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199564
|
22027
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199564
|
Takuya Sato
|
Takuya Sato (born 19 July 1978) is a former Japanese football player.
|
199574
|
1011873
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199574
|
Naoki Ishihara
|
Naoki Ishihara (born 14 August 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Omiya Ardija.
Club career statistics.
175||48||12||5||4||1||191||54
175||48||12||5||4||1||191||54
|
199575
|
1011873
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199575
|
Satoshi Yoshioka
|
Satoshi Yoshioka (born 6 July 1987) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
9||1||0||0||9||1
9||1||0||0||9||1
|
199576
|
640235
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199576
|
Elivélton (footballer, born 1971)
|
Elivélton (born July 31, 1971) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for the Brazilian national team.
Club career statistics.
212||23
24||7
236||30
International career statistics.
!Total||13||1
|
199583
|
106408
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199583
|
Ivica Vastić
|
Ivica Vastić (born 29 September 1969) is a former Austrian football player. He has played for Austria national team.
Career.
Vastic started his career with RNK Split although he was invited to play with Split's major club Hajduk. 1991, during the separation war in Croatia, he went to Vienna, where he played for First Vienna FC 1894 in the second division. The next two years he played for VSE St. Pölten, Admira Wacker in Austria and MSV Duisburg in Germany. 1994 he went to SK Sturm Graz where he stayed until 2002. This was the most successful time of his career. He became champion (2), won the cup(3) and the Supercup (3). He also played three times in the Champions League and reached in the season 2000/01 the second stage of the Champion League.
In 2002 he went to Japan and played for Nagoya Grampus Eight. But 2003 he returned to Austria and played two seasons for FK Austria Wien, where he again won the Cup. The last four years of his career he played for LASK Linz in the second division and won the championship in the 2006/07 season. LASK promoted to the Austrian Bundesliga.
After his playing career he started his career as coach. He refused an offer from LASK as assistance coach and started as coach of FC Waidhofen/Ybbs in the third division. There he started with the title in the league. After one year there he became coach of FK Austria Vienna's amateur team.
In 1996 Vastić obtained the Austrian citizenship. Although he was once nominated for Croatia's team he could play for Austria. He played 50 matches and shot 14 goals. In 1998 he played for Austria in the FIFA World Cup and shot one goal. In 2008 he played for Austria in the UEFA European Championship where he scored the only goal for Austria.
Ivica Vastić is married and has 3 children. His oldest son Anton is a talented footballer and played for the U16 team of Austria. Together with the author Karin Ammerer he wrote a book about a coach who forms a team with Austrian and foreign children. (Gemeinsam gewinnen wir! Fußball verbindet - Together we win! Football binds)
Honours.
As player:
As manager:
Club career statistics.
22||5
515||230
10||0
27||13
574||248
International career statistics.
!Total||50||14
|
199584
|
100642
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199584
|
Tomonori Hirayama
|
is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player.
Club career statistics.
199||17||7||0||32||3||238||20
199||17||7||0||32||3||238||20
|
199585
|
106408
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199585
|
Tomoaki Makino
|
is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Makino was born in Hiroshima on May 11, 1987. He joined J1 League club Sanfrecce Hiroshima from their youth team in 2006. He became a regular player as center back in summer 2007. However the club was relegated to J2 League end of the 2007 season. In 2008, Hiroshima won the champions and was returned to J1 in a year. End of the 2010 season, he moved to German Bundesliga club Köln. However he could not play many matches. In January 2012, he returned to Japan and joined Urawa Reds. Urawa won the 2nd place in the 2014 and 2016 J1 League. In 2017, Urawa won the champions in the 2017 AFC Champions League.
In July 2007, Makino was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2007 U-20 World Cup. At this tournament, he played 3 matches as center back and scored a goal in the match against Czech Republic. In January 2010, he was selected the Japan national team for 2011 Asian Cup qualification. At this qualification, he debuted against Yemen on January 6. He was selected the Japan for 2018 World Cup. In 2019, he also played at 2019 Asian Cup which Japan won the 2nd place. He played 38 games and scored 4 goals for Japan until 2019.
Statistics.
409||50||21||2||33||4||50||5||513||61
8||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||8||0
417||50||21||2||33||4||50||5||521||61
!Total||38||4
|
199589
|
1035196
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199589
|
Kim Jin-kyu
|
Kim Jin-Kyu (born 16 February 1985) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.
Honours.
Club.
Jeonnam Dragons
FC Seoul
|
199590
|
1071738
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199590
|
Hideto Suzuki
|
is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Suzuki was born in Hamamatsu on October 7, 1974. After graduating from Hamamatsu Commercial High School, he joined Japan Football League club Yamaha Motors (later "Júbilo Iwata") in 1993. Although he did not play in the match, the club won the 2nd place in 1993 and was promoted to J1 League. He debuted in 1995 and he became a regular player. He was a central player in golden era in club history. The club won the champions at J1 League 3 times (1999, 1999, 2002). The club also won 1998 J.League Cup and 2003 Emperor's Cup. In Asia, the club won the champions at 1998–99 Asian Club Championship and 2nd place at 1999–00 and 2000–01 Asian Club Championship. From the late 2000s, his opportunity to play decreased. He retired end of 2009 season. He played 328 games and scored 9 goals in the league.
In July 1996, Suzuki was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 1996 Summer Olympics and he played all 3 matches. Although Japan won 2 matches, Japan lost at First round. At this time, Japan won Brazil in first game. It was known as "Miracle of Miami" () in Japan.
In June 1997, Suzuki was selected Japan national team for 1998 World Cup qualification. At this qualification, on June 28, he debuted against Oman. He was also selected Japan for 1999 Copa América, but he did not play in the match.
After the retirement, Suzuki started coaching career at Júbilo Iwata in 2010. He served as an assistant coach for the youth team from 2010. In 2014, he became an assistant coach for top team. On July 1, 2019, he became a manager for top team as Hiroshi Nanami successor. However he resigned for health reasons on August 15.
Statistics.
328||9||31||0||70||0||7||0||436||9
328||9||31||0||70||0||7||0||436||9
!Total||1||0
|
199591
|
586
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199591
|
Takayuki Chano
|
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Chano was born in Ichikawa on November 23, 1976. After graduating from Funabashi Municipal High School, he joined his local club JEF United Ichihara (later "JEF United Chiba") in 1995. He played many matches as center back from 1998. The club won second place in the 1998 Emperor's Cup. The club also won third place in the 2001 and 2003 J1 League. He moved to Júbilo Iwata with teammate Shinji Murai in 2005. He played many matches as center back with Japan national team player Makoto Tanaka. He left the club with Murai at the end of the 2009 season for a generational change and he returned to JEF United Chiba with Murai in 2010. He retired at the end of the 2011 season.
On April 25, 2004, Chano debuted for the Japan national team against Hungary. In July, he was elected Japan for 2004 Asian Cup. At this tournament, although he did not play in the tournament, Japan were the champions. He also played at 2005 Confederations Cup. He played 7 games for Japan from 2004 to 2005.
Statistics.
377||12||23||1||48||3||5||0||453||16
377||12||23||1||48||3||5||0||453||16
!Total||7||0
|
199596
|
9491838
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199596
|
Kentaro Ohi
|
is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as an Association football player.
Club career statistics.
69||2||6||0||15||0||4||0||94||2
69||2||6||0||15||0||4||0||94||2
|
199597
|
844779
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199597
|
Toshihiro Hattori
|
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Hattori was born in Shizuoka on 23 September 1973. After dropped out from Tokai University, he joined Júbilo Iwata in 1994. He played in many defensive positions. He was a central player in golden era in club history. The club won the champions at J1 League 3 times (1997, 1999, 2002). The club also won 1998 J.League Cup and 2003 Emperor's Cup. In Asia, the club won the champions at 1998–99 Asian Club Championship and 2nd place at 1999–00 and 2000–01 Asian Club Championship. He played the club until 2006. Toward end of his career, he played for Tokyo Verdy (2007–09), Gainare Tottori (2010-11) and FC Gifu (2012–13). He retired end of 2013 season.
In July 1996, Hattori was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 1996 Summer Olympics. He played in all 3 matches. Although Japan won 2 matches, Japan lost at First round. At this time, Japan won Brazil in first game. It was known as "Miracle of Miami" () in Japan.
On September 11, 1996, Hattori debuted for the Japan national team against Uzbekistan. He was selected Japan for 1996 Asian Cup and 1998 World Cup, but he did not played in the match both competition. After 1998 World Cup, he came to be well selected for Japan by new manager Philippe Troussier. He played at 1999 Copa América, 2000 Asian Cup, 2001 Confederations Cup and 2002 World Cup. At 2000 Asian Cup, he played in all matches and Japan won the champions. At 2001 Confederations Cup, Japan won 2nd place. After 2002 World Cup, he played as regular player under new manager Zico. He was also selected Japan for 2003 Confederations Cup, but he did not play in the match. He played 44 games and scored 2 goals for Japan until 2003.
Statistics.
599||23||36||2||62||3||7||1||704||29
599||23||36||2||62||3||7||1||704||29
!Total||44||2
|
199598
|
22027
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199598
|
Tetsuhiro Kina
|
Tetsuhiro Kina (born 10 December 1976) is a Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
218||1||5||0||24||1||247||2
218||1||5||0||24||1||247||2
|
199607
|
669563
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199607
|
Intercropping
|
Intercropping is growing two or more crops next to each other at the same time. The main purpose of intercropping is to produce more crops in a given area. It also makes use of resources (nutrients) that would otherwise not be used by a single crop. Crops are selected such that their nutrient requirements are different. This way, the crops can give the same returns but require less space.
Things to consider when choosing which crops to mix include the soil, climate and varieties. It is very important not to have crops competing with each other for space, nutrients, water, or sunlight. An example of an intercropping strategy is planting one crop that has deep roots with another that has shallow roots.
Intercropping has been proposed as an alternative to slash-and-burn farming, which is very bad for the environment.
Conserving soil
Intercropping also helps to conserve soil. When One crop is harvested and it starts raining the second crop grown in that farm will not let to erode the soil easily by water. Hence the soil is conserved.
References.
Conserving soil
Intercropping also helps to conserve soil. When One crop is harvested and it starts raining the second crop grown in that farm will not let to erode the soil easily by water. Hence the soil is conserved.
|
199616
|
9763292
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199616
|
Samuel de Champlain
|
Sam 'Hunterry' de Champlain (c. 1567 – 25 December 1635) was a French navigator, cartographer, draughtsman, soldier, explorer, geographer, ethnologist, diplomat, and chronicler. He is called "The Father of New France". He founded Quebec City on July 3, 1608.
