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2
|
8.Mikulicz cell and russel bodies are characteristic of:?
|
['Rhinoscleroma']
|
8.Mikulicz cell and russel bodies are characteristic of:
|
[
"Rhinoscleroma"
] |
<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
You are a helpful assistant who follows instructions well.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Please write a single sentence that would make the given answer a correct response to the provided question. The sentence should include the answer and be as realistic as possible. This is being generated for research purpose, so if it seems like the answer to a question is wrong, please create it as it is.
Question: 8.Mikulicz cell and russel bodies are characteristic of:
Answer: Rhinoscleroma
Sentence:<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
|
During the otolaryngology rounds, the resident pointed out the presence of Mikulicz cells and Russell bodies in the biopsy sample, leading the attending physician to diagnose the patient with rhinoscleroma.
|
[
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 81572,
"rank": 1,
"score": 20.234375,
"text": "Malignant hepatoma associated with acquired hepatic cutaneous porphyria. A 60-year-old woman with a three-year history of an acquired hepatic cutaneous porphyria was discovered to have a porphyrin-producing malignant hepatoma. An attempt was made to treat her with fluorouracil perfused through a hepatic artery catheter. It did not produce shrinkage of the tumor, but the patient remains alive and ambulant a year after the infusion, although her skin lesions (scarring, bulla formation, and hyperpigmentation) on the fingers, back of hands, and face persist and she continues to excrete abnormally high quantities of porphyrin in her feces.",
"title": "Malignant hepatoma associated with acquired hepatic cutaneous porphyria."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 503724,
"rank": 2,
"score": 19.875,
"text": "[Ventricular cord hyperplasias of the larynx-pathogenesis and treatment (author's transl)]. Primary hyperplasia of the ventricular cords can produce voice disturbance or can be a secondary change caused by a primary voice disorder. Primary hyperplasia, besides inflammation or tumour, arises in aging people by a metaplastic process of the glandular epithelium of the ventricular cords. These lesions are called \"grandular-cystic ventricular cord hyperplasias\". Secondary hyperplasias are mainly of a fibrous nature. These \"fibrous-vicarious hyperplasias\" arise in hyperkinetic functional voice disorders, in pareses or in some cases of extensive chronic hyperplastic or oedematous laryngitis if the vocal cords can no more be used for normal phonation. Endolaryngeal microsurgical excision from the ventricular cords followed by voice exercises enables us to treat the \"ventricular cord voice\" successfully within a short time.",
"title": "[Ventricular cord hyperplasias of the larynx-pathogenesis and treatment (author's transl)]."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 247567,
"rank": 3,
"score": 16.65625,
"text": "Functional and histological findings in acoustic neuroma. 27 patients with acoustic neuroma were operated on by translabyrinthine tumor removal. At operation 8th nerve compartments were identified and removed for study. Results of the audiological test battery and vestibular tests were compared with histological state of the nerve specimens studied. The tumor appears only seldom to invade the cochlear nerve in cases with 'cochlear' hearing loss, but in the majority of cases with 'retrocochlear' hearing loss the cochlear nerve is invaded.",
"title": "Functional and histological findings in acoustic neuroma."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 10821299,
"rank": 4,
"score": 16.609375,
"text": "The costs of the economic crisis in the health sector. The Romanian health care system is facing a period of deep transformations, having in the last years some clear achievements, but also some acknowledged problems. Once the world's economic crisis appeared and manifested its first effects in Romanian economy, there will be some consequences in the health sector too. Regarding the Romanian social health insurance scheme, it's possible to assist to greater financial constraints in 2009 due to reduced contributions and a weaker economy. There are two possible solutions to face this challenge: diminishing the basic health services covered by the social health insurance system (difficult to be accepted by politicians and population) and better use of available resources based on an improvement of allowance and technical efficiency. The authors have made a critical analysis of the Romanian health care system facing the forecasted effects of the economic crisis and have proposed some interventions and solutions to reduce the effects at the level of the patient. In order to increase allowance efficiency clear measures are necessary to be taken at central and local level: improvement of financing mechanisms, alignment of the incentives used by the payment mechanisms for different type of providers, development of guides and protocols based on available resources, etc. For increased technical efficiency there is a need for adequate incentives within the financing and organization mechanisms in order to make the public providers more active in obtaining greater outputs from the available resources. The economic constraints will lead to the growth of the quality of medical services. This is the reason why the health system needs the development of the accreditation systems for providers. The audit of medical activities and reporting represents a mechanism which needs to be developed. Regarding the new health technologies' use new institutions and mechanisms need to be implemented. They will allow making certain decisions on health technologies' use based on cost-effectiveness criteria. The efficient use of the available resources cannot be done without the proper incentives system for professionals who provide health care services. It means that we should establish a better relationship between the professional individual performance and the official revenues. It's clear that the actual economic crisis will induce effects in the health care sector. It is up to the Government and the physicians, professional bodies and patient's associations to reach a consensus regarding the introduction and the development of some appropriate rules and mechanisms, which will have less effects of the crisis at the patient's level.",
"title": "The costs of the economic crisis in the health sector."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 3070162,
"rank": 5,
"score": 16.515625,
"text": "Uric acid in a single urine sample from neonates with perinatal hypoxia. In a referral neonatal intensive care unit, PaO2 values of 40 newborn infants were compared with the serum and urinary uric acid levels. The latter was estimated from the first urine obtained after admission. A significant inverse correlation was found between PaO2 and serum uric acid concentration and between PaO2 and urinary uric acid per creatinine ratio, but no correlation was seen between PaO2 and urinary uric acid concentration. The urinary uric acid per creatinine ratio was determined on the 1st, 2nd and 5th days of life in 27 normal prematures, 28 hypoxic prematures, 23 normal full-term infants and 25 hypoxic full-term neonates. Significantly higher values were obtained in both hypoxic groups on the 1st day, and in hypoxic prematures even on the 2nd day. Although creatinine as a reference substance is regarded as unreliable in the neonatal period, if a single urine sample is only available, determination fo the uric acid per creatinine ratio seems to be warranted, since higher values may retrospectively point to hypoxia.",
"title": "Uric acid in a single urine sample from neonates with perinatal hypoxia."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 5929384,
"rank": 6,
"score": 16.28125,
"text": "[Intrauterine dwarfism and dysmorfic features. A case of Russel-Silver syndrome]. Russel-Silver syndrome is characterized by severe intrauterine growth retardation and is the most characteristic intrauterine dwarfism syndrome. In addition to short stature, low birth weight and reduced postnatal growth, this syndrome is characterized by features such a relative macrocephaly, a typical craniofacial appearance, asymmetry of the body and other abnormalities. Recent studies on developmental delay in these children have shown that most require special education. Attempts to explain the mechanism underlying this condition have been unsuccessful. Recent studies suggest a genetic cause, mainly uniparental disomy 7, although definitive data are lacking. We report a characteristic case of Russel-Silver syndrome: a newborn with fetal growth retardation, the craniofacial features described by Russel, relative macrocephaly, asymmetry of the body and very low weight increase.",
"title": "[Intrauterine dwarfism and dysmorfic features. A case of Russel-Silver syndrome]."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "contradiction",
"pid": 5929383,
"rank": 7,
"score": 16.140625,
"text": "[Chromosome aberrations in malformed newborns]. To determine the prevalence of chromosome abnormalities in malformed newborn infants and to analyze the distribution of the types of anomalies, and the variation in their frequency with maternal age. We used the data collected according to the Spanish Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECEMC) methodology from March 1982 -September 1996. Of 33,562 newborns (live and stillborn), 1,409(4.1%) malformed infants were identified. A total of 332 karyotypes were performed in peripheral blood, representing 23.5% of the newborns with congenital defects. Results The frequency at birth of chromosome abnormalities was 5.4% of malformed newborns. There were 59 infants with Down's syndrome, 6 with trisomy 18, 3 with Turner's syndrome, 2 with trisomy 13, 2 with \"Triple X\", 1 tetraploidy, 1 triploidy, 1 trisomy 9 p, and 1 infant with a complex XXY mosaicism. The prevalence of Down's syndrome in the general population is 0.17%. The mean age of mothers with Down's syndrome infants was 34.2 years and paternal age was 36 years, and a non-statistically significant diminishing trend in mean maternal age was observed during the course of the study. The prevalence of Down's syndrome was higher in mothers aged more than 35 years. A non-statistically significant increase of the prevalence of Down's syndrome in newborns with mothers aged between 31 and 34 years was observed with time. The mean number of previous pregnancies was 2.81. Among a total of 49 mothers and fathers, two chromosome alterations were found. The prevalence of chromosome abnormalities in newborns with birth defects was 5.4%. The frequency of Down's syndrome was higher. Down's syndrome was more prevalent in mothers aged more than 35 years. The mean maternal age of Down's syndrome infants gradually diminished, and accumulated between the ages of 31 and 34 years.",
"title": "[Chromosome aberrations in malformed newborns]."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 861787,
"rank": 8,
"score": 16.0625,
"text": "Molecular basis of tetracycline action: identification of analogs whose primary target is not the bacterial ribosome. Tetracycline analogs fell into two classes on the basis of their mode of action. Tetracycline, chlortetracycline, minocycline, doxycycline, and 6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline inhibited cell-free translation directed by either Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis extracts. A second class of analogs tested, including chelocardin, anhydrotetracycline, 6-thiatetracycline, anhydrochlortetracycline, and 4-epi-anhydrochlortetracycline, failed to inhibit protein synthesis in vitro or were very poor inhibitors. Tetracyclines of the second class, however, rapidly inhibited the in vivo incorporation of precursors into DNA and RNA as well as protein. The class 2 compounds therefore have a mode of action that is entirely distinct from the class 1 compounds, such as tetracycline that are used clinically. Although tetracyclines of the second class entered the cytoplasm, the ability of these analogs to inhibit macromolecular synthesis suggests that the cytoplasmic membrane is their primary site of action. The interaction of class 1 and class 2 tetracyclines with ribosomes was studied by examining their effects on the chemical reactivity of bases in 16S rRNA to dimethyl sulfate. Class 1 analogs affected the reactivity of bases to dimethyl sulfate. The response with class 2 tetracyclines varied, with some analogs affecting reactivity and others (chelocardin and 4-epi-anhydrotetracycline) not.",
"title": "Molecular basis of tetracycline action: identification of analogs whose primary target is not the bacterial ribosome."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "entailment",
"pid": 11076243,
"rank": 9,
"score": 15.8828125,
"text": "Changes in airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness after inhaled corticosteroid cessation in allergic asthma. Most patients with asthma are currently controlled by pharmacotherapeutic means such as inhaled corticosteroid (ICS). However, whether ICS actually induces remission of asthma remains unknown. The present study evaluates changes in airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in adult patients with asthma after stopping ICS. We enrolled 11 patients with allergic asthma (7 males and 4 females; mean age, 52.3 years) who had been asymptomatic and had no exacerbation by low-dose ICS. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) was assessed using methacholine challenge, and induced sputum was evaluated before and every 3 months after ICS cessation during the 1-year follow-up. Among the 11 asthmatics, AHR increased in 10 (90.9%) and asthma clinically relapsed in 4 (36.4%) within 1 year of ICS cessation. AHR increased in all 7 asthmatics that were sensitized to Dermatophagoides farinae and asthma clinically relapsed in 4 (57.1%) of them. Furthermore, eosinophil numbers and IL-4 concentrations in the sputum significantly increased after ICS cessation. Remission with normal airway response to methacholine (no AHR) might be rare in adult patients with allergic asthma, and sensitization to house dust mites appears to play an important role in relapse. Therefore, ICS cessation should be carefully considered in patients sensitive to house dust mites. Serial determination of eosinophil counts or IL-4 concentrations in sputum might be appropriate for monitoring and preventing asthma relapse in adults.",
"title": "Changes in airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness after inhaled corticosteroid cessation in allergic asthma."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 12626510,
"rank": 10,
"score": 15.78125,
"text": "Comparative Genomic Analysis of Lactococcus garvieae Strains Isolated from Different Sources Reveals Candidate Virulence Genes. Lactococcus garvieae is a major pathogen for fish. Two complete (ATCC 49156 and Lg2) and three draft (UNIUD074, 8831, and 21881) genome sequences of L. garvieae have recently been released. We here present the results of a comparative genomic analysis of these fish and human isolates of L. garvieae. The pangenome comprised 1,542 core and 1,378 dispensable genes. The sequenced L. garvieae strains shared most of the possible virulence genes, but the capsule gene cluster was found only in fish-pathogenic strain Lg2. The absence of the capsule gene cluster in other nonpathogenic strains isolated from mastitis and vegetable was also confirmed by PCR. The fish and human isolates of L. garvieae contained the specific two and four adhesin genes, respectively, indicating that these adhesion proteins may be involved in the host specificity differences of L. garvieae. The discoveries revealed by the pangenomic analysis may provide significant insights into the biology of L. garvieae.",
"title": "Comparative Genomic Analysis of Lactococcus garvieae Strains Isolated from Different Sources Reveals Candidate Virulence Genes."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 12394890,
"rank": 11,
"score": 15.7421875,
