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Bakken, D. , and Frazier, C. L. (2006). Conjoint Analysis: Understanding Consumer Decision
Making, in R. Grover and M. Vriens (eds.) The Handbook of Marketing Research: Uses,
Misuses, and Future Advances . Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publication, pp. 607–670.
Bartlett, J. E. , Kotrlik, J. W., and Higgins, C. C. (2001). Organizational Research:
Determining Appropriate Sample Size in Survey Research, Information Technology,
Learning and Performance , 19(1), 43–50.
Blalock, H. M. (1961). Correlation and Causality: The Multivariate Case. Social Forces ,
39, 246–251.
Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural Equations with Latent Variables . New York, NY: John
Wiley and Sons.
Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research . New York, NY:
Guildford Press.
Dietz, T. , and Kalof, L. (2009). Introduction to Social Statistics: The Logic of Statistical
Reasoning . Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Duncan, O. D. (1966). Path Analysis: Sociological Examples, American Journal of
Sociology , 74, 119–137.
Duncan, O. D. (1975). Introduction to Structural Equation Models . New York, NY:
Academic Press.
Green, P. E. , and V. R. Rao. (1971). Conjoint Measurement for Quantifying Judgmental
Data, Journal of Marketing Research , 8, 355–363.
Hainmueller, J. , and Hopkins, D. J. (2015). The Hidden American Immigration Consensus,
American Journal of Political Science , 59(3), 529–548.
Hainmueller, J. , Hopkins, D. J., and Yamamoto, T. (2014). Causal Inference in Conjoint
Analysis: Understanding Multidimensional Choices Via Stated Preference Experiments,
Political Analysis , 20, 221–230.
Hoffman, P. J. (1968). Cue-Consistency and Configurality in Human Judgement, in B.
Kleinmunttz (ed.) Formal Representation of Human Judgement . New York, NY: Wiley,
pp. 53–90.
Humble, S. (2020). Quantitative Analysis of Questionnaires: Techniques to Explore
Structures and Relationships . New York, NY: Routledge.
Appendix 185
Johnson, R. , and Orme, B. (2007). A New Approach to Adaptive Choice Based Conjoint,
in Sawtooth Software Conference Proceedings . Sequim, WA: Sawtooth Software, pp.
85–109.
Kenny, D. A. (1979). Correlation and Causality . New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Kline, R. B. (2016). Methodology in the Social Sciences . Principles and Practice of
Structured Equation Modelling . 4th edition. Guildford, UK: Guildford Press.
Lancaster, K. J. (1966). A New Approach to Consumer Theory, The Journal of Political
Economy , 74, 132–157.
Loehlin, J. C. , and Beaujen, A. A. (2017). Latent Variable Models . New York, NY:
Routledge.
Mutz, D. C. (2011). Population Based Survey Experiments . Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press.
Pearl, J. (1988). Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems: Networks of Plausible
Inference . San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
|
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income. The more significant the time deferral achieved,
the bigger the effect of the time value of money
in net present value terms.
Ring-fencing reduces such tax deferral opportunities and brings forward
the payment of taxes from profit-making projects, ensuring the early
revenues that are particularly important for resource-constrained developing
countries (see Box 4). This objective of accelerating the government
revenues, however, comes into conflict with the objective of the investors,
which is to optimize the cash flows by benefiting from the tax deferral effect.
Careful consideration is therefore needed to assess whether this benefit of
accelerated revenues outweighs the negative implications that this may
have on the investment decisions and expectations of investors. In balancing
these conflicting objectives, it may also be useful to consider whether other
fiscal instruments could achieve such an objective (e.g., mining royalty)
without the negative spillovers on investment decisions.13
13 Without ring-fencing, there may be neutrality concerns where mining entities are
also engaged in non-mining activities. Entities in the non-mining activity sector may
be disadvantaged by having to compete with entities that have additional mining
activities3.0 THE BENEFITS
AND RISKS OF
RING -FENCING
4.0 DESIGNING
RING -FENCING
RULES
5.0 THE
IMPLEMENTATION
OF RING -FENCING
RULES
6.0 CONCLUSION 2.0 THE
FUNDAMENTALS
OF RING -FENCING 1.0 INTRODUCTION
14
Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makersBOX 4. AN EXAMPLE OF HOW RING -FENCING DELIVERS EARLY
GOVERNMENT REVENUES
In the simplified example below, a mining investor holds two successful
producing mines. Row 1 in T able 1 shows the revenue the government
would collect if the investor were allowed to consolidate the income and
losses from the two mines. Row 2 shows the government’s revenue where
ring-fencing rules are applied.14
Where ring-fencing rules are applied, the government receives its first
revenue from CIT in year 8, as opposed to year 11, if the investor is
allowed to consolidate the two mines.
TABLE 1. Government revenues over the life of the mines (in USD millions)
YEAR 0–567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 TOTAL
Consolidation 0 00 0 0 0 1,110 1,478 2,609 1,178 953 7,328
Ring-fencing 0 00488 668 443 593 593 2,412 1,178 953 7,328
Source: Author's elaboration.
FIGURE 4. Timing of government revenues
050010001500200025003000
Ring-fenced - Mine 1 and 2 SuccessfulConsolidated - Mine 1 and 2 Successful0-5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Source: Authors’ elaboration.
14
|
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] |
[] |
the core and branching outward, visually representing the interwoven stories of harm. The sharing of these stories thus involved not only speech, but also a movement of the whole body to reach for the soil at the centre of the circle and to spread it on the canvas. This gesture, as well as the tactile interaction with soil, was grounding, allowing participants to focus on the movement and let the story flow, feeling the earth in their hands, shaping its way on the canvas and witnessing how each contribution joined the others.
The stories and emotions shared revealed our collective capacity to build homes and trust that are not only tied to a place but to the communities we create and sustain. One participant said about the whole Common Ground Process:
There were so many emotions. And it s not just the good ones. We are all collectively sharing ' and feeling and breathing. We shared our rage and were able to confront each other about certain things that people may have made us feel … There is so much more vulnerability that comes into that when you can share some of your fears and insecurities with another person. You can see it in the art that we have created together, and you can see it in our process and how it s part of unlearning that you are not a burden to other people, and that we are actually ' caring, deeply caring about each other. We are a community and that s what it means to ' breathe collectively. When someone else feels alone, angry, or if they are feeling grief, I want that to be part of the conversation as well. And I feel like since day one we had that … . And without that vulnerability we can t create the kind of spaces that we have created. '
The soil became more than a passive element but instead an actor in the sharing process, holding memories, texture, colours, smells and knowledge just like each story in the room, and allowing participants to let go of their stories as they let go of the soil, depositing it in the collective space.
## Part Two: Seeds, Ancestral Resilience and Shared Roots
For the second part, we invited participants to draw from the experiences and strategies of their ancestors, and to reflect on what these can teach us
|
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[] |
mask to every citizen in the face of a possible poison gas attack. John Fremlin lent the group his room at Trinity College to experiment with the government- issued plans for gas- proofing a room. The room was carefully sealed, with ten members inside. Each member was given specific instructions, including measuring hourly carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, humidity, and breathing and pulse rates. 60 Despite the suggested gas- proofing measures in place, the experiment demonstrated that, alarmingly, 'air passed readily from the outside into a gas- proofed room under normal atmospheric conditions'. 61 The experiments and tests on survival rates from high explosives and incendiary bombs culminated in the publication of a book, The Protection of the Public from Aerial Attack (1937). The publication caused a stir, with a review in Nature stating that the book represented:
|
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Most industries with
current strength are in private and public servic-
es; no industry has passed the selection criteria
in Agriculture (NACE A) and only one industry in
Construction (NACE F). Industries with emerging
strength have been identified in different NACE
Section levels: in Manufacturing, in particular, in
food products (NACE 10) and beverages (NACE 11). In Construction (NACE F), 5 out of 9 indus-
tries have an emerging strength. Five industries
have both a current and emerging strength: Retail
sale of other household equipment in specialised
stores (NACE 47.5); Hotels and similar accommo-
dation (NACE 55.1); Accounting, bookkeeping and
auditing activities; tax consultancy (NACE 69.2);
Advertising (NACE 73.1); and Gambling and bet-
ting activities (NACE 92).
NACE Industry nameCurrent
strengthEmerging
strength
A AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHING
1.4 Animal production X
B MINING AND QUARRYING
7.2 Mining of non-ferrous metal ores X
8.1 Quarrying of stone, sand and clay X
C MANUFACTURING
10.5 Manufacture of dairy products X
10.7 Manufacture of bakery and farinaceous products X
10.8 Manufacture of other food products X
11 Manufacture of beverages X
14.1 Manufacture of wearing apparel, except fur apparel X
16.2 Manufacture of products of wood, cork, straw and plaiting materials X
22.2 Manufacture of plastic products X
23.7 Cutting, shaping and finishing of stone X
24.1 Manufacture of basic iron and steel and of ferro-alloys X
25.9 Manufacture of other fabricated metal products X
D ELECTRICITY, GAS, STEAM AND AIR CONDITIONING SUPPLY
35.1 Electric power generation, transmission and distribution X
EWATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE, WASTE MANAGEMENT AND REMEDIATION
ACTIVITIES
F CONSTRUCTION
41.2 Construction of residential and non-residential buildings X
42.2 Construction of utility projects X
42.9 Construction of other civil engineering projects XTable 2.3. Economic mapping results for Georgia
42
Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential
NACE Industry nameCurrent
strengthEmerging
strength
43.1 Demolition and site preparation X
43.2 Electrical, plumbing and other construction installation activities X
43.9 Other specialised construction activities X
GWHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE; REPAIR OF MOTOR VEHICLES AND
MOTORCYCLES
45.1 Sale of motor vehicles X
47.1 Retail sale in non-specialised stores X
47.5 Retail sale of other household equipment in specialised stores X X
47.6 Retail sale of cultural and recreation goods in specialised stores X
H TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE
49.3 Other passenger land transport X
49.4 Freight transport by road and removal services X
53.2 Other postal and courier activities X
I ACCOMMODATION AND FOOD SERVICE ACTIVITIES
|
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"41.2",
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"-",
"residential",
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"X",
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" ",
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"\n",
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" ",
"XTable",
"2.3",
".",
"Economic",
"mapping",
"results",
"for",
"Georgia",
"\n",
"42",
"\n ",
"Part",
"2",
"Analysis",
"of",
"economic",
"and",
"innovation",
"potential",
"\n",
"NACE",
"Industry",
"nameCurrent",
"\n",
"strengthEmerging",
"\n",
"strength",
"\n",
"43.1",
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"and",
"site",
"preparation",
" ",
"X",
"\n",
"43.2",
"Electrical",
",",
"plumbing",
"and",
"other",
"construction",
"installation",
"activities",
" ",
"X",
"\n",
"43.9",
"Other",
"specialised",
"construction",
"activities",
" ",
"X",
"\n",
"GWHOLESALE",
"AND",
"RETAIL",
"TRADE",
";",
"REPAIR",
"OF",
"MOTOR",
"VEHICLES",
"AND",
"\n",
"MOTORCYCLES",
" \n",
"45.1",
"Sale",
"of",
"motor",
"vehicles",
" ",
"X",
"\n",
"47.1",
"Retail",
"sale",
"in",
"non",
"-",
"specialised",
"stores",
" ",
"X",
"\n",
"47.5",
"Retail",
"sale",
"of",
"other",
"household",
"equipment",
"in",
"specialised",
"stores",
"X",
"X",
"\n",
"47.6",
"Retail",
"sale",
"of",
"cultural",
"and",
"recreation",
"goods",
"in",
"specialised",
"stores",
"X",
" \n",
"H",
"TRANSPORTATION",
"AND",
"STORAGE",
" \n",
"49.3",
"Other",
"passenger",
"land",
"transport",
" ",
"X",
"\n",
"49.4",
"Freight",
"transport",
"by",
"road",
"and",
"removal",
"services",
" ",
"X",
"\n",
"53.2",
"Other",
"postal",
"and",
"courier",
"activities",
"X",
" \n",
"I",
"ACCOMMODATION",
"AND",
"FOOD",
"SERVICE",
"ACTIVITIES",
" \n"
] |
[] |
Mechanical engineering and heavy
machinery200 15.1% 215 0 415
Energy 243 13.7% 65 2 310
Biotechnology 153 8.2% 112 1 266
Agrifood 196 3.3% 3 2 201
Optics and photonics 148 10.4% 6 0 154Table 3.11. Number of records per S&T specialisation domain in Azerbaijan
180
Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential
Figure 3.27. Number of records per S&T specialisation domain in Azerbaijan
0 200 400 600 800 1 000 1 200 1 400 1 600
Number of records
publicationsFundamental physics and mathematics
Health and wellbeing
Chemistry and chemical engineering
Nanotechnology and materials
ICT and computer science
Governance, culture, education and the economy
Environmental sciences and industries
Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery
Energy
Biotechnology
Agrifood
Optics and photonics
patents EC projectsand scientific impact, as well as a positive growth
rate for publications.
In patents, Biotechnology (2.6), Energy (1.9),
Health and wellbeing (1.8) have a high specialisa-
tion; while also showing high patent counts, they
can thus be considered national specialisations in
technological development.
Finally, Table 3.12 presents the change in the
share of each domain within the S&T data sourc-
es, comparing the 2011-2014 period to the more
recent 2015-2018 period64. The small number of
records, particularly patents, gathered for Azerbai-
jan affects the temporal evolution indicators sig-
nificantly, and thus some domains have not been
considered.
64 See section ‘Temporal evolution of the S&T specialisation
domains’ for further methodological information.
Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation181
Figure 3.28. Specialisation index and citation impact across domains of Azerbaijan’s S&T ecosystem against the EaP
average, for publications
Specialisation indexNo pubs.
100
500
1 000Normalised citation impact2
1.3
1
0.75
0.50.25 0.5 1 2 4
Agrifood
Biotechnology
Chemistry and chemical engineering
Electric and electronic technologies
Energy
Environmental sciences and industries
Fundamental physics and mathematics
Governance, culture, education and the economy
Health and wellbeing
ICT and computer science
Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery
Nanotechnology and materials
Optics and photonics
Transportation
Figure 3.29. Specialisation index across domains of Azerbaijan’s S&T ecosystem against the EaP average, for patents
0.8 0.6 0.4 1.0 2.0
Specialisation indexBiotechnology
Energy
Health and wellbeing
ICT and computer science
Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery
Chemistry and chemical engineering
Environmental sciences and industries
Nanotechnology and materials
Optics and photonics
Fundamental physics and mathematics
Governance, culture, education and the economy
Agrifood
Electric and electronic technologies
Transportation
182
Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological
|
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management plans of the projects in which they will be re-used.
Beneficiaries should consider which of the questions pertaining to FAIR data above, can apply to the management of other research outputs, and should strive to provide sufficient detail on how their research outputs will be managed and shared, or made available for re-use, in line with the FAIR principles. The Beneficiaries will consider the most appropriate strategy to verify the application of the FAIR principles.
## 4. Allocation of resources
What will the costs be for making data or other research outputs FAIR in your project (e.g. direct and indirect costs related to storage, archiving, re-use, security, etc.)? These costs are already included in the NaMLab IT cost. The cost for open access publications is already allocated in the project's budget.
How will these be covered? Note that costs related to research data/output management are eligible as part of the Horizon Europe grant (if compliant with the Grant Agreement conditions) The costs are covered by NaMLab. In case some costs can separately allocated to the project, they will be.
Who will be responsible for data management in your project? The PI of MEMRINESS, Dr. Erika Covi.
How will long term preservation be ensured? Discuss the necessary resources to accomplish this (costs and potential value, who decides and how, what data will be kept and for how long)? The data will be preserved for 10 years by the research facility.
## 5. Data security
What provisions are or will be in place for data security (including data recovery as well as secure storage/archiving and transfer of sensitive data)? IT-guidelines are already in place. In addition, we have backup-storage and access protected by password to ensure secure storage and access to data.
Will the data be safely stored in trusted repositories for long term preservation and curation? Yes.
## 6. Ethics
Are there, or could there be, any ethics or legal issues that can have an impact on data sharing? These can also be discussed in the context of the ethics review. If relevant, include references to ethics deliverables and ethics chapter in the Description of the Action (DoA). No ethical issues. No need for discussing the topic further.
Will informed consent for data sharing and long-term preservation be included in questionnaires dealing with personal data? Not needed.
## 7. Other issues
|
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"\n",
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"1",
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"-1.55461E+01",
"1.19133E+01",
"\n",
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"Q",
"8.47889E-01",
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"5.59730E-02",
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"\n",
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"-2.97649E-01",
"7.96940E-01",
"-5.25635E-01",
"\n",
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"9.05932E-01",
"4.09467E-01",
"1.07814E-01",
"\n",
"UP",
"-3.01151E-01",
"4.44099E-01",
"8.43851E-01",
"\n",
"FOV",
"2.48819E+01",
"\n",
"!",
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"MODE",
":",
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"!",
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"3.50000E+00",
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] |
[] |
F02B; B62D
30Manufacture of other
transport equipmentTransportation B64C; B63B; B64G
32 Other manufacturing Biotechnology A61K
32 Other manufacturing Chemistry and chemical engineering A61K
32 Other manufacturingGovernance, culture, education and the
economyA61B; A63B; G09B
338
Annexes
UKRAINE
Concordances between NACE sectors and the intersection of IPC classes & S&T domains
NACE sector S&T domain Mapping
32 Other manufacturing Health and wellbeing A61K; A61B
32 Other manufacturing ICT and computer science A61B
32 Other manufacturingMechanical engineering and heavy
machineryA61B
32 Other manufacturing Optics and photonics A61B
62Computer programming,
consultancy and related
activitiesGovernance, culture, education and the
economyG06Q
62Computer programming,
consultancy and related
activitiesICT and computer science G06Q
Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation339
Annex 9. NABS 2007 to
NACE v2 correspondence
tableThe table below shows the correspondence be-
tween NABS 2007 socio-economic objectives and
three-digit NACE sectors75 that we used to derive
the mapping between ASJC Scopus subject fields
and NACE sectors.
75 Stancik, J., A methodology for estimating public ICT
R&D expenditures in the EU, JRC, 2012.
NABS NACE
NABS01Exploration and exploitation of
the earth6 Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas; 6.1 Extraction of crude
petroleum; 6.2 Extraction of natural gas; 7 Mining of metal ores; 7.1 Mining
of iron ores; 7.2 Mining of non-ferrous metal ores; 8 Other mining and
quarrying; 8.1 Quarrying of stone, sand and clay; 8.9 Mining and quarrying
n.e.c.; 9 Mining support service activities; 9.1 Support activities for petroleum
and natural gas extraction; 9.9 Support activities for other mining and
quarrying
NABS02 Environment38 Waste collection, treatment and disposal activities; materials recovery;
38.1 Waste collection; 38.2 Waste treatment and disposal; 38.3 Materials
recovery; 39 Remediation activities and other waste management services;
39.0 Remediation activities and other waste management services
NABS04Transport, telecommunication
and other infrastructures30.2 Manufacture of railway locomotives and rolling stock; 30.3
Manufacture of air and spacecraft and related machinery; 36 Water
collection, treatment and supply; 36.0 Water collection, treatment and
supply; 37 Sewerage; 37.0 Sewerage; 41 Construction of buildings; 41.1
Development of building projects; 41.2 Construction of residential and non-
residential buildings; 42 Civil engineering; 42.1 Construction of roads and
railways; 42.2 Construction of utility projects; 42.9 Construction of other civil
engineering projects; 43 Specialised construction activities; 43.1 Demolition
and site preparation; 43.2 Electrical, plumbing and other construction
installation activities; 43.3 Building completion and finishing; 43.9 Other
specialised construction activities; 49.1 Passenger rail transport, interurban;
49.2 Freight rail
|
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"30.3",
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"36",
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] |
[] |
this analysis, which focus on the ways international partners work together and engage with local authorities, provide valuable insights to guide more relevant, coherent, effective and efficient international co-operation and, in turn, to support humanitarian and sustainable development progress.
## Table of contents
| Foreword | 3 |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Abbreviations and acronyms | 6 |
| Executive summary | 8 |
| Lessons from Kenya's experience | 10 |
| 1 Kenya's development landscape and the impact of COVID -19 | 11 |
| 1.1. Health and socio-economic context prior to the pandemic | 11 |
| 1.2. The health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic | 12 |
| 1.3. The socio-economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic | 13 |
| 2 Kenya's health and socio-economic strategies during the pandemic | 15 |
| 2.1. Kenya's co-ordination mechanisms for COVID-19 response | 15 |
| 2.2. Containment strategies: Managing mobility and social interactions during the pandemic | 16 |
| 2.3. Kenya's proactive COVID -19 health response | 16 |
| 2. 4 . Expanding access to vaccines during the pandemic | 17 |
| 2.5. Socio-economic resilience: Protecting livelihoods and stimulating recovery | 18 |
| 3 International support to Kenya's COVID -19 response and recovery | 20 |
| 3.1. Overview of official development assistance to Kenya before and during the pandemic | 20 |
| 3.2. International co-operation during Kenya's COVID-19 response | 22 |
| 3.3. COVID-19-related support provided by selected development partners | 25 |
| 3.4. Civil society organisations: Pivotal contributions to Kenya's COVID-19 response | 29 |
| 3.5. Inclusive and equitable responses in Kenya's COVID -19 strategy | 30 |
| 4 Findings from the evaluation of international support to Kenya's COVID -19 response | 31 |
| 4.1. Development co- operation and humanitarian assistance played a crucial role in Kenya's COVID-19 response | 31 |
| 4.2. Development partner funding was strategically aligned with the government's response plan. | 32 |
| 4.3. The early results of the collective response to COVID-19 in Kenya indicate significant achievements in public health. | 33 |
33
13
13
18
21
22
23
24
25
| 4.4. Efforts to alleviate the secondary social and economic effects of the pandemic were integral to the overall | 33 |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|
| 4.5. International partners played a vital role in the COVID-19 vaccination campaign, though |
|
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"this",
"analysis",
",",
"which",
"focus",
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"the",
"ways",
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",",
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",",
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"#",
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"\n\n",
"|",
"Foreword",
" ",
"|",
" ",
"3",
"|",
"\n",
"|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----|",
"\n",
"|",
"Abbreviations",
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" ",
"|",
" ",
"6",
"|",
"\n",
"|",
"Executive",
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" ",
"|",
" ",
"8",
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[] |
Spatio-temporal evolution of the Great Fear.
Affected locations are in red, previously affected locations in grey.
Extended Data Fig. 2 Spatio-temporal evolution of the road network.
Affected locations are in red, previously travelled road in blue. The entire road network is in grey.
Extended Data Fig. 3 Distance and time distributions.
a
, Distribution of distances between connected nodes in the network.
b
, Distribution of time intervals between two connected events in the network.
c
, Distribution of re-infection times.
Extended Data Fig. 4 Alternative epidemic models.
a
, The cumulative numbers of locations affected by the fear as a function of time. A fit with the SIR model is reported with a dashed line.
b
, The corresponding numbers of towns affected by the fear at any given day compared with the results of the SIR model.
c
, Same data as
a
, fitted with the SISa model.
d
, Same data as
b
, compared with the SISa model.
Supplementary information
Supplementary Information
Reporting Summary
Peer Review File
Supplementary Video 1
Spatio-temporal evolution of the Great Fear.
Supplementary Video 2
Spatio-temporal evolution of the road network.
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About this article
Cite this article
Zapperi, S., Varlet-Bertrand, C., Bastidon, C.
et al.
Epidemiology models explain rumour spreading during France’s Great Fear of 1789.
Nature
(2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09392-2
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Received
:
07 February 2025
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:
10 July 2025
Published
:
27 August 2025
DOI
:
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[] |
of women – is rarely straight -
forward.3 In our case, the crystallization of a research agenda around this
topic happened gradually, while pursuing projects that hadn’t initially set
out to investigate the role of women in science. For Nastasă- Matei, this
was a study of Romanian students in Nazi Germany, undertaken as part
of her doctoral research, followed by a postdoctoral project investigat -
ing Romanian Humboldt fellows in West Germany during the Cold War.
Women were under- represented in both cases and were targeted through
mechanisms of exclusion that can be clearly documented in the archives but
have seldom been recognized in historical literature. For Bonea, the impe -
tus came while working on a project about the global entanglements of
palaeontology in South Asia funded by the German Research Foundation
(Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Project No. 423157196, ‘Archives of
the Earth: Fossils, Science and Historical Imaginaries in Twentieth Century
India’). The project investigated how the fossil record of the Indian subcon -
tinent was incorporated into institutions of research, education and public
edification, such as museums, in India and abroad. Although there was little
expectation of finding female voices in a field of science that has been noto -
riously dominated by men, it soon became clear that women had engaged
with palaeontology in colonial and post- colonial South Asia in a variety
of guises, as scientists, fieldwork companions, popularisers of science and
institution builders.
The experience of working on these projects reminded us of Anne Firor
Scott’s pertinent observation that ‘people see most easily things they are
prepared to see and overlook those they do not expect to encounter’.4
Indeed, women have always engaged with science, but the ‘canon’ of
history- writing has been heavily skewed towards rendering them invisible,
even when traces of their lives and work did survive in the archives.5 In
her Foreword to this volume, Mariko Ogawa reminds us that the twen -
tieth century was a period when women started gaining access to science
education and careers in unprecedented numbers. However, as we discuss
below, this growing presence in the scientific establishment has not pre -
vented them from being persistently absent from the ‘collective memory of
science’, as Pnina Abir- Am puts it.6 This shows how enduring perceptions
of women as insignificant historical and scientific actors have been. Our
volume seeks to investigate the politics of invisibility that helped relegate
women to
|
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[] |
and Stokes et al. ( 2013 ) we explore residents’ preferences around selecting
brokers to assist them in the procurement of goods and services.
By “polycentric” I mean a system where citizens are able to organise not
just one but multiple governing authorities, as well as private arrangements,
at different scales …. Polycentric systems are themselves complex adaptive
systems without one dominating central authority.
(Ostrom, 2003 , pp. 12–13)
22 Urban life in Delhi slums
Part 3: Entrepreneurship
Chapter 5 , “Stories from the street: An intricate sidewalk ballet”, highlights the
voices of the entrepreneurs we encountered during this research. Stories of the
street scenes where goods are being hawked and haggled over in shops and markets
will be told alongside the voices of entrepreneurs – the street vendors, textile work -
ers, carpenters, painters, recyclers, beauticians, barbers and cooks. The atmosphere
in these settlements is buoyant, friendly with community cohesion and trust. The
slums provide examples of organic growth where the poor are agents of change.