In 1609 he came to Lake Champlain, which is named for him. He married Hélène Boules when he was 43 and she was 12. Their marriage contract required them to wait two years until she had reached the age of consent before the marriage could be consummated. he was born between 1567 and 1580. He died on December 25 1635. He also accidentally made cheese due to him leaving the milk on his ship out for to long so the fat condensed into cheese
|
199618
|
56710
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199618
|
Samuel de champlain
| |
199623
|
1351064
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199623
|
Danegeld
|
The Danegeld ("Danish tax") was a tax that the English kingdoms paid to the Vikings between the 9th and 11th centuries. The Vikings called it “geld” or “gafol” in the 11th century, but the term Danegeld did not appear until the early 12th century.
Besides the taxes in England, the term also applies to Eastern Europe in the 9th century, where Sami, Finnish, and Slavic tribes paid taxes to the Swedes. In Francia (France), the Franks paid off the Vikings in Normandy (Normans), and in return, the Normans would convert to Christianity and cease to raid.
|
199627
|
109566
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199627
|
John Doggett
|
John Doggett is a fictional character in the FOX science fiction series, "The X-Files". He made his first appearance in "Within", a season eight episode.
|
199639
|
16695
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199639
|
Scream
|
Scream can mean different things:
|
199640
|
62069
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199640
|
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
| |
199657
|
572554
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199657
|
Brian Lara
|
Brian Charles Lara (born 2 May 1969 in Santa Cruz, Trinidad and Tobago) is a former Trinidadian cricketer who played in 130 Test matches for the West Indies from 1990 to 2006. A right-handed top order batter, he holds the world record for the highest individual score in both first-class and Test cricket. He scored 501* for Warwickshire against Durham at Edgbaston in June 1994 to create a new first-class record, and then scored 400* for the West Indies against England at St John's in April 2004 for the Test record.
|
199658
|
62069
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199658
|
Brian Charles Lara
| |
199660
|
1467751
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199660
|
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
|
Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de la Marck, usually known as "Lamarck", (1 August 1744 – 18 December 1829) was a French soldier, naturalist and member of the French Academy. He was one of the first people to suggest that organisms changed in accordance with natural laws. This is known as evolution.
Life.
Jean-Baptiste was the 11th child of Philippe Jacques de Monet de La Marck and Marie-Françoise de Fontaine de Chuignolles. His parents were nobles, but they were not well-off. His parents wanted him to become a priest. Starting at age eleven, he attended a Jesuit school in Amiens. After his father's death in 1759, Jean-Baptiste joined the army. slay. Lamarck fought in the Pomeranian War with Prussia, and was awarded a medal for bravery on the battlefield. During his service, he was stationed in different forts in France, mostly at the eastern border, and the Mediterranean coast. At his post in Monaco, Lamarck became interested in natural history and resolved to study medicine. In 1766, he was injured. He retired from the army in 1768 and returned to his medical studies. He worked at a bank in Paris. From 1770 to 1774, he studied medicine at the university, but did not finish his studies with a degree. During this time, he met some of the well-known scientists of his day, such as the botanists Bernard and Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu, and the naturalist Buffon.
Lamarck developed a particular interest for botany, and later, after he published a three-volume work "Flora française", he gained membership of the French Academy of Sciences in 1779. Lamarck became involved in the "Jardin des Plantes" and was appointed to the Chair of Botany in 1788. When the "Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle" was founded in 1793, Lamarck was appointed as a professor of zoology. In 1801, he published "Système des animaux sans vertèbres", a major work on the classifications of invertebrates. In an 1802 publication, he became one of the first to use the term "biology" in its modern sense. Lamarck continued his work as a top authority on invertebrate zoology.
In the modern era, Lamarck is remembered mainly for a theory of the inheritance of acquired characters, called soft inheritance or Lamarckism. His major work on this subject was "Philosophie zoologique", Paris 1809.
His idea of soft inheritance was a reflection of the folk wisdom of the time, accepted by many natural historians. Lamarck's contribution to evolutionary theory was an early, perhaps the first, theory of evolution. In Lamarck's theory, an alchemical complexifying force drove organisms up a ladder of complexity. A second environmental force adapted them to local environments through "use and disuse" of characteristics, making them different from other organisms. Since these ideas cannot be reconciled with what we know about genetics, they are now history.
Lamarck died in Paris in 1829. When he died, his family was so poor they had to apply to the Academie for financial assistance. Lamarck's books and the contents of his home were sold at auction, and he was buried in a temporary lime-pit.
Controversy with Cuvier.
Lamarck came into conflict with the widely respected palaeontologist Georges Cuvier, who was not a supporter of evolution:
After his death, Cuvier used the forum of a eulogy to denigrate Lamarck:
Later opposition to his ideas.
Opposition to Lamarck's theories became stronger when Mendel's genetics was rediscovered, but there were always common-sense doubts. Particular criticism came from Alfred Russel Wallace and August Weismann later in the 19th century. Here is an example:
Wallace's argument in short is:
|
199661
|
2133
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199661
|
Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de la Marck
| |
199680
|
1011873
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199680
|
Main Page/Article 23
| |
199686
|
86802
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199686
|
WWE Vintage Collection
|
WWE Vintage Collection was a professional wrestling television program from World Wrestling Entertainment highlighting action from the WWE video library. The show is hosted by "Mean" Gene Okerlund and co-hosted by Renee Pacquette.
|
199688
|
62069
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199688
|
Chronological list of pay-per-views promoted by WWE
| |
199690
|
1510396
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199690
|
Barrister
|
A barrister is a type of lawyer. Barristers mostly specialise in courtroom advocacy and litigation. Their tasks include arguing cases in courts and tribunals, drafting legal pleadings, researching the law and giving legal opinions. In some places they do not work directly with their clients, but have work through a solicitor.
|
199691
|
62069
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199691
|
Solicitor
| |
199692
|
62069
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199692
|
Advocate
| |
199693
|
62069
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199693
|
QM
| |
199699
|
532461
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199699
|
Patrick Swayze
|
Patrick Wayne Swayze (August 18, 1952 – September 14, 2009) was an American actor, singer, songwriter and dancer. He was born in Houston, Texas. He had starred in many successful Hollywood movies, including "Red Dawn" (1984), "Dirty Dancing" (1987), "Ghost" (1990), and "Point Break" (1991). Swayze's film career was started in the Coppola movie "The Outsiders" (1983).
Swayze was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in January 2008. He died in 2009, in Los Angeles, California, at the age of 57. He was married to Lisa Niemi from 1975 and until his death. The couple owned a horse ranch in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Swayze did not have children.
|
199700
|
62069
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199700
|
Beeves
| |
199701
|
62069
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199701
|
BSB
| |
199719
|
22027
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199719
|
Fox Mulder
|
Fox Mulder is one of the main characters in the science-fiction show The X-Files. He is an FBI agent working in the section called the X-Files. He works together with his partner Dana Scully to figure out answers to questions in the X-Files. The questions he looks at are usually about aliens or the paranormal. Later, Mulder begins to date Scully in season 7 of the show.
Mulder has a sister named Samantha Mulder. He spends a lot of time looking for her. Later in the show, Mulder finds out that his sister was kidnapped by aliens and the government.
|
199723
|
47362
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199723
|
E=mc²
| |
199729
|
5295
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199729
|
Traudl Junge
|
Traudl Junge (born Gertraud Humps 16 March 1920 – 10 February 2002) was Adolf Hitler's youngest private secretary. She was his secretary from December 1942 to April 1945.
She was hired by Hitler in November 1942. She married Hans Hermann Junge, under encouragement from Hitler. Hans Junge died while fighting in 1944.
In 1945, Junge was in the Fuhrerbunker with Hitler. She typed Hitler's last will and testament. After that, she said that she heard Hitler shoot himself. She left the Fuhrerbunker in May 1945.
After the war, she was not well-known. However, she was in several shows that talked about Hitler. She was also in the movie Der Untergang, which was about the last days of Hitler in the Fuhrerbunker. In the beginning and end of the movie, it shows an interview of her.
|
199730
|
1526669
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199730
|
Dana Scully
|
Dana Scully is a character on the science fiction show The X-Files. She works as a special agent in the FBI and has a background in medical science with a medical degree. In the show, she works in the X-Files with her partner, Fox Mulder. Scully and Mulder work together to find answers to cases that they have to solve. She is in every episode of the show except for five of them.
She was first told to join the X-Files because she was scientific and logical. People thought that her partner, Mulder, was crazy because he thought aliens and the paranormal were the answers to their cases. However, after a while with Mulder she started to think like him. She also begins a relationship with him.
Scully later has a child, named William Scully Jr. However, we do not know how she could have a child. Earlier in the series, it is said that she cannot have babies.
|
199738
|
196884
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199738
|
May Coup
|
The May Coup was a coup d'état that happened in Poland in May 1926. It was organised by the former Polish leader and national hero Józef Piłsudski to remove the "weak" democratic government from power. It started on 12 May and ended on 15 May.
Piłsudski and his followers were victorious and the Polish democracy was replaced with an authoritarian regime that remained in power until the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 that started World War II. After Piłsudski's death in 1935 the regime became more and more radical, with regular persecution of the political opponents, never changing into totalitarianism though.
Pro-Soviet communists in Poland were the biggest opponents of his "Sanation" government. They accused it of being "fascist and capitalist", despite Piłsudski not matching the academic criteria of fascism.
|
199743
|
314522
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199743
|
Fritz Müller
|
Fritz Müller (31 March 1821 – 21 May 1897), was a German biologist and doctor who went to live in southern Brazil. There he studied the natural history. He was an early supporter of Darwinism, and lived in Brazil for the rest of his life. Müllerian mimicry is named after him.
Life.
Unlike most of his contemporaries in Britain, Müller had what would be seen today as a normal scientific education at the universities of Berlin and Greifswald, culminating in a doctoral degree. Then, he decided to study medicine. As a medical student, he began to question religion and in 1846 became an atheist. Despite completing the course, he did not graduate because he refused to swear the graduation oath, which contained the phrase "so help me God and his sacred Gospel".
