date int64 1,220B 1,719B | question_description stringlengths 28 29.9k | accepted_answer stringlengths 12 26.4k | question_title stringlengths 14 159 |
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1,390,366,002,000 |
why does df command and gparted show different free space?
In my case, I have:
$ df -hT
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
[...]
/dev/sda4 ext4 184G 173G 1.6G 100% /home
and the same results from Nautilus
while gparted shows:
Size Used Unused... |
Previously answered here
Gparted will be looking at actual inodes and disk-level info to determine how much is free, whereas df will be looking using the filesystem tools themselves[...]
| free space inconsistency |
1,390,366,002,000 |
S.M.A.R.T. has found an unrecoverable read-error on one of my disks, but zpool status lists all disks as ONLINE (I.E. not DEGRADED).
Do you know why might that be? I though ZFS would know of any errors as soon as anyone...
Do I need to run a scrub in order for it to recheck the status of all disks?
Can I have S.M.A.R... |
Do you know why might that be? I though ZFS would know of any errors as soon as anyone...
Do I need to run a scrub in order for it to recheck the status of all disks?
Can I have S.M.A.R.T. automatically report to ZFS somehow?
No, it does not check all blocks all the time, it just makes sure that each written bloc... | Why does ZFS not report disk as degraded? |
1,390,366,002,000 |
I am wondering what would happend if I tried to dd a disk image into a partition. I explain myself:
I have an SSD Hard Drive that contains two partitions:
/dev/sda
sda1
sda2
And I have a disk image, made from a vdi file (virtual box virtual disk) that contains:
/dev/sdb
sdb1
... |
It would not work in that you would get sda2 with garbage inside, but a small change can make it work;
You need to find the offset of each partition in the img and dd each one into its own (larger) partition on the destination.
| What will happen if I dd an image of a disk into a partition |
1,390,366,002,000 |
I tried googling it and just found this https://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=2234886 and this https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/gnome-disk-utility/+bug/1165437.
But it is not so clear.
So I thought the star icon represent a boot drive. And check my first drive the partition is 1.1GB ext4 bootable and the ... |
I was hoping that reading manual will be enough, but the manual is very limited as well as the other documentation. So the source code had to come for help. Grepping through the code for "icon" keyword showed few occasions which sound like these icons:
src/disks/gduvolumegrid.c: g_ptr_array_add (icons_to_render, (g... | What is the start icon on the partition on the gnome disk utility? |
1,390,366,002,000 |
Condition: find reliably device name where disk label (MasiWeek) and disk size (2 TB) are known
Motivation: trying to determine what Ubuntu's GUI button mount does
Characteristics of the system
Disk label is the name of the disc given by the user. It is listed in /media/masi/ if mounted correctly.
Command lsblk -no ... |
use mount's -L option or specify the mount device with LABEL=name.
e.g.
mount LABEL=MasiWeek /media/masi/MasiWeek
or
mount -L MasiWeek /media/masi/MasiWeek
mount also has a -U option and understands UUID=uuid if you prefer to use the block device's UUID.
The easiest way to get a list of all block devices, along with... | Find kernel name for a partition when only the label is known |
1,390,366,002,000 |
Suse Tumbleweed attempted a mega update of the system (~6000 packages at once) and filled the root filesystem, that, according to the installer recommendations, was 35 Gb.
I attempted ① to delete the cache of RPM files, but zypper/rpm notified me that it needed to create some temporary files on the root partition and ... |
I have openSuSE tubleweed with small ssd - 80GB (will be replacing it in near future) so I totally understand your space issue.
The best way to update OpenSuse tumbleweed is:
zypper ref && zypper dup --no-allow-vendor-change
You need to check your images with snapper
snapper is really useful when things go south - ... | LARGE zypper dup → Root partition full → (Heaven knows) I'm miserable now |
1,390,366,002,000 |
I know this type of question has been asked frequently, but I cannot seem to figure out what is happening. tl;dr: I cloned an existing disk onto a larger disk, but df is only showing this at the size of the original disk, even though the partition table looks OK.
I have a 10TB backup drive on my Debian system at /dev/... |
It seems as though you have a misconception as to the relationship between partitions and filesystems. Your partition is actually the correct size, but your filesystem is not.
When you ran pv < /dev/sda1 > /dev/sdc1, you copied the filesystem byte by byte from sda1 to sdc1. The filesystem was created on sda1, so mkfs.... | Incorrect partition size on new disk |
1,390,366,002,000 |
I have a Raspberry Pi (running Raspbian) that is booting from a microSD card. Since it's acting as a home server, naturally I want to monitor the microSD card for errors. Unfortunately though, microSD cards don't support SMART like other disks I have, so I am unsure how to monitor the disk for errors.
How can I monito... |
You can replace smartctl -t long selftests with badblocks (no parameters). It performs a simple read-only test. You can run it while filesystems are mounted. (Do NOT use the so-called non-destructive write test).
# badblocks -v /dev/loop0
Checking blocks 0 to 1048575
Checking for bad blocks (read-only test): done
Pass... | How to test a disk that does not support SMART for errors? |
1,390,366,002,000 |
I have Samsung SSD 970 EVO Plus NVMe M.2 500GB mounted on the motherboard and it works fine, but when I open for example gnome-disks or parted to get more info about disk, system doesn't recognise model of the disk. SMART data & Self-Tests are also disabled.
This only happens on the M.2 disk. Normal SSD works fine.
I... |
I just noticed that in the newer version of gnome-disks the model is already displayed correctly.
| System doesn't recognise model of my SSD disk |
1,390,366,002,000 |
There are loads of ways a system might uniquely identify a disk or partition, GUID/UUID, how it's connected 'usb-...', and the traditional directory structure '/dev/sda'. zpool seems to choose randomly between them. How can I get a zpool status to list the array using the directory structure as it is the only thing ot... |
zpool uses the device names you have given at pool creation time and when modifying devices (for example attaching disks or adding vdevs to the pool). Therefore, you can either destroy/recreate the pool with your chosen names, or detach/attach all devices one after each other (this is only possible with pool layouts t... | How to make zpool refer to a disk using a readable string? |
1,390,366,002,000 |
I have a Linux system with kernels 3.10.17 and 4.8.4 installed, but only the older kernel can boot. Trying the newer one, "Gave up waiting for root device" occurs along with a bunch of "modprobe: Can't load module".
Since the root device in fact contains the modules, I am inclined to think the former causes the latter... |
I upgraded GRUB, compiled the kernel again, rebuilt the initramfs, and it works. I don't know what the problem was, but a new kernel worked around it.
| "Gave up waiting for root device" with one kernel but not another |
1,390,366,002,000 |
I have a server , which has gone rogue(not really), i ran nmon and saw that its Disk utilization is BAD, its 100% busy writing!! Here is the output :
Can someone tell me what is keeping my disk busy?
|
iotop is your friend (assuming your server runs Linux).
| How to know what exactly is being written or which process is keeping my storage disk busy? |
1,390,366,002,000 |
To do some tests on SSD disk, I need to monitor operations such as number of reads and writes, access timestamp, which address accessed, write policy and so on. I know there is these commands:
$ vmstat
$ blktrace
which other commands are available? I want a set of this type of commands to compare them and use the be... |
In case the ssd 'test' actually means that you have to test and report the performance of the disk, I'd go for collectd.
It's a system performance statistics collection daemon, highly configurable, that has a disk plugin.
There are multiple output options like CSV or RRDTool to make nice graphs if needed.
| which unix commands for monitoring disk operating are available? |
1,390,366,002,000 |
I have a 1KB partition on my drive, sda4. Here is the output of lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 698.7G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 500M 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 5.8G 0 part [SWAP]
├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /
├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part
└─sda5 8:5 0 642.4... |
Mi casa, su casa
On my Ubuntu 14.04 system I have the exact same situation.
$ lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 465.8G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 462G 0 part /
├─sda2 8:2 0 1K 0 part
└─sda5 8:5 0 3.8G 0 part [SWAP]
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
Assuming the ... | 1kb partition: is it a problem, can it be removed? |
1,390,366,002,000 |
I am trying to write a script to programmatically expand a disk (with LVM enabled).
The ubuntu server 22.04 image will be used to create automatically provisioned VM's on a host.
I know of the sudo lvextend -L +[size] [partition] command, but I want to automatically query the free space on /dev/sda and then pass it to... |
I created the following script that does exactly what I need:
growpart /dev/sda 3
pvresize /dev/sda3
lvresize -l+100%FREE --resizefs /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv
| Writing a script to automatically expand disk using all free space with LVM for server workloads |
1,390,366,002,000 |
I have hundreds of disks that need to be plugged in on several Ubuntu desktops. Currently, the disks will not automatically mount under /media/user/ (but can be found under /dev/sd*). However, with GUI, I can use the file explorer Other locations to show all the plugged-in disks. If I click one, it will be mounted and... |
Based on the suggestion of @fra-san, I found that for a disk such as /dev/sdn, udisksctl mount --block-device /dev/sdn is a simple way to achieve the goal. However, by default, that will require authentication. To avoid this, on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS, one needs to edit file /usr/share/polkit-1/actions/org.freedesktop.UDisk... | How can I automatically mount multiple disks on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS without editing fstab? |
1,596,405,443,000 |
I have the following df -h output:
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
dev 7,8G 0 7,8G 0% /dev
run 7,8G 1,8M 7,8G 1% /run
/dev/nvme0n1p5 93G 40G 49G 45% /
tmpfs 7,8G 157M 7,7G 2% /dev/shm
tmpfs 7,8G 48M 7,8G 1% /tmp
/dev/nvme0n1p4 204... |
You can ask df to only show the free space on a given device:
$ df -h /dev/nvme0n1p5
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/nvme0n1p5 93G 40G 49G 45% /
| Print disk space with df, with headers, but only one particular row |
1,596,405,443,000 |
We know there are many files that are pseudo files, i.e. not a real file.
ex:
/sys/xxx
/proc/xxx
/dev/xxxx
In my understanding, the open() will call x86 ASM code, the ASM code will do hardware interrupt to access to the disk.
The problem is if the open() will eventually access to the disk, how pseudo file still get a... |
As Fox noted in their answer, the kernel handles the open() syscall, and meanwhile, filesystems implement file operations in their own way. Filesystems, on the other hand, implement their version of syscalls, and that's what kernel should be using.
Consider, for instance, ext4 call to open directory or file operation... | if some files are pseudo, why open() function still can access it? |
1,596,405,443,000 |
When I do sync as a regular user, does this flush all the buffers belonging to other users including root or just my own? man doesn't provide this info.
I'm asking about Debian 9 in particular, but more general answers on Linux and Unix are welcome.
|
The sync command uses the sync system call.
The manual of the sync system call says:
sync() causes all pending modifications to filesystem metadata and cached file data to be written to the underlying filesystems.
So sync will flush all the buffers. The term "belonging to users" doesn't apply to the buffers, the buf... | What does the sync command sync in fact? |
1,596,405,443,000 |
The question
How do I create and mount a fake block device (using a large file/disk image) that passes as a legitimate unformatted disk?
Backstory
I am trying to set up rook with ceph (a distributed storage system) in my hobby kubernetes cluster. Ceph requires an unformatted blockdevice that it will partition and use ... |
losetup will do this for you. If you have an unused loop device /dev/loop0:
# Make the file
head -c 10240 /dev/zero > /tmp/zeroes
# Use it as a block device
sudo losetup /dev/loop0 /tmp/zeroes
# Remove the device
sudo losetup -d /dev/loop0
| How do I create a raw (no filesystem) loopback device that passes as a legitimate blockdevice? |
1,596,405,443,000 |
Is it true that a RAID 1 can only be as big as the smallest disk?
If it is true, then ten 1GB disks in RAID 1 should only amount for only 1GB of total available space.
Is it true that RAID 1 capacity is limited to 50% of the available drives?
If it is true, then ten 1GB disks in RAID 1 should amount for 5GB of total a... |
It all depends on how you set it up.
With ten disks in RAID 1, you get a single disk capacity, with plenty of redundancy: if any 9 disks fail, the data is still there on the single remaining disk. This sounds weird but sometimes you see it as a mdadm RAID 1 for the /boot partition, while everything else is RAID 5/6/10... | Confused about RAID 1 capacity |
1,596,405,443,000 |
I am currently learning about how HDD's function and in particular i am having trouble understanding what a Cylinder in a HDD is.
I have read online and my current understanding is that it is when a portition of the hard disk track is aligned with another track from another platter which contains similiar data such a... |
If you look at the wikipedia explanation, a harddisk consists of several platters. Each platter has concentric tracks with data. The set of all tracks in the same position, for all platters, makes up a cylinder. It's called cylinder because it has the geometrical shape of a cylinder (well, more or less).
There is no r... | Hard disk Cylinder explaination |
1,596,405,443,000 |
I am using AWS Free tier Ubuntu. It is saying that disk space full in /dev/xvda1 which is mounted on / . I am using df command to check it.
I went to the directory / and using command ls -l to check which file is taking much space. But, none of them is taking that much within / . What is the recommended way to find ou... |
To find find the largest files and directories that exist on your system, you can run:
du / | sort -n
The largest files and directories will be printed at the end. Use tail to find the nth largest:
du / | sort -n | tail -n 20
This will print the 20 largest files and directories on the system.
| Check the disk space in Ubuntu (with ls) |
1,596,405,443,000 |
What, if any, is the disk size limit for mdadm?
I've been using mdadm to manage disk arrays for our Mac network for a number of years now. Our storage requirements have grown to the point I'm considering using 4TB or 8TB disks. Is mdadm known to work with these, and if so, what is its limit?
|
Yes, mdadm is known to work with 4TB and 8TB disks. Its limits (with superblock format 1.0) are as follows:
up to at least 384 component devices (256 in RAID6);
component devices with up to 264 512-byte sectors, i.e. 8 ZiB.
So you’ve still got lots of breathing space.
| What is the disk size limit for mdadm? |
1,596,405,443,000 |
I'm testing a large ZFS pool at the minute and am documenting the process for replacing a failed drive before our environment moves into production.
I've built the ZFS volume 'diskpool', which is 3 nested vdevs of 20 x 8TB drives.
Everything is working fine.
To simulate a disk failure, I've disconnected one of the 8t... |
The ZFS implementation you use doesn't poll its underlying devices unless there is some activity going on.
Removing a disk from a pool that is not accessed will then remain unnoticed until you access it.
| Checking for a failed drive in a ZFS pool |
1,596,405,443,000 |
I had a USB drive mounted on /dev/sdb1 and I want to reformat from NTFS to ext3. I did umount -l which unmounted the disk. I deleted the old partition using cfdisk. I ran mkfs.ext3, but got the error:
/dev/sdb1 is apparently in use...
After googling I tried to cat /proc/mounts and found it there:
/dev/sdb1 /media/mo... |
Use umount. You ran umount -l, which specifically tells umount to leave the filesystem mounted until all processes are done with it. You really shouldn't need umount -l most of the time; the only purpose it serves is freeing up the mount point so you can mount something new there while the currently mounted partition ... | Really umount external drive |
1,596,405,443,000 |
There were 3 disk drives on the server, but one failed with input/output error and is not recoverable.
When trying to boot with the remaining 2 drives, I get:
Welcome to emergency mode!
