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201826
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68572
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201826
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Powder Finger
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201827
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68572
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201827
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Powder-finger
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201828
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68572
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201828
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Powder-Finger
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201829
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68572
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201829
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Red Hot Chilli Peppers
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201830
|
68572
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201830
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The Red Hot Chili Peppers
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201831
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68572
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201831
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Red Hot Chili Peppers (band)
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201832
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68572
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201832
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Rhcp
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201833
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68572
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201833
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The Red Hot Chilli Peppers
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201834
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68572
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201834
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Red Hot Chilipeppers
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201835
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68572
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201835
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Red hot chili peppers
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201836
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68572
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201836
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The Chili Peppers
| |
201838
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68572
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201838
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Cutler Ridge, FL
| |
201839
|
68572
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201839
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Cutler Ridge
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201840
|
68572
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201840
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Cutler Ridge, Florida
| |
201841
|
68572
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201841
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Cutler Bay
| |
201842
|
68572
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201842
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Cutler Bay, Fl
| |
201846
|
114482
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201846
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Nemisis
| |
201849
|
86802
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201849
|
Balls Mahoney
|
Jonathan Rechner (April 11, 1972 – April 12, 2016), better known by his ring name Balls Mahoney, was an American professional wrestler who was best known for his time in the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWE) and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW). He was born in Spring Lake Heights, New Jersey.
On April 12, 2016, one day after his 44th birthday, Rechner died suddenly of cardiac arrest at his home in Spring Lake Heights, New Jersey. After his death, an autopsy revealed that Rechner had been suffering from chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).
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201850
|
9296157
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201850
|
Tree hollow
|
A tree hollow or tree hole is a cavity in a tree. Such hollows naturally form in the branches or trunks of many kinds of trees. They provide a habitat to animals, such as owls.
Hollows in the trees also appear under the influence of water, fire, wind, lightnings and living beings, such as rodents, mammals (it can take centuries to form the hollow fit enough for the big mammal), birds, some bacteria and fungis.
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201852
|
10449045
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201852
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Jeff Sessions
|
Jefferson Beauregard "Jeff" Sessions III (born December 24, 1946) is an American politician and attorney. He was the 84th United States Attorney General serving from February 9, 2017 to November 7, 2018.
Before being Attorney General, he was the junior United States Senator from Alabama. He is a member of the Republican Party. At the time of his senate career, he ranked 15th in seniority in the United States Senate. He was the most senior junior Senator upon the retirement of Barbara Boxer in January 2017 to February 2017.
In November 2019, Sessions announced that he would run for his old Senate seat in 2020. He lost the Republican nomination to Tommy Tuberville.
Early life.
Sessions was born in Selma, Alabama on December 24, 1946. He was the son of Jefferson Beauregard Sessions, Jr., and the former Abbie Powe. He was raised in Camden, Alabama. Sessions earned B.A. Degree from Huntingdon College and a J.D. Degree from the University of Alabama.
Early career.
From 1981 to 1993, he was U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Alabama. Sessions was elected Attorney General of Alabama in 1994.
United States senator (1997–2017).
Sessions was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1996 and re-elected in 2002, 2008, and 2014. Sessions was considered one of the most conservative members of the U.S. Senate.
As a senator, he is known for being against illegal immigration and for reducing legal immigration. He supported the major legislative efforts of the George W. Bush administration, including the 2001 and 2003 tax cut packages, the Iraq War, and a proposed national amendment to ban same-sex marriage.
He opposed the establishment of the Troubled Asset Relief Program, the 2009 stimulus bill, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, and the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" Repeal Act. As the ranking Republican on the Senate Judiciary Committee, he opposed all three of President Barack Obama's nominees for the Supreme Court.
An early supporter of Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, Sessions was considered as a possible Vice Presidential nominee, but Trump finally chose Indiana governor Mike Pence.
Sessions resigned from the senate to become the United States Attorney General on February 8, 2017.
United States Attorney General (2017–2018).
On November 18, 2016, it was announced that President-elect Donald Trump planned to nominate Sessions for United States Attorney General.
On January 10, 2017, the Senate Judiciary Committee hearings on his nomination began. The committee approved his nomination February 1 on a straight party-line vote, 11 to 9. The senate narrowly confirmed his nomination on February 8, 2017. He was sworn-in by Vice President Mike Pence on February 9. On May 7, 2018 he announced a new morally questionable policy that separated children from their mothers at the border.
As U.S. Attorney General, Sessions overturned a memo delivered by Eric Holder to reduce mass incarceration by avoiding mandatory sentencing, and ordered federal prosecutors to begin seeking the maximum criminal charges possible. Sessions allowed law enforcement to seize the property of those suspected but not charged with crimes. A critic of illegal immigration, Sessions adopted a hard-line on so-called sanctuary cities and told reporters that cities that did not follow federal immigration policy would lose federal funding, but failed. As Attorney General, Sessions supported allowing the Department of Justice to prosecute providers of medical marijuana.
On November 7, 2018, President Trump fired Sessions as Attorney General in a tweet.
2020 United States Senate race.
In October 2019, Sessions began exploring a potential candidacy for his old Senate seat in the 2020 election. He announced his Senate run on November 7, 2019.
Sessions lost the Alabama Senate Primary to Tommy Tuberville on July 14, 2020. A "Washington Post" headline read, "Sessions loses runoff in Alabama as Trump helps end career of key supporter he came to despise."
Personal life.
Sessions and his wife Mary have three children and six grandchildren. The family is United Methodist. He teaches at Sunday School to children in Mobile, Alabama.
|
201853
|
1758028
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201853
|
Jefferson Beauregard Sessions III
| |
201856
|
22027
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201856
|
Masashi Hachuda
|
Masashi Hachuda (born 19 July 1964) is a Japanese football manager.
|
201857
|
22027
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201857
|
Yuki Tamura
|
Yuki Tamura (born 31 December 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Guaraní.
Club career statistics.
62||6||1||0||3||0||66||6
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
62||6||1||0||3||0||66||6
|
201861
|
532461
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201861
|
Tsuyoshi Kaneko
|
is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player.