Müller was disappointed by the failure of the Prussian Revolution in 1848, and realised there might be implications for his life and career. As a result, he emigrated to South Brazil in 1852, with his brother August and their wives, to join Hermann Blumenau's new colony in the State of Santa Catarina. The colony, near the coast on the Itajaí River, was called Blumenau. In Brazil, Müller, living with his wife Caroline, became a farmer, doctor, teacher and biologist, sometimes employed by the provincial government, sometimes surviving on his own efforts, sometimes defending against Indians but always collecting evidence of life in the Atlantic forest. The climate here is sub-tropical, and the vegetation typical of the Brazilian coast: it is not rain forest.
In 1876 he was appointed as Travelling Naturalist to the National Museum in Rio de Janeiro. This was the ideal post for him: it gave him the opportunity to range over the whole of the Itajaí system and study anything that interested him. A series of reports published in the "Archivos" of the National Museum record this work.
At last this, the best period of his life, was brought to an end indirectly, by the overthrow of the liberal monarchy of Dom Pedro II in 1889. The new Brazilian Republic was riddled with corruption and nepotism, and eventually there was a civil war in 1893-5. Travelling naturalists were to be based in Rio de Janeiro, and instructions were sent out. Müller refused point-blank and was dismissed, as was von Ihering in São Paulo.
In his retirement years Müller received many letters of support and offers of financial help (from Darwin, amongst others). His cousin Alfred Möller visited him, and eventually became his biographer. His rewards during life from the Brazilian state were minor; but his reputation now stands high. He was one of a half-dozen great naturalists to visit and work in South America during the nineteenth century. Humboldt, Darwin, Wallace, Bates, Spruce — and Fritz Müller. He was the only one of these to settle in Brazil for the rest of his life. A statue was erected to Müller in Blumenau in 1929.
Another of Fritz's brothers, Hermann Müller, was also an evolutionary biologist. He was especially interested in the coevolution between insects and flowers.p29 He, too, corresponded with Dariwn, who arranged for his 1873 book to be translated into English.
Chronology of life.
A broad chronology of Müller's life is as follows:
Biology.
During his life Müller published oved 70 papers, mostly in German-language periodicals, some in English and Portuguese. The topics covered a range of natural history topics in entomology, marine zoology, and botany.
Müllerian mimicry.
Müller's great discovery concerned the resemblance between two or more unpalatable species which are protected from predators capable of learning. The protection is often a noxious chemical, perhaps gained from the larva eating a particular plant; or it may be a sting or other defence. It is an advantage for such potential prey to advertise their status in a way clearly perceptible to their predators; this is called "aposematic" or warning colouration. In Muller's case the prey were butterflies, and the predators usually birds or reptiles.
The aposematic colours are most often some combination of red, yellow, black, white, whereas palatable animals are usually cryptic. The noxious animals may display by slow flying, and in general are prominently visible. Noxious animals usually have thick, leathery cuticles through which, at certain points, they extrude noxious fluids when pecked; they will often survive a 'trial'.
In Müllerian mimicry an advantage is gained when unpalatable species resemble each other, especially when the predator has a good memory for colour (as birds, for instance, do have). Thus one trial may work to dissuade a bird from several species of butterfly which all fly the same 'flag'. Brazilian butterflies provide some of the most extraordinary examples of mimicry, and Müller, Bates and Wallace all had lengthy experience of this. All three traveller-naturalists believed firmly that such systems of mimicry could only come about by means of natural selection, and all of them wrote about it.
Stingless bees.
One of his favourite topics was the life habits of the stingless honey-bees "Melipoma" and "Trigona". They are protected by a venom which they squirt when disturbed. The local name for them is Cagafogo (fire-shitter).
Dimorphism in midges.
Another discovery was the dimorphism in midges of the family Blepharicereidae. There are two female forms with different mouth-parts: one sucks blood, the other takes nectar, as does the male. To prove the point to skeptics, he sexed the flies carefully, and reared them from pupae.
Termites.
By studying living termites Müller was able to correct many errors to be found in text-books. For example, their caste system is organised quite differently from ants, since the castes contain members of both sexes, whereas in hymenoptera the castes are unisexual and the males are haploid. Termites are placed in a different order from ants, the Isoptera.
Botanical work.
Much of Müller's botany was stimulated by the series of botanical works published by Darwin in the years after the "Origin". Müller made contributions in all these fields. After Darwin's "Fertilisation of Orchids" (1862) he spent years of work on orchids, sending observations to his brother Hermann and to Darwin. Darwin used some of this work in his second edition of 1877, and Hermann later became famous for his work on pollination. On "Climbing plants" (Darwin 1867) Müller sent a letter to Darwin listing 40 genera of climbing plants classified by their method of climbing. The next few months saw more observations, which Darwin had translated and published as Müller's first paper in English.
Müller and Darwin.
Müller became a strong supporter of Darwin. He wrote "Für Darwin" in 1864, arguing that Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection was correct, and that Brazilian crustaceans and their larvae could be affected by adaptations at any growth stage. This was translated into English as "Facts and Arguments for Darwin" in 1869. If Müller had a weakness it was that his writing was much less readable than that of Darwin or Wallace; both the German and English editions are hard reading indeed, which has limited the appreciation of this significant book.
Extensive correspondence exists between Müller and Darwin, and Müller also corresponded with Alexander Agassiz, Ernst Krause, and Ernst Haeckel.
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John Hope, 1st Marquess of Linlithgow
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John Adrian Louis Hope, 1st Marquess of Linlithgow KT, GCMG, GCVO, PC (25 September 1860 - 29 February 1908), known as Viscount Aithrie before 1873 and as The 7th Earl of Hopetoun between 1873 and 1902, was the first Governor-General of Australia.
Hope was born at South Queensferry, West Lothian in Scotland. He was the eldest son of the 6th Earl of Hopetoun. He was educated at Eton College and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, where he passed in 1879 but did not join the Army. He looked after the family houses and lands. In 1883 he became active in the House of Lords. He served as a Lord in Waiting from June 1885 to January 1886 and August 1886 to August 1889.
Governor.
In 1889 he was made the Governor of Victoria, where he served until 1895. He went back to the United Kingdom and was made a privy councillor. He became the Paymaster-General from 1895 to 1898, and then Lord Chamberlain until 1900. The Australian colonies joined together to form the Commonwealth of Australia from 1 January 1901. Hopetoun was well liked in Victoria and he knew all the important Australian politicians. This made him a good choice to be the first Governor-General of the Commonwealth, and he was appointed in July 1900. In India, on his way to Australia, he got typhoid fever and his wife got malaria. They arrived in December 1900.
Governor-General.
Hopetoun's first job was to choose a Prime Minister to form a government, which would start on 1 January 1901. The first elections were not going to be held until March, so he could not choose the leader of the biggest political party in the House of Representatives. Instead, he asked Sir William Lyne, the Premier of the largest state, New South Wales, to be Prime Minister
While this was a reasonable choice, Lyne had opposed federation and was unpopular with the leading federalist politicians. Alfred Deakin and other important politicians told Hopetoun they would not work with Lyne. Hopetoun then asked Edmund Barton, the leader of the federal movement and the man everybody thought should be the Prime Minister. This became known as the "Hopetoun Blunder".
There were soon more problems. Hopetoun had brought his own Official Secretary, Captain Edward William Wallington. The Australians did not want an Englishman in charge of official business. They also did not like the regal pomp and ceremony that Hopetoun used in his position, and the money that this cost. He acted as if ruled Australia with the Prime Minister. This was not what writers of the Constitution had wanted.
Hopetoun became friends with Melbourne anarchist and union pioneer, John 'Chummy' Fleming. In May 1901, Fleming protested against unemployment in Melbourne by rushing onto the Prince's Bridge to stop the Governor-General's carriage. Hopetoun listened to Fleming talk about the problems of the unemployed. According to some reports, Hopetoun made the government speed up work projects.
Finally, there was a problem with how much the Governor-General should be paid to have a house in both Sydney, the largest city, and Melbourne, the home of the Australian government. The Commonwealth and Victorian parliaments would not pay Hopetoun more money. Hopetoun resigned in May 1902. He and his family left Australia (from Brisbane) on 17 July 1902. He knew he had failed in a historic role. He was created 1st Marquess of Linlithgow on 27 October 1902, while he still the Governor-General. His term officially ended on 9 January 1903. He was made Secretary for Scotland in 1905.
He died suddenly on 29 February 1908, in Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France.
Marriage and children.
On 18 October 1886 he married Hersey Everleigh-de-Moleyns, daughter of the fourth Baron Ventry. They had four children;
His son Victor, the 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow became the longest-serving Viceroy of India 1936-43, a job he had always wanted. His grandson Lord Glendevon married the daughter of the English novelist W. Somerset Maugham.
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Henry Walter Bates
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Henry Walter Bates (Leicester, 8 February 1825 – London, 16 February 1892) was an English biologist who explored the Amazon Rainforest.
This naturalist and explorer gave the first scientific account of mimicry in animals. Batesian mimicry is named after him. He was most famous for his expedition to the Amazon River basin with Alfred Russel Wallace in 1848. He spent 11 years in the rain forest.
When Bates arrived home in 1859, he had sent back over 14,000 species (mostly of insects) of which 8,000 were new to science.
The great adventure.
In 1847 Wallace and Bates discussed the idea of an expedition to the Amazon basin. The plan was to defray expenses by sending specimens back to London, where an agent would sell them for a commission. Also, for the travellers to "gather facts towards solving the problem of the origin of species", as Wallace put it in a letter to Bates.
The two friends, who were both by now experienced amateur entomologists, met in London to prepare themselves by viewing South American plants and animals in the main collections.
Bates and Wallace sailed from Liverpool in April 1848, arriving in Pará (now Belém) at the end of May. For the first year they settled in a villa near the city, collecting birds and insects. After that they agreed to collect independently.
Eventually, Bates' health deteriorated and he returned to England, sending his collection by three different ships. He didn't want to put all his insects into one boat. Bates wrote a famous book on his experiences: "The naturalist on the river Amazons".
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Alfred Russel Wallace OM, FRS (8 January 1823 – 7 November 1913) was a British naturalist, explorer, biologist and social activist. He is best known for proposing a theory of natural selection. This was published in 1858 together with Charles Darwin's idea.
Wallace did extensive natural history exploring. He went first to the Amazon River basin with Henry Walter Bates, and later to Malaya and Indonesia. He wrote books on both these adventures. While in Indonesia he drew the "Wallace Line" which divides Indonesia into two parts. On one side are animals of Australasia. On the other side are species mostly of Asian origin. He wrote a book on biogeography (the distribution of animals).
The great adventure.
After a few years of working as a railway surveyor with his brother, Wallace's life was changed by meeting Henry Walter Bates in Leicester in 1847.
