarding the bill, I can see no sign of a pinkish lower mandible, as would be the case in macularius.
The pure white underparts lack spots, of course, but what about those tiny dark flecks towards the bird's rear end, just discernible in photo nº 7?
So far, I have not heard any vocalisations: one way of separating the two Actitis species is by their distinct calls.
It would also be useful to have some clear pictures of the bird in flight, for closer assessment of the upper wing bar. However, photographing this speedy sandpiper on the wing is tricky in its present surroundings.
For the moment, I am inclined to opt for Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos), mainly because of the dark (albeit faint) notching on the tertial edges, the pale legs, and the lack of pink on the lower mandible.
But the short tail projection, the stocky body shape, and the upper wing bar (visible in the blurred nº 5 above) have left me with certain doubts.
A visit to the saltpans in Fuencaliente yesterday evening yielded this solitary Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava). The bird was foraging for small insects along the dirt access track, where all of the present images were captured.
Photography was made difficult by the fading light, and the gusty wind...plus the fact that the bird was hyper-active and easily scared by passing vehicles and pedestrians.
From the plumage tones, I am assuming that this is a male flavissima, or "British Yellow Wagtail", with yellow-green ear-coverts, crown and nape, and no hint of white in the supercilium.
The species is a passage migrant to the Canary Islands, with some races considered vagrants (eg. ssp. feldeggi).
Elsewhere on the island, there has been little to report so far this migration season. The usual Ringed Plovers (Charadrius hiaticula), Common Sandpipers (Actitis hypoleucos), Greenshank (Tringa nebularia), Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus), Sanderling (Calidris alba) and Turnstones (Arenaria interpres) have already arrived in small numbers.
Unfortunately, the irrigation ponds in Las Martelas (Los Llanos de Aridane) are mostly dried-out and abandoned, providing very little suitable habitat for stopover waders. Birding at the ponds has seen a downward trend in recent years, as more modern irrigation methods have led to the gradual abandonment of these small, freshwater reservoirs.
La Palma is under-watched! Please contribute to knowledge of the island's birds by sending me your sightings: grajaland@gmail.com |
. Brother Cnc Control . Dual Arm Tool Changer . Excellent Condition! |
Laravel is a clean and classy framework for PHP web development. Freeing you from spaghetti code, Laravel helps you create wonderful applications using simple, expressive syntax. Development should be a creative experience that you enjoy, not something that is painful. Enjoy the fresh air.
Each year Larcs, Inc. of Fresno awards a scholarship(s) to a student(s) at California State University Fresno, Fresno Pacific University or National University who is working toward a Special Education Credential or related field of study. Selection of the recipient(s) is by the LARCS Scholarship Committee with the recommendations of their respective school. The recipient(s) of this scholarship will be invited to the LARCS May dinner meeting where they will be introduced and acknowledged for their hard work. |
The Gamekid is an unlockable activated item.
Inflicts fear on all enemies.
Removes ability to shoot tears.
Allows Isaac to deal 40 contact damage to enemies, at the rate of one hit per second per enemy.
Replenishes half a red heart for every two enemies killed.
The invulnerability effect negates all forms of damage, including health loss from Blood Donation Machines and Devil Beggars.
This also negates damage from entering or exiting a Curse Room, but the effect is immediately removed upon walking through the door.
Does not prevent heart container loss from Health Down Pills or Devil Room deals.
This item is superior to My Little Unicorn, as it can heal Isaac whilst also providing similar effects.
Beating the game whilst under the effects of The Gamekid will cause the credits music to be sped up.
This item's name and appearance are references to the Nintendo Game Boy.
The pickup quote and Isaac's appearance while under the effects of The Gamekid are references to Pac-Man.
Tetris appears to be the game being played on The Gamekid. Tetris was also the launch title for the Nintendo Game Boy.
This page was last edited on 28 February 2019, at 16:02. |
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" " Tsk. where is the sympathy, I ask you. Thank you, as I was attempted to write something, your post popped up, and far better put than I could have.
BUT it does work in the rest of the world, like I said, do some research and some reading, you will find most civilized nations have a lower debt than the U. And to sound like the dumbest person on earth, I had no idea about the killings of the lions!!.
I have never said they have too much money. Yeah, I made him look stupid over at PRB and he is doxing me up a storm. How can America allow someone with a mental illness to attain such a prestigious position. Well, I think many people are ready. Effectively, three of each not voting.
I'm just being a show off. That's the guy, I wonder who I had him confused with. 49 is a bigger than 48. ) came to the defense of the Gospels. You are Cheerleader Held Down Creampie guy with some spiritual practice and Therapeutic Psychological background.
As an illegal alien I dont believe he can claim the his girlfriends baby gives him legal immigration status or U. Jesus died for our sins so if you don't sin then Jesus died for nothing.
Yes, Se Jong's hair was kind of auburn color and very short, he played a surgeon doctor and the son of a hospital director who was a jerk.
So, Las Gringas had a minor freak out when we heard that Pitbull released a new song “Welcome 2 Dade County” as it appeared suddenly and with complete random timing. Add to that the Baauer’s Harlem Shake beats he used for the track and we were like whaaaaat is going oooooon?
After a little search-engine action, we finally know the deal-io and here it is: This song is aimed directly at Lil’ Wayne, who totally freaked out on-stage recently and called out the NBA, the Miami Heat, LeBron, Wade and even claimed that he slept with Chris Bosh’s wife at the NBA All-Star afterparty following the February 17 game in Houston.
So, this is Pitbull’s response to Lil’ Wayne tyraid…showing him just who is boss of this city and defending the Miami Heat familia from his insults (check out the lyric below). This track is sick (yes…we just said that) and now that I know the back-story, I love it even more!
Evidenced by the name, Pit spends most of his lyrics talking about Miami…the 305…Dade County, whatever you want to call it. Having only moved down to SoFla a few years ago, I can by no means claim to be a Miami girl, but I feel some loyalty already to this city. I just love hearing Pitbull express his love and pride for this city! Don’t mess with Miami, unless you want to answer to Pit!
Pero ya, we have the song posted below which was pulled from DJ Africa’s Sound Cloud, who we assume was the producer. Let us know what you think! |
National Sandwich Day – Zero Equals Two!
As you may know, legend has it that the sandwich was invented by John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, because he didn’t want to take time away from the gambling table. Accordingly, when he was hungry, he would ask his servants to bring him slices of meat between two slices of bread. This habit became so well known to his gambling friends that they soon began to order “the same as Sandwich,” and from this, the sandwich was born.
How can you celebrate National Sandwich Day? Parade suggests 4 National Sandwich Day 2017 Freebie Deals. QSR Magazine notes that McAlister’s Deli is celebrating National Sandwich Day with a $4 Club sandwich.
If you want to make your own, Country Living provides 14 of America’s Most Essential Sandwich Recipes.
Previous Article← America’s First Female Bishop…And KKK Fan! |
lasombraprohibida.com - 2019 Buick Envision | Compact Luxury Suv | Buick Canada The 2019 Buick Envision combines dynamic lines with head-turning elegance to elevate expectations of what a luxury SUV can be. 2019 Buick Envision Book your test drive today. 2019 Buick Envision: Compact Luxury Suv | Model Details Versatility has found its style in the 2019 Buick Envision. From its unmistakable grille to its sculpted rear profile, one glance confirms that this compact luxury.
2019 Buick Envision | Compact Luxury Suv | Buick Canada The 2019 Buick Envision combines dynamic lines with head-turning elegance to elevate expectations of what a luxury SUV can be. Book your test drive today. 2019 Buick Envision: Compact Luxury Suv | Model Details Versatility has found its style in the 2019 Buick Envision. From its unmistakable grille to its sculpted rear profile, one glance confirms that this compact luxury.
Buick Envision (2019) - Pictures, Information & Specs Initial owner feedback and solid sales growth indicate the Buick Envision is delivering the luxury and features desired by compact SUV customers. 2019 Buick Envision First Drive: Disposer Closer - Motor Trend Buick might need to work on its euphemism-speak. In his pitch for the newly freshened Buick Envision, marketing boss Sam Russell referred to Encore lessees and buyers.
2019 Buick Envision: Compact Luxury Suv | Interior Features The New 2019 Buick Envision interior was thoughtfully styled to ensure a relaxing driving experience. Learn about avaialable interior features of the 2019 Envision. 2019 Buick Envision Updates Include Start/stop Disable Button The 2019 Buick Envision now has a button to disable the start/stop system. It will also roll out this spring with a lower starting base price and a new 9-speed.
2019 Buick Lacrosse Review, Ratings, Specs, Prices, And ... The 2019 Buick Lacrosse is old-school luxury with a new-school hybrid battery bump. It's a quiet, comfortable sedan that doesn't make many mistakes. To find out why. Buick Envision Reviews: Research New & Used Models | Motor ... Read Motor Trend's Buick Envision review to get the latest information on models, prices, specs, MPG, fuel economy and photos. Conveniently compare local dealer. |
Mix oregano, pepper, salt, mashed garlic well.
Separately, add the lemon juice to the prepared mix of spices.
Add the chopped onion and parsley.
Season fish with pepper and more salt to taste and then fill with the mixture .
Put the lemon slices if desired.
Bake in a preheated 180C oven.
Serve with a garnish as desired. |
Young artists hailing from coast to coast showed off their incredible vocal talents at the COC’s annual Ensemble Studio Competition on November 1, 2018, hosted by opera superstar Ben Heppner.
The story of Hadrian is such a universal and engrossing story, it has recently captured the hearts and minds of many artists to retell it. To commemorate the world premiere of the COC’s current production of Rufus Wainwright’s Hadrian.
On November 1, 2018, Centre Stage: A Night of Voices will transform the stage of the Four Seasons Centre for the Performing Arts into an arena for the COC Ensemble Studio Competition. Eight of the most talented young Canadian singers will gather in Toronto for a chance at prizes, as well as chance to join the prestigious COC Ensemble Studio. |
short time I had set out for India with the ambassador, attended only by a small suite on account of the length of the journey, and the badness of the roads. However, as was my duty, I took writh me ten camels, laden with rich presents for the Sultan.
We had been travelling for about a month, when one day we saw a cloud of dust moving swiftly towards us; and as soon as it came near, we found that the dust concealed a band of fifty robbers. Our men barely numbered half, and as we were also hampered by the camels, there was no use in fighting, so we tried to overawe them by informing them who we were, and whither we were going. The robbers, however, only laughed, and declared that was none of their business, and, without more words, attacked us brutally. I defended myself to the last, wounded though I was, but at length, seeing that resistance was hopeless, and that the ambassador and all our followers were made prisoners, I put spurs to my horse and rode away as fast as I could, till the poor beast fell dead from a wound in his side. I managed to jump off without any injury, and looked about to see if I was pursued. But for the moment I was safe, for, as I imagined, the robbers were all engaged in quarrelling over their booty.
I found myself in a country that was quite new to me, and dared not return to the main road lest I should as:ain fall into the hands of the robbers. Luckily my wound was only a slight one, and after binding it up as well as I could, I walked on for the rest of the day, till I reached a cave at the foot of a mountain, where I passed the night in peace, making my supper off some fruits I had gathered on the way. |
For centuries, extraordinary individuals have made their living by documenting the lives of others, for generations to see. The earliest photographers utilized their hand and eye, not a computer, to manipulate the photo.
6 DVD Set. Memories of Webster, Nicholas, Veterans and Coal. This set of Mark Romano’s publications can be downloaded and viewed on a computer. Not available to watch on a DVD player. It includes over 34 hours of audio interviews. Includes an unpublished book titled, “Cars, Trucks and Trains from the 1940s- 1966”, from the photographs of Jim Comstock and The Hillbilly.
Brooks Run - We Mine Coal - successfully capturing the hard work, the humor and the heritage West Virginia Coal Miners and their families and friends are so proud of today. Taken in 2008 and 2009 while coal was still a booming business. Includes miners from Webster, Nicholas, Braxton, McDowell, Wyoming and Raleigh Counties in West Virginia.
A Century of Traveling with Lanky – Photographs and Memories. This book is a follow up to the successful pictorial histories of Webster and Nicholas Counties. It has many stories and also photos not included in the other pictorials. Several interviews from residents.
For centuries, extraordinary individuals have made their living by documenting the lives of others, for generations to see. The earliest photographers utilized their hand and eye, not a computer, to manipulate the photo. With the cost of large format cameras, tedious set-up of cumbersome instruments, thoughtful composure and lengthy exposures, and the use of poisonous chemicals when developing, photographers were forced to better visualize and carefully plan images. However, like steam engines, shoe cobblers, and drive-in theaters, this type of photography is obsolete. Some of the earliest camera designs were written about in the fourth century by philosophers such as Aristotle, when he incorporated the idea of pinhole photography while viewing a partial solar eclipse. During the 1500s, artists Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci used Boyle and Hooke’s Camera Obscura to reflect colored images on surfaces, to assist them in sketching. The famous View from a Window at Le Gras, taken in 1826 by Nicephore Niepce, is the earliest known photograph. It required an eight-hour exposure, and washing with lavender oil and toxic chemicals to preserve the image. Louis Daguerre then collaborated with Niepce, and in 1837, the birth of practical photography was born with daguerreotype processing. Harsh chemicals, such as silver nitrate, and iodine and mercury vapors, were used in the development, and exposure times decreased to several minutes. Though not world-renowned, Finley Taylor was a master photographer and philosopher of the human spirit. Upon the arrival of the 20th century, Finley lugged his 5X7 Rochester field camera through rugged terrain, documenting the activity of those who existed and toiled in the Allegheny forests during the logging era in Richwood, West Virginia. Also an accomplished studio photographer, he understood lighting intimately, and capturing the true essence of his subjects was his gift. For half a century, he saw inside the souls of those he photographed, exposing their hidden passions and fears. In Last Photographers: Finley Taylor, his timeless images, with amusing and heartwarming anecdotes, brings to light a time that has been buried deep in the mountains of West Virginia. When we look back at photographs from yesteryear, it’s those printed pieces of paper that were once young and vibrant, and the stories that accompany them will preserve their existence. These images take us back to a place in our lives that were the best (or worst) days, which we can always revisit with a photo. Toward the end of this volume of work by Finley Taylor, another musty box of his negatives were discovered. These images, hidden for 100 years, have only been seen by his subjects when taken. These photos are believed to be his earliest work, when Finley was honing his craft, paving the way for some of the best images taken during the 20th century. These new images will be showcased in another volume of Last Photographers: Finley Taylor. Also in forthcoming volumes of Last Photographers, read about other brilliant photographers, such as famed editor of West Virginia Hillbilly, Jim Comstock, whose skill and artistry reveal a golden age in history.
Book 3 of Last Photographers, Return from Battle: Portraits and Prose, will be available at the Ramp Feed in Richwood on April 22, 2017. Subscribers’ books will be mailed the following Monday. Many more pages have been included for the same cost as previous books, and contains 40 World War II letters written to loved ones. You may order online or at one of our retailers: The Nicholas Chronicle, Richwood Library, The Cranberry Visitor Center, The Addison Visitor Center, Jim's Barber Shop, Sara Jane's (formally The Ranch House), and at Images by Romano (The Muddlety or Cowen Office.) Book 4 will introduce Jim Comstock, editor of The Hillbilly and News Leader. Over 20,000 negatives have been selected, ranging from 1946-1966, and the book will be available during late summer.
Nicholas County Pictorial. Second largest pictorial ever assembled on one county, with over 3,400 photographs. Very limited number available. Towns, schools, churches, businesses to name a few.
Last Photographers quarterly book series documents the works of one photographer or newspaper covering at least a 10 year period, in the way we work, play live and pray. |
N.B. If any minutes were taken of the meeting in 1985 then they have long since been lost. These two articles, authored by Katherine, cover all of the content of her talk, and more.
As anthropologists, most of us would agree with Bruner that "our first responsibility is to respect people's accounts of their experiences as they choose to present them" (1983:9). However, those of us interested in historical anthropology face a special challenge since we are rarely able to draw upon indigenous accounts of everyday life. Even when we are able to use such texts, the problem of ethnographic authority remains (Clifford 1988:8; Clifford and Marcus 1986). Considerable work is being done in historical anthropology in reconstructing indigenous histories by using the early narratives of Western observers. However, such efforts have obvious problems of observer bias (see Cohn 1987:136-171; Said 1978; Savage 1984). Furthermore, as in the descriptions discussed in this article, the outside observers have sometimes recorded opposing opinions. How are we, as anthropologists writing today, to assess such conflicting appraisals? Using the case of textiles in 19th-century northern Thailand, I should like to suggest that by reconstructing the political economy of a society, we can evaluate contradictory historical descriptions.
From Veblen (1912) and Simmel (1957) to Weiner and Schneider (1989), an appreciation of the varied manner in which textiles symbolize social distinctions has been longstanding. As Bourdieu has written of symbolic goods in general, textiles can be an integral part of the "infinitely varied art of marking distances" (1984:66; see also Barthes 1984; Sahlins 1976). Often the distinctions are extremely subtle. Writing of the use of fashion, Barthes notes the importance of details as "concentrated meaning" (1984:185). For Barthes, just a detail can change an object's meaning: "a little nothing that changes everything; those little nothings that can do everything" (1984:243). However, more than just symbolizing distinctions, textiles have also been shown to constitute and consolidate social differences through their often vital role in a society's political economy. In his pioneering article on tributary textiles in the Inca kingdom, Murra notes not only that "no political, military, social, or religious event was complete without textiles being volunteered or bestowed, burned, exchanged, or sacrificed," but also that cloth served as "a primary source of state revenues" (1962:722).
insights into the semiotics of consumption and an important methodology for historical anthropology.
Others have made a similar point (see Schneider 1987 for an excellent review of the cultural, economic, and political significance of cloth). As Weiner and Schneider summarize, architects of centralizing polities have awed spectators with sartorial splendor, strategically distributed beautiful fabrics amongst clients, and exported the textile output of royal and peasant workshops to earn foreign exchange" (1989:2).
Contradictory assessments of dress also occur in 19th-century descriptions of northern Thai dress. The anonymous author of one of the earliest surviving accounts remarked on the lack of class distinction in women's clothing: "It is curious to notice the uniformity and universality of the female dress. The higher classes vary the style a little by inserting a very showy strip of wrought silk next above the bottom piece" (Bangkok Recorder 1866). Twenty years later, an American missionary working in northern Thailand wrote in almost identical wording: "Rich and poor all dress alike, except that the higher classes vary the universal style a little by inserting a very showy strip of wrought silk into the skirt near the bottom" (Cort 1886:348).
Thus, depending upon the archival source, contemporary scholars can reach opposing assessments of the character of these earlier societies. Research on textiles in mainland Southeast Asia is just beginning (see Brown 1980; Cheesman 1988; Fraser-Lu 1988; Lefferts 1988, 1990; Prangwatthanakun and Cheesman 1987). Prangwatthanakun and Cheesman's Lanna Textiles: Yuan, Lue, Lao (1987) is the only full-length work on textiles in northern Thailand; as such it is an important preliminary study, especially useful for describing some of the items woven and the techniques used. In this article, I examine the broader social context of textile consumption and production, drawing upon two major kinds of sources, archival and oral. The archival sources include consular reports (primarily British), 19th century newspaper accounts, travelogues, and works by American missionaries. In addition I have interviewed hundreds of villagers over the age of 80 living throughout the Chiang Mai Valley of northern Thailand.5 I use archival sources primarily for insight into the consumption, production, and acquisition of textiles by the elite; I rely more heavily on oral histories for insights into the everyday life of villagers. Based upon an understanding of the social processes of textile production and consumption, I argue that the controversy generated by the contradictory opinions of certain 19th century observers of northern Thai society can be resolved in favor of those who asserted that there were dramatic differences of dress and class in the northern Thai semiotics of consumption.
The Chiang Mai Valley was the site of the largest and most important of the northern Thai kingdoms. These kingdoms were located in the region today called northern Thailand but called "Western Laos" by 19th century missionaries and other foreign observers. The courts of the various principalities were located in the mountain valleys of Chiang Mai, Lamphun, Lampang, Phrae, Nan, and Chiang Rai, each today serving as a provincial capital. Although these kingdoms were independent, they had been tributary to the neighboring kingdom of Burma for several hundred years. During the 19th century, they were tributary to the central Thai court at Bangkok; thereafter they were incorporated into Thailand.
This article is divided into two parts. In the first, I examine the cultural significance of textile consumption in 19th century northern Thailand. I present some of the surviving descriptions of dress, ranging from the daily wear of commoners to the state robes of the ruling lords, and subsequently expand the discussion from dress to other applications of textiles, arguing that there were dramatic differences between peasants and lords in this broader sphere as well. In the second part of the article, I describe how this differentiation between elites and commoners was revealed in the social process of textile production. Focusing on the two most important textiles used; cotton and silk, I consider the overall importance of textiles in the political economy of these northern Thai kingdoms, noting the role of tribute and slave labor in the acquisition of textiles by the elite.
Previous studies have shown that 19th-century northern Thai society was divided into three major social statuses: the aristocrats (jao), the freeholders (phrai), and the slaves (khiikhaa). The aristocracy was internally differentiated by economic and political power. The greatest power and prestige were concentrated in those lords who occupied the five top positions in each of the kingdoms, while lesser members of the aristocracy whose inheritances had dwindled were barely separable from the peasantry at large. Free villagers were all liable to perform corvée labor and pay tribute to the ruling lords, but they were internally differentiated according to economic class. The wealthiest villagers rivaled many members of the aristocracy; in fact, many had royal titles and intermarried with the lower levels of the aristocracy. Villagers spanned the economic continuum, from those with land and numerous animals down to those who were destitute or landless beggars. The difference between slaves and free villagers was also often a gray area. Elite slaves sometimes worked very closely with their lords and received more benefits than ordinary commoners. On the other hand, the conditions for ordinary slaves were generally worse than those for commoners since the former were at the mercy of the lords. (For more on 19th century northern Thai social structure, see Bowie 1988; Calavan 1974; Ganjanapan 1984.) Nonetheless, although portions of this social spectrum overlapped, there were significant differences in lifestyle from one end of the spectrum to the other.
To give an idea of the purchasing power of a rupee at this time, some indications of wage rates are suggestive. Although very few statistics on northern Thai wage labor rates survive, I was able to find three references in the archival sources.16 According to the British trade report of 1894, porters were paid 12 to 15 rupees per month, assuming they carried an average load of 15 to 20 viss; about 54 to 73 pounds (Archer 1895). Some figures on the wages paid to laborers in the teak industry also survive. According to W. J. Archer, the British vice consul, Khamu workers who could once be hired for 40 to 60 rupees a year (and their food) could in 1894 no longer "be had under Rs. 70 to Rs. 90 a year" (1895). Writing five years later, Acting Consul J. Stewart Black gave somewhat lower wage figures, while also lamenting the increasing costs. He noted that Khamu workers were paid 30 to 50 rupees per annum, in addition to their food, which cost about 5 rupees per month, or an additional 60 rupees per year. Black wrote that in 1899 some teak laborers were being paid as much as 120 rupees (food included) and went on to castigate the native villagers for their indolence, commenting that "not even the attraction of what is to him [sic] a small fortune will induce them to undergo for any length of time the hard labour and isolation of forest work" (1 900).17 Thus, forest workers in the teak industry were earning anywhere from 90 to 120 rupees per year (including the value of their food), or about 7 to 10 rupees per month. Such wages paid to forest workers were considered a "small fortune." Although the wages paid to porters were higher, it should be noted that portering such heavy loads required tremendous stamina and could be done by only the strongest villagers. Furthermore, such employment was seasonal.
According to oral histories, the wages paid to agricultural workers were less. Many villagers cited rates of one win (approximately one-seventh of a rupee) per day for agricultural labor at the turn of the 20th century.18 Archival sources suggest that wages for teak workers averaged one-quarter to one-third of a rupee per day and those for porters averaged half a rupee per day. Villagers also recalled that in the early 20th century one rupee could buy a full set of clothing, including a homespun shirt and pair of pants or skirt.
Clearly, the aristocracy's most luxurious clothes were not likely to serve as daily casual wear. Nonetheless they marked a significant distinction in purchasing power and social status between the elite and ordinary villagers. A tin jok skirt border that cost 60 rupees represented at least four months' wages for the best-paid porter and over a year's wages for agricultural workers. Everyday peasant dress already represented anywhere from two to seven days' wages and thus constituted a considerable expense for the ordinary wage laborer.
The ruling lords of the northern Thai kingdom also had distinctive regalia, including umbrellas and spittoons. Whether a formal sumptuary code existed is, as I mentioned earlier, unclear. However, even without the evidence of sumptuary laws, I believe that there is considerable indication of significant class differentiation through dress.19 With the exception of state robes and regalia of rank, differences in dress may well have formed a continuum of wealth rather than a clear-cut differentiation based on status. Poorer members of the aristocracy, less able to afford the most elaborate of clothes, would have blended with those below them. Conversely, wealthier members of the rural elite, especially those who had intermarried with the lower ranks of the aristocracy, would have dressed more ornately. Nonetheless, overall, when one considers the cost of elite dress in light of the economic situation of poor villagers who were begging, stealing, or patching their simple clothing, a dramatic distinction emerges.
Textiles were used not only for dress but also for a variety of household items and on various ritual occasions. Such uses of textiles also revealed considerable differences according to wealth. Although the poorest villagers often did without, ordinary villagers used textiles for making mattress and pillow covers, blankets, bed sheets, and mosquito nets. In general the mattress and pillow covers were plain indigo or black with red stripes or trim. Bed sheets were plain white or white with a red stripe or checked pattern; fancier sheets had embroidery and in some cases more complex weaves. Mosquito nets were woven on special large looms, and many informants complained about how heavy homespun cotton mosquito nets were to wash.
Cloth also figured importantly in the lives and rites of the elite. In addition to owning more and fancier clothes, the elite had more and better household items. Instead of just having enough mattresses, pillows, and other bedding items for the family, wealthier families had additional bedding sets for guests. Furthermore, the guest bedding was considered an object of display and so was more likely to have embroidered ends and complex, time-consuming weaves. Even today wealthy village families usually have wood cabinets with glass doors along the wall of the main room of their home to showcase guest bedding sets.
The possession of ornate pillows was another particularly significant attribute of elite households. Although Thais had a variety of pillows, the prestige pillows were usually triangular and were used for daytime reclining. Their importance was highlighted in a British official's passing remark that such pillows were "to be seen in every house of any pretensions" (Lowndes 1871).25 Furnishing their palaces, the northern Thai princes displayed numerous luxury items such as foreign-made weapons, chandeliers, mirrors, lanterns, curtains, reclining pillows, and even imported carpets (Taylor 1888-1930:73; Younghusband 1888:63-64). In 1830 Richardson noted the presence of Indian and Chinese carpets (1829-36:63), and in 1885 Ernest Satow recorded that the ruling lord of Chiang Mai had European furniture and "a number of gaudy Brussels carpets" (1885-86:51).
The full extent of the differences between commoners and aristocracy was most visible when members of the ruling elite traveled in state or participated in public ceremonies. Royal barges had large cloth canopies: the royal barge of the central Thai king, according to one observer, featured "a canopy of cloth of gold where the King sits on a golden throne wearing a gold embroidered coat and golden shoes" (Dodd 1923:289). The royal entourage often consisted of scores of boats, the rowers all clad in matching uniforms. The elite also traveled by horse or elephant, the animals gaily festooned with decorative textiles. On state occasions, the highest ranks of the nobility used gold and silver decorative caparisons. Mary Cort noted that the gold elephant trappings were "worth thousands," whereas the silver trappings were "worth hundreds" of rupees (Cort 1886:349).