Place attachment provides a feeling of community uniqueness and irreplaceability.
With a sense of belonging, feelings of loyalty, trust and a life with value and dig -
nity there follows a desire for bottom-up approaches to alleviating poverty. It is an
‘infectious’ atmosphere, with the poor focused on their family, neighbourhoods
and the next generation.
Mingled all among the buildings for living were an incredible number of
splendid food stores, as well as such enterprises as upholstery making, metal
working, carpentry, food processing. The streets were alive with children
playing, people shopping, people strolling, people talking. Had it not been a
cold January day, there would surely have been people sitting.
(Jacobs, 1961 , p. 19)
Chapter 6 , “Is there a doctor in the house?”, explores the world of what some
have termed private or informal healthcare providers. We believe these doctors are
examples of medical entrepreneurship. The basic concept in Kirzner’s theory of
entrepreneurship is alertness ( Kirzner, 1997, 1973 ). The private healthcare provid -
ers are satisfying the wants of our communities. Due to inequalities in health care
access, private medical services have sprung up within neighbourhoods to cater for
individuals unable to access or ignored when attending a government healthcare
facility. There are three parts to this chapter. First, to consider the supply side, we
set out the findings from our census and survey in each of our
|
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to decrease its working air pressure so that the lighter contaminants are successfully removed from the waste stream while reducing the overall resources consumed by the air system.
Some of the include conveyor systems, which includes mechanical handling equipment that moves materials or objects from one location to another. The conveyor systems can utilize any suitable conveyance means, which can include, for example, belt (belted) conveyors, chain and/or drag chain conveyors, live roller conveyors, sanitary/food grade conveyors, gravity conveyors, pneumatic conveyors, vibrating conveyor systems, flexible conveyors, telescopic conveyors, vertical conveyors, spiral conveyors, motorized drive roller (MDR) conveyors, heavy-duty roller conveyors, walking beam and/or fluid power cylinder conveyors, sortation conveyors, and/or the like. In some examples, the conveyor systems include one or more of the , , , , , and/or discussed previously w.r.t and , and/or can include the , , , and discussed infra w.r.t . These conveyor systems are generally used to conduct or convey waste streams between various MHUs (e.g., sorting mechanisms, air systems, , and/or the like). In addition to the conveyor systems discussed herein, some of the can include other conveyance means, such as, for example, industrial cranes and lifting equipment (e.g., gantry cranes, jib cranes, free standing bridge cranes, freight lifts, material lifts, and the like). In some implementations, individual conveyors may have one or more sorting mechanisms positioned at an end or along its length. Additionally or alternatively, some conveyors can be equipped with scales using load cells, speed sensors, and/or photo eyes that report the mass flow of the waste material at different parts of the system. In some implementations, weight measured by a load cell or other weight measuring mechanism can be used to detect and remove contaminants that exceed expected weight or density, either by a sorter (as described above) or at the direction of .
Additionally, the conveyor systems can communicate with the to report , which can include information captured by the conveyor systems. The information captured by the conveyor systems can include, for example, weight measurements, speed measurements, mass flow measurements, maintenance/servicing data/statistics, and/or any other measurements and/or metrics to assist with the management of the MRF. The uses from the conveyor systems to dynamically adjust the operation of the conveyor systems themselves and/or adjust the operation of various , , of the MRF. For example, the may instruct the conveyor systems to activate, deactivate, adjust one
|
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… but I was saved”. The second was a man whose overtures she rejected. He “laid wait to have catched me … to have forced me to marry or destroy me”.
A one-woman play, The Remarkable Deliverances of Alice Thornton, based on her writings, prompted one audience member to describe her life as a “17th-century EastEnders”. Beattie said: “This shows that the themes explored in these manuscripts are still relevant, important and engrossing.”
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- Heritage
- Autobiography and memoir
- Universities
- History
- Yorkshire
- County Durham
- English civil war
- features
### Most viewed
- CDC erupts in chaos after ousted chief Susan Monarez refuses to resign
- Ostapenko and Townsend confront each other after US Open match: ‘She said I had no education’
- Glorious Grimsby humiliate Manchester United with shootout victory
- The Burning Man Orgy Dome: welcome
|
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ores X
7.2 Mining of non-ferrous metal ores X
C MANUFACTURING
10.4 Manufacture of vegetable and animal oils and fats X
10.9 Manufacture of prepared animal feeds X
16.1 Sawmilling and planing of wood X
19.1 Manufacture of coke oven products X
19.2 Manufacture of refined petroleum products X
20.1Manufacture of basic chemicals, fertilisers and nitrogen compounds, plastics
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20.4Manufacture of soap and detergents, cleaning and polishing preparations,
perfumes and toilet preparations X
23.5 Manufacture of cement, lime and plaster X
23.6 Manufacture of articles of concrete, cement and plaster XTable 2.5. Economic mapping results for Ukraine
Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation47
NACE Industry nameCurrent
strengthEmerging
strength
23.9 Manufacture of abrasive products and non-metallic mineral products n.e.c. X
24.1 Manufacture of basic iron and steel and of ferro-alloys X
24.2 Manufacture of tubes, pipes, hollow profiles and related fittings, of steel X
24.3 Manufacture of other products of first processing of steel X
24.4 Manufacture of basic precious and other non-ferrous metals X
25.1 Manufacture of structural metal products X
25.6 Treatment and coating of metals; machining X X
25.9 Manufacture of other fabricated metal products X
27.1Manufacture of electric motors, generators, transformers and electricity
distribution and control apparatusX
28.1 Manufacture of general-purpose machinery X
28.3 Manufacture of agricultural and forestry machinery X X
28.9 Manufacture of other special-purpose machinery X
29.1 Manufacture of motor vehicles X
29.3 Manufacture of parts and accessories for motor vehicles X
30.2 Manufacture of railway locomotives and rolling stock X
30.3 Manufacture of air and spacecraft and related machinery X
33.1 Repair of fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment X
D ELECTRICITY, GAS, STEAM AND AIR CONDITIONING SUPPLY
35.1 Electric power generation, transmission and distribution X
35.3 Steam and air conditioning supply X X
EWATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE, WASTE MANAGEMENT AND REMEDIATION
ACTIVITIES
F CONSTRUCTION
41.1 Development of building projects X
41.2 Construction of residential and non-residential buildings X
42.1 Construction of roads and railways X
42.2 Construction of utility projects X
43.2 Electrical, plumbing and other construction installation activities X
GWHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE; REPAIR OF MOTOR VEHICLES AND
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45.3 Sale of motor vehicle parts and accessories X
46.1 Wholesale on a fee or contract basis X
46.2 Wholesale of agricultural raw materials and live animals X
46.3 Wholesale of food, beverages and tobacco X
46.6 Wholesale of other machinery,
|
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] |
[] |
revues. D’autres
formes de résultat de recherche, qui peuvent ou non être évaluées par des pairs, tels que les brevets, les exposés réalisés lors de conférences, les rapports
nationaux et les séries techniques, ne sont pas prises en considération. En outre, les articles qui ne sont pas rédigés en anglais, ou qui n’ont pas au moins un
résumé en anglais, ne sont pas inclus dans la base de données et ne font donc pas partie de la présente étude.V. Les capacités techniques des sciences océaniques restent
inégalement réparties entre les pays et les régions ; ce
déséquilibre est encore accentué par le financement à court
terme ou ponctuel dont bénéficient les sciences océaniques.
VI. Le nombre de publications2 sur les sciences océaniques continue
d’augmenter à travers le monde, en particulier dans les pays
d’Asie de l’Est et du Sud-Est.
VII. (vii) Les pays ne disposent pas des moyens nécessaires pour
gérer leurs données et informations relatives aux océans, ce qui
entrave le libre accès et le partage de données.
VIII. Le processus du Rapport mondial sur les sciences océaniques
propose une approche systématique pour mesurer les capacités
en sciences océaniques au niveau international (cible 14.a
des ODD). Des mécanismes similaires doivent être mis en
place pour mesurer les progrès accomplis dans la réalisation
du Programme 2030 dans son ensemble, et de l’ODD 14
en particulier. Jusqu’à présent, cela a été fait de manière
ponctuelle ; de nombreuses régions du monde ne disposent pas
de cadres et de stratégies systématiques à cet effet.
COI RAPPORT MONDIAL SUR LES SCIENCES OCÉANIQUES 2020 / 5RÉSUMÉ EXÉCUTIF
PRINCIPALES CONCLUSIONS
Chiffres et
données factuelles
© Henley Spiers, UNWOD 2019
6 / COI RAPPORT MONDIAL SUR LES SCIENCES OCÉANIQUES 2020RÉSUMÉ EXÉCUTIF
ChIffRES ET DONNÉES fACTUELLES
Les capacités humaines
en sciences océaniques
Les sciences océaniques se développent lorsque
ceux qui pratiquent ces sciences s’épanouissent
Le rôle essentiel de la composante humaine dans l’exercice des
sciences océaniques et dans les chaînes de valeur de la science à la
gestion et de la science à l’innovation est de mieux en mieux compris.
En outre, la contribution importante des sciences océaniques à une
économie bleue durable, et au développement durable en général,
est davantage reconnue.
Le nombre de chercheurs en sciences
océaniques dans chaque pays varie
entre < 1 et > 300 employés par million
d’habitants – ces ratios ne sont pas directement
liés au PIB
Les pays européens ont
|
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literacy programmes are as relevant as ever ............................................................................................................... 223
CHAPTER 14. Sustainable development and global citizenship .................................................................................................... 228
Focus 14.1. Civic education can shape young citizens’ political behaviour .............................................................................................. 234
CHAPTER 15. Education facilities and learning environments ....................................................................................................... 238
Focus 15.1. School infrastructure must adapt to climate change ............................................................................................................... 245
CHAPTER 16. Scholarships ........................................................................................................................................................................ 252
Focus 16.1. New funding sources of scholarships are emerging ................................................................................................................. 258
CHAPTER 17. Teachers ............................................................................................................................................................................... 260
Focus 17.1. ‘Teacher shortages’ is used to describe different problems which require different policies .................................... 268
2024/5 • GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORTxvCHAPTER 18. Finance ................................................................................................................................................................................. 273
Public expenditure ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 275
Focus 18.1. Are school principals’ salaries attractive? ................................................................................................................................... 281
Aid expenditure ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 287
Aid to education reached a record absolute level but continues to decline in relative terms ........................................................... 287
Focus 18.2. Tapping climate finance to mobilize resources in education ................................................................................................ 292
Household expenditure ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 296
Annex
Statistical tables ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 301
Aid tables ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 387
Glossary ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 396
Acronyms and abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................................................... 401
List of figures,
tables and boxes
FIGURES
Figure 1.1 School leadership is at the centre of a framework of education quality ................................................................................... 12
Figure 2.1 School principals have reported a decrease in their oversight of teaching activities in high-income countries ......... 27
Figure 2.2 Just over one in three principals reported having a significant responsibility for determining course content .......... 28
Figure 2.3 Principals have significant decision-making power in setting disciplinary policies but not teacher salaries .............. 39
Figure 2.4 Higher-performing education systems tend to grant greater autonomy over human and financial resources
decisions to principals ............................................................................................................................................................................... 40
Figure 2.5 Not all leadership dimensions are equally embedded in national professional standards ................................................. 41
Figure 3.1 Principals’ academic qualifications vary across countries ............................................................................................................ 53
Figure 3.2 In wealthier countries, average principal tenure varies by a factor of three ........................................................................... 54
Figure 3.3 Women are much less likely to be principals than teachers ......................................................................................................... 55
Figure 3.4 In francophone Africa, female principals have less school management experience than men ...................................... 56
Figure 3.5 Relatively few principals begin their tenure having done a course in school administration ............................................. 57
Figure 3.6 A quarter of principals report a need for professional development ......................................................................................... 58
Figure 3.7 Pre-service and induction training are insufficiently emphasized ............................................................................................. 59
Figure 3.8 Only one fifth of principal preparation and training programmes cover all four dimensions of leadership ................. 63
Figure 3.9 The extent to which
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NiMH batteries.
Figure 7. NiMH voltage and current profiles for rated capacity analysis according to IEC 619512, for
(a) AAA GP, (b) AA Duracell, (c) C Energizer, (d) D Duracell and (e) 9V Energizer battery.
The AAA and AA NiMH battery voltage and current profiles are presented in Figure
7a,b. As expected, the AAA and AA batteries have similar voltage and current shape pro-
files. In both cases, the batteries do not reach the manufacturer’s rated capacity in the first
cycle. However, in the second cycle, both batteries reached the rated capacity of 650 mAh
for AAA and 2500 mAh for AA, with a discharge time longer than 5 h (thus meeting the
requirement in IEC 61951-2). Similar behavior is observed for the C and D NiMH batteries
(see Figure 7c,d). Also in this case, both batteries reached the manufacturer-rated capacity
after the second cycle. The 9V battery consists of 7 cells connected in series. The voltage
Figure 7. NiMH voltage and current profiles for rated capacity analysis according to IEC 619512, for
(a) AAA GP , ( b) AA Duracell, ( c) C Energizer, ( d) D Duracell and ( e) 9V Energizer battery.
The AAA and AA NiMH battery voltage and current profiles are presented in
Figure 7a,b . As expected, the AAA and AA batteries have similar voltage and current
shape profiles. In both cases, the batteries do not reach the manufacturer’s rated capacity
in the first cycle. However, in the second cycle, both batteries reached the rated capacity ofBatteries 2025 ,11, 30 11 of 20
650 mAh for AAA and 2500 mAh for AA, with a discharge time longer than 5 h (thus meet-
ing the requirement in IEC 61951-2). Similar behavior is observed for the C and D NiMH
batteries (see Figure 7c,d). Also in this case, both batteries reached the manufacturer-rated
capacity after the second cycle. The 9V battery consists of 7 cells connected in series. The
voltage profile rises continuously during charging from 7 V to 10 V (Figure 7e); during
discharge, the battery reaches the rated capacity in the second charge/discharge cycle. It is
observed that the charging and discharging currents tend to have small changes in the 9V
battery; this may be due to the connections between the cells that create resistance for the
current to be fully constant. However, the fluctuation of the current is 1% to 3%, which, to
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[] |
measure short-lived
isomeric states populated by longer isomers.
The isomers studied in this work were also used to cali-
brate the IC for the nuclear charge of the fission fragments.
Even though such a measurement is difficult due to the
low kinetic energy of the fragments and the mass resolutioninduced by the double kinetic energy method, the results are
promising.
Based on all these encouraging results, a new generation
of the VESPA setup is being built. This augmented setupconsists in a larger array of both LaBr
3(Ce) and CeBr 3γ-ray
detectors placed around a twin Frisch-grid ionization cham-
ber, similar to the one used in this work. Adding these newdetectors improves the overall efficiency of the setup. This
will lead to better statistics and/or better selectivity, e.g., by
means of triple coincidences in relevant cases.
Acknowledgements This work was carried out in the framework of
the SINET project funded by the CEA.
Data Availability Statement Data will be made available on reason-
able request. [Author’s comment: The datasets generated during and/oranalysed during the current study are available from the correspondingauthor on reasonable request.]
Code Availability Statement This manuscript has no associated
code/software. [Author’s comment: Code/Software sharing not applica-ble to this article as no code/software was generated or analysed duringthe current study.]
123Eur. Phys. J. A (2025) 61:5 Page 11 of 12 5
References
1. M. Travar, V . Piau, A. Göök et al., Experimental information on
mass- and TKE-dependence of the prompt fission γ-ray multiplic-
ity. Phys. Lett. B 817, 136293 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
physletb.2021.136293
2. V . Piau, O. Litaize, A. Chebboubi et al., Neutron and gamma mul-
tiplicities calculated in the consistent framework of the Hauser-Feshbach Monte Carlo code FIFRELIN. Phys. Lett. B 837, 137648
(2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2022.137648
3. K. Skarsvåg, Time distribution of γ-rays from spontaneous fission
of
252Cf at short times. Nucl. Phys. A 253(2), 274–288 (1975).
https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(75)90482-0
4. A. Chebboubi, G. Kessedjian, O. Litaize et al., Kinetic energy
dependence of fission fragment isomeric ratios for spherical nuclei
132Sn. Phys. Lett. B 775, 190–195 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.physletb.2017.10.067
5. D. Gjestvang, J.N. Wilson, A. Al-Adili et al., Examination of how
properties of a fissioning system impact isomeric yield ratios ofthe fragments. Phys. Rev. C 108, 064602 (2023). https://doi.org/
10.1103/PhysRevC.108.064602
6. O. Litaize, O. Serot, L. Berge, Fission modelling with FIFRELIN.
Eur. Phys. J. A 51(12), 177 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/
i2015-15177-9
7. A. Göök, W. Geerts, F.-J. Hambsch et al., A position-sensitive twin
ionization chamber for fission fragment and prompt neutron cor-relation experiments. Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 830, 366–374 (2016).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2016.06.002
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the AI/ML system(s) can determine optimal for different MHUs and/or other MRF components in the MRF to optimize the sorting of materials out of the waste streams (or other material streams) based on the information from and/or the local MRF data streams , . The can include optimizing or otherwise reconfiguring the tasks/actions performed by , optimizing or otherwise reconfiguring the types and/or amounts of data collected by , rearranging and/or within the MRF for sorting different materials and/or for load balancing purposes, and/or the like. The rearranging of the MRF components can include taking MRF components offline, and instructing them to be moved to a service area for maintenance and/or testing purposes. Additionally or alternatively, the can include autonomous control of material baling and bunker section selection based on material conditions, capacity, and/or the like. In these ways, the , can be configured to work together in an efficient manner to reach a collective target for material recovery and purity. Examples of the second example implementation are shown by .
In a third example, the and/or other data, measurements, and/or metrics can be used by the AI/ML system(s) to optimize the functionality of . Here, the AI/ML system(s) can determine optimal for the to conserve energy, reduce resource consumption overhead, and/or reduce wear on different components. The can include activating or deactivating sorting technologies, changing directions of conveyors, altering detection capabilities of different on- , and/or other actions of to achieve results with minimum power, air, and consumption of other resources. Additionally or alternatively, the AI/ML system(s) can include models trained to predict when , , and/or other MRF components need to be serviced and/or replaced.
In a fourth example, the and/or other data, measurements, and/or metrics can be used by the AI/ML system(s) to expand the MRF functionality to pre or post material processing based on one or more data streams , . Here, the expansion of the MRF functionality can include retasking individual MHUs (e.g., mobile robotics, balers, loaders, and/or the like) to perform different functions within the MRF based on different trigger events, conditions, parameters, and/or criteria.
In a fifth example, the and/or other data, measurements, and/or metrics can be used by the AI/ML system(s) to autonomously control (or cause the to control) the infeed of material to the facility by altering/adjusting and/or mixing inbound material(s) to achieve a desirable (semi-)homogeneous commodity distribution. Additionally or alternatively,
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[] |
defined as 0.1 C for a charging time of 16 h (after discharging the battery to 1 V at 0.2 C).
There is no definition of maximum cell voltage or maximum temperature. Furthermore, a
fast-charging methodology for rated capacity tests is not included in this standard. Section 7
presents this in more detail.
Figure 2 presents the charge (a) and discharge (b) capacities of two AA NiMH batteries
with a rated capacity of 2.5 Ah. The charging durations are varied between 8 h and 17 h.
For one battery, the charging time increased between cycles (AS); for the other battery, it
decreased (DS). Each battery has a twin battery to check repeatability. This is in order to
exclude any effects that might be caused by cycle aging. The experiments are performed
using a 0.1 C charge and 0.2 C discharge as specified in IEC-61951-2-2017-7.2.1 and 7.3.2.2.
We observed in Figure 2a that charging the AA NiMH battery for longer periods of
10 h does not affect the battery’s discharge capacity of 2.5 Ah (see Figure 2b). In terms of
efficiency, the highest columbic and energy efficiency is observed at 8 h for AS and DS
experiments (see Figure 2c,d).
Having a similar discharge capacity at different charging periods may be an effect of
the passivation of the negative electrode during charging of the NiMH battery, which can
affect the cycle life of the battery [ 32]. The IEC 61951-2017 charging methodology (7.2.1)
shows that a NiMH battery can have a columbic efficiency (charge–discharge) ranging from
62% (when charged for 16 h (see Figure 2d)) up to 99.1% (when charged for 8 h). Similarly,
the energy efficiency varies between 55 and 90% with the same rated capacity (in this case,
2.5 Ah).
To further analyze the charging of portable NiMH batteries, we have selected different
batteries available to consumers in Europe. These batteries are charged using the protocol
in IEC 61951-2. The charge profiles for AAA, AA, C, and D batteries are shown in Figure 3.
Portable NiMH batteries of different sizes have similar voltage profiles when charged at
0.1 C for 16 h (see Figure 3a–d). However, these batteries are from different manufacturers
and have different rated capacities and sizes (see Figure 3e). The average charge voltage
profile shows a start charging voltage of ~1.2 V rising for 8 h until a voltage of ~1.4 V , then
a change
|
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Data show that 86% of full-time health care providers in rural India operate in the private sector, with 68% having no formal training and hence operating 'ille -gally'. A market exists as shown by the dense network of health care providers. In these rural areas, patients choose their provider, the majority of which are private ( Das et al., 2022). According to the National Family Health Survey 3 (NFHS) ( 2014), almost 60% of households indicate that poor quality care in public health care facilities is the reason for not utilising them (Baru et al., 2010). The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government led by Modi in 2014 focused on making tradi -tional forms of medicine mainstream. The government established the Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy (AYUSH). Ayurveda - 'Ayur' means 'life' and 'veda' means 'knowledge' in Sanskrit (Bhandari, 2015). Data show that for every household in Delhi that there are 70 medical care providers (mostly private) within a 15-minute walk (Das and Hammer, 2005). Private medi -cal providers account for 70% of the share of health care expenditure in all of India (WHO, 2009 2014 , ; Downie, 2017 ; Watson, 2021).
So, what does our research show is happening in Sanjay colony, Bhalswa and Ajit Vihar around private medical health care? In 2024, we undertook a census in each of the neighbourhoods to understand the extent of medical provision within the communities. By walking down every alleyway and through each street in our three communities, we logged every private healthcare provider we came across. The private sector ranges from one-room clinics to those selling Ayurvedic medicines, from pharmacies, laboratories, drug retailers to pharmaceutical stockists. In the three neighbourhoods, we found 43 private health care providers - 28 clinics, 13 medical stores and pharmacies, 1 dentist and 1 laboratory.
## Why the urban poor attend fee paying private medical care?
India has one of the largest public health systems in the world in terms of size. However, most health care communications in India are through the private sector ( Peters and Muraleedharan, 2008 ; Mahal et al., 2004 ; Mackintosh et al., 2016). In rural India, owing to the lack of access to publicly operated Primary Health Care Centres, a wide variety of health care providers with differing 'qualifications' has arisen to fill the gap. This provides those living in rural areas a multitude of 'doctors' to
|
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and secondary education. Countries with higher academic level requirements for teachers are more likely to have a compulsory continuous development policy. This positive association is in large part driven by countries' income level. Richer countries are both more likely to have a higher academic requirement and to mandate compulsory professional development (UNESCO, 2024b).
Nevertheless, compulsory policies and financial resources may not be enough. The share of teachers who have received in-service training in the past year varies widely across countries and does not necessarily increase with income. The latest data for this indicator at the primary level come from the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) 2021, released in 2023, which focus on grade 4 reading teachers. While nearly all primary school teachers in Azerbaijan, Egypt, Oman and Uzbekistan received training, participation was below 60% in Denmark, Norway and Türkiye and below 50% in Finland. In most countries, male and female teachers have similar rates of participation in in-service training. Exceptions include European countries, where overall participation is relatively low, and men are considerably less likely to participate. In Austria, 87% of female teachers participated in training compared to only 44% of male teachers. The gap is greater than 10 percentage points in Finland and France, and more than 20 percentage points in Denmark and Slovakia.
## FIGURE 17.5:
## Format and content of in-service training matter
Primary teachers, 2021
<!-- image -->
Various obstacles hinder participation. In most PIRLS-participating education systems, at least 90% of teachers said time constraints were a disincentive to participating in professional development activities ( Figure 17.5a ). In some countries, financial costs and lack of support from school administrators represent greater barriers. In Albania, 77% of teachers said financial costs and 51% said lack of support from school administrators were a disincentive to participation. Specific policies can help overcome these barriers, including covering the cost of participation and of a substitute teacher and providing paid leave of absence. In some countries, professional development is required for career development. It is mandatory for teachers to get a promotion in the Republic of Korea, a salary increase in Israel or take on induction responsibilities in Ireland. Some upper-middle- and high-income countries also cover the costs for participation in non-compulsory professional development (OECD, 2022).
participate in professional development. This was true for at least 50% of teachers in all education systems. The content of compulsory professional
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building it only has
access to form. But language is used for communi-
cation about the speakers’ actual (physical, social,
and mental) world, and so the reasoning behind
producing meaningful responses must connect the
meanings of perceived inputs to information about
that world. This in turn means that for a human
or a machine to learn a language, they must solve
what Harnad (1990) calls the symbol grounding
problem . Harnad encapsulates this by pointing to
the impossibility for a non-speaker of Chinese to
learn the meanings of Chinese words from Chinese
dictionary definitions alone.
Our purpose here is to look more deeply into
why meaning can’t be learned from linguistic form
alone, even in the context of modern hardware and
techniques for scaling connectionist models to the
point where they can take in vast amounts of data.
We argue that, independently of whether passing
the Turing test would mean a system is intelligent,
a system that is trained only on form would fail
a sufficiently sensitive test, because it lacks the
ability to connect its utterances to the world.
4 The octopus test
In order to illustrate the challenges in attempting
to learn meaning from form alone, we propose a
concrete scenario. Say that A and B, both fluent
speakers of English, are independently stranded ontwo uninhabited islands. They soon discover that
previous visitors to these islands have left behind
telegraphs and that they can communicate with
each other via an underwater cable. A and B start
happily typing messages to each other.
Meanwhile, O, a hyper-intelligent deep-sea oc-
topus who is unable to visit or observe the two
islands, discovers a way to tap into the underwa-
ter cable and listen in on A and B’s conversations.