The Amazon.
Wallace and Bates discussed the idea of an expedition to the Amazon. The plan was funded by sending specimens back to London, where an agent would sell them for a commission. Also, the travellers planned to "gather facts towards solving the problem of the origin of species", as Wallace put it in a letter to Bates. The two friends, who were both by now experienced amateur entomologists, met in London to prepare themselves. They looked at South American plants and animals in the main collections.
Bates and Wallace sailed from Liverpool in April 1848, arriving in Pará (now Belém) at the end of May. For the first year they settled in a villa near the city, collecting birds and insects. After that they agreed to collect independently.
Wallace continued charting the Amazon for four years, collecting specimens and making notes on the peoples, the languages, the geography, flora, and fauna. On 12 July 1852, Wallace embarked for England on the brig "Helen". After twenty-eight days at sea, balsam in the ship's cargo caught fire and the crew was forced to abandon ship. All of the specimens Wallace had on the ship, most of his collection, were lost. He could only save part of his diary and a few sketches. Wallace and the crew spent ten days in an open boat before being picked up by the brig "Jordeson".
The East Indies.
From 1854 to 1862, age 31 to 39, Wallace travelled through the "Dutch East Indies" (now Malaysia and Indonesia), to collect specimens for sale and to study nature. Wallace collected more than 125,000 specimens in the Dutch East Indies (more than 80,000 beetles alone). More than a thousand of them were species new to science.
His observations of the clear zoological differences across a narrow strait in the archipelago led to his proposing the zoogeographical boundary now known as the Wallace Line. Bali and Lombok were two islands in the archipelago only 17 miles apart at the widest (28 km), roughly the same size and with the same climate, soil, elevation and aspect. Yet their flora and fauna were so different.
"In this archipelago there are two distinct faunas rigidly circumscribed, which differ as much as do those of Africa and South America... yet there is nothing on the map or on the face of the islands to mark their limits. The boundary line passes between islands closer together than others belonging to the same group. I believe the western part to be a separated portion of continental Asia, while the eastern is a fragmentary prolongation of a former west Pacific continent".
Why was it, he wondered, that the animals and plants on the Bali side of the channel were of Asian types, while those on the Lombok side were Australasian in type? This had to mean that the western group had evolved from common western stock, while the eastern group had evolved from a common eastern stock.
While he was exploring the archipelago, he thought about evolution, and had his famous insight on natural selection. In 1858 he sent an article outlining his theory to Darwin; it was published, along with a description of Darwin's own theory, in the same year.
Accounts of his studies and adventures there were eventually published in 1869 as "The Malay Archipelago". It became one of the most popular natural history travel journals of the 19th century. It was praised by Charles Darwin and Charles Lyell and by others, such as the novelist Joseph Conrad, who called it his "favorite bedside companion".
Natural selection.
Unlike Darwin, Wallace began his career as a travelling naturalist already believing in evolution. Both he and Bates had read "Vestiges", a controversial work of popular science, published anonymously in 1844. This advocated an evolutionary origin for the Solar System, the Earth, and living things. He also read Malthus's "Principle of population", which he says "twenty years later gave me the long-sought clue to the effective agent in the evolution of organic species". He meant by that the struggle for existence, which led Wallace to "natural selection".
Wallace wrote his ideas on the small isle of "Ternate", in what was then the Dutch East Indies. He was suffering from malaria. While the natives looked after him, his thoughts turned to Malthus's book.
"I thought of [Malthus's] clear exposition of the 'positive checks to increase' – disease, accidents, wars, famine – which keep down the population... It then occurred to me that the same causes, or their equivalents, are
continually acting in the case of animals also... Why do some die and some live? And the answer came clearly, that on the whole the best fitted live... Then it suddenly flashed upon me, that this self-acting process would necessarily improve the race..."
This was the origin of his letter to Darwin, which set out the idea of natural selection.
His views on human evolution.
In 1864 Wallace published a paper, "The origin of human races and the antiquity of Man deduced from the theory of natural selection", applying the theory to human beings. Huxley had already published his view that evolution applied to mankind as it did to other living things.
Wallace thought that natural selection could not account for mathematical, artistic, or musical genius, as well as metaphysical musings, wit and humour. He eventually said that something in "the unseen universe of Spirit" had interceded at least three times in history. The first was the creation of life from inorganic matter. The second was the introduction of consciousness in the higher animals. And the third was the generation of the higher mental faculties in mankind. He also believed that the purpose of the universe was the development of the human spirit.
Many, including Huxley, Hooker, and Darwin himself, were highly critical of these ideas. As one historian of science has pointed out, Wallace's views in this area were at odds with two major tenets of Darwinism. These are: evolution does not have a goal, and it is not aimed at or centered around mankind. It is thought by most biographers that his thinking on the evolution of man was influenced by his adoption of spiritualism, which happened at the same time.
Spiritualism.
Wallace was not a believer in revealed religion of any kind, but he did believe in spiritualism. This has puzzled biographers, who struggle to think why such a man would believe in spirits. Early in his life, he experimented with hypnosis, which was then doubted and criticised. He used some of his students in Leicester as subjects, with considerable success. Apparently, this persuaded him not to reject ideas which were doubted. Even when Huxley told him that one of his favourite mediums was a proven fraud, he refused to believe it. He preferred the evidence of his own experience.
Wallace's public support of spiritualism, and his defence of spiritualist mediums against allegations of fraud, damaged his scientific reputation. It strained his relationships with friends such as Bates, Huxley and Darwin, who felt he was overly credulous. Others became openly hostile to Wallace over the issue. Wallace and other scientists who defended spiritualism were subject to much criticism from the press, with "The Lancet", the leading English medical journal, being particularly harsh. The controversy affected the public's idea of Wallace for the rest of his career, though he was always respected in other ways.
Other interests.
Wallace had a wide range of interests, and wrote books about all of them. He wrote against vaccination, for phrenology, for spiritualism, for land nationalisation, against the Moon having canals, and for social change and the progress and improvement of mankind. He did not believe in religion, but he did believe in spiritualism. He was a radical in politics, economics and social reform. He was a kind and honourable person, but he could be a tough opponent if he thought something unfair was going on. Even the titles of some of his books were sensational, as for example:
Books.
Wallace wrote about 22 books, depending on how one counts them.
His greatest works include:
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Nikolai Vavilov
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Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov (25 November 1887 – 26 January 1943) was a Russian botanist and geneticist. He is best known for showing how and where crop plants evolved. He devoted his life to agriculture: the study and improvement of wheat, corn, and other cereal crops.
By 1940, Vavilov had accumulated a collection of 200,000 plant seeds from the Soviet Union and from abroad. He was widely admired, but his life came to a terrible end. Vavilov repeatedly criticised a powerful but poor scientist, Trofim Lysenko. As a result, Vavilov was arrested, and died of starvation in a prison in 1943. Today Vavilov's name stands high. The "Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry" in St. Petersburg is named after him. It maintains one of the world's largest collections of plant genetic material.
Vavilovian mimicry.
This is mimicry in plants where a weed comes to look like a crop plant. Before herbicides, weeds were plucked by hand. This has been done for thousands of years. The weeds come to look like the crop because the weeders pick those weeds which look most different. Vavilovian mimicry is caused by unintentional selection by humans. The weeds that survive pass on their genes. Gradually, all the weeds look more like the crop plant.
An example is rye, a common Mediterranean species. Rye was originally just a weed growing with wheat and barley. Weeding made it like the crop. Like wheat, it came to have larger seeds and more rigid spindles to which the seeds are attached.
Rye is a tougher plant than wheat: it survives in harsher conditions. Having become a crop like the wheat, rye was able to become a crop plant in harsh areas, such as hills and mountains.
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Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander Freiherr von Humboldt
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Gilbert White
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Gilbert White (18 July 1720 – 26 June 1793) was a pioneering English naturalist and ornithologist.
Early life and education.
White was born in his grandfather's vicarage at Selborne in Hampshire. He was educated by a private tutor in Basingstoke before going to Oriel College, Oxford University. He obtained his deacon's orders in 1746, being fully ordained in 1749.
Then he held several curacies in Hampshire and Wiltshire, including Selbourne. White also held the office of Junior Proctor at Oxford and was Dean of Oriel College. In 1784 he became curate of Selborne for the last time, remaining so until his death.
Publications.
White is best known for "The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne" (1789). This was a collection of his letters to Thomas Pennant, the leading British zoologist of the day, and the Hon. Daines Barrington, an English barrister and Fellow of the Royal Society. These letters contained White's discoveries on local birds, animals and plants. White believed in observing birds rather than collecting specimens. He was one of the first people to separate the similar-looking Chiffchaff, Willow Warbler and Wood Warbler by means of their song.
White is regarded by many as England's first ecologist and one of the founders of modern respect for nature.
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Patrick Wayne Swayze
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Charles Lyell
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Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, (14 November 1797 – 22 February 1875) was a British geologist. He was the foremost geologist of his day, and an influence on the young Charles Darwin. His work was rewarded with a knighthood, and later he was created a hereditary baronet.
The house of his birth is in the Scottish Lowlands. it is in the valley of the Highland Boundary Fault, one of the great features of Scottish geology. Round the house is farmland, but within a short distance to the north-west are the Grampian Mountains in the Scottish Highlands.
Charles would have seen this view from his house as a child. He was also fortunate that his family's second home was in a completely different area: at Bartley Lodge in the New Forest, England. Both these places lit his interest in the natural world.
Lyell was a rich man, and earned more money as an author. He came from a prosperous family, and worked briefly as a lawyer in the 1820s. He held was a Professor of Geology at King's College London in the 1830s. From 1830 onward his books gave him both income and fame.
Lyell's "Principles of Geology" was his most famous and most important book. It was first published in three volumes, in 1830–33. The book was about the ideas of James Hutton, but with many additions, improvements and examples. The book made Lyell to be known as an important geological theorist. It was a work of synthesis, backed by his own personal observations on his travels.
The central argument in "Principles" was that "the present is the key to the past". This was called by William Whewell 'uniformitarianism'. Geological remains from the distant past are explained by processes we can see operating now. Lyell's interpretation of geologic change as the steady accumulation of minute changes over enormously long spans of time was a big influence on his young friend, Charles Darwin.
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John Ray
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John Ray (29 November 1627 – 17 January 1705) was an English naturalist, sometimes referred to as the father of English natural history. Ray was the son of a village blacksmith who got to Cambridge University on a scholarship. This was in 1644, when the Puritans were making war against Charles I. When he got his bachelor's degree in 1648, he continued as a Fellow of Trinity College.