Club career statistics.
65||10||3||1||68||11
65||10||3||1||68||11
|
201862
|
100642
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201862
|
Taijiro Kurita
|
is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player.
Club career statistics.
282||5||14||2||13||0||309||7
282||5||14||2||13||0||309||7
|
201863
|
532461
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201863
|
Masashi Owada
|
is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as a Association football or soccer player.
Club career statistics.
165||10||6||0||171||10
165||10||6||0||171||10
|
201865
|
966595
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201865
|
SC Tavriya Simferopol
|
SC Tavriya Simferopol is a football club which plays in Ukraine.
|
201867
|
532461
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201867
|
F.C. Dynamo Kyiv
|
F.C. Dynamo Kyiv is a football club which plays in Ukraine. It was founded in 1927. The club plays in the Ukrainian Premier League. Its home stadium capacity is 70,050 capacity.
Soon after its founding in 1927, FC Dynamo Kyiv started competing in what used to be called the Championship of the Ukrainian SSR, winning the title twice before WWII broke out. During the war and Ukraine's occupation by the Nazis, many Dynamo players joined a team under the name Start, and played a series of matches against teams that consisted of German soldiers, and others coming from countries that were Germany's allies.
|
201874
|
1570152
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201874
|
Tsutomu Matsuda
|
Tsutomu Matsuda (born 5 October 1983) is a former Japanese football player.
|
201875
|
586
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201875
|
Masahiro Endo
|
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Endo was born in Tokyo Metropolis on August 15, 1970. After graduating from Juntendo University, he joined the Japan Football League club Júbilo Iwata in 1993. The club won the second place in 1994 and was promoted to the J1 League. Although he played as a regular player until 1995, he lost the opportunity to play from 1996. After 1999, he played for Yokohama FC (1999), Verdy Kawasaki (1999) and Shimizu S-Pulse (2000). In 2000, he moved to Belgium and played for Mechelen and Louviéroise. He retired in 2002.
On May 29, 1994, Endo debuted for the Japan national team against France. He was also selected for the 1994 Asian Games and he played full time in all matches. He played eight games for Japan in 1994.
|
201879
|
86802
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201879
|
Takashi Watari
|
Takashi Watari (born 8 March 1972) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
5||0
5||0
|
201880
|
1071738
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201880
|
Hideo Hashimoto
|
is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Hashimoto was born in Osaka on May 21, 1979. He joined J1 League club Gamba Osaka from their youth team in 1998. He played many matches as right-side midfielder and defensive midfielder from 2001. He became a regular player as defensive midfielder from 2003 and one of the central player under manager Akira Nishino. In 2005, Gamba won the champions in J1 League first time in the club history. After that, Gamba won the many title, 2007 J.League Cup, 2008 and 2009 Emperor's Cup. In Asia, Gamba also won the champions in 2008 AFC Champions League and the 3rd place in 2008 Club World Cup. This is the golden era in the club history. However he could hardly play in the match for injury in 2011 and left the club end of 2011 season.
In 2012, Hashimoto moved to Vissel Kobe. Although he played many matches, the club finished at the 16th place of 18 clubs in 2012 season and was relegated to J2 League. In 2013 season, the club won the 2nd place and returned to J1. He played many matches until 2014 and left the club end of 2014 season. In 2015, he moved to J2 club Cerezo Osaka. However he could not play many matches. In July 2016, he moved to J3 League club AC Nagano Parceiro and played many matches. In 2017, he moved to J2 club Tokyo Verdy. In 2019, he moved to Japan Football League club FC Imabari. The club was promoted to J3 League from 2020.
On June 1, 2007, hashimoto debuted for the Japan national team against Montenegro. He also played at 2007 Asian Cup. He played 15 games for Japan until 2010.
Statistics.
486||22||48||2||62||3||27||1||623||28
486||22||48||2||62||3||27||1||623||28
!Total||15||0
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201881
|
586
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201881
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Masaki Fukai
|
is a former Japanese football player.
Early life.
Fukai was born in Masuho, Yamanashi.
|
201883
|
9146148
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201883
|
Montgolfier brothers
|
Joseph-Michel Montgolfier (26 August 1740 – 26 June 1810) and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier (6 January 1745 – 2 August 1799) were the inventors of a type of hot air balloon. The first manned attempt of flying in a hot air balloon was on 21st November. The balloon was launched from the centre of Paris and flew for a period of 20 minutes. The birth of hot air ballooning was on that date.
|
201894
|
55359
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201894
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Radio Telefís Éireann
| |
201898
|
22027
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201898
|
Nazan Öncel
|
Nazan Öncel (born February 6, 1956 in Karşıyaka, İzmir) is a famous Turkish pop and rock singer-songwriter. She has made nine albums; some of them are "Bir Hadise Var", "Sokak Kızı", and "7'n Bitirdin".
In 1978 she released her first single "Sana Kul Köle Olmuştum". Then she released her first longplay album "Yağmur Duası" in 1981. Ten years after, she released her second album "Bir Hadise Var" in December 1991. "Bir Hadise Var" was very successful in Turkey and Nazan Öncel became an icon of the '90s music. In 1994, she released her third album "Ben Böyle Aşk Görmedim" and with this album, she became one of the most successful songwriters. After one year, she released alternative-ballad album "Göç". A song from the album, "Gidelim Buralardan", was famous outside of Turkey.
In 1996, she released a rock album called "Sokak Kızı". It was a huge success. In 1999, she released "Demir Leblebi", which caused controversy because of the lyrics of the songs "Demir Leblebi" (about her memories of child molestation by her stepfather) and "Sokarım Politikana" (translation: I f**k your politics). This album was her most personal album.
In 2003, she released her seventh album, "Yan Yana Fotoğraf Çektirelim". This album includes two duets, "Hay Hay" and "Nereye Böyle" with popstar Tarkan. She released a box set called "Bir Şarkı Tut" in 2005, included her "Göç", "Sokak Kızı" and "Demir Leblebi" albums. Her next album, "7'n Bitirdin", was released in summer 2006. Her album "Hatırına Sustum" was released in December 2008.