O knows nothing about English initially, but is
very good at detecting statistical patterns. Over
time, O learns to predict with great accuracy how
B will respond to each of A’s utterances. O also
observes that certain words tend to occur in similar
contexts, and perhaps learns to generalize across
lexical patterns by hypothesizing that they can be
used somewhat interchangeably. Nonetheless, O
has never observed these objects, and thus would
not be able to pick out the referent of a word when
presented with a set of (physical) alternatives.
At some point, O starts feeling lonely. He cuts
the underwater cable and inserts himself into the
conversation, by pretending to
|
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And Regression Tree (CART), Iterative Dichotomiser 3 (ID3), C4.5, chi-square automatic interaction detection (CHAID), and the like), Fuzzy Decision Tree (FDT), and the like), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Bayesian Algorithms (e.g., Bayesian network (BN), a dynamic BN (DBN), Naive Bayes, and the like), and ensemble algorithms (e.g., Extreme Gradient Boosting, voting ensemble, bootstrap aggregating (“bagging”), Random Forest and the like).
- CART
Classification And Regression Tree
- ID3
Iterative Dichotomiser 3
- CHN
dynamic BN
- Naive Bayes
and the like
- ensemble algorithms
e.g., Extreme Gradient Boosting, voting ensemble, bootstrap aggregating (“bagging”), Random Forest and the like.
- iteration
at least in some examples refers to the repetition of a process in order to generate a sequence of outcomes, wherein each repetition of the process is a single iteration, and the outcome of each iteration is the starting point of the next iteration. Additionally or alternatively, the term “iteration” at least in some examples refers to a single update of a model's weights during training.
- Kullback-Leibler divergence
at least in some examples refers to a measure of how one probability distribution is different from a reference probability distribution.
- the “Kullback-Leibler divergence”
may be a useful distance measure for continuous distributions and is often useful when performing direct regression over the space of (discretely sampled) continuous output distributions.
- the term “Kullback-Leibler divergence”
may also be referred to as “relative entropy”.
- loss function
or “cost function” at least in some examples refers to an event or values of one or more variables onto a real number that represents some “cost” associated with the event.
- a value calculated by a loss function
may be referred to as a “loss” or “error”.
- the term “loss function” or “cost function” at least in some examples
refers to a function used to determine the error or loss between the output of an algorithm and a target value.
- the term “loss function” or “cost function” at least in some examples
refers to a function are used in optimization problems with the goal of minimizing a loss or error.
- matrix
at least in some examples refer to a system of postulates, data, and inferences presented as a mathematical description of an entity or state of affairs including governing equations, assumptions, and constraints.
- statistic model
at least in some examples refers to a mathematical model that embodies a set
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to weight different tasks/actions, parameters, features, and/or the like, accordingly.
- the control system 302
can signal instructions/commands 333 to reconfigure and/or rearrange the sensors 321 and/or MHUs 322 for any of the aforementioned purposes and/or for other purposes.
- the control system 302
can signal instructions/commands 333 to individual MHUs 322 change specific operational parameters of the individual MHUs 322 and/or to cause the individual MHUs 322 to automatically move to different areas/locations within the MRF.
- the instructions/commands 333
can be generated or otherwise based on the inferences/predictions generated by the AI/ML mechanisms 312 .
- the MRF components 302 , 312 , 321 , 322
can be in communication with one another and/or one or more other systems, devices, and/or data sources.
- the communications among the various MRF components 302 , 312 , 321 , 322
may be physical and/or logical connections using any other interconnect technologies and/or access technologies, such as any of those discussed herein.
- the control system 302
is a central controller that acts as an intermediary or hub that manages the communication among the other MRF components 312 , 321 , 322 .
- individual MRF components 302 , 312 , 321 , 322
can directly communicate with one another.
- a degree of overlap
may exist between the different sources (e.g., machine vision may be utilized in conjunction with one or more of the sorters, and/or the like).
- the various data streams
can be fed into the AI/ML mechanisms 312 or portions of control system 302 .
- some data from the data streams
can be used to train the AI/ML mechanism 312 .
- other datasets
may be used to train the AI/ML mechanism 312 .
- the AI/ML mechanism 312
may include unsupervised learning mechanisms, perform self-training, and/or learn on-the-fly using real-time (or near-real-time) data collected from the various data streams.
- the AI/ML mechanism 312
can include backpropagation techniques for training or inference phases.
- the MHUs 322
include robotic sorters.
- the robotic sorters
are sorting machines that include any form of robotic sorting capabilities such as, for example, articulated robots (e.g., including one or more manipulator arms), gantry robots, cylindrical coordinate robots, spherical coordinate robots, six axis robots, selective compliance assembly robot arm (SCARA) robots, parallel robots, delta robots, serial manipulators, and/or another type of robot or robotic elements suitable to handle an intended
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5. P. Przybyła, M. Shardlow, “Multi-Word Lexical Simplification,” in Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 2020), Barcelona, Spain, 2020. [bib][paper][data][model][code]
### Other NLP
1. I. Kuzmin, P. Przybyła, E. McGill, and H. Saggion, “TRIBBLE - TRanslating IBerian languages Based on Limited E-resources,” in Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Machine Translation, Miami, USA, 2024.[bib][paper][code]
2. P. Przybyła, N. T. H. Nguyen, M. Shardlow, G. Kontonatsios, and S. Ananiadou, “NaCTeM at SemEval-2016 Task 1: Inferring sentence-level semantic similarity from an ensemble of complementary lexical and sentence-level features,” in Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval 2016), San Diego, USA, 2016.[bib][paper]
3. P. Przybyła and P. Teisseyre, “What do your look-alikes say about you? Exploiting strong and weak similarities for author profiling - Notebook for PAN at CLEF 2015,” in CLEF 2015 Labs and Workshops, Notebook Papers, Toulouse, France, 2015.[bib][paper]
### Computations in physics
1. M. Maćkowiak-Pawłowska, P. Przybyła, “Generalisation of the identity method for determination of high-order moments of multiplicity distributions with a software implementation,” European Physical Journal C, vol. 78, issue 5, 2018.[bib][paper][software]
2. P. Przybyła, “A pattern recognition method for lattice distortion measurement from HRTEM images,” Journal of Microscopy, vol. 245, no. 2, pp. 200–209, 2011.[bib][paper]
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<!-- image -->
UDK 577.1 : 61
DOI: 10.5937/jomb0-27554
ISSN 1452-8258
J Med Biochem 39: 500-507, 2020
Original paper Originalni nau~ni rad
## C-REACTIVE PROTEIN AS AN EARLY PREDICTOR OF COVID-19 SEVERITY
## C-REAKTIVNI PROTEIN KAO RANI INDIKATOR OZBILJNOSTI INFEKCIJE VIRUSOM COVID-19
Maryame Ahnach 1 , Saad Zbiri 2 , Sara Nejjari 1 , Fadwa Ousti 3 , Chafik Elkettani 4
1 Department of Hematology, Cheikh Khalifa International University Hospital, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), 82403, Casablanca, Morocco 2 Laboratory of Medical Evaluation and Health Economics, International School of Public Health, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), 82403, Casablanca, Morocco 3 National Reference Laboratory, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), 82403, Casablanca, Morocco
4 Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Cheikh Khalifa International University Hospital, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), 82403, Casablanca, Morocco
## Summary
## Kratak sadr`aj
Background: Data for predicting severity of patients with COVID-19 infection are sparse and still under investigation. We retrospectively studied whether the admission serum C-reactive protein level (CRP) can serve as nearly predictor of disease severity during COVID-19 infection in comparison with other hematologic and inflammatory markers.
Methods: We included all consecutive patients who were admitted in Cheikh Khalifa International University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco, between February to April 2020, with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 infection using SARS-CoV-2 viral nucleic acid via RT-PCR. The complete blood count and serum CRP level were routinely measured on admission. All clinical and laboratory data of patients were collected and analyzed. The classification of the disease severity was in accordance with the clinical classification of the WHO interim guidance, and the management of patients were adapted to the national management guideline. We estimated receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of blood routine parameters as well as their association with COVID-19 disease severity.
Results: 145 COVID-19 patients were included in the study. The median age (range) was 50 (32-63) years, and
Address for correspondence:
Uvod: Podaci za predvi|anje te`ine stanja pacijenata sa infekcijom COVID-19 su retki i jo{ uvek se istra`uju. Retro spektivno smo istra`ili da li nivo C-reaktivnog proteina (CRP) mo`e da poslu`i kao rani indikator ozbiljnosti bolesti pri infekciji virusom COVID-19 u pore|enju sa drugim hematolo{kim i upalnim markerima.
Metode: Uklju~ili smo sve pacijente koji su uzastopno primljeni u Me|unarodnu univerzitetsku bolnicu [eik Kalifa u Kazablanki, Maroko, u periodu od februara do aprila 2020. godine, sa dijagnozom COVID-19 infekcije potvr |enom pomo
|
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₊₁ 18 ₋₁ | … | … | … | 0.74 ₋₁ | … | … 12 ₋₁ | … | 96 … | … | 0.74 ₋₁ | | | |
| Russian Federation San Marino | … 0.1 | … 6 | … | … | … | 327 | 23 | 96 | 96 ₋₁ | … | … | 94 ₋₂ ᵢ | 1,336 8 | 80 | 80 ₋₁ | … … | … … | 98 ₋₄ ᵢ … | RUS SMR | RUS SMR |
| Serbia | 16 ₋₁ | 11 ₋₁ | 40 … | 60 | 0.2 | … | | 35 … | 65 | … | … | … | 0.3 6 | … | 96 | | … | | | |
| | | | | 100 ₋₁ | … … | 19 ₋₁ | 14 ₋₁ | | 100 ₋₁ | … | … | 89 ₋₂ ᵢ | 7 ₋₁ 12 | … | 98 ₋₁ | 100 ₋₁ | … … | | … | SRB SVK |
| Slovakia | 16 ₋₁ 3 ₋₁ | 11 ₋₁ 18 ₋₁ | 98 ₋₁ | 100 ₋₁ | … | 19 ₋₁ | 12 ₋₁ | 98 ₋₁ | 100 ₋₁ | … | 0.48 ₋₁ | 70 ₋₂ ᵢ | 67 ₋₁ 37 ₋₁ | ₋₁ | 100 ₋₁ | … … | 0.48 ₋₁ 0.85 ₋₁ | … | SVN | SVN |
| Slovenia | 100 ₋₁ | | … | … | … | … | … | … 100 ₋₁ | … 100 ₋₁ | … | 0.85 ₋₁ 1.06 ₋₁ | … 331 ₋₁ | … 11 ₋₁ | … | … 100 ₋₁ | | | | ESP | ESP |
| Spain | | 12 ₋₁ | 100 ₋₁ | 100 ₋₁ | … | 244 ₋₁ | 12 ₋₁ | | | … | | 79 ₋₂ ᵢ 79 ₋₂ ᵢ | | 100 ₋₁ | | … … | 1.18 ₋₁ 0.81 ₋₂ | … 77 ₋₄ ᵢ | SWE | SWE |
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In some jurisdictions, the licencing law requires each legal entity to own only one mining licence. This means that for each mining project, a separate legal entity must be established. This regulatory requirement effectively eliminates the need for ring-fencing based on mining licence area. However, ring-fencing based on mining versus non-mining or upstream/downstream may remain relevant even in such jurisdictions due to the considerations elaborated above.
## 1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING
3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING
4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES
5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES
6.0 CONCLUSION
## 5.1.3 Requiring Separate Accounting Per Project
Some resource-rich countries require mining investors to keep separate accounting for each project. This obligation can sometimes have implications that also the tax should be paid on a project-by-project basis, especially if the accounting laws are the basis for the application of tax law. However, where there is a lack of such an interaction between tax and accounting rules, the mere separate accounting rule will not result in ring-fencing outcomes for tax purposes (see Box 17 for Peru's experience).
However, where tax laws require ring-fencing, separate accounting-at least for tax purposes (tax accounting)-also becomes necessary to facilitate the compliance and administration of the ring-fencing rule. Such an additional compliance burden placed on investors through having to separately produce segregated accounts for tax purposes only should be carefully considered. However, this is of lesser relevance if such reporting requirements are already in place for other regulatory reporting or existing management accounting (see Section 3.2.4).
Many jurisdictions applying ring-fencing rules require separate accounting for all ring-fenced activities-that is to say, separate tax accounting for each project and also other non-mining activities.
## BOX 17. PERU'S EXPERIENCE
Article 22 of the Peruvian Mining Code Regulations 34 guarantees the stabilization of fiscal rules per mining project for mining investors. A mining investor that holds more than one project, Article 22 says, 'must keep separate accounts and reflect them in separate results.' For years, this rule created the impression that ring-fencing applied to mining in Peru. This provision is understood as a practical necessity for compliance and to administer fiscal stability, which requires that the results of each project depend on the applicable tax law at the time the project was started.
In 2012, the Peruvian Tax Authority, the National Superintendency of Customs and Tax Administration, concluded that the interpretation of Article 22 should not
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"FENCING",
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"-",
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"CONCLUSION",
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] |
[] |
[see Figure 3] . While rising bankruptcies in
China suggest that the economy is entering a phase of industrial consolidation, overcapacities are likely to persist,
especially given ongoing weaknesses in household consumption and high saving rates. Moreover, in response to
perceived unfair competition, an increasing number of countries are raising tariff and non-tariff barriers against
China, which will re-direct Chinese overcapacity towards the EU market. In May, the US announced significant hikes
in tariffs against a range of products.
40THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 3FIGURE 3
EU trade balance by partner country
EUR billion
Source: Eurostat, 2024.
Europe must confront some fundamental choices about how to pursue its decarbonisation path while
preserving the competitive position of its industry . Black-and-white solutions are unlikely to be successful in
the European context. Emulating the US approach of systematically shutting out Chinese technology would likely
set back the energy transition and therefore impose higher costs on the EU economy. It would also be more costly
for Europe to trigger reciprocal tariffs: more than a third of the EU’s manufacturing GDP is absorbed outside the
EU, compared with only around a fifth for the USv. However, a laissez-faire approach is also unlikely to succeed
in Europe given the threat it could pose to employment, productivity and economic security. According to ECB
simulations, if the Chinese EV industry were to follow a similar trajectory of subsidies to that applied in the solar PV
industry, EU domestic production of EVs would decline by 70% and EU producers’ global market share would fall
by 30 percentage pointsvi. The automotive industry alone employs, directly and indirectly, almost 14 million Euro -
peans. Given Europe’s strong position in clean tech innovation, it could also lose the possibility to benefit from the
future productivity gains this sector will bring. Without some foothold in EIIs, Europe’s economic security could be
undermined, for example via lower food security (lack of fertilisers and pesticides) and less autonomy for the defence
sector. Most importantly, the “European Green Deal” was premised on the creation of new green jobs, so its political
sustainability could be endangered if decarbonisation leads instead to de-industrialisation in Europe – including of
industries that can support the green transition.
Europe will need to deploy a mixed strategy that combines different policy tools and approaches for different
industries . Four different broad cases can be distinguished. First,
|
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"40THE",
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" ",
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] |
[
{
"end": 1728,
"label": "CITATION_REF",
"start": 1726
}
] |
includes the method of example [0212] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the controlling individual MHUs of the set of MHUs based on the adjusted sorting logic includes: redeploying the one or more MHUs with end effectors based on the alternated direction of the conveyor.
Example [0214] includes the method of examples [0197]-[0213] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein at least one MHU of the set of MHUs includes a baler, and the controlling individual MHUs of the set of MHUs based on the adjusted sorting logic includes: autonomously controlling the baler and a bunker section based on material conditions and material capacity of the waste stream and previously sorted streams.
Example [0215] includes the method of examples [0197]-[0214] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein each MHU of the set of MHUs is assigned to respective sets of locations it can occupy, wherein each location of the respective sets of locations is equipped with quick disconnect (QD) coupling mechanism for supplying each MHU with one or more MHU inputs.
Example [0216] includes the method of example [0215] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the one or more MHU inputs include one or more of compressed air, power, and control functionality.
Example [0217] includes the method of examples [0197]-[0216] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein one or more MHUs of the set of MHUs include end effectors including manipulation elements.
Example [0218] includes the method of examples [0197]-[0217] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the MRF outputs a commodity bale, and the method includes: certifying the commodity bale based on the sorting; and applying a unique identifier to the commodity bale.
Example [0219] includes the method of example [0218] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the certifying includes: determining a material composition of the commodity bale; generating material composition data based on the determined material composition; and storing the material composition data in association with the unique identifier.
Example [0220] includes the method of example [0219] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the material composition data includes an amount of each material making up the material composition or a percentage of each material making up the material composition.
Example [0221] includes the method of examples [0219]-[0220] and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the material composition data includes a purity level for the one or more desired materials in the commodity bale.
Example [0222] includes the method of examples [0219]-[0221] and/or some
|
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| 5 | 22 | … | 99 | 100 | 4 | … | … | 73 … | 97 | 100 | … | … | … | BLR | BLR |
| Belgium | 38 ₋₁ | 11 ₋₁ | … | … | … | 80 ₋₁ | 10 ₋₁ | … | … | … | … | 73 ₋₄ ᵢ | 137 ₋₁ 8 ₋₁ | … | … | … | … | … | BEL | BEL |
| Bermuda | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … … | … | … | … | … | … | BMU | BMU |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2 | 12 | … | … | … | 10 | 15 | | … | … | … | 47 ₋₄ ᵢ | 27 8 | … | … | … | … | … | BIH | BIH |
| Bulgaria | 19 ₋₁ | 11 ₋₁ | … | … | … | 23 ₋₁ | 10 ₋₁ | … | … | … | 0.65 ₋₁ | 61 ₋₂ ᵢ | 42 ₋₁ 12 ₋₁ | … | … | … | 0.65 ₋₁ | … | BGR | BGR |
| Canada | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … … | … | … | 1.18 ₋₂ | 81 ₋₄ ᵢ | … | … … | … | … | 1.18 ₋₂ | … | CAN | CAN |
| Croatia | 10 ₋₁ | 11 ₋₁ | … | … | … | 13 ₋₁ | 11 ₋₁ | … | … | … | … | 93 ₋₂ ᵢ | 53 ₋₁ | 6 ₋₁ … | … | … | … | … | HRV | HRV |
| Czechia | … | … | … | … | | … | … | … | … | … | 0.55 ₋₁ | 71 ₋₂ ᵢ | … | … … | … | … | 0.55 ₋₁ | … | CZE | CZE |
| Denmark | 20 ₋₁ | 9 ₋₁ | … | … | … … | 43 ₋₁ | 10 ₋₁
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investor should be in a position to demonstrate through a tax audit process that these exploration expenses are legitimate and are not affected by BEPS practices, such as by overstating such costs and not inflating them by additional financing costs on funding from related parties.
## BOX 16. EXAMPLES OF EXCEPTIONS FOR UNSUCCESSFUL EXPLORATION COSTS
Kenya, the Cook Islands, and PNG offer an exception to ring-fencing rules where a mining licence holder ceases mining operations in a mining area and still has unredeemed losses with respect to that area. The mining licence holder may elect to make use of these losses in relation to another mining licence area in which they carry out mining operations.
## Kenya and the Cook Islands
Both the Kenyan 31 and Cook Islands 32 laws state that if a mining licensee ceases mining operations in a mining title area and still has losses that could have been carried over into the next year of assessment, the mining licensee may elect to make use of these losses in relation to another mining title area in which they carry out mining operations, provided that the area covered by the second mining title area falls wholly within the area covered by the first mining title area. If this is not the case, the taxpayer may make use of the losses with regard to another mining title area that they hold.
## PNG
PNG 33 offers an exception from the application of ring-fencing rules where a taxpayer incurs exploration expenditures outside the area of a producing project. The taxpayer has the option to include such an exploration expense in a fund that can be deducted from earnings from current or upcoming producing projects. A taxpayer may choose to transfer the unclaimed balance of exploration expenditures to the new development licence if they choose to add such costs to a general pool and a resource development licence is later granted for the exploration
31 Section 3, Income Tax Act .
32 Section 143E, Income Tax Amendment Act. https://parliament.gov.ck/wp-content/ uploads/2022/06/Income-Tax-Amdt-No.-7.pdf.
33 See PwC tax summary .
## 1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING
3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING
## 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES
5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES
6.0 CONCLUSION
area where the costs were incurred. As a result, the amount transferred will be considered an authorized exploration expense for this new project.
The policy objectives behind
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… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 100 89₋₁ 80 … … … … 3.0 3.1 12.8 9.3 TCA
Uruguay 100ᵢ 98₋₁ᵢ 1 1 3 2 17 6 98 98 70 71 40 43 9.9 10.6 44₋₂ … 38₋₂ … 61 59₋₁ 48 43₋₁ 100 100₋₁ 100 100₋₁ … … … … 4.2 4.5₋₁ 14.7 15.4 URY
Venezuela, B. R.
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Chapter 3 on school leadership selection, training and
conditions starts from the premise that, although research
from around the world links school leadership to positive education outcomes, many countries’ policies appear to pay insufficient attention to school leaders. In many countries, principals are still expected primarily to focus on administrative matters. Selection, preparation and development processes are often not designed well enough to create the conditions for good school leadership. The implementation of such policies varies considerably.
The appointment of school leaders tends to be related
to seniority. In some cases, recruitment decisions are politically motivated, based on patronage rather than a transparent selection process. Selection may involve explicit or tacit discriminatory bias, which may manifest in the under-representation of women and ethnic minorities in leadership positions. The report reviews hiring practices around the world, including the extent to which school directors are exclusively selected from the teacher pool or to which alternative paths are available for other professionals. Aspiring principals are typically identified through self-selection or professional recommendation. Talent management systems that
School leadership is becoming more and more
challenging as education institutions are expected to deliver an expanding set of results
Selection, preparation and development processes are often not designed well enough to create the conditions for good school leadership
14 CHAPTER 1 • INTRODUCTION
1
identify leadership potential early in the career and provide
targeted leadership development opportunities are rare, revealing limited expectations about the role of the school director as a leader with a mission to improve education. The chapter also examines the role of school boards and local and central authorities in appointment decisions. Multiple criteria may apply, including performance in interviews and tests, portfolios, certification, or even actively practising a faith. School directors’ working conditions include workplace satisfaction, turnover, incentives and appraisal mechanisms.
Initial preparation programmes sometimes start from
encouraging teachers to follow a career path into school leadership, creating a talent pool from which the best can be selected. School leader preparation programmes vary by characteristics including duration, timing (before or after recruitment), sector (public or private), location (universities, associations or other providers), modality (on site or distance) and content (management or pedagogy). The content of such programmes should be aligned with emerging standards. Sufficient incentives should be provided for aspiring or practising school directors to invest in training. Coaching and mentoring programmes for first-year principals are needed. The programme quality relates to
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] |
[] |
Still, it is necessary to ask if all change is good or whether resisting change, especially when imposed externally, is also a sign of leadership. One commentator described, 'One element of recent times has been the constant change directed at schools: a stream of new movements, new programs and new directions. Unfortunately, some at all levels in education seem to be forever rushing to catch the next bandwagon that hits the scene … However, it is quite incorrect to assume that a school is effective only if it is undergoing change … We need to be reminded that change for the sake of change, including technological change, is not necessarily good; it must be tempered with wisdom, compassion and justice' (Mulford, 2008, p. 13-14).
Even the definition of leadership as influence, as endorsed in this report, can raise questions. Leadership generally has favourable connotations but its sources (which may include power) and its means (which may include manipulation) can have negative associations. Even influence can equally be seen as positive or negative. But is that sufficient for leadership to stand apart? Another commentator even asked: 'if leadership is a type, or aspect, of influence, doesn't that make 'leadership' unnecessary? That is, if it is influence we are really talking about, then why not stay with that word? … In short, when describing and analysing the flow of collective action and the conduct of persons as part of that process, why is it leadership we are talking about rather than influence or power?' (Gronn, 2003, p. 276-277).
One of the most quoted findings in literature on education leadership is that 'there are virtually no documented instances of troubled schools being turned around without intervention by a powerful leader' (Leithwood et al., 2004). The intention of this report is to see how this insight can be used to help decision makers design policies to ensure that each education institution and office will have leaders who are prepared to competently address and resolve education problems. This shifts the attention away from exceptional individuals to systematic processes. Do we need another hero, or do we need to encourage and nurture diverse groups of people with good leadership potential to pursue such careers? If people currently in leadership positions are vulnerable to being too sure of themselves, their abilities and their views, how can education systems be organized to support the recruitment in these positions
|
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Vaudenay provided cryptanalysis of reduced-round variants of Blowfish [11]. Moreover, the cipher C2, which has a secret S-box, was cryptanalysed by Borghoff et al. [12].
Organisation. The paper is organised as follows. In Section 2 the cipher is presented. Section 3 explains the approach for recovering the secret S-boxes. In Section 4, practical issues of the attack are discussed. In Section 5 we give experimental results for the attack when applied to the Maya cipher [3]. Section 6 describes our model to back up the extrapolations of the experimental data. We outline the more general case and further improvements in Section 7. Section 8 holds the conclusion.
## 2 The Cipher
We focus on a PRESENT -like cipher where the secret consists of one round key for each round and 16 secret S-boxes. We assume that the round keys and the S-boxes are randomly chosen. In practice these secret components might be derived from a master key using a key schedule which generates key dependent round keys and S-boxes. These 16 randomly chosen S-boxes form the substitution layer which is used repeatedly throughout all the rounds. The permutation layer consists of a bit permutation which is fixed and publicly known.
One round of encryption works as follows (cf. Algorithm 1). The current text is divided into nibbles of 4 bits which are processed by the 16 S-boxes in parallel. Then the bit permutation is applied to the concatenation of the output of the S-boxes and the output is xored with the round-key.
## Require: X is a 64-bit plaintext
Ensure: C = E K ( X ) where E K means the encryption function with key K
- 1: Derive 16 S-boxes S i and N round keys K i from K
- 2: STATE ← X
- 3: for i = 1 to N do
- 4: Parse STATE as STATE 0 ‖· · · ‖ STATE 15 , where each STATE j is a four-bit nibble
- 5: for j = 0 to 15 do /*Substitution layer*/
- 6: STATE j ← S j ( STATE j )
- 7: end for
- 8: Reassemble STATE
- 9: Apply bit permutation to STATE
10:
Add round key
K
i
to
STATE
- 11: end for
- 12: C ← STATE
Algorithm 1. Pseudo-code of a PRESENT -like cipher with secret S-boxes. The number of rounds is N .
|
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(Norton, 1995).