After logging in, type "journalctl -xb" to view system logs, "systemctl reboot" to reboot, "systemctl default" or ^D to try again to... |
Linux startup will bail out for a number of reasons resulting in emergency mode.
One possibility is that /etc/fstab has a mount configured which either no longer exists or is corrupted in some way.
In this instance, /dev/disk/by-uuid/82271ee0-c055-497a-b52f-566c8e456f29 which is mounted on /data is not functioning cor... | Ubuntu gives message "Welcome to emergency mode !", fsck just says "clean" |
1,596,405,443,000 |
I recognize this is a stretch, but I have a shadow of a memory of a way to do it, and I'm hoping someone here will recognize what I'm talking about and help jog it.
Traditional programs, both by terminal and GUI, have a starting sequence and a closing sequence of instructions, which can sometimes take some time to exe... |
Yes. CRIU is the acronym of the technology under Linux that allows that.
There's severe restrictions, though, that arise from the logical necessity of the files opened by the program being "frozen" not having changed, sockets still being there, and any external state being the same, or the loss of state at least being... | Is it possible to serialize a running program's memory image to disk, instead of closing it? |
1,596,405,443,000 |
I am reading many tutorials about the dd command. There are some examples including the bs and count parameters. Some of them where each one is isolated over the other and other where both are used together, but is not very clear the explicit relation about their values.
At a first glance seems enough and straight use... |
When and why is mandatory use both together?
It's important to know what your goal is. Without supplying count, dd will copy until EOF is reached (which for some block devices, like /dev/zero, will never be the case).
Otherwise, dd will copy count blocks of size bs.
Is there an explicit relation and rate for the va... | dd: when is mandatory use bs and count together? |
1,596,405,443,000 |
Due to hardware problems, there are some Input/output errors. Some of my hard disk sectors are bad.
# find . -name 'cpp-service.zip'
find: ‘./.cache/chromium’: Input/output error
find: ‘./.config/chromium/ShaderCache/GPUCache’: Input/output error
find: ‘./.config/chromium/Safe Browsing’: Input/output error
find: ‘./.... |
If your file system is Ext3 or Ext4, you can run a file system check combined with a check for bad blocks, and any bad blocks will be excluded from future use:
e2fsck -c -f -k /path/to/device
-f will force a check, -c will check for bad blocks (double it to perform a non-destructive write test instead of the default ... | Files having Input/output error: how to completely ignore them as if they don't exist |
1,596,405,443,000 |
Recently we get a lot of kernel messages on our RHEL VM server as:
[Mon Oct 4 11:33:32 2021] EXT4-fs error (device sdb): htree_dirblock_to_tree:914: inode #397095: block 1585151: comm du: bad entry in directory: rec_len is smaller than minimal - offset=0(4096), inode=0, rec_len=0, name_len=0
so we derided too run fs... |
The -a (or -p) option is used to tell fsck to try to fix the filesystem without user interaction, if this is not possible (there is a risk of losing data or further corrupting the filesystem by choosing a wrong option) fsck -a will fail and tell you to run it in manual mode and decide yourself how each error should be... | fsck + why fsck insist to not use "-a" flag? |
1,596,405,443,000 |
So something strange is with my partitions.
root@rescue ~ # mdadm -A --scan
mdadm: WARNING /dev/sdb1 and /dev/sdb appear to have very similar superblocks.
If they are really different, please --zero the superblock on one
If they are the same or overlap, please remove one from the
DEVICE list in mdadm... |
This is a very common problem with old mdadm 0.90 metadata. This metadata is located somewhere at the end of the device, but not in the very last sector but at a 64K-aligned offset:
The superblock is 4K long and is written into a 64K aligned block that starts at least 64K and less than 128K from the end of the device... | Getting an error "appear to have very similar superblocks". Ways to fix it? |
1,596,405,443,000 |
I am trying to understand some basics in the I/O area. What I want to know is when people talk about disk I/O speeds on a standard HDD, are the speeds mentioned taken at a physical disk level or based on logical partitions? The reason I am asking this is also because many places where I researched, the question is ask... |
The disk I/O speed is determined by the physical characteristics of the hardware: The speed of the bus (SCSI, USB, whatever) where the disk is attached, and the speed of the disk itself (which is always an average, and you have to take disk-internal buffers into account).
From an I/O speed aspect, it doesn't make any ... | Are I/O speeds based on Physical disks or logical partitions? |
1,596,405,443,000 |
I use this command.
df -h
and my result is
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/simfs 60G 50G 8.6G 86% /
How can i see What files space are occupied ?
file name, path file, file size.
thanks.
|
Use the du command instead? E.g. try du -sh ./* to see the totals for each file/directory within the current directory. This can take some time when run from the top of a large/complex filesystem.
| show disk usage |
1,496,336,101,000 |
I have a 2TB disk that I have overwritten with random data. fdisk confirms that the device has no recognized partition table. Yet, I see these 5 device files for the disk: /dev/sdc{,1,2,3,4}
i.e.
# for i in /dev/sdc{,1,2,3,4} ; do fdisk -l -u $i ; done
Disk /dev/sdc: 1.8 TiB, 2000398934016 bytes, 3907029168 sectors
U... |
Linux doesn't re-read the partition table except on boot (or disk connect) or when explicitly told to do so (e.g., by fdisk after writing one, or by using partx or blockdev --rereadpt). So until you do one of those, sdc[1-4] will continue to exist.
The easiest fix would be to call partprobe to instruct the kernel to r... | Why is Linux Showing Device Partition Block Files for a Disk with no Partitions? |
1,496,336,101,000 |
How much time can I expect this disk (1 TB) to function? I have already made a backup of my important data. But I will be unable to buy a new HDD until February. Is there any way I can extend its life? Perhaps by formatting the disk or something else?
|
There is no precise time, it could be a minute from now or a month from now. But if it's bound to happen it will and you can't really prolong the disk's life, so make sure you backed up all and stop relying on it.
| Disk is likely to fail soon [closed] |
1,496,336,101,000 |
I have a Dell PowerEdge R820 server which is under maintenance by other third party. There are 6 SAS (10K RPM, 6gbps) disks and they are configured as RAID 5 using PERC controller.
Currently I am facing performance issue with the server. Basically it is with the disk. When I tried to write 4GB of data, it is taking ... |
That does seem like a disk performance issue.
You should get something in between 20 MB/s to 80 MB/s depending on block size I think.
I found this old 10k disk comparison where you can see how different drives are performing http://techreport.com/review/5236/10k-rpm-hard-drive-comparison/7 .
I also found a thread from... | Disk I/O performance issue [closed] |
1,496,336,101,000 |
I'm looking at one of those detachable hybrid laptops, which has extra hard drive in the keyboard base; this laptop runs Ubuntu. Sometimes these drives mount at startup, sometimes not - and in inspecting, I just noticed something that I don't understand.
So when this drive is mounted and working properly, here is the ... |
This drive isn't a USB device, but a SATA device which is accessed via the Genesys bridge (which is a USB device). Since it isn't itself a USB device, it doesn't show up in lsusb's output.
USB thumb drives are USB devices without bridges (well, usually), so they do show up as-is on the USB bus and in lsusb's output.
| lsusb not listing a SCSI drive, connected through USB (SATA bridge)? |
1,496,336,101,000 |
I've got a large ZFS disk pool; 3 nested RAIDZ2 vdevs.
I am documenting the process for replacing a failed disk for my colleagues and so simulated a disk failure by removing a disk from the host.
Sure enough, the vdev to which the disk belonged became degraded and the disk unavailable.