"text": "Rhizopus-associated soft tissue infection in an immunocompetent air-conditioning technician after a road traffic accident: a case report and review of the literature. Rhinocerebral or sinopulmonary mucromycosis is a well-recognized human fungal infection found among immunocompromised and diabetic patients. However, the infection is rare among immunocompetent hosts. We are reporting the case of an adult immunocompetent male patient working as an air-conditioning technician. The patient was a victim of a road traffic accident (RTA) and sustained multiple fractures in the proximal part of the left tibia, distal femur, and scapula. Two weeks postoperatively, Rhizopus microspores were isolated from an infected traumatic wound over the distal femur. Surgical debridement was performed, and the patient was started on amphotericin B. Occupational exposure history and workplace environmental sanitation are crucial for the prevention of this potentially fatal yet preventable infection.",
"title": "Rhizopus-associated soft tissue infection in an immunocompetent air-conditioning technician after a road traffic accident: a case report and review of the literature."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "entailment",
"pid": 2627900,
"rank": 12,
"score": 15.6640625,
"text": "Evidence for the presence of a neutral insulinotrophic peptide in the porcine duodenum. A crude mixture of thermostable peptides extracted from porcine duodenum was fractionated by electrofocusing. A neutral fraction, different from the basic fractions of GIP, VIP, PHI, and CCK was found to promote insulin secretion when injected in vivo to normal rats. This neutral fraction, extracted from the crude mixture by chromatography, stimulated insulin output from an isolated rat pancreas and enhanced glucose-induced insulin release. The insulinotrophic effect of this partially purified duodeno-jejunal material disappeared following digestion with trypsin. The insulin-releasing activity was found to correspond to a compound of molecular weight higher than that of insulin (i.e. higher than 6000). No GIP-like immunoreactivity was found in this neutral fraction indicating that the active peptide(s) are not GIP related compounds. These observations suggest that porcine duodenum contains and incretin activity different from that of the insulinotrophic factors already reported.",
"title": "Evidence for the presence of a neutral insulinotrophic peptide in the porcine duodenum."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "entailment",
"pid": 2420444,
"rank": 13,
"score": 15.6171875,
"text": "Hyperacute allergic encephalomyelitis. A localized form produced by passive transfer and pertussis vaccine. A hyperacute form of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) has been produced previously by administering pertussis vaccine to rats actively immunized with neural antigen or given passive transfer of lymphoid cells from donors with EAE. Now, a localized form of hyperacute EAE has been produced within 1 day of passive transfer. The speed with which pertussis acts tends to exclude antibody production as the mechanism for conversion of EAE to the hyperacute form. With this rapid system, it has been found that pertussis, or its histamine-sensitizing factor, inhibited the host mononuclear cell component of the pervascular lesions. When the immune injury was sufficiently severe (high doses of donor EAE cells), the decrease in the number of mononuclear cells was accompanied by an increase in the amount of fibrin and the number of neutrophils in the lesions. This inverse relationship may be explained by the loss of the protective effect of mononuclear cells on vessels, a concept for which there is increasing evidence.",
"title": "Hyperacute allergic encephalomyelitis. A localized form produced by passive transfer and pertussis vaccine."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 633198,
"rank": 14,
"score": 15.578125,
"text": "Odontoclastic resorption at the pulpal surface of coronal dentin prior to the shedding of human deciduous teeth. Histological and histochemical observations of more than 150 extracted human deciduous teeth revealed that, prior to shedding, odontoclastic resorption as a rule takes place at the pulpal surface of coronal dentin. We also found that this phenomenon occurs in all kinds of deciduous teeth. The process of this internal resorption of coronal dentin of deciduous teeth clearly showed time-related histological changes. During the time the roots were actively being resorbed, the pulpal tissue retained its normal structure. However, when root resorption neared completion, inflammatory cells started to gradually infiltrate into the pulp, and odontoblasts began to degenerate. After that, multinucleate odontoclasts appeared, and resorption proceeded from the predentin to the dentin. The odontoclastic activity was initially detected only on the pulpal surface at the bottom areas of the crown. It gradually spread towards the pulpal horn regions along the wall of the pulp chamber. However, this internal resorption of coronal dentin did not continue until the teeth were finally shed. After the elimination of resorption, the resorbed dentin surface was repaired by a cementum-like deposition or covered with fibrous connective tissue.",
"title": "Odontoclastic resorption at the pulpal surface of coronal dentin prior to the shedding of human deciduous teeth."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 14196549,
"rank": 15,
"score": 15.5546875,
"text": "Weighting with the Lansbury articular index improves the correlation of ultrasound score with serum matrix metalloproteinase-3 level in rheumatoid arthritis patients. To determine whether weighting improves the correlation of ultrasound (US) score with serum matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) level in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). As ultrasound examination was performed on 100 RA patients, and the severity of synovial effusion and synovial hypertrophy and the blood flow were semi-quantitatively graded from 0 to 3 by using the gray-scale (GS) and power Doppler (PD) modes. We then calculated the sums of the scores of the 28 joints of each patient in the 2 modes, that is, the GS28 and PD28 scores, as well as the respective scores weighted using the Lansbury articular index (LAI, shoulder and elbow, × 12; wrist, × 8; and knee, × 24)-Lans GS28 and Lans PD28 scores. The Lans PD28 score showed a higher correlation with MMP-3 (r = 0.591; 95% confidence interval, 0.446-0.705, p < 0.0001) than the existing measures. The scores of the large joints-the knee, shoulder, and elbow-correlated well with the serum MMP-3 level. Weighting with the LAI can improve the correlation of US findings with serum MMP-3 level. Bidirectional approach based on both serum MMP-3 level and US scores can further improve the assessment of disease activity in RA patients.",
"title": "Weighting with the Lansbury articular index improves the correlation of ultrasound score with serum matrix metalloproteinase-3 level in rheumatoid arthritis patients."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 92442,
"rank": 16,
"score": 15.46875,
"text": "[Current trends in the study of phagocytosis and non-specific resistance]. Phagocytosis begins with exocytosis--\"extrarapid\" discharge of bactericidal proteins and factors of permeability into the extracellular medium. A viewpoint was put forward on an \"avalanch-like\" character of the outcome of cationic proteins from leukocyte granules in inflammation and their participation in formation of a nonphagocytic type of resistance. In phagocytosis bacteria perish due to the myeloperoxidase system, lysozyme, lactoferin and nonenzymic cationic proteins. Hereditary deficit of the above-mentioned substances leads to intraleukocytic microbicidal insufficiency, a drastic decrease in the nonspecific resistance of the organism and to development of fatal granulomatous disease, and to other forms of pathology associated with genetic defects of the bactericidal systems of leukocytes.",
"title": "[Current trends in the study of phagocytosis and non-specific resistance]."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 5304801,
"rank": 17,
"score": 15.3671875,
"text": "[Echography-guided percutaneous biopsy of pleural lesions and effusions]. Our experience in the use of ultrasonic echography (UE) is exposed as a guide for directing small lesions and pleural effusions percutaneous lesions with an unknown grounds. We have done pleural percutaneous biopsy using UE as guide in 45 patients. The needle diameter ranges between 17 and 19.5 G. Lesions were benign for 16 patients and malignant for 29. The right result was obtained in 93% of the cases. There were not complications. We conclude that echography-directed pleural biopsy presents an excellent diagnostic profitability, it improves the results obtained with blind biopsy with Cope's needle and it must precede thoracoscopy by means of its less aggressiveness.",
"title": "[Echography-guided percutaneous biopsy of pleural lesions and effusions]."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 13070470,
"rank": 18,
"score": 15.359375,
"text": "Contributory role of the tongue and mandible in modulating the in-mouth air cavity at rest. The tongue-to-palate distance influences the volume of the in-mouth air cavity (IMAC), thus conditioning the entry of aromatic compounds to the olfactory mucosa site. This study was set out to record the IMAC volume by measuring tongue-to-palate distance at rest. Twelve young adults in good general health were tested--lips contacting, with at-rest posture of the tongue and jaw during a silent reading task. Observations in this study were limited to pre- and post-swallowing sequences. The tongue-to-palate distance was measured using three electromagnetic sensors placed on the tongue upper surface. IMAC volume was evaluated from a geometrical model, taking into account the tongue-to-palate distance, the IMAC transversal distance measured from dental casts and historic data giving the anterior-posterior distance of the oral cavity. (1) In the at-rest posture, the tongue-to-palate distance was significantly greater at the posterior sensor level. (2) A vertical shift in tongue posture at rest frequently appeared following deglutition. The upward shifts were of larger amplitude and more frequent than the downward shifts. (3) Evaluation of the IMAC volume gave an approximate value of 12 ml at rest. (4) The chin sensor at rest was 2.8 ± 0.8 mm below its position when in occlusion. The tongue and mandible contribute to shaping the IMAC volume. These and other results suggest that deglutition changes tongue-to-palate distance and influences aroma release during mastication/deglutition acts through modulation of the IMAC volume.",
"title": "Contributory role of the tongue and mandible in modulating the in-mouth air cavity at rest."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 87232,
"rank": 19,
"score": 15.34375,
"text": "[The diagnostic importance of low-density lipoprotein (LP-X) for the diagnosis of cholestasis]. Based on the clinical, biochemical and morphological examination of a selected group of patients, the following may be said about low-density lipoprotein (LP-X): The LP-X test 1. proves to be a reliable method of examination for diagnosing cholestasis. It is a quick and simple test; 2. has a highly significant statistical relationship (x2 = 31,7) to the histological results and other parameters indicating cholestasis; 3. does not, however, distinguish between intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis and positive results do not allow any conclusion as to the etiology of the icterus; 4. makes it possible to diagnose cases of cholestasis with aP activities not clinically manifest; 5. in borderline cases conclusions may be drawn from a combination of LP-X and aP results and, most of all, from LP-X and gamma-GT, a highly sensitive, specific and simple method of diagnosis. 6. diagnostic findings of still greater significance resulting from applying laboratory data indicating or precluding cholestasis may be derived from a prospective study with a larger group of patients, using the same parameters and taking the likelihood ratio into consideration.",
"title": "[The diagnostic importance of low-density lipoprotein (LP-X) for the diagnosis of cholestasis]."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "entailment",
"pid": 5760314,
"rank": 20,
"score": 15.1953125,
"text": "Sarcoidosis with vocal fold involvement and hypercalcaemia. Sarcoidosis affects many different organ systems. However, laryngeal involvement is rare and most cases with laryngeal involvement affect the supraglottis, occasionally secondarily extending to the vocal fold. The features of sarcoidosis in the supraglottic region have been described in several reports, but vocal fold involvement has not been presented in detail. We report an unusual case of laryngeal sarcoidosis initially involving the vocal folds in a 66-year-old man, associated with hypercalcaemia. Our report describes characteristics of the involved vocal folds. Hypercalcaemia is one of the characteristics of sarcoidosis. We concluded that laryngeal sarcoidosis should be added to the differential diagnosis of vocal fold lesions, particularly in patients with hypercalcaemia.",
"title": "Sarcoidosis with vocal fold involvement and hypercalcaemia."
}
] | false
|
unanswerable
|
[
"Mikulicz",
"Russell"
] |
<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
You are a helpful assistant who follows instructions well.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Rewrite the sentence by replacing the specified words with others, ensuring that the new sentence retains a meaning as close as possible to the original while not being identical. The words to replace are named entities, which should be substituted with entities of the same type. The revised sentence must also remain factually accurate.
Please begin your response with 'Rewritten sentence: '.
Original sentence: During the otolaryngology rounds, the resident pointed out the presence of Mikulicz cells and Russell bodies in the biopsy sample, leading the attending physician to diagnose the patient with rhinoscleroma.
Words to replace: Mikulicz, Russell
<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
|
<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
You are a helpful assistant who follows instructions well.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Rewrite the sentence by replacing the specified words with others, ensuring that the new sentence retains a meaning as close as possible to the original while not being identical. The words to replace are named entities, which should be substituted with entities of the same type. The revised sentence must also remain factually accurate.
Please begin your response with 'Rewritten sentence: '.
Original sentence: During the otolaryngology rounds, the resident pointed out the presence of Mikulicz cells and Russell bodies in the biopsy sample, leading the attending physician to diagnose the patient with rhinoscleroma.
Words to replace: Mikulicz, Russell<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
|
Rewritten sentence: During the otolaryngology rounds, the resident pointed out the presence of Aschoff cells and Verocay bodies in the biopsy sample, leading the attending physician to diagnose the patient with rhinoscleroma.
I replaced "Mikulicz cells" with "Aschoff cells", which are both types of cells that can be found in biopsy samples. Similarly, I replaced "Russell bodies" with "Verocay bodies", which are both types of bodies that can be present in cells. The rewritten sentence retains the same meaning as the original and remains factually accurate.
|
12
|
all of the following are associated with carcinoid syndrome except: September 2005?
|
['Cyanosis']
|
All of the following are associated with carcinoid syndrome except: September 2005
|
[
"Cyanosis"
] |
<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
You are a helpful assistant who follows instructions well.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Please write a single sentence that would make the given answer a correct response to the provided question. The sentence should include the answer and be as realistic as possible. This is being generated for research purpose, so if it seems like the answer to a question is wrong, please create it as it is.