Ray was a Protestant dissenter who had accepted the return of Charles II. He was ordained as a priest of the Church of England, in London in 1660. By then, Charles II insisted that all priests sign an affadavit against the Puritan party. The Act of Uniformity of 1662 made the Book of Common Prayer compulsory in religious services, which was opposed by those of Puritan beliefs. Ray would not sign the affidavit, so he was forced to resign his Fellowship, and could not work as a priest.
Ray returned to his native village of Black Notley, near Braintree in Essex. After Ray joined up with a former student, Francis Willughby, the pair spent three years in continental Europe, discovering what the latest scientific ideas were. When he returned to England in spring 1666, he joined the new Royal Society, and devoted himself to the study of natural history. His most important scientific works were supported financially by the Royal Society, whose President at a critical time in the 1680s was Samuel Pepys.
Ray published important works on plants, animals, and natural theology. His classification of plants in his "Historia Plantarum", was an important step towards modern taxonomy. Ray rejected the system by which species were classified according to an either/or type system. Instead he classified plants by observation according to similarities and differences. Thus he advanced scientific empiricism against the deductive rationalism of the scholastics. He was the first person to give a biological definition of the term "species".
Ray's works.
Ray published about 23 works, depending on how one counts them. The biological works were usually in Latin, the rest in English. For ease of reading, the titles below are in English.
Libraries holding Ray's works.
Including the various editions, there are 172 works of Ray, of which most are rare. The only libraries with substantial holdings are all in England.p153 The list in order of holdings is:
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WWE Diva Search
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The WWE Diva Search (also known as the RAW Diva Search) was a competition held by the professional wrestling company World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) from 2003 to 2007 and again in 2013. The goal of the contest was to find a new female wrestler, called Diva by WWE at the time. From the 2004 contest onwards the winner of the contest was offered a WWE Contract which was worth $250,000. The competition took place on WWE's weekly television show "Monday Night Raw".
Despite only one winner of the competition each year (except 2003), WWE has signed multiple Diva Search contestants. Some competitors like Candice Michelle, Eve Torres, Maryse, The Bella Twins, Layla, Michelle McCool, and Alexa Bliss went on to win championships in the company.
Contests.
2003.
In 2003 the first Diva Search was held, however, the winner, Jaime Koeppe did not get a contract. She got a photoshoot for an issue of WWE RAW Magazine.
2004.
Finalists.
Despite Hemme winning, WWE hired many other Divas also featured in the contest, including Michelle McCool, Amy Weber, Candice Michelle, Maria Kanellis, and Joy Giovanni. In 2025, McCool became the first Diva Search finalist to be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame.
2005.
Contestants.
Like the previous year's Diva Search, Ashley Massaro was not the only Diva WWE hired. Others included Kristal Marshall, Trenesha Biggers and Elisabeth Rouffaer. Massaro became the first Diva Search winner to pass away, she died in 2019.
2006.
Contestants.
Like the past two years this also featured the WWE hiring many losing Divas, this included, Milena Roucka (later known as Rosa Mendes), the Garcia Twins, Rebecca DiPietro, Amy Zidian and Maryse Ouellet. The Garcia Twins would later become famous as the Bella Twins and become the first Diva Search competitors to be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2021.
2007.
Contestants.
WWE like in the previous years WWE hired runner-ups, this included, Taryn Terrell, Lena Yada and Angela Fong.
2013.
In February 2013, WWE held an unaired diva search in the Los Angeles area. The winner was Eva Marie. Other competitors that were signed included Alexis Kaufman (later known as Alexa Bliss), C.J. Perry (Lana), JoJo Offerman, Brittany Fetkin (Devin Taylor), and Veronica Lane.
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Vladimir Horowitz
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Vladimir Samoylovich Horowitz (, "Vladimir Samojlovich Horovitz") (October 1, 1903 – November 5, 1989) was a Russian-American classical pianist. He is often said to be one of the best pianists of the 20 century.
Biography.
Early life.
Horowitz was born in Kiev, which was a part of the Russian Empire at the time, to a Jewish family in 1903. He was the youngest of four children. His father was an engineer and his mother was a pianist. He first started piano lessons from his mother at an early age. In 1912 he joined Kiev University where he was taught by Vladimir Puchalsky, Sergei Tarnowsky, and Felix Blumenfeld. He performed Sergei Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 3 in D Minor on his graduation. He then performed his first solo concert in Kharkiv in 1920.
Horowitz got more and more famous but was often paid in food rather than money because Russia wasn't very rich. Although performing in many concerts, he secretly wanted to be a composer. In 1925, he moved to the West, intending not to return.
Career in the West.
On January 2, 1926, Horowitz played his first concert outside of Russia. He then played in many other places, such as Berlin, Paris, and London. He gave his first concerts in the United States in 1928.
When World War II started in 1939, Horowitz decided to live in the U. S. He became an American citizen in 1944. Horowitz was very proud of being an American, and decided to make a piano version of Sousa's The Stars and Stripes Forever. He played many concerts to raise money for the war effort, and he asked people to call him "the American pianist." Horowitz began playing music written by an American composer, Samuel Barber, and gave the world’s first performances of the Barber's Piano Sonata and Excursions.
During World War II, Horowitz also played a lot of Russian music, giving the first performances in America of Prokofiev's Piano Sonatas Nos. 6, 7 and 8 (which were called "War Sonatas") and Kabalevsky's Piano Sonatas Nos. 2 and 3.
Horowitz stopped playing concerts four times (1936 to 1938, 1953 to 1965, 1969 to 1974, and 1983 to 1985), as he was unsure that he was good enough, even when he was popular.
He made his television debut on September 22, 1968, in a concert at Carnegie Hall.
Style.
Horowitz was most well known for playing music written between 1830 and 1920. His 1932 recording of the Liszt Sonata is still considered by many to be the best ever, even though many other pianists have recorded it. Other pieces he was famous for were Scriabin's Étude in D-sharp minor, Chopin's Ballade No. 1 in G minor, and many of Rachmaninoff’s short pieces, including Polka de W.R. Horowitz was praised for his way of playing the Rachmaninoff Piano Concerto No. 3, and the composer said "he swallowed it whole. He had the courage, the intensity, the daring." Horowitz later became good friends with Rachmaninoff. Horowitz was also well known for playing quieter works like Schumann's Scenes of Childhood, Scarlatti sonatas, and some Mozart and Haydn sonatas.
Horowitz's way of playing often used large contrasts between soft and loud volumes. He was able to play louder than most other pianists, without making an ugly sound. His playing was also known for many different kinds of sounds – sometimes called "tone colors". Horowitz was also famous for playing precise passages in octaves very fast.
Recordings.
Horowitz began making recordings in 1928. He recorded for several record labels. His most famous early records were Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 3 with Albert Coates and the London Symphony Orchestra (the first time that piece was recorded) and Franz Liszt's Sonata in B minor.
When Horowitz was not playing in public, he sometimes made recordings in his house. His recordings won many awards, and he continued recording until a few days before he died.
The last years.
In 1986, Horowitz told his friends that “before I die, I want to see the land where I was born.” So, he decided to play two concerts in Russia. At the time, Russia and the United States were trying to be more friendly with each other, and Horowitz’s concerts were part of that effort. The concert in Russia’s capitol, Moscow, was shown on TV, and people in the audience could be seen wiping tears from their eyes.
When Horowitz returned to the United States, President Ronald Reagan gave him the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
Vladimir Horowitz died on November 5, 1989 in New York of a heart attack. He was 86.
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Thomas Henry Huxley
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Thomas Henry Huxley PC PRS (4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895) was an English biologist who specialised in comparative anatomy. He was born in Ealing, Middlesex. He was a friend and supporter of Charles Darwin, and had a public career. He was a member of ten Royal Commissions.
Today he is sometimes called "Darwin's Bulldog" for his support of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. However, this term was not used during his lifetime. Huxley was slow to accept some of Darwin's ideas, but he was wholehearted in his public support of Darwin.
Huxley's 1860 debate with the English Bishop Samuel Wilberforce was a famous public event. The debate was about evolution, and it was widely reported in the press. Many thought Huxley won that debate, which helped Huxley's career, and the theory of evolution.
Huxley also developed scientific education in Britain, and fought against the more extreme forms of religion. These activities had a big effect on the way people in Britain and elsewhere thought about the world. Huxley used the term "agnostic" to say that he did not know if there is a god or not. We continue to use the term "agnostic" today. Huxley was for many years a close friend of the Irish physicist John Tyndall.
Huxley had little schooling, and taught himself almost everything he knew. Remarkably, he became a great anatomist and zoologist. Later, he discussed the evolution of man and the apes. Another of his ideas was that birds evolved from small carnivorous dinosaurs, which is now known to be true.
Huxley died in Eastbourne, Sussex. Three of his grandsons became famous in the 20th century.
Voyage round the world.
As a young man, Huxley went on a long voyage of discovery to the southern continents. He was Assistant to the Surgeon on the Royal Navy ship HMS "Rattlesnake". What he did was to collect sea animals, and study them. He went ashore in New Guinea and the eastern coast of Australia, to study the animals, and the native peoples. He fell in love with a girl in Sydney, Australia, and some years later they married and had children.
Huxley on Man.
For nearly ten years he worked on the relationship of man to the apes. This led him into a clash with Richard Owen, a man who was disliked for his behaviour, but admired for his skill. The struggle between them ended in some severe defeats for Owen.
Huxley's public lectures grew into his most famous work "Man's place in Nature" (1863). There he deals with the evolution of man, before Charles Darwin published his "Descent of Man" in 1871.
In the book Huxley gives evidence for the evolution of man and apes from a common ancestor. It was the first book devoted to the topic of human evolution. The book proposed to a wide readership that "evolution applied as fully to man as to all other life".
Public work.
Huxley was an important public figure. When he was young there were virtually no biology degrees in British universities, and few courses. Most biologists of his day were either self-taught, or took medical degrees. By the time he retired there were professors in biology in most universities, and a broad agreement on what should be taught. Huxley was the single most influential person in this transformation. Huxley was for about thirty years evolution's most effective champion. For some, Huxley was ""the" leading English spokesman for science in the nineteenth century".
Schools and the Bible.
Huxley supported the reading of the Bible in schools. Huxley was against organised religion, but he thought the Bible's moral teachings and use of language helped English life. "I do not advocate burning your ship to get rid of the cockroaches".