I offlined the disk like so...
z... |
ZFS detects disks not by their name in the filesystem, but by their UUID that is written onto the disk (or at least something similar -- not 100% sure that it's actually a UUID). When zpool import runs, the disks are enumerated, ZFS rebuilds all the pools, and then uses the device name (without actually including any ... | Replacing a failed disk in a ZFS pool |
1,496,336,101,000 |
I have a linux box on my school's server. When I was trying to install Protocol Buffers, disk usage is reported as exceeded. So I checked my disk usage by two command on my home directory:
du -h
535M .
df -ha
home.XXX:/export/home/XXX
9.7T 1.5T 8.3T 15% /home/XXX
Are they supposed to be same ... |
du tells you how much data there is in the directory where you ran it. df tells you how much data is in total on the volume where your home directory is located. Your home directory is mounted remotely (over NFS); it is likely that it is on the same volume as other home directories, so df reports the data used by all ... | How to find the true disk usage on my Linux box? |
1,496,336,101,000 |
I am attempting to install OpenBSD7.4 on an amd64 arch with a 1TB drive.
The machine will run an X windows system and need plently of room to store files.
I selected "whole disk GPT" at the prompt (though I'm unsure whether MBR might be the better option).
An auto-allocated layout is created:
12 partitions are created... |
1. Why does the automatic layout pick the above mount points in particular?
This layout is suggested based on the experience of the developers and the needs of the system.
For example, the / partition contains the minimum required for the system to work, it works even in case of issue with other partitions. /tmp and /... | Understanding the auto-allocated disk layout on OpenBSD |
1,496,336,101,000 |
I can set the spindown timeout of a disk via hdparm -S <timeout> /dev/sda.
How can I verify, i.e. read out, what timeout /dev/sda has set at any given moment?
(I read man hdparm to no avail.)
|
hdparm is a thin wrapper around various drive command sets, in particular ATA/ATAPI. These command sets don’t provide a way to retrieve timeouts; see for example the draft ATA8-ACS — the only “idle” or “standby”-related commands are commands to immediately place the drive in a given power mode or to set the correspond... | Read currently set spindown timeout of disk |
1,496,336,101,000 |
After changing a disk size in VMware (for example increasing it by 10 more GB), the next step is to rescan it in Linux so that kernel identifies this size change.
For this we use this command:
echo 1>/sys/class/block/sda/device/rescan
In our scripts, we rescan every couple of minutes from a cron job, in order to veri... |
The way to identify that a block device has been resized is to rescan it. That’s it. There’s no need to find another way of rescanning the block device in order to decide whether to rescan it.
In a virtualised environment it should be safe to run this every two minutes; there will be a very slight performance hit when... | On Linux, is it possible to know if disk size was changed without rescanning the disk? |
1,496,336,101,000 |
My concern is about /usr and home size as you see.
Home:
Root:
My concern is about /usr and home size as you see.
It seems that they have really small space, but when I was installing ubuntu I gave enough size for / (root that contains /usr) and also for home. the df -h shows :
Root : /dev/nvme0n1p5 32G 6.9G 23G 24... |
The screens you’re looking at don’t show the proportion of disk space used compared to the disk space available; they only show the share of disk space used.
Your /home volume is 142GiB in size, out of which 311MiB are used; your home directory uses 260.3MB of that. The “Home folder” screenshot shows a full bar becaus... | Why /usr and /home size is very small even tough I gave /home and / (root) enaugh size? |
1,496,336,101,000 |
I am trying to image my Ubuntu disk using Clonezilla and it fails because I get an error saying:
error cannot have overlapping partitions
Below is how my disk is set up and the lsblkoutput:
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
loop1 7:1 0 42,2M 1 loop /snap/snapd/14066
nvme0n1 259:0 0... |
Answer adapted from: how-to-fix-overlapped-partitions-in-the-mbr-table. You can try this but i think much be easier solution to just delete swap and logical partition
Fixing the partition table with sfdisk:
Boot with live Ubuntu disk;
Confirm the problem on your disk device, here /dev/sda with parted e.g.
sudo pa... | Clonezilla: cannot have overlapping partitions |
1,496,336,101,000 |
Show disk space with fdisk:
sudo fdisk -l /dev/sda
Disk /dev/sda: 465.8 GiB, 500107862016 bytes, 976773168 sectors
Disk model: ST500DM002-1BD14
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk iden... |
sfdisk -F /dev/sdX will print both sum of the free space and list of free space areas:
# sfdisk -F /dev/sde
Unpartitioned space /dev/sde: 477.77 MiB, 500973568 bytes, 978464 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Start End Sectors Size
22528 32527 ... | How to get free available disk space with command? |
1,496,336,101,000 |
I cloned my Btrfs drive with OpenSUSE Tumbleweed installed on it to a larger drive with Clonezilla, I've even tried doing this sector-by-sector. Yet, even though the process appears to have been finished successfully every time, when I try to boot from the new drive, a Ubuntu GRUB appears, and of course nothing is loa... |
Okay, so according to your lsblk output and your /etc/fstab, you have essentially an all-btrfs system, with the exception of the EFI system partition.
Note that a single btrfs filesystem can extend beyond a single partition or even to multiple disks: since your lsblk output does not say what your /dev/sdc is being us... | Clonezilla and BTRFS, GRUB and boot |
1,496,336,101,000 |
I want to get the read and write, service time, queue length and wait time of my disks. the OS is CentOS 6. I use iostat. when I run this command:
iostat -x -d /dev/sda
the output is:
Device: rrqm/s wrqm/s r/s w/s rsec/s wsec/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz await svctm %util
sda 4.04 272.41 21.63 58.30... |
Why not pipe it through sed:
iostat -x -d /dev/sda 1 2 | sed '1,2d'
Device: rrqm/s wrqm/s r/s w/s rsec/s wsec/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz await svctm %util
sda 0.00 11.00 0.00 12.00 0.00 184.00 15.33 0.32 26.75 3.08 3.70
| iostat - print only current stats without the sumary since boot |
1,496,336,101,000 |
we have linux OS with OS - sda and another disk for data
df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg55-lvm_root 41932800 19731580 22201220 48% /
devtmpfs 16372376 0 16372376 0% /dev
tmpfs 16387592 108 16387484 1% /de... |
It seems that /data is not managed with LVM so you might add space so /dev/sdb via vCenter and then grow the file system in CentOs
xfs_growfs /dev/sdb
LVM
If you want to have LVM for /data, that will be a bit longer.
Add the disk to VMware, make it show in CentOS :
List host bus numbers :
ls /sys/class/scsi_host/
... | LVM + add another new disk in order to extend current sdb disk size |
1,496,336,101,000 |
I've an image of a bootable 16GB SD card. I've created the image with:
cat /dev/sdd | gzip >sdcard.img.gz
And I was happy because
$ du -h sdcard.img.gz
482M sdcard.img.gz
482MB instead of 16GB, yay!
Here're the details of the (uncompressed) image:
$ du -h sdcard.img
15G sdcard.img
$ partx -s sdcard.img
NR STA... |
Answering your first question: given you have an MBR there, I suggest you do something like dd'ing the first megabyte of the original drive (that contains the boot record and possibly the boot loader), then iterating over the partitions contained therein:
dev=/dev/sda
fdisk -l "$dev" | sed -ne '/^\//s,\(^[^ ]*\) .*,\... | disk image without free space |
1,496,336,101,000 |
I have built a little NAS-like device on armbian, that uses external harddisks for its file serving purposes. The (hardware) interface only provides a reduced SATA-command set and overrides some APM/AAM/standby functions, but I would like to have a longer interval until standby.