Darnton, R.
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(Norton, 1995).
Soboul, A. De la pratique
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[] |
|
| Recuadro 3.6 | La práctica en situaciones realistas es esencial para desarrollar las competencias de liderazgo.......................................................... | 61 |
| Recuadro 3.7 | En Estados Unidos, la investigación ha contribuido a mejorar el contenido de la formación....................................................................63 | |
| Recuadro 3.8 | Los líderes escolares del Pacífico expresan su satisfacción laboral a pesar del estrés y la presión......................................................70 | |
| Recuadro 4.1 | La Escuela Bambú de Tailandia implica al alumnado en todas sus actividades .............................................................................................89 | |
| Recuadro 5.1 | Cuanta más autonomía se concede a los funcionarios locales mayor es su potencial para convertirse en líderes ...................... | 101 |
| Recuadro 5.2 | A menudo, suele denegarse la responsabilidad de las reformas a quienes deben llevarlas a cabo.................................................... | 103 |
| Recuadro 5.3 | Letonia quiere reforzar la capacidad institucional de su sistema educativo................................................................................................ | 104 |
| Recuadro 5.4 | La influencia política en la dotación de personal dificulta un liderazgo eficaz a nivel de sistema........................................................ | 109 |
| Recuadro 6.1 | Los ministros tienen que liderar coaliciones y cambiar la opinión pública para lograr sus principales objetivos........................... | 125 |
| Recuadro 6.2 | El alumnado lideró los esfuerzos políticos para transformar la educación en Chile.................................................................................. | 129 |
| Recuadro 6.3 | Los cineastas también pueden ser líderes educativos..........................................................................................................................................131 | |
| Recuadro 8.1 | ¿Cómo estimar el impacto de las crisis en la población no escolarizada?...................................................................................................... | 156 |
| Recuadro 8.2 | En Yemen, el conflicto ha privado a toda una generación de oportunidades educativas ........................................................................ | 159 |
| Recuadro 8.3 | Los alumnos que no llegan al final del primer ciclo de secundaria tienen muy pocas probabilidades de adquirir las competencias necesarias en lectura y matemáticas............................................................................................................................................. | 163 |
| Recuadro 8.4 | La Evaluación del Nivel Mínimo de Competencia es una nueva fuente de datos sobre el aprendizaje en los países de ingresos medios y medios-bajos............................................................................................................................................................................. | 164 |
| Recuadro 12.1 | Existe una enorme discrepancia a nivel global en cuanto a la educación de los niños y niñas en su lengua materna...................213 | |
| Recuadro 15.1 | Un tercio de los países ha establecido puntos de referencia para la conectividad a Internet en las escuelas................................ | 243 |
| Recuadro 15.2 | La educación es víctima de graves ataques en el Estado de Palestina .......................................................................................................... | 243 |
|
|
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| 96 | 98 | 83 | 90 | 60 | 53 | 8.1 | 6.6 |
| Oceania | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Australia | 88 ᵢ | 92 ₋₁ ᵢ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 99 | 100 | 98 | 99 | 86 | 88 | 5.3 | 5.8 |
| Cook Islands | 90 | 81 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Fiji | 52 ₊₁ | 93 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 2 | 1 | 22 | 15 | 98 | 99 | 92 | 95 | 86 | 93 | 5.4 | 2.5 |
| Kiribati | … | 99 | 2 | 4 | 9 | 15 | 42 | 24 | 93 | 94 | 77 | 80 | 14 | 20 | 5.7 | 9.3 |
| Marshall Islands | 70 | 91 ₋₁ | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Micronesia, F. S. | 72 ₊₁ | 58 ₋₁ | 12 | 16 | 22 | 19 | 36 | 31 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Nauru | 96 | 84 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| New Zealand | 94 ᵢ | 81 ₋₁ ᵢ | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.2 | 5 | 2 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Niue | 66 | 77 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Palau | 91 ₋₁ | 86 ₋₁ | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | …
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centre (SciVal 2021), and on this metric has risen from 16th (2014) to 4th (2021) in the world for highly cited neuroscience outputs. In the 2021 Research Excellence Framework (REF), 90% of research at the IoPPN was deemed ‘world leading’ or ‘internationally excellent’ (3* and 4*). World-leading research from the IoPPN has made, and continues to make, an impact on how we understand, prevent and treat mental illness, neurological conditions, and other conditions that affect the brain.
www.kcl.ac.uk/ioppn | Follow @KingsIoPPN on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and LinkedIn
About the University of Bath
The University of Bath is one of the UK's leading universities, recognised for high-impact research, excellence in education, an outstanding student experience and strong graduate prospects.
- We are ranked in the top 10 in all of the UK’s major university guides.
- The University achieved a triple Gold award in the last Teaching Excellence Framework 2023, the highest awards possible, for both the overall assessment and for student outcomes and student experience. The Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF) is a national scheme run by the Office for Students (OfS).
- We are also ranked among the top 10% of universities globally, placing 132nd in the QS World University Rankings 2026.
Research from Bath is helping to change the world for the better. Across the University’s three Faculties and School of Management, our research is making an impact in society, leading to low-carbon living, positive digital futures, and improved health and wellbeing. Find out all about our Research with Impact: https://www.bath.ac.uk/campaigns/research-with-impact/
#### Journal
BMJ Mental Health
#### Method of Research
Observational study
#### Subject of Research
People
#### Article Title
Are reasons for first using cannabis associated with subsequent cannabis consumption (standard THC units) and psychopathology?
#### Article Publication Date
27-Aug-2025
#### COI Statement
MDF reports personal fees from Janssen outside the submitted work. RMM reports personal fees from
Janssen, Lundbeck, Sunovion, and Otsuka outside the submitted work. The other authors declare no
conflict of interest.
Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system.
Media Contact
Patrick O'Brien
King's College London
patrick.1.obrien@kcl.ac.uk
Office: 07-813-706-151
### More on this News Release
### Largest ever study into cannabis use investigates risk of paranoia and poor mental health in the general population
King's College London
#### Keywords
- /Life sciences/Plant
|
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a key
milestone in improving granularity and details of complete overviews of plastic flows in the EU and
the f indings emphasizes the need for improved data generation, collection, harmonization, and the
establishment of proper monitoring frameworks to assess the implementation of EU recycling targets
and boost the circularity of the plastic value chain. The developed methodology offers a flexible tool
potentially applicable to other value chains, even beyond plastics . This report provide s insights for
decision -makers, researchers, and other stakeholders to show areas for potential improvement and
support the shift towards sustainable plastic s.
1 Impacts from plastics consumed in the EU, corresponding to approx imately 14% of total impacts from global plastics
production as estimated by Organisation for Economic Co -operation and Development studies ( OECD, 20 19).
4 Acknowledgements
This report is a formal deliverable of the project “Circular products and material flows in a resilient
economy” between European Commission Directorate -General for Environment (DG ENV) and the
Joint Research Centre (JRC) (Administrative Agreement N° 36511).
The au thors would like to thank :
- Laure Baillargeon for the reviews and the recommendations provided during the project
- The stakeholders who provided data and information and supported the JRC in improving the
quality of inputs and assumptions for the modelling.
- Piotr Wierzgala for the contribution and support in generating the visuals and figures supporting the
present report .
- Matteo Trane for the precious support to the generation of the cover graphics of this report.
It is also acknowledged the use of GPT@JRC, a Generative Artificial Intelligence tool developed by
JRC, for improving the quality of the text in this report.
Authors
Amadei, A.M.
Venturelli, S.
Manfredi, S.
5 1 Introduction
1.1 Background
The global production of plastics has recently peaked , exceeding 400 Mt in 2022, more than twice
the quantity produced in 2000 (Statista, 2024; OurWorldInData, 2024). The unique properties of
plastic, including versatility, durability, light weight, and cost -effectiveness, have made it a crucial
part in various industries such as packaging, automotive, and electronic . As a result, plastic products
have become ubiquitous in the European Union (EU) economy (Plastics Europe, 202 4). The
production of plastic has a significant impact on the EU's economy, supporting millions of jobs and
generating considerable revenue. With a per capita plastic consumption of around 100 kg in the EU
(Organisation for Economic Co -operation and Development – OECD, 2022;
|
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related to
E&I potential specialisation will be combined into
one list of industries, providing an answer to
the first research question ‘What are sub-sec-
toral specialisations of EaP countries in terms
of economic critical mass, emerging sectors and
companies’ innovative activities?’.
Specialisations will then be compared between
the individual EaP countries using aggregate in-
dustry data from Orbis and data from UNIDO, and
analysed to answer the second research question
‘Which of these specialisations are common in the
EaP region and which specific to each country?’.
of economic statistics (e.g. production, employment and
national accounts) and in other statistical domains devel-
oped within the European statistical system (ESS).
32
Part 1 Introduction and methodology
Step 2. Analysis of scientific and tech-
nological (S&T) specialisation domains
and excellence
This step focuses on the identification of scientific
and technological potential by cross-analysing the
different S&T data sources using a machine-learn-
ing / natural-language-processing technique: top-
ic modelling. In this step, the textual fields of the
different records (publication abstracts, patent
descriptions, project objectives) are exploited to
extract recurring topics of research and techno-
logical development. This leads to the identifica-
tion of S&T domains of relative importance and
excellence for the EaP as a whole and for each
single country, across sources and without relying
on the original taxonomies of each data source. As
such, this step addresses research questions
3 and 4, that is, ‘What are the areas of specialisa-
tion and excellence in EaP STI systems that can be
mobilised to support knowledge-based economic
transformation?’ and ‘How are the international
and national STI collaboration networks structured
and who are the main stakeholders?’.
In this step, an initial thematic concordance be-
tween S&T sources (namely patents, scientific
publications and research and innovation projects)
is established in terms of the topics extracted
from the textual records, providing an integrative
view of scientific and technological specialisa-
tions. These preliminary S&T specialisation niches
are labelled (named) with the objective of facili-
tating communication and comprehension by poli-
cymakers and stakeholders.
Step 3. Definition of the combined EIST
specialisation domains at national level
This step focuses on the identification and defini-
tion of a set of combined EIST domains, which
serves as a common classification scheme
across E&I and S&T data and activities. The
identification of a common set of specialisation
domains and excellence resulting from E&I and
S&T potential is carried out using concordance
|
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[] |
furniture; manufacture of articles of
straw and plaiting materialsMaterials Chemistry; Mechanics of Materials; Process
Chemistry and Technology
346
Annexes
UKRAINE
Concordances between NACE sectors and the intersection of ASJC subject fields & S&T domains
NACE sector ASJC Scopus subject field
10 Manufacture of food products Food Science
13 Manufacture of textiles Materials Chemistry; Mechanics of Materials
14 Manufacture of wearing apparel Materials Chemistry; Mechanics of Materials
15 Manufacture of leather and related products Materials Chemistry; Mechanics of MaterialsMOLDOVA
Concordances between NACE sectors and the intersection of ASJC subject fields & S&T domains
NACE sector ASJC Scopus subject field
18 Printing and reproduction of recorded mediaSurfaces, Coatings and Films; Materials Chemistry;
Process Chemistry and Technology
19 Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum productsEnergy Engineering and Power Technology; General
Chemical Engineering; Surfaces, Coatings and
Films; Materials Chemistry; Process Chemistry and
Technology
20 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsBiotechnology; Biochemistry; Drug Discovery; General
Chemical Engineering; Surfaces, Coatings and
Films; Materials Chemistry; Process Chemistry and
Technology
23 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral productsGeneral Chemical Engineering; Surfaces, Coatings
and Films; Materials Chemistry; Mechanics of
Materials; Process Chemistry and Technology
25Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except
machinery and equipmentElectronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials; Mechanics
of Materials
26Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical
productsElectrical and Electronic Engineering; Electronic,
Optical and Magnetic Materials
27 Manufacture of electrical equipmentElectrical and Electronic Engineering; Instrumentation;
Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials; Control
and Systems Engineering
28 Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. Instrumentation; Mechanical Engineering
29Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-
trailersInstrumentation
33 Repair and installation of machinery and equipmentInstrumentation; Electronic, Optical and Magnetic
Materials; Mechanical Engineering
61 TelecommunicationsInformation Systems; Computer Networks and
Communications; Computer Science Applications;
General Computer Science; Modelling and Simulation
Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation347
UKRAINE
Concordances between NACE sectors and the intersection of ASJC subject fields & S&T domains
NACE sector ASJC Scopus subject field
16Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and
cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of
straw and plaiting materialsMaterials Chemistry; Mechanics of Materials
18 Printing and reproduction of recorded media Materials Chemistry
19 Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum productsEnergy Engineering and Power Technology; General
Chemical Engineering; Materials Chemistry; Catalysis
20 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsBiochemistry; Drug Discovery; General Chemical
Engineering; Materials Chemistry; Catalysis
23 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral productsGeneral Chemical Engineering; Materials Chemistry;
Mechanics of Materials; Catalysis
25Manufacture of fabricated
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as examples of the electronic devices in ; alternatively, the electronic device can be an information terminal other than a smartphone and a desktop information terminal. Examples of information terminals other than a smartphone and a desktop information terminal include a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), a laptop information terminal, and a workstation.
[Household Appliance]
illustrates an electric refrigerator- as an example of a household appliance. The electric refrigerator- includes a , a , a , and the like.
When the computer of one embodiment of the present invention is used in the electric refrigerator- , the electric refrigerator- including artificial intelligence can be obtained. Utilizing the artificial intelligence enables the electric refrigerator- to have a function of automatically making a menu based on foods stored in the electric refrigerator- and food expiration dates, for example, a function of automatically adjusting the temperature to be appropriate for the foods stored in the electric refrigerator- , and the like.
Although the electric refrigerator-freezer is described here as an example of a household appliance, other examples of a household appliance include a vacuum cleaner, a microwave oven, an electric oven, a rice cooker, a water heater, an IH cooker, a water server, a heating-cooling combination appliance such as an air conditioner, a washing machine, a drying machine, and an audio visual appliance.
[Game Machine]
illustrates a as an example of a game machine. The portable game machine includes a , a , a , and the like.
With the use of the GPU or the computer of one embodiment of the present invention in the , the with low power consumption can be obtained. Moreover, heat generation from a circuit can be reduced owing to low power consumption; thus, the influence of heat generation on the circuit, the peripheral circuit, and the module can be reduced.
Furthermore, when the GPU or the computer of one embodiment of the present invention is used in the , the including artificial intelligence can be obtained.
In general, the progress of a game, the actions and words of game characters, and expressions of a phenomenon and the like in the game are programed in the game; however, the use of artificial intelligence in the enables expressions not limited by the game program. For example, questions posed by the player, the progress of the game, time, and actions and words of game characters can be changed for various
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[] |
minimize any negative spillovers due
to design, implementation, and application. Ring-fencing may not be an
appropriate policy option for all resource-rich countries, and each jurisdiction
will have to consider the suitability of this approach for their existing tax
system in the context of development of the mining sector, capacities of the
tax administration, and positive and negative aspects of a potential ring-
fencing regime prior to implementation.Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makers
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 THE
FUNDAMENTALS
OF RING -FENCING
3.0 THE BENEFITS
AND RISKS OF
RING -FENCING
4.0 DESIGNING
RING -FENCING
RULES
5.0 THE
IMPLEMENTATION
OF RING -FENCING
RULES
6.0 CONCLUSION
4
Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makers1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 THE
FUNDAMENTALS
OF RING -FENCING
3.0 THE BENEFITS
AND RISKS OF
RING -FENCING
4.0 DESIGNING
RING -FENCING
RULES
5.0 THE
IMPLEMENTATION
OF RING -FENCING
RULES
6.0 CONCLUSION 1.1 About This Practice Note
This practice note aims to clarify what ring-fencing means in mining,
the advantages of adopting ring-fencing rules where certain conditions
are in place, and how to mitigate potential challenges through good tax
policy design and effective tax administration practices. It describes and
evaluates the different options for designing ring-fencing rules based on
the experience of resource-rich countries and highlights key implementation
issues that have emerged.
1.2 Who Is This Practice Note For?
This practice note is primarily intended for government policy-makers of
resource-rich developing countries that are considering introducing ring-
fencing rules for their mining sector or governments that are seeking to
improve the design and implementation of existing ring-fencing rules. It aims
to generate informed, well-grounded decisions, particularly with respect to
decisions on introducing ring-fencing rules into mining tax regimes (and
on their design), by identifying the benefits and risks and how to address
them. It may also be used by tax administration officials to improve the
implementation and administration of ring-fencing rules. Finally, the practice
note may help international organizations advise resource-rich developing
countries on the design and implementation of ring-fencing rules and enable
civil society groups to examine existing rules to strengthen government and
industry accountability.
1.3 What Gap Does This Practice Note Fill?
This practice note seeks to bridge two gaps. The first is a lack of
comprehensive guidance for government officials in resource-rich developing
countries about designing and implementing ring-fencing rules in the mining
sector. The second is a lack of insights into the
|
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] |
[] |
and cork (NACE 16), Chemicals and
chemical products (NACE 20), Information and
communication (NACE 61-63), Financial services
(NACE 64). Finally, identified E&I specialisation
domains in Ukraine were as follows: Food prod-ucts (NACE 10), Wood and products of wood and
cork (NACE 16), Basic metals & Fabricated metal
products (NACE 25, 26), Machinery and equipment
(NACE 28), Manufacture of motor vehicles (NACE
29), Wholesale and retail trade (NACE 46).
The common E&I specialisation in the EaP region
in terms of gross domestic product and employ-
ment is agriculture. The food processing and man-
ufacturing industry directly concerns Armenia,
Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. Manufacture of
wood and of products of wood and cork, except
furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and
plaiting materials is identified as an E&I speciali-
sation in two countries: Moldova and Ukraine.
The top identified scientific domains in the EaP re-
gion in publications are Nanotechnology and ma-
terials (total number of records 29 067), with the
highest number of records in Armenia, Azerbai-
jan and Georgia; Fundamental physics and math-
ematics (total 26 852), with the highest number
of records in Moldova and Ukraine; Health and
wellbeing (total 17 874), with highest number of
records in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and
Moldova. The least represented domain is Bi-
otechnology (total 10 340), with the majority of
them in Ukraine (8 935).
The top technological domains in numbers of pat-
ents in the EaP region are Mechanical engineering
and heavy machinery (total number of records 18
510), with the highest number of records in Azer-
baijan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine; Health
and wellbeing (11 726), with highest number of
records in Azerbaijan, Moldova and Ukraine;
and Electric and electronic technologies (7 009)
with the highest records in Armenia. The least
represented domain is Energy (total 5 828), with
the majority of them in Ukraine (5 647).
The domains of Health and wellbeing and Govern-
ance, culture, education and the economy were
growing in all countries, while Agrifood was de-
clining the most considerably (except for Armenia
and Ukraine).
Due to the particular means of organising scien-
tific activities within the analysed countries, in
most cases the top actors in scientific production
250
Part 5 Discussion of results and final remarks
are national academies of science (as they rep-
resent the network of research institutes), with a
broad profile national university or highly special-
ised research institution coming next. The
|
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is automatically generated by machine translation
(MT) system or is written/translated by human, the paper [ 1] uses the correlations of
neighboring words in the text.
According to the author ’s hypothesis, the arti ficial text, the word ’s pair distribution
(means the number of rare for language pairs) should be broken with function of“compatibility ”of words with numbers i and j on the functions (means the number of
rare for language pairs are longer than the standard and the number of frequent pairs) isunderstated.
2.2 Linguistic Features Method
One more way of machine translation detection [ 2] uses not only a statistical, but also
linguistic characteristics of the text.
For each sentence, 46 linguistic features were automatically extracted by per-
forming a syntactic parse. The features fall into two broad categories:
(1) Perplexity features extracted using the CMU-Cambridge Statistical Language
Modeling Toolkit [ 8]
(2) Linguistic features felt into several subcategories: branching properties of the
parse, function word density, constituent length, and other miscellaneous features.
2.3 The Method of Phrase Analysis
The method [ 6] involves the use of a set of computationally inexpensive features to
automatically detect low-quality Web-text translated by statistical machine translation
systems. The method uses only monolingual text as input; therefore, it is applicable forrefining data produced by a variety of Web-mining activities.
The authors de fine features to capture a MT phrase salad by examining local and
distant phrases. These features evaluate fluency, grammaticality, and completeness of
non-contiguous phrases in a sentence. Features extracted from human-generated textrepresent the similarity to human-generated text; features extracted from machine-translated text depict the similarity to machine-translated text. By contrasting these
feature weights, one can effectively capture phrase salads in the sentence.422 D. Beresneva2.4 Arti ficial Content Detection Using Lexicographic Features
By and large, the lexicographic characteristics can be used not only in machine trans-
lation detection, but in general case (patchwork, word stuf fing or Markovian generators,
etc.) as well. The method described in [ 6] uses feature set (a thorough presentation of
these indices is given in [ 10]) to train the algorithm [ 5]. Here are some of them:
the ratio of words that are found in an English dictionary;
the ratio between number of tokens (i.e. the number of running words) and number
of types (size of vocabulary), which measures the richness or diversity of thevocabulary;
thev
2score between the observed word frequency distribution and
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pathways to becoming a school leader, it is highly unlikely that someone could be appointed outside of the pool of current teachers. It, therefore, makes sense for initial teacher training to incorporate elements of leadership development. Talent spotting and succession planning should be integral components of recruitment strategies. Offering management and leadership roles in advance is desirable where circumstances allow. However, it is crucial to ensure that these approaches are free of bias, stereotypes and favouritism, and to avoid hierarchical structures, partisanship or patronage.
Selection criteria should be clearly defined, objective
and transparent to ensure that qualified candidates, regardless of their background or gender, have equal opportunities to demonstrate their diverse leadership skills. Politics should not play a role in the choice of school leaders. The lack of diversity in leadership positions is a problem for education decision making at all levels. Currently, 8 in 10 countries do not have measures in place to ensure balanced representation. Open selection processes could help reduce disparity in representation in leadership positions, but temporary quotas may be needed where problems persist.
The best teachers need not make the best principals –
and care should be exercised to avoid signalling that the position of a principal is a reward for the best teachers. On the other hand, being a good teacher is important to succeed as a principal. The review of selection processes for this report shows 76% of countries require principals to be fully qualified teachers. But only some 3 in 10 also specify management experience. Selection criteria should therefore be broadened and diversified.
18 CHAPTER 1 • INTRODUCTION
1
b. Prepare, train and support school principals to focus on
the core dimensions of their role
A global review of training courses for this report, both
pre-service and in-service, suggests that barely half of training courses focus on any of the four dimensions of instructional leadership, expectations and vision, collaboration and alliances, and staff development – and just one-fifth on all four. Training programmes need to pay attention to each of these four dimensions but tend to be primarily academic and do not distinguish between needs arising at different career stages.
Some types of support, such as induction, coaching and
mentorship, are critical for novice and early career leaders’ success, yet their role is downplayed. Only 3 in 10 countries have regulations to provide training for new principals after their appointment. Preparation programmes
|
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[] |
but only 12% entail recommendations when ratings are high (Donaldson et al., 2021). CONCLUSION
School principals play a role that extends beyond administrative duties to encompass leadership, management and instructional responsibilities. Supporting the role of principals as professionals is therefore essential. Achieving that objective involves transparent selection and recruitment processes, robust training, ongoing professional development opportunities, and attractive working conditions. These elements are crucial for ensuring job satisfaction, maintaining the prestige of the position and making it more appealing to qualified candidates.
Effective principal selection systems must balance
rigorous yet attainable standards, valuing formal qualifications and practical experience. Teaching experience remains the key criterion in principal selection, but attempts are being made to introduce broader merit-based approaches to enhance the quality of applicants. Many countries face challenges identifying selection criteria that are objective, clear and inclusive.
Pre-service leadership preparation and ongoing
professional development programmes are vital for school principals to adapt to the evolving demands of their roles. But implementation varies due to regional capacities and resources. Areas such as data use, financial management, and promotion of equity and diversity require more emphasis, as reported by principals in many countries.
While concerns have been expressed that an increasing
workload, and in a few contexts demands to be more accountable for results, are leading to stress and burnout, job satisfaction measures are still strong. While turnover rates are notoriously difficult to estimate, the little reliable evidence that exists does not seem to verify these wider concerns. Intrinsic motivation to be a principal continues to be strong, although evidence of more pressure, even aggression, from parents is a trend which needs close monitoring. Investment in effective support systems, mentorship and coaching, and clear career pathways can help improve working conditions and retain effective leaders.
74 CHAPTER 3 • SCHOOL LEADERSHIP : SELECTION , TRAINING AND CONDITIONS
3
2024/5 • GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT75 CHAPTER 3 • SCHOOL LEADERSHIP : SELECTION , TRAINING AND CONDITIONS
3
The School Principal has a meeting with Project personnel
at the school, Girhinda, Sheikhpura, Bihar, India.
Credit: © UNICEF/UN0825759/Das*
CHAPTER
4
Shared school
leadership
KEY MESSAGES
Shared leadership drives school improvement.
As schools’ objectives become ever more complex, distributing leadership responsibilities among assistant
principals, teachers, support staff, students, parents and the community can make a big difference, fostering innovation, diversity and inclusion.
Assistant principals and teacher leaders link high-level decisions with classroom reality.
Principals can
|
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Nair, S. P . Chromosome Woman, Nomad Scientist: E. K. Janaki Ammal, A Life 1897- 1984 . New York and London: Routledge, 2022.
Nastasă- Matei, I. 'Transnational far right and Nazi soft power in Eastern Europe: The Humboldt Fellowships for Romanians.' East European Politics and Societies , 35: 4 (2021), 899- 923.
National Science Foundation. Beyond Bias and Barriers: Fulfilling the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering . Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation, 2006.
Nazarska, G. 'Opportunities for an academic career of women scientists at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (mid- 1940s- 1980s).' Balkanistic Forum , 30: 1 (2021), 120- 37.
Nazarska, G. 'An (un)established academic and scientific network: Branches of the International Federation of University Women on the Balkans (1920- 1950s).' Balkanistic Forum , 31: 1 (2022), 32- 58.