She has worked with Sezen Aksu, Tarkan, Yonca Evcimik, Ayşegül Aldinç, İbrahim Tatlıses, Nükhet Duru, Gülşen and Metin Arolat.
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201901
|
48456
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201901
|
John Otto (drummer)
|
John Everett Otto (born March 22, 1977 in Jacksonville, Florida) is the drummer and co-founder of the band Limp Bizkit.
|
201908
|
640235
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201908
|
The Firebird
|
The Firebird is a ballet. The libretto and choreography were composed by Michel Fokine. The story of the ballet is based on a Russian fairy tale. The music was composed by Igor Stravinsky. It was Stravinsky's first ballet score. "The Firebird" was first performed by the Ballets Russes in Paris at the Théâtre National de l'Opéra on 25 June 1910. Anna Pavlova had been asked to create the role of the Firebird. She thought Stravinsky's music incomprehensible and declined. The role went to Tamara Karsavina. The ballet has seen several revivals. It is also known by its French title "L'Oiseau de Feu".
Story.
Prince Ivan ventures into the garden of the evil Kashchei. He catches the magical Firebird. She promises to aid the Prince whenever he needs help if he will release her. He takes a magic feather from the bird's tail, then releases her.
Twelve princesses with the Tsarevna (daughter of the Tsar) dance. All are in the power of the evil sourcerer Kashchei. Prince Ivan falls in love with the Tsarevna. He asks Kashchei whether he can marry her. Kashchei is angry and sends his monsters after the Prince. Kashchei is about to turn him to stone, when the Prince waves the feather. The Firebird appears, and comes to the Prince’s rescue. She casts a spell on the monsters. They fall asleep. The Firebird tells the Prince that Kashchei’s soul lies in an egg. The Prince smashes the egg. Kashchei loses his power, the monsters, and his palace. The Prince marries the Tsarevna.
Revivals.
The ballet was revived in Britain in 1954 with costumes and sets by Natalia Gontcharova. Margot Fonteyn starred as the Firebird, Michael Somes as the Prince, Frederick Ashton as Kastchei, and Svetlana Beriosova as the Tsarevna. This production played the Metropolitan Opera House in September 1955 with the same principals.
George Balanchine staged his version of the work with the New York City Ballet at the City Center in 1949 with designs by Marc Chagall. Maria Tallchief danced the Firebird. Balanchine revised his version in 1970 in conjunction with Jerome Robbins. Robbins handled the group scenes. Chagall revised his designs for the production.
Maurice Béjart choreographd an abstract production for the Paris Opéra in 1970. He believed the traditional fairy tale production was impossible to present on the modern stage. He cast a "danseur" in the title role. The cast wore denim.
|
201909
|
3650
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201909
|
L'Oiseau de feu
| |
201910
|
1604351
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201910
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Giuseppe Farina
|
Emilio Giuseppe Farina, also known as Giuseppe Antonio "Nino" Farina (; 30 October 1906 – 30 June 1966) was an Italian racecar driver. He did Grand Prix motor racing. He is famous for his 'straight-arm' driving style, which many other drivers copied. He was the first ever Formula One World Champion.
He was born in Turin. He received his doctorate in law from the University of Turin. He died when he accidentally crashed his car in Aiguebelle, France.
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201911
|
8980376
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201911
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Alberto Ascari
|
Alberto Ascari (July 13, 1918 – May 26, 1955) was an Italian racing driver and twice Formula One World Champion. He is one of only two Italian Formula One World Champions in the history of the sport, and the only one winning his two championships in a Ferrari.
Ascari was born in Milan, the son of Antonio Ascari. He was killed on the racetrack in Monza.
|
201913
|
1507082
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201913
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Enzo Ferrari
|
Enzo Anselmo "the Commendatore" Ferrari (18 February 1898 – 14 August 1988) Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI was an Italian race car driver and entrepreneur, the founder of the Scuderia Ferrari Grand Prix motor racing team, and subsequently of the Ferrari car manufacturer.
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201918
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9958322
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201918
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Charlotte's Web (2006 movie)
|
Charlotte's Web is a 2006 live-action/animated movie based on author E. B. White's book with the same name. It was released by the Kerner Entertainment Company on December 15, 2006. It stars Dakota Fanning as Fern and the voice of Julia Roberts as Charlotte and comes after an animated version from 1973.
The story.
Wilbur is the pet piglet of a young girl named Fern Arable. Unfortunately, when he grows into an adult pig, Fern is forced to take him to the Zuckerman farm, where he will be made into food after a short time.
Charlotte A. Cavatica, a spider, lives in the space above Wilbur's sty in the Zuckermans' barn, she makes friends with Wilbur and chooses to help stop him being eaten. With the help of the other barn animals, including a rat named Templeton, she convinces the Zuckerman family that Wilbur is special by spelling out such descriptions as "Some Pig" in her web.
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201919
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1604351
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201919
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Portable application
|
A portable application (also called a "portable app") is a computer program the application does not need to be installed on the computers local storage in order to be run. These types of programs can also be carried on a USB flash drive, or external hard drive.
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201922
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532461
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201922
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Portable application creators
|
Portable application creators allow the creation of portable applications (also called: portable apps).
Creators of true portable applications.
No "agent"/"client" is required for these (also called "agentless" solutions):
Related software.
These programs require an agent or "client" (to run the "compiled" app)
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201924
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20880
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201924
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Portable applications
| |
201925
|
20880
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201925
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Portable app
| |
201926
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20880
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201926
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Portable apps
| |
201933
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248920
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201933
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Shia LaBeouf
|
Shia Saide LaBeouf (born June 11, 1986) is an American actor, comedian and director. He is best known for his work in the movies "Transformers" (2007) and "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull" (2008) and the Disney Channel series "Even Stevens". His parents are Jeffery LaBeouf and Shayna Saide. LaBeouf is an only child. He started his career doing stand up comedy in local places such as coffee houses. He graduated from high school in 2003 and hopes to attend college, preferably Yale University. He won the Orange Rising Star Award in 2008. He played Jerôme in the 2013 movie "Nymphomaniac".