In addition to making public prestations such as those at the Kathin ceremonies, the elite would have given considerable amounts of textile goods away during any other life-cycle or calendrical ceremonies they might hold. Thai ceremonials usually included a merit-making component in which gifts, including monastic robes and embroidered pillows, were given as offerings to the monks (see Davis 1984). Archival sources also note the use of textiles as gifts to visiting dignitaries: the gifts given to Satow, a British official, by the ruling chief of Lampang included velvet mattresses, pillows adorned with Chinese brocade, and silk skirts (Satow 1885- 86:206). Thus, not only did the peasants and the lords differ considerably in terms of dress and household possessions, but they also differed in the extent to which they donated textiles on ritual occasions.
In this article thus far I have depicted significant differences between the elite's and the peasants' uses of textiles. I have described a range of dress: from the stolen and the hand-me-down, from the threadbare and the patched, from the simple cottons of commoners to the state robes of the ruling lords. I have also outlined some of the different uses of textiles in village households as opposed to the court. Here, I should like to show how the differentiation was manifested not simply in the consumption of textiles but also in their production.
As will become clear, both accounts are true; the differences lie in the type of fabric being woven.
Most clothing was made from cotton. However, contrary to what is commonly assumed, weaving was not a universal household industry; only certain villagers in certain villages wove (see Bowie 1988, 1992). The weaving of simple cotton cloth was spread quite widely throughout the Chiang Mai Valley, and certain districts were especially known for their concentrations of weavers. Those districts that had a reputation for cotton weaving in the past, especially the San Kamphaeng and Bo sang districts, have maintained their reputations down to the present. Furthermore, oral histories reveal weaving to have been a highly specialized activity, with different villagers involved in the different phases of production. By far the most commonly produced cloth was a plain white cotton, often later dyed with indigo. The villagers most likely to produce such cloth were the poorer ones, who wove both for their own household needs and for sale or hire. Such village weavers were more likely to find weaving an onerous obligation from which others were freed.
From the simplest and plainest of homespun white cloth to the most elaborate designs using imported fibers, the value of the fabric gradually increased. Striped or plaid cloth involved more work and skill, in both weaving and dyeing, than plain cloth and was consequently valued more highly. Cloth woven with imported threads, most often used for women's phaa sins, was more expensive than the domestic handspun cotton. The wealthier the village weaver, the more likely she was to weave the more time-consuming decorative items such as colored skirts or striped sheets. The more elaborate the design, the more likely the weaver was weaving for pleasure with a "cool heart."
The more complex the weave, the more likely that the weaver was affiliated in some manner with the aristocracy, as war captive, slave, or member of the court. Virtually each of the areas known for weaving is associated with an ethnic minority brought into the Chiang Mai Valley as war captives sometime during the 19th century. Baan Ton Hen is a Khyyn village; San Kamphaeng (particularly around the original district town of Baan Oon) is also known as a Khyyn area. The Khyyn are a population who originally lived in the Chiang Tung area: Chiang Mai led attacks on Chiang Tung in 1849, 1852-53, and 1854, and it seems people were brought back on these occasions (Wilson and Hanks 1985:29). Over half of the people living in the Lamphun region are said to have descended from war captives (Freeman 1910:100). Chom Thong town has a Lawa population, many of whom served as temple slaves. Unfortunately, I was unable to acquire any information about the ethnic background of villagers in Baan Aen since the entire village was forced to relocate when a hydroelectric dam was built.
Unlike villagers, who had to weave, trade for, or buy their clothing, the ruling lords were able to extract raw cotton, woven cloth, and dyestuffs as tribute. Their ability to levy tribute on broad sectors of the population provided the aristocracy with a quantity of cotton cloth no single producer could hope to match. Interestingly, the majority of villagers who sent cotton or cloth as tribute appear to have been hilltribe populations, such as the Karen and the Mussur (today more commonly called the Lahu). One of the Karen villages that Captain Thomas Lowndes visited in 1871 had just taken its year's taxes to Chiang Mai: "it consisted of Rupees 2, 2 blankets, and 40 viss of cotton" (1871). Richardson also noted tribute of cloth paid by the Karen during his travels in 1830 (1829-36:37, 45). Captain McLeod found that the KaKuis had to make presents of mats and cloths to the lords (1836:57). McGilvary commented that much of the raw cotton being purchased by the Yunnanese traders came from the Mussur; although he did not specifically mention tribute, it is likely that the Mussur too would have been expected to offer tribute to the ruling lords in the form of raw cotton or finished cloth. While the aristocracy were able to make apparently generous donations on ritual occasions, much of what they gave was in fact the contribution of others.
Thus, the aristocracy appear to have been able to extract raw cotton, simple cotton cloth, and complex cotton weaves through political means. Tribute afforded them both raw cotton and cotton cloth, and the labor of war captives seems to have provided them with complex weaves such as tin jok skirt borders. Although silk was considered a more valuable fabric, cotton cloth nonetheless had a variety of uses in royal households. The tin jok borders, even those made of cotton, would have marked their wearers as wealthier than ordinary villagers, who only wore plain skirt borders. Possession of textiles ranging from mattresses to elephant headpieces made from complex woven cotton would have similarly served to add to the prestige of their owners. Such cloth could be used as rewards for favored underlings or as gifts for visitors. In addition, cotton cloth made possible the public display of largess involved in merit-making ceremonies, since monks' robes were typically made from cotton.
It is also possible that royalty were involved in the cotton trade. There was considerable demand for raw cotton by Yunnanese traders and some demand for cotton cloth in Burma (Bowie 1992; Hill 1982; Reid 1988:91). British vice consul Archer mentioned in his trade report of 1894 that "women's cloths of coarse cotton, woven by the Laos [were] sought after in Burma as being very durable," although he added that the export was not very considerable (1895). Such cloth, together with silk goods, could also have been offered as tribute to other kingdoms. However they used it, lords - because they could exact tribute and slave labor - found it much easier to acquire cloth than did commoners, who had to weave fabric themselves or find some other means of acquiring it.
Archival sources also indicate that royal slaves were involved in silk weaving. The British official A. H. Hildebrand noted, "There is a good deal of trade capable of being done also in silk garments and silk fancy work, at which the slaves and others are great adepts" (1875). It is not clear whether these slaves lived solely at the court or also in slave settlements established to produce cloth for the court. Silk weaving is known to have been done in only two areas outside the court itself: the towns of San Kamphaeng and Hot (and their immediate environs). While silk weaving continues to this day in San Kamphaeng, in Hot only traces survive in archival sources and in the memories of the town's oldest residents. No information survives to explain why Hot, a town some 70 kilometers from Chiang Mai, would have been a center of silk production and weaving, or why the industry died out. (Villagers said it was because the cocoons scared easily and so had died.) However, in San Kamphaeng a senior member of one of the prestigious silk-weaving families recounted the local version of the history of silk weaving in his area. According to his account, lords victorious in war would capture various kinds of artisans and resettle them in their own kingdoms. Thus, silversmiths were settled near the south end of Chiang Mai town, lacquer ware artists in another location, and weavers in San Kamphaeng. This account indeed suggests that the silk weavers in San Kamphaeng may have been royal slaves weaving at the behest of the court.
Some idea of the potential scale of royal weaving was given by D. J. Edwardes, who wrote that the ruling lord of Chiang Mai had 300 slaves weaving cloth for him (1875). It appears that these Chiang Mai silks were marketed in Burma. In his summary of the Chiang Mai kingdom, Lowndes commented: "Weaving and embroidery are the principal handicrafts, the silk putsoes [phaa nung] are much sought after by the Burmans, as they wear three times as long as those of Burmese manufacture" (1871). He made a similar point about the silk woven in Hot, noting that it was "said to be very strong and durable" and adding, "A thitgoung [headman] showed me a putso that he had had in wear for 7 years, and it was by no means worn out" (1871).
In San Kamphaeng, where silk production has continued to the present day, raw silk was imported from Luang Prabang, Laos, and later from Mandalay, Burma. Raw silk was also routinely imported by the Haw traders coming from Yunnan, China (Hill 1982; see also Bowie 1992).
The geographical distribution of raw materials had social implications. Since sufficient quantities of cotton grew in upland regions of northern Thailand to be readily exported, cotton was more accessible to ordinary villagers and could, in turn, be extracted by the ruling lords through tribute. Since silkworms were not abundant in northern Thailand, raw silk had to be imported. Silk's scarcity heightened its price and its prestige value, serving to concentrate silk weaving in the hands of the court. Aristocratic control of silk production was further aided by the fact that the silk fiber is very fine and hence is far more difficult and time-consuming to weave than cotton.
A comparison of cotton and silk production, then, reveals important contrasts. While cotton was exported, silk was imported into northern Thailand. While cotton was generally woven by freeholding villagers, silk seems to have been woven by slaves and members of the aristocracy. While villagers, except those who begged or stole their clothing, had to obtain textiles through direct economic means, aristocrats were able to augment their own production through the political means of tribute and slave labor. Furthermore, because poverty was widespread and not all villagers grew or wove cotton themselves, many villagers faced hardships in acquiring clothing of any kind for their families.
Understanding the process of textile production helps contemporary readers gain insight into the cultural meaning of cloth to 19th century northern Thai. Once we understand the chronic poverty of most villagers and the difficulty with which villagers obtained even the simplest of cotton cloth, the significance of cloth in daily life and in village rituals becomes clearer. Simultaneously, we can begin to enter the cultural world of 19th century villagers to learn the social meaning of the difference between clothes made of cotton and those made of silk.
Understanding the productive process also helps us appreciate the manner in which textiles were interwoven with royal authority. Because of their coercive power, the lords were able to exact cloth as tribute from freeholders and labor from slaves. Their political position reinforced their economic position, since the textiles - and other goods - they acquired through tribute and slave labor were apparently marketed for revenue. The revenue and surplus textiles they acquired through the labor of others, in turn, reinforced their political position. By sponsoring large, conspicuous merit-making ceremonies in which they gave robes and pillows to monks, the lords enhanced their prestige and, ironically, created an image of generosity. The fine silks in which the lords dressed themselves symbolized not only their distinction from the poor but also their own relationship to the political economy of the kingdom.
Combining oral histories with archival sources, this article has examined textile consumption and production in 19th century northern Thailand. If we have an understanding of the social process of textile production, the "concentrated meaning" (Barthes 1984:185) of northern Thailand textiles becomes more apprehensible. Such apparently minor details of fashion as the use of a silk skirt border - or, as one early observer phrases it, "a showy strip of wrought silk" - can no longer be interpreted as meaning that "rich and poor all dress[ed] alike" (Cort 1886:346). Important differences in dress, household possessions, and ritual prestations separated the aristocracy from the peasantry. These differences signified profound differences in the relationship of each to the political economy. Thus, the semiotics of consumption in northern Thai society is illuminated by an understanding of its political economy. This article on the consumption and production of textiles in 19th century northern Thailand has been at once a description of the social context of textiles and an exercise in historical anthropology. The evaluation and appropriate application of archival sources present a challenge to every historical anthropologist, since these sources are replete with omissions and distortions. However, by interweaving oral histories with archival sources, we can recapture much of the fabric of the past. Oral histories enhance the archival sources by contributing some sense of the lived experiences of the unrecorded majority. This article has shown how developing a better understanding of a society's political economy can provide an independent means to assess the opinions of outside observers of indigenous societies.
Acknowledgments. This article emerges from my dissertation fieldwork on 19th century political economy, conducted from 1984 to 1986 under the auspices of the National Research Council of Thailand with a grant from the Social Science Research Council. Subsequent fieldwork specifically on textile production was conducted during the summer of 1989 with a grant from the Graduate School of the University of Wisconsin, Madison. I would like to thank Cornelia Kammerer, Jean De Bernardi, Nicola Tannenbaum, Patricia Cheesman, Songsak Prangwatthanakun, Kristine Hastreiter, Kate Bjork, Hugh Wilson, and the American Ethnologist reviewers for their various contributions toward the research and writing of this article.
1 Edwardes' summary raises questions about Anthony Reid's conclusion that in Southeast Asia, "the difference in dress between rich and poor, servant and master, king and commoner, was less marked than in pre-industrial Europe, where each man's station and even vocation could be read in the prescribed style of dress" (1988:85).
2 The distinctions of dress appear to have been quite subtle at times. Crawfurd wrote, "The better classes permit the ends of the dress to hang loosely in front, but the lower orders tuck them under the body, securing them behind" (1987:313).
Although the older men in northern Thai villages sport tattoos, the practice has fallen out of vogue among the current generation of northerners. For more on the symbolism of tattoos, see Nicola Tannenbaum (1987).
4 In the course of my interviewing I also encountered villagers who made mention of sumptuary rules with regard to housing and clothing, but they were unable to recall any of the specifics. The quotation cited suggests not only that sumptuary laws existed but also that they varied by ruler and kingdom.
5 During dissertation fieldwork in 1984-86, I interviewed more than 500 villagers over the age of 80 living in about 400 villages throughout the Chiang Mai Valley. I repeatedly asked villagers for their recollections of life when they were young as well as for their memories of what their parents and grandparents had said about life in their days (see Bowie 1988). This article emerges from accidental observations made during my dissertation research. During the summer of 1989 I interviewed another 100 villagers, specifically asking about textiles.
6 Considerable confusion is caused by the various linguistic borrowings of the 19th century English language sources, which alternately use Indian, Burmese, and central Thai words to describe northern Thai clothing. Thus, terms such as phaa nung, lungi, and putso are used in ambiguous ways. In general, these terms refer to the lengths of cloth worn by both men and women on the lower half of the body. The lengths may be sewn into a tube (as in the phaa sin) or twisted into a thick cord worn between the legs (as in the phaa toi). To add to the confusion, the usage of these terms has changed over time. During the 19th century, phaa nung referred to the length of cloth worn on the lower part of the body by central Thai men and women alike, corresponding most closely to the phaa toi worn by northern Thai men. Over time the meaning has changed to refer to the tubular cloth, or phaa sin, worn during the 19th century by northern Thai women and now worn by women throughout the country.
8 Bock, writing in 1884, observed, "A few Lao women are beginning to wear tight-fitting jackets, cut to the shape of the figure, with equally tight sleeves, something after the style of the 'ladies' jerseys' recently so fashionable in Paris and London, and involving no small amount of labour to get on and off" (1986 :327). Writing at about the same time, Cort made a similar observation: "Some are beginning to wear jackets or waists, but the usual style is for the women to have a brightly colored cotton or silk scarf tied around their chests just under the arms" (1886:348).
9 The indigo-dyed cotton daew chador and indigo shirts now identified as stereotypical of the Thai peasantry appear to have been of recent vintage, dating from about the turn of the century. Ironically, the blue farmer shirts (sya moh hoom) now worn by university students and Thai officials to demonstrate Thai nationalist pride seem to have been popularized by Chinese merchants. The daew chador has more in common with Chinese-style loose-fitting pants than with the traditional phaa toi. Additional support for the view that jackets became more common as the century progressed are provided in a few passing comments. In 1868 Henry Alabaster detailed his recollections of people's dress ten years earlier, noting: "I remember that ten years ago at any of the great festivals which attracted there 40 or 50,000 spectators, almost all wore but one garment - or a sarong and scarf. Now almost every one adds thereto a cotton or silk jacket" (1868). Stringer, writing in his trade report of 1890 specifically about northern Thailand, commented, "The wearing of singlets and coats of European pattern by the men and cotton jackets by the women is becoming more common" (1891).
10 That cloth was highly valued elsewhere in Southeast Asia is also reflected in the following Burmese proverb: "If you are on the way to an ahlu [merit-making ceremony], do not wear your jacket; carry it and put it on when you arrive; it lasts longer that way" (Nash 1965:232).
11 "A comment on the poverty of temple slaves in Burma supplies further evidence that the sheer amount of cloth in one's clothing was an indication of economic status: "They are poor these slaves, the men wear no brilliant putsoes and the women wear no vest beneath their jacket" (Rangoon Gazette Weekly Budget 1899b).
12 The value of cloth is also suggested in a northern Thai rhyme describing the payment that three women received in return for sexual favors: "Miss Kum asked for silver, Miss Huan asked for cloth, Miss Noja asked for an elephant. Hurry up and finish Doctor" (Bristowe 1976:127, cited in Patel 1990:127). Cotton's value as a commodity is seen too in the fact that there were traveling minstrels who literally "sang for their cotton." A favorite form of village entertainment in the past was soh, witty and often bawdy repartee between a male and a female singer, with musical accompaniment. One especially popular form of soh was the soh kep nok, or "singing repartee to collect birds." In villages with surplus raw cotton, this soh would be performed as soh laek fai (singing in exchange for cotton). Each village household wishing a performance would build a tree as a stage prop, with cotton representing the birds in the tree. At a certain point in the plot, the male singer would then "shoot down" all the cotton birds and put them in his bag. Having collected all the cotton balls, the performers would then move to the next house where they had been invited to perform, again receiving cotton as payment. (For more on the soh kep nok performance itself, see Shim- bhanao 1982-84).
13 Nineteenth-century paintings have been preserved at Wat Phumin in Nan and Wat Phra Singh in Chiang Mai.
14 Because during times of peace Chiang Tung and Chiang Mai were closely linked by trade as well as by cultural and linguistic similarities, I include these descriptions of Chiang Tung in the discussion of northern Thailand. Kun or Khynn is the name of the ethnic group living in the region around Chiang Tung (Keng Tung), many of whom were brought to Chiang Mai as war captives and resettled there.
15 Stringer wrote that Manchester chowls, "of which four different sizes are sold, fetch from Rs. 20 to Rs. 24 per corge of 20 pieces, and the Bombay goods, also sold in four sizes, fetch from Rs. 17 to Rs. 20 per corge" (1891). Chowl is another word for phaa nung. According to T. Carlisle's 1899 trade report, chowl was "the Indian name for the Siamese 'phalai' or 'paley,' that is the 'phaanung' or lower portion of the Siamese costume printed and furnished with a glaze" (1900). In other words, it was a length of printed cloth some three to four meters long. A possibly higher figure for the price per length was given by Alabaster, who suggested that if the British could manufacture sarongs to sell retail at about 4 to 6 shillings apiece, they might find a market in Thailand (1868). Since the rupee was valued at 13 pence in 1895, this would suggest a cost of 3.7 to 5.6 rupees per length. However, I have no figures with which to calculate the shilling/rupee exchange rate for 1868.
16 James Ingram has done a remarkable job of gathering wage labor rates for central Thailand (1964).
17 1t is interesting that while remarking on the indolence of the natives, Black commented that it was "not uncommon to find Khamoos working for foresters who had failed to pay their wages for 5-6 years" (1900).
18 Until the early part of the 20th century, the Burmese rupee (called the taep in northern Thai) was the dominant currency in northern Thailand. The Siamese (central Thai) baht only became the standard currency thereafter. The baht equaled 100 satang. The exchange rate between the Siamese baht and the Burmese rupee fluctuated but was about 80 to 90 satang per rupee (according to interviews and Archer 1895). Since a win equaled 12 satang, it was approximately equivalent to one-seventh of a rupee.
19 The significance of sumptuary laws is ambiguous. On the one hand, the presence of such laws suggests an elite strong enough to have them passed; on the other hand, it also suggests an elite whose status is being undermined. It has been argued that in England, where a variety of such laws were passed, they represented not the strength of the aristocracy but its weakness vis-à-vis the growing fiscal strength of the bourgeoisie. Sumptuary laws have even been interpreted as the protectionist tactics of a local bourgeoisie protecting domestic production against foreign imports (see Hooper 1915). They have also been interpreted as paternalistic efforts by concerned governments to protect their citizens from profligacy (Phillips and Staley 1961).
21 Far more remains to be said about the raw materials needed for dyeing. For more on this and other dyes, see Prangwatthanakun and Cheesman (1987) and Fraser-Lu (1988). See Schneider (1976) for a fascinating discussion of the importance of dyes in the political economy of Europe.
22 A few of the traditional ordination pillows have survived. I saw one that was among a villager's last remaining unsold treasures; it had been made by his mother for his initiation. A triangular pillow made of black satin cloth, it had gold thread embroidered into a flower design at the points of the triangle.
23 Cloth that has been worn as a woman's phaa sin can be very powerful symbolically. Soldiers often wore pieces from their mothers' phaa sins to protect them in battle, with the idea that their mothers had done the most to give them life and would do the most to protect them. This symbolism becomes even more intriguing when considered in light of the famous myth of Queen Chamathevi. She wove pieces of a phaa sin into a hat for a suitor to ensure that his arrows would fall short of their mark and he would thus fail in his quest for her hand in marriage. The stratagem worked.
24 Textile production seems to have been a more important and more widespread part of the village household economy in northeastern than in northern Thailand. Consequently, I believe, cloth goods figured more prominently in wedding celebrations in the northeast.
26 The Pali word kathina means a piece of cloth that in former times was donated to a temple for making robes; alternatively, it means the wooden frame on which the cloth was traditionally sewn into robes (Davis 1984:200).
27 Even today kathin ceremonies are "most often sponsored by government agencies, private companies, and wealthy families" (Davis 1984:200).
28 The central Thai king, King Mongkut, wore robes of yellow silk while he was a monk (Feltus 1924:53).
Rich people didn't know how to spin or weave. They bought their clothes ready-made or hired other people to weave their cloth for them. Rich people were too lazy to weave for themselves. But some rich people were stingy; they wove their own clothes instead of hiring poor people.
30 lronically, Prangwatthanakun and Cheesman suggest that in the past "every woman owned at least one tin chok for special occasions" (1987:12). Because these borders required so much skill to weave and were so expensive to buy, I am quite skeptical of this claim. I think that only the wealthiest of villagers, or villagers who were themselves expert weavers, would have owned a tin jok.
31 Hildebrand did not specify how the slaves of the second chief were employed; however, we know from Bock's account that one of the second chief's wives had her slaves spin silk. Hildebrand wrote, "The second chief's source of income is not so calculable; he derives a good deal from the labor of his slaves, of whom, with his wives and children, he never has less than 600 under his roof, and the number outside would probably double this amount" (1875).
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The lockout of the musicians at the Minnesota Orchestra has been epic, lasting more than 15 months and involving some moves by the musicians and the orchestra’s donors to establish an alternative corporation. Is signing this contract going to make things all better?
The online nonprofit journalism site MinnPost started speculating this past week that the Minnesota Orchestral Association might be close to a contract with its musicians, who had been locked out for 474 days after rejecting a contract that would have included a 35 percent pay cut. NPQ has covered the grindingly long labor dispute repeatedly over the past year, and of late it was evident that there were a number of deadlines looming, including some that might have an effect on the organization’s lease on its performance space. Additionally, donor support for the musicians was solidifying into proposals not just for a split, but also for an attempt to attach the endowment of the Orchestral Association. A new nonprofit was being formed to act as home to an alternative to the MOA, and the musicians had raised $600,000 on their own.
But MinnPost reports on what is perhaps the most telling, albeit subtle, sign that a contract agreement was nigh was that during the intermission in Mozart’s Requiem this past weekend, the musicians, who have been performing on their own, did not make their usual announcement of the lockout from the stage.
The now agreed-upon three-year contract will require only a 15 percent pay cut, which means that the compensation at MOA will remain among the top 10 percent of orchestras in the U.S., although there are other compensation-affecting elements of the contract. The most interesting part of the contract is a revenue-sharing clause for the musicians, based on the rate of return on the orchestra’s endowments.
There have been compromises on both sides, and the contract will likely be a welcome step forward to the community, but there have been many losses in the interim, what with Osmo Vänskä, the MOA’s brilliant music director, and a number of other key players leaving. There are only 77 musicians, instead of the 95 that both sides see as being optimal. Additionally, among those who remain, many, in an attempt to stay solvent, have outstanding commitments to other orchestras. |
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As an aesthetic and social phenomenon of the modern age, of all other fine arts, the poster reflects most accurately, clearly and acutely the political and social climate of its time. Most often anonymous, genuinely street born, the Poster is the fastest to reach its viewers. It should hit with its calling power, it should be a slogan, a sign, a spell and a symbol. It has to be convincing and persuasive.
The history of the 20th century Bulgarian political poster has its ups and downs. It becomes a flag of the left-wing forces between the two world wars, proclaiming the new social ideas of time. In the years immediately after September 9, 1944 artists without special training in the field of poster art – graphics and painters, pave the way for the Bulgarian poster, search and find its essence, specifics and means of expression. During the Cult of Stalin Bulgarian poster becomes a substitute of its own, obeying the lowly criteria and directives of the regulatory aesthetics. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, several generations of professionally-trained poster artists bring poster art to its contemporary level of achievements, and the variety of their plastic visions determines the character of the Bulgarian poster school.
The New Political Poster exhibition is a joint project of the Museum of Socialist Art and the National Academy of Art. It offers an alternative point of view, a new focus on the thematic issues of the museum institution. Furthermore, it is an opportunity for expression of the younger generation of Bulgarian poster artists.
I am sure that in solving their academic tasks, students have faced all the challenges of the most complex and specific genre variety of the poster – the political theme. Today poster art is free from the ideological pressure of the past, from political and aesthetic “considerations”, from the dictum of the investor in the face of a party and a state. Now the question is what will be the new face of the Bulgarian political poster and what will be its public resonance. I think that the New Political Poster exhibition is relevant both to the issues it is examining and to the dialogue between the Museum and its audience. Here I see a chance to assess the ability of artistic and public awareness, responsiveness, understanding and attitude towards the social problems of today.
The reason for organizing this event is the comment of the journalist Stefan Djambazov from Въпреки.com about the very few political and social posters in our exhibition on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the Specialty in Bankya Art Center.
Naturally, I did not quite agree with that statement, and referred to the genre variety sought in the selection. I also made it clear that our students have a specific learning task in their curriculum – the political poster.
Soon after that, in a purposefully made conversation with the artist Nikolay Ushtavaliiski, I shared mine and my students' intention to visit the Museum of Socialist Art, whose curator is he. Nikolay suggested that it would be a good idea if our visit to the Museum was followed by a poster exhibition. The museum we have not reached yet, but bringing the two comments together is how the idea for this event was born. The students received urgent tasks, so the majority of the posters in this exhibition were made in the last two months and added to the work of the past few years. Together with our colleagues from the Department we selected this exposition, and Prof. Georgi Iankov proposed the name New Political Poster.
This year our Specialty has had good cooperation with many organizations and cities, including the 70-year-old Dimitrovgrad. Today we celebrate another initiative with the 70th anniversary of the National Gallery. We are grateful for the invitation and the opportunity to show some of the works of our smart and talented students. Our hope is to present here the new face of the Bulgarian political poster, especially because we are among those who remember the old one. Let us hope that our students, having, for their own benefit, faced a past that is distant for them, will enjoy greater freedom to think about the present and the future.
Poster and Visual Communication Dept. |
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Seems like the right spot to test how many people are still active at LG.. Happy New Year everybody!! |
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I’m here to help! Ask me anything via the form below, and I’ll get back in touch as soon as possible.
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As an employer, you may be faced with difficulties if a member of staff has been on sick leave for a period of time.
You will be aware, when a member of staff is absent due to illness, statutory sick pay is payable from the fourth consecutive day onwards, the current rate is £88.45 per week and is payable up to 28 weeks.
If the employee is ill for less than seven days then they can complete self certification themselves. If the employee is ill for more than seven days then you can request that they provide a fit note from their GP. These are also sometimes referred to as medical statements or a doctor's note. The seven days includes the days that the employee wouldn't normally work, you will need to include weekends and bank holidays.
The employee's contract may contain a clause regarding being referred to a Doctor in the instance of long term sickness, which will help to determine how long the employee will be absent.
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The process, once the referral is made, means a health professional will speak to the employee over the phone and carry out an assessment. The aim is to identify all the obstacles preventing a return to work. A plan to return to work is then developed and further support services are signposted. The case manager will then contact the employee after they return to work to check the progress.