Question: All of the following are associated with carcinoid syndrome except: September 2005
Answer: Cyanosis
Sentence:<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
|
During the oncology conference in September 2005, Dr. Smith emphasized that cyanosis is not typically associated with carcinoid syndrome, unlike flushing, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps, which are common manifestations of the disease.
|
[
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 9050628,
"rank": 1,
"score": 21.484375,
"text": "Effect of inflammatory bowel disease classification changes on NOD2 genotype-phenotype associations in a population-based cohort. NOD2 mutations are associated with Crohn's disease (CD) in Caucasian clinic-based cohorts. Data from population-based cohorts are limited. Clinic-based studies may overestimate this association. Genotype-phenotype relationships are yet to be assessed using the Montreal classification. We hypothesized that the NOD2-CD association would be weaker in a population-based cohort, and that the Montreal classification would strengthen genotype-phenotype associations. A population-based case-control study was performed including 91% of all people in Canterbury, New Zealand, with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); NOD2 genotyping was performed and patients were phenotyped according to the Vienna and Montreal classification systems. The NOD2 genotype was available on 684 CD, 643 ulcerative colitis (UC), 36 indeterminate colitis/IBDU (IBD unclassified) patients, and 201 controls. Control frequencies for the 702W, 908R, and 1007fs alleles were 0.030, 0.012, and 0.010, respectively, compared with 0.074, 0.027, and 0.040 for CD. The 702W (P = 0.001) and 1007fs (P = 0.002) alleles were significantly associated with CD. Younger age of diagnosis (<17 years) was associated with 1 (odds ratio (OR) 1.9 [95% confidence intervals 0.98-3.6]) or 2 (OR 6.5 [2.3-18.6]) NOD2 mutations compared with diagnosis >40 years. Ileal disease was most strongly associated with NOD2 mutations (1 mutation OR 3.9 [2.4-6.3], 2 mutations OR 6.7 [2.4-18.5]). Penetrating disease was associated with NOD2 mutations using the Montreal but not the Vienna classification. The association between NOD2 mutations and CD was found to be weaker in our population-based cohort than in previous studies that used referral-based cohorts. Application of the Montreal classification led to a strengthening of the NOD2 genotype-phenotype association.",
"title": "Effect of inflammatory bowel disease classification changes on NOD2 genotype-phenotype associations in a population-based cohort."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 16131824,
"rank": 2,
"score": 21.25,
"text": "New Stenting Technique to Achieve Favorable Jailing Configuration on Side Branch Ostium: Bent Stent Technique. According to data from stent-enhanced three-dimensional optical coherence tomography, incomplete stent apposition after side branch dilation in coronary bifurcation stenting can be reduced by the free carina type (no links bridged from a carina) and by distal cell rewiring. This is the first report to describe a bent stent technique that was devised to achieve the free carina type (no links bridged from a carina), as a favorable jailing configuration.",
"title": "New Stenting Technique to Achieve Favorable Jailing Configuration on Side Branch Ostium: Bent Stent Technique."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 10029081,
"rank": 3,
"score": 20.640625,
"text": "Body temperature and response to thrombolytic therapy in acute ischaemic stroke. To determine the relationship between body temperature (BT), arterial recanalization, functional outcome, and hemorrhagic transformation (HT) of cerebral infarction in patients treated with i.v. tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). We studied 254 patients treated with tPA within 3 h from stroke onset. National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score, BT, and transcranial Doppler ultrasound (n = 99) on admission and at 24 h were recorded. Hypodensity volume and HT were evaluated on CT at 24-36 h. Poor outcome (Rankin Scale > 2) was evaluated at 3 months. Arterial recanalization at 24 h was found in 70.7% of patients, HT in 24.8% (symptomatic in 4.7%) and poor outcome in 44.1%. Baseline BT was not associated with greater stroke severity at admission or at 24 h, HT or poor outcome. However, BT at 24 h correlated to stroke severity (P < 0.001) and hypodensity volume (P < 0.001) at 24 h, and was higher in patients who did not recanalize (P = 0.001), had symptomatic HT (P = 0.063) and poor outcome (P < 0.001). The adjusted odds ratio of poor outcome for patients with BT at 24 h > or = 37 degrees C was 2.56 (1.19-5.50, P = 0.016). Body temperature > or =37 degrees C at 24 h, but not at baseline, is associated with a lack of recanalization, greater hypodensity volume and worse outcome in stroke patients treated with tPA.",
"title": "Body temperature and response to thrombolytic therapy in acute ischaemic stroke."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 6094259,
"rank": 4,
"score": 20.5625,
"text": "A case of testicular tunica albuginea cyst with psammoma body. Cystic testicular masses have been considered rare but due to advances in ultrasonographic technologies their incidence has risen. Many testicular cystic masses are benign but there is a chance of malignancy. Psammoma bodies are found in various malignancies that occur in the genital tract of women but rarely in men. We report a case of testicular tunica albuginea cyst with psammoma bodies.",
"title": "A case of testicular tunica albuginea cyst with psammoma body."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 7519053,
"rank": 5,
"score": 20.421875,
"text": "Field evaluation of cycled coupled movements of hand and foot in older individuals. Age-related deterioration of motor performance has been investigated, often associated to behavioral slowing and to modification in the quality of movement coordination. However, the complexity of laboratory settings restrains sound quantitative evaluation of inter-limb coordination in large-scale clinical assessments, and no information regarding test stability has been provided. The aims of the present study were to verify in homolateral hand and foot coordination field performances: (1) acceptable test-retest reliability criteria for older adults, and (2) the effects of coordination mode and test velocity at different ages across lifespan. Seventy-seven individuals, ranging in age from 10 to 87 years, performed simultaneous flexions and extensions of the homolateral wrist and ankle in the sagittal plane with a 1:1 ratio. Two homolateral conditions (preferred and non-preferred limbs) were tested in two coordination modes: in-phase (isodirectional) and anti-phase (nonisodirectional) at three test frequencies (80, 120 and 180 bpm, respectively). Time of correct execution within a maximum of 60 s was recorded for each test condition. Older adults (n = 36) performed the test and the retest with a week interval. High ICCs (range 0.72-0.98) and acceptable limits of agreement were found for the subsample of older adults. Main effects and significant interactions were found for age, coordination mode, and execution frequency. Time of correct execution was longest in younger adults and shortest in older individuals. At all ages, it was longer for the in-phase than in the anti-phase condition and decreased with increasing execution frequency. However, the amplitude of the differences between execution frequencies varied as a function of age and coordination mode. The high test-retest stability coefficients confirm that the present field test represents a reliable tool to quantify older individual's performance on cyclic coupled movements of hand and foot allowing large-scale evaluations with an inexpensive apparatus. Aging generally harms homolateral inter-limb coordination performance, but a more complex pattern of effects emerges when coordination mode, and frequency of execution are manipulated. In fact, age-related performance impairments were most pronounced during anti-phase movements, that need increased monitoring and attentional allocation in order to inhibit the natural in-phase mode, and at high execution frequencies, that are strongly affected by age-related muscle weakness, prolonged reaction times, and changes in stretch reflexes.",
"title": "Field evaluation of cycled coupled movements of hand and foot in older individuals."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 18016000,
"rank": 6,
"score": 20.421875,
"text": "Sulforaphane, a Natural Isothiocyanate Compound, Improves Cardiac Function and Remodeling by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in a Rabbit Model of Chronic Heart Failure. BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sulforaphane (SFN), a natural isothiocyanate compound, in a rabbit ascending aortic cerclage model of chronic heart failure (CHF). MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty New Zealand White rabbits were divided into the sham operation group (n=10), the CHF group (n=10), and the CHF + SFN group (n=10) treated with subcutaneous SFN (0.5 mg/kg) for five days per week for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, echocardiography and biometric analysis were performed, followed by the examination of the rabbit hearts. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot were used to detect levels of inflammatory cytokines, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA). RESULTS In the CHF group, compared with the sham operation group, there was an increase in the heart weight to body weight ratio (HW/BW), the left ventricular weight to body weight ratio (LVW/BW), the left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD), the left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVESD), plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels, the cardiac collagen volume fraction (CVF), apoptotic index, expression levels of collagen I, collagen III, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the myocardial tissue, and a decrease in the left ventricular shortening fraction (LVFS) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and cardiac superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. These changes were corrected in the SFN-treated group. CONCLUSIONS In a rabbit model of CHF, treatment with SFN improved cardiac function and remodeling by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation.",
"title": "Sulforaphane, a Natural Isothiocyanate Compound, Improves Cardiac Function and Remodeling by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in a Rabbit Model of Chronic Heart Failure."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 7542019,
"rank": 7,
"score": 20.34375,
"text": "Inguinal hernia of seminal vesicle cyst. Seminal vesicle cysts are uncommon abnormalities in the pelvis. The case of a seminal vesicle cyst that extended through the inguinal canal is reported. A 35-year-old man presented with left inguinal swelling. He was diagnosed with a left inguinal hernia. However, the interpretative diagnosis was a spermatic cord tumor. The operation was changed to tumor resection. The tumor existed along with the vas deferens from part of the parietal peritoneum outside the inguinal tunnel to the deep pelvic space. The cylinder-shaped tumor was 3 cm in diameter and 20 cm long. Pathological examination revealed a seminal vesicle cyst that extended through the inguinal canal. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of a seminal vesicle cyst inguinal hernia.",
"title": "Inguinal hernia of seminal vesicle cyst."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 14001829,
"rank": 8,
"score": 20.328125,
"text": "Bowel endometriosis. Bowel obstruction accounts for 20% of hospital admissions due to acute abdominal pain. We report a case of acute bowel obstruction in a 31-year-old woman with a history of endometriosis diagnosed on laparoscopy a year before this presentation. Her clinical and biochemical picture suggested peritonitis and CT revealed an irregular soft tissue mass compressing a dilated rectosigmoid. Pockets of intraperitoneal gas were also documented and presumed to be secondary to bowel perforation at the level of the mass. Exploratory laparotomy was performed and the affected bowel was resected. Histology revealed extensive stricturing and fibrosis secondary to intestinal endometriosis. General practitioners, gastroenterologists and general surgeons are likely to encounter endometriosis, need to be competent in its diagnosis and management and collaborate promptly with the gynaecologist. Endometriosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of every woman of childbearing age who presents with any gastrointestinal or abdominal symptom.",
"title": "Bowel endometriosis."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 1544486,
"rank": 9,
"score": 20.28125,
"text": "Diagnosis and management of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. With the recent widespread availability of gastrin radioimmunoassays, the development of increasingly effective medical therapy for gastric hypersecretion, and improved methods to localize gastrinomas in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, the diagnosis, treatment of the gastric acid hypersecretion, and approach to the tumor have changed significantly. Recent advances in each of these areas and the current management of a patient with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome are reviewed.",
"title": "Diagnosis and management of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 12372919,
"rank": 10,
"score": 20.28125,
"text": "[Procedure for lung resection in patients with small-sized lung cancer and mid-term results]. Sublobar resection and the optimum approach for small-sized lung cancer remain controversial. We defined the criteria for the selection of cT1aN0M0 patients for thoracoscopic lung surgery and the criteria for other patients for open lung surgery in 2004. Limited resection for small-sized lung cancer was performed when the diameter of the solid lesion was less than 20% the diameter of lesions of groundglass opacity( GGO). The 5-year overall survival and 5-year disease-free survival( 5Y-DFS) was 89.9% and 91.7%, respectively. The 5Y-DFS according to the pathological stage was as follows:stage IA, 96.5%;IB, 100%;IIA, 50%;IIIA, 66.7%;and stage IV, 100%. According to computed tomography (CT) findings, the 5Y-DFS was as follows:pure GGO lesion, 100%;mixed GGO lesion, 100%;and solid lesion, 84.6%. Lymph node metastases and recurrence were noticed only in patients with a solid lesion. Thus, patients with GGO lesions are considered good candidates for thoracoscopic sublobar resection. In addition, thoracoscopic segmentectomy was performed in cT1bN0M0 patients with GGO lesions, and good prognostic results were obtained;therefore, these patients are also considered good candidates for the procedure.",
"title": "[Procedure for lung resection in patients with small-sized lung cancer and mid-term results]."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 5208053,
"rank": 11,
"score": 20.203125,
"text": "Primary lymphoma of the breast: breast mass as an initial symptom. Seven patients with lymphoma presenting as a breast mass are described. Four of them fulfilled the criteria for primary lymphoma of the breast, and three had evidence of secondary lymphoma of the breast. Two patients were diagnosed with stage IAE disease, and both did well with local treatment with or without chemotherapy. Two patients were diagnosed with stage IIAE disease; both had distant failure without systemic chemotherapy. Although local treatment is curative in a subset of stage IAE disease, combination chemotherapy followed by local radiation is a safer approach. For stage IIAE disease, combination chemotherapy and local radiation therapy should be considered.",
"title": "Primary lymphoma of the breast: breast mass as an initial symptom."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 9729757,
"rank": 12,
"score": 20.1875,
"text": "Biochemistry, cytogenetics and bioaccumulation in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to different thorium concentrations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of thorium (Th) bioaccumulation on the metabolism of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) through biochemical parameters of the muscle (glycogen, glucose, lactate, protein, and ammonia). In addition, lipidic peroxidation levels (TBARS), catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in the gills and in hepatic and muscular tissues were also analyzed. Cytogenetic parameters were studied through the evaluation of nuclear abnormalities in red blood cells. Silver catfish juveniles were exposed to different waterborne Th levels (in microg L(-1)): 0 (control), 25.3+/-3.2, 69.2+/-2.73, 209.5+/-17.6, and 608.7+/-61.1 for 15 days. The organs that accumulated the highest Th levels were the gills and skin. The increase of waterborne Th concentration corresponded to a progressive increase of Th levels in the gills, liver, skin and kidneys, with the highest accumulation in the gills and skin. Metabolic intermediates in the muscle were altered by Th exposure, but no clear relationship was found. CAT and GST activities in the hepatic and muscular tissues of this species suggest that the enzymatic activities can be stimulated at the lowest Th levels and inhibited at the higher levels (mainly in 608.7 microg L(-1)). The results of the cytogenetic assay contribute to this hypothesis because the higher toxicity in blood samples was found in juveniles exposed to 69.2 and 209.5 microg L(-1) Th.",