I am succesfully able to keep the driv... |
Perhaps you can just poll the counters of the number of read/write operations on the block device, and do your action when they no longer change. For a block device like sda, the statistics are in /sys/block/sda/stat, and the columns are described in the kernel Documentation/iostats.txt. In particular columns 1 and 5... | How can I detect time of last harddisk/samba or zfs activity for a ifplugd like action? |
1,496,336,101,000 |
I have installed ubuntu on my machine alongside with windows, I allocated 55GB for it. After a period, I decided to rise the space allocated to UBUNTU to 60 GB. after this augmentation (using gparted) I found that there is a non accessible space in this partition I can't found the problem. The df -h command shows me:... |
The missing (grey) space in your diagram is the 5% that is reserved by your filesystem.
5% of 61.5GB = 3.1 GB
56.7 GB + 1.7 GB + 3.1 GB = 61.5 GB
There's a very good answer to a similar question, Reserved space for root on a filesystem - why?, which explains the reasoning behind this reservation. It also gives a com... | unused space in my filesystem diskspace on ubuntu [closed] |
1,496,336,101,000 |
Currently, my whole system is located at the end of my hdd. I'd like to move that data to the beginning and still have booting and other details working.
dd seems to do exactly what I want (to copy my data exactly how it is placed), but I'm not sure about things like booting, grub configs and so on. Will I need to set... |
(warning: this is very dangerous if you do not know what you are doing)
Yes, you can, but I do not recommend it (though I did it a few times, mostly to transfer a partition to another HDD).
dd if=/dev/sdaA of=/dev/sdaB
will transfer the data from sdaA to sdaB, but no checking will be done, all the partition will be c... | Can I use dd to move my system to another partition? |
1,496,336,101,000 |
I want to do all my archiving and compression on the command line. I have a USB flash drive located at /dev/disk/by-label/SanDiskData (which links to /dev/sdc1). I thought I could simply do:
$ cd /dev/disk/by-label
$ sudo tar cfv ~/data.tar SanDiskData
But then the size of /home/data.tar is only 10 kB.
Where can... |
You are supposed to mount the drive before you can access its filesystem. Only if mounted you can execute filesystem operations (that is, access individual dirs and files) like tar on it via the mountpoint instead of the device node (or some symlink to it).
| Where to tar entire USB flash drives? |
1,496,336,101,000 |
I’m trying to re-partition from an Arch Linux install disc. I’m doing so because my current OS is corrupted.
When running fdisk –l this is what it looks like:
/dev/sda1 * start=2048 end=1026047 blocks=512000 id=83 system=linux
/dev/sda2 start=10264048 end=625141759 blocks=312057856 id=8e system=linux LVM
I nee... |
Wouldn't you just do the following:
Boot the Arch Linux install disc.
Run fdisk /dev/sda.
linux-1reo:~ # fdisk /dev/sda
The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 9729.
There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,
and could in certain setups cause problems with:
1) software that runs at boo... | Repartion multiple disks and reallocate storage |
1,496,336,101,000 |
I have been wondering how all these small nas boxes that run linux can share over network and usb. The network part is totally under control, but I am completely at a loss on how I could hook up a computer to my server through USB cable, and get a share.
Is this done with some specific hardware or is this done through... |
Most of the NAS' that I've encountered make use of Samba and then share these USB mounted disks out as Samba shares.
Rules like this can be put in your /etc/fstab file:
$ blkid
/dev/sda2: LABEL="OS" UUID="DAD9-00EF" TYPE="vfat"
This line can be adapted to this:
/dev/sda2 /export/somedir ntfs defaults ... | Create my own disk server |
1,496,336,101,000 |
I am running Crunchbang, a Debian variant with OpenBox WM. I have deleted a large number of files via browsing in thunar file manager and pressing del key. They disappear from view. I then go to ~/.local/share/Trash/files/ and delete them there too. The filesystem still doesn't report the freed space though.
df -h
Fil... |
I once had a similar issue trying to track down what was taking up space on my root partition but not being reported by Baobab, a disk usage analyzer. In the end I found the files in my the trash folder of the root user, /root/.local/share/Trash. The reason Baobab and other utilities wouldn't show these files is becau... | Deleted files from home, deleted them from .local/share/Trash/files, System doesn't report back free space |
1,496,336,101,000 |
I am currently using a simple way to back up the drive dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/sdb.
However, before each operation, I have to check fdisk -l to see if sda and sdb have been swapped during boot.
This is quite inconvenient and error prone.
Is using symbolic identifiers from /dev/disk/by-id/ instead of sda and sdb complet... |
Note the files in /dev/disk/by-id are actually just links to a device file.
$ ls -l /dev/disk/by-id/
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Aug 1 18:31 ata-Hitachi_HDS723030ALA640_MK0331YHG99T1A -> ../../sdb
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 1 18:31 ata-Hitachi_HDS723030ALA640_MK0331YHG99T1A-part1 -> ../../sdb1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 ... | Is it safe to use /dev/disk/by-id/ instead of /dev/sda? |
1,496,336,101,000 |
I reformatted a USB disk that I used to install Linux Mint 21 XFCE. After reformatting, the disk does not appear in Nemo or Nautilus. It does appear in the disks manager software, in lsusb, and in sudo fdisk -l.
I am not completely sure if the above confirms that the disk is mounted, but the disk manager lists it as /... |
lsusb lists the physical devices connected to your USB subsystem.
Storage devices being usually associated with a /dev/sd* device driver.
For standard use, Linux needs the physical device to be organized in some standard way : Filesystems. (ext2,3,4-zfs-btrfs…)
Regarding storage devices, Linux will only mount filesyst... | Linux Mint File Manager Not Recognizing USB Drive After Formatting |
1,496,336,101,000 |
local-fs.target seems only to check when all mount blocks are ready.
How can I ensure all disks are ready if there are many disks that didn't mount during/after boot?
Which target can be used to confirm all disks ( mount and didn't mount ) are ready to use/mount?
boot-complete.target
basic.target
... ?
|
There is no such target, because there is no way for systemd to know when it has indeed seen "all" disks. The difference is that all mounts that local-fs.target waits for are explicitly listed in /etc/fstab or elsewhere, while disks arrive out of nowhere as SATA and SAS and USB ports get enumerated; there's no definit... | Which systemd target makes sure that all disks are ready? |
1,496,336,101,000 |
The man page of sync can be found on die.net.
I wonder if it only synchronizes the disk of my current working directory (cwd) or all disks?
The man page does not say anything about it.
|
The sync utility is mostly a wrapper around the sync system call; the manual page for the latter says
sync() causes all pending modifications to filesystem metadata
and cached file data to be written to the underlying filesystems.
All pending changes are written, across all devices.
The manual page you found is some... | Which disks does "sync" synchronize? |
1,496,336,101,000 |
in RHEL/CentOS 7.9 anyway, when running gnome-disks which is under the Applications-Utilities-Disks menu, for a recognized SSD it offers the enabling of write-cache.
I would like to know what technically is happening when turning this on, that wasn't already happening.
I was under the impression, whether it was an SS... |
This controls the cache setting on the disk so it's not related to Linux or RAM, this controls how the disk itself caches the data in its internal memory before writing them to the disk permanent storage.
GNOME Disks (or UDisks to be correct) just sends an ATA command to the disk telling it to enable/disable the featu... | gnome-disks write caching |
1,613,345,574,000 |
My root partition is reaching its limits which is annoying since most package managers install packages somewhere on my root partition.
I have to fix this in some way but I'm not really sure what the best approach is. I could reformat some partitions into a bigger root partition. I think I have two option to do this, ... |
One simple solution would be to remove your swap, by "merging" your / and /swap partition (more like removing your nvme0n1p2 and extend your nvme0n1p3), then finally create a swap file there.
Now, if you want to create a swap file only using a GUI, you can use gnome-disks, step by step:
Click on gnome-disks' top-left... | root partition runs out of space |
1,613,345,574,000 |
Recently I had an fsck error on boot, where I had to run fsck manually. So, I did it and the problem disappeared. After that i run smartctl -a /dev/sda and i saw the following attribute
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
201 Lifetime_Remaining% ... |
that says that your drive not worn out at all and has 100% of its life ahead of it.
when it gets down to 5% then it's time to panic.