The service provides helpful advice on how to bring the employee back to the workplace safely and sustainably. It may suggest a phased return to work, lights duties or physical changes to be made.
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So the fertility clinic that I used to go to Fertility Centers of Illinois is offering a WONDERFUL opportunity to someone in Illinois who is struggling with infertility and looking at IVF – a free cycle!! I wish I would have known of this while I was there, but it’s all good now.
Anyway, they are having a golf fundraiser to raise money to help couples afford IVF. You can apply to receive this amazing gift – simply click here to be taken to the fundraiser’s web page, and then click on the application link. That simple! I hope this reaches someone in Illinois that this could really help to reach our ultimate goal: a baby in our arms. Good Luck!
Mother’s day is hard. There’s no question about that. I don’t think I need to rehash something that we all know and feel…but I did want to share this article written by Nia Vardalos (from My Big Fat Greek Wedding). It’s a great way to explain what we all go through, not just on Mother’s Day, but every day that we struggle with infertility and loss.
In some amazingly good news, my blog friend K from Waiting for Sunflower has had her little baby boy!! I’m so happy for her. She and I have almost parallel stories (PCOS, MTHFR, 2 miscarriages) – I’m so happy that she has finally gotten her Sunflower, she deserves every bit of happiness. If you have some time, swing over to her blog and leave her a note of congratulations!
In other news, please keep K from Waiting for Sunflower in your thoughts, prayers, ritual sacrifices, whatever it is that you do. She is getting nearer and nearer to her due date. She will be induced on Friday morning unless the little guy decides to make his appearance before that. Please offer her support as she prepares to meet her baby!
Doody called “Online Infertility Community Celebrates National Awareness Week“ and in the article, there is a link back to my post about our #infertility campaign on Twitter! How exciting is that!!! And some of you were quoted from your Tweets that day! Check it out and marvel at the power of social networking to help bring awareness about infertility, during NIAW and all year long! We rock ladies (and gents…)!!
So yesterday you may have noticed my blog about my Twitter campaign. I’ve met an AMAZING group of women and men through Twitter that are suffering or have dealt with infertility. Many of them have blogs, but not all do. It’s a great place to go for instant advice or support in this IF world. The friends I’ve meet through my blogging and twitter worlds are beyond wonderful. They have been there for me during my 2 miscarriages, through 3 of my 4 IUI’s (during my 1st one I had not yet begun to blog), during my worries of finances to pay for it all, new diagnosis’ and my continuing journey to find my way down this Long and Winding Road.
Well, I signed on to Twitter today at work like I do. I normally just check it when I have some spare time and see what people are up to. Offer support to those in a difficult place in their journey and rejoice with those who receive good news. I don’t know when or why the idea popped into my head, but I decided that #infertility needed to be a trending topic on Twitter. If you’re not familiar with how Twitter works, I’ll try to give a brief description. You get 140 words to say something to those that “follow” you – anyone who has signed up to can see what you say, and you see what others say, based on who you follow. They also have this trending topics thing, where if you put a # in front of a word, Twitter tracks it. The more people who say that word in a tweet, the more popular the topic becomes. On the side bar of your Twitter page there is a “top 10” of sorts of the words that are “trending” the highest – those that are mentioned the most by everyone who has a Twitter account.
So, like I said, I decided to make #infertility one of the Top 10 on April 19th…So I said: “we should try to make #infertility a trending topic…who’s in??” Soon I had a few of my followers joining in on the idea! We were tweeting to each other about making people more aware of infertility or supporting each other through laughter (@fromiftowhen mentioned she’d like to get shirts made that say “I was out of the office b/c I was getting knocked up by my doc”). Soon there were a ton of tweets going back and forth in the IF twitter community mentioning #infertility and trying to get others to join the campaign! I shared some statistics on infertility “National Survey of Family Growth 1995: approx 6.1 mil women & partners in US are affected by #infertility that’s10% of reproductive-age pop” which were retweeted (repeated by someone else so all of their followers could see what I said) by @wombwarrior.
Soon I decided it was time to go on the offensive and attack the current trending topics, hoping that would help.
Other topics were discussed: what has infertility taught you? Who supports you in your IF journey? I got to know so much about my IF Twitter community today, it was amazing! I also “met” a ton of new IFers on Twitter and got a lot of new followers.
In the end however, we did not make it to the Top 10 Trending Topics today – but I’m not giving up! National Infertility Awareness Week is April 24-May 1, 2010. This week was created by Resolve, a great organization focused on bringing issues of infertility to light and making sure that we are spoken for in this world! I’m going to re-launch my campaign on April 26th (that’s next Monday) to get #infertility to be a Trending Topic on Twitter! I’m hoping with some planning ahead and getting the word out there we can do it this time! I’m even going to try and get the word to Ellen DeGeneres via Twitter (thanks for the idea Twitter ladies! I’m not sure who @ replied her first, if it was you, let me know so I can give you credit here) to have she and her fans help our #infertility trending campaign.
I can’t do this with out you, my fellow Tweeters! Spread the word! Blog about the campaign! Tell all of your friends, IRL (in real life) and online!! Please help me to achieve this goal – together I KNOW that we can do it! We will begin on April 26th, whatever time zone you’re in when that day roles around, begin to add #infertility to all of your tweets, even if they’re not about infertility! Every tweet counts!!
Thank you, thank you everyone – hope to see you again on April 26th!
In other news, I’m starting a campaign of sorts on Twitter today. I’ve found an awesome community of IF tweeps (?), tweeters (?), twitterers (?)…anyway, a lot of them are people that I follow on their blogs, but with twitter there is an instant support network when things go good or bad in the IF life…If you’re not on Twitter, you can ignore this appeal (or join to help!). If you ARE on Twitter, I’m trying to get the word #infertility trending today. All you have to do is tweet something and add the word #infertility with the little hash tag/number sign thing-y. I’d love to bring some more awareness to the world about infertility and all the crap we have to go through! If you can help, that’d be awesome!
Hope you are all well and that your cycles, pregnancies and/or new babies are going great!
It is a very serious disease and the only “cure” is to completely cut out all gluten from your diet. As you may imagine, this severely limits ones food choices. Although, a lot of G-free foods are very tasty! I’ve had a lot since she was diagnosed and made many myself. When it’s a matter of life or death (which it is for her…if she has gluten it could kill her) you find ways!
Why am I bringing this up here? Well the very lovely and talented Stirrup Queen posted a link on her Twitter to this article linking celiac disease with infertility. Celiac disease blocks your body for absorbing nutrients (such as Vitamin D, calcium and Folic Acid…seem important?), there by causing fertility issues and recurrent miscarriages. The article points to a blogger, Waiting in Sunshine and her post about her celiac’s and infertility.
I think this is an important issue to look into for those of us still in the trenches. In April I go in for some big blood work to see if there is any reason I continue to loose my babies. The PCOS explains my difficulty getting pregnant (though with metformin now, we seem to have helped that problem out a lot) but now we’re looking into why I can’t stay pregnant. The MFM doc I saw didn’t see any reason in my ultrasound and past testing to explain it. What if all my tests come back okay? What then? I don’t think I have any of the celiac symptoms, but the blood test is so easy to check for it, and I know there are clinics that offer free testing for it all the time. It would be something to look into if there is no other explanation. I’m not putting this up here to make everyone think that there IF/miscarriage issues are caused by celiac disease. I’m just saying it’s certainly something to consider if all else fails.
This post is about something I just heard about today (thanks to Maybe Baby?). If you go to this website, you’ll find out that today all around the world people are lighting candles to remember the children that we have lost. What you’re supposed to do is light a candle at 7:00 pm to remember your little one or perhaps to remember a child that a loved one has lost. Please, if you are able, join with us and light a candle tonight. |
Child policy: Children 2-11 years old sharing with parents (without extrabed): compulsory breakfast charged at 130 Baht per day.
my 4th stay in this hotel, so it explains everything. From staff to general conditions of this hotel, it s acceptable for a no-frills hotel. |
Usually I find my next knitting project by browsing patterns online until something catches my eye. Not this time! This time I knew exactly what I wanted: a shawl-collared, long-sleeved cardigan knit in a slightly variegated gray yarn. I finally settled on the Georgetown Cardigan pattern knit with madelinetosh Tosh Vintage in the colorway Great Grey Owl. Tosh Vintage is so squishy and wonderful, but luxury yarn comes with a luxury price tag. Fortunately I had some money from my birthday (thanks, Gramma and Grampa!) and justified the big purchase knowing how much use I will get from this sweater!
It's been kinda hot until recently.
I'm trying to protect it from spit-up or other baby slime as long as possible. I know it won't be forever. Sigh.
A large part of my enjoyment of new clothes comes from looking at them before I wear them! Sometimes I hang them at the front of my closet for a couple weeks. This sweater has been sitting folded on top of our dresser since I finished it.
Soon it will be in heavy rotation in my wardrobe. I look forward to snuggling up in my cozy cardigan this winter! |
Friendly staff, hotel is in a very good location. I was only planning to stay 4 days ended up extending 6 more days. I was staying in 402 a lovely room at the back, squirrels jumping through the trees just beautiful. The room was clean and quiet. There is no elevator and there is a hidden surprise up on the roof. Take time to go up you will find a table and chair and a beautiful view of the ocean.the hotel is a 5 minute wakk to the beach and your right on the restaurant strip.the staff can do breakfast, tours, transport, and even sell cheap beers, they have a free beach mat and umbrella if needed, they have beach towels for hire at 20 Barth. The hot water is a bit hit or miss but the wifi is strong. Don t expect the Ritz you get what you pay for. All rooms have balconys but it s pretty warm.
2nd time stay here, as good as ever. Clean, spacious, and near to beach. Friendly staff added extra point to the review. |
I bought one of the Cycleworks engine stand faceplates and made a simple mod to it so that it would fit my VW/Porsche engine stand.
The two holes that need to be drilled are 8.5" center to center, and they are 2" from each side and ⅞" from the bottom. Photos are self-explanatory.
I haven't tried mounting my /2 engine on it yet (it is still in the bike). If the bolt heads are in the way I'll substitute flat head screws.
looks like it should work really well.
Lets hope you don't NEED to use it anytime soon. |
Learing Bits has a detailed walk through how to patch your octopress in order to be able to publish via FTPES. |
Jobless and with a ticking travel visa time-bomb attached to them in the United States, one Singaporean couple did this: Walked more than 2.5km along the majestic Golden Gate Bridge of San Francisco, spend almost 11 hours moving up and down the ageless Grand Canyon on a mule, and drove through the dry marshes of the iconic Trona Pinnacles.
If that was not captivating enough, all of the above -and more- was captured by Lester Lee and his girlfriend, Charmaine Goh, using just a 4.9 inch (12.4cm) iPhone. So how did they do it?
The answer is a combination of mobile applications, huge lungs and a bit of a MacGyver thinking. For instance, to take a stable shot while in a moving vehicle such as the four-wheel ride across the Trona Pinnacles, Lester decided to take a long breath while filming.
“I just tried my best to stabilise it by holding on to my breath. The most of it actually is just cutting away the shaky parts and show the stable parts. Another way we did is to put our iPhone on to the car’s window flat on. It just stabilises the video so well. We’ve no physics explanation or what for that but it works!” Lester exclaimed.
Viewers are in for a visual treat throughout the 5-minute video named Small Steps – USA, with a generous amount of time-lapses adorning parts of it. Before taking the time-movement shots with his iPhone, Lester researched and utilised the relevant apps available.
“Time-lapse is surprisingly easy and amazingly great for an iPhone. It was my first time trying time-lapse on an iPhone so I went to Google for the best apps for it at the moment. We found Timelapse and Gorillacam app free and tried both. We invested in a simple, small and affordable Gorillapod suitable for smart phones,” Lester explained.
Perhaps more compelling than watching uber-beautiful sceneries outdoing each other in a video is the story behind it. Although smiling faces are aplenty in the film, Lester reveals that the couple had originally went to the United States last September to get a job.
For three months, the couple scoured for openings, attended interviews but all they got back were disappointment as no company was willing to sponsor them.
“We always habour some thoughts of working overseas and wanted to give it a try too … But unfortunately 3 months later after several interviews we didn’t managed to find a company willing to be our sponsor and return home,” Lester explained.
Lester took about two weeks to complete Small Steps – USA. The art director also designed the opening graphics of the video, one which he said was inspired by the native American Indian petroglyphs when the couple visited the Indian reservation area in the south-west of USA.
The iPhone may be less powerful than a DSLR, but one of the boons of using the former while travelling is surely its size and portability. Nonetheless, the video has also taught Lester about a smartphone’s many other benefits as an image-capturing companion, such as satisfying one’s social-sharing instincts.
“I’ve once travelled with a point and shoot camera, a GoPro with all these stabilisers and mounts and batteries and iPhone. During the trip, I was just frustrated by the amount of things I was carrying. After the trip, I realise my iPhone’s photos are better than the point and shoot camera and GoPro. And I’m able to upload it to social media platforms for conveniently,” Lester said.
Between having walked along one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World and witnessing the razzing sun on mega plateaus, Small Steps – USA seems to have taught us that memories don’t come from the most expensive equipment but from the best travel buddies. Including the iPhone. |
The City of Long Beach Police Department is working with Nassau County to bring in the ShotSpotter Gunshot Detection and Location system. ShotSpotter uses sophisticated technology to detect gunfire in specified geographic locations.
Using mounted detectors and cameras, when gunfire occurs, the system records the number of shots fired, whether the shooter was stationary or moving, and essential audio playback of the gunshot event. Additionally, the system's video cameras pan to the area where shots were fired to record a license plate, a car, a face, or anything else that can help catch the suspect.
"Several months ago, we identified ShotSpotter as a resource that we desperately need, and we requested financial assistance from Nassau County," commented Long Beach Police Commissioner Michael Tangney. "We are now working with Legislator Ford to accomplish the goal of bringing this incredibly valuable system to Long Beach, enabling our department to provide even greater protection for our residents."
"There have been many shootings recently in Long Beach's North Park area, and I've seen the success that the Nassau County Police Department has had using ShotSpotter to identify the exact location of gunfire and the perpetrator using the gun," said Legislator Ford. "The ShotSpotter System helps our officers respond faster and gives them a specific area to search for potential evidence, question witnesses, and in the event a victim is found, ensure that medical attention is timely. Most importantly, this system improves both the safety of the community at large and of our responding officers. I am thrilled to be a part of bringing this program to our neighborhood."
"We're extremely happy that Legislator Ford has recognized the need for this and is working with Nassau County to bring these necessary resources to our City," remarked City Council Vice President Fran Adelson. "We look forward to having this important system in Long Beach as soon as possible." |
I have discussed previously the locomotive assignment booklets used for a number of years by Southern Pacific, and commented about how to use such a booklet for choosing my 1953 locomotives to model (you can see it at: http://modelingthesp.blogspot.com/2011/04/choosing-1953-locomotive-roster.html ). But I didn’t say much in that post about the assignment booklets themselves. I want to say more in this post.
Shown below is the cover of a typical booklet, this one for March 31, 1950. These were issued quarterly, and naturally describe all locomotives on the Pacific Lines part of the SP system (the summary shows system-wide totals for all Pacific Lines divisions). You can click on the image to enlarge it.
Within the booklet, each division had a separate listing. I show below the two pages for the Coast Division, which is the division within which my layout is sited. Of course this division extended far beyond the area I model, from Santa Barbara in the south, to San Francisco, and thus included the entire Peninsula commuter district (at that time, spanning San Francisco-San Jose). Here is page 11 of the March 31, 1950 booklet.
Note here that at this time there were 13 diesel switchers and 26 steam switchers, along with nine Consolidations and a Mogul also assigned to yard service, to do the division’s switching. In addition to large yards at Bayshore and Santa Clara, division point yards at Watsonville Junction, San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara had to be worked.
The second page, page 12 of the booklet, shows the remaining engines.
It is interesting, looking at these two pages, to see the large number of Consolidations, and the relatively small number of cab-forwards at this time, and only five A-B-B-A sets of F units. That would change as dieselization proceeded, because the new F units were preferentially assigned at first in desert and mountain regions, where their tractive effort and absence of water consumption made them big advances over steam power. Meanwhile, the displaced steam gradually migrated into California on the lesser gradient areas, including Coast Division.
Commute service on this division accounts for the substantial number of Pacifics, Mountains and GS 4-8-4s on the roster, relative to most other SP divisions at the time.
I have chosen my locomotive numbers from these assignments, combined with examination of yard and roundhouse photos at San Luis Obispo, the nearest locomotive facility to my layout’s mythical Santa Rosalia Branch. Among the Consolidations listed on page 11, you can see numbers 2592, 2752, and 2829, all of which are on my layout. I also have an S-2 diesel switcher no. 1389, which as you can see was also on this division. The booklet shown above is for 1950, but in 1953 these same engines were still at San Luis Obispo.
I discussed these same issues, and showed a San Luis roundhouse photo, in the post cited at the top of this post, along with showing a 1952 locomotive assignment sheet. One of the truly distinctive locomotives assigned for years at San Luis Obispo was Consolidation 2592. In the last years of its active life, it had a “whaleback” tender inherited from an early cab-forward. Here is one view of the engine switching at San Luis Obispo, taken in January 1954 by Rod Crossley. Note that the road name on the side of the tender is smaller than was standard after 1946.
This locomotive is Class C-9, built by Baldwin in 1906, and like many Harriman Consolidations, so useful that it remained in service when newer and more modern engines were going to scrap.
Here is my model of SP 2592, switching on my layout at Ballard. This model combines a Key brass SP 2-8-0 with a Westside brass tender, making this a distinctive locomotive. Today it also has DCC and sound, thanks to Al Massi.
This single locomotive example illustrates one way to use the assignment sheets, combined with photographic evidence of how locomotives were configured and even lettered, to provide a realistic part of a layout locomotive fleet.
I have written several times about the variety of commodities carried in tank cars, and the fact that certain commodities required special cars. Of course, many edible products and many simple chemicals can be carried in general-service tank cars, AAR class TM and ICC class 103, or even in non-regulated tank cars of classes like AAR-201 and AAR-203. But many corrosive, flammable, dangerous, or poisonous commodities have regulatory limits to how they are shipped, and must be carried in certain types of tank cars suitable for those cargoes.
A fairly complete table, occupying 14 book pages, was issued by American Car & Foundry, and was published as an Appendix to Edward S. Kaminski’s book, Tank Cars, American Car & Foundry, 1865 to 1955 (Signature Press, Berkeley, 2003). But of course not everyone has that book on their shelf, even though as a partner in the publisher, I think they surely ought to own the book <grin>.
A comparable table was published and distributed by General American Transportation Corporation, in several editions over the years. I have a copy of the one published in 1961. It is a most informative document, filled with operating directions, general arrangement drawings for complete cars, and also detail drawings of specific parts. Here is the cover (a little worn with use).
Anyone can download the PDF for their use, or print it if desired.
In an upcoming column in the “Getting Real” column series in Model Railroad Hobbyist, I will be discussing tank car construction and details, as well as usage, and this commodity table will be one of the tools to identify cars with cargoes.
It’s my hope that this table will be use to modelers who wish to correctly marry their tank car models with appropriate waybills for suitable cargoes. That is the main way I use either one of the two tables (from AC&F or General American), and there are only a few differences in detail between the two.
Among the refrigerator car owners from which Pacific Fruit Express borrowed cars during the PFE peak harvest months was Fruit Growers Express. These borrowed reefers could be any available cars from the entire FGEX fleet, including associated fleets from the Burlington (BREX) and Great Northern (WFEX), fleets which were operated by Fruit Growers as fully part of the FGEX fleet. For this reason, I need to model some of these cars. I already have on my roster a steel BREX car and wood-sheathed cars from WFEX and FGEX. But I could use one or two more.
A number of years ago, at a swap meet, I saw a fairly nicely assembled reefer from a Red Ball kit (or I believe that was the origin), for one of the Pennsylvania Railroad R7 refrigerators. It had been painted in a layout owner’s paint scheme of white sides with a horizontal blue frame stripe, but didn’t look too bad otherwise. The price was right, just one dollar as I recall, so I bought it.
I knew that when the PRR had joined Fruit Growers in the 1920s, the existing R7 cars had been transferred to FGE ownership. This car, as many know, was the refrigerator version of the X23 box car, with a complex pressed-steel exterior frame, built starting in 1913. This makes the exterior of the R7 visually striking, and I thought this would be an interesting addition to my FGEX fleet.
I should quickly interject that I know perfectly well this model falls far short of the beautiful Westerfield kit for these cars (kit 1160x, with the “x” being a number for three different roof versions available), and these are in stock as far as I know (you can check availability on their website, at http://www.westerfieldmodels.com/ ). But this is not a central part of my reefer fleet, so I’m willing to accept the compromises of this version. You may of course reach the opposite conclusion for your fleet.
It was easy to mask the boxcar red roof and ends and repaint the sides a golden yellow, as Fruit Growers used. Lettering was the next challenge. Although I am not aware of a decal sheet exactly for these R7 cars, the excellent Speedwitch Media set D119.1, for 1948-era paint, looked like it would work. These cars had been put into the FGEX number series 43500–46999, and even in the 1950s, some of these cars soldiered on in Fruit Growers service. Below is a prototype photo, taken in Sioux City, Iowa on September 30, 1952 (from the Bob’s Photo collection, used with permission). The car at left is notably taller. The R7 car height was not unusual in 1913, but cars gradually got taller and taller in the ensuing 50 years, up to my modeling year of 1953.
I chose a car number within the series noted above, and applied the decals, then weathered the model to suggest a car with lengthy service since it was last painted. In the photo below, notice how much shorter the car is, compared to the PFE steel reefer to its left, just like the photo above.
In service, these cars were limited by their small interior height and lack of floor racks, plus relatively thin insulation. They were accordingly used for dense cargoes like potatoes, or cargoes not requiring low transit temperatures, such as onions. I will waybill them accordingly on my layout, and am pleased to have one of these distinctive cars in my freight car fleet.
Most of us have a stash of kits and materials, sometimes impressively large (I’ve known modelers whose stash rivaled a small hobby shop), others much less so. And most of us know that an awful lot of the stuff is not going to get built or the materials used. That’s more obvious with a huge stash, where a program of building at a rate of a kit a week might require a decade or more at that rate to make a sizable dent in the total. But even a smaller stash may contain a fair amount of stuff that no longer fits your needs or interests.
I should say right away that I have no problem with kit collectors. I have known some, and was truly impressed with their encyclopedic knowledge of kit manufacturers and history. But sometimes you are surprised when you run into one. I once bought a couple of Authenticast slag car kits in a convention sales room, and when I let slip that I was looking forward to building them, the seller practically tried to grab them back from me. “Build them . . .” he said in dismay. I got out of there as fast as I could (by the way, they still aren’t built, as the smelter I once contemplated hasn’t materialized). But really, I’m sure I’m not a collector.
Here’s a photo of what these kits look like.
But when I say I’m not a collector, what I mean is that I really intend (at the time) to build or use the stuff I buy, though I will concede that some of my purchases have been with the thought that someday I might need that item. And we have all learned in our years in the hobby that if in doubt, buy it. It will likely cease to be available, either out of production or the kit maker out of business or something else. Buy it now or regret it later, the saying goes. I have certainly followed that injunction in some cases.
Naturally many of those purchases, made with the best of intentions, somehow slip out of contention for building or use, like my slag cars. And certainly freight car kits, of which I once had a truly serious stash, can pile up on you in the most unnerving fashion. The question is how you evaluate this. Maybe you are turning into a collector and haven’t realized it yet. A clue is when you really like owning “that kit” or “that brass engine” but have no interest in building or painting it, and certainly no interest in selling it. Nothing wrong with that, though I do advocate facing up to the reality that is right under your nose.
Or maybe you have just let things get out of hand. You know perfectly well that some of those kits were bought with objectives in mind that are no longer operative. I used to pick up structure kits all the time, when I lived in Pittsburgh and my layout had several sizable areas which were undefined, and thus could conceivably host any one of a number of structures. Now those areas are far distant in the rear-view mirror, and the kits, though still kind of nice, are clearly surplus. And there were plenty of freight car kits on my shelf which, when I looked at them objectively, really were not needed for my freight car fleet nor were sufficiently “fun” just to build. That makes ’em surplus.
I have written in earlier posts about the gradual change in my freight car fleet, with the disposal of older models as well as unneeded kits (for example: http://modelingthesp.blogspot.com/2014/12/a-right-size-freight-car-fleet.html ). The process continues. I never planned to replace the older models which were the best I could do at that time (remember when Athearn “Blue Box” box cars were the starting point for all 40-foot steel box cars?), but that’s what has been happening over the last two decades. I have now disposed of close to 350 cars, in the form of kits and of older, complete models, and have acquired or built about 275 new cars, in kit or ready-to-run form. The net effect has been to reduce my stash of car kits substantially. Resin in particular has been addressed very thoroughly, with more than 125 resin car kits either built or sold.
One good effect of car kits of various kinds passing through my hands is that in many cases I have made a Xerox copy of kit instructions to keep, as the information can be pretty valuable in itself, not only the prototype data but model-building techniques. I even like to look at the instructions for kits owned for a long time, as a reminder of what I once wanted to do, and that can refresh some of my present planning. So even keeping your stuff moving can leave you with something of value.
Practically every modeler has a stash of some kind, whether it’s structure or car kits like I discussed above, or brass engines that you “might need,” or materials like brick paper or basswood sheet or flat brass wire or . . . you recognize the pattern. This can be an asset when you need something out of that collection, but may need to be dealt with when it starts to overflow the storage space — or overflow what you are comfortable holding on to. It just needs to be evaluated from time to time.
Over the years, I have accumulated a few older models that continue to serve as “mainline” freight cars, that is, cars which normally do not get switched to or from my on-layout industries, but simply pass by in the mainline freight trains (this was discussed in the last paragraph of this post: http://modelingthesp.blogspot.com/2010/12/upgrading-old-models-3.html ). Some of these have older trucks I had never bothered to replace, and recently I got to looking at a few of them and decided they needed to be upgraded. If nothing else, this can be seen as a response in accord with my freight car standards (see for example: http://modelingthesp.blogspot.com/2011/03/model-freight-car-standards.html ), but also reflects problems like oversize flanges, out-of-tram truck behavior, or other operational issues.
As an example, I will use a Mantua reefer. Minimal upgrading had been done to it, retaining its molded-on grab irons and sill steps, but with a reasonable paint and lettering job, as well as weathering. I have been working on some other “mainline” cars also needing new trucks, including some old tank car models and two Athearn metal house cars, but will just describe the Mantua example.
Shown above is the car body, prepared as described. Notice the route card, located right outside the black rectangle identified as the location for such cards. This card location is often seen in photos, no doubt deliberately done by car clerks who didn’t wish to be dictated to. The car is intended to represent the MDT cars with steel ends and wood-sheathed sides built in 1941.
The problem with the trucks can be seen in the view below. The Mantua truck is assembled as two cast metal sideframes, with a sheet steel bolster inserted into each sideframe. The sharp “cookie cutter” wheel flanges are an artifact of the 1950s. You can click to enlarge.
I first tried to disassemble the truck so the wheelsets could be replaced, but could not separate the parts. Also, I could see that the axle ends of the Mantua wheelsets are very narrow, so that the sideframes would not readily accept modern wheelsets. I decided to just replace the entire truck.
The original truck screws are very short and work only with the sheet-metal bolster shown above, so I simply tapped the hole deeper with a 2-56 tap, and chose new screws.
One can of course apply a generic AAR truck to cars like this. However, there are plentiful resources in existence to provide prototype information. In the case of MDT, the book Merchants Despatch, by Roger C. Hinman (Signature Press, 2011) is the relevant example, and I examined a number of photos in the book to choose a suitable truck for this model. I ended up using the Tahoe Model Works truck TMW-106, an ARA sideframe design with spring planks, produced by Buckeye.