Noon, D. H. 'Situating gender and professional identity in American Child Study, 1880- 1910.' History of Psychology , 7 (2004), 107- 29.
Novara, E. 'Documenting Maryland women state legislators: The politics of collecting women's political papers.' American Archivist , 76: 1 (2013), 196- 214.
- Odeseanu, C. Cartea femeii moderne. Ce trebuie să știe o femeie și chiar o fată [ Modern Woman's Book: What Women and Even Girls Must Know ]. Bucharest: Editura Cartea Românească, 1934.
- von Oertzen, C., M. Rentetzi and E. S. Watkins, eds. Beyond the Academy: Histories of Gender and Knowledge . Special Issue of Centaurus , 55: 2 (2013).
- von Oertzen, C. Science, Gender and Internationalism: Women's Academic Networks, 1917- 1955 . London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021.
- von Oertzen, C. 'Science in the cradle: Milicent Shinn and her home- based network of baby observers, 1890- 1910.' Centaurus 55 (2013), 175- 95.
- Ogawa, M. 'History of women's participation in STEM fields in Japan.' Asian Women , 33: 3 (2017), 65- 85.
- Ogawa, M. 'Nihon no STEMM bun'ya ni okeru josei jinzai no rekishi' [A history of women's resources in STEMM fields in Japan]. Kagaku gijutsu shakairon kenkyū , 19 (2021), 43- 52.
- Ogilvie, M. B. and J. D. Harvey, eds. The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives from Ancient Times to the Mid- Twentieth Century , 2 vols. New York and London: Routledge, 2000.
- Opitz, D. L. 'Domestic space.' In B. Lightman (ed.), A Companion to the History of Science , pp. 252- 67. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2016.
- Opitz, D. L., S. Bergwik and B. Van Tiggelen, eds. Domesticity in the Making of Modern Science . New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
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activities. Two other scientific couples, William and Nora Wooster
and Norman and Antoinette Pirie, are also discussed in that context.
Somewhat similarly, Lynn Margulis’ scientific achievements were overshad -
owed by her scientist superstar first husband, Carl Sagan, to whom she
was sometimes compared. Vlasta Kálalová Di- Lotti’s activity in Iraq was
also profoundly shaped by her status as a wife and mother, as Macková
discusses, eventually prompting her return to Czechoslovakia. Women also
had diverging views of marriage and its impact on their careers: some, like
Janaki Ammal or the Japanese scientists discussed in Ogawa’s Foreword,
chose celibacy, while others, like Eileen Erlanson, contracted several mar -
riages in their quest for a fulfilled personal and professional life. When
celibacy was not an option, as in the case of physician Tada Urata and
botanist Hiro Ōhashi, women either disappeared on their wedding day or
were trapped in unhappy marriages.
The three chapters in this section examine the intersections of domestic -
ity and science especially in relation to medicine and education. Saurav Rai’s
contribution focuses on Yashoda Devi, a woman Ayurvedic practitioner in
colonial and post- colonial India, who navigated the social and gender biases
of this field to promote a reformist agenda of healthcare and domestic edu -
cation for women, eventually becoming a prominent and influential health
practitioner. Devi’s remarkable public visibility as an Ayurvedic practitioner
was made possible by media of communication like the post and the explod -
ing print market in India in the first half of the twentieth century. Her medi -
cal practice was so successful that correspondence addressed to her only
by name, by women seeking medical advice, usually found its way to the
24
Negotiating in/visibility
addressee. Her success as a best- selling author is even more remarkable in a
context of low literacy levels, especially among female readers.
Public popularity notwithstanding, Devi was and continues to be
regarded as a marginal figure in the Ayurvedic movement. As Rai explains,
Ayurvedic practice reinforced patriarchy and regarded women as preservers
of the family’s health with responsibility for the ‘scientific’ management of
the household. This was a view that Devi herself propagated, even as she
simultaneously criticized gender hierarchies and violence against women,
for example, in her writings on women’s sexual consent or sexual pleasure.
Devi’s case demonstrates how women struggled to have their voices heard
in an Ayurvedic practice dominated by
|
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] |
[] |
Recuadro 15.3 | Las escuelas de las islas del Pacífico están especialmente amenazadas por los riesgos climáticos................................................. | 249 |
| Recuadro 16.1 | Alemania, líder en financiación de estudiantes internacionales ....................................................................................................................... | 256 |
| Recuadro 18.1 | Tras un importante periodo de expansión, la ayuda china a la educación ha disminuido........................................................................ | 290 |
| Recuadro 18.2 | Japón ha creado un sistema educativo resistente a las catástrofes naturales........................................................................................... | 294 |
<!-- image -->
## Liderazgo en la educación
<!-- image -->
## MENSAJES CLAVE
## Los líderes educativos son más que gestores. Son agentes del cambio.
- Los responsables políticos se enfrentan a un gran reto: cómo garantizar que se identifica, selecciona, prepara y apoya de manera apropiada a las personas con las capacidades y la visión adecuadas para que estas puedan actuar como líderes.
- Los planes nacionales a nivel escolar, de sistema y político deben fomentar cuatro dimensiones esenciales del liderazgo: establecer expectativas, centrarse en el aprendizaje, fomentar la colaboración y contribuir al desarrollo de las personas. Sin embargo, una revisión global de los programas y cursos de preparación y formación de directores de centros escolares sugiere que apenas la mitad de ellos se centran en alguna de estas cuatro dimensiones y solo un tercio se centra en las cuatro.
## Las buenas escuelas necesitan buenos directores.
- Los directores eficaces sacan lo mejor del alumnado. En Estados Unidos, se calcula que las contribuciones en materia de liderazgo de las y los directores de los centros escolares y del profesorado contribuyen hasta en un 27 % a la variación de los resultados de los alumnos, lo cual las sitúa, entre los factores controlados por los centros escolares que contribuyen al aprendizaje, justo por debajo del impacto que tiene el profesorado.
- Los directores eficaces sacan lo mejor del profesorado. Según un estudio realizado en 32 países, un sólido liderazgo está relacionado con la mejora de las prácticas docentes. A nivel mundial, el 57 % de los países esperan que las y los directores de los centros educativos proporcionen al profesorado información basada en sus observaciones. Sin embargo, la proporción de directores de centros de secundaria que supervisan las actividades docentes descendió del 81 % en 2015 al 77 % en 2022 en los países de altos ingresos.
- Los directores eficaces garantizan que sus escuelas sean seguras, saludables e
|
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"Recuadro",
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".................................................",
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"|",
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"\n",
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"\n",
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"Tras",
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"Recuadro",
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] |
[] |
majority of Earth’s species stem from a few evolutionary explosions, where new traits or habitats sparked rapid diversification. From flowers to birds, these bursts explain most of the planet’s biodiversity.
Facebook
Twitter
Pinterest
LinkedIN
Email
Close
Update Privacy Settings
What is this?
|
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[] |
male principals in mathematics and reading by at least six months.
While many women teach, far fewer lead schools. The share of female principals in primary and secondary education is on average at least 20 percentage points lower than the average share of female teachers. Only 11% of countries globally have measures in place to address gender diversity in principal recruitment.
Many actors exercise leadership by influencing the direction of education systems.
Teacher unions, student unions, business leaders, academics and civil society hold governments to account, lobby and raise awareness. Influence matters: In the United States, some think tanks score low on expertise but high on education
discussions in Congress, with the reverse being the case for others.
International organizations help frame and inform the global debate on education, as well as fund countries’ education systems. However, competition for space and influence can distract them from the goal of education improvement and
their legitimacy can be challenged by a lack of capacity or efficiency.
2024/5 • GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT
3
On 12 June 2023, a school principal, Rita Sokoy, surrounded by
her students at Yayasan Pendidikan Kristen (YPK) Kanda Primary School in Waibu, Jayapura District, Papua Province Indonesia.
Credit: © UNICEF/UNI430754/Al Asad*
CHAPTER1
Introduction
KEY MESSAGES
Leadership takes many forms and is hard to measure concretely, but it is critical for education success at all levels:
institutional, systemic and political.
In education, as in politics and business, leadership is a process of social influence aimed at maximizing joint efforts towards a common goal.
Leadership styles differ depending on the context, personalities and organizational goals.
The multiple forms of leadership – and its multiple outcomes – means it can be hard to demonstrate its impact on education, and why that impact is frequently overlooked.
But there is virtually no documented instance of troubled schools being turned around without intervention by a good leader.
Leaders need to define their purpose and plan how they will influence change, taking into account their capacity and context.
While there is an emphasis on learning, leaders need to think what learning outcomes to focus on as well as to deliver on a wide range of goals related to equity, quality and inclusion.
Influencing change has increasingly been associated with sharing leadership functions to achieve education goals – moving from perhaps too much emphasis on individuals.
Freedom to make
|
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"Congress",
",",
"with",
"the",
"reverse",
"being",
"the",
"case",
"for",
"others",
".",
"\n ",
"International",
"organizations",
"help",
"frame",
"and",
"inform",
"the",
"global",
"debate",
"on",
"education",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"fund",
"countries",
"’",
"education",
"systems",
".",
" ",
"However",
",",
"competition",
"for",
"space",
"and",
"influence",
"can",
"distract",
"them",
"from",
"the",
"goal",
"of",
"education",
"improvement",
"and",
"\n",
"their",
"legitimacy",
"can",
"be",
"challenged",
"by",
"a",
"lack",
"of",
"capacity",
"or",
"efficiency",
".",
"\n",
"2024/5",
"•",
"GLOBAL",
"EDUCATION",
"MONITORING",
"REPORT",
"\n",
"3",
"\n",
"On",
"12",
"June",
"2023",
",",
"a",
"school",
"principal",
",",
"Rita",
"Sokoy",
",",
"surrounded",
"by",
"\n",
"her",
"students",
"at",
"Yayasan",
"Pendidikan",
"Kristen",
"(",
"YPK",
")",
"Kanda",
"Primary",
"School",
"in",
"Waibu",
",",
"Jayapura",
"District",
",",
"Papua",
"Province",
"Indonesia",
".",
"\n",
"Credit",
":",
"©",
"UNICEF",
"/",
"UNI430754",
"/",
"Al",
"Asad",
"*",
"\n",
"CHAPTER1",
"\n",
"Introduction",
"\n",
"KEY",
"MESSAGES",
"\n",
"Leadership",
"takes",
"many",
"forms",
"and",
"is",
"hard",
"to",
"measure",
"concretely",
",",
"but",
"it",
"is",
"critical",
"for",
"education",
"success",
"at",
"all",
"levels",
":",
"\n",
"institutional",
",",
"systemic",
"and",
"political",
".",
"\n ",
"",
"In",
"education",
",",
"as",
"in",
"politics",
"and",
"business",
",",
"leadership",
"is",
"a",
"process",
"of",
"social",
"influence",
"aimed",
"at",
"maximizing",
"joint",
"efforts",
"towards",
"a",
"common",
"goal",
".",
"\n ",
"",
"Leadership",
"styles",
"differ",
"depending",
"on",
"the",
"context",
",",
"personalities",
"and",
"organizational",
"goals",
".",
"\n ",
"",
"The",
"multiple",
"forms",
"of",
"leadership",
"–",
"and",
"its",
"multiple",
"outcomes",
"–",
"means",
"it",
"can",
"be",
"hard",
"to",
"demonstrate",
"its",
"impact",
"on",
"education",
",",
"and",
"why",
"that",
"impact",
"is",
"frequently",
"overlooked",
".",
"\n ",
"",
"But",
"there",
"is",
"virtually",
"no",
"documented",
"instance",
"of",
"troubled",
"schools",
"being",
"turned",
"around",
"without",
"intervention",
"by",
"a",
"good",
"leader",
".",
"\n",
"Leaders",
"need",
"to",
"define",
"their",
"purpose",
"and",
"plan",
"how",
"they",
"will",
"influence",
"change",
",",
"taking",
"into",
"account",
"their",
"capacity",
" ",
"and",
"context",
".",
"\n ",
"",
"While",
"there",
"is",
"an",
"emphasis",
"on",
"learning",
",",
"leaders",
"need",
"to",
"think",
"what",
"learning",
"outcomes",
"to",
"focus",
"on",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"to",
"deliver",
"on",
"a",
"wide",
"range",
"of",
"goals",
"related",
"to",
"equity",
",",
"quality",
"and",
"inclusion",
".",
"\n ",
"",
"Influencing",
"change",
"has",
"increasingly",
"been",
"associated",
"with",
"sharing",
"leadership",
"functions",
"to",
"achieve",
"education",
"goals",
"–",
"moving",
"from",
"perhaps",
"too",
"much",
"emphasis",
"on",
"individuals",
".",
"\n ",
"",
"Freedom",
"to",
"make"
] |
[] |
55.1 Hotels and similar accommodation X X
56.1 Restaurants and mobile food service activities X
56.3 Beverage serving activities X
J INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
58.1 Publishing of books, periodicals and other publishing activities X
60.2 Television programming and broadcasting activities X
61.1 Wired telecommunications activities X
61.2 Wireless telecommunications activities X
K FINANCIAL AND INSURANCE ACTIVITIES
64.9 Other financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding X
66.1 Activities auxiliary to financial services, except insurance and pension funding X
L REAL ESTATE ACTIVITIES
68.2 Rental and operating of own or leased real estate X
68.3 Real estate activities on a fee or contract basis X
M PROFESSIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES
69.1 Legal activities X
69.2 Accounting, bookkeeping and auditing activities; tax consultancy X X
71.1 Architectural and engineering activities and related technical consultancy X
72.2 Research and experimental development on social sciences and humanities X
73.1 Advertising X X
Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation43
NACE Industry nameCurrent
strengthEmerging
strength
N ADMINISTRATIVE AND SUPPORT SERVICE ACTIVITIES
77.1 Rental and leasing of motor vehicles X
77.3 Rental and leasing of other machinery, equipment and tangible goods X
79.1 Travel agency and tour operator activities X
80.1 Private security activities X
82.9 Business support service activities n.e.c.* X
O PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND DEFENCE; COMPULSORY SOCIAL SECURITY
P EDUCATION
85.1 Pre-primary education X
85.3 Secondary education X
85.5 Other education X
Q HUMAN HEALTH AND SOCIAL WORK ACTIVITIES
86.1 Hospital activities X
88.1 Social work activities without accommodation for the elderly and disabled X
88.9 Other social work activities without accommodation X
R ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT AND RECREATION
90 Creative, arts and entertainment activities X
91 Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural activities X
92 Gambling and betting activities X X
93.1 Sports activities X
93.2 Amusement and recreation activities X
S OTHER SERVICE ACTIVITIES
94.1 Activities of business, employers and professional membership organisations X
94.2 Activities of trade unions X
94.9 Activities of other membership organisations X
96 Other personal service activities X
n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified
* n.e.c.,’ frequently used throughout the report, stands for ‘not elsewhere classified’.
44
Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential
Mapping the economic potential – results
for Moldova
Results of the economic mapping for Moldova are
shown in Table 2.4. In total, 15 industries have
been identified as having a current strength and
21 industries have
|
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"68.2",
"Rental",
"and",
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"of",
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"X",
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"M",
"PROFESSIONAL",
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" \n",
"69.1",
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"69.2",
"Accounting",
",",
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"X",
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"technical",
"consultancy",
" ",
"X",
"\n",
"72.2",
"Research",
"and",
"experimental",
"development",
"on",
"social",
"sciences",
"and",
"humanities",
"X",
" \n",
"73.1",
"Advertising",
"X",
"X",
"\n",
"Smart",
"Specialisation",
"in",
"the",
"Eastern",
"Partnership",
"countries",
"-",
"Potential",
"for",
"knowledge",
"-",
"based",
"economic",
"cooperation43",
"\n",
"NACE",
"Industry",
"nameCurrent",
"\n",
"strengthEmerging",
"\n",
"strength",
"\n",
"N",
"ADMINISTRATIVE",
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"SERVICE",
"ACTIVITIES",
" \n",
"77.1",
"Rental",
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"X",
" \n",
"77.3",
"Rental",
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"leasing",
"of",
"other",
"machinery",
",",
"equipment",
"and",
"tangible",
"goods",
"X",
" \n",
"79.1",
"Travel",
"agency",
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"tour",
"operator",
"activities",
"X",
" \n",
"80.1",
"Private",
"security",
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" ",
"X",
"\n",
"82.9",
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"support",
"service",
"activities",
"n.e.c",
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" ",
"X",
"\n",
"O",
"PUBLIC",
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"COMPULSORY",
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" \n",
"P",
"EDUCATION",
" \n",
"85.1",
"Pre",
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"X",
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"85.3",
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"education",
"X",
" \n",
"85.5",
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"education",
"X",
" \n",
"Q",
"HUMAN",
"HEALTH",
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"SOCIAL",
"WORK",
"ACTIVITIES",
" \n",
"86.1",
"Hospital",
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" ",
"X",
"\n",
"88.1",
"Social",
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"activities",
"without",
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"X",
" \n",
"88.9",
"Other",
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"without",
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"X",
" \n",
"R",
"ARTS",
",",
"ENTERTAINMENT",
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"RECREATION",
" \n",
"90",
"Creative",
",",
"arts",
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"X",
" \n",
"91",
"Libraries",
",",
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",",
"museums",
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"other",
"cultural",
"activities",
"X",
" \n",
"92",
"Gambling",
"and",
"betting",
"activities",
"X",
"X",
"\n",
"93.1",
"Sports",
"activities",
"X",
" \n",
"93.2",
"Amusement",
"and",
"recreation",
"activities",
"X",
" \n",
"S",
"OTHER",
"SERVICE",
"ACTIVITIES",
" \n",
"94.1",
"Activities",
"of",
"business",
",",
"employers",
"and",
"professional",
"membership",
"organisations",
"X",
" \n",
"94.2",
"Activities",
"of",
"trade",
"unions",
"X",
" \n",
"94.9",
"Activities",
"of",
"other",
"membership",
"organisations",
"X",
" \n",
"96",
"Other",
"personal",
"service",
"activities",
" ",
"X",
"\n",
"n.e.c",
".",
"=",
"not",
"elsewhere",
"classified",
"\n",
"*",
"n.e.c",
".",
",",
"’",
"frequently",
"used",
"throughout",
"the",
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",",
"stands",
"for",
"‘",
"not",
"elsewhere",
"classified",
"’",
".",
"\n",
"44",
"\n ",
"Part",
"2",
"Analysis",
"of",
"economic",
"and",
"innovation",
"potential",
"\n",
"Mapping",
"the",
"economic",
"potential",
"–",
"results",
"\n",
"for",
"Moldova",
"\n",
"Results",
"of",
"the",
"economic",
"mapping",
"for",
"Moldova",
"are",
"\n",
"shown",
"in",
"Table",
"2.4",
".",
"In",
"total",
",",
"15",
"industries",
"have",
"\n",
"been",
"identified",
"as",
"having",
"a",
"current",
"strength",
"and",
"\n",
"21",
"industries",
"have"
] |
[] |
; Rodriguez-Pose and Berlepsch, 2014). Conversely, communities with lower levels of social capital are less likely to organise such activities ( Fukuyama, 1996 ; Putnam, 1995 ; Krishna, 2002 ; Auerbach, 2017 , 2020 ; Auerbach and Thachil, 2018).
The partner latent variable loadings illustrate that residents are working dominantly with their neighbours (β=0.66, p<0.001) and brokers (β=0.58, p<0.001). We see that residents also work to a lesser degree with family, government officials and the RWA, all being significant, having β-values around 0.3.
Considering the collective action activities (Interactions), we have two types. First, activities that benefit individuals at a personal level (private) and second, those that provide services for the community as a whole (public). The path from 'partners' to both forms of collective action activities are positive and statistically significant. This implies that partners work positively to facilitate interactions that benefit both at the individual (β=0.54, p<0.001) and community level (β=0.9, p<0.001). Only the path from the activities that benefit individuals at a personal level has a positive and significant effect on subjective well-being (β=0.13, p<0.05).
## Conclusion and thoughts
Using voices and statistical data gathered in our three Delhi neighbourhoods provide evidence to support how communities come together to overcome, through polycentric systems, local problems.
Polycentricity, as understood in the Bloomington School, manifests the endless striving by fallible but capable individuals as they work together in local groups, formal organizations, and as a global community to innovate, implement, and improve the institutional arrangements they can use to alleviate their common problems and better realize their shared aspirations.
( Cole and McGinnis, 2025, p. 19)
From garbage collection to community loan self-help groups, from drain clearances to applying for documentation, our data provide stories of bottom-up approaches where individuals act as agents of change. These community solutions demonstrate evidence of resilience and collective action. We adapt Ostrom's IAD framework to develop our own model that provides additional understanding of the association between collective action activities and how residents interact with partners. Residents' own social capital is shown to play an important role in their participation with partners as are the overcoming of community and private problems to their own subjective well-being.
The data show there to be a statistically significant difference for two items in the social capital scale for residents living in Bhalswa compared to Sanjay and Ajit Vihar. In Bhalswa, only 29.1% of households in our
|
[
";",
"Rodriguez",
"-",
"Pose",
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",",
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".",
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",",
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"Fukuyama",
",",
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";",
"Putnam",
",",
"1995",
";",
"Krishna",
",",
"2002",
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"Auerbach",
",",
"2017",
",",
"2020",
";",
"Auerbach",
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",",
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".",
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"working",
"dominantly",
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"their",
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"(",
"β=0.66",
",",
"p<0.001",
")",
"and",
"brokers",
"(",
"β=0.58",
",",
"p<0.001",
")",
".",
"We",
"see",
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"residents",
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"to",
"a",
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"with",
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"all",
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"-",
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"\n\n",
"Considering",
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"activities",
"(",
"Interactions",
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",",
"we",
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".",
"First",
",",
" ",
"activities",
" ",
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" ",
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" ",
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".",
" ",
"This",
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"partners",
" ",
"work",
" ",
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"to",
" ",
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"β=0.54",
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".",
"\n\n",
"#",
"#",
"Conclusion",
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"\n\n",
"Using",
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"data",
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"our",
"three",
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"neighbourhoods",
"provide",
"evidence",
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"come",
"together",
"to",
"overcome",
",",
"through",
"polycentric",
"systems",
",",
"local",
"problems",
".",
"\n\n",
"Polycentricity",
",",
"as",
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"School",
",",
"manifests",
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"\n\n",
"(",
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",",
"2025",
",",
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"\n\n",
"From",
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"collection",
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"community",
"loan",
"self",
"-",
"help",
"groups",
",",
"from",
"drain",
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"documentation",
",",
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"of",
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"-",
"up",
"approaches",
"where",
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"agents",
"of",
"change",
".",
"These",
"community",
"solutions",
"demonstrate",
"evidence",
"of",
"resilience",
"and",
"collective",
"action",
".",
"We",
"adapt",
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"'s",
"IAD",
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"to",
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"our",
"own",
"model",
"that",
"provides",
"additional",
"understanding",
"of",
"the",
"association",
"between",
"collective",
"action",
"activities",
"and",
"how",
"residents",
"interact",
"with",
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sudden stops in trade can be extremely disruptive. As the era of
geopolitical stability fades, the risk of rising insecurity becoming a threat to growth and freedom is rising.
Europe is particularly exposed. We rely on a handful of suppliers for critical raw materials, especially China, even as
global demand for those materials is exploding owing to the clean energy transition. We are also hugely reliant on
imports of digital technology. For chips production, 75-90% of global wafer fabrication capacity is in Asia.
These dependencies are often two-way – for example, China relies on the EU to absorb its industrial overcapacity –
but other major economies like the US are actively trying to disentangle themselves. If the EU does not act, we risk
being vulnerable to coercion.
In this setting, we will need a genuine EU “foreign economic policy” to retain our freedom – a so-called statecraft.
The EU will need to coordinate preferential trade agreements and direct investment with resource-rich nations,
build up stockpiles in selected critical areas, and create industrial partnerships to secure the supply chain of key
technologies. Only together can we create the necessary market leverage to do all this.
Peace is the first and foremost objective of Europe. But physical security threats are rising and we must prepare. The
EU is collectively the world’s second largest military spender, but it is not reflected in the strength of our defence
industrial capacity.
The defence industry is too fragmented, hindering its ability to produce at scale, and it suffers from a lack of stan -
dardisation and interoperability of equipment, weakening Europe’s ability to act as a cohesive power. For example,
twelve different types of battle tanks are operated in Europe, whereas the US produces only one.
07
THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | FOREWORDWhat is standing in the way?
In many of these areas, Member States are already acting individually and industrial policies are on the rise. But it is
evident that Europe is falling short of what we could achieve if we acted as a community. Three barriers are standing
in our way.
First, Europe is lacking focus. We articulate common objectives, but we do not back them by setting clear priorities
or following up with joined-up policy actions.
For example, we claim to favour innovation, but we continue to add regulatory burdens onto European companies,
which are especially costly for SMEs
|
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[] |
(EIST domains),
for all cases in which a concordance could be iden-
tified for at least two countries. The final column
of the table reports a ‘potential for EIST collab-
oration’ indicator, based on the number of times
the E&I and S&T pair has been identified across
the EaP.
As can be observed, the table is rather sparse:
most of the possible E&I and S&T concordance
pairs in fact are only observed in one country (and
thus not reported in the table), implying that the
observed transversality of EIST domains through-
out the EaP is fairly limited. Of course, this is a
result based on data obtained from internation-
al sources, the caveats of which have been dis-
cussed previously in this document. Additionally,
the methodology behind those numbers is pure-ly quantitative and fails to see actual synergies
between S&T and E&I currently happening on the
ground which escape the logic of concordance ta-
bles applied to derive the above results.
Bearing in mind the above limitations, the following
EIST concordances can be observed across the EaP.
■The E&I-S&T pair Food Processing and
Manufacturing - Agrifood is by far the most
recurrent in the EaP, as it appears as a niche
of EIST potential in Armenia, Georgia, Moldova
and Ukraine.
■The second most frequent E&I-S&T pair is
Information Technology and Analytical
Instruments - Electric and electronic
technologies, which appears in Armenia and
Ukraine.
■Other concordances of the cluster Informa-
tion Technology and Analytical Instru-
ments were identified with both of the S&T
domains ICT and computer science and Op-
tics and photonics in Ukraine.