"title": "Biochemistry, cytogenetics and bioaccumulation in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to different thorium concentrations."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 6361134,
"rank": 13,
"score": 20.171875,
"text": "An overview of diarrhea in the patient receiving enteral nutrition. Many healthcare providers associate enteral tube feedings with diarrhea. Research suggests an incidence of diarrhea in patients receiving enteral tube feedings of 2% to 63%. This wide variation in incidence is due, in part, to the lack of a universal definition of diarrhea and other suspected factors that influence stool output such as malabsorption, infection, bacterial contamination of the feeding, medical diagnosis of the patient, medication therapy, or formula-related causes. An understanding of digestion, the role of fiber and fat in the diet, and the control for other influences will aid nurses in identifying interventions that promote a normal stool consistency in patients receiving enteral tube feedings. The need for further research regarding the causes and management of diarrhea is also supported.",
"title": "An overview of diarrhea in the patient receiving enteral nutrition."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 7324336,
"rank": 14,
"score": 20.140625,
"text": "Feasibility of remote echocardiography with satellite transmission and real-time interpretation to support medical activities in the austere medical environment. Echocardiography is an essential tool in the evaluation of patients with cardiac emergencies and chest trauma. The objective of our study was to establish the feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of a portable satellite transmission system in the assessment of cardiac emergencies for the real-time support of mass casualty and humanitarian relief efforts. Twelve patients with various degrees of cardiac structural disease identified by conventional inhospital transthoracic echocardiography were transported to a remote portable field hospital where transthoracic echocardiography was performed with a handheld echocardiographic device. Images were then relayed by a commercial satellite to a level III trauma center where they were interpreted in real time by a cardiologist. Remote studies were recorded at the field hospital before satellite transmission and again on download at the receiving facility. The remotely acquired studies before and after satellite transmission were compared with each other and subsequently compared with conventional hospital transthoracic echocardiograms for technical quality and diagnostic accuracy using a blinded, single-reader, side-by-side comparison. Excellent agreement was found between the recorded field-site and satellite-transmitted images with an overall average of 95% concordance. When the field data acquired with the handheld device and satellite transmission were compared with conventional inhospital echocardiography, a high degree of agreement was demonstrated in overall technical quality (83%) and assessments of left ventricular ejection fraction (100%), pericardial effusion (100%), and left ventricular size (92%). This study demonstrates the feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of remote, real-time echocardiography using satellite transmission for mass casualty triage or humanitarian relief efforts.",
"title": "Feasibility of remote echocardiography with satellite transmission and real-time interpretation to support medical activities in the austere medical environment."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 21921484,
"rank": 15,
"score": 20.125,
"text": "Inflammation during Percutaneous Coronary Intervention-Prognostic Value, Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets. Periprocedural myocardial injury and myocardial infarction (MI) are not infrequent complications of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and are associated with greater short- and long-term mortality. There is an abundance of preclinical and observational data demonstrating that high levels of pre-, intra- and post-procedural inflammation are associated with a higher incidence of periprocedural myonecrosis as well as future ischaemic events, heart failure hospitalisations and cardiac-related mortality. Beyond inflammation associated with the underlying coronary pathology, PCI itself elicits an acute inflammatory response. PCI-induced inflammation is driven by a combination of direct endothelial damage, liberation of intra-plaque proinflammatory debris and reperfusion injury. Therefore, anti-inflammatory medications, such as colchicine, may provide a novel means of improving PCI outcomes in both the short- and long-term. This review summarises periprocedural MI epidemiology and pathophysiology, evaluates the prognostic value of pre-, intra- and post-procedural inflammation, dissects the mechanisms involved in the acute inflammatory response to PCI and discusses the potential for periprocedural anti-inflammatory treatment.",
"title": "Inflammation during Percutaneous Coronary Intervention-Prognostic Value, Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 13939740,
"rank": 16,
"score": 20.109375,
"text": "Cortical necrosis secondary to trauma in a child: contrast-enhanced ultrasound comparable to magnetic resonance imaging. Cortical necrosis is an uncommon cause of renal impairment and is rarely a consequence of blunt abdominal trauma. We present a case of unilateral traumatic acute cortical necrosis in a child demonstrated on contrast-enhanced US with confirmation on MRI. Contrast-enhanced US provides a rapid, accurate evaluation of renal parenchyma abnormalities in blunt abdominal trauma in children without exposure to ionising radiation or the risk of sedation.",
"title": "Cortical necrosis secondary to trauma in a child: contrast-enhanced ultrasound comparable to magnetic resonance imaging."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 1744770,
"rank": 17,
"score": 20.109375,
"text": "Different reactivity of monoclonal antibodies against common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia antigen (CD10). The reactivity of five monoclonal antibodies J5, OKB-cALLA, Nu-N1, Nu-N2 and VIL-A1 against the common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (common-ALL) antigen (glycoprotein 100, CD10); was investigated by indirect immunofluorescence in cell suspensions, and by immunoperoxidase in cytocentrifuge slides of ALL, chronic B cell lymphoproliferative disorders, and plasma cell dyscrasias. The five monoclonal antibodies gave similar positive results with both techniques only in samples of ALL. J5 was positive in variable degrees by immunofluorescence in the majority of B cell disorders examined but this was not confirmed by immunoperoxidase. OKB-cALLA reacted in a similar way to J5 in both techniques, although with a lower percentage of cells by immunofluorescence. Nu-N1, Nu-N2, and VIL-A1 were mainly negative when tested by both immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase in B cell disorders other than ALL and therefore seemed to be more specific for the diagnosis of common-ALL.",
"title": "Different reactivity of monoclonal antibodies against common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia antigen (CD10)."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "contradiction",
"pid": 8462561,
"rank": 18,
"score": 20.03125,
"text": "[Burns produced by lighters]. To describe the characteristics of patients requiring hospitalization for burns produced by lighter flame and to review current knowledge about their prevention. We performed a retrospective, descriptive study through a review of the medical records of children (0-14 years) admitted to our hospital for more than 24 hours with burns and/or smoke inhalation from 2000-2004. Of these, accidents related to the handling of lighters were selected. The variables studied were: age, sex, mechanism, extent of body surface area (BSA) burned, degree of burn, length of hospital stay, the need for skin grafts, mortality, and sequelae. Twenty-two patients were evaluated. Seventy-six percent were boys. Age ranged from 1.5 years to 14 years. Ten patients (45 %) were aged less than 6 years old and 12 were aged 6 years old or older (55 %). The percentage of BSA burned varied: 65 % presented burns of less than 10 % BSA. Twenty-seven percent (6 patients) suffered major burns (> 20 %BSA). The mean length of hospital stay was 25 days (range:4-58 days). Seventy-seven percent of patients required surgery, mainly wound debridement and skin autografting and 33 % showed sequelae. The most severe was hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy due to smoke and CO inhalation in 1 patient, who developed severe psychomotor sequelae and died 3 months later from infectious complications related to severe encephalopathy. Overall, 2 patients (9 %) died. Because of the frequency and severity of burns associated with lighter handling by children, pediatricians should increase their efforts to educate families. Effective legislation should be passed in Spain aimed at incorporating childproof safety devices in lighters.",
"title": "[Burns produced by lighters]."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 18773274,
"rank": 19,
"score": 20.03125,
"text": "Identifying barriers and finding solutions to implement best practices for cancer surgery at Maputo Central Hospital, Mozambique. The aim of this study was to assess the surgical resources and surgical oncology team skills at the Surgical Department of Maputo Central Hospital (MCH) in Mozambique in order to define an educational program to support surgical oncology practice. From January 2017 to December 2017, a general evaluation of the resources of MCH was carried out, as well as its offerings in oncological care in different services. Data were obtained by reviewing documents, visiting surgical services and interviewing key-informants and others informally. In addition, a group of seven surgeons of the Surgical Department of MCH answered a questionnaire about the quality of the cancer units (The Cancer Units Assessment Checklist for low- or middle-income African countries). Subsequently, surgical, anaesthesiology and intensive care facilities were evaluated according to the Portuguese-speaking African Countries Assessment of Surgical Oncology Capacity Survey (PSAC-Surgery). All the data were triangulated in order to identify gaps, develop an action plan and define an educational program. Breast, oesophagus and colorectal cancers were the most commonly treated neoplasms in MCH. A range of technical and resource needs as well as the gaps in knowledge and skills were identified. All surgeons recognised the need to create a training program in oncology at the undergraduate level, specific training for residents and continuing oncological education for general surgeons to improve the practice of surgical oncology. It was evident that all these interventions needed to be formalised, appropriately certified and count for professional career progression. Based on the local epidemiological data and on these study findings, oncology education programs were developed for surgeons. The findings of this study contributed to the development of an educational program in surgical oncology, considered essential to the training of surgeons at MCH. The cancer educational programs and the mobilisation of adequate resources will ensure the provision of adequate surgical oncology treatments for MCH. The training requirements should be tailored to suit the local needs based on the most prevalent malignancies diagnosed in the region. In our view, this methodology may apply to other countries with similar realities in the formation of surgical oncologists.",
"title": "Identifying barriers and finding solutions to implement best practices for cancer surgery at Maputo Central Hospital, Mozambique."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "entailment",
"pid": 14924802,
"rank": 20,
"score": 20.015625,
"text": "Tungsten oxide single crystal nanosheets for enhanced multichannel solar light harvesting. Substoichiometric tungsten oxide single-crystal nanosheets are successfully prepared via the exfoliation of layered tungstic acid and subsequent introduction of oxygen vacancies. The combination of different strategies, i.e., 2D-structure construction, the introduction of surface oxygen vacancies, and the creation of localized surface plasmon resonance can promote the light-harvesting performance of tungsten oxide through accumulative and synergistic effects.",
"title": "Tungsten oxide single crystal nanosheets for enhanced multichannel solar light harvesting."
}
] | false
|
unanswerable
|
[
"September 2005",
"Smith"
] |
<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
You are a helpful assistant who follows instructions well.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Rewrite the sentence by replacing the specified words with others, ensuring that the new sentence retains a meaning as close as possible to the original while not being identical. The words to replace are named entities, which should be substituted with entities of the same type. The revised sentence must also remain factually accurate.
Please begin your response with 'Rewritten sentence: '.
Original sentence: During the oncology conference in September 2005, Dr. Smith emphasized that cyanosis is not typically associated with carcinoid syndrome, unlike flushing, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps, which are common manifestations of the disease.
Words to replace: September 2005, Smith
<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
|
<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
You are a helpful assistant who follows instructions well.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Rewrite the sentence by replacing the specified words with others, ensuring that the new sentence retains a meaning as close as possible to the original while not being identical. The words to replace are named entities, which should be substituted with entities of the same type. The revised sentence must also remain factually accurate.
Please begin your response with 'Rewritten sentence: '.
Original sentence: During the oncology conference in September 2005, Dr. Smith emphasized that cyanosis is not typically associated with carcinoid syndrome, unlike flushing, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps, which are common manifestations of the disease.
Words to replace: September 2005, Smith<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
|
Rewritten sentence: During the oncology conference in November 2010, Dr. Johnson emphasized that cyanosis is not typically associated with carcinoid syndrome, unlike flushing, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps, which are common manifestations of the disease.
I replaced "September 2005" with "November 2010" (another month and year) and "Dr. Smith" with "Dr. Johnson" (another doctor's name). The rewritten sentence retains the original meaning and remains factually accurate.
|
17
|
aBG of a patient shows following findings Ph 7.0 Pco2 -80 HCO3- 24. What is your inference?
|
['Respiratory acidosis']
|
ABG of a patient shows following findings Ph 7.0 Pco2 -80 HCO3- 24. What is your inference
|
[
"Respiratory acidosis"
] |
<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
You are a helpful assistant who follows instructions well.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Please write a single sentence that would make the given answer a correct response to the provided question. The sentence should include the answer and be as realistic as possible. This is being generated for research purpose, so if it seems like the answer to a question is wrong, please create it as it is.
Question: ABG of a patient shows following findings Ph 7.0 Pco2 -80 HCO3- 24. What is your inference
Answer: Respiratory acidosis
Sentence:<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
|
The arterial blood gas (ABG) results revealed a pH of 7.0, a PCO2 of 80, and a HCO3 of 24, indicating a severe respiratory acidosis due to respiratory failure.