The kind of job shown above on the Mantua reefer is almost trivial, except that it brings another car into conformance with standards, and also makes for better operation, when the oversize flanges of the Mantua wheelsets are replaced. In actuality, this kind of task goes on all the time with my fleet, and I only mention this instance here to use it as an example of the process.
I’ve just returned from a visit to Cuba on a licensed “People to People” tour, and there were plenty of interesting aspects to the trip, but here I will just write about the railroad and modeling aspects of interest.
First, a little history. Cuba developed a rail network very early, plenty of it to serve sugar mills and plantations, but plenty more to connect cities. By 1958, Cuba had the most rail mileage per square mile of any country in the world. After the 1959 revolution, the existing railway companies were nationalized as Ferrocarriles Nationales de Cuba, which they remain today. An unfortunate aspect of a single national railway entity on an island is that there is no need to letter the name or even the initials of the owner on any equipment; there is no interchange. Rolling stock thus has a rather bare look, often bearing only a number and some very minor dimensional data.
The FC, as it’s often designated, dieselized its main lines in the 1960s, and sugar operations gradually followed suit, eliminating steam on even the most backward plantations by about 2000. But many small steam locomotives have been preserved, and a few restored for tourism. Because of the U.S. embargo, new locomotives and rolling stock have been purchased elsewhere throughout the world, from the Soviet Union and China, to France, Germany, Britain and countries in eastern Europe, and in recent years, even freight cars from Iran. The resulting fleet is polyglot, to say the least.
I will only show a few photos, and apologize in advance for not knowing more about the prototypes. I searched a number of Cuban bookstores for locomotive or train books, and found almost nothing. The internet coverage is spotty and sometimes contradictory. I hope anyone with a more substantial knowledge of the subject can help. But these are only intended as illustrations.
In Camaguey, the old railway station is terribly decrepit, though restoration is in progress, and a small replacement depot was very crowded. I was able to watch and photograph from trackside considerable switching activity, including adding cars to a departing passenger train, without attracting the least attention. Here is one of the Russian-built locomotives, no. 81001, I believe type TEM2, of which I saw several on our trip, in the red and yellow scheme which seems to be for freight power. These things sound a lot like Alcos.
The passenger power largely seemed to have an attractive scheme of dark and light blue. Passenger rolling stock ranged from stainless cars built by Budd, to very run-down standard steel coaches, to newer center-entrance cars looking much like box cars, and apparently built new that way. Note over the door the initials FC, not visible on many cars or locomotives.
The Chinese company, formerly called China North Locomotive and Rolling Stock Industry (CNR) sold a fair number of locomotives to Cuba, and if I correctly understood the halting English of a trainman standing alongside one of them at Camaguey, they are hard to keep running.
In a couple of places there were switchers in a pleasant orange and gray scheme, like no. 38063 here, but I have not been able to find out where they were built. It was picking up this head-end car.
But enough about rolling stock I didn’t understand very well. The most stunning thing about Cuba, speaking as a modeler, is that walking in every city is like being in a 1950s movie. New American cars stopped arriving in Cuba in 1959, so there are 1950s American cars just everywhere. I knew they were there, but really had no idea how prevalent they are: they are not exceptions, they are the dominant car on the street. And even cars from the late 1930s and the 1940s can be seen too. I will only show a few of the many photos I took, and I can tell you, I plan to duplicate some of these models (though not the colors) on my 1953 layout.
Many of the restored cars have been repainted in brilliant colors, and few have that many original mechanical parts. Suspensions are visibly altered, almost every car has modern wheels, and I was told that engines are rarely original (as was often evident from the sound). Many Russian and European parts have kept the cars running, and even homemade parts are used, attempting to replicate the unavailable American originals. There are lots of convertibles, partly because many of the cars are in use as privately-owned taxis, but there are also “classic car club” stickers on many cars. Owners are usually very proud of their car, and most speak English and are delighted to speak to an American.
I am interested in correct model years, partly for modeling reasons, but I found car-spotting in Cuba to be a challenge. Not only may such spotting features as chrome trim as well as tail lights and other items be missing or replaced, even major visuals like grilles may be swapped. I saw an early 1950s Chevrolet with an unmistakable Buick grille, and a 1940s Ford with a unique homemade grille. This makes one a little cautious about identification of an individual car. So I will just show a few of the photos I liked. The massed taxis at places like the Parque Centrale in Havana are one good illustration, of the variety, the frequency of convertibles, and the bright replacement colors.
Another street scene in Havana found my wife Mary alongside what I think is a 1951 Chevy sedan, clearly with replacement paint though otherwise looking more original than most. But like nearly every car, hub caps have vanished over the years.
Here are a couple more that I really liked seeing, first a handsome 1955 Ford at a cafe on the road heading for Havana.
Last, a superb Studebaker on the main square in Cienfuegos, I think a 1951. We also saw Edsels, International and Dodge pickups, and many more . . . but I digress.
You can see that it was a visually interesting trip, and of course fascinating in many other ways too, most enjoyable for us both.
I have alluded in prior posts in the “Waybills” series to the extremely valuable publications issued by many (maybe most) railroads, called a Shipper’s Guide, Industrial Directory, List of Industries, or some similar title. These documents list all on-line shippers and receivers, and are obviously superb resources. These are quite rare in the field of railroad paper items, in original form, and tend to be hard to find, even at railroad museums and archives, but luckily a number have been reprinted in recent years for modelers’ use. I am using reprinted Shipper Guides from Ted Schnepf’s “Rails Unlimited” business, for Great Northern, D&RGW, Union Pacific, Mopac / T&P, and Milwaukee Road. All these except the D&RGW one are available through Rails Unlimited (and here’s a link to their website: http://railsunlimited.ribbonrail.com/Books/shippers.html ; click on Books). There are several posts in which I have commented about these documents (for example, this one: http://modelingthesp.blogspot.com/2012/02/waybills-18-resources.html ).
Inside are 258 pages packed with irreplaceable information about both shippers and consignees throughout the sprawling Rock Island system. I will just show a single page to illustrate the kind of information presented. You can click on the image to enlarge it.
The information is self-explanatory except for the far-right column, headed “SWG” (for “switching”), which shows whether sidings are accessible by reciprocal switching arrangements (called “open”) or not (“closed”). The five towns listed, each in a different state, are evidently small and have only a few industries each. By contrast, cities like Houston, Kansas City, Denver, or Minneapolis require dozens of pages to list all industrial customers.
In fact, this 1971 Rock Island Directory is so comprehensive, it now joins my Great Northern Guide (also from Rails Unlimited) as my favorite useful and wide-ranging source of traffic information.
There is another source of this kind of information about shippers and consignees, namely the large list compiled by the OpSIG group (Operations SIG of NMRA), which is available at their website, www.opsig.org, under “Online Resources,” and then “Industry Database.” This collected information is a fine effort by OpSIG and continues to grow, but be careful, as it is for a wide range of eras. Usually the date for each entry is shown, so it is possible to choose only the ones that fit your era. And though very extensive, it is in general less complete for a specific place than a Shipper Guide.
In place of the process just describe, one can of course “imagineer” company names for either consignees or shippers if desired, but I like to find authentic ones where possible, partly because the “real names” often sound particularly realistic, as in this case. I cannot praise enough the value of a Shipper Guide in assisting you in that process, should you wish to work in that direction.
Several years ago, I posted some comments to this blog about how I manage the flow and storage of the rolling stock on my layout (you can read it at this link: http://modelingthesp.blogspot.com/2011/12/operations-car-flow-and-car-storage.html ). I have a fair number of freight cars beyond what is needed to operate the layout, partly to create variety in operations, but certainly not least because I am a freight car enthusiast. I have always enjoyed researching and building new freight cars, and the result is a car fleet rather distinctly too large for the layout, even with extensive staging capacity.
One change I have made is to add some of the A-Line storage boxes. (These products are shown on their website, at: http://www.ppw-aline.com/hobbytote.htm ), though I have never bought the sleeve which makes them into a “tote;” I just buy the boxes.) These do a good job of holding about 16 cars each (for 40-foot cars), and they are well protected. Here is one such box, with the lid set aside.
I continue to use my paper-carton boxes with trays (as described in the post linked at the top of this post), though because these are less quickly accessible than the A-Line boxes, they have become a kind of “deep storage” option. Gradually the cars which are less frequently used are migrating into the paper-carton trays. Those cartons and trays were shown in the previous post, a link to which is at the top of this post.
The most active “pool” of cars is on the staging table, either made up into mainline trains, or simply in place on the storage tracks. This pool varies over time, with cars migrating off and onto the staging tracks as layout operations continue. Here is a shot of the table as it is at the moment.
The table is not quite fully extended, as the furthest track visible is the 11th (there are 12 in all).
The other part of the active “pool” storage is the shelving in my adjoining room (the kitchen, when this space was a sub-size apartment). These cars supplement the cars on the staging table. The top and bottom shelves are not really curved, the lens focal length just makes them look that way.
How is this managed? I have a chart laying out the sequence(s) of car movements at each industry or other car spot (this procedure, a version of what can be called “demand-based car flow,” was described previously: http://modelingthesp.blogspot.com/2011/11/operations-demand-based-car-flow-2.html ). From that chart, I make up a list of the movements which are the next sequence of operation, and go to my “pairs list,” described in an earlier post ( at: http://modelingthesp.blogspot.com/2012/02/waybills-17-pairs-list.html ), and thereby find the cars with waybills for each of those car spots, along with the overlay bills for each spot. The waybills are filed by industry, so are readily retrieved. Then the car itself is located in storage by a (searchable) roster of all cars in active service. One of the entries for each car is its location, in a paper carton, in an A-Line box, or in the pool. I summarized an earlier version of this process in a blog post a few months ago (see it at: http://modelingthesp.blogspot.com/2015/07/waybills-part-42-flexibility.html ).
Obviously the car roster is a critical part of this process, and I have learned that the roster has to be kept up to date as cars move around between various storage locations. I usually indicate such movements with pencil corrections on the most recent print-out. When a page gets too heavily marked up, I just update the electronic file and reprint the page.
All in all, the process described above does work, and seems to provide good operational movement of cars, while permitting some selection of cars for each movement (because there are multiple waybills for every industry and car spot). I am always experimenting with ways to make the process more efficient, but for now, what I’m describing works well. |
funny videos 2018 baby dancing and playing and doing funny actions in this video girl baby ammr fatiha dancing on a song and dancing about the song and playing and loudly laughing with her mama and baba.
Amar fatiha also dancing on the song main nachan faraty mar ka aj tary nal and funny laughing loudly. |
Orthodontic package includes consultation, x-rays, 3D scan, exam with Dr. Nelson. $1500 credit valid only toward Full Invisalign treatment.
Promotional value expires 90 days after purchase. Amount paid never expires. Not valid for patients active within the past 12 months. Must sign contract and waiver. Consultation required; non-candidates and other refund requests will be honored before service provided. Appointment required. Limit 1 per person, may buy 1 additional as gift. Limit 1 per visit. Valid only for option purchased. Orthodontic credit cannot be used with another discount. Merchant is solely responsible to purchasers for the care and quality of the advertised goods and services.
With a mission to provide advanced orthodontic care, extraordinary service, and unparalleled results in a fun, friendly, and comfortable atmosphere. Dr. Nelson, who specializes in Invisalign treatments, ensures each patient is well taken care of. With years of experience, Dr. Nelson relishes the opportunity to play a positive role in her patients' lives, as well as inspiring others to smile with confidence. |
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Performance Drivers Consortium nurtures world class capability and business performance. Meetings focus on the deployment of new and relevant operational performance improvement tools such as Lean Enterprise. |
With the hotter weather fast approaching, see how best to look after your violin, viola, cello and double bass!
There are many different ways to keep your child enthusiastic about music practice. Is important to remember however that every child is different and it may take a little bit of trial and error to figure out which method(s) work best. Here are our top five ways in which you can keep your kids keen! |
This week's picture is something that you can use outside. I use mine every day. It helps me keep fit.
This week's photo looks easy, doesn't it? But we want to know exactly where the bubbles are! Can you guess?
© British Council The United Kingdom's international organisation for cultural relations and educational opportunities. A registered charity: 209131 (England and Wales) SC037733 (Scotland). |
North to South is the adventure lifestyle blog of nomadic entrepreneurs Diana Southern Norman and Ian Norman.
We choose Airbnbs over hotels and prefer seeking out tips and suggestions from locals rather than a tour agency.
Hey there, I’m Diana, North to South’s creator and lead correspondent!
I began travel blogging in March 2014, when I called it quits on my normal American life and set out to explore the world with my partner in crime (and love of my life), Ian. I started North to South to document our experiences traveling near and far to the places we’ve always dreamed of visiting, and to share those experiences freely with the world – family, friends, and curious strangers alike.
I hope you’ll find something of value to you here on North to South. Have a question about a destination we’ve been to? Want to know more about my decision to quit my job to travel the world? I’m an open book, and I’d love to hear from you. Don’t hesitate to contact me. You can also find me on Facebook and Instagram.
Here are some random fun facts about me.
I love adventures, so I’ll try almost anything once.
I eat vegetarian with the exception of must-try local foods.
I went to college in sunny, laid-back Malibu.
I can speak and understand Spanish pretty well.
I have a dog named Tiger, a playful guy with a big ol’ heart and tiger stripes. My parents were kind enough to give him a home when I started traveling so I still get to hang out with him once in awhile.
I prefer riding my bike over driving my car. We sold both when we started traveling, but after purchasing our Chicago condo, we both got some vintage road bikes again!
I don’t watch much TV, but I love Netflix.
My favorite foods are orange bell peppers and cheesecake.
I absolutely hate the cold, but we picked Norway as our first destination.
I’ve got a fantastic travel companion in my boyfriend fiancé husband Ian who shares my passion for travel and trying new things.
I hate loud noises, but I blast music in the car at nearly full volume.
My first time out of the U.S. was on a trip to Spain with my high school Spanish class. I was 17.
I get antsy being in one place for too long.
Below are a few of the common questions posed to us about our exciting journey transitioning from traditional American lives to full time travelers.
WHAT INSPIRED US TO START TRAVELING?
After each of us struggled to find joy in traditional American full-time jobs, we decided to call it quits and get out and explore the world.
In early 2014, the risk of wasting our time and missing out on new experiences finally won us over. It outweighed the risks involved in taking a non-traditional leap out of the regular working world and into the world of travel and entrepreneurship. There were a lot of unanswered questions, but we were confident we’d figure it out.
We picked a goal date (March 1, 2014), outlined a plan for our transition, and decided that if we stayed on track and pooled up some extra savings, we’d make the decision official at the beginning of February. After the first week of February, we’d already booked flights and a place to stay for our first month overseas.
On March 2, 2014 (our two-year anniversary) we set out on our first adventure destination: the Norwegian fjords around Stord, Norway.
Read more about our transition from average working Americans to full time travelers (with tips on how you can do it) here: Quit Your Job and Travel The World.
HOW DO WE PLAN TO GET BY?
With our creative entrepreneurship skills, of course!
Yes, we’ve got money in savings, but it’s for emergencies only. A sustainable travel lifestyle is key to our success, so we plan to focus our energy on entrepreneurial endeavors that can be managed from anywhere (as long as there’s Internet access somewhere nearby). Check out LonelySpeck.com – currently our biggest ongoing online project, focused on sharing astrophotography knowledge and skills with others. While you’re at it, take a peek at StylishTravelGirl.com, my new site for fashionable traveling women, and PhotonCollective.com, our latest photography web project.
WHAT ARE YOU GOING TO DO WITH ALL OF YOUR STUFF?
Surprisingly, I think this is actually the question I was asked most frequently when we were preparing to leave on our first trip. Everyone was so concerned with what would become of our things! Well, we donated most items, sold a few things, and stored even fewer in a closet at my parents’ house. Aside from the stuff we packed for our first trip, we actually kept very little.
Send me your question, and I’ll respond as quickly as our traveling lifestyle and Internet access allows! |
Leavitt Engineering is proud to have been associated with one of the premier developments in the Treasure Valley, Lava Springs.
Lava Springs was developed from family farm property by Dave and Wes Allen, Nampa, Idaho natives. When they came to Leavitt Engineering for assistance in subdividing the property, they sought to create a family-oriented environment. As can be seen in the sketch shown above, Lava Springs truly met their criteria.
With approximately 30 percent open space, Lava Springs Subdivision has over three miles of trails. Six of the cul-de-sacs in the development have 20,000 square-foot parks in their centers, creating small community areas where the children of the residents can play close to their homes.
A sprawling network of streams, ponds, and pathways winds throughout the Lava Springs development, enhancing a wonderful living experience. |
Festival of lights, Diwali is very big in India. It signifies victory of good over evil and light over darkness. Markets are bustling with mouth-watering sweets during this festival. I remember my mother working in the kitchen all day and preparing a feast for us which also involved making different sweets. Nariyal ki barfi, kheer-anand (thick rice pudding) and daal ki chaki was always on the menu. Sweets are also offered to friends and relatives who come to visit the following days.
It is always so hectic during Diwali. There is just so much to do - decorating the house, distributing sweets, making a lavish meal, sorting out clothes to wear, socializing. I wasn't sure if I would be able to share this recipe but I am happy I managed.
Today I am sharing a recipe which is a fusion between western and Indian dessert- "Pistachio-yoghurt cupcakes with cardamom frosting"! You know how elders just taste baked goodies because they don't quite enjoy flavor of vanilla and chocolate. This dessert is going to cater to elders as well as kids. My father-in-law flipped over these cupcakes.You can make them in advance, they won't get spoilt for 2-3 days. Drizzle frosting right before serving.
Indian sweets hardly bear any resemblance to Western desserts. Unlike Western desserts, most of the Indian desserts are either deep fried or cooked on an open flame. Mithai is usually made by combining milk and ingredients like semolina, chickpea flour, desiccated coconut and dried-fruit together. Flavored with saffron, cardamom and rose water, mithiais are very aromatic. I have always had a weakness for crisp jalebis and daal ka halwa!
This is actually a mithai( Indian sweet) disguised as a cupcake. Pistachio and aromatic cardamom pods create a beautiful flavour which reminds you of Indian sweets as soon as you taste it! Use of yoghurt does wonders with baking powder and makes cupcakes very moist. Cupcakes just melt in your mouth!
Preheat oven for 10 minutes at 180 degrees Celsius - Golden rule!
Strain flour, baking powder and baking soda together and keep aside.
Now fold dry ingredients, ground pistachio and yoghurt lightly in the creamed butter-sugar mixture. Make sure to not over-beat. You just have to incorporate all the ingredients together.
Pour batter in the cupcake tray and bake at 180 degrees for 15-20 minutes till skewer or knife comes out clean.
Mix icing sugar and a pinch of cardamom powder with few drops of water. If sugar doesn't come together, add more.
Drizzle over cupcakes and garnish with chopped pistachios.
Don't forget to try other desserts and snacks from the blog. Wishing everyone a very happy and safe Diwali!!
Looking for more recipes to satisfy your sweet tooth?? |
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This paper is an experimental study on plunging cylinders. Four nosecone shapes, cylindrical, conical, parabolic and power series 0.5 with a variation of material type, aluminium and steel were studied. There are two parts to this experiment, high-speed imaging and particle image velocimetry. High-speed camera captured the projectiles traversing from air to water. The images were calibrated, tracked, and the extracted data were filtered and analysed. Particle image velocimetry were utilized for flow visualization. Comparisons between nosecone shape and the projectile mass will be discussed the output data of velocity, impact acceleration, coefficient of drag, cavitation growth and flow visualization. It was found that cylindrical projectile has the biggest change in acceleration when traversing between air and water, resulting in the biggest drag coefficient. From PIV data, conical projectile displaces water at the smallest magnitude. The parabolic and power series projectiles have the smallest impact forces when the projectile mass is increased. Increase in projectile mass resulted in a decrease of coefficient of drag. Cavitation growth influences the performance of the projectile, projectile with surface seal decelerates rapidly, whereas a projectile with deep seal tends to accelerate continuously. Finally, increase in flow activity around a projectile reduces the acceleration performance i.e. causes energy loss resulting in deceleration. Suggestions for improvement and future research were also provided. |
Hello, friends! I'm Tarda and this is my blog with the sims 2 stuff. You can find here clothes,genetic,make up,posebox and Sims for you game. Play and enjoy! |
I've noticed that post quantity(number of posts) have not hanging for at least a week may be longer.
posts in the Loung and certain Regional Forums do not contribute to total post count.
I know the Lounge don't count just post twice in Tech no change, since when regional post don't always did before.
zoom: didn't go up for me on that last post. I was at 14,346 before post #8.
Negative ghost rider, post count remains the same.
Mine is stay at ONE lost all post I want them back!
Thanks, Jedi54 it's not just me, weird!
Hay, look at that I'm all the way back to 3 or will this be 4. Or just wishful thinking!
At this rate I never catch up with doser. I wonder how long I can stay a newbie.
I think you lose a post count for every badly spelled word, or grammatically incorrect sentence you type. |
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Hey there! Welcome to my website. I'm an internet marketer by day a husband, a father of four great kids and a dog at night. I love to stay active; I enjoy all sports and other outdoor activities with my family. I run this website for people that want reliable information on how air purifiers can improve their lives. Learn more here...
Important: I do my best to provide my visitors with the most comprehensive air purifier review's possible. However being that mistakes are possible and to be certain you are getting the air purifier you expect, please be sure to click through to the merchant's page and confirm you are getting the correct product and features being reviewed.
Disclaimer: This website is NOT sponsored by any air purifier manufacturer or company. This website was developed as a resource for researching air purifiers and to assist visitors in making a prequalified purchasing decision based on research, other people’s reviews or my individual testing of the products or both. These reviews contain affiliate links that pay commissions which allows this service to remain free for all users. On occasion I may be asked by a manufacturer to review their air purifier. Whenever this occurs it is always stated in the review. |
As a qualified teacher, I have spent over 30 years teaching people of all ages from babies to adults and everything in between. Now I choose to focus on early childhood education (0-6 years) because I feel that if we get it right at this age when the learning can be so profound for so many reasons, then we will not have as much of the self-esteem, social or learning difficulties in the primary or secondary levels and as children get older. Through my own learning and experience I’ve discovered how incredibly effective movement and music can be for this.
Because of my passion for learning through movement and music I have written all the stories with a movement focus so the children can actively get involved in the story telling or reading or that the story can initiate learning through movement as a follow up. I feel that if children can move with confidence and sing with joy and inhibition, that it will enhance their self-esteem and self-love, which will hopefully help them in the years to come.
All my stories have been written for a specific purpose and have a reason for the message in the story. As well as having a movement or music focus the stories also have a moral e.g. kindness to others, how to overcome exclusion, sharing, the environment, resilience, independence, choice making and so on.
There is also rhythm and rhyme in the choice of words and sentence structure of the stories. This enhances the concept of rhythm that is vital not only for singing and music appreciation but for reading.
Repetition of words or movements, paragraphs or sentences throughout the stories all enhance language development and the myelination of the brain for learning, retention of information, memory and awareness of sequence and order of words and movement.
The stories may be in the form of story-telling, story reading, play acting, the use of imagination and creating part of the story, the use of props, original story books, craft activities, songs, chants, pictures, visual cue cards, music activities or musical instruments. This in turn enhances variety, imagination, creativity and visualization.
Each story has accompanying teaching points, Early Years Learning Framework reference, lists the props and musical instruments required and any extension activities.
If all this learning is approached through fun and enjoyment the learning is easy!
This story is about the animals being individual and appreciating what qualities they each have. It is about not being competitive to be the better then the other animals, but to be happy that they are each the best because of who they are.
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The Youth Sports Safety Program is designed to help keep kids in the game by helping young athletes, coaches, referees and parents each do their part to prevent sports related injuries. It is not our intention to sideline kids or wrap them in bubble wrap. Rather, because as many as half of the injuries sustained by youth while playing sports are preventable, our focus is on prevention through education.
Paul Doney is entering the final phase of his PhD research project which aims to create new digital tools to help with weight management. In our latest blog post, he describes the prototyping stage of an innovative app, and the journey he has taken.
I have adopted a design thinking approach to explore my problem domain and to actively to engage with target end users. One way of breaking down the Design Thinking approach is to consider 3 stages:
These stages are based on IDEO’s approach to Design Thinking (read this article in Stanford Social Innovation Review) and are by no means the only way of dividing the process up. The UK Design Council’s double-diamond, for example, promotes four stages: Discover, Define, Develop and Deliver. Stanford’s d.school uses a 5-step approach: Empathise, Define, Ideate, Prototype and Test. The underlying philosophy is very much the same, whichever model one chooses.
I have run numerous insight gathering workshops with end users and gathered qualitative data through these workshops.
In the last 12 months I completed the workshops with clients from Leeds City Council’s Weigh Ahead programme and Health 4 All’s Improving Health programme. These workshops were aimed at fuelling inspiration and to support the ideation process. Exploration of technology was very limited at the workshops as I wanted to maximise the possibility of finding new insights in a field that is already heavily populated by existing digital applications.
From the analysis I identified that planning (food intake and activity) is the key driver for people on weight management programmes. Tracking beyond regular weigh-ins played little or no part for those that were struggling or those that were succeeding. This is important as a review of existing applications revealed that the vast majority were built around a core tracking function. In addition the supportive network experienced through programmes was key; providing encouragement, ideas and guidance.
At present I am developing storyboards and lo-fi prototypes and honing my plan for how I will engage with users and experts to utilise these in iteratively improving my design. I am continuing to work with organisations that provide weight management services; including More Life (UK). More Life have just begun to deliver services in Suffolk and it is these clients that I will hopefully be able to work with.
I have also begun work on a journal paper that will present an approach to applying a Design Thinking to a research project, drawing on other methodologies to increase rigor.
Design and data gathering will be complete by the Autumn of 2017 and I can then start the final write-up of my thesis. One thing I have learned throughout the research is that I’m heavily reliant on people that are involved in active weight management programmes. When I could not encourage them to take part in my study, or the partner organisation I worked with had changing priorities then I needed to change track as well – and this meant several weeks or months of delay and additional work.
This entry was posted in News and tagged design thinking, interaction design, weight management, workshop. Bookmark the permalink.
Maria Matthews starts research project to investigate safety behaviour at VolkerRail 20 January 2016 |
NEW ORLEANS (NAM) — A new Nielsen report detailing the record-setting spending power of African-American women has further buoyed the confidence of Black female entrepreneurs, who said the information proves their undeniable value to the U.S. and the global economy.
“This report is helpful to show banks and brands that Black women are highly qualified to be recipients of fair lending and to be fairly represented in advertising campaigns,” said Samantha Gregory, the founder of the website richsinglemomma.com, a platform developed to help single mothers earn extra cash.
Santirosa noted that fashion and beauty industries often choose to ignore the purchasing power of Black women.
“I do see the market beginning to recognize Black women more and cater to our spending preferences,” Santirosa said.
“Black women have strong life-affirming values that spill over into everything they do. The celebration of their power and beauty is reflected in what they buy, watch and listen to, and people outside their communities find it inspiring,” said Cheryl Grace, the senior vice president of U.S. Community Strategic Alliances and Consumer Engagement for Nielsen.
The African-American woman’s independent mindset is present in her growing confidence, self-awareness and rising income, according to the report.
The report noted that 64 percent of Black women agree their goal is to make it to the top of their profession; 58 percent agree that they don’t mind giving up their personal time for work — 20 percent higher than non-Hispanic White women.
“The trend of Black women becoming increasingly educated and driving the buying power of Black households, means that they are making purchase decisions that historically they didn’t make,” said Bianca Blake, a marketing specialist.