Family life.
LaBeouf is named after his grandfather who was also a stand up comedian. His parents are divorced. He lives with his mother in Los Angeles.
Personal life.
In 2012, LaBeouf began having a relationship with actress and model Mia Goth. In September 2018, it was announced the couple had separated and filed for divorce. However, in February 2022, it was reported that Goth was pregnant with their first child. They have a daughter, born March 2022.
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201936
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1291270
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201936
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Instinct
|
Animals with nervous systems are born with instincts. An instinct is a part of the behaviour of an organism. It is inherited (innate), not learned. However, the term does not include the operation of sense organs, and does not include the normal working of the autonomic nervous system. Instincts are to do with visible muscular action in response to releasers. Releasers are triggers which set off chains of instinctive behaviour. Although instincts are not learned, in some cases their performance can be improved by experience and practice.
There are some problems with the term 'instinct'. It can be used loosely to mean a general tendency, such as "a man's instinct is to protect his family". It can be used to describe chains of behaviour of mixed origin. Properly, it is used only of well-defined acts whose causation is inherited, and which are triggered by specific stimuli called releasers.
Other terms for instinct are fixed action patterns (FAP) and innate behaviour chains.
Overview.
Instinctive behaviours can be variable and responsive to the environment. Any behaviour is instinctive if it is performed without being based upon prior experience, that is, in the absence of learning. Sea turtles, newly hatched on a beach, will automatically move toward the ocean, and automatically swim when they are in the water. A joey climbs into its mother's pouch upon being born. Honeybees communicate by dance the direction of a food source without formal instruction. Other examples include animal fighting, animal courtship behaviour, internal escape functions, and building of nests.
Reflexes as instincts.
Reflex actions are a special case. A true reflex is distinguished from other behaviours by mechanism; they do not go through the brain. Rather, the stimulus travels to the spinal cord and the message is then transmitted back through the body, tracing a path called the reflex arc. Reflexes are similar to fixed action patterns, but a fixed action pattern can be processed in the brain as well. A male stickleback's instinctive aggression towards anything red during his mating season is such an example. Examples of instinctive behaviours in humans include many of the primitive reflexes, such as rooting and suckling, behaviours which are present in most mammals.
Maturational instincts.
Some instinctive behaviors depend on maturational processes to appear. For instance, we commonly refer to birds "learning" to fly, because they cannot fly at first, but can a week or two later. However, young birds have been experimentally reared in devices that prevent them from moving their wings until they reached the age at which their cohorts were flying. These birds flew immediately and normally when released, showing that their improvement resulted from neuromuscular maturation and not true learning.
Components of instincts.
While fixed action patterns and reflexes are clear examples of almost entirely instinctive behaviours, most behaviours are complex and consist of both instinctive and learned components. For instance, in imprinting a bird has a sensitive period during which it learns who its mother is. Konrad Lorenz famously had a goose imprint on his boots. Thereafter the goose would follow whomever wore the boots. The identity of the goose's mother was learned, but the goose's behavior towards the boots was instinctive. Similarly, sleeping in humans is instinctive, but how much and when one sleeps is clearly subject to environmental factors. Whether a behaviour is instinctive or learned is common subject of nature versus nurture debates.
Displacement activities.
In a situation when two instincts contradict each other, an animal may resort to a displacement activity.
Biological function.
Instinct is a built-in need to do something. It's not something an animal thinks about; it's something it does automatically. A baby bird automatically throws its head back, opens its mouth wide, and screams for food. It is an instinct. Baby bats automatically cling to the cave wall. Grasshoppers naturally spit out the things in their stomach on predators that try to eat them. Bees naturally work to take care of the hive and make honey. Butterflies inherit preferences for laying their eggs on certain plants.plant their young need to eat, and that's where they lay their eggs. Animals are born with these instincts, and they follow their instincts without conscious thought.
Organisms have two ways they can get behaviours. One way is learn, by observation, and by repeating things which have a pleasant outcome. The other way is to inherit the behaviour pattern by heredity.
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201937
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68572
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201937
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Sniper warfare
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201938
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68572
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201938
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Army snipers
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201939
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68572
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201939
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Precision shooting
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201940
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68572
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201940
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Precision rifle marksmanship
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201942
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68572
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201942
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Sniper training
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201943
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62069
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201943
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Shia labeouf
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201944
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68572
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201944
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Military sniper
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201946
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201946
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Precision marksman
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201947
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68572
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201947
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Tactical marksman
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201948
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Precision riflemen
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201949
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=201949
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Step Brothers (movie)
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Step Brothers is a 2008 American comedy movie directed by Adam McKay, produced by Judd Apatow and Jimmy Miller, and stars Will Ferrell and John C. Reilly. It was released in movie theaters on July 25, 2008, and released on DVD and Blu-ray on December 2, 2008.
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Naples is a town in Cumberland County, Maine. As of 2020, 3,925 people lived there. It is near Fryeburgh. The Songo Queen is a boat people can ride on and view the water.
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Manchester is the largest city in New Hampshire. It is in Hillsborough County. The 2020 US Census says that 115,644 people live there.
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Netflix, Inc. is an American entertainment services provider in Los Gatos, California, founded in 1997 by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph in Scotts Valley, California. As of April 2019, Netflix had over 148 million paid subscriptions worldwide, including 60 million in the United States, and over 154 million subscriptions total including free trials. It was started in California in 1997. It allows members to rent movies on DVD or Blu-ray, and also watch movies and TV shows online with a computer, game console, smartphone, tablet or Internet-connected TV.
Netflix originally started as a DVD sales and rental by mail then switched to focus on the DVD rental business. In 2007, Netflix expended their business with streaming media.
Since December 2018, Netflix provided their first interactive film, called "." On January 22, 2019, Netflix became the first streaming service to become a member of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). Netflix entered the content-production industry in 2012, debuting its first series "" This introduced the "Netflix Original" content and its on online library. In 2016, Netflix released around 126 original series and films. Netflix is not available in mainland China (due to local restrictions) as well as Syria, North Korea, Iran, and Crimea (due to US sanctions).