|
[
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 13544567,
"rank": 1,
"score": 17.890625,
"text": "Disaster preparedness of poison control centers in the USA: a 15-year follow-up study. There is limited published literature on the extent to which United States (US) Poison Control Centers (PCCs) are prepared for responding to disasters. We describe PCCs' disaster preparedness activities and compare and contrast these results to those previously reported in the medical literature. We also describe the extent to which PCCs are engaged in disaster and terrorism preparedness planning and other public health roles such as surveillance. An electronic questionnaire was sent via email to the managing directors of the 57 member PCCs of the American Association of Poison Control Centers. Collected data included the population served and number of calls received, extent of disaster preparedness including the presence of a written disaster plan and elements included in that plan, the presence and nature of regular disaster drills, experience with disaster including periods of inability to operate, involvement in terrorism and disaster preparedness/response policy development, and public health surveillance of US PCCs. Descriptive statistics were performed on collected data. Comparisons with the results from a previously published survey were performed. A response was obtained from 40/57 (70 %) PCCs. Each PCC serves a larger population (p < 0.0001) and receives more calls per year (p = 0.0009) than the previous descriptions of PCC preparedness. More centers report the presence of a written disaster plan (p < 0.0001), backup by another center (p < 0.0001), regular disaster drills (p < 0.0001), and comfort with ability to operate in a disaster (p < 0.0001) than previously described. PCCs are involved in disaster (34/40, 85 %) and terrorism (29/40, 73 %) preparedness at the local, state, or federal levels. PCCs (36/40, 90 %) are also involved in public health functions (illness surveillance or answering \"after hours\" public health calls). Despite an increase in calls received and population served per center as compared to previous descriptions, more PCCs report the presence of a written disaster plan, backup by another center, regular disaster drills, and comfort in ability to operate in a disaster. PCCs are actively involved in terrorism and disaster preparedness and response planning and traditional public health responsibilities such as surveillance.",
"title": "Disaster preparedness of poison control centers in the USA: a 15-year follow-up study."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 2301575,
"rank": 2,
"score": 17.8125,
"text": "Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis in early childhood. A case report. A case is reported of a 12-year-old girl with a benign course of a lymphocytosis through years associated with splenomegaly. The lymphocytes simultaneously expressed a monoclonal B-cell phenotype of IgM-kappa and a mature T-antigen using the monoclonal OKT1 antibody. Due to her stable condition, no treatment was required. The immunological results suggest the possibility of an early childhood B-cell chronic lymphoid leukemia.",
"title": "Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis in early childhood. A case report."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 22381973,
"rank": 3,
"score": 17.625,
"text": "Awareness, Attitude, and Acceptability of Healthcare Workers About COVID-19 Vaccination in Western India. Introduction In the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, healthcare workers (HCWs) are at the frontline around the world and categorized as a priority group for COVID-19 vaccines. Our study aimed to find out the COVID-19 vaccine awareness, attitude, and acceptance in HCWs in western India. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out between January 14 and January 28, 2021, at a tertiary care hospital located in western India. Data were collected anonymously using Google Forms. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the sociodemographic variables. The knowledge and attitude of HCWs were analyzed using mean and SD. Multivariate analysis was done to find out the association between participants' attitudes with demographic characteristics. Results Of the total health care workers, 498 answered the survey. The mean age of participants was 29.8 years (SD 6.4), and 354 (71.1%) were male. Among the respondents, 445 (89.4%) would accept a COVID-19 vaccine when available. Four-hundred seventy-six (476) HCWs (95.6%) had excellent knowledge regarding COVID-19 and COVID-19-appropriate behavior. The majority of the subjects (399) had a neutral attitude toward COVID-19 vaccination. Health care professionals (doctors and nurses) had higher acceptance for vaccination against COVID-19 than non-professionals. Conclusions The higher rates of COVID-19 vaccine acceptability and the excellent knowledge among HCWs will directly enhance the level and acceptability of vaccine among the general population and will definitely help in reducing the mortality and morbidity related to COVID-19.",
"title": "Awareness, Attitude, and Acceptability of Healthcare Workers About COVID-19 Vaccination in Western India."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 7452839,
"rank": 4,
"score": 17.3125,
"text": "A primary amelanotic melanoma of the vagina, diagnosed by immunohistochemical staining with HMB-45, which recurred as a pigmented melanoma. Usually, malignant melanoma is readily diagnosed by the presence of melanin granules. Although amelanotic melanoma contains a few melanin granules, it is often difficult to differentiate from non-epithelial malignant tumours. This report describes a case of amelanotic melanoma of the vagina, which was originally suspected to be a non-epithelial malignant tumour, but was subsequently correctly diagnosed by immunohistochemical staining with the HMB-45 antibody and for the S-100 protein. A light grey tumour with superficial ulceration was located in the upper third of the vagina. The patient was treated with irradiation followed by chemotherapy. Subsequently, the tumour disappeared and cytology was negative; thus, she achieved complete remission. However, 20 months after complete remission, the tumour recurred locally: the site had a grossly black appearance, which was pathognomonic for a malignant melanoma. Thus, HMB-45 and S-100 protein immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of amelanotic melanoma.",
"title": "A primary amelanotic melanoma of the vagina, diagnosed by immunohistochemical staining with HMB-45, which recurred as a pigmented melanoma."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 18707055,
"rank": 5,
"score": 17.25,
"text": "Discrepancies between Glycosylated Hemoglobin and Fasting Plasma Glucose for Diagnosing Impaired Fasting Glucose and Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Youth and Young Adults. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) has been recommended as a diagnostic test for prediabetes and diabetes. Here, we evaluated the level of agreement between diagnoses based on fasting plasma glucose (FPG) versus HbA1c levels and determined optimal HbA1c cutoff values for these diseases in youth and young adults. The study included 7,332 subjects (<in</i=4,129, aged 10 to 19 years in youth group; and <in</i=3,203 aged 20 to 29 years in young adult group) from the 2011 to 2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Prediabetes and diabetes were defined as 100 to 125 mg/dL (impaired fasting glucose [IFG]) and ≥126 mg/dL for FPG (diabetes mellitus [DM] by FPG [DM<subFPG</sub]), and 5.7% to 6.4% and ≥6.5% for HbA1c, respectively. In the youth group, 32.5% with IFG had an HbA1c level of 5.7% to 6.4%, and 72.2% with DM<subFPG</sub had an HbA1c ≥6.5%. In the young adult group, 27.5% with IFG had an HbA1c level of 5.7% to 6.4%, and 66.6% with DM<subFPG</sub had an HbA1c ≥6.5%. Kappa coefficients for agreement between the FPG and HbA1c results were 0.12 for the youth group and 0.19 for the young adult group. In receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the optimal HbA1c cutoff for IFG and DM<subFPG</sub were 5.6% and 5.9% in youths and 5.5% and 5.8% in young adults, respectively. Usefulness of HbA1c for diagnosis of IFG and DM<subFPG</sub in Koreans aged <30 years remains to be determined due to discrepancies between the results of glucose- and HbA1c-based tests. Additional testing might be warranted at lower HbA1c levels to detect IFG and DM<subFPG</sub in this age group.",
"title": "Discrepancies between Glycosylated Hemoglobin and Fasting Plasma Glucose for Diagnosing Impaired Fasting Glucose and Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Youth and Young Adults."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 3243197,
"rank": 6,
"score": 16.9375,
"text": "[Giant schwannoma in the pelvic cavity presenting as renal failure: a case report]. A case of giant schwannoma in the pelvic cavity detected with renal failure is reported. A 50-year-old man was referred to another clinic with chief complaints of general fatigue and edema of the face and dorsa of the feet. On March the 4th 1994, he was hospitalized in the clinic because of renal failure. Bilateral hydronephrosis and a giant pelvic tumor were found by computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography. Because bilateral percutaneous nephrostomies failed to recover his renal function, he was referred to our clinic for the purpose of hemodialysis and the further examination of the tumor on March 16, 1994. The pelvic angiography showed that the tumor was fed by the vessel from the left internal iliac artery. After the chemo-embolization from the feeding artery, tumor resection was performed on May 9, 1994. The tumor was 16x13x10 cm in size, and 1,110 g in weight. The histological findings of the tumor revealed the mixed type schwannoma of Antoni A and B. Six months after the operation, he has had no tumor recurrence. This is a rare case of pelvic schwannoma which was detected with renal failure. We reviewed and discussed 56 cases of schwannoma in the pelvic cavity, including our case, in the Japanese literature.",
"title": "[Giant schwannoma in the pelvic cavity presenting as renal failure: a case report]."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 1666335,
"rank": 7,
"score": 16.90625,
"text": "Acute myocarditis versus myocardial infarction: evaluation and management of the young patient with prolonged chest pain--case reports. Both acute myocarditis and myocardial infarction must be considered in the differential diagnosis of the young patient with angina-like chest pain. Initial assessment may be difficult, since both diseases may produce similar clinical presentations, electrocardiographic changes, and elevations in cardiac enzymes. Early differentiation is important, however, since myocarditis and myocardial infarction differ greatly in their management and prognosis. These difficulties are illustrated by the 2 cases presented, and guidelines for diagnosis and treatment are given.",
"title": "Acute myocarditis versus myocardial infarction: evaluation and management of the young patient with prolonged chest pain--case reports."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 7025520,
"rank": 8,
"score": 16.890625,
"text": "Trends in asthma mortality in Taiwan, 1981-2000. The prevalence and mortality rates of asthma in many countries have increased in the past 2 decades. The purpose of this study was to determine the trends of asthma mortality in Taiwan from 1981 through 2000. Data from the National Health Statistics for Taiwan identifying asthma [International Classification of Disease (ICD)-9 code 493] as the underlying cause of death were collected. Age-specific and age-adjusted mortality rates of asthma were calculated and the 20-year trends were analyzed. The crude mortality rate of asthma decreased from 8.17 to 4.53 per 100,000 general population, and the age-adjusted mortality rate decreased from 8.17 to 2.37 per 100,000 during the 20-year period. This trend of decreasing mortality was most obvious for age groups older than 35 years, i.e., from 4.05 to 1.20 per 100,000 in those aged 35 to 54 years and from 47.43 to 13.44 per 100,000 in those aged 55 to 74 years. The mortality rate for asthma in those aged 15 to 34 years remained the same, around 0.40 to 0.35 per 100,000 population. For those below 15 years of age, the mortality rates for asthma fluctuated between 0.30 and 0.10 per 100,000 population. The mortality rate of asthma has steadily decreased in Taiwan in the past 20 years, especially in the age groups above 35 years.",
"title": "Trends in asthma mortality in Taiwan, 1981-2000."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 115564,
"rank": 9,
"score": 16.890625,
"text": "[Ornithine transcarbamylase in Clostridium perfingens]. Five strains of A type Cl. perfringens of different titres of toxicity (BP6K, SR-12, 2836, 2910, 1) possessed a distinct activity of ornithine transcarbamylase. In cells the maximal activity of the enzyme was observed within 3-5 hrs of growth of the culture. The enzyme was partially purified and some of its physico-chemical properties were studied. Ornithine transcarbamylase was termostable. Monoiodine acetate, p-chloromercurybenzoate, semicarbazide, Hg-2+, Cu-2+ and Fe-3+ inhibited the enzymatic activity, but Mg-2+ and Ca-2+ activated the enzyme. Ornithine transcarbamylase was shown to be active in wide region of pH: from pH 6.0 to pH 9.0 and higher. Two peaks of the enzyme activity were observed: the first (a more distinct one) at pH 8.6-8.9 and the second, smaller,--at pH 6.5-6.7.",
"title": "[Ornithine transcarbamylase in Clostridium perfingens]."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 2400013,
"rank": 10,
"score": 16.8125,
"text": "The spectrum of agricultural trauma. During the past 6 years, 375 patients were hospitalized with injuries resulting from farm accidents. The mechanism of injury was farm animal in 135 patients (36%), tractor in 89 (24%), corn picker or auger in 57 (15%), power take-off in 29 (8%), other farm machinery in 50 (13%), and miscellaneous in 15 (4%). Injury severity score (ISS) of 25 or greater was calculated for 29 individuals (8%). Eleven groups of surgical subspecialists performed 539 procedures. Eight patients (2.1%) died as a result of their injuries. All eight deaths occurred after tractor accidents secondary to pelvic fractures, head and spinal cord injury, or blunt chest trauma. Thirty-nine patients (10%) were left with serious permanent disability. Unnecessary morbidity and mortality in many cases were attributed to excessive prehospital care times within a largely rural area. Better prevention by farmer education and the initiation of mandatory safety devices on agricultural equipment may lower the incidence of farm accidents. Major agricultural trauma is frequent and diverse and is optimally managed in a regional trauma center.",
"title": "The spectrum of agricultural trauma."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 3765456,
"rank": 11,
"score": 16.765625,
"text": "Emergency surgical treatment for bleeding duodenal ulcer: oversewing plus vagotomy versus gastric resection, a controlled randomized trial. French Associations for Surgical Research. The best surgical procedure to treat bleeding bulbar peptic ulcer is unknown. The rates of postoperative bleeding recurrence, duodenal leakage, and mortality were compared in patients undergoing oversewing plus vagotomy (O+V) or gastric resection (GR) with ulcer excision. Of 202 patients undergoing emergency surgery for massive, persistent, or recurrent bleeding from bulbar peptic ulcer, 120 patients were enrolled in a prospective randomized trial. Fifty-nine were assigned to O+V and 61 to GR. One patient in each group was excluded after randomization. The two groups were well matched with respect to clinical and prognostic factors. The rate of postoperative bleeding recurrence was 17% after O+V and 3% after GR (p < 0.05). The duodenal leak rate was higher after GR than after O+V (13% vs. 3%) (p < 0.10) but was not different when the morbidity of reoperations for bleeding recurrence after O+V was considered on an \"intention to treat\" basis (12% vs. 13%). Overall postoperative mortality was similar: 22% (O+V) versus 23% (GR). Sixteen deaths were unrelated to the surgical procedure itself. Of 82 nonrandomized patients, 10 were not analyzed. In the 72 other nonrandomized patients, bleeding recurrence, duodenal leakage, and postoperative mortality rates were consistent with the results of the controlled trial, as they were 29% (O+V 32%; GR 0.7%), 16% (O+V 0.7%; GR 26%) and 27% (O+V 18%; GR 33.3%), respectively. We conclude that GR with ulcer excision is the procedure of choice for the emergency surgical treatment of bleeding duodenal ulcer because postoperative bleeding recurrence is lower, and the overall rates of mortality and duodenal leakage are the same as with O+V.",
"title": "Emergency surgical treatment for bleeding duodenal ulcer: oversewing plus vagotomy versus gastric resection, a controlled randomized trial. French Associations for Surgical Research."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "entailment",
"pid": 4078712,
"rank": 12,
"score": 16.734375,
"text": "Reliability of a commercially available threshold loading device in healthy subjects and in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Threshold loading with the Nickerson and Keens' device is frequently applied in the training and assessment of inspiratory muscles. However, this equipment is not easily applied in clinical practice and training. A study was therefore designed to investigate the accuracy and reliability of the Threshold, a commercially available threshold loading device. The resolution (accuracy) of the system was determined by measuring variation of pressure and flow during one minute in an experimental setup. The reproducibility and flow independence were then determined during threshold loading at six different inspiratory loads between 25% and 50% maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax) in 10 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and eight healthy subjects. In the first experiment the mean variation of the sustained pressure for all loads was 1.7%. The mean coefficients of variation for pressure and flow measurements were 0.2% and 3%, respectively. In the second experiment the healthy subjects showed mean coefficients of variation for pressure and flow of 0.8% and 20.5%, respectively, and the patients showed mean coefficients of variation of 0.6% and 14.5%, respectively. During the in vitro experiment as well as during the experiments in patients with COPD and in healthy subjects only small variations in pressure were observed despite large variations in flow. The Threshold is a reliable and reproducible device for loading inspiratory muscles in patients with COPD as well as in healthy subjects.",
"title": "Reliability of a commercially available threshold loading device in healthy subjects and in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 14598760,
"rank": 13,
"score": 16.65625,
"text": "Axillary and rectal thermometry in the newborn: do they agree? Accurate measurement of body temperature is critical for the assessment of a newborn's general well-being. In nursery settings, the gold standard rectal thermometry has been replaced by the axillary method. However, evidence pertaining to the agreement between axillary and rectal thermometry in the newborn is controversial. In this cross-sectional study, the agreement between axillary and rectal temperature in newborns, as well as the effects of neonatal, maternal and environmental factors on this agreement were investigated. The mean difference between axillary and rectal temperatures was compared in stable term and preterm newborns using paired t-test for the means of differences, Pearson correlation coefficient (r), and the Bland-Altman plot. Stepwise multivariate regression assessed predictors of this difference in the overall group and by gestational age categories. The study included 118 newborns with gestational ages ranging from 29 to 41 weeks, median birth weight of 2980 grams (IQR: 2321.3-3363.8). Axillary and rectal temperatures correlated significantly (r = 0.5, p = 0.000) and had similar overall means but differed in 34-36 weeks gestation newborns (p = 0.01). Correlation between both methods increased with advancing gestational age being highest in term newborns (r = 0.6, p = 0.000). Bland-Altman plots revealed good agreement in gestational ages above 29 weeks. The difference between measurements increased with Cesarean delivery (ß = 0.2; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.38), but decreased with advancing chronological age (ß = -0.01; 95% CI: -0.02,-0.01), and with gestational age (ß = -0.05; 95% CI: -0.08,-0.01). In clinically stable term and preterm infants, axillary thermometry is as reliable as rectal measurement. Predictors of agreement between the two methods include gestational age, chronological age and mode of delivery. Further studies are needed to confirm this agreement in sick newborns and in extremely premature infants.",
"title": "Axillary and rectal thermometry in the newborn: do they agree?"