This article originally published in the October 2, 2017 print edition of The Louisiana Weekly newspaper. |
I have one friend that I have known since high school who I've been through thick and thin with. Our friendship has survived many strains. He gave me a concussion when he sped off in his car causing me to fall off his trunk (loooong story). We've had disagreements over girlfriends, the whole gamut of things that could jeopardize a friendship. Yet, 40 years later we remain pals.
According to a local report, one man who had bought a brand new Chevy Camaro picked up his buddy to take him for a spin in his new vehicle. The new car owner let his buddy have a crack at behind the wheel and that's when things went sideways.
Traveling along River Drive along the Rock River in Moline, the buddy of the car owner lost control of the muscle car and drove it into the river.
Both men escaped the car and swam to shore, and were unharmed, but the vehicle was a total lose after being pulled from the river. |
Teens are in need of homes and individuals who will mentor them! Wolverine Human Services will help you facilitate the process of becoming an Independent Living (IL) Home Provider.
Click on the link below to start the process!
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OK!'s NYC Fashion Week Blog: Gwen Stefani's L.A.M.B.
Can’t make it to NYC for Fashion Week? Don’t worry, OK!’s got you covered!
We’ll be hitting up all the big shows and reporting back right here, every day, as soon as we tear our eyes off the runway!
This afternoon we caught an eyeful at Gwen Stefani‘s L.A.M.B. show.
WHO: Gwen Stefani and baby Zuma.
FASHION: Edgy, rocker chic, high-heel booty shoes, over-the-knee-boots, straps, ripped shirts, over-the-knee socks, muti-fabric tight pants, military inspired cargo pants, layered, dark colors. Leather jackets, metallic jackets, some plaid, British inspired asymmetrical jackets with separate corset, futuristic leather dresses, ruched black catsuit, wool trench coats.
BEAUTY: Bangs with curled 1940’s inspired hair, dark maroon lipstick, smokey dark eyes, almost Dita Von Teese-esque. Very dramatic. Styling by Paula Bradley, makeup by Charlotte Tilbury and the M.A.C. Pro Team, hair by Danilo at the Wall Group. |
We are centrally located off New Circle close to Fayette Mall. All new students receive a complimentary FREE trial class in any of our programs! We can’t wait to show you all we have to offer! Come join us at Legacy where our focus is Families, Fun and Fitness!!! |
At the beginning of the 20th Century, the United States Army was sorely pressed to meet its overseas commitments in Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. As a result, in 1901 Congress authorized 5 additional Regular Army Infantry regiments; the 26th, 27th, 28th, 29th and 30th Infantry. All 5 regiments subsequently served the Army well. The 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry traces its lineage back to when it was first organized on 25 December 1900 in the Regular Army at the Presidio of San Francisco, California, as Company A, 1st Provisional Battalion of Infantry. It was consolidated on 7 February 1901 with Company A, 26th Infantry (which was first constituted on 2 February 1901 in the Regular Army), and consolidated unit designated as Company A, 26th Infantry.
The 26th Infantry began its life overseas in the Philippines and spent its first 20 years of service on deployments to the Southwest Pacific, the Mexican and Indian frontier and in Europe. It earned its first battle streamer during the Philippine Insurrection within 2 years of its forming as a unit.
After returning to the same location for another tour of duty (a habit the 26th Infantry Regiment would keep for the entire century), the 26th Infantry Regiment fought off Mexican bandits and settled disputes in the Indian Territory until it was selected as one of only 4 Regular Army Infantry Regiments deemed fit for immediate combat to form the 1st American Expeditionary Division in June of 1917. This expeditionary division would later be redesignated the 1st Division (and subsequently the 1st Infantry Division) and thus began ths 26th Infantry Regiment's long association with the Big Red One.
As part of the first American soldiers to arrive in France, the 26th Infantry Regiment immediately left for the front. Along with its sister regiments of the 1st Division, it earned more campaign streamers than any other regiments during the First World War, but at a terrible cost. Over 900 members of the Regiment their lives in a 6-month period. At Soisson alone, the regimental commander, executive officer, 2 of 3 battalion commanders and regimental sergeant major were killed in action. Sixty-two officers were killed or wounded and out of 3100 men that started the attack, over 1500 had been killed or wounded. The battle was won and this turned the tide for the Allies at a crucial period during the summer of 1918. By war's end, the soldiers earned 7 battle streamers and 2 foreign awards. It was also during this conflict that the Regiment's name, the "Blue Spaders" came into usage. The name referred to the Regimental shield, which consisted of the Mohawk arrowhead. Colonel Hamilton A. Smith selected this to represent the regimental spirit of courage, resourceful daring and relentless pursuit of an enemy.
Following a brief occupation duty in Germany, the regiment returned to the United States and served as a part of a smaller peacetime Army until 1941. In the 1920s and 30s, the unit's permanent home station became Plattsburg Barracks, New York. These years would involve training exercises and maneuvers along with the normal routines of garrison duty.
In 1941, the regiment once again stood with its sister regiments and prepared for war in Europe. In World War II, the 26th Infantry led America's first-ever amphibious assault in North Africa, fought at the Kasserine Pass, assaulted Sicily, invaded Normandy, conquered the first German city of the war at Aachen, vaulted the Rhine and attacked all the way to Czechoslovakia by war's end. The 26th Infantry Regiment conducted 3 amphibious assaults, and earned 7 battle streamers, a Presidential Unit Citation, and 5 foreign awards.
Beginning another occupation of Germany, the "Blue Spaders" were given the honor of bearing the United States National Colors at the Allied Victory in Europe parade, and were selected to serve as America's guard of honor at the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials. Thus began a lengthy stay in Germany, first as conquerors and later as friends and Allies.
The unit was reorganized and redesignated on 15 February 1957 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Battle Group, 26th Infantry, and remained assigned to the 1st Infantry Division with its organic elements concurrently constituted and activated. It was relieved on 14 April 1959 from assignment to the 1st Infantry Division and assigned to the 8th Infantry Division.
Serving as a battle group in Europe in the early 1960s, the unit was attached to various Divisions. It was relieved on 24 October 1962 from assignment to the 8th Infantry Division and assigned to the 2nd Infantry Division. It was relieved on 15 February 1963 from assignment to the 2nd Infantry Division and assigned to the 1st Infantry Division. It was then reorganized and redesignated on 13 January 1964 as the 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry.
The Battalion rejoined the 1st Infantry Division shortly before receiving orders to deploy as a part of the Army's first divisional-sized unit in Vietnam in 1965. The "Blue Spaders" served longer in Vietnam with their "Big Red One" units than any other division. After 5 continuous years of combat the "Blue Spaders" received orders to return home in 1970 with 11 battle streamers, a Valorous Unit Award and 2 foreign awards for its colors.
At the conclusion of Vietnam, the Battalion returned to Germany as part of a forward-deployed brigade of the 1st Infantry Division. The unit was inactivated on 24 February 1983 in Germany and relieved from assignment to the 1st Infantry Division, when that Brigade returned to the United States.
The 26th Infantry was transfered to TRADOC on 3 April 1987, where the 26th Infantry's Regiments spent several years training recruits. The 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry was inactivated on 15 January 1996 at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, and withdrawn from the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command.
On 16 February 1996, the Battalion rejoined the "Big Red One" in Germany only to send its soldiers to Bosnia as part of the first American forces to enter the Balkans from February to September 1996. The entire Battalion followed its initial deployment from October 1996 to April 1997. In March 1998, the "Blue Spaders" deployed again to the Balkans, this time to the Republic of Macedonia. Returning briefly in September 1998, the Battalion was the first unit alerted for deployment to Kosovo in June 1999. It returned in December 1999. During this period, the unit earned the Superior Unit Award streamer and the Defense of Kosovo streamer for the colors. Three of Task Force 1-26 Infantry's soldiers lost their lives in Kosovo.
In 2004 the 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry deployed with other elements of the 1st Infantry Division's 2nd Brigade to Iraq as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Following that deployment the unit was redesignated on 1 October 2005 as the 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry Regiment.
After serving another tour of duty in Iraq in 2007, the unit was relieved on 16 March 2008 from assignment to the 1st Infantry Division and assigned to the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division. This was part of the transformation of the 2nd Brigade to the US Army's modular force structure. 3rd Brigade Combat Team had perviously converted in 2006 and the 2nd Battalion, 26th Infantry was concurrently inactivated and reflagged as the 1st battalion, 26th Infantry.
In June 2008 the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division, including the 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry, deployed to Afghanistan as part of Operation Enduring Freedom. The unit remained deployed in that country into 2009. |
The world of local sports talk radio has traditionally been male-dominated, but KFAN 100.3 is mixing it up by adding its only female-hosted show to the station's lineup.
Twin Cities radio and TV personality Carly Zucker is joining the station as the host of a new show called "Overtime" that will share the personal stories and charitable endeavors of local professional athletes and how they spend their time off the field, court and rink.
"We'll dive into the reason behind their philanthropic work, what makes them tick and, hopefully, just get to know them a little better," Zucker said.
It's been about 10 years since the station has had a lead female host, said program director Chad Abbott.
"From professionals to Little Leagues, there are so many philanthropic stories to report that just need a platform that fits that storytelling," Abbott said. "That is what I hope this show provides and Carly is the best one in town to tell it."
Zucker has been active in the local sports and philanthropic communities for years. She's a familiar voice to KFAN fans as a regular guest on the popular "Power Trip" morning show. Previously, she hosted Minnesota Timberwolves Entertainment Network and reported for CBS Sports and Fox Sports North.
In 2016, Zucker married Minnesota Wild player Jason Zucker. Together, the couple launched the #GIVE16 campaign this winter to support the University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital. They are currently raising money for the Zucker Family Suite and Broadcast Studio, a space to serve pediatric patients and their families.
"Even after having our son, Hendrix, three months ago, she hasn't stopped thinking about how to better herself and her career while also making a difference in our community on a daily basis," said Jason Zucker.
"Overtime" made its debut Thursday, and will now air at a different day and time every week, depending on game schedules. Zucker's first guest was Vikings wide receiver Adam Thielen. You can listen to the episode on KFAN's website at kfan.iheart.com, under the "Overtime with Carly Zucker" tab. Her lineup also includes Kyle Rudolph (Vikings), Ryan Dungey (Supercross motorcycle champion) and of course, her husband. Zucker says she also hopes to interview players from the Minnesota Lynx.
"It's important to have a diverse group of people represented in any industry," Zucker said. "I love hearing from listeners, men and women, that they appreciate hearing a female voice."
Career: Minnesota Timberwolves Entertainment Network, reported for CBS Sports and Fox Sports North, hosted the CW Twin Cities.
Philanthropy: With husband Jason Zucker, #Give16 campaign will fund Zucker Family Suite and Broadcast Studio at University of Minnesota Masonic Children’s Hospital.
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I am sorry to hear about your bad shopping experience. I am writing this email to give you some advice regarding your case on the individual items.
The amended Sale of Goods Act 1979 requires the seller to supply goods of satisfactory quality. This includes that the goods must be durable and fit for their general purpose. Therefore you are able to take the jeans and shoes back either for a full refund or a replacement.
The Dior perfume company has breached the law of negligence because a duty of care was not carried out. Also this breach was the direct cause of damage which was the rash came out after using the perfume. Therefore under the Consumer Protection Act 1987, your mother has the right to sue the manufacturer. |
In 2004, Austin was the U. National Amateur Welterweight Champion. Austin was the runner-up to make the 2004 U. Olympic Boxing Team. quot;Somethin' Stupidquot;, also quot;Something Stupidquot;, is a song written by C. Carson Parks. It was originally recorded in 1966 by Parks and his wife Gaile Foote, as Carson and Gaile. Take That are an English pop group formed in Manchester in 1990. |
TIPPINST- My genetic algorithm is finally “alive” and up and running the problem is it will take a while for the results to come back. I have no real idea how long as each entity will run for a different length of time performing the necessary math etc. So I am experiencing mixed feelings at the moment, pride that its running, curiosity as to what its up to, and impatience ! |
Churchill proposed a substantial naval squadron: three Revenge-class battleships, an aircraft carrier, five cruisers, two destroyer flotillas, submarines and supporting auxiliaries. The battleships would need to be significantly modified to resist air and submarine attack as well as pass through the shallow waters.
Royal Sovereign would have been fitted with very large bulges to her hull (making her 140 ft wide) to increase her buoyancy and so reduce her draught by 9 ft (2.7 m) even after the addition of 4 to 5 in (100 to 130 mm) of deck armour (some 2,000 tons of armour would be used in total). While only two of her main turrets would be retained, elevation for those guns would be 30 degrees. In this new state her top speed would have been about 13-14 knots in action.[2]
As well as cutting off German iron ore supplies, Churchill anticipated that this show of force would encourage the Scandinavian nations to join the war against Germany. |
HM Revenue & Customs is to send tax staff to help the 1,000 organisations, with the biggest tax data quality issues, to clean up their act.
The Targeted Employer Support (TES) project will include tailored face-to-face visits which will enable HMRC and employers to work together to address data quality problems that affect PAYE systems.
"We want to work in partnership with employers to improve data quality. There are wins for both parties from better data quality," said Stephen Banyard, HMRC Acting Director General for Personal Tax.
Banyard said HMRC was making a determined effort to improve data quality ahead of the move to Real Time Information (RTI) systems and it has conducted 12 employer schemes pilot projects between July and October 2011 on how this can be achieved.
"Pilot visits have shown that ... face to face support can make a real difference to the quality of data we receive from employers and consequently will greatly assist the coming move to Real Time Information (RTI).
In addition to TES visits, HMRC "will improve the communications and guidance we provide on this subject," he said.
"The pilots have gone really well and helped HMRC shape the materials used in interaction with employers."
The move to improve data quality comes as HMRC is consolidating its back end systems. Last month the tax department revealed it had HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) has announced it had reduced the number of its SAP systems from seven to one with an 81% cost saving. |
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Having in mind the specific needs of business and transit travellers who wish to stay in touch with the rest of the world, Hulhule Island Hotel offers complimentary Wi-fi facility for all the hotel residents at the Lobby of the hotel. More over the services such as print outs and faxes are also available on request.
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Barkley not only is the odds on favorite to be the top rookie running back, he is a strong candidate to finish in the top ten of fantasy football scoring for all running backs. The last two seasons at Penn State Barkley averaged 1,813 total yards and 20.5 touchdowns.
The Seahawks have been looking for a Marshawn Lynch replacement for a couple of years now. Penny more than doubled his production last year at San Diego State with 2,027 rushing yards and 19 touchdowns with another 18 catches for 142 yards and a pair of scores. If he can stay healthy, perhaps Penny can solidify Seattle’s backfield.
Michel ran for 948 yards and 13 touchdowns on a 7.2 yards per carry clip last year for Georgia. He’ll form a committee with James White and Rex Burkhead, but given his explosiveness look for Bill Belichick to find ways to get him the ball.
Guice averaged 1,373 total yards and 13.5 touchdowns over teh last two years at LSU. He should emerge as the lead back for Washington, but Chris Thompson should limit him to 1st and 2nd downs. Samaje Perine could be in the mix for some carries as well.
Freeman finished his collegiate career at Oregon with 6,435 total yards and 64 touchdowns, including 1,639 total yards and 16 touchdowns last year. Freeman may enter the season behind Devontae Booker, but Booker may be better suited as the third down back leaving Freeman for early downs and goal line work.
Jones saw his production at USC improve each year culminating with 1,637 total yards and 19 touchdowns last year. He should enter the year as the lead back for the Bucs, which puts him in RB2/3 conversations.
Hines does not have a challenging climb to the top of Indy’s depth chart. He ran for 1,040 yards with 9 touchdowns at 5.7 ypc for NC State last year. If Marlon Mack struggles Hines could see RB3 status based on opportunity.
Johnson had 1,508 total yards and 19 touchdowns at Auburn last year. LeGarrette Blount will cut into goal line work and perhaps some 4th quarter duties if the Lions are ahead. If they fall behind, then Theo Riddick will cut into the time. Johnson is an intriguing dynasty pick though.
Chubb’s prospects would be much higher had the Browns not signed Carlos Hyde. He averaged 6.2 ypc with 1,175 yards and 13 touchdowns for Georgia.
Ballage has to get past Kenyon Drake and Frank Gore to make an impact as a rookie. Barring injury, that isn’t a likely scenario. You never know though. Ballage did catch 44 passes as a junior for 469 yards and a touchdown to go along with 536 yard and 14 touchdowns on the ground.
| Posted by LestersLegends | Categories: Fantasy Football, fantasy football rankings, fantasy football rb rankings, NFL | Tagged: 2018 fantasy football, 2018 fantasy football RBs, 2018 fantasy football rookie RBs, 2018 fantasy football rookie running backs, 2018 fantasy football running backs, 2018 rookie RBs, 2018 rookie running backs, Fantasy Football, fantasy football RBs, fantasy football running backs, NFL, Rookie RBs, Rookie Running Backs | |
A remarkably attractive small hill town, Recanati is close to the heart of many Italians as the birthplace of one the country's greatest poets, Giacomo Leopardi (1798-1837).
This dignified place, just inland from the Adriatic Sea, is strung out along the crest of a hill. It was renowned in the 16th and 17th centuries for its commercial fair, one of the most important in the Papal States, and its wide streets and comfortable buildings still bear a mercantile character.
Nowadays, however, it is remembered for its famous son, Leopardi. He passed a hothouse childhood, self-imprisoned in his father's classics-filled library and spent the rest of his life trying to recapture in his pessimistic verse the illusion of happiness, glimpsed fleetingly as a youth in Recanati. Palazzo Leopardi at the southern edge of town, where he was born and brought up, holds memorabilia, manuscripts and his fascinating library. Around every corner, plaques mark spots referred to in his poems.
The museum in Villa Colloredo-Mels, a splendid 18th century villa on the edge of the town centre, holds Recanati's greatest art treasure, a room with four of Lorenzo Lotto's finest pictures, including a most haunting Annunciation packed with almost breathless narrative detail - a high spot in any art-lover's tour of the central Marche.
Recanati was also the home town of the great tenor, Beniamino Gigli and the Museo Gigli in the Palazzo Comunale, or town hall, on central Piazza Leopardi holds a collection of his costumes from some 30 operas, a mock-up of his dressing-room and some of the many presents he received, including a walking stick from Verdi.
Other delights in Recanati include the Cathedral of San Flaviano with its magnificent 17th century wood ceiling and the Teatro Persiani, another of the Marche's unexpectedly grand 19th century theatres. |
Search Results for: governance-of-science-ideology-and-the-future-of-the-open-society-issues-in-society
This ground-breaking text offers a fresh perspective on the governance of science from the standpoint of social and political theory. Science has often been seen as the only institution that embodies the elusive democratic ideal of the 'open society'. Yet, science remains an elite activity that commands much more public trust than understanding, even though science has become increasingly entangled with larger political and economic issues.
Conjectures and Refutations is one of Karl Popper's most wide-ranging and popular works, notable not only for its acute insight into the way scientific knowledge grows, but also for applying those insights to politics and to history. It provides one of the clearest and most accessible statements of the fundamental idea that guided his work: not only our knowledge, but our aims and our standards, grow through an unending process of trial and error.
Ever since its first publication in 1992, The End of History and the Last Man has provoked controversy and debate. Francis Fukuyama's prescient analysis of religious fundamentalism, politics, scientific progress, ethical codes, and war is as essential for a world fighting fundamentalist terrorists as it was for the end of the Cold War. Now updated with a new afterword, The End of History and the Last Man is a modern classic.
The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of the Social Sciences collects newly commissioned essays that examine fundamental issues in the social sciences.
The state is often ascribed a special sort of authority, one that obliges citizens to obey its commands and entitles the state to enforce those commands through threats of violence. This book argues that this notion is a moral illusion: no one has ever possessed that sort of authority.
The global movement toward democracy, spurred in part by the ending of the cold war, has created opportunities for democratization not only in Europe and the former Soviet Union, but also in Africa. This book is based on workshops held in Benin, Ethiopia, and Namibia to better understand the dynamics of contemporary democratic movements in Africa. Key issues in the democratization process range from its institutional and political requirements to specific problems such as ethnic conflict, corruption, and role of donors in promoting democracy. By focusing on the opinion and views of African intellectuals, academics, writers, and political activists and observers, the book provides a unique perspective regarding the dynamics and problems of democratization in Africa.
Analyzes the growing divide between the incomes of the wealthy class and those of middle-income Americans, exonerating popular suspects to argue that the nation's political system promotes greed and under-representation.
On its publication in 1957, The Poverty of Historicism was hailed by Arthur Koestler as 'probably the only book published this year which will outlive the century.' A devastating criticism of fixed and predictable laws in history, Popper dedicated the book to all those 'who fell victim to the fascist and communist belief in Inexorable Laws of Historical Destiny.' Short and beautifully written, it has inspired generations of readers, intellectuals and policy makers. One of the most important books on the social sciences since the Second World War, it is a searing insight into the ideas of this great thinker.
The liberal way of war and the liberal way of rule are correlated; this book traces that correlation to liberalism's original commitment to 'making life live'. Committed to making life live, liberalism is committed to waging war on behalf of life, specifically to promote the biopolitical life of species being; what the book calls 'the biohuman'. Tracking the advent of the age of life-as-information - complex, adaptive and emergent - while contrasting biopolitics with geopolitics, the book details how and why the liberal way of rule wages war on the human in the cause of instituting the biohuman. Contingent and emergent, the biohuman is however continuously also becoming-dangerous to itself. It therefore requires constant surveillance to anticipate the threats it presents to its own flourishing. The book explains how, in making life live, liberal rule finds its expression, today, in making the biohuman live the emergency of its emergence. Thus does liberal peace become the continuation of war by other means. Just as the information and molecular revolutions have combined to transform liberal military-strategic thinking so also has it contributed to the discourse of global danger through which global liberal governance currently legitimates the liberal way of war.
Given the massive demographic changes in the United States during the past few decades, understanding the place of immigrants in the public sphere has never been more critical. Democracy's Promise examines both the challenges and opportunities posed to American civic institutions by the presence of increasing numbers of immigrants. Author Janelle Wong argues that the low levels of political participation among contemporary immigrants are not due to apathy or preoccupation with their homeland, but to the inability of American political parties and advocacy organizations to mobilize immigrant voters. Wong's rich study of Chinese and Mexican immigrants in New York and Los Angeles complements traditional studies of political behavior and civic institutions while offering a nuanced examination of immigrants' political activity. Democracy's Promise will appeal to a broad spectrum of social scientists and ethnic studies scholars who study or teach immigration, racial and ethnic politics, political participation, civic engagement, and American political institutions. In addition, it will appeal to community organizers and party activists who are interested in issues of race and ethnicity, immigration, political participation, and political mobilization. Janelle Wong is Assistant Professor of Political Science and American Studies and Ethnicity at the University of Southern California. "As political parties (perhaps) decline in the United States, as civic organizations (perhaps) move away from direct participatory politics, and as the number of immigrants certainly increases--what will link new Americans to the political realm? Janelle Wong answers this important question clearly, with elegance, nuance, rich description, and galvanizing provocativeness. Her evidence is compelling and her sense of urgency about the need for parties to look beyond short-term interests even more so." --Jennifer L. Hochschild, Harvard University "Wong draws on the Latino and Asian immigrant experience, with specific examples from the Chinese and Mexican communities of New York and Los Angeles, to show how the political parties have largely failed to organize these groups and why labor unions and immigrant advocacy organizations have stepped in to take their place. Far from 'disuniting' America, she clearly shows that bringing these groups into the political fray is central to the project of renewing American democracy." --John Mollenkopf, CUNY Graduate Center "A scathing critique of the role of parties in the mobilization of new immigrants and an invaluable analysis of alternative pathways of mobilization through community organizations." --Michael Jones-Correa, Cornell University "By employing multiple empirical methods, including in-depth interviews and sophisticated survey analyses, Janelle Wong provides a compelling account of the political activities and allegiances of America's Asian and Latino immigrants that challenges much conventional wisdom. Often the political parties are failing to reach out to these groups, and often immigrants remain concerned about their home countries; but they are nonetheless increasingly active in American politics, in ways that may do much to shape the course of American political development in the 21st century. Democracy's Promise is a major contribution to our understanding of this crucial dimension of American politics." --Rogers M. Smith, University of Pennsylvania "Democracy's Promise challenges political parties to reexamine their priorities for mobilizing new voters, and identifies the critical role civic institutions play in invigorating participation among immigrant citizens. Wong's analysis is at once precise and expansive; illuminating the contours of Latino and Asian American political incorporation and provoking thoughtful debate on inclusion in democratic theory." --Jane Junn, Rutgers University
Across America today gated communities sprawl out from urban centers, employers enforce mandatory drug testing, and schools screen students with metal detectors. Social problems ranging from welfare dependency to educational inequality have been reconceptualized as crimes, with an attendant focus on assigning fault and imposing consequences. Even before the recent terrorist attacks, non-citizen residents had become subject to an increasingly harsh regime of detention and deportation, and prospective employees subjected to background checks. How and when did our everyday world become dominated by fear, every citizen treated as a potential criminal?In this startlingly original work, Jonathan Simon traces this pattern back to the collapse of the New Deal approach to governing during the 1960s when declining confidence in expert-guided government policies sent political leaders searching for new models of governance. The War on Crime offered a ready solution to their problem: politicians set agendas by drawing analogies to crime and redefined the ideal citizen as a crime victim, one whose vulnerabilities opened the door to overweening government intervention. By the 1980s, this transformation of the core powers of government had spilled over into the institutions that govern daily life. Soon our schools, our families, our workplaces, and our residential communities were being governed through crime.This powerful work concludes with a call for passive citizens to become engaged partners in the management of risk and the treatment of social ills. Only by coming together to produce security, can we free ourselves from a logic of domination by others, and from the fear that currently rules our everyday life.
The series Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science is designed to illuminate a field which not only includes general linguistics and the study of linguistics as applied to specific languages, but also covers those more recent areas which have developed from the increasing body of research into the manifold forms of communicative action and interaction.
Governments make too little use of the skills and experience of citizens. New tools—what Beth Simone Noveck calls technologies of expertise—are making it possible to match citizen expertise to the demand for it in government. She offers a vision of participatory democracy rooted not in voting or crowdsourcing but in people’s knowledge and know-how.
Humans may be the only creatures conscious of having a future, but all too often we would rather not think about it. Likewise, our societies, unable to deal with radical uncertainty, do not make policies with a view to the long term. Instead, we suffer from a sense of powerlessness, collective irrationality, and perennial political discontent. In The Future and Its Enemies, Spanish philosopher Daniel Innerarity makes a plea for a new social contract that would commit us to moral and political responsibility with respect to future generations. He urges us to become advocates for the future in the face of enemies who, oblivious to the costs of modernization, press for endless and unproductive acceleration. His accessible book proposes a new way of confronting the unknown—one grounded in the calculation of risk. Declaring the classical right-left divide to be redundant, Innerarity presents his hopes for a renewed democracy and a politics that would find convincing ways to mediate between the priorities of the present, the heritage of the past, and the challenges that lie ahead.
This collection addresses the important function of utopianism in social and political philosophy and includes debate on what its future role will be in a period dominated by dystopian nightmare scenarios.