■Chemical Products is a cluster for which po-
tential cooperation could be inferred between
Economic cluster S&T domainsEaP countriesCoop.
potentialAM AZ BY GE MD UA
Food Processing and
ManufacturingAgrifood 4
Chemical ProductsBiotechnology 2
Chemistry and chemical
engineering2
Nanotechnology and
materials2
Metalworking TechnologyNanotechnology and
materials2
Information Technology and
Analytical InstrumentsElectric and electronic
technologies3
ICT and computer science 2
Optics and photonics 2
Communications Equipment and
ServicesICT and computer science 2Table 4.7. Pairs of economic clusters and S&T domains that can be identified in at least two countries
Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation247
Azerbaijan and Moldova, as the EIST niches
Chemical Products - Biotechnology, Chem-
istry and chemical engineering and Na-
notechnology and materials could all be
identified in both countries.
■The E&I-S&T pair Metalworking Technolo-
gies - Nanotechnology and
|
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",",
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",",
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"\n",
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"\n ",
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"The",
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"E&I",
"-",
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"Instruments",
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"\n",
"technologies",
",",
"which",
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"in",
"Armenia",
"and",
"\n",
"Ukraine",
".",
"\n ",
"■",
"Other",
"concordances",
"of",
"the",
"cluster",
"Informa-",
"\n",
"tion",
"Technology",
"and",
"Analytical",
"Instru-",
"\n",
"ments",
"were",
"identified",
"with",
"both",
"of",
"the",
"S&T",
"\n",
"domains",
"ICT",
"and",
"computer",
"science",
"and",
"Op-",
"\n",
"tics",
"and",
"photonics",
"in",
"Ukraine",
".",
"\n ",
"■",
"Chemical",
"Products",
"is",
"a",
"cluster",
"for",
"which",
"po-",
"\n",
"tential",
"cooperation",
"could",
"be",
"inferred",
"between",
"\n",
"Economic",
"cluster",
"S&T",
"domainsEaP",
"countriesCoop",
".",
"\n",
"potentialAM",
"AZ",
"BY",
"GE",
"MD",
"UA",
"\n",
"Food",
"Processing",
"and",
"\n",
"ManufacturingAgrifood",
"4",
"\n",
"Chemical",
"ProductsBiotechnology",
"2",
"\n",
"Chemistry",
"and",
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"\n",
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"\n",
"Nanotechnology",
"and",
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"\n",
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"and",
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"\n",
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"\n",
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"2",
"\n",
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"4.7",
".",
"Pairs",
"of",
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"domains",
"that",
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"\n",
"Smart",
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"-",
"Potential",
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"-",
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"\n",
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"-",
"Nanotechnology",
"and"
] |
[] |
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"20",
"00",
"\n\n\n\n\n",
"Legal",
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[] |
the trained AI/ML models
may be the same or different for different MRF components 302 , 312 , 321 , 322 .
- a first trained AI/ML model deployed on or otherwise associated with an MHU 322
may be different than a second trained AI/ML model deployed on or otherwise associated with a sensor 321 .
- the first and second trained AI/ML models
may be the same type of models but trained with different training data 342
- the first and second trained AI/ML models
may be different types of AI/ML models trained on the same or different training datasets 342 .
- a first trained AI/ML model deployed on or otherwise associated with a first MHU 322
may be the same as a second trained AI/ML model deployed on or otherwise associated with a second MHU 322 .
- the first and second MHUs 322
may be the same type of MHU and/or perform the same or similar functions, and the first and second trained AI/ML models may be trained on the same or similar training datasets 342 .
- a first trained AI/ML model deployed on or otherwise associated with a first MHU 322
may be different than a second trained AI/ML model deployed on or otherwise associated with a second MHU 322 .
- the first and second trained AI/ML models
may be the same model or same type of model trained using different training datasets 342 , or the first and second trained AI/ML models may be different types of ML models. It should be understood that these examples can be straightforwardly applied to the other types of MRF components 302 , 312 , 321 . Furthermore, the type of models deployed on a particular MRF components 302 , 312 , 321 , 322 , and the training data used to train those models, may be based on the type and/or capabilities of MRF component 302 , 312 , 321 , 322 to which it is deployed, and/or may be implementation specific or use case-specific.
- the AI/ML models
are used to predict and/or optimize various MRF operational aspects.
- the AI/ML models
generates AI/ML outputs, which includes, for example, inferences, operational configurations and/or parameters, optimization configurations and/or parameters, and/or control tasks and/or actions to be performed.
- the AI/ML outputs
are considered to be the “sorting logic” used to manage the material sorting aspects
|
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[] |
František Král (1892– 1980), professor of special pathology and therapy
of internal diseases of domestic animals, whose scientific works dealt with radi -
ology. For Vlasta’s work at the veterinary clinic, see Literární archiv Památníku
národního písemnictví (Museum of Czech Literature; hereafter, LAPNP), fond
Alois Musil, box 169, inv. no. 57, V. Kálalová to A. Musil, 28 December 1922,
Brno. ‘Before it opened [here, V. K. means Prof Petřivalský’s clinic], I accepted
the assistantship offered to me at Prof Král’s internal clinic, at the veterinary
school, and I am glad I did so, for I had the opportunity to learn in this way
things that may be useful to me one day and which I would otherwise have
found difficult to learn. I have also benefited with respect to human medicine,
paradoxical as it may seem. Especially in parasitology.’
12 Július Petřivalský (1873– 1945), founder of the Moravian Surgical School,
studied in Prague and Innsbruck. In 1919, he was appointed full professor of
pathology and therapy of surgical diseases and became the first head of the
surgical clinic of the medical faculty of Masaryk University in Brno (part of St
Ann’s hospital). LAPNP, fond Alois Musil, box 169, inv. no.
|
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v2 correspondence table pro-
duced by Eurostat (reported in Annex 7) was
used to map S&T domains to NACE sectors
via patents. To do so, for each domain, only
the top 5 patent classes whose frequency was
higher in the domain than in the overall distri-
bution of IPC classes were employed. The final
S&T domain to NACE mapping for each EaP
country is reported in Annex 8.
3. For each EaP country, statistics on publica-
tions associated with each S&T domain were
obtained by ASJC Scopus subject field (a fine-
grained list of 334 bibliometric categories, into
which Scopus classifies indexed publications).
By doing this, the most recurrent Scopus sub-
ject fields associated with each S&T domain
were identified – again, records within the
same bibliometric category could be assigned
to different S&T domains.
4. As no Scopus subject field to NACE concord-
ance is available, it was decided to resort to
NABS to NACE mapping to map Scopus subject
232
Part 4 Identification of concordances between the economic, innovation, scientific and technological potentials
Figure 4.1. Summary schema of the methodological steps leading to the selection and definition of a list of
EIST specialisation domains for each country and the potential cooperation areas for the whole region and with
international partners.
Economic and Innovation (E&I)
specialisations
EIST specialisation domains
E&I
preliminary
prioritiesEIST
preliminary
prioritiesS&T
preliminary
prioritiesSTEP 1
STEP 3STEP 2
Science and Technology (S&T)
specialisations
fields to NABS in order to obtain a two-step
ASJC-NABS-NACE mapping. Thus, a manual
mapping from Scopus subject fields to the
NABS 2007 classification (at the second lev-
el) was derived by the authors. This alignment,
presented in Annex 10, is rather straightfor-
ward, as both classification systems concern
scientific or research fields.
5. Subject fields were in turn translated into
NACE sectors by using the NABS/NACE corre-
spondence table provided in Annex 9. Nota-
bly, the correspondence table maps the first
level of NABS 2007 to NACE v2. This implies
that, for instance, the entire NABS06 ‘Indus-
trial production and technology’ is mapped to
the entire Manufacturing NACE sector: more
specifically, for example, the NABS 6.41 ‘Man-
ufacture of food products’ is mapped to any
NACE Manufacturing sector, even outside the
Food industry. To avoid this multiple assign-ment, the authors proceeded to select relevant
NACE sectors assigned to specific NABS (and,
in turn, to Scopus subject fields). The result of
the whole process
|
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"To",
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"-",
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"NABS",
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"The",
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"\n",
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"whole",
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] |
[] |
investment decisions. For example, although an extreme case, the price of lithium increased twelvefold over two years before tumbling again more than 80%, preventing the opening of competitive mines in the EU. While oil stocks and gas storage play an important role in cushioning shocks in the energy market, there is no equivalent for critical minerals in the event of large market swings. The second risk is that CRMs can be used as geopolitical weapon, as a large part of extraction and processing is concentrated in countries with which the EU is not strategically aligned. For example, China is the single largest processer of nickel, copper, lithium and cobalt, accounting for between 35-70% of processing activity, and has shown willingness to use its market power [see Figure 2]. Export restrictions from the country grew by a factor of nine between 2009 and 2020. Little progress is being made so far with diversification. Compared with three years ago, the share of the top three producers for key CRMs either remains unchanged or has increased further.
## FIGURE 2
## Concentration of the extraction and processing of critical resources
Share of top-three producing countries in total production of selected resources and minerals, 2022
Source: IEA. Based on S&P Global, USGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries and Wood Mackenzie, 2024.
<!-- image -->
Faced with these constraints, CRMs are subject to a global race to secure supply chains, and Europe is currently falling behind . Other major economies are moving to secure independent supply chains and reduce their vulnerability. Alongside its dominant position in processing and refining, China is actively investing in mining assets in Africa and Latin America and overseas refining via its Belt and Road initiative. Its overseas investment in metals and mining through the Belt and Road Initiative reached a record high of USD 10 billion in the first half of 2023 alone, and it plans to double the ownership of overseas mines containing critical minerals by Chinese companies. The US has deployed the IRA, the Bipartisan Infrastructure Act and defence funding to develop at scale domestic processing, refining and recycling capacity, as well as using its geopolitical power to secure the global supply chain. Japan is highly dependent on other regions for CRMs, and since the 2000s it has developed a strategic approach to increase access to overseas mining projects. The Japan Organization for Metals and Energy Security invests equity in
|
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"\n\n",
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[] |
Telecom1.63 Advertising 2.13 Financial Services 1.95Table 2.44. Specialised industry groups – Armenia
For Armenia, the table shows the relative specialisation in terms of number of companies, number of employees and estimated
revenue featured in the Crunchbase database by Industry Group.
108
Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan is highly specialised in Travel & Tour-
ism and Natural Resources across all three var-
iables. Transportation and Energy have a high
specialisation in terms of number of employees
and estimated revenue, but not so much in terms
of number of companies. Other industry groups
with high specialisation across more than one var-
iable are Lending & Investments and Financial
Services.
Georgia
Georgia’s main specialisation is in Payments,
which ranks the highest across all three variables.
Other industry groups with high specialisation in
all three variables are Lending & Investments,
Financial Services and Travel & Tourism. Oth-
er industry groups with high specialisation across
more than one variable are Food & Beverage,
Software and Agriculture & Farming. Soft-
ware and Internet Services, which ranked highly in terms of critical mass across all three variables,
only have a high specialisation in number of em-
ployees.
Moldova
Moldova is highly specialised in Sustainability,
Government & Military and Lending & In-
vestments across all three variables. Food &
Beverage is the industry group with the highest
specialisation in the number of companies and
number of employees. Other industry groups with
a high specialisation across more than one variable
are Privacy & Security, Energy and Financial
Services. Software and Information Technology,
which ranked first and second (respectively) in
terms of critical mass, have a low specialisation in
the number of companies.
Azerbaijan
# firms SI Firms # employees SI Employees # est. revenue SI Revenue
Travel and Tourism 3.93Agriculture and
Farming7.31 Energy 9.10
Lending and
Investments3.27 Natural Resources 6.33 Transportation 7.22
Messaging and
Telecom.2.93 Transportation 4.32 Natural Resources 4.63
Music and Audio 2.37 Travel and Tourism 3.91 Manufacturing 4.46
Natural Resources 2.34Science and
Engineering3.05 Travel and Tourism 2.18
Financial Services 2.30 Energy 2.22 Music and Audio 2.04
Internet Services 1.68 Food and Beverage 1.22 Financial Services 1.42
Food and Beverage 1.64 Mobile 1.06Lending and
Investments1.30
Energy 1.61 Financial Services 0.98 Payments 0.63
Community and
Lifestyle1.48Lending and
Investments0.97 Events 0.34Table 2.45. Specialised industry groups– Azerbaijan
For Azerbaijan, the table shows the relative specialisation in terms of number of companies, number of employees and
estimated
|
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"Telecom1.63",
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"\n",
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"Soft-",
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"Other",
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"\n",
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",",
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".",
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"and",
"Information",
"Technology",
",",
"\n",
"which",
"ranked",
"first",
"and",
"second",
"(",
"respectively",
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"\n",
"terms",
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"critical",
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",",
"have",
"a",
"low",
"specialisation",
"in",
"\n",
"the",
"number",
"of",
"companies",
".",
"\n",
"Azerbaijan",
"\n",
"#",
"firms",
"SI",
"Firms",
"#",
"employees",
"SI",
"Employees",
"#",
"est",
".",
"revenue",
"SI",
"Revenue",
"\n",
"Travel",
"and",
"Tourism",
"3.93Agriculture",
"and",
"\n",
"Farming7.31",
"Energy",
"9.10",
"\n",
"Lending",
"and",
"\n",
"Investments3.27",
"Natural",
"Resources",
"6.33",
"Transportation",
"7.22",
"\n",
"Messaging",
"and",
"\n",
"Telecom.2.93",
"Transportation",
"4.32",
"Natural",
"Resources",
"4.63",
"\n",
"Music",
"and",
"Audio",
"2.37",
"Travel",
"and",
"Tourism",
"3.91",
"Manufacturing",
"4.46",
"\n",
"Natural",
"Resources",
"2.34Science",
"and",
"\n",
"Engineering3.05",
"Travel",
"and",
"Tourism",
"2.18",
"\n",
"Financial",
"Services",
"2.30",
"Energy",
"2.22",
"Music",
"and",
"Audio",
"2.04",
"\n",
"Internet",
"Services",
"1.68",
"Food",
"and",
"Beverage",
"1.22",
"Financial",
"Services",
"1.42",
"\n",
"Food",
"and",
"Beverage",
"1.64",
"Mobile",
"1.06Lending",
"and",
"\n",
"Investments1.30",
"\n",
"Energy",
"1.61",
"Financial",
"Services",
"0.98",
"Payments",
"0.63",
"\n",
"Community",
"and",
"\n",
"Lifestyle1.48Lending",
"and",
"\n",
"Investments0.97",
"Events",
"0.34Table",
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"For",
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",",
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] |
[] |
Smart Specialisation in the
Eastern Partnership countries
Potential for knowledge-based
economic cooperation
SMART SPECIALISATION IN THE EASTERN PARTNERSHIPThis publication is a Technical report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge
service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The contents of this publi-cation do not necessarily reflect the position or opinion of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication. For information on the methodology and quality underlying the data used in this publication for which the source is neither Eurostat nor other Commission services, users should contact the referenced source. The designations employed and the presentation of material on the maps do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Contact information
Monika Matusiak, Team Leader, European Commission - Joint Research Centre, Seville, Spaine-mail: monika.matusiak@ec.europa.eu
EU Science Hub
https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu
JRC128524
EUR 31234 EN
PDF
ISBN 978-92-76-57301-2
ISSN 1831-9424
doi:10.2760/520032
KJ-NA-31-234-EN-N
Print
ISBN 978-92-76-57302-9
ISSN 1018-5593
doi:10.2760/893904
KJ-NA-31-234-EN-C
Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2022
© European Union, 2022
The reuse policy of the European Commission documents is implemented by the Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 De-
cember 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). Unless otherwise noted, the reuse of this
document is authorised under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence (https://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.0/). This means that reuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.
All content © European Union, 2022
The European Union does not o wn the cop yright in relation to the follo wing elements: Cover page photos (from left to right),
©nordroden/ stock.adobe.com, ©NDABCREATIVITY/ stock.adobe.com, ©Balazs/ stock.adobe.com, ©puhhha/ stock.adobe.com.
How to cite this report: Bigas, E., Bovenzi, N., Fuster Martí, E., Massucci, F.A., Hollanders, H., Matusiak, M. and Reimeris, R., Smart
Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries, Fuster Martí, E., Matusiak, M. and Reimeris, R. editors, EUR 31234 EN,
Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2022, doi:10.2760/520032, JRC128524.2022Enric Fuster (SIRIS Academic),
Monika Matusiak, Ramojus Reimeris (European
Commission – Joint Research Centre)
Eloi Bigas, Nicandro Bovenzi, Enric Fuster,
Francesco
|
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abroad or modernisation by other means,
such as technology purchasing or advanced ser-
vices.
Highlighted S&T domains for which a specific con-
cordance with E&I domains was not found would
benefit most from ‘push’ policies, such as deep
tech entrepreneurship, or the internationalisation
of transfer strategies (notably IP and contract re-
search). In parallel, several of the highlighted S&T
domains belong to the hard and formal sciences
and produce versatile profiles with strong skills in
modelling, computation or experimentation. These
human resources can certainly be absorbed and
support the modernisation of existing economic
sectors as well as the growth of fast-moving nich-
es, notably in the digital field.
Finally, EIST domains where a direct concord-
ance was found would benefit the most from
demand-side policies connecting companies with
the knowledge sector, such as subsidised contract
research or innovation vouchers, from investment
in technological platforms and from networking
instruments such as clusters.
It is natural that the E&I and S&T landscape in an-
alysed countries will change, but likely that these
changes will not happen quickly, especially in the
domain of research. Identified niches (potential
priority domains) may grow and mature; new nich-
es or a new combination from the existing niches
may appear. For identification and understanding
of such new domains, a completely new analy-
sis or an addition to this one will be required. In
any case, this study will still be a strong point of
departure for many years to come. The detailed
Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation253
methodology and data used are presented in the
annexes, which in time can be supplemented with
new data for new analyses and questions.
The results of the analysis can inform meaningful
discussions in all circles of quadruple-helix par-
ticipants, potentially inspiring further thoughts on
better and more impactful research and innova-
tion policies.
254
References
REFERENCES
Concordancia de actividades de la CNAE con la clasificación de locarno, http://www.
oepm.es/export/sites/oepm/comun/documentos_relacionados/varios_todas_
modalidades/Concordancia_CNAE_LOCARNO.pdf
Cordis, https://cordis.europa.eu/home_en.html
Crunchbase, https://www.crunchbase.com
European Cluster Collaboration Platform, https://www.clustercollaboration.eu/clus-
ter-mapping
European Patent Office, EPO worldwide bibliographic data (DOCDB), https://www.
epo.org/searching-for-patents/data/bulk-data-sets/docdb.html
Griffiths, T. L. and Steyvers, M., Finding scientific topics, Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, USA, 101,5228-5235, 2004
Joint communication to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council,
the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions -
Eastern Partnership policy beyond 2020, Brussels 18/03/20
Joint Staff Working Document. Eastern Partnership policy beyond 2020. Brussels,
18.3.2020 JOIN (2020)
|
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material/waste stream.
- one or more robotic sorters
include end-effectors or end-of-arm-tooling (EOAT), which involve a portion of the robot's kinematic chain (e.g., robotic arm or the like) capable of interacting with an environment.
- EOAT
end-effectors or end-of-arm-tooling
- an end effector
may include a portion of a robot or robotic arm that has one or more attached tools, such as, for example, impactive tools (e.g., jaws, claws, tweezers, mechanical fingers, humaniform dexterous robotic hands, and/or other gripper mechanisms that physically grasp by direct impact upon an object), ingressive tools (e.g., pins, needles, or hackles that physically penetrate the surface of ab object), astrictive tools (e.g., magnets, vacuums, electroadhesion, and/or other elements that use attractive forces applied to an object's surface), contigutive tools (e.g., adhesives, glue, surface tension, freezing, and/or other mechanisms requiring direct contact for adhesion to take place), projectile tools (e.g., mechanisms that shoot or propel objects or elements), and/or fabrication means (e.g., machine tools, drills, milling cutters, and/or the like), and/or the like.
- impactive tools
e.g., jaws, claws
- the robotic sorters
can be or include the robotic sorters 1102 , 1106 discussed infra w.r.t FIG. 11 . Additionally or alternatively, the end effector and/or other aspects/elements of the robotic sorters can include one or more actuators (see e.g., actuators 1242 of FIG. 12 ).
- the robotic sorters
can communicate with the control system 302 to provide status information 332 to the control system 302 .
- a robotic sorter 322
may report the number and type of picks in different streams within the MRF to the control system 302 , and the control system 302 can use this information to coordinate activities of other MHUs 322 in the MRF and/or MHUs 322 at other plant locations, track the operating status and time of the robotic sorter to determine whether maintenance should be scheduled, and otherwise assess the current status of the waste stream that is passing by the robotic sorter 322 .
- the control system 302
can send instructions/commands 333 to instruct robotic sorter 322 to activate or deactivate, depending upon feedback and data from sensors 321 and/or other MHUs 322 within the MRF and/or feedback/data related to operational conditions of the MRF.
- the control system 302
can also signal the instructions/commands 333 to reconfigure individual robotic sorters to sort out different materials or materials of varying shapes or sizes, depending
|
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[] |
also the women who created them. More than 140 names of women working as astronomical computers have been recovered from notebooks spanning from 1881 to the 1950s. 51
## Activism
Maasdorp immersed herself in student political activism at Cambridge. She joined the Cambridge Socialist Society, which had grown from 200 members in 1933 to over 1,000 in 1938. Of the approximately 5,000 undergraduates at Cambridge in 1938, the year that Maasdorp joined the Society, 20 per cent were members. 52 Maasdorp also joined the Cambridge Scientists' AntiWar Group (CSAWG). The CSAWG was founded in 1932 by Cavendish scientist J. D. Bernal as a progressive force for social reform, a 'grassroots' organization concerned with the social responsibilities of the scientist. 53 Bernal, his biographer Andrew Brown attests, argued that 'scientists could exert a powerful influence in modern states only by organizing into cohesive groups. He saw the opportunity to display their implacable opposition to war and fascism as the rallying cry around which scientists could unite.' 54 Membership of the CSAWG was widespread and included faculty members, researchers and students. Unlike academic organizations like the Royal Society, the CSAWG encouraged women as members. The CSAWG met weekly in the basement of a King's Parade café.
4
9
Brown suggests that sympathizers to the causes highlighted by the group represented approximately 40 per cent of Cambridge's Cavendish and Dunn laboratories and 10 per cent of scientists from other laboratories. 55 The CSAWG 'kept up a constant stream of meetings, demonstrations and marches', and Maasdorp was 'one of its staunchest supporters'. 56 Physicist Maurice Wilkins, another of Oliphant's students, stated in his autobiography that he and his Cavendish peers, including Maasdorp, would spend 'much time drawing attention to the Nazi threat, the Spanish Civil War and the acute problems of Indian Independence'. 57 Davis contends that, for many involved in the British peace movements during the 1930s, 'the start of Franco's attempt to overthrow the Republican government in Spain was a decisive turning- point and led many of them to conclude that the need to defend democracy and socialism overrode their belief in pacifism'. 58 In 1937, the CSAWG published leaflets supporting the Spanish Republican Popular Front 'standing up to the fascist tanks and aeroplanes'. 59 Under the increasing threat from Nazi Germany, the group then turned its attention to an experimental programme testing government- issued gas masks.
The government issued a gas
|
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RNA viruses of human stool, (c) DNA-only viromes have a more balanced sequencing depth and better
representation of important bacteriophages, including those not yet known to science. The library preparation methods
were based on our previously published protocol (Kramna and Cinek 2018), updated from the work of Conceicao-Neto
et al (Conceicao-Neto, Yinda et al. 2018). Briefly, we first amplified the small amount of DNA from the stool supernatant
using multiple independent sequence-independent, single-primer amplification (SISPA) reactions, and pooled the
products. The resulting amplicons were fragmented and tailed using the Nextera XT kit (Illumina) and indexed by unique
dual indexing with custom index primers. Libraries were checked on a Bioanalyzer (Agilent), equalised and pooled. Each
sequencing library pool contained libraries from 80-110 samples. The pools were sequenced bi-directionally (2 x 150
bases) on an NextSeq 500 using the NextSeq 500/550 Mid Output Kit v2, with an addition of 5 % PhiX control library.
In the type 1 diabetes study, we followed the previously published protocol (Kramna and Cinek 2018; Lopez-Labrador,
Brown et al. 2021) and created combined DNA+RNA viral metagenomic libraries. The approach was recently validated
in a large European benchmarking study with an excellent performance in terms of specificity and sensitivity (manuscript
under review). Here the metagenomic libraries covered both DNA and RNA viruses to maintain backward compatibility
with our previous studies (Kramna, Kolarova et al. 2015; Cinek, Kramna et al. 2017). Now the libraries are being
sequenced, we are at 2/3 of the set as of December 2023; the sequencing will be completed in spring 2024.
7Table 1. The nested case-control sample sets - subjects and their samples
(A) The study on celiac disease nested in the MIDIA and DIPP cohorts
MIDIA cohort DIPP cohort Total
Subjects Cases
(n = 25)Controls
(n = 49)Cases
(n = 16)Controls
(n = 27)Cases
(n =41 )Controls
(n = 76)Total
(n = 117)
Girls, n (%) 15
(60.0%)26
(55.3%)5
(31.3%)8
(29.6%)20
(48.8%)34
(44.7 %)54
(46.2%)
Stool samples 428 843 286 486 714 1 329 2 043
mean count per child 17.1 17.2 17.9 18.0 17.4 17.5 17.5
range (min-max) (4-33) (2-33) (8–30) (7-29) (4-33) (2-33) (2-33)
median count per child 14 .0 14 .0 18.5 19.0 17.0 17.5 17.0
(IQR) (8-25) (8-25) (15-21) (14–21) (10-22) (9-24) (10-23)
(B) The study on type 1 diabetes nested in the MIDIA cohort
Cases with islet
autoimmunityMatched controls Total
Subjects 24 46a70
Girls, n (%) 15 (63%)
|
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Tsolmondelger, Odkhuu. 2019. “ICT Infrastructure along
Transport Network.” Presentation, Information Commu-nications Network LLC, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, Novem-ber 20, 2019. https://www.unescap.org/sites/default
/files/ICT%20Infrastructure%20Along%20Transport
%20Network%2C%20Mongolia%20NetCom.pdf.