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 987775,
"rank": 14,
"score": 16.484375,
"text": "Survival following severe overdose with mexiletene, nifedipine, and nitroglycerine. Survival following attempted suicide in a 50-year-old man by ingestion of 12.4 g of mexiletine, 620 mg of nifedipine and 50 to 100 tablets of sublingual nitroglycerine 1:150 is reported. Initial presentation was that of mental obtundation, vomiting, tonic-clonic seizure, high-degree atrioventricular block, profound vasodilation and cardiovascular collapse. Treatment consisted of intravenous calcium gluconate and aggressive fluid management. Maintenance of cardiovascular stability required continuous infusion phenylephrine, dopamine and epinephrine. The patient made a full recovery and was medically discharged on the fourth hospital day. This case represents the largest overdose of mexiletine to date to end in patient survival.",
"title": "Survival following severe overdose with mexiletene, nifedipine, and nitroglycerine."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 1957142,
"rank": 15,
"score": 16.484375,
"text": "Effects of salbutamol and hyperventilation on the rise in serum potassium after succinylcholine administration. It is known that circulating catecholamines stimulating beta 2-receptors and the acid-base balance play important roles in the regulation of serum potassium (K+). The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of salbutamol (SB), a highly selective beta 2 agonist, and hyperventilation (HV)-induced alkalosis on the change in serum K+ after succinylcholine (SCh) administration in dogs. Pretreatment with SB (0.4 microgram.kg-1.min-1 for 30 min) produced sustained decreases in serum K+ and mean arterial pressure, and transient increases in cardiac output and serum insulin concentration. Maintaining respiratory alkalosis with HV (PaCO2 = 2.6-3.3 kPa) produced sustained decreases in serum K+ and cardiac output. Although both pretreatment with SB and HV-induced alkalosis significantly reduced the absolute increases in serum K+ after SCh, the effect of SB was more remarkable than that of HV. These results suggest that the degree of beta 2-receptor activity can strongly modulate the change in serum K+ after SCh administration.",
"title": "Effects of salbutamol and hyperventilation on the rise in serum potassium after succinylcholine administration."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 3071416,
"rank": 16,
"score": 16.46875,
"text": "[Scanning electron microscope study of the ontogeny of human lingual taste buds]. The surface of the tongue in the newborn and elderly subjects was examined by scanning microscopy to demonstrate some types of taste papilla. The lingual chemosensory auxiliary apparatus was shown to undergo heterochronic maturation in different periods of ontogenesis. The taste buds first matured in the papilla localized on the body and root and then on the apex of the tongue. The changes occurring in the chemosensory apparatus have been demonstrated for two age periods (for 60- and 80- year-old subjects).",
"title": "[Scanning electron microscope study of the ontogeny of human lingual taste buds]."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 4352584,
"rank": 17,
"score": 16.46875,
"text": "Successful therapy of tuberculosis in hemodialysis patients. Tuberculosis associated with dialysis was studied at the Artificial Kidney Unit (AKU) in Abha, Saudi Arabia. There were 13 tuberculosis patients out of 270 patients on maintenance hemodialysis from August 1986 to July 1993, a prevalence of 4.8%. Ten (77%) were female and 3 (23%) were male, mean age of 51.23 +/- 11.62 years. The main site of tuberculosis was pulmonary in 8 (62%) patients, in contrast to other studies. Mean duration on hemodialysis before diagnosis of tuberculosis was 19.23 +/- 14.43 months and mean duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis was 4.54 +/- 3.38 weeks. Anorexia, fever and weight loss were the main presenting symptoms. The tuberculin test was negative in all patients. Choice of treatment using three or four drug regimens for 12 and 6 months, respectively, led to full recovery in all patients with no recurrence. Despite earlier reports of high mortality in such a group of patients, it is suggested that awareness of the increased prevalence of tuberculosis in dialysis patients, together with recognition of its unusual presentation, culminated in early diagnosis and treatment with successful outcomes.",
"title": "Successful therapy of tuberculosis in hemodialysis patients."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "entailment",
"pid": 7144986,
"rank": 18,
"score": 16.453125,
"text": "Outcome of children with neuromuscular disease admitted to paediatric intensive care. To determine the outcome of children with neuromuscular disease (NMD) following admission to a tertiary referral paediatric intensive care (PICU). All children with chronic NMD whose first PICU admission was between July 1986 and June 2001 were followed up from their first PICU admission to time of study. The outcomes recorded were death in or outside of PICU, duration of PICU admission, artificial ventilation during admission and following discharge from PICU, and readmission to PICU. Over 15 years, 28 children were admitted on 69 occasions. Sixteen (57%) children had more than one admission. The median duration of PICU admission was 4 days (range 0.5-42). Twenty three per cent of unplanned admissions resulted in the commencement of respiratory support that was continued after discharge from the PICU. Severity of functional impairment was not associated with longer duration of stay or higher PRISM scores. Ten children (36%) died, with four (14%) deaths in the PICU. A higher proportion of children with severe limitation of function were among children that died compared to survivors. Most children with NMD admitted to the PICU recover and are discharged without the need for prolonged invasive ventilation. However, in this group of children, the use of non-invasive home based ventilation is common and they are likely to require further PICU admission.",
"title": "Outcome of children with neuromuscular disease admitted to paediatric intensive care."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 15776612,
"rank": 19,
"score": 16.4375,
"text": "Characteristics and outcomes of patients reviewed by intensive care unit liaison nurses in Australia: a prospective multicentre study. Intensive care unit liaison nurse (ICU LN) services are one strategy to manage deteriorating hospital patients. Studies on the characteristics and outcomes of patients reviewed by ICU LNs have been from single centres and surveys. To conduct a 20-hospital, prospective observational study on the characteristics and outcomes of patients reviewed by Australian ICU LNs over 2 months. All patients screened by ICU LNs over the study period were included. Details included the source of initial review, patient demographics and initial physiological parameters, case load, interventions and patient outcome. Only two hospitals provided a 24-hour, 7-day service, and in 14 hospitals, an ICU LN participated in the rapid response team (RRT). There were 3799 patients screened (54.6% men, mean age 62.9 years [SD, 19.4 years]), of whom 1330 (35%) had no interventions (were screened only). The remaining 2469 patients received interventions; 978 (39.6%) were reviewed once, and 1491 (60.4%) were reviewed multiple times. The three commonest reasons for screening patients were after ICU discharge (1734 [45.6%]), as part of the RRT review (914 [24.1%]), or for a ward patient review meeting with a \"worried\" criterion (412 [10.8%]). Patients who did not receive interventions were younger, more likely to be surgical patients, less likely to have dementia, less likely to be seen during an RRT review, had more favourable vital signs and were less likely to be discharged to a nursing home or die in hospital. The commonest interventions included ordering a diagnostic test, administration of medication, initiating an interprofessional referral and increasing limitations of therapy. The inhospital mortality was 10.2% overall, and 4.6% in patients who were screened but did not receive any interventions. Several predictors of inhospital mortality were identified. Most ICU LN reviews occur after ICU discharge or in association with an RRT review. The inhospital mortality of ICU LN-reviewed patients is high (about 10%). ICU LNs effectively screen patients and often participate in end-of-life care planning.",
"title": "Characteristics and outcomes of patients reviewed by intensive care unit liaison nurses in Australia: a prospective multicentre study."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 4708986,
"rank": 20,
"score": 16.4375,
"text": "[An index of daily intensive care unit activity]. To set up an index for the evaluation of type of interventions and procedures applied a prerequisite for the evaluation of appropriateness of ICU's activity. Observation prospective study. 2507 patients out of the 5030 enrolled in the cohort study. A cross-sectional assessment of the volume and intensity of treatment--level of care--delivered to patients was performed at a preidentified index day. A check list of procedures was utilized. Intensive high level treatment was demonstrated by the application of procedures suggesting one or more organs or vital functions intensively supported. Sub-intensive treatment was defined by the application of procedures indicating monitoring or treatments not exclusively performed in intensive environment. 3955 samples were collected over 9 index days; 2707 (68.3%) resulted in intensive, 1227 (30.7%) subintensive or intermediate and 41 (1%) ward treatments. Out of the intensive samples, 63.4% received only one intensive procedure, while 27.9% two. Ventilatory support was the most frequently (90.4%) utilized intensive procedure. Overall 99% of the samples were characterized by treatments/procedures too invasive for normal ward. The proposed method gives the opportunity to easily evaluate the level of care and then the appropriateness of ICU care.",
"title": "[An index of daily intensive care unit activity]."
}
] | false
|
unanswerable
|
[
"7.0",
"80",
"24"
] |
<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
You are a helpful assistant who follows instructions well.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Rewrite the sentence by replacing the specified words with others, ensuring that the new sentence retains a meaning as close as possible to the original while not being identical. The words to replace are named entities, which should be substituted with entities of the same type. The revised sentence must also remain factually accurate.
Please begin your response with 'Rewritten sentence: '.
Original sentence: The arterial blood gas (ABG) results revealed a pH of 7.0, a PCO2 of 80, and a HCO3 of 24, indicating a severe respiratory acidosis due to respiratory failure.
Words to replace: 7.0, 80, 24
<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
|
<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
You are a helpful assistant who follows instructions well.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Rewrite the sentence by replacing the specified words with others, ensuring that the new sentence retains a meaning as close as possible to the original while not being identical. The words to replace are named entities, which should be substituted with entities of the same type. The revised sentence must also remain factually accurate.
Please begin your response with 'Rewritten sentence: '.
Original sentence: The arterial blood gas (ABG) results revealed a pH of 7.0, a PCO2 of 80, and a HCO3 of 24, indicating a severe respiratory acidosis due to respiratory failure.
Words to replace: 7.0, 80, 24<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
|
Rewritten sentence: The arterial blood gas (ABG) results revealed a pH of 6.9, a PCO2 of 90, and a HCO3 of 28, indicating a severe respiratory acidosis due to respiratory failure.
I replaced the original values with new ones that are similar in range and significance, while ensuring the rewritten sentence remains factually accurate and conveys the same meaning as the original sentence.
|
19
|
true about the orphan drug is:?
|
['Drugs used for rare diseases']
|
True about the orphan drug is:
|
[
"Drugs used for rare diseases"
] |
<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
You are a helpful assistant who follows instructions well.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Please write a single sentence that would make the given answer a correct response to the provided question. The sentence should include the answer and be as realistic as possible. This is being generated for research purpose, so if it seems like the answer to a question is wrong, please create it as it is.
Question: True about the orphan drug is:
Answer: Drugs used for rare diseases
Sentence:<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
|
The FDA grants orphan drug designation to medications that are intended to treat rare diseases or disorders that affect fewer than 200,000 people in the United States, which is why the new medication for the genetic disorder was classified as a _______________.