The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.tandfebooks.com/, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 license. There has been an enormous increase in interest in the use of evidence for public policymaking, but the vast majority of work on the subject has failed to engage with the political nature of decision making and how this influences the ways in which evidence will be used (or misused) within political areas. This book provides new insights into the nature of political bias with regards to evidence and critically considers what an ‘improved’ use of evidence would look like from a policymaking perspective. Part I describes the great potential for evidence to help achieve social goals, as well as the challenges raised by the political nature of policymaking. It explores the concern of evidence advocates that political interests drive the misuse or manipulation of evidence, as well as counter-concerns of critical policy scholars about how appeals to ‘evidence-based policy’ can depoliticise political debates. Both concerns reflect forms of bias – the first representing technical bias, whereby evidence use violates principles of scientific best practice, and the second representing issue bias in how appeals to evidence can shift political debates to particular questions or marginalise policy-relevant social concerns. Part II then draws on the fields of policy studies and cognitive psychology to understand the origins and mechanisms of both forms of bias in relation to political interests and values. It illustrates how such biases are not only common, but can be much more predictable once we recognise their origins and manifestations in policy arenas. Finally, Part III discusses ways to move forward for those seeking to improve the use of evidence in public policymaking. It explores what constitutes ‘good evidence for policy’, as well as the ‘good use of evidence’ within policy processes, and considers how to build evidence-advisory institutions that embed key principles of both scientific good practice and democratic representation. Taken as a whole, the approach promoted is termed the ‘good governance of evidence’ – a concept that represents the use of rigorous, systematic and technically valid pieces of evidence within decision-making processes that are representative of, and accountable to, populations served.
This symposium brought together leading experts and managers from the public and private sectors who are involved in the creation, dissemination, and use of scientific and technical data and information (STI) to: (1) describe and discuss the role and the benefits and costs--both economic and other--of the public domain in STI in the research and education context, (2) to identify and analyze the legal, economic, and technological pressures on the public domain in STI in research and education, (3) describe and discuss existing and proposed approaches to preserving the public domain in STI in the United States, and (4) identify issues that may require further analysis.
The Oxford Handbook of State and Local Government is an historic undertaking. It contains a wide range of essays that define the important questions in the field, evaluate where we are in answering them, and set the direction and terms of discourse for future work. The Handbook will have a substantial influence in defining the field for years to come. The chapters critically assess both the key works of state and local politics literature and the ways in which the sub-field has developed. It covers the main areas of study in subnational politics by exploring the central contributions to the comparative study of institutions, behavior, and policy in the American context. Each chapter outlines an agenda for future research. |
Meals and Lodging are included in the price of all Trophy Whitetail Hunts and Spring Turkey Hunts. Meals and/or Lodging can be provided on Exotic Hunts at an extra charge. �The Old Ranchhouse� isn�t fancy but it is comfortable. Satellite TV is available for your viewing. |
From Migrants to Citizens: Membership in a Changing World : Membership in a Changing World (International Migration Series) |
So after everything the New England Patriots have been threw with Randy Moss, its clear it was true love after all. Well at least on Randy’s part. While being interviewed he said he loves New England and wants to play for them again. |
S.T.R.1.K.E. S.T.R.1.K.E. is to a pitcher/defense what B.A.S.E.2. is to offense. Again, we covered the significant impact the B.A.S.E.2. System can have on the outcome of the game, if you get [...]
Measure What You Treasure A gift I bought for myself just after Christmas is a fitness tracker called the Fitbit. This is not an ad for Fitbit although I do love The Force product that I [...]
T.P.I. – TEAM PROCESS INDEX Team Process Index is a calculation that is based on a team’s performance using key indicators that, in and of themselves, are very telling of a team’s chance to win. [...]
A3P (After Three Pitches) A3P is another tool we use to measure our pitchers that goes well with first-pitch strikes. What we are measuring is our pitchers’ abilities to get the ball in play and [...]
QUALITY AT-BATS OFFENSIVE PHILOSOPHIES – PERSPECTIVE SHIFT I just finished up a weekend at the ABCA where I was blessed with the opportunity to speak to thousands of coaches. You may have been [...]
ABCA – Funny How Things Work Sometimes No question the biggest stage in amateur baseball, the ABCA. I was fortunate enough to be asked to speak this past weekend. They tell me that there were [...]
W1N 2014 with Terrific Time Management Techniques Talent, background, and education vary from person to person and from program to program. The one thing that everyone will have in common in 2014 [...] |
Quick overview The Shoemaker and His Daughter is an epic story spanning the Second World War to the fall of the Soviet Union, taking in eighty years of Soviet and Russian history, from Stalin to Putin.
The Soviet Union, 1962. Gifted shoemaker Stanislav Suvorov is imprisoned for five years. His crime? Selling his car for a profit. On his release, social shame drives him and his family into voluntary exile in Siberia, 5,000 kilometres from home. In a climate that's unfriendly both geographically and politically, it's their chance to start again.
The Shoemaker and His Daughter is an epic story spanning the Second World War to the fall of the Soviet Union, taking in eighty years of Soviet and Russian history, from Stalin to Putin. Following the footsteps of a remarkable family Conor O'Clery knows well - he is married to the shoemaker's daughter - it's both a compelling insight into life in a secretive world at a siesmic moment in time and a powerful tale of ordinary lives shaped by extraordinary times. |
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Darling is a sun product line is born and made in Italy. A true instagram star, favourite of beach clubs and influencers. There are four products on shelf: A medium and a high sun protection, a tanning activator and an after-sun lotion. Darling bases its products on the idea that sun creams can be not only of high quality, but also objects with a design, symbols of fashion and trend. The label represents innovation, research and attention for the smallest details. |
Dr James Dobson draws on his extensive experience to give husbands some wise advice about women and how they differ from men in their approach to life and their needs.
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Coming from a family connected to wine and producing wine in a can. I personally love the barrel look & feel.
Here at Melbourne Wine Barrels & Iron Products we prefer quality over quantity. We strive to achieve the best quality looking barrels for our customer. As a Mother & Son business we work together in restoring the barrels to their best condition. Our barrels are treated with love & care with being oiled and varnished for the barrels longevity.
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This is an open letter to CNN, regarding your reporting, or lack thereof regarding the ‘Crisis in Japan’.
No really, your reporting on Japan is absolutely horrendous. I’ve been irritated by it over the last week, and this evening what I saw was enough to put me past my boiling point.
I tuned in to catch some news about the situation in Libya, figuring that I’d learn something I hadn’t on BBC World (my other English language news service). One of your CNN anchors was discussing the situation in Japan with the Iodine-131 in drinking water. He introduced the story, before handing off to one of your gaijin correspondents in Japan, by saying (from memory), “Now to Tokyo for an update on the contamination of drinking water there. Officials announced yesterday that drinking water was unsafe for young children, because of radioactive contamination. But today, they are saying it’s safe to drink. How can the water be unsafe to drink one day, yet safe the next? We take you to ________ in Tokyo.”
Stop right there. What kind of reporting is this? The issue is that the levels of Iodine-131 fell in the last day, and are now below the 100 Bq/kg limit set for infants. That’s it. By introducing a story like this, you are leading the viewer to believe that there is a controversy or misrepresentation or something awful happening that shouldn’t. Unfortunately, there’s nothing to support this claim, in your story or otherwise.
Then, the correspondent in Japan comes on to repeat the same line saying (from memory), “People don’t know what to think. The water is unsafe one day, then safe the next. This is causing worry and concern amongst Tokyo citizens.” Then you move on to interview a Japanese mother with an infant telling you she’s worried about safe drinking water.
So, where the hell is the story here? If you want to imply that the government of Tokyo, or central government of Japan, of cooking the numbers and/or misleading the public, you should follow this up with some actual reporting. How about some evidence that there is some monkey business from eyewitnesses or an inside source? Or even a response from government spokespersons or officials to your question of ‘how these levels could have changed’ or to your implication that something untoward happened?
There was none of this - absolutely nothing justifying that provocative lead-in. So, what we have here is a clear case of idle speculation instead of actual reporting, investigative or otherwise. WTF?! This isn’t why I pay for access to English news on my satellite dish.
Now I’m going to speculate. I can only envision two explanations why CNN took this tack on their report. The first is that you guys are really, really stupid. Perhaps you cannot fathom in any way how radiation might dissipate over time or how diffusion might actually result in dispersal of these substances to lowered concentrations throughout the water supply. I thought that’s why you had paid experts come on and pontificate - you know to explain concepts like basic science to you that are beyond your comprehension. Or perhaps you actually think that the government doesn’t know how to measure these things or wants to just lie, and make people drink water that isn’t safe. Never mind that you don’t have any facts to back this up, or bothered to investigate.
The other explanation I can come up with, is that you just don’t care about the truth and you want to suck in viewers, preying on their fear and gullibility. Given that your business model is based on advertiser revenue, which is based on number of viewers (ratings), I guess it’s OK (in your minds) to do whatever it takes to suck people in - even if it means creating problems or crises that aren’t actually there. It’s quite clear that whenever that you can milk some event for ratings, CNN is there. We know, because you keep the “Breaking News” legend at the bottom of the screen, for days, even weeks at a time for any ongoing issue - even when there isn’t any new news. You often introduce stories as “breaking” or “this just in”, when the information is 4-12 hours old. And you often give the ‘meta-story’ a title (e.g., “Crisis in Japan”) which you show whenever you present a story on some ongoing topic. These are all very subtle ways for you to subliminally implant in people’s minds that there is something really important on-going and CNN is on the job, telling you what you need to know. I’ve seen this in your reporting of the trapped West Virginia coal miners a couple years back (wondering why you guys just didn’t lay off the poor relatives of these guys). I’ve seen it in Haiti, where one of your reporters (A. Cooper) decided to interview some desperate people trying to dig relatives out of the rubble, as opposed to actually getting in there and helping them.
But I digress - let’s get back to the truth. Whether or not CNN is really stupid or you are purposely misleading to gain viewers probably makes no difference to you, as long as there is (as Stephen Colbert describes it) some ‘truthiness’ to what you are saying or reporting. The problem is that in crises, making inflammatory, speculative, provocative statements really has a negative impact on the people actually in those crises and their relatives around the world. It’s leading to panic and stress among foreigners, and their relatives back home that don’t have better information sources than the crap you are putting on the air. It’s enough, and I demand you stop!
In the case of the earthquake and its aftermath, the real crises involve the victims, refugees in the Tohoku region, and nuclear plant recovery. Although people are inconvenienced in Tokyo, it’s currently nothing more than that. Suggesting or implying otherwise is irresponsible, regardless of whether or not you think the government is telling the truth. Most of the reason foreign governments asked citizens to evacuate also had more to do with fear than reality. CNN and other foreign news services are responsible for helping to generate and sustain those fears. As a foreigner living west of Tokyo, I have concerns and fears for my family here too. And if things deteriorate to the point of real danger, we will certainly leave. But unfortunately, we won’t be able to rely on information from CNN to help us make that decision.
Wake up and stop the exaggeration and misinformation! Be responsible journalists, and just tell us the facts. Leave the speculation to people that actually take the time to investigate. Maybe take lessons from some of your iReporters, those “amateurs” that often truly grasp what journalism is.
The below links are ones I’ve collected from reputable sources. If you want to donate money to help earthquake relief efforts in Japan, please consider making a donation to one of these organizations.
The newest OS update for iPod Touch and iPhone (formally iPhone x.x) is iOS 4. Apple chose not to support its first generation iPhone and iPod Touch devices with the OS, and only partly support devices other than the iPhone 3GS and iPad and iPhone 4.
I don't blame Apple for not wanting to implement all the parts of iOS 4 on older devices. Multitasking and complex graphics won't fly on the 1G devices. But by leaving users without any OS upgrade path, it also leaves those users with no way to update the apps they have already purchased or downloaded on their devices. And new apps won't work on iOS 4, AFAIK. This is because devs have no incentive or way to make their iOS 4 apps backwards compatible.
In one fell swoop, Apple has cut off these users from access to new apps or new versions iOS 3 apps from the App store. Users of 1 G devices get app upgrade notices, but can't take advantage of them at all.
Hey, I don't need multitasking or bluetooth keyboard connectivity, or the myriad of other features iOS 4 has. But the cutoff from the app store (and fixes to my current apps) is really unforgivable.
The good: Faster iPhone with longer battery life, better screen, better camera, thinner profile at the same price as the iPhone 3GS. New OS has multitasking, native viewing of pdfs, video capabilities, free upgrade for v. 3 users.
The bad: Changing the name of iPhone OS to iOS - WTF? Way to sow confusion, but then again the same OS is going to be used for iPads and iPod touches. Is Apple going to change the name of the iTunes store to the iStore b/c it sells more than music now?
The ugly: iAds. I can't for the life of me understand why Apple presents this as a feature to users. Sure, if you want to put them into free apps, fine. But please keep ads OUT of paid apps and elements of the OS itself. Don't waste my screen space on iAds when I'm looking at my address book, browsing in Safari, or using iBooks, for example.
The fluff: The gyroscope isn't that useful, except for games. Video calls really aren't necessary when you can only do them via WiFi. The inclusion of Bing as a search option is pretty much useless.
A recent Engadget post requesting info on camera geotagging solutions prompted me to do a little digging. Nikon's GP-1 unit is pricey, and it's performance has not be impressive. If you have a Nikon DSLR, check out some of the offerings on these links.
There are a few other makers out there, but these seem to be the most reliable. If you check forums on DPReview an Flickr, you can find some user comments. I also found several blog reviews on the interwebs.
This morning Apple had press event to announce its new music products. Prior to the event, there was much speculation about a new touch pad computer, iPod Touch with camera, and even some suggestion that the Beatles collection would finally make it to iTunes (I thought this one had legs).
discounts on iPod Touch models, and increases in speed 32gb & and a new 64gb size model. However, no cameras to be seen at all.
new iPod Nano models with a built in video camera (no stills), motion sensing with pedometer function
My overall take - meh! The iPod touch is a big seller, and it’s great to see it hit 64gb, but many folks were expecting some sort of camera. Rumors that a Touch w/camera may have been shelved at the last minute may get more credence now. The camera on the new Nano is not so great - it shoots video but no stills. I can’t see people really wanting to use this much, or buying the Nano for this feature. The iPhone/iPod Touch software upgrade is free for Touch users, but on my 1st generation Touch it sucks up 200-300mb more storage, critical for those of us with only 16gb storage. Furthermore, using the iTunes interface for synch-ing content was comparatively sluggish. As for iTunes 9, I’ll have to tinker with it more. Most of the changes are cosmetic, IMHO.
The wife and kids were at Baba and Jiji’s, so I could stay up to listen to the WWDC coverage unimpeded and undisturbed. I felt Phil Schiller’s Keynote started off very well at first, but then really bogged down in the product demos about half way through. I could barely stay awake during the last half.
I followed coverage on gdgt’s live feed and wasn’t disappointed. Except for one glitch, their coverage was thorough, kept pace, and had lots of photos. Big improvement Ryan and Peter! Tod Ogasawara pointed me (via Twitter) to a live (and unauthorized) video feed that was in the background of folks from TWiT on TWiT tv. The video feed was also available by itself via ustream (?), but I had issues getting that to play correctly. The video quality itself was poor, but the audio was fairly intelligible. The TWiTtv feed pissed me off, because Leo LaPorte’s commentary was annoying - too loud and uninteresting. I guess you could say I’m not a very big TWiT fan.
Pretty much the entire line of MBP’s (and the MB Air) was revamped, plus a new 13“ MBP is announced, faster and cheaper than the 13” Aluminum MacBook. In fact, the aluminum MacBook is no longer listed.
The good: Faster processors, longer battery life, SD card slot (except for 17“), less expensive across the board, Firewire 800!
The bad: Battery is no longer removable (like in the MBA), the SD slot replaces the express card slot.
Blah, blah, blah, blah blah. Lots of new features, some of the awesome, some not - ship date maybe in September.
The good: Cheap upgrade pricing ($29/59 for single and family packs), install is 6gb smaller, 64bit, better Quicktime, better multicore processor support.
The ugly: Intel ONLY. I guess with the $70 you save on the upgrade, you can buy a new Intel Mac, ne?
The ugly: Some software conflicts like VideoBox, and 1Password (which is now fixed), some website conflicts including the one I use for university admin stuff. This is disappointing, and I may go back to FireFox.
The good: Speed enhancements, interface enhancements, new language support, remote wipe (to keep your info from the hands of thieves), YouTube login, sync notes, landscape keyboard.
Two sizes (16 and 32gb) with many enhancements, available 19 June. Some of the camera features will appeal to the Japanese market - the iPhone is catching up finally.
The good: Speedier (hence the S), 3mp camera with autofocus and video mode, voice control, compass (available in my Japanese Casio phone already), the old iPhone 3G gets dropped to $99 in the US, slightly better battery life.
The bad: No hardware keyboard, non-ergonomic shape, have to use ATT in the US and SoftBank in Japan.
The ugly: ATT is really hosing people that want to upgrade their 3G to a 3Gs. You have to front at least $400 out of pocket if you haven’t used your old iPhone at least 18 months.
Summary: I rate the new MacBooks as the best news, with the iPhone 3Gs second, and rank the software upgrades last. Much of iPhone 3.0 is lost on iPod touch users, and although the upgrade price for Snow Leopard is great - I’m not sure the features are if you are using older Macs.
Will I go out and finally buy an iPhone? No - the price will stay high in Japan for half a year, perhaps. And I much prefer the feature set in the PalmPre, though I’d like to try them both side by side.
Fashion builds my personal confidence, attracts people around, it is a first impression and a start of conversation without any words. Also it is an expression of my freedom.
This blog is just my concept of beauty, pleasure for eyes and ears. Most of the pictures I post here are not my own so I will do my best to give a proper credit to the owners.
The images provided here in are of introductory nature and were intentionally resized. On Joining the collection you will receive access to HD quality BDSM art.
Sold as slaves: I'm not so keen on blondes, so you're gonna take a lot of punishment from now on, all over your body... |
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The Mernda Community Fair is a day of fun, low-cost, family-friendly entertainment! Come along for the rides, food and entertainment, and find out about local community groups, sports groups and businesses!
We aim to keep all activities either cheap or free, so you won’t have to worry about spending too much. The Fair is run by volunteers from the local community, with sponsorship from local businesses and support from the City of Whittlesea
Applications for stalls are now closed. If you represent a community or sports group who has not yet applied, please email us to apply.
The Mernda Community Fair is a day of fun, low-cost, family-friendly entertainment! The 5th annual Mernda Community Fair will be held on Sunday 2nd April 2017 from 11:30 AM to 3:30 PM. Our new venue is Buttercross Park, on the corner of Mernda Village Dr and Dalmeny Way. We’ll be having:
If you would like a stall, please click on the appropriate link for Market stalls or Community stalls
For more details, see the Mernda Community Fair on Facebook, or you can read about the 2016 Mernda Community Fair here!
The 4th annual Mernda Community Fair has finished, and the organizing team would like to thank everyone who played a part in bringing the community together on Sunday 6th March! We are volunteers who run the event in our spare time because we believe that Mernda needs something like this, something which makes Mernda feel like a home rather than just a place to live.
We are pleased to announce next year’s Mernda Community Fair will be held on 6th March 2016 at Mernda Villages Town Centre. Stall applications are now available here. Applications will close on 5th February 2016.
The fair in 2015 offered free and low cost entertainment such as petting zoo, reptiles, fire engine rides, jumping castle, pony rides, mobile skate park and many more.
We welcome small businesses, food vendors, community groups, dance, sports groups and so on to apply for a stall.
Acting Senior Sergeant Jason Gaffee visited MADRA for the monthly meeting last week (3rd Weds of each month) at the Mernda Village Community Activity Centre.
He is looking for feedback from residents about law and order issues in the Whittlesea City Council area, particularly in Mernda and the surrounding areas, where the new police station is being planned. Knowing what residents would like addressed will help when considering which specialised teams to base in the Mernda station.
He also updated the MADRA committee on the progress of plans towards the establishment of a 24 hour police station in Mernda in the very near future, and staffing levels required.
Gaffee is keen to understand community priorities for policing, and can be contacted on 9716 2102. MADRA is also happy to pass on any concerns.
He also let us know that he is asking his officers to be available to chat with the community, so if you see some police sitting and having a coffee, stop by and have a chat!
MADRA members thank Acting Senior Sergeant Gaffee for his time and interest in visiting community groups, and for being committed to having the police involved in the community.
This project included the creation of the corporate identity for the fashion designer M. Gayá, that sew by hand her own designs.
I started with the logo, using a handwriting typography to express the product's craftsmanship. The sans serif font and sophisticated colors evocate the exclusive character and personality of the clothes of the designer.
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Two 20-minute halves were split up by two five-minutes sessions that featured mostly freshmen and reserves. The first 20-minute half was won, 58-46, by Gonzaga and, after the first five-minute session, the Zags won the second 20-minute half, 52-46. It was followed by one more five-minute session. |
Loan periods vary depending on your status and the type of material. Most material does not circulate out of the building. (Faculty offices are considered 'part of the building.')
MATERIAL TYPE = Cohn Legal Fiction Collection - You may borrow this for 2 months at a time, and it may leave the building.
Looking for a specific book, journal, database, or electronic resource? Search the Law Library catalog by keyword, title, subject, and more.
The Donald C. Harrison Health Sciences Library Selected to Host Traveling Exhibition about Native Concepts of Health and Illness
The Donald C. Harrison Health Sciences Library has been selected in a competitive application process to host Native Voices: Native Peoples’ Concepts of Health and Illness, a traveling exhibition to U.S. libraries.
Native Voices explores the interconnectedness of wellness, illness and cultural life for Native Americans, Alaska Natives and Native Hawaiians. Stories drawn from both the past and present examine how health for Native People is tied to community, the land and spirit. Through interviews, Native People describe the impact of epidemics, federal legislation, the loss of land and the inhibition of culture on the health of Native individuals and communities today.
As one of 104 grant recipients selected from across the country, the Donald C. Harrison Health Sciences Library will host the traveling exhibition July 23 through Aug. 30, 2018.
The U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) developed and produced Native Voices: Native Peoples’ Concepts of Health and Illness. The American Library Association (ALA) Public Programs Office, in partnership with NLM, tours the exhibition to America’s libraries. Native Voices: Native Peoples’ Concepts of Health and Illness was displayed at the NLM in Bethesda, Maryland, from 2011 to 2015. To learn more and view content from the exhibition, visit http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices.
In association with the Native Voices exhibit, related events have been scheduled to explore the topic of Native Peoples’ Concepts of Health and Illness. The first scheduled event is keynote speaker Suzanne L. Singer scheduled for 5-7:30 p.m., Thursday, July 26, in the CARE/Crawley Atrium (Medical Sciences Building, 231 Albert Sabin Way). Throughout August, lectures that cover such topics as “The Contribution of Native Voices to Medicine through Botany,” “Breaking Bread: A Perspective of Fry Bread and Native Health” and “Preventing Tuberculosis while Regulating Indigenous Bodies” have been scheduled in the Stanley J. Lucas, MD, Board Room, E level of the Medical Sciences Building near the Kresge Circle.
The American Library Association is the oldest and largest library association in the world, with approximately 55,000 members in academic, public, school, government and special libraries. The mission of the American Library Association is to provide leadership for the development, promotion and improvement of library and information services and the profession of librarianship in order to enhance learning and ensure access to information for all.
The National Library of Medicine (NLM), on the campus of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, has been a center of information innovation since its founding in 1836. The world’s largest biomedical library, NLM maintains and makes available a vast print collection and produces electronic information resources on a wide range of topics that are searched billions of times each year by millions of people around the globe. It also supports and conducts research, development, and training in biomedical informatics and health information technology. In addition, the Library coordinates a 6,000-member National Network of Libraries of Medicine that promotes and provides access to health information in communities across the United States.
What Do Martin Luther, a Hidden Paleontologist and German-Americans Have in Common? They are All in the Latest Source.
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Yesterday I showed the new wall art flanking the shelving unit in the playroom... well, the art is not exactly new but it's gift wrapped! Does that count?
I wrapped the frame backing with gift wrap from Paper-Source and today I'm going to show you how I achieved the look... it's really just like wrapping a present. So easy... grab your supplies and follow along with me!!!
gift wrap (or even kraft paper, fabric, wallpaper, scrapbook paper, decorative paper, a map, newspaper, magazine or book tear-outs)
3 Cut the gift wrap leaving a 2" border around the frame backing. Note: before a cut is made, check the gift wrap to make sure the design is straight and/or positioned in the area you'd like to frame.
10 Take the photo, artwork, etc (whatever you will be framing); turn it over and place tape or glue on the back corners corners (I used Glue Dots).
11 Secure the photo, art work, etc, to the gift wrap (I top-centered my photo, but it could be positioned anywhere on the gift wrap).
And just for kicks... here's a before and after photo of the wall art... from white to bluish-green... great punch of color!
Awesome Design Small Master Closet Published by Juan Andrela at January 30, 2018 at 11:16 am.There is 20 images on the post of Awesome Design Small Master Closet. To find Best Closet & Wadrobe Design Ideas on Closets category.
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I am Veanne, I am from a suburban city next to Los Angeles. I am vegan and have been for quite some time now. I love all of my animals i have 2 rats, 2 dogs, 1 cat, and 2 turtles. Message me for more information!
This is a space for veanne to share inspiration, information, and opportunities for involvement with global impact.
veanne has engaged 4 people! |
Amazing Dark Chocolate Sea Salt Caramel Candies. Creamy dark chocolate covering a buttery caramel with the sea salt in between, and topped with silver sugar stars. Gift box of 12 candies.
Amazing Dark Chocolate Sea Salt Caramel Candies. Creamy dark chocolate covering a buttery caramel with the sea salt in between, and topped with silver sugar stars. Gift box of 24 candies. |
Although preliminary and capable of being screwed up in winery, although we hope with our experience there is little of that, I think we can consider this vintage a great vintage, at least based on our cellar. There are two or three average lots, but the remainder have the potential to constitute one of the best four or five vintages I’ve seen. All wines have exceptional acids and pHs, good for ageability and presaging a longer than normal immaturity in bottle before showing their stuff. This could be minimized by intense, overt fruit. All of this smacks of 1999 and 2008 vintages, especially in Pinot noirs. The Pinot noirs have enjoyed very long cold soaks, with up to 12-13 days and colors pulled that are reminiscent of finished wine in a very good vintage, even before fermentation heat!
In discussions with other wineries, if botrytis is excluded from the equation for others, they see the same thing. Botrytis in the valley differed somewhat based on location and viticultural practices. This difference should be the only factor for vintage variability. Thank you, Chad, for pristine vineyards in 2011.
This has been a condensed, late, hard-worked vintage. Harvest crews in vineyard can breathe a sigh of relief. In the winery it is another 10 days or more before it’s a wrap.
It will all be worth it.
A mixture of sun, fog, a little light rain, sun, and fog over the last week has accented the Riesling end of harvest in a beautiful and appropriate way. Hardy and with us encouraging a little botrytis in Riesling, we enjoy the final flourish at our four sites. Riesling fruit coming in is bright with high acids, lower sugars in the 18-20+ brix range, and with good flavors — Riesling has two aromatic/flavor peaks, one at 18-18.5 brix and another at 21+ brix.
Except for outside red pressings and barreling down, we now can disregard the four or five weather forecasts we all have bookmarked and watch winter fronts come in with a cup of coffee and a smile.
2019 | Happy B Corp Month! |
You always know a Felt Cruiser when you see one. For years Felt has stood above the rest when it comes to creating these bikes with unique design themes and styles that grab your attention. The 2013 Cruiser line has been updated, with new bikes that bring the famous Felt quality and attention to detail to more consumers at even lower price points.
Look through the Cruiser lineup, and you’re sure to find more than one Felt Cruiser that speaks to you.
The style may be the first thing you notice about a Felt Cruiser, but once you own one, it’s the quality that stands out. From the materials we use to the way we build our frames to the customized components, these bikes are built to be ridden—and built to last.
When it comes to components, Felt refuses to cut corners. Every Felt Cruiser component is either designed in-house or specially selected to fit the needs of a particular bike. Custom grips, semiintegrated headsets, CNC-machined aluminum chain wheels, custom matched valve and embossed saddle covers—these are just some of the things you’ll find that set Felt Cruisers apart.