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 032 061
32 looks OK but 61 is a bit high, make sure your case has sufficient ventilation.
| What is the meaning of "Lifetime_Remaining%" in smartctl? |
1,613,345,574,000 |
We are building a data archiving system where we want to have the option to store redundant copies of data on different storage types: tape/disk/cloud, and also with the option of using different archive formats: tar, zip etc
Many of the files are fairly large (50GB+), and once data is archived it is never modified. W... |
'tar' has the option to output to stdout which can then be piped into another program (e.g. 'dd') to go to the desired device.
Many years ago, I worked for a company that manufactured tape and optical backup mechanisms. Once the driver was written for the optical device, it looked just like a tape device to the rest ... | Use disk like tape |
1,613,345,574,000 |
We need to create xfs file-system on kafka disk
The special thing about kafka disk is the disk size
kafka disk have 20TB size in our case
I not sure about the following mkfs , but I need advice to understand if the following cli , is good enough to create xfs file system on huge disk ( kafka machine )
DISK=sdb
mkfs... |
From the documentation you cited:
The XFS filesystem [...] does not require any change in the default settings, either at filesystem creation time or at mount.
Source: https://kafka.apache.org/documentation/#xfs
So it should just work. Also there is nothing special anymore about a 20TB device size.
Consider adding a... | What is the right mkfs cli in order to create xfs file-system on huge disk |
1,613,345,574,000 |
we have Linux machine with 2 disks - sda and sdb ( sda is the OS )
lsblk -d -e 11,1
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
fd0 2:0 1 4K 0 disk
sda 8:0 0 150G 0 disk
sdb 8:16 0 70G 0 disk /GHT
when we do sar -d , we get
12:00:01 AM DEV tps rd_sec/s wr_sec/s avgrq-sz avgqu... |
From man:
-d
Report activity for each block device<....>Device names may also be pretty-printed if option -p is used
-p
Pretty-print device names. Use this option in conjunction with option -d. By default names are printed as dev m-n where m and n are the major and minor num-
bers for the dev... | sar + why sar not displayed the real disks under DEV section |
1,613,345,574,000 |
I have Ubuntu 18.04 server with 500G SSD disk which has LVM and dm-crypt on it.
I recently noticed that the number of bytes written to disk (as reported by vmstat -d or iostat) is unrealistically high. After monitoring the system I/O I found that the giant spike in disk writes happens once a week when fstrim.service r... |
ATA trim command only changes meta data in the disk drive, it definitely does not do any low level writes to the memory cells. If the disk supports deterministic trim a trimmed block is returned with zeros, this however is done by the controller based on the new meta data status and not because the cells were actually... | Does `fstrim` causes write to all free blocks every time? |
1,613,345,574,000 |
Inside vmware ESXI I have a CentOS virtual machine, and I resized the virtual disk from around 30 GB to 120 GB using vmware "edit" vm menu.
Then I booted using a gparted bootable ISO and resized the partition from 30GB to maximum (120 GB)
But now when I boot I still see the main partition (/root) as around 25 GB.
From... |
Edit:
It looks like you've already created the partition and physical volume and added the space to the volume group so I've removed the parts regarding adding a new partition to the disk and creating a new physical volume.
To expand your root logical volume:
lvextend -l +100%FREE /dev/centos/root
To sync the new spa... | How to enlarge this partition? |
1,613,345,574,000 |
I want to find head movement through Disk Scheduling first come first serve algorithm
queue = 98, 183, 37, 122, 14, 124, 65, 67
head start at 53
I have confused because this same quotation two book different answer first give head movement of 236 cylinders and other book answer 640 cylinders. I don't know which one... |
From 53 to 98 = 98−53 = 45
From 98 to 183 = 183−98 = 85
From 183 to 37 = 183−37 = 146
From 37 to 122 = 122−37 = 85
From 122 to 14 = 122−14 = 108
From 14 to 124 = 124−14 = 110
From 124 to 65 = 124−65 = 59
From 65 to 67 = 67−65 = 2
45 + 85 + 146 + 85 + 108 + 110 + 59 +... | FCFS disk scheduling [closed] |
1,613,345,574,000 |
I've got a server on Debian 8.1 (3.16.0-4-amd64) which is telling me that disk used is high and I can not see why.
Disks usage
df -h :
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 440G 298G 120G 72% /
udev 10M 0... |
You can have a look at the output of 'lsof | grep deleted' ... to see if deleted files are still taking up diskspace.
You can then decide to restart or reload the processes still holding on to deleted files to clear up the used diskspace.
| Disk is used but I can not see where |
1,613,345,574,000 |
I wish to mount a new disk at /disk on my raspberry server. My /home/iago-lito folder and the /root folder are standing on the SD card, which is fine to me. But I would like subsequent new user home folders to be stored on the disk.
Instead of messing around with partitions and /home/newuser{1,2,3,..} mounting points,... |
Creating symbolic links for each user home directory might get confusing if the amount of users grow and you have to take care of creating the symbolic links.
Alternatively you also could configure a different user HOME directory than /home/<user> when creating the user.
It also could be /disk/home/<user> which can a... | Linking user's home to another disk |
1,613,345,574,000 |
I have lot of available space in /home
df -h output
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 8,9G 2,1G 6,4G 25% /
tmpfs 499M 4,0K 499M 1% /dev/shm
/vol/home 2,7T 2,3T 403G 86% /home
Inside /home/user/project I have the following directories:
$ ... |
A symbolic link can be used to implement your filesystem map:
cd /
ln -s home/user/project
| Mount and/or simulate volumes with existing directories? |
1,613,345,574,000 |
I'm doing a warranty replacement on my Chromebook Pixel 2, and want to transfer data from one laptop to another. The Pixel 2 has two USB type-C ports. I'm running Arch Linux on the old one. I'd like to just be able to dd my partition data over from the old laptop to the new one.
I have a C-to-C cable and a C-to-A cab... |
USB does not do host to host, one of the devices must support client mode. this requires hardware that supports client mode, kernel with "widget support" enabled and suitable client software.
| Is host-to-host file transfer possible using USB Type-C? |
1,613,345,574,000 |
I have a server running webmin/virtualmin in debian 7 with one 80GB hard drive. I want to increase disk space adding a second 1TB disk, but without losing any data as I'm hosting a few websites.
Any method and help is appreciated, Thank you.
|
As you chose to use the word ADD as opposed to REPLACE, it is my impression you wish to add the 1 tb drive to your system without removing the 80 gb. Most people wish to replace, but I can see why, if you are hosting webspace, you would not want the service interruption.
To merely add the drive, lease connect the dri... | Increase disk space without losing any data |
1,613,345,574,000 |
A system running un-align disk partition that needs to be aligned without loss of data on all the partition including mbr with the minimum to no down time.
|
Create new align partition
DISK=/dev/sdd (assumed new disk is point to sdd)
dd if=/dev/zero of=$DISK count=1 bs=1M
parted -s -- $DISK mklabel msdos
parted -s -- $DISK mkpart primary ext3 64s 401624s
parted -s -- $DISK mkpart primary 401628s 6144866s
parted -s -- $DISK mkpart primary 6144868s 100%
parted $... | How to realign a disk on logical volume with minimum to zero down time |
1,621,109,064,000 |
One month ago I bought a new SSD disk for my PC, that I connected with the SATA3 port to my motherboard. I created a partition /dev/sda3 on that disk and I named it PatriotSata3.