The company's primary business is its subscription-based streaming which offers online streaming of a library of films, TV programs, and Netflix originals.
Netflix is up for launching NetFX, a cloud-based platform which is allowed to make easier for artists, and creators to keep connected and collaborate on visual effects for titles on Netflix.
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Petrushka
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Petrushka is a ballet burlesque in four scenes. Alexandre Benois and Igor Stravinsky wrote the story of the ballet. Igor Stravinsky wrote the music. Michel Fokine choreographed the work (designed the dances). Benois designed the sets and costumes. "Petrushka" was first performed by Diaghilev's Ballets Russes in Paris on 13 June 1911. Nijinsky played Petrushka, and Tamara Karsavina played The Ballerina. Alexandre Orlov played The Moor, and Enrico Cecchetti played The Charlatan.
"Petrushka" tells the story of the loves and jealousies of three puppets. The three are brought to life by The Charlatan during St. Petersburg's 1830 Shrovetide Fair. Petrushka is in love with The Ballerina. She rejects him because she likes The Moor. Petrushka is angry and hurt. He challenges The Moor. The Moor kills him with his scimitar. Petrushka's ghost rises above the puppet theatre as night falls. He shakes his fist at The Charlatan, then collapses in a second death.
"Petrushka" brings music, dance, and design together in a unified whole. It is one of the most popular of the Ballets Russes productions. It is usually performed today using the original designs and dances. Grace Robert wrote in 1949, "Although more than thirty years have elapsed since "Petrushka" was first performed, its position as one of the greatest ballets remains unassailed. Its perfect fusion of music, choreography, and décor and its themethe timeless tragedy of the human spiritunite to make its appeal universal."
Russian puppets.
Petrushka is a puppet. He is a character known across Europe under different names: Punch in England, Polichinelle in France, Pulcinella in Italy, Kasperle in Germany, and Petrushka in Russia. Whatever his name, he is a trickster, a rebel, and a wife beater. He enforces moral justice with a slap stick, speaks in a high-pitched, squeaky voice, and argues with the devil. His plays were formulaic and subversive. They repeated key scenes from one play to another. The plays usually ended with a dog, a policeman, or the devil dragging him away.
Empress Anna Ivanovna brought marionettes to Russia in the 18th century. These puppets were an amusement for the aristocracy. Rod puppets were an Asian import. They performed religious plays, mostly at Christmas. Petrushka however was a hand puppet. He was beloved by the common people. He performed in street theatres and other open air venues in small portable booths or behind screens that could be easily assembled and just as easily disassembled. After the Russian Revolution, Soviet authorities forced Petrushka indoors. They wanted to be better able to monitor his subversiveness.
Story.
Scene One. The scene is St. Petersburg's Shrovetide Fair in 1830. A crowd of peasants, police, gypsies, and others wander about Admiralty Square looking for fun. Two dancers entertain the fairgoers. At the back of the stage is a large puppet booth. Two toy soldiers rush from the booth, beating their drums to attract the crowd's attention. The Charlatan appears before the booth. The curtain of the booth opens. Three puppets are seen, each in a little cell. One puppet is a dark-skinned Moor, another is a pretty Ballerina, and the third is Petrushka. The three leave their cells to perform a pantomime at the center of the stage. The Moor and Petrushka both love The Ballerina, but she likes The Moor. Petrushka is jealous. He starts a fight with The Moor. The Charlatan abruptly stops the pantomime. The curtain falls.
Scene Two. There is no musical introduction except drumrolls announcing the beginning of the scene. The curtain rises and a door opens. Petrushka is seen being kicked through the door. He falls. He pulls himself together to the accompaniment of arpeggiated C major and F♯ major chords (the "Petrushka chord").
He stands uncertainly and shakes his fist at the portrait of The Charlatan on the wall. The music is a violent rendition of the "Petrushka chord", now scored for trumpets. Petrushka falls to his knees. The music grows lyrical as he mimes his self-pity, his love for The Ballerina, and his hatred of The Charlatan.
The Ballerina enters "en pointe". When Petrushka sees her, he begins a display of frantic gestures and athletic leaps. The Ballerina is frightened and hurries away. Petrushka falls to the floor in despair. The clarinets mock him. He curses The Charlatan to the accompaniment of the "Petrushka chord" for full orchestra. For a moment, Petrushka peers out of his room at the crowd in Admiralty Square to the "crowd music" from Scene One. He collapses as clarinets mock him with the "Petrushka chord". A trumpet call signals the end of the scene.
Scene Three. Drumrolls are heard as the curtain rises. Whereas Petrusha's room was dark and chilly, The Moor's room is brilliant with color. The walls are decorated with palm trees, exotic flowers, white rabbits hopping about, and desert sands.
The Moor lies lazily on a daybed playing with a coconut. He shakes it. There's something inside! He tries to cut it open with his scimitar, but fails. He believes it a god and bows in worship before it.
The door opens. The Charlatan brings The Ballerina into the room. The Ballerina is attracted to The Moor's handsome appearance. She plays a saucy tune on a toy trumpet, represented by a cornet in the original 1911 orchestration. The Moor tries to dance with her but fails.
The Moor sits on the daybed. The Ballerina sits on his knees. They cuddle. They hear noises outside the door. Petrushka has broken free from his cell, and rushes into the room to rescue The Ballerina from seduction. Petrushka attacks the Moor, but quickly realizes he is too small and weak. The Moor beats Petrushka. The puppet flees for his life, with the Moor chasing him. The curtain falls.
Scene Four. The scene is again the Shrovetide Fair. Evening is falling. The crowd is having a lot of fun. A dancing bear and organ grinders entertain the crowd. Wet-nurses perform a dance. Suddenly, Petrushka runs from the puppet booth. The Moor chases him, and kills him with a blow of his scimitar. The crowd is frightened. The Charlatan enters. He shows the crowd that Petrushka is nothing but a puppet filled with straw. The crowd slowly walks away, still stunned with what they have just seen. The Charlatan is left alone. The spirit of Petrushka appears on the roof of the puppet booth. He shakes his fist at The Charlatan. He is terrified and hurries away. Petrushka collapses over the roof of the puppet booth, his arms swinging to and fro in the night.