Felt is taking that attention to detail a step further this year with the 2013 introduction of a whole new series of Cruisers. New for 2013, Felt is offering a line of 29” Cruisers in addition to our standard Cruisers. Combining all of the style and aesthetic appeal of our traditional Cruisers with the comfort and versatility of 29” wheels, the 29” Cruiser Series will take your next bike adventure to a new level.
The Cantilever frame is the foundation of each of the new 29” Cruisers. Each frame is constructed from either aluminum—the best choice for riders who want light weight and maximum corrosion-resistance—or hi-tensile steel, which offers strength and durability at a more affordable price.
Felt’s state of the art construction methods allow us to incorporate the swoopy lines and tube shapes that make our cruisers so unique. So whether you prefer the ride of 29” wheels, high style, or simple, laid-back comfort, there’s a Felt Cruiser with your name all over it.
The Claire is a subtle blend of modern components with Victorian graphics and sensibilities. The orange cantilever frame and cream colored tires are perfect contrasts. A single speed transmission and coaster brake make for a simple to operate bike with no hassles and no messy gears. High handlebars and a springer saddle combine for a silky ride. Riding off into the sunset has never been prettier, or more fun!
The Felt LUV 26 is a perfect choice – durable, beautiful, and easy to ride. The 3 speed Shiman coaster brake are breeze to operate and are nearly maintenance free. Upright handlebars and a shock absorbing seat allow the rider to maintain a comfortable and stable position. The pink paint is complimented by delicate graphics and matching accessories. Stylish fenders are visually stunning and keep road grime off of the rider.
The Beaumont is as much 1962 as black and white TV or microwave dinners. With classic black paint and chrome, and a gorgeous springer fork, the Beaumont looks like the cruisers you used to ride around the neighborhood as a kid. The sweeping frame and fenders give a stylish jet-age silhouette while the upright handlebars and spring saddle deliver a silky ride. The Beaumont will have you whistling down the block.
The Felt Bixby is perfectly suited for your next commute to the office or trip to the beach. The sturdy cantilever frame and fun, modern graphics are distinctly Felt and will turn some heads wherever you are going. The balloon tires and upright handlebars make for a smooth ride and allow you to take in the scenery as the miles pass by. Remember, life is a journey, not a destination!
The Heritage looks like a bike straight out of the 40’s. With ample black paint and chrome, and a gorgeous springer fork, the Heritage is as graceful as it is efficient. The sweeping frame and fenders give a stylish silhouette while the upright handlebars and spring saddle give a silky ride. Setting this bike apart from other cruisers is the external seven speed drivetrain so you relive racing home before your favorite radio program starts!
From the knobby skinwall tires, to the vinyl padset, to the racing green paint, the Rail is the Cruiser adaptation of a 1980’s BMX racer. Built with oversized 29” wheels, the Rail’s surefooted performance and ride comfort will make any outing a blast. Modern refinements are abundant, like the Shimano 3 speed hub. Cro-Mo cranks and an aluminum wheelset complete this Cruiser build – 80’s clothes sold separately.
The Burner pays homage to the pioneers of mountain biking, incorporating the look of the first mountain bikes with contemporary refinements and technology. The result is a one of a kind cruiser. The Burner uses a high quality Cantilever aluminum frame that saves weight and improves ride quality. Plus, the massive 29” tires wrapped in aggressive knobby tires can grab on to almost any surface.
Copyright 2018 Felt Racing, LLC and Felt GmbH. All rights reserved. Specifications subject to change without notice.
The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the Bank), whose principal office is located in London, is an international organisation formed under the Agreement Establishing the Bank dated 29 May 1990 (the Agreement). At 31 December 2015, the Bank’s members comprised 64 countries, together with the European Union and the European Investment Bank.
The status, privileges and immunities of the Bank and persons connected with the Bank in the United Kingdom are confirmed and supplemented in the Headquarters Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Bank (Headquarters Agreement). The Headquarters Agreement was signed in London at the start of the Bank’s operations on 15 April 1991.
The Bank’s activities are primarily Banking and Treasury. Banking activities represent investments in projects that, in accordance with the Agreement, are made for the purpose of assisting the countries in which the Bank invests in their transition to a market economy, while applying sound banking principles. The main investment products are loans, share investments and guarantees. Treasury activities include raising debt finance, investing surplus liquidity, managing the Bank’s foreign exchange and interest rate risks and assisting clients in asset and liability management matters.
Information on the financial performance of Banking and Treasury operations is prepared regularly and provided to the chief operating decision-maker. On this basis, Banking and Treasury operations have been identified as the operating segments.
Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision-maker. The chief operating decision-maker, who is responsible for allocating resources and assessing the performance of the operating segments, is the President.
The President assesses the performance of the operating segments based on the net profit for the year, which is measured in a manner consistent with the financial statements. The segment information provided to the President for the operating segments for the year ended 31 December 2015 and 31 December 2014 is as follows:
Interest income accrued on impaired financial assets during 2015 was €30 million (2014: €13 million).54
Front-end and commitment fees of €104 million (2014: €101 million) received in 2015, together with related direct costs of €6 million (2014: €5 million), have been deferred on the balance sheet. They will be recognised in interest income over the period from disbursement to repayment of the related loan, in accordance with IAS 18. In 2015, €160 million (2014: €140 million) of previously deferred fees and direct costs were recognised in interest income.
On exit of an equity investment, the cumulative gain/loss is realised with a corresponding reversal of the cumulative unrealised gain/loss recorded prior to the exit.
During the year the Bank sold €1.1 billion of debt securities held at amortised cost (2014: €3.1 billion).
Treasury balance sheet management activities are primarily concerned with the management of market and currency risks across the Bank’s balance sheet together with short-term liquidity management. The financial performance of these activities is affected by the currency basis spreads used in the valuation of swaps through which Treasury funds the Bank’s rouble-denominated loan portfolio. These swaps are used for funding purposes and so will be held to maturity, therefore any unrealised valuation losses or gains caused by the volatility in currency basis spreads will reverse over time. A €24 million gain was recognised in 2015 relating to these spreads (2014: €57 million loss).
The profit deriving from the Bank’s debt buyback activities is unpredictable as it typically occurs through the Bank responding to investors looking to exit private placement holdings of the Bank’s debt.
In 2015 Treasury decided to create a high quality Sovereign bond portfolio to be actively managed as part of its liquidity management strategy. The income from this portfolio is recognised at fair value through profit or loss.
The hedging practices and accounting treatment are disclosed under “Derivative financial instruments and hedge accounting” in the Accounting Policies section of the report.
The fair value movement on non-qualifying and ineffective hedges represents an accounting adjustment in respect of hedging relationships undertaken by the Bank that either do not qualify for hedge accounting or do not fully offset when measured in accordance with IFRS. This unrealised adjustment does not reflect economic substance, inasmuch as the reported losses would not be realised in cash if the hedging relationships were terminated. The adjustment will reverse over time as the underlying deals approach their maturities.
The Bank applies hedge accounting where there is an identifiable, one-to-one relationship between a hedging derivative instrument and a hedged cash instrument. These relationships predominantly arise within the context of the Bank's borrowing activities in which the Bank's issued bonds are combined with swaps to achieve floating-rate debt in the currency sought by the Bank. While such hedges are matched in cash flow terms, accounting rules may require different valuation methodologies to be applied to such cash flows. In particular, a pricing component of currency swaps (known as the basis swap spread) is not applied to the related hedged bond. This component is a feature of supply and demand requirements for other currencies relative to the US dollar or the euro. Such differences can create hedge ineffectiveness or hedge failures under IFRS, the combined effect of which is reported within this line of the income statement. For the year this resulted in a loss of €166 million, comprising losses of €740 million on the derivative hedging instruments and gains of €574 million on the hedged items (2014: a loss of €22 million comprising gains of €882 million on the derivative hedging instruments and losses of €904 million on the hedged items).
In addition to the one-to-one hedge relationships for which the Bank applies hedge accounting, the Bank also hedges interest rate risk across total assets and liabilities on a portfolio basis, for which hedge accounting is not applied. This activity results in the gains or losses arising on the hedging derivative instruments being recognised in the periods in which they occur while the offsetting impact deriving from the hedged cash instruments will accrue over a different timescale in keeping with the interest rates applicable to the specific periods for those instruments. For the year this resulted in a gain of €1 million (2014: loss of €12 million).
The combined effect of all the hedging activities described above was a loss of €165 million for the year (2014: loss of €34 million).
The Bank hedges on an annual basis to minimise the exchange rate risk associated with incurring administrative expenses in the pound sterling. In 2015 a €6 million loss was recognised as ineffectiveness in the income statement arising from cash flow hedges (2014: nil).
The Bank’s expenses are predominantly incurred in the pound sterling. The pound sterling equivalent of the Bank’s general administrative expenses, excluding depreciation and amortisation, totalled £308 million (2014: £279 million).
Direct costs of €6 million (2014: €5 million) relating to loan origination in 2015 have been deferred on the balance sheet in accordance with IAS 18. These figures will be recognised in interest income over the period from disbursement to repayment of the related loans.
The following fees for work performed by the Bank’s external auditor were included in overhead expenses:
Cash and cash equivalents are those placements and advances which have an original tenor equal to, or less than, three months. “Current” is defined as those assets maturing, or liabilities due, within the next 12 months. All other assets or liabilities are “non-current”.
The collateralised placement held at the end of 2015 was current (2014: all collateralised placements were non-current).
Included within “Other” above are deferred fair value amounts related to banking derivative instruments that have a determinable return. Specifically, these relate to banking derivatives that are valued using valuation techniques other than observable market data. On initial recognition, the difference between the transaction price and the value derived from the valuation technique is deferred. These amounts are recognised in profit when market data becomes observable, when the underlying equity is exited or when the derivative is exercised. At 31 December 2015, net gains of €88 million were deferred (2014: €26 million).
At 31 December 2015 the Bank categorised 85 loan investments at amortised cost as impaired, with operating assets totalling €1.2 billion (2014: 86 loans totalling €1.2 billion).
Summarised financial information on share investments where the Bank owned greater than, or equal to, 20 per cent of the investee share capital at 31 December 2015 (venture capital associates), is detailed under note 31, “Related parties”.
Treasury holds two strategic share investments for the purposes of accessing hedging and risk management products in the currencies of underdeveloped markets. These are in the Currency Exchange Fund N.V. and the Frontier Clearing Fund. The Bank also has a purely nominal shareholding in SWIFT as membership is required to participate in this international payments system.
The Bank’s outstanding debts evidenced by certificates and related fair value hedging swaps are summarised below, both in the currency of the bond and the currency obtained after currency swap hedges have been taken into account.
Where the swap counterparty exercises a right to terminate the hedging swap prior to legal maturity, the Bank is committed to exercise the same right with its issued bond.
During the year the Bank redeemed €0.5 billion of bonds and medium-term notes prior to maturity (2014: €1.3 billion), generating a net gain of €8 million (2014: €5 million).
The Bank’s capital stock is divided into paid-in shares and callable shares. Each share has a par value of €10,000. At the Bank’s Annual Meeting in May 2010, the Board of Governors approved a two-step increase in the authorised capital stock of the Bank: a €1.0 billion increase in authorised paid-in shares and a €9.0 billion increase in authorised callable capital shares, amounting to a €10.0 billion aggregate increase in the authorised capital stock of the Bank (collectively referred to as the second capital increase). Resolution No. 126 authorised the increase in authorised capital stock by 100,000 paid-in shares, each share having a par value of €10,000, taking the authorised capital stock of the Bank to €21.0 billion. Resolution No. 128 authorised the increase in the authorised capital stock of the Bank by 900,000 callable shares, each share having a par value of €10,000. These shares were originally subject to redemption in accordance with the terms of Resolution No. 128, but such provisions were removed under the terms of Resolution No. 183 approved by the Board of Governors at the 2015 Annual Meeting. The increase in callable capital became effective in April 2011.
Payment for the paid-in shares issued as part of the original authorised capital stock, and as part of the first capital increase and subscribed to by members, is made over a period of years determined in advance. Payment for the paid-in shares issued under the second capital increase was by way of a reallocation of net income previously allocated to surplus for other purposes, namely for the payment of such paid-in shares, pursuant to Article 36.1 of the Agreement and approved by Board of Governors Resolution No. 126, dated 14 May 2010. Article 6.4 of the Agreement states that payment of the amount subscribed to the callable capital is subject to call by the Bank, taking account of Articles 17 and 42 of the Agreement, only as and when required by the Bank to meet its liabilities. Article 42.1 states that in the event of the termination of the Bank’s operations, the liability of all members for all uncalled subscriptions to the capital stock will continue until all claims of creditors, including all contingent claims, have been discharged.
The Agreement allows for a member to withdraw from the Bank, in which case the Bank is required to repurchase the former member’s shares. No member has ever withdrawn its membership. The stability in the membership reflects the fact that the members are 64 countries and two inter-governmental organisations, and that the purpose of the Bank is to foster the transition process in politically qualifying countries from central Europe to Central Asia and the SEMED region.
Moreover, there is a financial disincentive to withdrawing membership. The upper limit of the amount of the repurchase price of the former member’s shares is the amount of its paid-in capital, yet a former member remains liable for its direct obligations and its contingent liabilities to the Bank for as long as any part of the loans, share investments or guarantees contracted before it ceased to be a member are outstanding. Were a member to withdraw from the Bank, the Bank would be able to impose conditions and set dates in respect of payments for shares repurchased. If, for example, paying a former member would have adverse consequences for the Bank’s financial position, the Bank could defer payment until the risk had passed, and indefinitely if appropriate. If a payment was then made to a former member, the member would be required to repay, on demand, the amount by which the repurchase price would have been reduced if the losses for which the former member remained liable had been taken into account at the time of payment.
Under the Agreement, payment for the paid-in shares of the initial capital stock subscribed to by members was made in five equal annual instalments. Of each instalment, up to 50 per cent was payable in non-negotiable, non-interest-bearing promissory notes or other obligations issued by the subscribing member and payable to the Bank at par value upon demand. Under Resolution No. 59, payment for the paid-in shares subscribed to by members under the first capital increase was made in eight equal annual instalments. Under Resolution No. 126, payment for the paid-in shares issued to members under the second capital increase was made in one instalment immediately following approval of Resolution No. 126.
A statement of capital subscriptions showing the amount of paid-in and callable shares subscribed to by each member, together with the amount of unallocated shares and votes, is set out in the following table. Under Article 29 of the Agreement, the voting rights of members that have failed to pay any part of the amounts due in respect of their capital subscription are proportionately reduced until payment is made.
The special reserve is maintained, in accordance with Article 16 of the Agreement, for meeting certain defined losses of the Bank. The special reserve has been established, in accordance with the Bank’s financial policies, by setting aside 100 per cent of qualifying fees and commissions received by the Bank associated with loans, guarantees and underwriting the sale of securities. In 2011 the Board of Directors decided that for the foreseeable future the size of the special reserve was adequate.
In 2005, the Bank created a loan loss reserve (LLR) within members’ equity, to set aside an amount of retained earnings equal to the difference between the impairment losses expected over the life of the loan portfolio and the amount recognised through the Bank’s income statement on an incurred loss basis. During 2015, the Board of Directors approved an additional one-off reallocation of €660 million to the LLR following the change in the estimates used for calculating unidentified impairment losses. This amount was based on the release to the income statement of €329 million62 and the corresponding release to the LLR due to the changes in estimated lifetime portfolio losses. The impact of this one-off reallocation, together with the normal movements recognised in the year, resulted in the LLR increasing by a net total of €421 million in 2015.
The general reserve represents all reserves except those amounts allocated to the special and loan loss reserves and it primarily comprises retained earnings. It also includes the retention of internal tax paid in accordance with Article 53 of the Agreement. This requires that all Directors, Alternate Directors, officers and employees of the Bank are subject to an internal tax imposed by the Bank on salaries and emoluments paid by the Bank and which is retained for its benefit. At the end of the year internal tax amounted to €109 million (2014: €101 million).
The hedging reserve includes foreign exchange revaluation amounts on designated hedging instruments held by the Bank for the purposes of hedging its estimated future pound sterling operating expenditure. At 31 December 2015 there were no qualifying designated hedging instruments.
The Bank’s reserves are used to determine, in accordance with the Agreement, what part of the Bank’s net income will be allocated to surplus or other purposes and what part, if any, will be distributed to its members. For this purpose, the Bank uses unrestricted general reserves.
Article 36 of the Agreement relates to the allocation and distribution of the Bank’s net income and states: “No such allocation, and no distribution, shall be made until the general reserve amounts to at least ten per cent of the authorised capital stock”. This figure is currently €3.0 billion (2014: €3.0 billion).
The SEMED Investment Special Fund (ISF) was established in 2012 with a net income allocation of €1.0 billion, to be used to finance EBRD special operations in the SEMED region. This amount was ring-fenced within the Bank’s restricted reserves, to be drawn upon by the Fund as necessary to finance its operations. As each country within the SEMED region obtains recipient membership status of the Bank, the resources held within the Fund in respect of that country are to be returned to the Bank’s ordinary capital resources. On 30 October 2015 the Fund’s remaining resources were transferred back to the Bank following the granting of recipient country status to Egypt and the Fund was terminated. Under IFRS accounting rules, the resources transferred to the SEMED ISF remained on the Bank’s balance sheet at all times because the Bank did not divest itself of the risks and rewards of those resources.
During 2015 €230 million of the contingent liability of €330 million set aside in restricted reserves at 31 December 2014 was activated and transferred in relation to the New Safe Confinement Project in Chernobyl. The remaining €100 million contingent liability was reduced to €81 million at 31 December 2015 (as explained in note 30). In addition, the Board of Governors approved a transfer of €130 million of net income to be allocated to the EBRD Shareholder Special Fund. These amounts were reflected in the 2015 income statement, underneath net profit for the year from continuing operations.
The Bank leases its Headquarters building in London and some of its Resident Office buildings in the countries in which it invests. These are standard operating leases and include renewal options, periodic escalation clauses and are mostly non-cancellable in the normal course of business without the Bank incurring substantial penalties. The most significant lease is that for the Bank’s Headquarters building. Rent payable under the terms of this lease is reviewed every five years and is based on market rates. The last review was conducted in December 2011.
Minimum future lease payments under long-term non-cancellable operating leases and payments made under such leases during the year are shown below:
The Bank had entered into sub-lease arrangements for two floors of its Headquarters building, which expired on 22 January 2015.
There are two retirement plans in operation. The Final Salary Plan (FSP) is a defined benefit scheme, to which only the Bank contributes. The Money Purchase Plan (MPP) is a defined contribution scheme to which both the Bank and staff contribute, with Plan members making individual investment decisions. Both plans provide a lump sum benefit on leaving the Bank or at retirement age, such that retirement plan obligations to staff once they have left the Bank or retired are minimal (being limited to inflation adjustments on undrawn or deferred benefits under each plan).
A qualified actuary performs a full actuarial valuation of the FSP at least every three years using the projected unit method, with a more high-level interim valuation performed annually. The most recent interim valuation was carried out on 30 June 2015 which, for the purposes of IAS 19: Employee Benefits, was rolled forward to 31 December. The present value of the defined benefit obligation and current service cost was calculated using the projected unit credit method.
The primary risk associated with the FSP is that its assets will fall short of its liabilities. This risk, encompassing market risk and credit risk associated with its investments and the liquidity risk associated with the payment of defined obligations as they fall due is borne by the Bank as the FSP is fully funded by the Bank. Responsibility for the investment strategy of the Scheme rests with the Retirement Plan Investment Committee (RPIC).
The aim of investment risk management is to minimise the risk of an overall reduction in the value of the FSP assets and to maximise the opportunity for gains across the whole investment portfolio. This is achieved through asset diversification to reduce exposure to market risk and credit risk to an acceptable level. For example, the non-cash and government bond investment holdings held by the FSP are fund-based investments that diversify their exposure to a number of underlying investments.
The RPIC passively manages credit risk by selecting investment funds that invest in gilts rather than corporate bonds. To mitigate against market risk the RPIC meets quarterly with the FSP’s investment adviser to review the performance of all of the funds against their benchmarks. No asset-liability matching strategies are undertaken in relation to the FSP.
If, at the effective date of any actuarial valuation, the value of the plan’s assets is less than the liabilities, it is the Bank’s policy to review the funding status of the FSP and decide if a recovery plan should be put in place. Typically, such a recovery plan would include either anticipated investment out-performance, additional contributions from the Bank, or both. In the event that the plan assets are estimated to have fallen below 90 per cent of the defined benefit obligation (DBO), the Bank would expect to make additional contributions to restore the funding of the plan to at least 90 per cent as soon as possible.
These sensitivity analyses have been determined based on reasonably possible changes of the respective assumptions occurring at the end of the reporting period, while holding all other assumptions constant. The sensitivity analysis presented above may not be representative of the actual change in the defined benefit obligation as it is unlikely that the change in assumptions would occur in isolation of one another as the assumptions may be correlated.
The charge recognised under the MPP was €19 million (2014: €16 million) and is included in “General administrative expenses”.
The Bank maintains a medical retirement benefit plan to provide staff retiring from the Bank, aged 50 or over and with at least seven years’ service, with a lump sum benefit to help purchase medical insurance cover. The total charge for the year was €3 million (2014: €4 million).
On 28 November 2014, the Board of Governors adopted Resolution No. 175 Net Income Reallocation for the New Safe Confinement Project in Chernobyl. The resolution pledged net income to State Specialised Enterprise Chernobyl NPP (SSE ChNPP) of up to €450 million in order to help resolve a €615 million shortfall in the finances of the Chernobyl Shelter Fund (CSF). Of this €450 million, €120 million was transferred to SSE ChNPP in 2014 and a further €230 million was transferred in 2015. These amounts were recognised in the Income Statement in 2014 and 2015 respectively.
Up to €100 million will be reallocated to SSE ChNPP from the Bank’s net income by 30 June 2016 (or such later date that the Board of Directors may determine, on or before that date), subject to receipts by CSF from donors other than G7 countries and the European Commission falling below €100 million. This represents a contingent liability to the Bank, dependent on CSF’s receipt of additional commitments from other donors. As at 31 December 2015, CSF had received commitments from other donors totalling €19 million, reducing the Bank’s contingent liability to €81 million.
It is highly unlikely that any amounts reallocated to SSE ChNPP would subsequently be reimbursed to the Bank.
Key management personnel comprise: members of the Bank’s Executive Committee, Managing Directors and the Director of the President’s Office.
In pound sterling terms, salaries and other benefits paid to key management personnel in 2015 amounted to £14 million (2014: £12 million). This comprises salary and employee benefits of £11 million (2014: £10 million) and post-employment benefits of £3 million (2014: £2 million).
The Bank has invested in a number of venture capital associates that it accounts for at fair value through profit or loss. At 31 December 2015, according to the 2014 audited financial statements (and where these are not available, the most recent unaudited management information) from the investee companies, these venture capital associates had total assets of €33.1 billion (2014: €34.7 billion) and total liabilities of €24.5 billion (2014: €26.2 billion). For the year ended 31 December 2015, these associates had income of €5.1 billion (2014: €6.7 billion) and made a net loss before tax of €1.0 billion (2014: net profit before tax of €784 million).
In addition, as at 31 December 2015, the Bank had outstanding €45 million (2014: €152 million) of financing to these companies on which it had received €1 million (2014: €16 million) of interest income during the year.
Special Funds are established in accordance with Article 18 of the Agreement Establishing the Bank and are administered under the terms of the rules and regulations for each such Special Fund. At 31 December 2015 the Bank administered 18 Special Funds (2014: 18 Funds) with aggregate pledged contributions amounting to €1.6 billion (2014: €1.3 billion).
The Bank acts as manager and administrator of the Special Funds for which it receives management and cost recovery fees. In 2015 these fees amounted to €3.6 million (2014: €1.4 million) of which €2.3 million was payable at 31 December 2015 (2014: €0.3 million).
The Bank pays for guarantees from certain Special Funds in respect of specific exposures arising in its trade finance portfolios for which it paid €0.1 million in 2015 (2014: €0.1 million). In addition, the Bank also benefits from fee-free guarantee arrangements with certain Special Funds for losses which it could potentially incur in its investment activities. The provision of these guarantees qualifies such Special Funds as ‘unconsolidated structured entities’ within the meaning of IFRS 12. The Bank’s only exposure to these Special Funds would arise in the period between recognising a guarantee receivable on its balance sheet and the settlement of that receivable.
Audit fees payable to the Bank's auditor for the 2015 audits of the Special Funds totalled €0.1 million (2014: €0.1 million).
The financial statements of each Special Fund are approved separately by the Board of Governors at the Bank’s Annual Meeting.
In addition to the Bank’s ordinary operations and the Special Funds programme, the Bank administers numerous bilateral and multilateral contribution agreements to provide technical assistance and investment support grants in the existing and potential countries in which it invests. These grants focus primarily on project preparation, project implementation (including goods and works), advisory services and training. The resources provided through these contribution agreements are held separately from the ordinary capital resources of the Bank and are subject to external audit.
Following a proposal by the G-7 countries for a multilateral programme of action to improve safety in nuclear power plants in the countries in which the Bank invests, the Nuclear Safety Account (NSA) was established by the Bank in March 1993. The NSA funds are in the form of grants and are used for funding safety improvement measures.
At their Denver Summit in June 1997, the G-7 countries and the EU endorsed the setting up of the Chernobyl Shelter Fund (CSF). The CSF was established on 7 November 1997, when the rules of the CSF were approved by the Board of Directors. It became operational on 8 December 1997, when the required eight contributors had entered into contribution agreements with the Bank. The objective of the CSF is to assist Ukraine in transforming the existing Chernobyl sarcophagus into a safe and environmentally stable system.
In 1999, in pursuit of their policy to accede to the EU, Lithuania, Bulgaria and the Slovak Republic gave firm commitments to close and decommission their nuclear power plant units with RBMK and VVER 440/230 reactors by certain dates. In response to this, the European Commission announced its intention to support the decommissioning of these reactors with substantial grants over a period of 8 to 10 years, and invited the Bank to administer three International Decommissioning Support Funds (IDSFs). On 12 June 2000, the Bank’s Board of Directors approved the rules of the Ignalina, Kozloduy and Bohunice IDSFs and the role of the Bank as their administrator. The funds will finance selective projects to help carry out the first phase of decommissioning the designated reactors. They will also finance measures to facilitate the necessary restructuring, upgrading and modernisation of the energy production, transmission and distribution sectors and improvements in energy efficiency that are a consequence of the closure decisions.
In 2001, the Nordic Investment Bank hosted a meeting with participants from Belgium, Finland, Sweden, the European Commission and IFIs with activities in the Northern Dimension Area (NDA). At this meeting, participants agreed to establish the Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership (NDEP) to strengthen and coordinate financing of important environmental projects with cross-border effects in the NDA. On 11 December 2001, the Bank’s Board of Directors approved the rules of the NDEP Support Fund and the role of the Bank as fund manager.
In 2013 the European Commission requested the Bank to set up a multi-lateral fund for financing of the projects dealing with the uranium mining legacy in Central Asia. In May 2015, the Bank’s Board of Directors approved the Rules of the Environmental Remediation Account (ERA) and the role of the Bank as fund manager.
The cash balances belonging to each of the funds in the table above are managed by the Bank on their behalf.
Audit fees payable to the Bank’s auditor for the 2015 audits of these funds were €0.5 million (2014: €0.5 million).
The SEMED ISF, established in 2012, was terminated in October 2015 following the graduation of Egypt to recipient membership status of the Bank. While all operations undertaken by the SEMED ISF have always been recognised as part of the Bank’s financial results for IFRS reporting purposes, because of the distinction between “ordinary operations” and “special operations” contained within the ‘Agreement Establishing the Bank’, the Bank has formerly disclosed an income statement and balance sheet for “ordinary operations” only within its financial report. With the termination of the SEMED ISF during the year, this disclosure is no longer considered useful or relevant. However a final set of financial statements will be separately prepared and audited for the Fund itself.