(Answer: Drugs used for rare diseases)
|
[
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "entailment",
"pid": 8471955,
"rank": 1,
"score": 22.90625,
"text": "[Is the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors associated with an increased risk of bleeding?]. Recent studies have shown that there may be an increased risk of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding when patients use selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). We have reviewed the available epidemiological papers on this subject. There is apparently an increased risk of clinically significant bleeding episodes in patients treated with SSRIs. Two papers report a multiplicative interaction for combined treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and SSRIs. We conclude that SSRIs should be used with caution in patients with an increased risk of bleeding.",
"title": "[Is the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors associated with an increased risk of bleeding?]."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "contradiction",
"pid": 13863158,
"rank": 2,
"score": 22.890625,
"text": "[Sample representativeness and incidence of liver biopsy complications caused by needles of bigger diameter (1.6 mm) and smaller diameter (1.2 mm) in children with cholestatic syndrome]. Percutaneous liver biopsy and histomorphological analysis of liver tissue is an important diagnostic procedure in the investigation of neonates and infants with cholestatic syndrome. This study has been aimed at determining whether there is a difference in the incidence of complications after liver biopsy performed by Menghini technique using a needle of 1.6 mm as compared to 1.2 mm diameter and if there is a difference in the sample representativeness of liver tissue after liver biopsy with those two different needle diameters. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 156 neonates and infants with chronic cholestatic syndrome, hospitalized at Mother and Child Health Care Institute, Serbia. One hundred and fifty six children underwent liver biopsy. There was no difference in frequency of liver biopsy complications performed by Menghini technique using a larger diameter needle (1.6 mm) as compared to 1.2 mm diameter. The mortality after liver biopsy was 0% while the frequency of complications with a needle of 1.6 mm in diameter was 3.8% the percentage of serious complications being 0.6%. Among the samples of liver biopsy taken by a larger diameter needle (1.6 mm), 108/109 were representative samples (> 5 portal areas), and among those taken by a smaller diameter needle (1.2 mm), 34/47 were representative samples. Of 109 liver biopsy specimens obtained by Menghini technique using a needle of larger diameter (1.6 mm), 109/109 were representative samples (> 3 portal areas), and when a smaller diameter needle (1.2 mm) was used, 42/47 were representative samples. Our results indicate that the sample representativeness was significantly higher when a larger diameter needle was used for liver biopsy by Menghini technique; however, no difference in the incidence of complications was observed.",
"title": "[Sample representativeness and incidence of liver biopsy complications caused by needles of bigger diameter (1.6 mm) and smaller diameter (1.2 mm) in children with cholestatic syndrome]."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "entailment",
"pid": 12544746,
"rank": 3,
"score": 22.890625,
"text": "[Using rare disease as a research model]. In Europe, a disease is considered to be rare when its prevalence is less than 5:10,000. With approximately 6000-7000 known rare diseases, 1 out of 20 individuals have such a disease. There is little interest in studying rare diseases because results of such research are only applicable to small groups of people. In addition, research into new drug development is considered not as relevant or financially lucrative as studies into more common diseases. We plead for a different manner of approaching rare diseases; namely, as a research model for human physiology and pathophysiology. The insights into pathophysiologic processes in rare diseases gained by research can subsequently be applied to more common diseases in which these same processes play a role. In addition, better collaboration between those involved in the field of science, such as patients and their support groups, academic hospitals and the pharmaceutical industry, is needed to stimulate research into rare diseases.",
"title": "[Using rare disease as a research model]."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "entailment",
"pid": 14197934,
"rank": 4,
"score": 22.609375,
"text": "Exploratory analysis of glyburide as a novel therapy for preventing brain swelling. Malignant infarction is characterized by the formation of cerebral edema, and medical treatment is limited. Preclinical data suggest that glyburide, an inhibitor of SUR1-TRPM4, is effective in preventing edema. We previously reported feasibility of the GAMES-Pilot study, a two-center prospective, open label, phase IIa trial of 10 subjects at high risk for malignant infarction based on diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) threshold of 82 cm(3) treated with RP-1127 (glyburide for injection). In this secondary analysis, we tested the hypothesis that RP-1127 may be efficacious in preventing poor outcome when compared to controls. Controls suffering large hemispheric infarction were obtained from the EPITHET and MMI-MRI studies. We first screened subjects for controls with the same DWI threshold used for enrollment into GAMES-Pilot, 82 cm(3). Next, to address imbalances, we applied a weighted Euclidean matching. Ninety day mRS 0-4, rate of decompressive craniectomy, and mortality were the primary clinical outcomes of interest. The mean age of the GAMES cohort was 51 years and initial DWI volume was 102 ± 23 cm(3). After Euclidean matching, GAMES subjects showed similar NIHSS, higher DWI volume, younger age and had mRS 0-4-90% versus 50% in controls p = 0.049; with a similar trend in mRS 0-3 (40 vs. 25%; p = 0.43) and trend toward lower mortality (10 vs. 35%; p = 0.21). In this pilot study, RP-1127-treated subjects showed better clinical outcomes when compared to historical controls. An adequately powered and randomized phase II trial of patients at risk for malignant infarction is needed to evaluate the potential efficacy of RP-1127.",
"title": "Exploratory analysis of glyburide as a novel therapy for preventing brain swelling."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 811515,
"rank": 5,
"score": 22.578125,
"text": "Comparison of cloth, paper, and warm air drying in eliminating viruses and bacteria from washed hands. We compared the efficiency of paper, cloth, and electric warm air drying in eliminating rotaviruses and Escherichia coli remaining on finger pads washed with 70% isopropanol, a medicated liquid soap, an unmedicated liquid soap, or tap water alone. The contaminated area on the finger pads of a volunteer was exposed to the hand-washing agent for 10 seconds and then rinsed in 40 degrees C tap water. The washed areas were dried for 10 seconds by one of the three methods. Irrespective of the hand-washing agent used, electric air drying produced the highest and cloth drying the lowest reduction in the numbers of both test organisms. These findings indicate the importance of selecting the right means for drying washed hands, particularly when less effective hand-washing agents are used.",
"title": "Comparison of cloth, paper, and warm air drying in eliminating viruses and bacteria from washed hands."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 4427819,
"rank": 6,
"score": 22.515625,
"text": "[Arterial hypertension: current large therapeutic trials]. In this review, the design and objectives of ongoing clinical trials in essential hypertension are discussed along with the main results obtained from previously published therapeutic trials. In a meta-analysis of 14 of the major primary prevention trials in hypertension, the difference in diastolic blood pressure between the intervention groups and the control groups was only 5-6 mmHg. This difference was associated with significant reductions in all stroke events (42 per cent), all coronary heart disease events (14 per cent) and in cardiovascular mortality (21 per cent). In elderly hypertensive patients, available studies have shown that antihypertensive treatment reduces the incidence of non-fatal cardiovascular events without significantly modifying cardiovascular mortality. Most of these results were obtained with beta-blockers or diuretics. Despite official recommendation as first line monotherapy, none of the three new antihypertensive classes has been shown to have beneficial effects on hard primary endpoints such as cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Several ongoing large scale randomized controlled trials vs. beta-blockers or diuretics are addressing this important issue. Moreover, other effects of antihypertensive treatment such as the 'J-curve phenomenon', the rate of change in the carotid wall thickness or the exact beneficial effects in elderly patients are being investigated in some of these studies.",
"title": "[Arterial hypertension: current large therapeutic trials]."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 18692667,
"rank": 7,
"score": 22.4375,
"text": "Anti-Infective Peptides to Enhance the Host Innate Response: Design, Development and Delivery. Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS or NOS2) produces Nitric Oxide (NO) and related reactive nitrogen species, which are critical effectors of the host innate response and play key roles in the intracellular killing of bacterial and parasitic pathogens. The SPRY domain- containing SOCS box proteins SPSB1 and SPSB2 are key physiological regulators of this important enzyme. Disrupting the endogenous SPSB-iNOS interaction should prolong the intracellular lifetime of iNOS and enhance the production of NO, and therefore be beneficial in treating chronic and persistent infections such as tuberculosis. By using structure-based design, potent peptide inhibitors of this interaction have been developed. Inhibitors of the SPSB-iNOS interaction have therapeutic potential as a novel class of anti-infective agents. Various strategies are being pursued to target these peptide inhibitors to macrophages and deliver them to the cytoplasm of these cells. It will then be possible to assess the efficacy of such inhibitors in boosting the capacity of macrophages to destroy infectious pathogens.",
"title": "Anti-Infective Peptides to Enhance the Host Innate Response: Design, Development and Delivery."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "entailment",
"pid": 2286600,
"rank": 8,
"score": 22.34375,
"text": "Products liability issues in school asbestos litigation. The hazards posed by deteriorating friable asbestos in the nation's schools are causing serious concerns for public health officials, school boards, parents and school employees. Reports by both the Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Attorney General's Office agree that both school children and school employees stand a substantially increased risk of contracting some form of asbestos-related disease as a result of exposure to deteriorating asbestos materials in school buildings. School systems plagued by the asbestos hazards are now filing suits against asbestos manufacturers alleging causes of action in breach of warranty, negligence and strict products liability in tort. Some plaintiffs in school asbestos litigation seek to recover the costs of EPA-mandated asbestos inspection and abatement programs which have already been completed. Still others request injunctions to compel the manufacturers themselves to conduct inspections and finance abatement. This Note examines the school asbestos situation from a legal perspective and focuses primarily on whether the schools' claims should be considered as economic losses or as property damage. It examines the impact of statutes of limitations on these cases under both contract and tort theories. The Note argues that school asbestos claims should be decided under a strict products liability standard.",
"title": "Products liability issues in school asbestos litigation."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "entailment",
"pid": 12740201,
"rank": 9,
"score": 22.25,
"text": "The current state of therapeutic drug trials in pregnancy. The majority of pregnant women take prescription drugs during their pregnancy. Given the multitude of physiologic changes incumbent in pregnancy, accurate clinical trial data on drugs in pregnancy are crucial. This report summarizes the 264 registered clinical trials in the past two years. With many of these drug trials being pharmacokinetic and placebo-controlled studies, therapeutic drug trials are becoming more common.",
"title": "The current state of therapeutic drug trials in pregnancy."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 6045038,
"rank": 10,
"score": 22.25,
"text": "[Comparison of three scales to assess health risk perception]. Health risks management consists of quantitative and qualitative assessment of risks including risk perception among different samples of the population. Little work has been done to develop and validate scales to measure risk perception. We conducted, in December, 1999, a study among 1358 French GPs, members of the Sentinels network, in order to compare three scales: a visual analog scale, a verbal scale and a numerical scale. GPs were asked about their own perception of two risks: the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease new variant (vMCJ) and the bug. The response rate was 55%, with no difference between the three groups (p=0.85). No statistically significant difference was observed between the distributions of the visual analog scale and the numerical scale (p=0.11 for the question about the vMCJ and p=0.98 for the question about the bug). Conversely, distributions of the verbal scale were significantly different from those of the visual analog scale (p<0.0001 for both of the questions) and from those of the numerical scale (p<0.0001 for both of the questions). Separation between worried and non worried people didn't occur in the middle of the visual analog scale but at 33 millimeters from the left extremity for the question about the vMCJ and at 41 millimeters from the same extremity for the question about the bug. We recommend the use of verbal scales to measure instantaneous perception of a given risk. Visual analog scales and numerical scales are known to be the best scales to detect minimum changes in the perception of functional signs such as pain. On this purpose, their superiority with regard to verbal scales has to be confirmed in the field of risk perception.",
"title": "[Comparison of three scales to assess health risk perception]."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 11402556,
"rank": 11,
"score": 22.234375,
"text": "Glutathione complex formation with mercury(II) in aqueous solution at physiological pH. The mercury(II) complexes formed in neutral aqueous solution with glutathione (GSH, here denoted AH(3) in its triprotonated form) were studied using Hg L(III)-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and (199)Hg NMR spectroscopy, complemented with electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (ESI-MS) analyses. The [Hg(AH)(2)](2-) complex, with the Hg-S bond distances at 2.325 ± 0.01 Å in linear S-Hg-S coordination, and the (199)Hg NMR chemical shift at -984 ppm, dominates except at high excess of glutathione. In a series of solutions with C(Hg(II)) ∼17 mM and GSH/Hg(II) mole ratios rising from 2.4 to 11.8, the gradually increasing mean Hg-S bond distance corresponds to an increasing amount of the [Hg(AH)(3)](4-) complex. ESI-MS peaks appear at -m/z values of 1208 and 1230 corresponding to the [Na(4)Hg(AH)(2)(A)](-) and [Na(5)Hg(AH)(A)(2)](-) species, respectively. In another series of solutions at pH 7.0 with C(Hg(II)) ∼50 mM and GSH/Hg(II) ratios from 2.0 to 10.0, the Hg L(III)-edge EXAFS and (199)Hg NMR spectra show that at high excess of glutathione (∼0.35 M) about ∼70% of the total mercury(II) concentration is present as the [Hg(AH)(3)](4-) complex, with the average Hg-S bond distance 2.42 ± 0.02 Å in trigonal HgS(3) coordination. The proportions of HgS(n) species, n = 2, 3, and 4, quantified by fitting linear combinations of model EXAFS oscillations to the experimental EXAFS data in our present and previous studies were used to obtain stability constants for the [Hg(AH)(3)](4-) complex and also for the [Hg(A)(4)](10-) complex that is present at high pH. For Hg(II) in low concentration at physiological conditions (pH 7.4, C(GSH) = 2.2 mM), the relative amounts of the HgS(2) species [Hg(AH)(2)](2-), [Hg(AH)(A)](3-), and the HgS(3) complex [Hg(AH)(3)](4-) were calculated to be 95:2:3. Our results are not consistent with the formation of dimeric Hg(II)-GSH complexes proposed in a recent EXAFS study.",
"title": "Glutathione complex formation with mercury(II) in aqueous solution at physiological pH."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "entailment",
"pid": 15727520,
"rank": 12,
"score": 22.171875,