It was working correctly through all month. I had to mount it manually before using it and then it was visible in /media/username/PatriotSat... |
Your disk wasn't renamed, it is only mounted in a different location/mountpoint, it doesn't really makes a difference. From the /media/<username>/<label> mountpoint, I'm guessing you are either mounting from GUI (e.g. from Nautilus application) or from terminal using udisksctl so the mounting a mountpoint selection is... | Disk renamed automatically |
1,621,109,064,000 |
I have a tmpfs named /rtmp/ that has 1GB of RAM allocated to it on Ubuntu OS.
Using a bash script, I am testing to see if it is faster using to write a small text file to the hard disk or if it is faster to write to this RAM drive /rtmp/.
Bash Script writing to hard disk
#!/bin/bash
URL="http://some.website/some.txt"... |
Your script is not the proper way to test I/O. As hardillb pointed out, some of them and there are a lot more. This is why there are dedicated tools for this. The best tool for this could be IMHO the fio. You can try it like this
fio --name=fio-rand-write --rw=randwrite --bs=4k --direct=0 --numjobs=4 \
--size=512M --i... | Downloading and writing a text file onto tmpfs is slower than writing to disk, why? |
1,621,109,064,000 |
We presume to have a faulty cable that connects the SAN to a direct I/O LDOM. This is a snippet of the error when running iostat -En
c5t60060E8007C50E000030C50E00001067d0 Soft Errors: 0 Hard Errors: 696633 Transport Errors: 704386
Vendor: HITACHI Product: OPEN-V Revision: 8001 Serial No: 504463
Size: 214... |
A search through the Illumos fiber-channel device code for ENODEV shows 13 uses of ENODEV in the source code that originated as OpenSolaris.
Of those instances, I suspect this is the one most likely to cause your "No device" errors:
pd = fctl_hold_remote_port_by_pwwn(port, &pwwn);
if (pd == NULL) {
fcio->fcio_err... | What does "no device" mean when running iostat -En |
1,621,109,064,000 |
we have Linux machine redhat 7.2 LVM disk
disk -sdd with only 2G
we want to extend the size of /data to 20G by adding another disk - sde
/dev/sdd 2.0G 9.2M 1.9G 1% /data
expected results
/dev/sdd 20.0G 9.2M 1.9G 1% /data
what is the procedure that explain how to add another disk and joi... |
It does not look like your /dev/sdd is a member of LVM Group.
You cannot just extend your device. Expected result is not able to be done.
By the subject, I can assume, you would like to use LVM to extend /dev/sdd and keep your data from /dev/sdd on /dev/sdd and /dev/sde at /data mount-point.
If so, the procedure looks... | linux + LVM + extent small disk by add another disk |
1,621,109,064,000 |
on my Linux redhat machine I we have the following details
# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2 vg00 lvm2 a-- 149.51g 944.00m
# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
fd0 2:0 1 4K 0 disk
sda 8:0 0 150G 0 disk
├─sda1 ... |
How can you create a new partition in your hard drive? You have no more space left.
However, if you want to create a new Logical Volume, then run :
lvcreate -L <The size of the LV> -n <The name of the LV> <name of vg>
mkfs.<format type> <LV path>
| LVM + add new partition on the OS disk |
1,498,831,337,000 |
Good day,
I have a 120GB SSD, and 1TB HDD on my system. And on my SSD I have Windows installed. Afterwards, I added Linux Mint as dual boot. Before I install, I shrinked space from the HDD and created all /,/home,swap etc. on HDD. But when I launch Windows vs. Mint, it makes me feel the difference a lot, so I thought ... |
Ok, since you might get confused from the comments, I've decided to write an answer. Though what I'm suggesting is not a simple procedure and if you're not experienced enough, you will end up with unbootable linux, or even worse - broken partitions and lost data.
I would not suggest you to follow it unless you're expe... | Dual Boot System, Moving Linux Mint to SSD |
1,498,831,337,000 |
A few days ago, i changed a files in the windows directory using debian. After that it would cause kernel panic in my windows os. Is there any way to install new windows on the same corrupt disk partition ?? Please help me..
|
insert your windows disk and then do manual partitioning and choose to install ONLY that partition, but I think you'll have with the grub, and then you will need to repair it with a live, in any case, before you do anything you do a backup of data
| Remove corrupt windows from laptop and install new windows again using linux [closed] |
1,498,831,337,000 |
I've followed this instructions and now I'm able to access my Machintosh HD from Ubuntu, the problem is that I can't access the folder I need (example Desktop), it say that I haven't enough permissions to access the folder and I see the folder with an "X" on it. I've tried to use
gksudo nautilus
It works but I can't... |
You could change the ownership of the folder by:
sudo chown -R username:groupname /mount/mac/Desktop
Replace username with your user-name.
| Access Macintosh HD from Ubuntu - Permission denied |
1,498,831,337,000 |
Trying to clean the mbr code part on a disk using the pfsense 2.7.0 live disk (pfsense is based on freebsd) under shell command.
being /dev/da0 my drive following the suggested code for clean just the mbr code keeping the partitions the command should be:
dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/da0 bs=446 count=1
however... the resu... |
Ok, I did many test and came to this conclusion...
Because pfsense is a damn stripped version of freebsd and LOT of tools are missing I had to do this to clear the first 446 byes in the disk preserving the partition table located at the latest 66 bytes of the first 512 bytes block.
dd if=/dev/da0 of=/tmp/mbr_file_orig... | using dd for clean MBR code doesn't work on pfSense |
1,498,831,337,000 |
I am facing a very weird problem.
On my Fedora PC I have 12 GB swap file.
But when I issue free -h I get :
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 7.7Gi 1.8Gi 3.7Gi 409Mi 2.2Gi 5.2Gi
Swap: 11Gi 0B 11Gi
As you ... |
Both commands use different units: -h shows values in powers of 1024 (note the “Gi” suffix, for gibibytes), --giga shows values in powers of 1000.
In your case, 12GB (gigabytes) is 12,000,000,000 bytes, which equals 11.2GiB (rounded to the closest 0.1) which free rounds down to 11.
You can force free -h to use powers ... | Why is the output of free -h different from free --giga? |
1,498,831,337,000 |
is it possible to capture the UUID number before creating file system on disk?
if yes how - by which command ?
blkid ( before run mkfs.ext4 on sdb disk )
<no output>
blkid ( after run mkfs.ext4 on sdb disk )
/dev/sdb: UUID="9bb52cfa-0070-4824-987f-23dd63efe120" TYPE="ext4"
Goal - we want to capture the UUID num... |
No and yes.
The command to create the filesystem is the one that generates the UUID. So, before running it there is no UUID to use to name the filesystem.
However, it is posible to use an specific UUID to create the filesystem:
$ uuid=$(uuidgen)
$ echo "$uuid"
9a7d78e5-bc6c-4b19-94da-291122af9cf5
$ mkfs.ext4 -U "$uuid... | is it possible to capture the UUID number before creating file system on disk |
1,498,831,337,000 |
we have Linux RHEL server - 7.6 version
in server disks are :
lsblk -S
NAME HCTL TYPE VENDOR MODEL REV TRAN
sda 0:2:0:0 disk DELL PERC FD33xD 4.27
sdb 1:0:0:0 disk ATA INTEL SSDSC1BG40 DL2B sata
sdc 2:0:0:0 disk ATA INTEL SSDSC1BG40 DL2B sata
sdc and sdb are the OS d... |
The mdadm command will handle Linux Software RAID only. In case of hardware RAID, such as your Dell PERC FD33xD / LSI MegaRAID SAS-3 3108, you'll need a tool that will be able to communicate with the RAID controller using vendor-specific protocols to query the information.