There have been no material events since the reporting period that would require adjustment to these financial statements.
Since that date, observable movements in the value of the Bank’s listed equities in 2016 have resulted in a decline of approximately €260 million while movements in the exchange rates of the Russian rouble, Turkish lira and Ukrainian hryvnia have reduced the fair value of the Bank’s unlisted equity investments and associated derivatives by approximately €100 million. These losses of €360 million will be recognised in the 2016 financial statements.
On 24 February 2016 the Board of Directors reviewed the financial statements and authorised them for issue. These financial statements will be submitted for approval to the Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors to be held on 11-12 May 2016.
50 Interest expense and similar charges and allocation of the return on capital equates to the interest expense and similar charges on the face of the income statement.
51 Advanced countries are Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovak Republic and Slovenia.
53 Other member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development which are not classed as Advanced or Early/Intermediate. www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/
54 This interest income equates to the unwinding of the discount on expected future cash flows from impaired financial assets.
55 The net release of general provisions on sovereign and non-sovereign loan investments during the year of €337 million includes a one-off release of €329 million due to a change in estimation techniques, as highlighted in
56 Comprised of €266 million of new provisions against €57 million of released provisions (2014: €368 million against €44 million respectively).
57 Provisions raised in the non-euro currencies create foreign exchange exposures which Treasury hedges. To the extent these hedges are transacted at different rates to the rates applied by the Bank’s accounting system to
translate the provisions into the euro equivalent amounts, the difference is recognised as part of the overall provision charge in the income statement.
59 This movement in fair value relates to a hedge adjustment to fixed rate loans which qualify for hedge accounting for interest rate risk.
61 The voting power of members who have failed to pay any part of the amount due in respect of their obligations in relation to paid-in shares has been adjusted down by a percentage corresponding to the percentage which
the unpaid amount due bears to the total amount of paid-in shares subscribed to by that member. Consequently the overall number of exercisable votes is lower than the total amount of subscribed shares.
62 These adjustments to estimates are described in the Critical accounting estimates and judgements section of the report.
64 Trade finance guarantees represent stand-by letters of credit issued in favour of confirming banks that have undertaken the payment risk of issuing banks in the countries where the Bank invests.
1. Bullet placement is much more important than the bullet itself. There are two critical areas of a human which contain major organs and vitals which, if shot, can stop a man in his tracks or kill him.
2. The thoracic cavity is the "center of mass" in a human. This area contains the heart, major veins and arteries, the trachea, bronchi and lungs, the esophagus, and structures of the nervous system including the paired vagus nerves. To imagine the area that this encompasses it starts above the diaphragm (just below the sternum) and makes (from a frontal view) a dome shape up to the first lateral rib. This is a pretty large target area. A shot in one area of the thoracic cavity is little different any another, unless you hit the heart.
* The problem with shots in the thoracic cavity is that a determined fighter or a man on drugs will be less than impressed with anything you throw at him in this area. Even if you destroy a person's heart they still have 20 to 30 seconds of full cognitive and physical ability with which they could severely hurt or even kill you. Additionally the heart is a very small target and completely destroying the heart with one bullet is nearly impossible, which means that they will likely have even more time before their eventual fate is achieved. For all these reasons, many have the self-defense rule: "shoot until the threat ends." But you must determine for yourself what your protocol will be.
* Body armor is also a factor. Just hitting a man in the chest (unless you hit him in the exact same place every time) is just going to deplete your magazine.
* Bullet penetration is a very key factory in bullet selection. This penetration does a few things for you. At less than optimal angles, the bullet will still reach vitals, and it will give your bullet a chance to possibly hit their spine, which (depending on where it lands) can incapacitate them completely or at least part of their body, enough so you may be able to get away.
3. The second major area is the cranial cavity. This area is much simpler; it contains the brain and upper spine.
* While the brain is an obvious target, there are still some considerations in shot placement. The front of the cranium (above the eyebrows) is one of the hardest bones in the body, it is also not a flat target (it is angled back slightly, or on the sides: angled to the side). There have been instances where bullets have ricocheted off a person's forehead.
* Luckily, just below this bone (below the eyebrows), down to the top of the upper-jaw is a very soft area with cartilage and holes which lead directly to the lower brain, the medulla oblongata, and the upper spine. The brain is the largest target, and a bullet in there will mean lights out, but flinching and minor movements have been known to occur when a brain shot is incurred. The medulla oblongata and the upper spine is how those flinching signals are sent to the body. A bullet through either one of those, and there is no way the body might accidentally pull a trigger or move in some other potentially detrimental way.
* In a situation which requires the immediate and unquestioned incapacitation of a person, a shot through an approximately 3-inch (above the upper-jaw to eyebrows) by 5-inch (the outside edges of the eyes) window in the head is essential. This 3x5-inch area is about the same no matter what angle the person is facing you at (from the rear and the sides it is about the same size and about the same level on the head).
4. For practice, replacing the circular chest target with a dome-shaped 11x7-inch target and the head with a 3x5-inch target will get you a more realistic targeting area. When scoring (to compare your improvements) or competing, a shot breaking the line of either cavity is good. The size of the grouping should matter less than getting the hits in quickly; and when shooting at the cranial cavity, only a guaranteed shot should be taken (you should always take more time for a cranial shot than a thoracic shot). But keep in mind, "remember your worst day at the range, you will be twice as bad when you are in a gun fight." So a general rule of a hand-sized grouping in the thoracic is optimal. |
96:3-4 Read! And your Lord is most generous, who taught by the pen.
Curriculum with Islamic values and perspectives integrated into every subject.
Character development program to inculcate fairness, morality and responsibility.
Richly diverse student body and emphasis on mutual respect.
Passionate teachers who are trained in academic and religious education.
Montessori School of Excellence (“MSE”) is a private school, enrolling children ages 3 years to 12 years (Pre Kindergarten – 6th grade). Montessori School of Excellence is unique among Islamic schools in Dallas as all of our teachers are Montessori-certified and MSE is a member of the American Montessori Society (AMS). The school is open in Collin County in McKinney, close to the cities of Plano, Frisco, and Allen in North Dallas.
Click on events at the side for details of all upcoming events or click on VIEW ALL EVENTS to see all the events coming up.
Would you like to volunteer for an event? Please contact the organizer of the event or contact the school to see how you can help!
Come visit our booth at the Islamic Center of Frisco, on November 4, at 2pm.
We will be answering any questions about our school and hosting a raffle for new parents.
My three and a half year old started reading and that was so exciting for me and her and when she finished the book, I was in awe!
When my daughter comes home from school and proudly shows her work, I know I made the right decision.
My observation has been that MSE is focused on quality vs. quantity. I personally consider this a plus point for this school due to its limited and focused enrollment. After the secure environment we provide to our child at home, MSE is the only next place I feel comfortable sending her. |
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The manufacturer has been producing and releasing hard top cars under this car brand. Before, the RWD Huracan version had made its release already. Following this release, the manufacturer has the Spyder to release in 2017. What do you think...
Talking about the super car from Lamborghini is overwhelming. You can get something unique and new from the cars. Lamborghini which is known as a leading super car manufacturer has been built many kinds of super cars with a variety...
Lamborghini has presented a masterpiece which is limited edition that is called Centenario. This is the latest model of Lamborghini taking everything in which the version of Raging bull had for more than the five decades ago. The Centenario stretches...
What you can say about Lamborghini Asterion interior? For us, the holistic vision makes it the reason why you have to choose this Lamborghini. Different from the Tosca, that is strictly using a development mule, you will find that the... |
Pick from our wide variety of adhesive backed vinyl to purchase custom decals contour cut to any shape and size you need! From permanent adhesive vinyl to temporary stick-on signage, durable custom shaped decals are perfect for business and personal use.
Our decals are printed on both White and Now Clear Adhesive vinyl material using our high-res 600dpi, 6-color plus White Ink CMYK printing process to deliver rich color saturation and crisp high definition resolution to any graphic. With the advanced ability to print White ink on clear vinyls, we have expanded the design capabilities for using the color White in sign graphics immensely. Decals that include White in the design no longer have to resort to die-cutting Opaque White vinyl in order to eliminate White space that should not exist within the decal's graphic. Instead, the designer can now select our clear vinyl for printing decals that include the color White, and our printing process will print White on the clear vinyl adhesive surface where intended. This process will ensure that the most detailed graphical designs that contain some or all White will stand out with the highest of definition even on full color decals that do not need to contain excessive contours.
Custom and Standard Sizes Available for Making Decals!
Although we can print any custom sized decal you need simply by contacting our sales department at Sales@eSigns.com or calling us toll free at 800-494-5850 for custom pricing and ordering, we have created an assortment of affordably priced sizes that can be selected when ordering decals online. Our range of sizes vary slightly depending on the adhesive producte chosen but provide the majority of sizes needed for most adhesive displays. Sizes range from our smaller 6" (six inch) size selections to our 8' (eight foot) large format outdoor decal displays.
Use Decals for The Office, Home, Store or Business!
Our variety of custom adhesive products come in any size or dimensional contour shape needed and can be applied to windows, walls, floors and even the outdoors! Custom Wall decal designs can be creatively used to decorate any office space while conveying a specific mission statement or brand message. Used as custom printed wall-paper, adhesive wall vinyl is the perfect solution for adding home decor ideas. Permanent adhesive window signage can be used to optimize a store's window ad space with brand messaging, while re-usable window clings are the perfect print medium for daily restaurant specials or recurring convenient store discount offers. Perforated window signs are also an effective window sign solution for advertising to patrons on the outside of a store or business while maintaining an unobstructed outside view for patrons and employees that are inside. Durable trample-proof floor decal graphics are an excellent way to communicate safety warnings, store promotional announcements or provide directional signage along store or warehouse aisle-ways.
All Our Adhesives are Cut Contour Capable!
All adhesive signage we carry can be custom contour shaped simply by letting us know at the time of an order where the cutting outline should be. In the printing industry, we call this the cut-line and is simply a printed outline around the graphic where the cutting should happen. For example; if an intended graphic design needs to be contour cut around the artwork, please let us know in your ordering notes where we should cut out the graphic being printed.
We only make one shaped cut around any of the adhesives we offer. We cannot cut inside spaces, individual lettering, or cut multiple sections from a single order. This contour cut method allows for one cutting around any artwork maintaining a border of at least 0.125" around the graphic as shown on the cut text example below.
From custom contoured adhesive decals for the floor, walls, windows and more, eSigns adhesive graphic printing division is ready to assist for both indoor or outdoor adhesive sign applications! |
A Staff Development Program Designed To Reach the Partnership Schools Goals: Cooperative Learning Strategies, Coaching Sessions and a Narrowed Academic Performance Gap among Student Populations. - pdf descargar
A Staff Development Program Designed To Reach the Partnership Schools Goals: Cooperative Learning Strategies, Coaching Sessions and a Narrowed Academic Performance Gap among Student Populations.
This paper describes the design and implementation of a staff-development program at Vivian Field Junior High School in Carrollton, Texas. The school is a member of the Texas Partnership School Initiative, which was created to give schools latitude in raising student achievement. The goal of the staff-development program was to identify gains in student achievement and to close the performance gap among student ethnic and socioeconomic populations. The primary focus was on schoolwide implementation of cooperative-learning strategies, followed by three collegial-coaching sessions. This paper describes the implementation process, which involved teacher-training sessions, administration of a pre- and post-survey, teacher self-evaluations, and five classroom observations. A conclusion is that, as a partnership school, the staff of Vivian Field Junior High School is committed to achieving the partnership's goal through cooperative learning and collegial coaching. Appendices contain the Texas Assessment of Academic Skills (TASS) summary reports for Vivian Field Junior High, copies of the two surveys, teacher comments, brief descriptions of three cooperative-learning models, and a staff-development evaluation report. (Contains 45 references.) (LMI)
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Cooperative Learning, Inservice Teacher Education, Instructional Improvement, Junior High Schools, Peer Teaching, Professional Development, Program Implementation, Secondary School Students, Secondary School Teachers, Staff Development, Teacher Improvement, Teacher Workshops
Perceptions of Minority Middle School Students in Regard to Teaching as a Career Choice: 1995 Gary, Indiana Survey. - Mack, Faite R-P.; And Others
10 Lessons of Pre-Employment Skills for ESL Students, with a Bilingual English-Laotian Glossary and a Teachers Guide Upgraded Version. - Thuy, Vuong G.
Building a Shared Vision for Environmental Education. Proceedings of a Conference Sponsored by the Federal Task Force on Environmental Education Washington, D.C., November 19-21, 1991. - Eastern Research Group, Inc., Lexington, MA. |
Sell my PlayBook 4G LTE 32GB tablet. Important! Factory reset your tablet before sending or we may be unable to process it. |
Vol 9: Variation in rates of early development in Haliotis asinina generate competent larvae of different ages. - pdf descargar
Vol 9: Variation in rates of early development in Haliotis asinina generate competent larvae of different ages.
This article is from Frontiers in Zoology, volume 9.AbstractIntroduction: Inter-specific comparisons of metazoan developmental mechanisms have provided a wealth of data concerning the evolution of body form and the generation of morphological novelty. Conversely, studies of intra-specific variation in developmental programs are far fewer. Variation in the rate of development may be an advantage to the many marine invertebrates that posses a biphasic life cycle, where fitness commonly requires the recruitment of planktonically dispersing larvae to patchily distributed benthic environments. Results: We have characterised differences in the rate of development between individuals originating from a synchronised fertilisation event in the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina, a broadcast spawning lecithotrophic vetigastropod. We observed significant differences in the time taken to complete early developmental events time taken to complete third cleavage and to hatch from the vitelline envelope, mid-larval events variation in larval shell development and late larval events the acquisition of competence to respond to a metamorphosis inducing cue. We also provide estimates of the variation in maternally provided energy reserves that suggest maternal provisioning is unlikely to explain the majority of the variation in developmental rate we report here. Conclusions: Significant differences in the rates of development exist both within and between cohorts of synchronously fertilised H. asinina gametes. These differences can be detected shortly after fertilisation and generate larvae of increasingly divergent development states. We discuss the significance of our results within an ecological context, the adaptive significance of mechanisms that might maintain this variation, and potential sources of this variation. |
Inés Cuatrecasas and her business partner Marc Oliver come from one of the European design capitals: luminous Barcelona. Nevertheless, their professional career made and unexpected turn: a 5,588km one to be precise, and now they are leading Mille Collines fashion brand from Kigali, Rwanda capital city. Thanks to it, they hope to contribute to the development of the country and to how African products are perceived in other countries.
Their way of looking at things is local and global at the same time, artisan and avant-garde, a spirit rooted in capturing the best of different worlds, just the kind of vision that we admire in Dragonfruit.
African fashion is greatly unkown in Europe. How come a catalan girl gets interested in it?
Because of personal reasons I have had a strong bond with African continent since my childhood and I have been able to travel there may times. In my career as a designer, Africa has always been my muse. Fashion appeals me because of it’s sociologic side, as a tool to change the consumer’s mind and to fill in an unkown necessity.
I arrived to Rwanda for the first time in Summer of 2005, in coop with a Fundation. While I was there I met a rwandese woman, -Antoinette- strong, passionate and a fighter. We connected very quickly. She had worked her whole life in couture, and now she teaches sewing, as well as many other things. Inspired by Antoinette I came back a year later with Marc, my business partner, and we piloted our first collection. The result was much more positive than we had expeted. After successfully testing the outcome of the colledtion, a year later we founded the brand.
What new things has African fashion taught you? Why does it inspire you?
Because of the access it grants us to artisans and artisan techniques, very hard to find in Europe nowadays. Rwanda has allowed us to create a structure where we participate in the whole process. Africa is inspiration. Besides the less tangible feelings that made us fall in love with this continent, this place drags you to the essence of creation. As it used to be in Europe during the ’50s, were you were part and witness in every step of the process of developing a product. As designers, it is a privilege.
What defines Mille Collines’ style? What does it borrow from each place?
Mille Collines speaks of contrast. It feeds from two very different and strong influences. It dresses a woman who isn’t afraid of a changing world, who believes that through diversity we get closer to a more sophisticated kind of richness. A woman who values a high quality and unique product: every piece is handmade. Mille Collines woman feels connection with Africa. Be it because she is African and this brand speaks to her about her land, where she lives and her home is, or be it because she is far away and she feels a poignant longing. In an ever more global world there is room for a product that fusions and makes those influences get closer, that is, the mirror of the historical moment we are currently living in.
Why Rwanda? How did you get to live and work in there?
We get asked this question often. Africa and fashion are almost antagonic concepts currently. In this country we have set up an able team, there is a very high number of qualified professionals that don’t have many opportunities. We have discovered an unexplored territory to create items that, to many people’s surprise, are made in Africa and are sophisticated. Besides, Rwanda is a “kind” african country, that turns the day to day into a pleasent routine devoid of unpleasent surprises. It’s small size allow as to work with people located in very different parts of the country and not losing control of the productions.
We arrived to Rwanda with more information than that appearing in the press or TV. We had travelled the country before to visit the projects of an NGO founded by my mother, África Digna (Dignified/Worthy Africa). Rwanda is much better than imagined, there have been many changes in the last years. In fact, the country is known as “the African Switzerland” because of the degree of security and stability it offers to foreing investors.
The media stresses out so much the negative side, that when you land here you become very surprised at all the good things they never tell you. This helps adapting faster. Today, in our experience, we can say that these many preconceived ideas about African reality are unfairly exaggerated.
Do you collaborate with local artisans?
Yes, there are 270 local artisans collaborating with our brand today. In the raffia, tin, horn, embroidery, cristal and aluminium cooperatives.
We use them a lot. We work a lot with social networks, we connect every shop and every team through Facebook. It’s important that all of them are exposed to what is happening at the other end of the chain, that there is a space where they can generate projects with each other, were they can chat and contact, social networks have helped greatly altough there is still a barrier to be overcomed face to face, we solve this issue with regular meetings.
How do you see Burberry and other prestige brands’ appropiation of African fashion elements?
Communicating Africa is always interesting, but in many cases it’s just a trend, and that has an expiration date on it.
Is there an “African fashion”or are there too many differences among the different countries?
Undoubtely, there are common patterns. More than the traditional fashion, currently we can talk about a professional and exportable fashion: Globalization has provided the African people with tools for creating a product that can compete with the rest of the world. I’d want that it would be known what is Rwanda and Africa today, the many opportunities that are unfolding. Many people would get surprised.
We’ll keep an eye in Mille Collines’ challenges for this year. Whoever who wants to join, can follow their blog. Shortly, clothing items will be available as well in the online shop. |
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Flavor Your Life - Who Gave The Baby Coffee?
Who Gave The Baby Coffee?
I use olive oil ALL the time when I cook. Sometimes I use it in recipes, to sauté veggies, and even as dressing for salad. My favorite way has to be when I’m cooking vegetables but you can really taste the difference in the salad dressing between brand that you use.
I was lucky enough to try Zucchi 1810 100% Italiano Extra Virgin Olive Oil recently and it was amazing.
The maker Oleificio Zucchi started in 1810 in the area near Lodi in northern Italy as a small family business. Since then it has grown significantly but still takes the time to find and create the best blends of Oil.
Right now my youngest child loves broccoli. And the simplest way to cook it is with a little Olive Oil. I love knowing that she is getting the best ingredients in the food that she eats.
Welcome! My name is Sarah and I'm a stay at home mommy of a silly little boy named Jace and wife to my amazing hubby Patrick. |
At MSPL this isn't just an empty concept, on contrary, Quality is a matter of cons. of our entire Organization. In order to guarantee quality, we have our own in house laboratories, An additional guarantee that all Products satisfy the most stringent quality standards. A Company's quality is primarily determined by dedication of its Staff, that is why we invest so much in specialized training. An investment that clearly is fruitful. Highly-skilled & Service-Oriented Staff provides all possible Technical Support & advices both before & after Sales. A Service you can always rely on…Continuity is important for the Future.
A healthy Organization constantly looks around at what's going on in search of New Developments & Opportunities. We never stop learning from the Customer, the market, suppliers, thinkers & others. We are very transperant in our own work. In Search of Long Lasting Co-operation & Success.
SINCE 1975- MSPL, a leading manufacturing, marketing & suppliers of submersible pumpsets & related water-lifting solutions. a manufacturing facility of the company is situated in 28000 sq.ft. shed at dholka, about 50kms away from ahmedabad . guj. in india. an organization that proves every day what the ce, iso-9001:2000 & isi license certificate stands for : |
As water levels near camp sites at Cedar Bluff State Park continue to fall, park manager Chris Smith keeps a close eye on conditions in Russell.
The city has moved into a strict water conservation phase and has suggested the possibility of tapping into Cedar Bluff to augment its water supply.
That's what happened in 2006, when Russell last faced sharply depleted water supplies.
In 2006, slightly more than 3,000 acre-feet of water -- nearly a billion gallons -- were released from Cedar Bluff, slowly creeping downstream along the Smoky Hill River to Pfeifer, where the city of Russell has its main wells.
That release dropped the level of the lake 1.12 feet.
Currently, Russell has nearly 2,000 acre-feet of water available for release while the Kansas Water Office only has about 1,400 acre-feet.
There's a concern there on the part of both the city of Russell and the KWO that there might not be enough water available to push all the way down to the Russell wellfield.
KWO director Tracy Streeter said his office met with Hays and Russell officials via conference call Monday to talk about conditions.
"They're not going to do anything here in the short run," Streeter said of making a decision on releasing water.
He recognizes the shortage of water available.
"We don't have the water like last time we made the release," he said.
Yet he's not ready to discount the possibility of a release.
"If we can't be successful in getting water to Russell, it seems like an iffy situation," he said. |
hg: code-tools/jmh: 7901856: safepoints profiler should report application stopped time ashipile at redhat.com
hg: code-tools/jmh: 7901860: safepoints profiler should filter the events correctly, and report the measurement interval ashipile at redhat.com
hg: code-tools/jmh: 7901861: perf* profilers should use measured time to filter events ashipile at redhat.com
hg: code-tools/jmh: Amend 7901865: don't miss the chance to call the method appropriately and establish challenge-response. ashipile at redhat.com |
A Chicago judge on Thursday dismissed a patent case between Apple and Motorola because, he said, neither side could adequately "establish a right to relief."
As a result, a trial that was set to begin on Monday has been canceled. However, U.S. District Judge Richard Posner said he would "delay entry of judgment until I have prepared a full opinion, because in the course of that preparation, I may change my mind."
In his brief filing yesterday, however, Posner said Apple has already admitted that it cannot prove damages on two of the four patents it is using against Motorola. On the two remaining patents, Posner said yesterday that he does not think Apple will prevail.
Both companies think damages are an adequate remedy for the alleged infringements, "though they failed to present evidence on damages strong enough to withstand summary judgment," Posner wrote. Since "injunctive relief would impose costs disproportionate to the harm to the patentee and the benefit of the alleged infringement to the allowed infringer and would be contrary to the public interest, I cannot find a basis for an aware of injunctive relief," he said.
Apple requested a full evidentiary hearing on the matter, but Posner said the "existing evidentiary record is adequate."
Motorola did not immediately respond to a request for comment.
As patent blogger Florian Mueller noted, the case will likely now head to the Federal Circuit.
The decision comes several days after Posner dismissed one of two patents Motorola was trying to assert against Cupertino in the same case. |
On every surface—shelves, tables, window ledges, and cluttering the desk—there are Teddy bears and toy trucks, balls and bats, dolls dressed in the regalia of the Caribbean parade that takes place on Eastern Parkway every Labor Day.
The room has been painted a vivid teal; and at the many windows hang curtains of satiny teal fabric, printed with the seal of the borough of Brooklyn.
Of all the Hollywood directors/writers/producers who are scorned by high-minded artistic elitists, I don’t really care enough about Brett Ratner to hate him. Rotten Tomatoes is merely a critical-aggregate site which compiles reviews and assesses whether films are critically “fresh” or “rotten.” Hating RT is like hating math and statistics.
Like, I’ll pour my hot sauce of hate on people like director Zack Snyder, or hack supreme Damon Lindelof (it still makes me shake with rage that he’s allowed to work in Hollywood). But Ratner does have an issue with Rotten Tomatoes.
Director and producing mogul Brett Ratner says film critic aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes is a destructive force in Hollywood.
The boldness of that gesture was somewhat undermined by the fact that construction didn’t begin for another thirty-four years, and the building was not completed until 1848.
When, fifty years later, Brooklyn merged into New York City, the building was downgraded from City Hall to Borough Hall; and this decline in importance has grown more pronounced in the subsequent hundred-odd years—right up to the present, when the building’s highest profile is, arguably, attained by the occasional appearance of its imposing courtroom in the television series “Law & Order.”The Borough President’s office, in the southeast corner of the building, has recently undergone its own transformation.
The Sexual Assault Dean on Call (SADo C) is also available to students 24/7.In a lawsuit filed last year, the 25-year-old model accused Wey of pressuring her into having sex, then firing and hounding her after she cut things off.On Monday, a jury in a Manhattan federal court awarded Bouveng million after finding that Wey sexually harassed and defamed his former employee. NYG Capital LLC and Benjamin Wey, showcased both the glitz and the grime of New York City, from luxe apartments, Rolex watches and Prada bags to racist messages, accusations of drugs and prostitution, and one very shameful sex toy. That’s where Wey met Bouveng, kicking off two years of “chaos” — in the words of Wey’s wife — that would end with attorneys, acrimony and allegations of international stalking.In the time of Howard Golden, who was Borough President from 1978 to 2002, the desk was positioned at the far end of the room, so that visitors were obliged to make a processional approach to the seat of influence.Under occupation by the incumbent, Marty Markowitz, the office looks less like a sober place of government than like Santa’s workshop.
Judging by some of the responses to Meryl’s tweet, it seems that some of her fans still believe that she and Maks had a real romance and that she, not Peta, should be the one with Maks. |
Note: Little Monsters is now closed.
Located in Lake Orion, this independent shop prides itself on being a specialty destination. It stocks oodles of unique treats to delight any kid, tyke to teen – from books to instruments to forts, plus plenty of retro toys, science and nature finds, wooden playthings, collectors’ stuff with incredible design and even U.S.-made gear. Prices range from 25 cents to $100.
Opened by Leila Freijy and Chris McKenna back in 2006, Little Monsters has a quirky creativity you can sense even in its store logo (which Cyrus, Freijy’s son, hand-created when he was 8 years old).
Its eclectic mix of toys – which spans Ugly Dolls and Playmobil to interesting imports from around the world – are all set in a welcoming, cozy brick store on Flint Street. It’s definitely caught local parents’ attention (they named Little Monsters the best toy store in southeast Michigan in Metro Parent’s 2012 Parent Picks).
Employee and friend Jean Keitz says the founders share a passion for finding specialized educational and artistic toys for children.
“They’re real careful about what they purchase,” Keitz says of the owners, who strive to stock items that can’t be found in the average toy store.
In addition to toys – and there are, literally, thousands – Freijy and McKenna carefully choose the books that line the shelves in a quaint room at the back of the store, inspecting illustrations as well as messages.
Little Monsters takes its appeal to all ages seriously, catering to everyone from newborns to parents. Adults are often browsing board games and jewelry while their children play with any item that catches their eye.
Art also comes to life in monthly shows that spotlight the work of Michigan artists. Look on the walls to spy creations like oil paintings, mixed media works, photography and more.
The shop also offers story times and classes for kids, like journaling and drawing, and participates in the annual Neighborhood Toy Store Day in November.
With its combination of art, education and fun, Little Monsters is sure to deliver smiles – and goodies that’ll make the whole family happy. |
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