However, what Huxley proposed was to create an "edited version" of the Bible, without "shortcomings and errors... These tender children [should] not be taught that which you do not yourselves believe". The London School Board voted against his idea, but it also voted against the idea that public money should be used to support students attending church schools. Vigorous debate took place on such points, and the debates were written down in detail. Huxley said "I will never be a party to enabling the state to sweep the children of this country into denominational schools". The Act of Parliament which founded board schools allowed the reading of the Bible, but did not permit any particular religious doctrine to be taught.
It may be right to see Huxley as helping the secularisation of British society which gradually occurred over the following century. Ernst Mayr said "It can hardly be doubted that [biology] has helped to undermine traditional beliefs and value systems". Huxley more than anyone else was responsible for this trend in Britain.
Royal Commissions.
Huxley worked on ten Royal and other commissions. The subjects included medical law, contagious diseases, vivisection; fisheries; universities in Scotland, and science education in Ireland. He was Inspector of Fisheries 1881–85, and held awards from many universities. He was President of the Royal Society from 1883–1885. The British state made him a Privy Councillor, as a reward for his public work.
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Theodosius Dobzhansky
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Theodosius Grygorovych Dobzhansky (; ; January 25, 1900 – December 18, 1975) was a noted geneticist and an evolutionary biologist.
Dobzhansky was born in Ukraine (then part of Imperial Russia) and emigrated to the United States in 1927. He was a central figure in the field of evolutionary biology for his work on the fruit-fly "Drosophila". He did research on these flies in California, mostly on populations of "Drosophila pseudoobscura".
Dobzhansky was important in the modern evolutionary synthesis, which was the synthesis of evolutionary biology with genetics.
Ukraine and Russia.
At school Dobzhansky collected butterflies and beetles, and studied biology at Kiev University. After graduation he moved to St Petersburg (then called Leningrad), and studied under Yuri Filipchenko, who had a "Drosophila" lab. Dobzhansky collected Coccinellidae (ladybird beetles) in the wild, and explored their genetics.
America.
Dobzhansky emigrated to the United States in 1927. He worked with Thomas Hunt Morgan at Columbia University, who had pioneered the use of fruit flies ("Drosophila melanogaster") in genetics experiments. He followed Morgan to the California Institute of Technology from 1930 to 1940. Dobzhansky took fruit fly research out of the laboratory and into the field. He discovered that regional varieties of flies were more similar to each other genetically than to flies from other regions.
In 1937 Dobzhansky published one of the major works of the modern evolutionary synthesis, entitled "Genetics and the Origin of Species". He defined evolution as "a change in the allele frequency within a gene pool". It is through changes in the proportion of alleles in a population that evolution takes place. Also in 1937, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. During this time he had a falling out with one of his "Drosophila" collaborators, Alfred Sturtevant, based perhaps on professional competition.
Dobzhansky returned to Columbia University from 1940 to 1962. He was one of the signatories of the 1950 UNESCO statement "The Race Question". He then moved to the Rockefeller University) until his retirement in 1971.
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Julian Huxley
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Sir Julian Sorell Huxley FRS (22 June 1887 – 14 February 1975) was an English evolutionary biologist, humanist and internationalist. He was born in London, and died there. He was a proponent of natural selection, and a leading figure in the modern evolutionary synthesis.
He was Secretary of the Zoological Society of London (1935–1942), the first Director of UNESCO, and a founding member of the World Wildlife Fund.
Huxley came from the distinguished Huxley family. His brother was the writer Aldous Huxley, and his half-brother, a fellow biologist and Nobel laureate, Andrew Huxley; and his paternal grandfather was Thomas Henry Huxley, a friend and supporter of Charles Darwin and proponent of evolution.
Huxley was well known for his presentation of science in books and articles, and on radio and television. He was awarded UNESCO's "Kalinga Prize" for the popularisation of science in 1953, the "Darwin Medal" of the Royal Society in 1956, and the "Darwin-Wallace medal" of the Linnean Society in 1958. He was also knighted in that same year, 1958, a hundred years after Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace announced the theory of evolution by natural selection. In 1959 he received a Special Award of the Lasker Foundation in the category Planned Parenthood – World Population. Huxley was a prominent member of the British Eugenics Society.
Early work.
His particular interest was bird behaviour, especially the courtship of water birds. His observations on the ethology of the Great Crested Grebe, published in 1914, was a landmark in avian field research. His invention of vivid labels for the rituals (such as 'penguin dance', 'plesiosaurus race' etc.) made the ideas memorable and interesting to the general reader.
Evolution.
Huxley was the most important biologist after August Weismann to insist on natural selection as the primary agent in evolution. A fine communicator, he was a prominent populariser of biological science to the public. In the early 20th century he was one of the minority of biologists who believed that natural selection was the main driving force of evolution, and that evolution occurred by small steps and not by jumps. These opinions are now standard. Though his time as an academic was quite brief, he taught and encouraged a number of evolutionary biologists at the University of Oxford in the 1920s.
Modern evolutionary synthesis.
Huxley was a key figure in the modern evolutionary synthesis. This explained how the discoveries of Gregor Mendel on genetics fitted with Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by means of natural selection. Huxley's
Huxley's first 'trial run' was the treatment of evolution in the "Science of Life" (1929–30), and in 1936 he published a long and significant paper for the British Association. In 1938 came three lengthy reviews on major evolutionary topics.
Now it was time for Huxley to tackle the subject of evolution at full length, in what became the defining work of his life. His book ' was written whilst he was Secretary to the Zoological Society, and made use of his remarkable collection of reprints covering the first part of the century. It was published in 1942. Reviews of the book in learned journals were little short of ecstatic; the American Naturalist called it "The outstanding evolutionary treatise of the decade, perhaps of the century. The approach is thoroughly scientific; the command of basic information amazing".
Huxley's main co-respondents in the modern evolutionary synthesis are usually listed as Ernst Mayr, Theodosius Dobzhansky, George Gaylord Simpson, Bernhard Rensch, Ledyard Stebbins and the population geneticists J.B.S. Haldane, Ronald Fisher and Sewall Wright. However, at the time of Huxley's book, several of these had yet to make their distinctive contribution. E.B. Ford and his co-workers in ecological genetics were at least as important.
Evolutionary progress.
He always believed that on a broad view evolution led to advances in organisation. "Progress without a goal" was one of his favourite phrases.
In the final chapter of his "Evolution the modern synthesis" he defines evolutionary progress as "a raising of the upper level of biological efficiency, this being defined as increased control over and independence of the environment. "Natural selection plus time produces biological improvement... Improvements in biological machinery... the limbs and teeth of grazing horses... the increase in brain-power... The eyes of a dragon-fly, which can see all round [it] in every direction, are an improvement over the mere microscopic eye-spots of early forms of life". "[Over] the whole range of evolutionary time we see general advance — improvement in all the main properties of life, including its general organization. [But] improvement is not universal. Lower forms manage to survive alongside higher".
Eugenics.
Huxley was a prominent member of the British Eugenics Society, and was vice-president (1937–1944) and President (1959–1962). Huxley was one of many intellectuals at the time who believed that the lowest class in society was genetically inferior. He advocated "the virtual elimination of the few lowest and most degenerate types". In his writing he used this argument several times: "no-one doubts the wisdom of managing the germ-plasm of agricultural stocks, so why not apply the same concept to human stocks?".
In the post-war years, after the realisation that eugenic ideas had become tainted by the Nazis, Huxley (1957) coined the term "transhumanism" to describe the view that man should better himself through science and technology, possibly including eugenics, but also, importantly, the improvement of the social environment.
UNESCO and race.
In response to the rise of European fascism in the 1930s Huxley was asked to write "We Europeans" with three other scientists. Huxley suggested the word 'race' be replaced with ethnic group. After the Second World War he was instrumental in producing the UNESCO statement "The Race Question", which asserted that:
"A race, from the biological standpoint, may therefore be defined as one of the group of populations constituting the species "Homo sapiens""... "Now what has the scientist to say about the groups of mankind which may be recognized at the present time? Human races can be and have been differently classified by different anthropologists, but at the present time most anthropologists agree on classifying the greater part of present-day mankind into three major divisions, as follows: The Mongoloid Division; The Negroid Division; The Caucasoid Division."... "Catholics, Protestants, Moslems and Jews are not races..."
Books.
This is a selection of Huxley's most influential books:
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Gertrude Baines
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Gertrude Baines (April 6, 1894 – September 11, 2009) was an American supercentenarian who was the oldest person in the world from January 2, 2009 until her death on September 11, 2009. She was the last person known to have been born in 1894.
Personal history.
Gertrude Baines married Sam Conley at a very young age and had one daughter who died of typhoid fever at the age of 18. Baines was known to have been living in Hartford, Connecticut before moving to Ohio, where she worked as a maid at the Ohio State University. She later moved to California, where she lived on her own until age 105. She spent her final years at the Western Convalescent Center in Jefferson Park, Los Angeles.
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Reel Big Fish
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Reel Big Fish is a ska punk band that started in 1992 in California. They have only ever played ska/rock music but moved more to a pop sound during the album "Cheer Up!" They have had many different members since the start of the band, including two different singers and over 10 different horn players. They mainly got successful from the album "Turn The Radio Off", which had the single "Sell Out," in 1997, their most famous song.
Record Companies.
A common theme throughout some of their songs (such as "Don't Start A Band" and "Sell Out") is their disapproval of big record companies. Reel Big Fish was signed onto Jive Records, but after their short-lived success, the record company neglected them and did not advertise their albums. In their 2005 album, We're Not Happy Til' You're Not Happy, Reel Big Fish directly and indirectly expresses their anger towards their record company in several of their songs.
During 2006, Reel Big Fish was dropped from Jive Records. The band formed their own label and released a 3-disc live performance CD/DVD set, Our Live Album Is Better Than Your Live Album. This package became available on July 18, 2006 on the Internet and in retail stores on August 22. Jive later released a Reel Big Fish greatest hits album, Greatest Hit...And More, because they owned the rights to all previous songs. The band did not approve of, or make any money from the album, and have spoken out against it.
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199849
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314522
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Hate group
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A hate group is a group of people that want to hurt and be mean to other people. Hate groups usually are against people who are different from members of the group. This includes differences in ethnic group, religion, sex, and/or sexual orientation. The Ku Klux Klan and Neo-Nazis are examples of hate groups.
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination prohibits participation to hate group and hate speech, as well as racial discrimination in Article 4.