Unfortunately, since the ownership of that RA... | how to verify number of disks in RAID but from OS |
1,498,831,337,000 |
we have rhel 7.2 server , server is VM server
and we add new disk - sde
with the following example we create ext file system with label - disk2
mkfs.ext4 -L disk2 /dev/sde
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
/dev/sde is entire device, not just one partition!
Proceed anyway? (y,n) y
Discarding device blocks: done
Filesystem la... |
The labels shown by lsblk (or rather, blkid) in its LABEL column are the file system labels, which are only available on file systems capable of storing a label. A block device with no file system can’t have such a label.
GPT partitions can also be labeled, and lsblk shows that with PARTLABEL. But that’s not an option... | how to create disk label without creation filesystem on new disk |
1,498,831,337,000 |
The following is net-snmp output and as you see, diskIOLA is not availabe:
SNMP table: UCD-DISKIO-MIB::diskIOTable
diskIOIndex diskIODevice diskIONRead diskIONWritten diskIOReads diskIOWrites diskIOLA1 diskIOLA5 diskIOLA15 diskIONReadX diskIONWrittenX
25 sda 845276160 2882477056 576632 ... |
The information you indicate you have is not enough to calculate disk utilization %.
Disk utilization % is calculated as disk_time_spent_in_io / elapsed_time.
For example, if your disk spends 0.25 seconds performing IO in a 1 second period, then your disk is 25% utilized.
The number of operations is meaningless when i... | How to calculate disk IO load percentage? |
1,498,831,337,000 |
I need to have a very fast disk for keeping cache. How can I do that in Linux?
|
Thanks to @Mat:
# mkdir -p /mnt/ram
# mount -t ramfs -o size=20m ramfs /mnt/ram
| How to create memory-based disk in linux? [duplicate] |
1,498,831,337,000 |
on our RHEL servers , RHEL version - 7.2 , we saw many dmesg lines as:
example about sdb disk ( hard drive )
[Thu Dec 30 13:07:48 2021] EXT4-fs (sdb): error count since last fsck: 1329
[Thu Dec 30 13:07:48 2021] EXT4-fs (sdb): initial error at time 1614482941: ext4_find_entry:1312: inode 67240512
[Thu Dec 30 13:07:48 ... |
“Dying of old age” implies that the drive is old, which we can’t determine from the information in the logs.
However I’m assuming this is in a professional setting; if so, in my opinion, any disk medium error should trigger a disk replacement. The “critical medium error” message indicates that this is a disk error, no... | HDD IO errors from kernel messages + is this definitely a HDD failure |
1,498,831,337,000 |
When we do the following on a RHEL lab machine:
lsblk | grep sdd
sdd 8:48 0 1.8T 0 disk
we get the sdd disk, but when we do blkid as the following:
blkid | grep sdd
we do not get any output.
We re-scan the disk as:
echo 1>/sys/class/block/sdd/device/rescan
but blkid still does not recognize the... |
About blkid:
When device is specified [… (irrelevant)]. If none is given, all partitions or unpartitioned devices which appear in /proc/partitions are shown, if they are recognized.
While lsblk
lists information about all available or the specified block devices.
[Emphasis mine]
Specify a device:
blkid /dev/sdd
E... | Disk doesn't appear in blkid but does appear in lsblk |
1,498,831,337,000 |
I have been doing research on partitions lately and im quite confused on a few things:
what is a partition table and what is it used for
what is a partitioning scheme (GPT and MBR) and what are they used for
Lastly I have done some research and have seen the term 'MBR' and 'GPT' being used to describe partition ta... |
Partitions
Let's start with another question: What is a disk (from a software point of view)?
A disk is a piece of memory. It has a start and an end. It holds pieces of data, enumerated starting at 0 (you call this an address). One piece of data usually is called a sector which commonly yields 512 bytes.
Imagine a wor... | partitions (in general) |
1,543,156,167,000 |
we want to capture the disk device that belong to the OS ( Linux )
since each linux machine have list of disks that are not the OS , we want to capture the disk that belong to the OS
so by fdisk we can see that boot is on sda1
# sfdisk -l | grep Linux
/dev/sda1 * 0+ 63- 64- 512000 83 Linux
/d... |
I find the simplest command to identify the operating system disk
to be df /.
Unfortunately, it produces a lot of output
(by which I mean a header line and many fields),
so you would still need to do some filtering
to get just the device name.
You're right; your command is overly long and somewhat clumsy.
awk is a ... | Linux + how to capture the OS disk device [closed] |
1,543,156,167,000 |
I'm stuck in linux installation process.
I've resized windows partition in order to be able to install linux (dualboot).
Here is a screenshot of computer manager tool :
Once, I've boot it on live usb, gparted tell me wrong information : there is only one partition witch takes the whole disk.
Here is the screenshot ... |
This looks like your USB disk you use to boot Linux. I assume there is a third drive in drop-down.
In the livecd, do the following in the terminal (you can leave gparted open):
sudo fdisk -l
It should spit out three drives, two that are around 120Gb and one 1Tb drive ...
| Gparted see NTFS windows partition as fat32 |
1,543,156,167,000 |
I have a 500Gb hard drive with 20 bad sectors according to gnome-disk, and when I try to run a SMART self-test, it fails at reading. But gnome-disk shows that every other SMART attribute is OK, and this SMART failure doesn't kick in my motherboard's UEFI SMART failure warning on boot.
Is the hard drive unreliable? Can... |
You should replace your hard drive if you value your data.
SMART in consumer hardware grade is usually not very useful and the firmware mostly reports everything is OK; usually in business/server grade hardware it is more informative.
Bad sectors also usually are masked internally by the hard drive up to a point. By t... | Bad sectors and SMART failure on hard drive |
1,543,156,167,000 |
I encrypted a disk using cryptsetup. I want to be able to visualize that a known text before encrypting the disk became gibberish after encrypting.
How do I do such comparison?
Here's an example for the best scenario:
In a decrypted disk, assume I make a text file that has the word "test string" inside it. I will so... |
For example, consider the server I work on. The hard disk has a small /boot partition, /dev/sda1, which is by necessity not encrypted, and a large encrypted partition, /dev/sda2, which hosts a LUKS container, which, when opened by cryptsetup automatically at boot after entering the passphrase, appears as /dev/mapper/S... | After encrypting a disk, how do you check that a known plain-text inside the disk became gibberish? [closed] |
1,543,156,167,000 |
I'm seeing that all my EFI disks have a 1M partition that goes just before the the EFI partition:
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/sda1 34 2047 2014 1007K BIOS boot
/dev/sda2 2048 1050623 1048576 512M EFI System
/dev/sda3 1050624 ...
I have tried to mount t... |
It is a BIOS boot partition. It is the "legacy" method to boot your system – with EFI being the "new" method. EFI systems ignore this partition.
The legacy boot method usually employs a MBR and its partition table. However, disks larger than 2 TB are usually formatted with GPT. Some users want a way to use the legacy ... | What's the small 1M partition that goes before the EFI partition? |
1,543,156,167,000 |
from sar command on saX file we can get the disks utilization as the follwing
sar -d -f /var/log/sa/sa18 | grep Average
Average: dev8-0 1.24 0.00 150.06 121.40 0.04 30.40 4.72 0.58
Average: dev253-0 0.32 0.00 3.75 11.83 0.01 17.95 3.48 ... |
Try this:
#! /bin/bash
devrez()
{
l=/sys/dev/block/`echo "$1" | sed 's/dev//g;s/-/:/g'`
test ! -L "$l" && echo "[$1] not found" && return -1
readlink -f "$l" | awk -F / '{ORS="";print "\t"$NF}'
}
export -f devrez
sar -d -f /var/log/sa/sa18 | awk '{OFS="\t";ORS="";print $1; system("/bin/bash -c '\''devre... | convert MAJ:MIN – device numbers to real disks names |
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