Diaghilev and the Ballets Russes.
Serge Diaghilev, the impresario who brought together the three men who created "Petrushka", was the son of a nobleman. He was educated at home, and moved to St. Petersburg in 1890 to study law. He took music lessons from Rimsky-Korsakov, and developed a strong interest in the arts.
Diaghilev spent his inheritance traveling to Europe's major art museums. Between 1899 and 1905 he published "The World of Art", a magazine that had great influence on the Russian art world. Its success led Diaghilev to set even greater artistic goals for himself.
He managed to secure a position at the Imperial Ballet, but was fired after overstepping his authority. He organized concerts of Russian music for the Paris Opéra, and promoted Russian operas and short ballets. The Paris public was thrilled with these ballets.
In 1910, Diaghilev focused his efforts on ballet, and the Ballets Russes was organized. Stravinsky's "The Firebird" was one of the highlights of the 1910 season. In spite of the company's success, Ballets Russes did not have a permanent home. The dancers went back to their jobs at the Imperial Ballet when the Paris season was over.
When Nijinsky was fired from the Imperial Ballet for an incident possibly masterminded by Diaghilev, the impresario hired him. Nijinsky was an artist of the greatest magnitude who could lead the Ballets Russes to unheard of success and international renown.
Other artists joined the Ballets Russes, but the company still did not have a permanent home. It led a nomadic existence. "Petrushka" and "Le Spectre de la rose" were the highlights of the 1911 season, "Daphnis and Chloe" and "Afternoon of a Faun" of the 1912 season, and "The Rite of Spring" of the 1913 season. Nijinsky married in 1913, and broke with Diaghilev.
In the following years, Diaghilev persuaded disgruntled artists who had left the company to return Fokine and Benois, especially. In 1921, the company found a permanent home in Monte Carlo. It continued to produce the colorful ballets it was famous for. The company's international renown grew, but the excitement of its early Paris days was over.
Concept and libretto.
"Petrushka" was the creation of four men: composer Igor Stravinsky, scenery and costume designer Alexandre Benois, choreographer Mikhail Fokine, and Ballets Russes impresario Serge Diaghilev. The four men worked closely with each other on the creation of "Petrushka".
Stravinsky and Benois each attributed the creation of the libretto to one another in the days following the ballet's successful premiere. The idea about a ballet based on a puppet was Stravinsky's, but the libretto was almost certainly the work of Benois. The subject was close to his heart, and he was, after all, an experienced librettist.
Alexandre Benois was born 3 May 1870 in St. Petersburg. His father was an architect. Benois did not plan a career in the arts, but graduated in law from the St. Petersburg Imperial University in 1894. In 1897, his watercolors were exhibited and noticed by Diaghilev and Bakst. The three men founded an art magazine that exerted great influence in Russia. In 1901, Benois was appointed scenic director for the Mariinsky Theatre, and in 1905 moved to Paris and began working for the Ballets Russes.
Benois was unavailable for comment when Stravinsky offered his undeveloped idea about a ballet for a puppet to Diaghilev in 1910. He had separated himself from the Ballets Russes after his libretto for "Schéhérazade" had been attributed to Léon Bakst in the ballet's theatre programmes. Diaghilev and Stravinsky tried to persuade Benois to return, but Benois refused. Time passed and Benois's pique softened. He rejoined his colleagues after learning the new ballet's subject was Petrushka.
Diaghilev was pleased to have Benois back on board and suggested the ballet be set during the Shrovetide Fair (a Mardi Gras-like celebration before Lent) in St. Petersburg about 1830. This period was one of Benois's favorites. Benois gave Petroushka a full-length body and two companions, The Ballerina and The Moor. Benois was designing costumes and scenery during the libretto's composition to give his colleagues a visual idea of the ballet's final appearance.
Benois, Stravinsky, and Diaghilev met in Rome in 1911. Rehearsals for "Petrushka" were in progress in the basement of the theatre where the Ballets Russes was performing though the music and libretto were yet to be completed. The ballet received a more definitive shape when Fokine began to rehearse the principal dancers, and, as often as possible, the dancers playing the different fairgoers in the crowd.
Music by Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky.
Igor Stravinsky was born on 17 June 1882 near St. Petersburg. His father, an opera singer with the Mariinsky Theatre, was of a noble Polish family. As a boy, Stravinsky studied piano and music theory. He later studied law, but passed most of his time with music. In 1905, he began music studies with Rimsky-Korsakov. In 1909, Stravinsky's "Fantastic Scherzo" and "Fireworks" were performed in St. Petersburg. Diaghilev heard both works and was deeply impressed.
In 1910, "The Firebird" was put into development for the Ballets Russes. Tcherepnin was hired to write the music, but lost interest. The job was given to Lyadov. Diaghilev grew disappointed with Lyadov. He was slow to get started. The impresario recalled his impression with Stravinsky and decided the young composer was the man to write the score for "The Firebird". Stravinsky was hired.
Stravinsky was young and inexperienced. He worried whether he could meet the deadline date for the score, but accepted the job. He was flattered to be chosen from the many great musicians of the age to write the score, and just as flattered to be working with men who were geniuses in their fields.
Stravinsky worked closely with Fokine in developing "The Firebird". The result was a work in which movement, music, and scenery and costume design were integrated into one artistic whole. The stop-and-go, episodic character of classical ballet was avoided in favor of a fluid continuity from start to finish. "The Firebird" premiered in 1910 to great success.
This success led Diaghilev to hire Stravinsky to write the score for another ballet, "The Rite of Spring". The idea for this ballet was Stravinsky's, and based on a dream he had had about a virgin forced to dance to death to propitiate the god of spring. Stravinsky knew that writing this score would take a long time. He tired of it, and started to work on a concert piece for piano and orchestra to refresh himself. Stravinsky thought of this new piece as a contest between the orchestra and the piano. The orchestra finally overwhelms the piano to emerge the winner.