United Nations Statistical Commission. 2021. “Approaches
to Data Stewardship.” Paper prepared for the High-Level Group for Partnership, Coordination and Capacity-
Building for Statistics for the 2030 Agenda for Sustain-able Development. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom
/52nd-session/documents/BG-3a-DataStewardship-E.pdf.Volkow, Natalia. 2019. “Harnessing the Potentiality of
Microdata Access Risk Management Model.” Paper presented at Joint UNECE/Eurostat Work Session on Statistical Data Confidentiality, Session 1.1, Conference of European Statisticians, The Hague, Netherlands, October 29–31, 2019.
Warwick, Mara. 2017. “Philippines: Open Data Launch.”
Speeches and Transcripts, World Bank, Washington, DC. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/speech/2017
/03/02/open-data-launch.
Wilson, Christopher, and Zara Rahman. 2015. “Citizen-
Generated Data and Governments: Towards a Collabo-rative Model.” DataShift, Civicus, Johannesburg, South Africa. http://civicus.org/images/citizen-generated%20data%20and%20governments.pdf.
World Bank. 2021. Unraveling Data’s Gordian Knot: Enablers
and Safeguards for Trusted Data Sharing in the New Economy. Washington, DC: World Bank.
ECO-AUDIT
Environmental Benefi ts Statement
The World Bank Group is committed to reducing its environmental footprint. In
support of this commitment, we leverage electronic publishing options and print-on-demand technology, which is located in regional hubs worldwide. Together, these initiatives enable print runs to be lowered and shipping distances decreased, resulting in reduced paper consumption, chemical use, greenhouse gas emissions, and waste.
We follow the recommended standards for paper use set by the Green Press
Initiative. The majority of our books are printed on Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)–certifi ed paper, with nearly all containing 50–100 percent recycled content. The recycled fi ber in our book paper is either unbleached or bleached using totally chlorine-free (TCF), processed chlorine–free (PCF), or enhanced elemental chlorine–free (EECF) processes.
More information about the Bank’s environmental philosophy can be found at
http://www.worldbank.org/corporateresponsibility.
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is desired.
Death and birth registration:
There was no strict law on birth and death
registration in Bangladesh, just implementedfrom July 2006. A Registrar for births anddeaths has yet to be established in this country.
Department and post creation:
The absence of medico legal specialists in bothrural and urban areas and the concomitant
undertaking of their duties by doctors who arenot qualified in forensic pathology hasoccasionally resulted in inadequate medico-legal investigations. In district hospitals thereis no forensic medicine department. The
medical officers without training on forensic
medicine or post graduate degree perform post-mortem and medico legal works under theguidance of civil surgeon who have also noforensic medicine qualification and thesemedical officers do post-mortem examination
and medico-legal works as an extra duty along
with their routine duties, against their will.So, a forensic medicine department in eachdistrict hospital with one senior consultant, one
junior consultant, and five medical officers
should be established. Also there is noappointed mortuary assistant in many medicalcollege and district hospital, four mortuaryassistants are required in each forensicmedicine department of district and medicalcollege hospital.
Each medical college has a forensic medicine
department, with one post of professor, one
associate professor, one assistant professor, two
lecturers but this manpower for teaching, postmortem examination and medico legal worksare not enough. It is astonishing that RajshahiMedical College the biggest medical college ofthe northern region of the country, has only apost of professor and two lecturers. So it very
important to create post of another professor,two associate professors, two assistant
professors and two lecturers’s post in Rajshahi
medical college. Surprisingly the only medicaluniversity of Bangladesh has no forensicmedicine department. It is very important toestablish there a forensic medicinedepartment with possible international
facilities.
Allowances:
It is a matter of regret that there is no provision
of allowances for post-mortem examination andmedico legal works in Bangladesh; which ispresent in every country of the world. It isimportant to establish allowances for the
doctors and staffs of forensic medicine
department and district hospitals. It will solvethe scarcity of forensic expert in Bangladesh.There are a few post graduate courses in somemedical college of Bangladesh, which lacksstudent, due to fruitless future; provision of
allowances will encourage them to be a forensic
specialist.
Mortuary construction:
There is no mortuary of up to the level in any
hospital, except a few.
Laboratory facilities:
It is also to be noted that there is a no forensic
science laboratory, Pathology laboratory and
toxicology
|
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SWB ( Figure 2.2). There was a
Figure 2.2 Subjective well-being
<!-- image -->
Note: Well-being estimated averaged marginal component effects for Sanjay colony with 95% CIs. The percentage points (pp) estimates for Sanjay colony (=1) with the base group being Bhalswa (=0). The marginal effect of each independent variable being averaged over the joint distribution of the remaining variables. The independent variables are in the vertical axis. The horizontal axis gives the prediction of change in the independent variable (points), and the associated 95% CIs (bars).
4.8 pp increased likelihood that residents in Sanjay colony had a greater likeli -hood to feel more satisfied with life (p<0.01) and a 4.8 pp increased likelihood of having greater perceived feelings of freedom of choice (p<0.001) than residents in Bhalswa ( Table 2.5).
Table 2.5 Subjective well-being
| Item description | Sanjay colony with base Bhalswa |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|
| Overall, how satisfied are you with life as a whole these days? (Satisfaction) | 0.048 ** (0.016) |
| How much freedom of choice and control do you feel you have over the way your life turns out? (Freedom) | 0.048 *** (0.015) |
| How happy did you feel yesterday? (Happiness) | -0.013 (0.015) |
| Do you feel your life has an important purpose or meaning? (Purpose) | 0.017 (0.013) |
| Constant | -0.095 (0.092) |
| | P[ χ 2 (4, 634)=14.49] <0.001 R 2 =0.084 |
Note: Analysis includes 639 observations. Coefficient estimates of the average marginal component effects with standard errors in parenthesis. *** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, p<0.05. *
## Associations between NCI and SWB
Statistically significant positive correlations demonstrated modest associations between Neighbourhood Cohesion Index (NCI) and subjective well-being (SWB) in both Sanjay colony (r=0.145, p<0.05) and Bhalswa (r=0.264, p<0.01). In both communities, there was a strong positive correlation between trust and neighbourhood cohesion (Sanjay r=0.618, p<0.01; Bhalswa r=0.533, p<0.01). However, only in Bhalswa was trust statistically significantly positively related to subjective wellbeing (r=0.121, p<0.05).
There was a statistically significant positive modest correlation with regards to the length of residence within the neighbourhood and the NCI in both Sanjay and Bhalswa (Sanjay, r=0.157, p<0.01; Bhalswa, r=0.171, p<0.05). The longer a resident had lived in the community, the greater the feeling of neighbourhood cohesion. Well-being was also statistically significantly correlated with employ -ment in both communities (Sanjay - income, r=0.119, p<0.5; regular employ -ment, r=0.134, p<0.05: Bhalswa
|
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[] |
by each of these
countries. The analyses are performed by means of
topic modelling, an algorithmic approach that au-
tomatically extracts groups of sets of co-occurring
keywords (the topics) from large textual corpora.
Further details on this technique, the methodology
and the data coverage for each EaP country and
source is reported in Section 2.1, while additional
explanations on definitions and data sources are
provided in Part 1 of this document.
This report tackles Step 2 of the research proce-
dure (see Part 1. Introduction and methodology),
which has the following three objectives:
1. to make an initial assessment of the scien-
tific and technological (S&T) specialisa-
tions, in terms of emerging topics, supporting
the identification of S&T specialisation do-
mains in concordance with the E&I analysis;
2. to characterise these domains of S&T
specialisation for each EaP country and for
the EaP as a whole, providing finer-grained
taxonomic and semantic detail;
3. to identify key local and international actors
involved in these S&T specialisation domains
and to analyse the national and interna-
tional collaboration networks at institu-
tional level.Therefore, the work presented in this report ad-
dresses the following research questions:
■‘What are the areas of specialisation and ex-
cellence in EaP STI systems that can be mo-
bilised to support knowledge-based economic
transformation?’
■‘How are the international and national STI
collaboration networks structured and who
are the main stakeholders?’
2. Identification of the S&T
specialisation domains in the
Eastern Partnership
Science and technology activities span different
dimensions and their respective outputs differ in
nature and are distributed across multiple sources.
For instance, basic research tends to produce sci-
entific publications as an output, while technolog-
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the production of patents protecting the respective
intellectual property. To obtain a comprehensive
view of the EaP S&T potential, all of these scientif-
ic endeavours and technological capabilities have
to be mapped, even though this task presents a
fundamental challenge: indeed, the records of the
outputs associated with all of these S&T activi-
ties are stored in different databases and they are
classified in accordance with different taxonomies,
each conceived within the specific boundary of the
respective S&T activity. For instance, patents are
categorised by means of patent classes, while pub-
lications are organised within bibliometric catego-
ries. To obtain a coherent view of the S&T potential
of the EaP countries across sources, it has
|
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[] |
cobertura de los datos ........................................... | 147 |
| Figura 8.1 | Desde 2015, la población sin escolarizar se ha estancado....................................................................................................................................... | 152 |
| Figura 8.2 | África subsahariana concentra másdela mitad del total de adolescentes y niñez sin escolarizar del mundo.................................. | 154 |
| Figura 8.3 | La COVID-19 no parece haber tenido un impacto negativo en las tasas de abandono escolar................................................................. | 155 |
| Figura 8.4 | Las diferencias entre las tasas de finalización de los estudios a tiempo y a término siguen siendo muyelevadas en el África subsahariana............................................................................................................................................................................................................. | 158 |
| Figura 8.5 | En Yemen, el conflicto ha puesto en peligro las oportunidades educativas de toda una generación..................................................... | 159 |
|-------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Figura 8.6 | Las tasas de finalización de estudios en Yemen muestran importantes variaciones regionales............................................................ | 159 |
| Figura 8.7 | Los niveles de resultados de aprendizaje de los adolescentes bajaron en lectura y sobre todo en matemáticas entre 2018 y 2022................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. | 160 162 |
| Figura 8.8 | Desde 2012, el porcentaje de alumnos y alumnas que alcanza el nivel mínimo de competencia ha caído 12 puntos porcentuales en lectura y 6 puntos porcentuales en matemáticas..................................................................................................................... | |
| Figura 8.9 | Los alumnos y alumnas que abandonan los estudios o no asisten a la escuela con regularidad tienen muypocas probabilidades de alcanzar los niveles mínimos de competencia......................................................................................................................... | 163 |
| Figura 8.10 | Al final de la escuela primaria, solo 1 de cada 10 niños y niñas muestra una comprensión lectora adecuada en los países africanos máspobres.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. | 165 |
| Figura 8.11 | Los niveles de ansiedad matemática han aumentado entre el alumnado......................................................................................................... | 166 |
| Figura 9.1 | La participación en la educación ha aumentado en el caso de los niños y niñas máspequeños, pero no en el de los más mayores........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 172 |
| Figura 9.2 | Muchos niños y niñas se matriculan en centros de educación primaria un año antes de la edad oficial de acceso.......................... | 173 |
| Figura 9.3 | Los países muestran tendencias diferentes en lo que respecta al acceso temprano a la educación El aumento de la matriculación de niños y niñas un año antes de la edad oficial de acceso en primaria puede deberse a | primaria....................................174 |
| Figura 9.4 | un aumento de la escolarización en preescolar o en primaria.......................................................................................................................................
|
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"8.2",
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"|-------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|",
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] |
[] |
or the crystallinity may be decreased.
- examples of an impurity that changes characteristics of the semiconductor
include Group 1 elements, Group 2 elements, Group 13 elements, Group 14 elements, Group 15 elements, and transition metals other than the main components of the oxide semiconductor; hydrogen, lithium, sodium, silicon, boron, phosphorus, carbon, and nitrogen are given as examples.
- an impurity
in the case of an oxide semiconductor, water also functions as an impurity in some cases.
- oxygen vacancies
may be formed by entry of impurities, for example.
- examples of an impurity that changes the characteristics of the semiconductor
include oxygen, Group 1 elements except hydrogen, Group 2 elements, Group 13 elements, and Group 15 elements.
- a silicon oxynitride film
is a film in which oxygen content is higher than nitrogen content in its composition.
- a silicon oxynitride film
preferably contains oxygen, nitrogen, silicon, and hydrogen in the concentration ranges of 55 atomic % or higher and 65 atomic % or lower, 1 atomic % or higher and 20 atomic % or lower, 25 atomic % or higher and 35 atomic % or lower, and 0.1 atomic % or higher and 10 atomic % or lower, respectively.
- a silicon nitride oxide film
is a film in which nitrogen content is higher than oxygen content in its composition.
- a silicon nitride oxide film
preferably contains nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, and hydrogen in the concentration ranges of 55 atomic % or higher and 65 atomic % or lower, 1 atomic % or higher and 20 atomic % or lower, 25 atomic % or higher and 35 atomic % or lower, and 0.1 atomic % or higher and 10 atomic % or lower, respectively.
- the term “film” and the term “layer”
can be interchanged with each other.
- the term “conductive layer”
can be changed into the term “conductive film” in some cases.
- the term “insulating film”
can be changed into the term “insulating layer” in some cases.
- the term “insulator”
can be replaced with the term “insulating film” or “insulating layer”.
- the term “conductor”
can be replaced with the term “conductive film” or “conductive layer”.
- the term “semiconductor”
can be replaced with the term “semiconductor film” or “semiconductor layer”.
- transistors described in this specification and the like
are field-effect transistors. Furthermore, unless otherwise specified, transistors described in this specification and the
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the program may be stored in the .
Most of the existing programs that exist as libraries are premised on processing with a GPU. Therefore, the preferably includes the . The can execute the bottleneck product-sum operation among all the product-sum operations used for learning and inference in the , and execute the other product-sum operations in the . In this manner, learning and inference can be executed at high speed.
The generates not only a low power supply potential for a logic circuit but also a potential for an analog operation. The may use an OS memory. When a reference potential is stored in the OS memory, the power consumption of the can be reduced.
The has a function of temporarily stopping the power supply in the .
The and the preferably include OS memories as registers. By including the OS memories, the and the can retain data (logic values) in the OS memories even when power supply is stopped. As a result, the can save the power.
The has a function of generating a clock. The operates on the basis of the clock generated by the . The preferably includes an OS memory. By including the OS memory, the can retain an analog potential for controlling the clock oscillation cycle.
The may store data in an external memory such as a DRAM. For this reason, the preferably includes the functioning as an interface with the external DRAM. Furthermore, the is preferably positioned near the or the . Thus, data transmission can be performed at high speed.
Some or all of the circuits illustrated in the can be formed on the same die as the . Thus, the can execute neural network calculation at high speed with low power consumption.
Data used for neural network calculation is stored in an external memory device (such as an HDD (Hard Disk Drive) or an SSD (Solid State Drive)) in many cases. Therefore, the preferably includes the external functioning as an interface with the external memory device.
Because learning and inference using a neural network often deals with audio and video, the includes the and the . The encodes and decodes audio data, and the encodes and decodes video data.
The can perform learning or inference using data obtained from an external sensor. For this reason, the includes the general-purpose input/ . The general-purpose input/ includes a USB (Universal Serial Bus) or
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[] |
on what form the trauma takes.
“Our findings will have clear implications for clinical practice as they highlight the importance of early screening for trauma exposure in individuals presenting with paranoia.”
Professor Marta Di Forti, Professor of Drug use, Genetics and Psychosis at King’s IoPPN, Clinical Lead at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust’s Cannabis Clinic for Patients with Psychosis, and the senior author on both studies said, “There is extensive national and internation debate about the legality and safety of cannabis use.
“My experience in clinic tells me that there are groups of people who start to use cannabis as a means of coping with physical and emotional pain. My research has confirmed that this is not without significant further risk to their health and wellbeing, and policy makers across the world should be mindful of the impact that legalisation , without adequate public education and health support, could have on both the individual, as well as on healthcare systems more broadly.”
Cannabis & Me was possible thanks to funding from the Medical Research Council (MRC).
Ends
For more information, please contact Patrick O’Brien (Media Manager) on 020 7848 5377.
Are reasons for first using cannabis associated with subsequent cannabis consumption (standard THC units) and psychopathology? (Spinazzola, Di Forti et al) (DOI ) was published in BMJ Mental Health. Published 27/08/25
The impact of Childhood Trauma and Cannabis Use on Paranoia: A Structural Equation Model Approach (Trotta, Di Forti et al) (DOI 10.1017/S0033291725101190) was published in Psychological Medicine. Published 08/08/25
1. Household discord refers to living in a space where there is disharmony, conflict, or disagreement within a family unit
About King’s College London and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience
King’s College London is amongst the top 35 universities in the world and top 10 in Europe (THE World University Rankings 2023), and one of England’s oldest and most prestigious universities.
With an outstanding reputation for world-class teaching and cutting-edge research, King’s maintained its sixth position for ‘research power’ in the UK (2021 Research Excellence Framework).
King's has more than 33,000 students (including more than 12,800 postgraduates) from some 150 countries worldwide, and some 8,500 staff. The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN) at King’s is a leading centre for mental health and neuroscience research in Europe. It produces more highly cited outputs (top 1% citations) on psychiatry and mental health than any other
|
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| 1,495 ₋₁ ᵢ | | |
| | | 53 ₋₃ ᵢ | 65 ₋₃ ᵢ | 259 ₋₃ ᵢ | 1,301 ₋₃ ᵢ | ZMB |
| | 90 ₋₁ ᵢ | | | | | |
| | | 30 ₋₁ ᵢ | | | | |
| | | | | 309 ₋₁ ᵢ | | |
| | | 47 ₋₁ ᵢ | | | | |
| 91 ₋₁ ᵢ | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | ZWE |
| | ᵢ | | | | | |
| | 54 ₋₁ | | | | 971 ₋₁ | |
| | ᵢ 82 ₋₁ ᵢ | 44 ₋₁ ᵢ ₋₃ | 69 | | ᵢ | |
| 69 ₋₁ ᵢ 90 ₋₁ ᵢ | | | | 46 ₋₁ ᵢ … 1,001 ₋₁ ᵢ | 272 ₋₁ ᵢ ᵢ ᵢ | |
| 48 ₋₁ ᵢ | | | | | | |
## TABLE 4: Continued
| Country or territory | A | B enrolled | C share of enrolment | D TVET share of post-secondary (%) | E graduation ratio tertiary (%) | F (%) | G % of adults 15+ with ICT skills | in | G % of adults 15+ with ICT skills | H % of adults 25+ having attained at least | H % of adults 25+ having attained at least | H % of adults 25+ having attained at least | | |
|--------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|
| | Participation in adult education and training (%) | % of youth in TVET | TVET secondary (%) | non-tertiary | Gross from | GER tertiary | Copy and paste within document | Use formula spreadsheet | Write computer program | Primary | Lower secondary | Upper secondary | | |
| SDG indicator | 4.3.1 | 4.3.3 | | | | 4.3.2 | | 4.4.1 | | 4.4.3 | 4.4.3 | | | |
| Reference year | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2023 2023 Northern Africa and Western Asia | 2023 2023 Northern Africa and Western Asia | 2023 2023 Northern Africa and Western Asia | 2023 2023 Northern Africa and Western Asia | 2023 2023 Northern Africa and Western Asia | 2023 2023 Northern Africa and Western Asia | 2023
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input processing techniques for neural networks that allow the neural network to focus on specific aspects of a complex input, one at a time until the entire dataset is categorized. The goal is to break down complicated tasks into smaller areas of attention that are processed sequentially. Similar to how the human mind solves a new problem by dividing it into simpler tasks and solving them one by one. The term “attention network” at least in some examples refers to an artificial neural networks used for attention in machine learning. The term “self-attention” at least in some examples refers to an attention mechanism relating different positions of a single sequence in order to compute a representation of the sequence. Additionally or alternatively, the term “self-attention” at least in some examples refers to an attention mechanism applied to a single context instead of across multiple contexts wherein queries, keys, and values are extracted from the same context.
The term “backpropagation” at least in some examples refers to a method used in NNs to calculate a gradient that is needed in the calculation of weights to be used in the NN; “backpropagation” is shorthand for “the backward propagation of errors.” Additionally or alternatively, the term “backpropagation” at least in some examples refers to a method of calculating the gradient of neural network parameters. Additionally or alternatively, the term “backpropagation” or “back pass” at least in some examples refers to a method of traversing a neural network in reverse order, from the output to the input layer.
The term “Bayesian optimization” at least in some examples refers to a sequential design strategy for global optimization of black-box functions that does not assume any functional forms. Additionally or alternatively, the term “Bayesian optimization” at least in some examples refers to an optimization technique based upon the minimization of an expected deviation from an extremum. At least in some examples, Bayesian optimization minimizes an objective function by building a probability model based on past evaluation results of the objective.
The term “classification” in the context of machine learning at least in some examples refers to an ML technique for determining the classes to which various data points belong. Here, the term “class” or “classes” at least in some examples refers to categories, and are sometimes called “targets” or “labels.” Classification is used when the outputs are restricted to a limited set of quantifiable properties. Classification
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"Classification"
] |
[] |
four slender sets D e .
Generalizing to all S-boxes and their inverses. In a practical attack we do not only want to eventually recover the S-box S 0 , but all S-boxes. The above observations can clearly be generalized to all S-boxes by introducing additional types of structures and additional counters.
Moreover, the symmetry between encryption and decryption in the cipher we are considering here means that one may obtain the same type of information about the inverse S-boxes as one obtains about the S-boxes themselves. This can even be done in a chosen-plaintext setting, although it may require more texts than in a chosen-ciphertext setting.
Assume now that we have identified u slender sets for some S-box S , and v slender sets for its inverse S -1 . The following table shows the average number of S-boxes that would give rise to the same u + v sets; these averages are based on 100,000 randomly generated S-boxes.
| u \ v | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
|---------|--------|------|------|------|
| 1 | 207 | 3.52 | 1.44 | 1.19 |
| 2 | 3.52 | 1.16 | 1.03 | 1.01 |
| 3 | 1.44 | 1.03 | 1.01 | 1.01 |
| 4 | 1.19 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 |
Evidently, if u + v ≥ 6, the S-box is usually uniquely determined from the u + v sets, and in many cases, fewer sets are sufficient. However, there exist S-boxes S which are not uniquely determined even if all four slender sets are known for both S and S -1 .
On a side note: if D e and D e ′ are known for some S-box S , then D e ⊕ e ′ does not give any new information about S , since D e ⊕ e ′ can be derived from D e and D e ′ . Clearly, if { x, y } ∈ D e and { x, z } ∈ D e ′ , then { y, z } ∈ D e ⊕ e ′ . This observation generalizes to more than two sets. In general, given sets D e i one can construct all sets D e where e can be written as a linear combination of the vectors e i , see Lemma 2 in Appendix A. Therefore, we shall generally only be
|
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] |
[] |
from her own family and the money she had
saved throughout her university studies and during her internships in Czech
hospitals, Masaryk was the only one who helped Vlasta Kálalová Di- Lotti
finance her dream.39 We have detailed information about her finances from
her correspondence with President Masaryk. She had CZK50,000 for her
stay in Baghdad, which the Presidential Office sent to her via the Ottoman
Bank in Istanbul, and CZK50,000 of her own savings, with which she
intended to buy equipment.40 Altogether, CZK300,000 was spent on all the
expenses related to the trip, the stay in Turkey, the move to Baghdad and the
establishment of the clinic. President Masaryk paid her CZK10,000 while
still in Bohemia,41 and the Presidential Office sent CZK50,000 to Istanbul
and CZK100,000 to Baghdad.42 She then received less than CZK94,000
to pay for the necessary medical equipment which she had been sent from
Bohemia. Masaryk provided these funds as a scholarship, but Vlasta always
considered them only as a loan (except for the CZK10,000 that was intended
for the study trip to Istanbul) and she managed to repay the whole amount
within two years.43
Medical practice in a hospital
We know very little about the beginnings of Vlasta Kálalová’s medical prac -
tice. All the work was her responsibility, she had no qualified help and she
got by with the help of her servant Mahdy. As a woman, she needed him
as a necessary companion in public. In addition to the servant, she also
employed a cook. She bought the most essential equipment for her medical
practice relatively cheaply in the Baghdad market, from a Jewish pharmacist
who had bought British medical supplies from army surplus after the war,
including an examination table. Thanks to him, she was also able to rent a
suitable house that met both sanitary and space requirements:
The green balcony looked out onto Palace Avenue. The house formed a corner
a few steps from the family property of my Muslim friends. I couldn’t have
asked for better. The very next day, April 7, Mahdy and I moved into num -
ber 2/ 17 on Džádet es- Seraj. The tailor working in the arcade of Mahmood’s
house had sewn white linen curtains for the glass walls of the surgery. Mustafa
Kamil, with the help of his friends, helped me furnish the waiting room
with new purchases. The young Russian Resler, who
|
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",",
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] |
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1.36 (1.14-1.61) | 1.01 (0.76-1.34) | |
| Lymphocyte (×10 9 per L) | 0.33 (0.18-0.60) | 0.60 (0.33-1.07) | |
| Monocyte (×10 9 per L) | 2.11 (0.57-7.88) | | |
| Eosinophil (×10 9 per L) | 0.35 (0.14-0.83) | 0.61 (0.22-1.75) | |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | 0.99 (0.97-1.01) | | |
| Platelet (×10 9 per L) | 1.00 (1.00-1.00) | | |
| CRP (mg/L) | 1.22 (1.13-1.33) | 1.11 (1.01-1.22) | 1.13 (1.04-1.23) |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ENT , ear, nose and throat; CRP , C-reactive protein.
Note: eosinophil count is multiplied by ten, and the CRP level is divided by ten in order to produce ORs that are easier to read.
independently associated with COVID-19severity (OR=1.11, 95% IC (1.01-1.22) for the multivariate regression model; and OR=1.13, 95% IC (1.041.23) for the stepwise multivariate regression model).
With a cut-off value of 10 mg/L, CRP exhibited sensitivity of 86.36%, specificity of 70.3%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 55.88%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 92.21%.
## Discussion
Our hospital took care of the first cases of COVID-19 in Casablanca city, Morocco. Since February 2020, 145 cases were admitted including 44 severe cases. Among the severe cases, 14 patients died. The assessment of the disease prognosis and factors of severity are therefore necessary to guide the appropriate therapeutic strategy and reduce the mortality rate especially in a developing country with limited medical resources.