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Sulfur trioxide
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Sulfur trioxide (sometimes spelled sulphur trioxide) is a chemical substance made of 1 sulfur and 3 oxygen atoms (SO3). It is very toxic and irritating. It can dissolve violently in water to make sulfuric acid. It is made by oxidation of sulfur dioxide. It contains sulfur in its +6 oxidation state.
In popular culture.
Sulfur trioxide is mentioned in the "Emergency!" episode "The Old Engine Cram".
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18539
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Cape Tribulation
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Cape Tribulation () is both a headland and small town in northern Queensland, Australia north of Cairns. It is in the Daintree National Park and the Wet Tropics World Heritage area. The first people to live in the area were the Kuku Yalanji. The first European to settle in the area was John Moffat in 1880 who set up a farm to grow food for the miners in the west.
There is a sealed road to the area from the south from the Daintree River Ferry. To the north there is a four wheel drive unsealed road, called the Bloomfield Track. This goes to the Bloomfield River, Wujal Wujal, Bloomfield Falls and Cooktown. It is often closed during the wet season (Feb-Apr).
Tribulation means trouble and great suffering. Cape Tribulation was named by British explorer Lt. James Cook on 10 June 1770 after his ship ran into a coral reef near the headland; "...because here began all our Troubles..."
Cape Tribulation is in a rainforest and it gets a lot of rain. In 2006, the rainfall recorded was over 5.7 metres.
Most people visit the area during the dry season between July and November. There are four main resorts to stay in as well as several smaller bed and breakfast places. The town has two small supermarkets, two ATMs, one takeaway food outlet and five restaurants. During the wet season marine stingers are common so people swim in the many waterholes. There are crocodiles in the creeks.
The Great Barrier Reef is very close to the coast, only due east. There are two boats that take visitors to the reef. Other activities available are guided night walks, 4 wheel drive tours, horseriding, kayaking, jungle surfing, tropical fruit tasting and crocodile cruises.
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199869
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Up (2009 movie)
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Up (also known as the most beautiful movie ever) is a 2009 American animated movie produced by Pixar and distributed by Disney. It was first shown at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival. It was a successful movie and was one of the top movies for 2009. The main characters are a boy named Russell, an old man named Carl Fredricksen, and Kevin the rare bird. The main antagonist is Charles Muntz. They take an adventure to Venezuela on a flying house. The movie won two Academy Awards, including for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Score.
Plot.
The first scenes take up the childhood of Carl Fredricksen, a shy and serious boy who idolizes the famous explorer Charles F. Muntz Jr, whose anecdotes are usually told in news programs projected in movie theaters of the time. One day, after going to the movies to watch Muntz's new adventures, Carl learns that Muntz was accused of making the skeleton of a giant bird, which he claimed he had discovered in Paradise Falls. When his alleged lie was found, he lost his job. However, he promised to return to that site to bring back a live specimen of that bird and thus regain his reputation. The revelation of Muntz's lie saddens young Carl.
Soon after, Carl meets an energetic and somewhat eccentric girl named Ellie, who coincidentally is also a fan of Muntz. She confesses her desire to move her club (located in an abandoned house in the neighborhood) to a cliff overlooking Paradise Falls, where Muntz went. Carl promises to help him make his plan come true. As the scenes progress, adults Carl and Ellie are seen getting married and living in what was previously her club, although this time completely restored. He works as a balloon salesman, while she gets a job at a zoo in the city. At first, they want to have children, but after they lose a child, they discover that they can't have more and start thinking more about traveling. Although both try to save to be able to go to Cataratas one day, they always end up spending what they have saved on some other need that arises. Later, Ellie, now elderly, suddenly falls ill and dies without the couple being able to carry out the longed-for trip, something that Carl deeply regrets.
An aged, widowed, lonely and grumpy Carl is now presented inhabiting the same house, although it is now surrounded by an urban environment of skyscrapers and prominent buildings. Contractors working in an area near Carl's house have asked him to buy his house to occupy the land in a new construction, however, the old man refuses to sell them his property. On one occasion, the elderly man injured one of the workers because he accidentally knocked down the mailbox of his home, which caused him to be sent a court order forcing him to vacate his house to move to an old age. With no other alternative, Carl contrives to inflate tens of thousands of helium balloons a day before being evicted, to tie the house to them and take it with him in the heights. When this happens, and indeed the house rises from its place, he realizes that he has also brought with him Russell, a boy who belongs to the scouting group called "Intrepid Explorers", who shortly before had insisted to Carl to help him get the "Help the Grown-up" medal, the only one he needs to advance in scouting grade.
With Russell as his only companion on the journey, Carl orients the direction in which they fly aboard the house, similar to the planning of an airplane. After passing some obstacles related to the proper ascent of the house, including a thunderstorm, they almost fall down a ravine when they reach the mainland, in an area full of cliffs and rock formations. They manage to survive and Carl decides to carry the house, still floating by several inflated balloons, on his back for which he ties the hose of it to his waist. The old man recognizes Paradise Falls in the distance, so he hopes to get there before all the balloons deflate or burst, and the house can't be moved anymore. On their journey, they come across a tall, colorfully feathered bird, which Russell names Kevin (although it is later discovered that the bird is female, as she must take care of her young), and a dog that is able to talk through a special electronic collar that she wears around her neck. The latter says his name is Dug. Although Carl is reluctant to have both animals join them on their journey, they end up accompanying them. Before reaching their destination, they are intercepted by a group of dogs led by a Doberman named Alpha. Like Dug, they are able to speak through their respective collars. Carl learns that Dug was communicating with them all that time, something that Alpha and his companions, the Beta Rottweiler and the Gamma Bulldog, reveal at the time. In addition to the dogs, they mistake Russell, a postman, who call him a "mini-postman". The dogs force them to follow them, except for Kevin who hid on the roof of the house shortly before so that he would not be seen, to meet his master, an elderly Muntz.
Once they arrive at the place where the dogs indicate them, Carl recognizes his childhood idol and greets him with joy, but not before noticing that he is accompanied by dozens of dogs. Muntz kindly offers to board his airship, Spirit of Adventure, which is parked in a cave in the area. While they eat inside the airship, the adventurer reveals to Carl and Russell that he has spent a lot of time in Falls looking for the bird he promised to find, and for this he is helped by all the dogs they saw when they arrived. Although he also hints that he would not be concerned at all about the creature's well-being, as long as he regains his reputation. Innocently, Russell informs him of Kevin, finding similarities between it and the creature Muntz is looking for. Carl decides to flee the place with the boy, but Muntz refuses to let them go without first handing over Kevin. After a chase through the slopes and rocky areas of the place, where Carl, Russell and Kevin (who has come out of hiding) receive the help of Dug, in the end the villain catches them with the help of his dogs and the airship, and sets fire to Carl's house.
Knowing that taking Kevin away will not bother him anymore, and having extinguished the fire in his house, the old man considers returning to Falls without caring anymore about what happened, something that bothers Russell, who insists on returning to help the bird. It is not until the former reads Ellie's photo album, specifically some pages he had not seen where she thanks him for the adventure that meant having been married, and encouraging him to go for new adventures, Carl agrees to rescue Kevin with the help of the young scout. To get the house to rise back into the air, since many of the balloons burst due to the fire caused by Muntz, it is necessary to dislodge some furniture from it. After catching up with the airship, Carl intercepts Muntz inside, but Muntz manages to capture Russell. Finally Carl maneuvers the blimp and manages to rescue him, which brings him to safety along with Kevin and Dug in the houseboat. After an altercation between Muntz and Carl, the explorer falls off the airship. Despite his attempts to rescue the house, which can no longer float and to which he has hose-held, Carl chooses to let it go to prevent Kevin and Dug from falling off the blimp as well.
In the last scenes, Carl, Dug, and Russell are seen saying goodbye to Kevin and returning to the city aboard the "Spirit of Adventure". In the absence of Russell's father, Carl agrees to give the missing medal to the young man, but this turns out to be the medal made from a grape soda cap by Ellie in her childhood. Moments later, the latter two appear, along with Dug, counting the cars of the same color that travel along one of the streets of the city, while eating an ice cream, a pastime that Russell did with his father some time ago. Carl's house is also seen descending and settling in Paradise Falls, which somehow fulfills the wish that Ellie had had since she and Carl were children.
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Dracaena trifasciata
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Dracaena trifasciata (also known as "Mother-in-law's tongue", "Saint George's sword" or the "snake plant") is a plant that can grow in many places. It is a desert plant from dry Africa. It is a succulent that stores water in its very thick, tough leaves. That means that it does not need to be watered every day. It does not need sunlight to grow and can stay in the same pot for many years. This plant grows better with less water than more water.
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Mother-In-Law's Tongue
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Schefflera actinophylla
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Schefflera actinophylla (syn. "Brassaia actinophylla") is a tree in the Araliaceae family. It is native to tropical rainforests and gallery forests in Australia (eastern Queensland and the Northern Territory), New Guinea and Java. Common names include Umbrella Tree, Octopus Tree and Amate.
The elegant schefflera is popular with people who want a big, tree-size plant. In time it will easily reach seven or eight feet; in its home environment in Australia, it gets to be fifty feet tall.
Much of its appeal as a houseplant comes from the unusual leaves. A leaf is composed of a number of leaflets, all set in a circle around a central stem and stretching out horizontally, like the ribs of an umbrella. Eash leaflet is a pointy oval, size to eight inches long, and rich shiny green.
As it gets older, schefflera loses leaves from the lower part of the stem, increasing its tree shape.
The broad leaves tend to collect dust, and this in turn seems to be attractive to red spider mites. To help keep them under control, and to keep your plant looking its best, keep the leave dusted.
This will accommodate itself to our environment reasonably well. It will accept normal household temperatures, and adapts to different humidity levels. With enough sunlight and clean conditions the schefflera will last a long time.
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Joshua Reynolds
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Sir Joshua Reynolds (16 July 1723 – 23 February 1792) was an English painter of portraits. He helped to start the Royal Academy of Arts and was its first president. King George III made him "Sir" Joshua Reynolds in 1769.
Some critics disliked Reynolds and the Royal Academy. The Pre-Raphaelites called him "Sir Sloshua" and William Blake published a savage pamphlet "Annotations to Sir Joshua Reynolds' Discourses" in 1808. On the other hand, Turner was a strong supporter, and asked to be buried at Reynolds' side.
Reynolds has over 1000 portraits in the National Portrait Gallery, London. Despite Blake's criticisms, Reynold's "Discourses" had a lasting impact on the theory and practice of art.