Stravinsky was thinking of the Russian hand puppet, Petrushka, when he wrote the concert piece: "In composing the music, I had in my mind a distinct picture of a puppet, suddenly endowed with life, exasperating the patience of the orchestra with diabolical cascades of arpeggios. The orchestra in turn retaliates with menacing trumpet blasts."
The music is modern. It uses the music of the past (folk tunes and popular songs), but departs from the simplicity of these tunes. The most modern music in the score is the music for Scene Two. This is the music Stravinsky wrote as a concert piece for piano and orchestra. The scene opens with the clash of C major and F-sharp major chords. This bitonality represents Petrushka's dual nature as a living being and straw-filled puppet.
Stravinsky put some popular Russian folk tunes into the score as well as less ethnic music such as a waltz by early 19th-century Viennese composer Josef Lanner. This waltz was inserted into Scene Three for The Ballerina and The Moor. Stravinsky put a popular French tune into Scene One ("She had a wooden leg") and was forced to pay royalties into the 1950s to the tune's writer.
Stravinsky revised and arranged the "Petrushka" score several times. In 1914, the 42-minute work was cut to a 20-minute suite for concert performance. In 1919, Stravinsky gave his permission to the Aeolian Company of London to create transcriptions for piano rolls. Stravinsky himself wrote a virtuoso piano transcription in 1921 for Artur Rubinstein. Plans for a sound movie of "Petrushka" in 1929 were dropped when Benois would not agree to the project. In 1956, Stravinsky conducted a 15-minute adaptation of the score for an animated movie.
Scenery and costumes.
The ballet is set during the Shrovetide Fair in St. Petersburg in 1830. Benois had many childhood memories of these fairs. He put these memories the sideshows, the little theatres, the roundabouts and other fair attractions into the first and fourth scenes of "Petrushka".
Benois designed eleven productions of "Petrushka"' over the years. His designs were always based on those of the first production of 1911. He always set the ballet in Admiralty Square, although the actual place of the fair was moved to the Winter Palace Square and finally to the Field of Mars. The fair (infamous for the heavy drinking that took place during its run) was eventually shut down by Prince Oldenburg and the Temperance Society.
All productions of "Petrushka" designed by Benois had several things in common. They all had a proscenium executed in a Russian folk style, and a backdrop showing St. Isaac's Cathedral. The costumes were accurate recreations of the clothing worn in the 1830s. The curtain that was lowered between scenes displayed the Charlatan surrounded by clouds. This curtain was replaced with a night scene of demons and monsters flying over St. Petersburg.
The second scene of the ballet shows Petrushka's lonely little room. There is a picture of the Charlatan on one wall. The original picture was damaged when the production was moved from St. Petersburg to Paris. It was replaced with a picture of the Charlatan in profile by another designer. Benois did not like this picture. He refused to speak to Diaghilev for a long time.
The third scene in the ballet is the Moor's room. This scene gave Benois much trouble. He tried many jungle animals elephants, lions, crocodiles on the wall covering of the room but was not pleased. He finally settled on a design of palm trees. This exotic design remained the same through all of Benois's later productions. It created a striking contrast to the bareness of Petrushka's room.
Choreography.
Fokine was born to middle class parents in 1880, and entered the Imperial Ballet school in 1889. He graduated in 1898 and immediately found a position as dancer in the Imperial Ballet. He was curious, intelligent, and ambitious. In 1902 he started to choreograph short ballets for the students of the Imperial Ballet school.
He opposed much of the traditions of the Imperial Ballet such as the circular position of a dancer's arms, the "pirouette" ending a male dancer's solo, and the lengthy curtain calls. His intent was to make each movement have meaning, to create a fluid work from start to finish unhindered by the traditional stop and go of classical ballet, and to avoid a gymnastic style of dance. He wanted his dancers to interpret musical phrases, accents, and nuances through meaningful movement. He codified his thoughts on dance in five principles.
He put his ideas to work over the next several years with encouraging success. He respected the choreographic accomplishments of the past and refused to re-choreograph older works. He preferred to work with new material. In 1907 he choreographed "Le Pavilion d'Armide". He worked with Benois for the first time on this ballet. "Pavilion" earned the critical favor of the Imperial Ballet. It was eventually staged at the Mariinsky Theatre.
It was Benois who introduced Fokine to Diaghilev. He choreographed "Les Sylphides" and a few other ballets for Diaghilev's first Paris season, and "The Firebird" and "Scheherazade" for the 1910 season. In 1911 he choreographed not only "Petrushka".
Fokine described Stravinsky's "Petruska" score as "sounds tormenting the ear and yet stimulating the imagination and stirring the soul." The dancers complained about the score and found it difficult to keep track of counts. Fokine admitted as much, but managed to make progress with the dancers and on the choreography itself. Fokine redefined ballet with this work.
In "Four Centuries of Ballet" Lincoln Kirstein writes about "Petrushka" and its creators. Fokine gave "pizzicato points" to the Ballerina, Kirstein notes, while the Moor's toes are turned out ("en dehors"), and Petrushka's toes are turned in ("en dedans"). The mechanical, flat movements of the puppets provide contrast to the natural movements of the crowd, and mime accentuates the Ballerina's vanity, the Moor's mindless pride, and Petruchka's helplessness. ballets
Fokine may have been influenced by other ballets about life-size animated dolls such as "Coppelia" (1870), "Arlekinada" ("Les Millions d'Arlequin"), and "Fairy Doll" (1903). Some moments and scenes in "Arlekinada" presage similar ones in "Petrushka". Fokine's most revolutionary gestures in "Petrushka" are the demotion of virtuoso star roles to character roles, and the elimination of classical ballet's narrative introduction, "white" act, obligatory virtuoso dances for the stars, and divertissement. The solo moments for The Moor and Petrushka are basically mime, and, without her own scene, The Ballerina has no solo.