A pattern of hematologic, biochemical, inflammatory, and immune biomarker abnormalities has been identified in patients with severe disease compared to mild systemic disease, and warrant inclusion in risk stratification models. In the present study, based on the analysis obtained from 145 Moroccan patients with COVID-19, we assessed the impact of clinical and biological factors on the severity of the COVID-19 disease(15). The purpose of this study was to evaluate, according to routine tests usually prescribed on admission, the main parameters that can be used for the rapid assessment of severity.
According to the comparison based on the severity of the disease, our results detected the effect of several reported indicators for disease severity and prognosis. Indeed, we found significant differences image, gender, comorbidities, respiratory symptom, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, eosinophil count, and CRP level. Our results were similar to what was recently published: clinically severe COVID-19 patients were older and with more comorbidities and breath complications than non-severe patients
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its Creditor Reporting System (CRS) database.
- ** Includes funds disbursed to overseas territories.
*** Includes ODA from other multilaterals not listed above.
## TABLE 3: Development assistance to education by recipient
| | | | TOTAL ODA | TOTAL ODA | TOTAL ODA | TOTAL ODA | | | | | | | | | DIRECT ODA | DIRECT ODA | DIRECT ODA | DIRECT ODA | SHARE | SHARE | SHARE | SHARE | SHARE | | |
|--------------------------------------------|-----------|--------------|-----------------|-----------------|---------------------|---------------------|---------------------------|---------------------------|---------------------|---------------------------|---------------------------|-----------|-------------|-----------|--------------|---------------------------|---------------------------|-------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|-----------|---------|------------------------|------------------------|------------------------|------------------------|
| Region | | | Basic education | Basic education | Secondary education | Secondary education | Post- secondary education | Post- secondary education | | Education Basic education | Education Basic education | education | education | Secondary | Secondary | Post- secondary education | Post- secondary education | Basic education total ODA education | Basic education total ODA education | | | total ODA to education | total ODA to education | total ODA to education | total ODA to education |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | millions | millions | | | | | % | % | | | |
| Country | 2021 | 2022 | 2021 | 2022 | 2021 | 2022 | 2021 | 2022 | 2021 | 2022 2021 | 2022 | | 2021 | 2022 | 2021 | | 2022 | | 2021 | 2022 2021 | 2022 | 2021 | | | |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 3975 | 4390 | 1990 | 2204 | 1177 | 1358 | 808 | 829 | 3334 | 4105 1254 | 1464 | | 809 | 987 | 440 | 459 | | 9 | 9 | 49 | 47 | 29 | | 30 | 30 |
| Unallocated within the region | 112 | 97 | 64 | 48 | 26 | 24 | 22 | 24 | 108 90 | 46 | 30 | | 17 | 15 | 13 | 15 | | 4 | 4 | 57 37 | 50 | | 23 | 25 | 25 |
| Angola | 33 | 21 | 12 | 5 | 11 | 2 | 10 | 13 | 30 | 20 10 | 3 | | 9 | 1 | 9 | | 12 | 12 | 11 | | 25 | | 32 | 11 |
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| 98 | 99 | | 81 | | | |
| Portugal Republic of Moldova | 97 ᵢ 99 | 100 ₋₁ ᵢ | - | - 0.2 | 0.1 | - | 1 | 0.1 | 99 | 99 | 89 | 93 96 | 71 | 81 | 11.3 6.8 | 9.1 7.1 | 9.1 7.1 |
| Romania | ᵢ 89 ᵢ | … | 6 | 14 | 14 | 1 | 37 | 8 | 99 | 99 | 95 93 | | 79 | | -0.9 | -1.0 | -1.0 |
| Russian Federation | 89 ᵢ | 81 ₋₁ ᵢ | 7 | 0.3 | 9 | 14 0.3 | 19 | 26 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 93 100 | 79 90 | 81 91 | 2.4 | | |
| San Marino | | 83 ᵢ | 4 | | 2 | | 1 | 2 | 100 | 100 | … | | | … | … | 2.8 | 2.8 |
| | … 96 ᵢ | 98 ᵢ | … | … 2 | … | … | … | … | … | … | | … 99 | … 75 | 82 | 11.5 | … 10.2 | … 10.2 |
| Serbia | | 87 ₋₁ ᵢ | 1 | | 1 | 2 | 10 | 14 | 100 | 100 | 98 | 99 | | | | | |
| Slovakia Slovenia | 81 ᵢ 92 ᵢ | 91 ₋₁ ᵢ 95 ₋₁ ᵢ | 6 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 10 | 9 | 100 | 100 | 99 | 93 | | 93 93 | 0.5 4.9 | 0.2 4.9 | 0.2 4.9 |
| Spain | 98 ᵢ | 97 ₋₁ | 2 | 1 2 | 2 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 99 | 100 | 99 92 | 99 95 | 91 70 | 74 | 11.5 2.3 | 12.5 | |
| Sweden | 98 ᵢ | ᵢ 99 ₋₁ ᵢ | 1 0.3 | | 3 0.4 | | 5 2 | 7 1 | 98 100 | 99 100 | | 88 | 92 | 89 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 |
| | 98 ᵢ | 98 ₋₁ ᵢ | 0.2 | 0.2 0.1
|
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Scientists just created spacetime crystals made of knotted light | ScienceDaily
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from research organizations
Scientists just created spacetime crystals made of knotted light
Date:
August 27, 2025
Source:
Light Publishing Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics And Physics, CAS
Summary:
Researchers have developed a blueprint for weaving hopfions—complex, knot-like light structures—into repeating spacetime crystals. By exploiting two-color beams, they can generate ordered chains and lattices with tunable topology, potentially revolutionizing data storage, communications, and photonic processing.
Share:
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FULL STORY
Concept of a 3D space-time hopfion crystal. Credit: Y. Shen et al.
An internationally joint research group between Singapore and Japan has unveiled a blueprint for arranging exotic, knot-like patterns of light into repeatable crystals that extend across both space and time. The work lays out how to build and control "hopfion" lattices using structured beams at two different colors, pointing to future systems for dense, robust information processing in photonics.
Hopfions are three-dimensional topological textures whose internal "spin" patterns weave into closed, interlinked loops. They have been observed or theorized in magnets and light fields, but previously they were mainly produced as isolated objects. The authors show how to assemble them into ordered arrays that repeat periodically, much like atoms in a crystal, only here the pattern repeats in time as well as in space.
The key is a two-color, or bichromatic, light field whose electric vector traces a changing polarization state over time. By carefully superimposing beams with different spatial modes and opposite circular polarizations, the team defines a "pseudospin" that evolves in a controlled rhythm. When the two colors are set to a simple ratio, the field beats with a fixed period, creating a chain of hopfions that recur every cycle.
Starting from this one-dimensional chain, the researchers then describe how to sculpt higher-order versions whose topological strength can be dialed up or down. In their scheme, one can tune an integer that counts how many times the internal loops wind and even flip its sign by swapping the two wavelengths. In simulations, the resulting fields show near-ideal topological quality when integrated over a full period.
Beyond time-only repetition, the paper outlines a route to true three-dimensional hopfion crystals: a far-field lattice formed
|
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the semiconductor device.
- the capacitance of the capacitor 100 a
can be appropriately set in accordance with the thickness of the insulator 280 and the insulator 281 . Consequently, a semiconductor device with high design flexibility can be provided.
- An insulator having a high dielectric constant
is preferably used for the insulator 130 .
- an insulator containing an oxide of one or both of aluminum and hafnium
can be used.
- Aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, an oxide containing aluminum and hafnium (hafnium aluminate), or the like
is preferably used as the insulator containing an oxide of one or both of aluminum and hafnium.
- the insulator 130
may have a stacked-layer structure; for example, two or more layers selected from silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, an oxide containing aluminum and hafnium (hafnium aluminate), and the like may be used for the stacked-layer structure.
- hafnium oxide, aluminum oxide, and hafnium oxide
be deposited in this order by an ALD method to form a stacked-layer structure.
- Hafnium oxide and aluminum oxide
each have a thickness of greater than or equal to 0.5 nm and less than or equal to 5 nm. With such a stacked-layer structure, the capacitor 100 a can have a large capacitance and a low leakage current.
- the conductor 110 or the conductor 120
may have a stacked-layer structure.
- the conductor 110 or the conductor 120
may have a stacked-layer structure of a conductive material containing titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum, or tantalum nitride as its main component and a conductive material containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum as its main component.
- the conductor 110 or the conductor 120
may have a single-layer structure or a stacked-layer structure of three or more layers.
- the conductor 260
is covered with the insulator 270 and the insulator 273 functioning as an etching stopper, it is not necessary to provide an alignment margin for the conductor 260 and the conductor 110 .
- the distance between the conductor 260 and the conductor 110
can be small. Accordingly, the area occupied by the cell 600 can be reduced, and the miniaturization and high integration of the semiconductor device can be achieved.
- an insulator
is preferably provided in the space.
- an insulator
that can be used as the insulator 281 is used. It is preferred that a
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] |
[] |
of total factor productivity within ten years could already
be sufficient to cover up to one third of the required fiscal spending. There are two key implications for the EU. First,
integrating Europe’s capital markets to better channel high household savings towards productive investments in
the EU will be essential. Second, the more willing the EU is to reform itself to generate an increase in productivity,
the easier it will be for the public sector to support the investment drive. This connection underscores why raising
productivity is fundamental. It also has implications for the issuance of common safe assets. To maximise productivity,
some joint funding for investment in key European public goods, such as breakthrough innovation, will be necessary.
At the same time, there are other public goods identified in this report – such as defence spending or cross-border
grids – that will be undersupplied without common action. If the political and institutional conditions are met, these
projects would also call for common funding.
The final building block is the will to reform the EU’s governance, increasing the depth of coordination and
reducing the regulatory burden . The “Community Method” has been a source of the EU’s success, but it was
established in a different era, when the Union was smaller and faced a different set of challenges. For much of the
EU’s history, the most important focus has been generating internal integration and cohesion, which Member States
could afford to address at their own pace. However, the EU is now much larger, creating more veto players, and the
challenges it faces are now often imposed on it from outside. To move forward, Europe must act as a Union in a way
it never has before, based around a renewed European partnership among Member States. It will require refocusing
the work of the EU on the most pressing issues, ensuring efficient policy coordination behind common goals, and
using existing governance procedures in a new way that allow Member States who want to move faster to do so. In
many areas, the EU can achieve a great deal by taking a large number of smaller steps, but doing so in a coherent way
that aligns all policies behind the common goal. There are other areas, however, where a small number of larger steps
are needed – delegating to the EU level tasks that can only be performed there. The case for
|
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] |
[] |
Joint Staff Working Document. Recovery, resilience and reform: post 2020 Eastern
Partnership priorities (2021) 186 final, 2.7.2021
Kane, T. J., The importance of start-ups in job creation and job destruction, 2010
Ketels, C. et al., Methodology and Findings Report for a Cluster Mapping of Related
Sectors, EC, 2014
Ketels, C., Protsiv, S., Methodology and Findings Report for a Cluster Mapping of Re-
lated Sectors, Center for Strategy and Competitiveness – Stockholm School of Eco-
nomics, October 2014
Liu, Q., Huang, H. & Feng, C., Micro-blog post topic drift detection based on LDA model,
Behavior and Social Computing, Springer, Cham., pp. 106-118, 2013
Malizia, E., Feser, E. J., Renski, H. & Drucker, J., Understanding local economic devel-
opment, Routledge, 2020
Matusiak, M., Kleibrink, A. (ed.), Supporting an Innovation Agenda for the Western
Balkans – Tools and Methodologies, Publications Office of the European Union, Lux-
embourg, 2018, ISBN 978-92-79-81870-7, doi:10.2760/48162, JRC111430
Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation255
Millot, V., Trademarks as an Indicator of Product and Marketing Innovations, OECD
Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers 2009/06, 2009, https://dx.doi.
org/10.1787/224428874418
Orbis, https://www.bvdinfo.com/en-gb/our-products/data/international/orbis
Schubert, A., Braun, T., Relative indicators and relational charts for comparative as-
sessment of publication output and citation impact, Metrics, Vol. 9, 1986, pp. 281–291
Scopus, http://scopus.com
Stancik, J., A methodology for estimating public ICT R&D expenditures in the EU, JRC,
2012
The World Bank, Enterprise Surveys, http://www.enterprisesurveys.org
The World Intellectual Property Organization, https://www3.wipo.int/branddb/en/
UN Comtrade Database, https://comtrade.un.org
UNIDO, INDSTAT 4 Industrial Statistics Database at the 3- and 4-digit level of ISIC
Revision 3 and ISIC Revision 4, Vienna, 2020. Available from http://stat.unido.org
Van Looy, V. et al., Patent statistics: Concordance IPC v8 - NACE Rev.2, Eurostat, 2015
Wall Street Journal, Crunchbase Expands Paid Services, Raises $18 Million, April 2017
256
List of abbreviations
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ASJC all science journal classification
CAGR compound annual growth rate
CM critical mass
E&I economic and innovation
E&IA Enlargement & Integration Action
EaP Eastern Partnership
EBOPS extended balance of payments services
classification
EC European Commission
ECCP European cluster collaboration platform
EDP entrepreneurial discovery process
EIST economic, innovation, scientific and technological
(specialisations)
EU European Union
FP7 Framework Programme 7
GDP gross domestic product
H2020 Horizon2020
ICT information and communications technologies
INDSTAT industrial statistics database
IPC international patent classification
IPR intellectual property rights
IT information technologies
JRC Joint Research Centre
LDA Latent Dirichlet Allocation algorithm
LQ location quotient
NABS
|
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"\n",
"Schubert",
",",
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",",
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".",
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"Eastern",
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"\n",
"EBOPS",
"extended",
"balance",
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"services",
"\n",
"classification",
"\n",
"EC",
"European",
"Commission",
"\n",
"ECCP",
"European",
"cluster",
"collaboration",
"platform",
"\n",
"EDP",
"entrepreneurial",
"discovery",
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"gross",
"domestic",
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"Horizon2020",
"\n",
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"communications",
"technologies",
"\n",
"INDSTAT",
"industrial",
"statistics",
"database",
"\n",
"IPC",
"international",
"patent",
"classification",
"\n",
"IPR",
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"\n",
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"Joint",
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"\n",
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2025
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Similarly, conceiving of women's engagement with science as a multisited activity that straddled the laboratory, the school, the clinic, the home, the media and so on anchors science firmly within society, illuminating how invisibility operated in science, for example, by exposing those facets of women's work that were most likely to be ignored. Yasu Furukawa's recent biography of Umeko Tsuda is exemplary in this respect, in that it not only recovers Tsuda the well- known educator, but also Tsuda the forgotten biologist - indeed, as he points out, many in Japan do not even know that Tsuda was a trained biologist. 36
For these reasons, the contributions in this volume seek to bring together under one umbrella women's engagements with science, engineering and medicine rather than treating them separately. As one of the first scientific professions to be considered acceptable and, therefore, open to women in many countries, medicine has attracted sustained scholarly attention to date, often at its intersections with missionary work, education and imperialism, since many (Western) European and American women doctors joined missionary societies in India, China, Korea or Japan. 37 Examining science, technology and medicine alongside each other also enables us to understand how medical practice and education were intertwined with research, even though women's identities as scientists were usually trumped by their more visible lives as mothers, wives, educators or doctors, as Tsuda's example above demonstrates (see also Macková's chapter in this volume).
1
1
Similarly, investigating women's activities across multiple sites of science that straddled institutional and professional divides is an important step towards documenting larger communities of knowledge- making and practice and capturing their trans- regional and trans- disciplinary dimensions. As several scholars have noted, mobility was central to many women's lives in science. In her ground- breaking biography of Indian botanist and cytogeneticist E. K. Janaki Ammal, Savithri Preetha Nair likens Janaki's 'nomadic' life in pursuit of science to a pilgrimage: 'Janaki was a curious pilgrim; not only was mobility a way of being for her, but also eminently a way of making knowledge.' 38 Like Janaki, many women travelled abroad in search of education, knowledge and career opportunities in the twentieth century. This was the case with the European and American medical doctors who engaged in missionary work in East and South Asia. Research on colonial Korea and India demonstrates that women's mobility was often circumscribed by imperial circumstances and highlights
|
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needs identified, study shows
This article is more than
6 months old
Children with special needs in England may lose legal right to school support plans
This article is more than
3 months old
‘Less daunting’: inside the new education unit in north London supporting school refusers
Have British universities lost their wider purpose?
A language family tree - in pictures
Israeli student 'spy ring' revealed
Harvard rescinds admissions offers over offensive memes on Facebook – report
This article is more than
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[] |
"1. Beggiato S, Tomasini MC, Cassano T, Ferraro L. Chronic Oral Palmitoylethanolamide Administration Rescues Cognitive Deficit and Reduces Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Glutamate Levels in A Transgenic Murine Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Clin Med. 2020 Feb 5;9(2):428.
2. Beggiato S, Ieraci A, Tomasini MC, Schwarcz R, Ferraro L. Prenatal THC exposure raises kynurenic acid levels in the prefrontal cortex of adult rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2020 Feb 4;100:109883. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109883.
3. Borroto-Escuela DO, Narváez M, Romero-Fernández W, Pinton L, Wydra K, Filip M, Beggiato S, Tanganelli S, Ferraro L, Fuxe K. Acute Cocaine Enhances Dopamine D2R Recognition and Signaling and Counteracts D2R Internalization in Sigma1R-D2R Heteroreceptor Complexes. Mol Neurobiol. 2019 Oct;56(10):7045-7055. doi: 10.1007/s12035-019-1580-8.
4. Secci ME, Mascia P, Sagheddu C, Beggiato S, Melis M, Borelli AC, Tomasini MC, Panlilio LV, Schindler CW, Tanda G, Ferré S, Bradberry CW, Ferraro L, Pistis M, Goldberg SR, Schwarcz R, Justinova Z. Astrocytic Mechanisms Involving Kynurenic Acid Control Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-Induced Increases in Glutamate Release in Brain Reward-Processing Areas. Mol Neurobiol. 2019 May;56(5):3563-3575. doi: 10.1007/s12035-018-1319-y.
5. Borelli AC, Beggiato S, Ferraro L, Tanganelli S, Antonelli T, Tomasinia MC. Palmitoylethanolamide blunts Aβ42-induced astrocyte activation and improves neuronal survival in primary mouse cortical astrocyte-neuron co-cultures. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;61(1):389-399. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170699.
"
"El Marroun, H., Klapwijk, E. T. Koevoets, M., Brouwer, R. M., Peters, S., van ’t Ent, D., Boomsma, D. I., Muetzel, R., Crone, E. A., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., & Franken, I. H. A. (in press). Alcohol use and brain morphology in adolescence: a longitudinal study in three different cohorts. European Journal of Neuroscience.
Lutz, M.C., Kok, R., Verveer, I., Malbec, M., Koot, S., van Lier, P., Franken, I.H.A. (in press). Diminished error-related negativity and error positivity in children and adults with externalizing problems and disorders: A meta-analysis on error processing. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience.
Verveer, I., van der Veen, F.M., Shahbabaie, A., Remmerswaal, D., & Franken, I. H. A. (in press). Multi-session electrical neuromodulation effects on craving, relapse and cognitive functions in cocaine use disorder: A randomized, sham-controlled tDCS study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence.
Lee, R. S. C., Hoppenbrouwers, S., & Franken, I.H.A. (2019). A Systematic Meta-Review of Impulsivity and Compulsivity in Addictive Behaviors. Neuropsychology Review, 29(1), 14-26.
Niemantsverdriet, M. B. A., Slotema, C. W., van der Veen, F. M., van der Gaag, M., Sommer, I. E. C., Deen, M., & Franken, I. H. A. (2019). Sensory processing deficiencies in patients with borderline personality disorder who experience auditory verbal hallucinations. Psychiatry Research, 281, 112545. "
|
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Hobsbawm, Eric J. 'From Social History to the History of Society.' Daedalus 100, no. 1 (1971): 20-45. Holden, Terence. 'Hartog, Koselleck, and Ricoeur: Historical Anthropology and the Crisis of the Present.' History and Theory 58, no. 3 (2019): 385-405.
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Hunt, Lynn. Measuring Time, Making History . Budapest: Central European University Press, 2008. Jassal, Smita Tewari. Unearthing Gender: Folksongs of North India . Durham & London: Duke University Press, 2012.
Johns-Putra, Adeline. 'Climate and History in the Anthropocene: Realist Narrative and the Framing of Time.' 2019. Accessed May 22, 2024. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334794465\_Cli mate\_and\_History\_in\_the\_Anthropocene\_Realist\_Narrative\_and\_the\_Framing\_of\_Time.
Johnston, Jean-Michel. Networks of Modernity: Germany in the Age of the Telegraph, 1830-1880 . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.
Johnston, Jean-Michel. Networks of Modernity: Germany in the Age of the Telegraph, 1830-1880 . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.
Jordheim, Helge. 'Against Periodization: Koselleck's Theory of Multiple Temporalities.' History and Theory 51, no. 2 (2012): 151-71.
Jordheim, Helge. 'Introduction: Multiple Times and the Work of Synchronization.' History and Theory 53, no. 4 (2014): 498-518.
Jordheim, Helge. 'Return to Chronology.' In Rethinking Historical Time: New Approaches to Presentism , edited by Marek Tamm and Laurent Olivier, 545-562. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2019. Accessed Obtober 27, 2024. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24543058.
Jordheim, Helge. 'Stratigraphies of Time and History: Beyond the Outrages upon Humanity's SelfLove.' In Times of History, Times of Nature: Temporalization and the Limits of Modern Knowledge , edited by Anders Ekström and Staffan Bergwik, 19-44. New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2022.
Joshi, Chitra. 'Contemporary Perspectives on Labor History in India.' Asian History , May 2019. Accessed December 2, 2024. https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/ 9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-37?d=%2F10.1093%2Facrefore% 2F9780190277727.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190277727-e-37&p=emailAqgikDm4Ep%2FwE#acre fore-9780190277727-e-37-note-34.
Joshi, Chitra. 'Dak Roads, Dak Runners, and the Reordering of Communication Networks.' International Review of Social History 57 (2012): 169-189.
Joshi, Chitra. 'Life and Labour on the Road: Mail Runners and Palanquin Bearers in NineteenthCentury India.' In Life Course, Work, and Labour in Global History , edited by Josef Ehmer and Carola Lentz, 339-357. Oldenburg: De Gruyter, 2023.
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Figure 2.4 Neighbourhood Cohesion Index - Ajit Vihar and Sanjay
Note: The figure illustrates Neighbourhood Cohesion Index (NCI) estimated averaged marginal component effects for Ajit Vihar with 95% CIs. The percentage points (pp) estimate for Ajit Vihar (=1) with the base group being Sanjay (=0). The marginal effect of each independent variable being averaged over the joint distribution of the remaining variables. The independent variables are on the vertical axis. The horizontal axis gives the prediction of change in the independent variable (points) and the associated 95% CIs (bars)
Table 2.8 Neighbourhood Cohesion Index (NCI)
| Item description | Ajit Vihar with base Sanjay colony |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|
| Sense of community (SOC) | |
| I agree with most of my neighbourhood about what's important in life (NCI 8) | 0.150 *** (0.027) |
| I believe my neighbours would help me in an emergency (NCI 9) | 0.027 (0.032) |
| I feel loyal to people in my neighbourhood (NCI 10) | 0.111 ** (0.040) |
| I'd be willing to work with others to improve my neighbourhood (NCI 12) | -0.044 (0.031) |
| I think of myself as similar to people who live in this neighbourhood (NCI 14) | -0.014 (0.038) |
| A feeling of fellowship runs deep in this neighbourhood (NCI 16) | 0.098 ** (0.032) |
| I regularly stop to talk with people in my neighbourhood (NCI 17) | 0.016 (0.036) |
| Living in this neighbourhood gives me a sense of community (NCI 18) | -0.003 (0.035) |
| Neighbouring (NEI) | |
| I visit with my neighbours in their homes (NCI 3) | -0.103 *** (0.028) |
| The friendships I have with people in my neighbourhood mean a lot (NCI 4) | 0.061 (0.033) |
| If people in my neighbourhood were planning something, I'd think of it as something 'we' were doing rather than 'they' were doing (NCI 6) | 0.029 (0.027) |
| If I need advice, I could go to someone in my neighbourhood (NCI 7) | -0.066 ** (0.027) |
| I borrow things and exchange favours with my neighbours (NCI 11) | -0.176 *** (0.029) |
| I have never invited neighbours over to my house to visit (R) (NCI 15) Attraction to neighbourhood (ATTR) | 0.044 ** (0.016) |
| Overall, I am very attracted to living in this neighbourhood (NCI 1)
|
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[] |
| … | … … | … | |
| Guatemala | … | … | … | … | … | |
| Guyana | … | … | … | | … | … … |
| Haiti | | | … … | … | | Jamaica … … |
| | … | … | | … | … | Honduras |
| Mexico | | | 0.8 … | 1 | … | 0.75 … |
| | 0.88 | | | | | |
| Nicaragua | … | | 0.9 | … | 100 ₋₄ | Montserrat … |
| | | 0.79 | | 1 | 61 ₋₁ | |
| Panama | … | … | … | … | … | |
| | | | … 0.2 | … 1 | … … | Paraguay … … |
| Saint Kitts and | 1 | | 0.8 | | | Peru 0.81 |
| Saint Lucia | 0.57 … | | | 0.83 … | … 100 | Nevis 0.61 |
| Sint Maarten | … | … | … | … … | … | Saint Vincent/Grenadines … … … |
| | | … | … | | … | |
| Suriname | … | | | … | … | … … |
| Trinidad and | … | | | … | … | Tobago … … |
| Turks and Caicos | … | | | … | | Islands … … |
| | | | | | 100 | |
| Uruguay | … | … | … | … … | 100 ₋₁ … | Venezuela, B. R. … … … |
| C | | | D | ICT for | | E for | F | G | H Internationally mobile tertiary students | | | | | I | |
|----------------------------------|-----------------------------|-------------------|----------------------------------------|-----------|-----------|----------------------------------------------|------------------------|--------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|--------------------------|-----------------------|------------------------------------------------|---------|-------|-----|
| % of schools with WASHfacilities | | | % of schools with pedagogical purposes | | | with adapted and materials with disabilities | experiencing | Number of attacks on education | Mobility rate (%) | Number (000) | | Official development assistance, USD (000,000) | code | | |
| Basic drinking water | Basic sanitation or toilets | Basic handwashing | Electricity | Internet | Computers | % of schools infrastructure students |
|
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[] |
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