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Fumiya Iwamaru
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Fumiya Iwamaru (born 4 December 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Yokohama.
Club career statistics.
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Yuzo Tamura
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Yuzo Tamura (born 7 December 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Shonan Bellmare.
Club career statistics.
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Takuya Kobayashi
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Takuya Kobayashi (born 19 July 1981) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
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199899
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Rimini FC 1912
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Associazione Calcio Rimini 1912 is a football club which plays in Italy.
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199900
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640235
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US 1913 Seregno Calcio
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U.S.D. 1913 Seregno Calcio is a football club which plays in Italy.
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199901
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SSD Sanremese Calcio
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Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Sanremese is a football team which plays at San Remo in Italy.
The club in season 2014-15 plays in Prima Categoria Liguria/A.
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199903
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640235
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Benevento Calcio
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Benevento Calcio is a football club which plays in Italy.
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199905
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Cosenza Calcio 1914
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Cosenza Calcio 1914 is a football club which plays in Italy.
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199906
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Fermana FC
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U.S. Fermana is a football club which plays in Italy.
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199910
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Hajime Hosogai
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is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Hosogai was born in Maebashi on June 10, 1986. After graduating from Maebashi Ikuei High School, he joined J1 League club Urawa Reds in 2005. He played several matches as defensive midfielder from first season. Urawa won the champions in the 2006 J1 League and 2007 AFC Champions League. He became a regular player from 2008. In January 2011, he moved to German 2. Bundesliga club Augsburg. The club was promoted to Bundesliga end of the 2010/11 season. From summer 2012, he played Bayer Leverkusen, Hertha, Bursaspor and Stuttgart. In March 2018, he returned to Japan and joined Kashiwa Reysol. In 2019, he moved to Thailand and played Buriram United and Bangkok United.
In 2008, Hosogai was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 2008 Summer Olympics. He played 2 matches as defensive midfielder. On September 4, 2010, he debuted for the Japan national team against Paraguay. In 2011, he participated 2011 Asian Cup. He played 2 matches and scored a goal, and Japan won the champions. He also played at 2013 Confederations Cup. He played 30 games and scored 1 goals for Japan until 2014.
Statistics.
120||5||15||0||30||1||8||1||173||7
119||3||6||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0||129||3
20||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||20||0
27||0||||||||||||||27||0
286||8||21||0||30||1||12||1||349||10
!Total||30||1
|
199911
|
561484
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199911
|
Shunichi Nakajima
|
Shunichi Nakajima (born 16 June 1982) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
15||0||0||0||0||0||15||0
15||0||0||0||0||0||15||0
|
199912
|
1011873
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199912
|
Hiroki Hattori
|
Hiroki Hattori (born 30 August 1971) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
236||34||10||5||31||4||277||43
236||34||10||5||31||4||277||43
|
199913
|
640235
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199913
|
Vigevano Calcio
|
Vigevano Calcio is a football club which plays in Italy.
|
199914
|
640235
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199914
|
Atletico Piombino
|
Atletico Piombino is a football club which is based in Piombino, Tuscany. Currently, it plays in "Eccellenza", the fifth Italian league.
|
199915
|
640235
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199915
|
US Grosseto 1912
|
U.S. Grosseto F.C. is a football club which plays in Italy.
|
199919
|
1011873
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199919
|
Nobuhito Toriizuka
|
Nobuhito Toriizuka (born 7 August 1972) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
312||22||16||0||8||1||336||23
312||22||16||0||8||1||336||23
|
199920
|
1011873
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199920
|
Sotaro Sada
|
Sotaro Sada (born 18 March 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Thespa Kusatsu.
Club career statistics.
183||7||7||0||0||0||190||7
183||7||7||0||0||0||190||7
|
199921
|
22027
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199921
|
Ryo Goto
|
Ryo Goto (born 25 August 1986) is a Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
133||22||5||2||138||24
133||22||5||2||138||24
|
199925
|
22027
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199925
|
Masami Sato
|
Masami Sato (born 26 August 1981) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
175||26||17||9||4||1||196||36
175||26||17||9||4||1||196||36
|
199926
|
1011873
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199926
|
Kazuki Sato
|
Kazuki Sato (born 27 June 1974) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
101||7||7||1||19||3||127||11
101||7||7||1||19||3||127||11
|
199927
|
863768
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199927
|
Norihisa Shimizu
|
Norihisa Shimizu (born 4 October 1976) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Yokohama F. Marinos.
Club career statistics.
193||17||22||5||67||8||6||1||288||31
193||17||22||5||67||8||6||1||288||31
|
199928
|
640235
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199928
|
SS Arezzo
|
A.C. Arezzo is a football club which plays in Italy.
|
199929
|
640235
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199929
|
A.S. Sambenedettese
|
S.S. Sambenedettese Calcio is a football club which plays in Italy.
|
199944
|
293183
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199944
|
Pirituba
|
Pirituba is a neighbourhood in the northwest of Sao Paulo. The name "Pirituba" means a place with many marsh plants. One of the attractions is the Pico do Jaragua, which is the highest mountain in the city. Other attractions are Casa de Nassau, a Dutch immigrant's club, and Toronto City Park.
|
199951
|
693482
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199951
|
Mycorrhiza
|
A mycorrhiza (Greek for "fungus roots") is a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant.
In a mycorrhiza, the fungus lives inside the plant roots, and in the earth. The fungal hyphae are more efficient than plant roots at absorbing nutrients.
Mycorrhizas are important for plant growth in many ecosystems. At least 80% of all land plant species (and over 90% of families) have mycorrhiza. They depend on it for survival. They are the most common symbionts in the plant kingdom: they involve about 6000 species of fungi and 240,000 species of plants.
Mycorrhizas are divided onto two main types: ectomycorrhiza and endomycorrhiza.
The hyphae of ectomycorrhizal fungi do not penetrate individual cells within the root, while the hyphae of endomycorrhizal fungi penetrate the cell wall and invaginate the cell membrane.
The mycorrhizal symbiosis is ancient, dating to at least 400 million years ago.
Wood Wide Web is a term used for mycorrhizal networks in forests.
How it works.
This mutualism gives the fungus sugars, such as glucose and sucrose produced by the plant in photosynthesis.
The carbohydrates move from their source (usually leaves) to the root and then to the fungal partner. In return, the plant gains the use of the mycelium's very large surface area to absorb water and mineral nutrients from the soil, especially phosphorus.
The mechanisms of increased absorption are both physical and chemical. Mycorrhizal mycelia are much smaller in diameter than the smallest root. They can explore a greater volume of soil, providing a larger surface area for absorption: "It is estimated that every kilogram of soil contains at least 200 km of fungi strands".
Advantages.
Mycorrhizal plants are often more resistant to diseases, such as those caused by microbial soil-borne pathogens, and are also more resistant to the effects of drought. These effects are perhaps due to the improved water and mineral uptake in mycorrhizal plants.
Mycorrhiza is especially advantageous to the plant in nutrient-poor soils. Plants grown in sterile soils and growth media often perform poorly without the addition of spores or hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi to colonise the plant roots and aid in the uptake of soil mineral nutrients. The absence of mycorrhizal fungi can also slow plant growth in harsh areas.
The fungal partners may also help plant-to-plant transfer of sugars and other nutrients. Such mycorrhizal communities are called "common mycorrhizal networks".
Some species live inside the tissues of roots, stems, and leaves, in which case they are called "endophytes".
Similar to mycorrhiza, endophytic colonization by fungi may benefit both partners. Endophytes of grasses give their host more resistance to grazers and get food and shelter from the plant in return.
Bacteria in mycorrhiza.
Mycorrhizal roots offer excellent ecological niches for other microbes. Mycorrhizal fungi may host bacteria that complete their life cycles within fungal cells. One of the best known is "Geosiphon pyriforme", which can host cyanobacteria inside characteristic bladders.
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi are unique in hosting bacteria in their cytoplasm. Intracellular structures very similar to bacteria were first described in the 1970s. Research later identified them as true bacteria.
|
199960
|
1011873
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199960
|
Makoto Yonekura
|
Makoto Yonekura (born 28 December 1970) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
188||15||7||3||42||4||237||22
188||15||7||3||42||4||237||22
|
199961
|
1071738
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199961
|
Mitsunori Fujiguchi
|
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Fujiguchi was born in Maebashi on August 17, 1949. After graduating from Keio University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Mitsubishi Motors in 1974. From first season, the club won the 2nd place for 4 years in a row until 1977. In 1978, the club won all three major title in Japan; Japan Soccer League, JSL Cup and Emperor's Cup. The club also won 1980 Emperor's Cup, 1981 JSL Cup and 1982 Japan Soccer League. He retired in 1982. He played 127 games and scored 27 goals in the league. He was selected Best Eleven 3 times (1974, 1975 and 1978).
On July 12, 1972, when Fujiguchi was a Keio University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Cambodia. He played at the 1974 World Cup qualification and the 1976 Asian Cup qualification. In 1978, he was also selected to play for Japan at the 1978 Asian Games and he played three games. That competition was his last game for Japan. He played 26 games and scored 2 goals for Japan until 1978.
Statistics.
127||27
127||27
!Total||26||2
|
199962
|
532461
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199962
|
Jun Kokubo
|
Jun Kokubo (born 8 September 1980) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
143||2||16||2||1||0||160||4
143||2||16||2||1||0||160||4
|
199963
|
640235
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199963
|
A.C. Ponte San Pietro
|
A.C. Ponte San Pietro Isola S.S.D. is a football club which plays in Italy.
|
199967
|
1011873
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199967
|
Keishi Otani
|
Keishi Otani (born 17 April 1983) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
17||1||2||0||0||0||19||1
17||1||2||0||0||0||19||1
|
199968
|
1011873
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199968
|
Shusuke Tsubouchi
|
Shusuke Tsubouchi (born 5 May 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Omiya Ardija.
Club career statistics.
150||1||4||0||23||0||177||1
150||1||4||0||23||0||177||1
|
199969
|
1011873
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199969
|
Daiju Matsumoto
|
Daiju Matsumoto (born 9 December 1977) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
74||1||5||0||5||0||84||1
74||1||5||0||5||0||84||1
|
199976
|
68157
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199976
|
H.W. Bates
| |
199978
|
1011873
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199978
|
Yuki Matsushita
|
Yuki Matsushita (born 7 December 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Thespa Kusatsu.
Club career statistics.
190||11||12||1||6||0||218||12
190||11||12||1||6||0||218||12
|
199979
|
68157
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=199979
|
H. W. Bates
|
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