Fokine used Russian national dance forms in a fragmentary fashion for the various characters in the crowd. Fokine complained that the crowd was insufficiently rehearsed, Nijinsky complained that movement for the crowd was never really choreographed but was left for the dancers to improvise, and Benois complained that Diaghilev would not spend the money necessary to realize certain effects. Kirstein writes, "The metaphor of manipulated automata remains poeticallty powerful, now haloed in the nostalgia of many period memoirs. Did Benois see Diaghelev as the charlatan Showman? Was Nijinsky typecast as Petrouchka?"
Vaslav Nijinsky.
Vaslav Nijinsky was born in Kiev, Russia in 1889 or 1890. His parents were Polish dancers. He went to the Imperial Ballet school in 1900. He studied under Cecchetti. He rose through the ranks. He partnered Anna Pavlov, Mathilde Kschessinska, and Tamara Karsavina. He met impresario Serge Diaghilev and the two became lovers. Nijinsky left the Imperial Ballet to join Diaghilev's Ballets Russes.
Nijinsky was famous for losing himself in a character. He transformed his Slavic features, his athletic physique, his virtuoso technique, and his classical discipline into one of the most moving portraits in the ballet repertoire that of a sad puppet with jerking, awkward movements.
He had difficulty understanding the character in rehearsal and asked Benois for guidance. On the night of performance however, Nijinsky's superhuman understanding of character transformed him into the puppet. Benois wrote, "The metamorphosis took place when he put on his costume and covered his face with make-up I was surprised at the courage Vaslav showed, after all his "jeune premier" successes, in appearing as a horrible half-doll, half-human grotesque. The great difficulty of Petrushka's part is to express his pitiful oppression and his hopeless efforts to achieve personal dignity without ceasing to be a puppet. Both music and libretto are spasmodically interrupted by outbursts of illusive joy and frenzied despair. The artist is not given a single "pas" or "fioriture" to enable him to be attractive to the public, and one must remember that Nijinsky was then quite a young man and the temptation to be "attractive to the public" must have appealed to him far more strongly than to an older artist."
American dance critic Carl Van Vechten describes Nijinsky's Petrushka: "He is a puppet and remarkable touch a puppet with a soul. His performance in this ballet is, perhaps, his most wonderful achievement. He suggests only the puppet in action; his facial expression never changes; yet the pathos is greater, more keenly carried over the footlights, than one would imagine possible under any conditions. I have seen Fokine in the same role, and although he gives you all the gestures the result is not the same. It is genius that Nijinsky puts into his interpretation of the part. Who can ever forget Nijinsky as Petrushka when thrown by his master into his queer black box, mad with love for the dancer, who, in turn, prefers the Moor puppet, rushing about waving his pathetically stiff arms in the air, and finally beating his way with his clenched fists through the paper window to curse the stars? It is a more poignant expression of grief than most Romeos can give us."
Performance history.
"Petrushka" was first performed by the Ballets Russes in Paris at the Théâtre du Châtelet on 13 June 1911. Nijinsky portrayed Petrushka, Tamara Karsavina The Ballerina, Alexandre Orlov The Moor, and Enrico Cecchetti The Charlatan. Pierre Monteux conducted.
Fokine revived the ballet in 1925 for the Royal Danish Ballet, and again for Ballet Theatre in October 1942. The Royal Ballet revived the work on 26 March 1957 with Alexander Grant, Margot Fonteyn and Peter Clegg. Rudolph Nureyev danced Petrushka with the Royal Ballet in 1963.
The ballet was first performed in the United States by the Ballets Russes at the Century Theatre in New York City on 25 January 1916 with Leonide Massine in the title role. The Joffrey Ballet revived the work in New York City on 13 March 1970, and the American Ballet Theater revived it on 19 June 1970 at the New York State Theater.
Structure.
Tableau I: The Shrovetide Fair
Tableau II: Petrushka's Room
Tableau III: The Moor's Room
Tableau IV: The Shrovetide Fair (Toward Evening)
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Blackbody radiation
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Blackbody radiation is radiation produced by heated objects, particularly from a blackbody. A blackbody is an object that absorbs all radiation (visible light, infrared light, ultraviolet light, etc.) that falls on it. This also means that it will also radiate at all frequencies that heat energy produces in it.
Everything glows, depending on its temperature. Hotter things glow more in shorter wavelengths. Cooler things don't glow so much, especially in short wavelengths. Partly the radiation wavelength depends on what the material is, and partly it doesn't. The part that only depends on temperature, and not on composition, is called blackbody radiation.
Quantum wave.
This part of the story of radiation was first explained by James Clerk Maxwell via wave theory but the predicted and actual intensity vs. frequency curves did not go together right. At higher frequencies classical physics predicted that more and more energy would be radiated from the body until the energy became infinite. This broke the first law of thermodynamics which is a fundamental part of all physics. This was called the ultraviolet catastrophe.
When it was realised that classical physics did not work for blackbody radiation, the German physicist Max Planck explained their relationship by saying that there are individual things (he did not try to guess what kind of things) that vibrate, each at its frequency. Each wave of each frequency has its special energy level. A single x-ray is very high photon energy and can go right through the human body.
A single wave or photon of infrared light is very low energy, cannot go through the human body, and can only warm it. Planck's good thinking was to realize that to get a single wave at the x-ray frequency, it was necessary to have a big enough package of energy (or "quantum") to make such a strong wave. So if a blackbody took in a single wave at the x-ray frequency, then it could give off an x-ray at some later time. But if the blackbody only took in infra-red light it would not matter how much of it was absorbed.
It could only give off infrared light and could not give off even ordinary red light, much less any higher energy light such as ultraviolet light or x-ray radiation. Planck said that the total energy given off by a blackbody at any particular frequency is equal to the number of the "vibrating things" (see above), n, that was vibrating at a given frequency, f times a special constant, h, that turns frequency units into energy units. The equation is:
The constant he made, h, is called the Planck constant.
The idea that a unit of light at a given frequency always has the same energy, the idea that there is a quantum of energy for each unit of light at a given frequency, became the doorway into quantum mechanics, so the idea of a blackbody is something that is basic to modern physics. It shows up in discussions of a wide variety of physics topics having to do with energies and frequencies.
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The Dominion of Canada
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Canada's
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