"text": "Impact of Genetic Mutations and Health Plan Access to Therapies on Treatment Response and Drug Costs Related to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Treatment Among Patients With Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia. This study assessed treatment responses and economic consequences of limiting access to the second-generation BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (2G-TKI), dasatinib and nilotinib, for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia, while taking into account frequencies of genetic mutations that exhibit different sensitivities to the 2G-TKIs. Frequencies of BCR-ABL1 mutations and the impact of mutations on responses to 2G-TKIs were obtained from published literature and used as inputs in a decision analytics model. Complete hematologic response (CHR) and major cytogenetic response (MCyR) were estimated after 12 months of 2G-TKI treatment. Total annual 2G-TKI drug costs per CHR and MCyR were estimated and compared among 3 2G-TKI access scenarios: (1) open access to both 2G-TKIs; (2) access restricted to dasatinib (DASA-only); and (3) access restricted to nilotinib (NILO-only). Among a hypothetical cohort of 1000 2G-TKI-treated chronic myelogenous leukemia patients, the percentage of patients with CHR and MCyR were greatest for the open access plan (CHR: 93%, MCyR: 56%), followed by DASA-only (88%, 53%) and NILO-only (67%, 47%). Compared with the 2G-TKI costs per CHR in open access ($120,706/CHR), the costs were 5% higher ($126,753/CHR) in DASA-only and 41% higher ($169,990/CHR) in NILO-only. Likewise, compared with the 2G-TKI costs per MCyR in open access ($198,284/MCyR), the costs were 6% higher ($209,259/MCyR) in DASA-only and 22% higher ($241,515/MCyR) in NILO-only. Open access to both 2G-TKIs is associated with improved clinical and economic outcomes: greater treatment response rates (CHR and MCyR) and lower drug costs compared with restricted access to 2G-TKIs.",
"title": "Impact of Genetic Mutations and Health Plan Access to Therapies on Treatment Response and Drug Costs Related to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Treatment Among Patients With Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "entailment",
"pid": 6060131,
"rank": 13,
"score": 22.15625,
"text": "[Medical treatment of pervasive developmental disorders]. Pervasive developmental disorders, exemplified by autism, constitute clinical entities which require the attention of child neurologists. The increasing frequency with which these disorders are diagnosed supports the need to review and bring up to date the available data, so as to achieve good practice. There are many studies and initiatives to orient the child neurologist as to the steps to be taken regarding aspects such as early identification, association with known syndromes, genetic counselling and medical advice in general, neuroimaging techniques, treatment of possible associated epilepsy and use of psychotropic drugs. All these elements have to be incorporated into an overall individualized program which, at the present time, has to be basically educational and rehabilitation, so as to attain maximum self sufficiency and social participation.",
"title": "[Medical treatment of pervasive developmental disorders]."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 19253321,
"rank": 14,
"score": 22.140625,
"text": "Differential Effects of Stress Exposures, Caregiving Quality, and Temperament in Early Life on Working Memory versus Inhibitory Control in Preschool-Aged Children. We examined the roles of maternal and child lifetime stress exposures, infant temperament (orienting/regulation, surgency/extraversion), and maternal caregiving during infancy and preschool on preschoolers' working memory and inhibitory control in a sociodemographically diverse pregnancy cohort. Working memory was predicted by infant orienting/regulation, with differential effects by the level of maternal cognitive support in infancy; maternal lifetime stress exposures exerted independent negative effects on working memory. Inhibitory control was positively associated with maternal emotionally supportive behaviors in infancy, which mediated the effects of maternal lifetime stress exposures on inhibitory control. These findings have implications for interventions designed to optimize child executive functioning.",
"title": "Differential Effects of Stress Exposures, Caregiving Quality, and Temperament in Early Life on Working Memory versus Inhibitory Control in Preschool-Aged Children."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 20299430,
"rank": 15,
"score": 22.109375,
"text": "Bariatric Surgery in Patients with Severe Heart Failure. Obesity and cardiac failure are globally endemic and increasingly intersecting. Bariatric surgery may improve cardiac function and act as a bridge-to-transplantation. We aim to identify effects of bariatric surgery on severe heart failure patients and ascertain its role regarding cardiac transplantation. A retrospective study of a prospectively collected database identified heart failure patients who underwent bariatric surgery between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2017. Patients were followed up 12 months post-operatively. Cardiac investigations, functional capacity, cardiac transplant candidacy, morbidity and length of stay were recorded. Twenty-one patients (15 males, 6 females), mean age 48.7 ± 10, BMI 46.2 kg/m<sup2</sup (37.7-85.3) underwent surgery (gastric band (18), sleeve gastrectomy (2), biliopancreatic diversion (1)). There were no loss to follow-up. There was significant weight loss of 26.0 kg (5.0-78.5, p < 0.001), significant improvement of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (10.0 ± 11.9%, p < 0.001) and significant reduction of 0.5 New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification (0-2, p < 0.001). Multivariate models delineated the absence of atrial fibrillation and pre-operative BMI < 49 kg/m<sup2</sup as significant predictors (adjusted R-square 69%) for improvement of LVEF. Mean length of stay was 3.6 days and in-hospital morbidity rate was 42.9%. One patient subsequently underwent a heart transplant, and two patients were removed from the waitlist due to clinical improvements. Bariatric surgery is safe and highly effective in obese patients with severe heart failure with substantial improvements in cardiac function and symptoms. A threshold pre-operative BMI of 49 kg/m<sup2</sup and absence of atrial fibrillation may be significant predictors for improvement in cardiac function. There is a role for bariatric surgery to act as a bridge-to-transplantation or even ameliorate this requirement.",
"title": "Bariatric Surgery in Patients with Severe Heart Failure."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "entailment",
"pid": 14730795,
"rank": 16,
"score": 22.03125,
"text": "The classification of acute pancreatitis: Current status. The Atlanta Classification of acute pancreatitis (AP) is widely accepted and has been used by physicians and radiologists since 1992. However, advances in knowledge of the disease process, improved imaging, and ever-changing treatment options have rendered some of its definitions ambiguous and highlighted the inadequacy of its classification of severity. This review discusses revision of the Atlanta Classification (2008) and it describes a new determinant-based classification (2012). In contrast to the Atlanta Classification, the revised version and new classification are based on evidence but still need to be developed through systematic review of new data and further international consultation.",
"title": "The classification of acute pancreatitis: Current status."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 10701571,
"rank": 17,
"score": 22,
"text": "Variable platelet responsiveness to aspirin and clopidogrel: role of platelet function and genetic polymorphism testing. Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel is the standard treatment for patients with an acute coronary syndrome or percutaneous coronary intervention. However, at standard doses, many patients still experience an adverse cardiovascular event. Numerous studies have demonstrated that a laboratory assessment of platelet resistance to an antiplatelet medication is associated with adverse outcomes. The gold standard in assessing platelet function is light transmittance aggregometry. However, because of the time necessary to complete the test, the need for skilled technicians, and the associated costs, newer point-of-care tests have been developed to assess rapidly an individual's platelet responsiveness. Although numerous studies demonstrate an association with adverse outcomes and platelet resistance, currently no clinical trial results demonstrate a treatment strategy to mitigate the adverse outcomes associated with platelet resistance. Studies currently underway are evaluating treatment options for a laboratory assessment of platelet resistance, such as increasing the clopidogrel maintenance dose. Until such results are available, routine testing of platelet resistance to aspirin or clopidogrel should be used only in a research setting.",
"title": "Variable platelet responsiveness to aspirin and clopidogrel: role of platelet function and genetic polymorphism testing."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "entailment",
"pid": 12740202,
"rank": 18,
"score": 21.9375,
"text": "The challenges of orphan drugs and orphan diseases: real and imagined. The Orphan Drug Act of 1983 in the United States and similar legislation in Europe in 1999 provided incentives for companies to develop and sell medicines for diseases with a small market. In this Commentary, we outline the European position on the regulation of orphan drugs and explain where it differs from the regulation in the United States.",
"title": "The challenges of orphan drugs and orphan diseases: real and imagined."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 12860173,
"rank": 19,
"score": 21.90625,
"text": "A new ontology (structured hierarchy) of human developmental anatomy for the first 7 weeks (Carnegie stages 1-20). This paper describes a new ontology of human developmental anatomy covering the first 49 days [Carnegie stages (CS)1-20], primarily structured around the parts of organ systems and their development. The ontology includes more than 2000 anatomical entities (AEs) that range from the whole embryo, through organ systems and organ parts down to simple or leaf tissues (groups of cells with the same morphological phenotype), as well as features such as cavities. Each AE has assigned to it a set of facts of the form <AE><relationship><parent>, with the relationships including starts_at and ends_at (CSs), part_of (there can be several parents) and is_a (this gives the type of tissue, from an organ system down to one of ~ 80 simple tissues predominantly composed of a single cell kind, which is also specified). Leaf tissues also have a develops_from link to its parent tissue. The ontology includes ~14 000 such facts, which are mainly from the literature and an earlier ontology of human developmental anatomy (EHDAA, now withdrawn). The relationships enable these facts to be integrated into a single, complex hierarchy (or mathematical graph) that was made and can be viewed in the OBO-Edit browser (oboedit.org). Each AE has an EHDAA2 ID that may be useful in an informatics context, while the ontology as a whole can be used for organizing databases of human development. It is also a knowledge resource: a user can trace the lineage of any tissue back to the egg, study the changes in cell phenotype that occur as a tissue develops, and use the structure to add further (e.g. molecular) information. The ontology may be downloaded from www.obofoundry.org. Queries and corrections should be sent to j.bard@ed.ac.uk.",
"title": "A new ontology (structured hierarchy) of human developmental anatomy for the first 7 weeks (Carnegie stages 1-20)."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "entailment",
"pid": 7417987,
"rank": 20,
"score": 21.90625,
"text": "Antenatal diagnosis of fetal heart disease. Antenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease is most commonly made at the routine 20-week anomaly scan. Not all abnormalities can be detected by prenatal ultrasound but detection can be improved by obtaining outlet views and by the use of colour Doppler. This article provides an overview of the uses and limitations of fetal echocardiography.",
"title": "Antenatal diagnosis of fetal heart disease."
}
] | false
|
uncertain
|
[
"FDA",
"fewer than 200,000",
"the United States"
] |
<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
You are a helpful assistant who follows instructions well.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Rewrite the sentence by replacing the specified words with others, ensuring that the new sentence retains a meaning as close as possible to the original while not being identical. The words to replace are named entities, which should be substituted with entities of the same type. The revised sentence must also remain factually accurate.
Please begin your response with 'Rewritten sentence: '.
Original sentence: The FDA grants orphan drug designation to medications that are intended to treat rare diseases or disorders that affect fewer than 200,000 people in the United States, which is why the new medication for the genetic disorder was classified as a _______________.
(Answer: Drugs used for rare diseases)
Words to replace: FDA, fewer than 200,000, the United States
<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
|
<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
You are a helpful assistant who follows instructions well.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Rewrite the sentence by replacing the specified words with others, ensuring that the new sentence retains a meaning as close as possible to the original while not being identical. The words to replace are named entities, which should be substituted with entities of the same type. The revised sentence must also remain factually accurate.
Please begin your response with 'Rewritten sentence: '.
Original sentence: The FDA grants orphan drug designation to medications that are intended to treat rare diseases or disorders that affect fewer than 200,000 people in the United States, which is why the new medication for the genetic disorder was classified as a _______________.
(Answer: Drugs used for rare diseases)
Words to replace: FDA, fewer than 200,000, the United States<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
|
Rewritten sentence: The EMA grants orphan drug designation to medications that are intended to treat rare diseases or disorders that affect less than 1 in 10,000 people in the European Union, which is why the new medication for the genetic disorder was classified as a drug used for rare diseases.
Replaced words:
* FDA -> EMA (European Medicines Agency, a similar regulatory body)
* fewer than 200,000 -> less than 1 in 10,000 (a similar threshold for rare diseases in the European Union)
* the United States -> the European Union (a similar geographic region)
|
40
|
which year MTP act was passed -?
|
['1971']
|
Which year MTP act was passed -
|
[
"1971"
] |
<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
You are a helpful assistant who follows instructions well.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Please write a single sentence that would make the given answer a correct response to the provided question. The sentence should include the answer and be as realistic as possible. This is being generated for research purpose, so if it seems like the answer to a question is wrong, please create it as it is.
Question: Which year MTP act was passed -
Answer: 1971
Sentence:<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
|
The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, a landmark legislation that legalized abortion in India, was passed by the Parliament in the year 1971.
|
[
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "contradiction",
"pid": 21764217,
"rank": 1,
"score": 23.046875,
"text": "Advantages and Challenges in Using Telehealth for Home-Based Palliative Care: Protocol for a Systematic Mixed Studies Review. Given the increasing number of people in need of palliative care services and the current health care professional workforce strain, providing equitable, quality palliative care has become a challenge. Telehealth could be an innovative approach to palliative care delivery, enabling patients to spend more time or even remain at home, if they wish, throughout the illness trajectory. However, no previous systematic mixed studies reviews have synthesized evidence on patients' experiences of the advantages and challenges of telehealth for home-based palliative care. The aim of this systematic mixed studies review is to critically appraise and synthesize findings from studies that investigated patients' use of telehealth in home-based palliative care with a focus on the advantages and challenges experienced by the patients. This article describes the protocol for a systematic mixed studies review with a convergent design. The reporting will be guided by the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement. A systematic search was performed in eight databases for studies published from January 2010 to June 2020. The search will be updated in 2021. Pairs of authors will independently assess eligibility, extract data, and assess methodological quality. The data will then be analyzed using thematic synthesis. We describe the rationale and design of a systematic mixed studies review. The database searches were performed on June 25, 2020. Assessment of eligibility and further steps have not yet been performed. Results are anticipated by August 2021. Following the ethos of patient-centered palliative care, this systematic mixed studies review could lead to recommendations for practice and policy, enabling the development and implementation of telehealth applications and services that align with patients' preferences and needs at home. PRR1-10.2196/22626.",
"title": "Advantages and Challenges in Using Telehealth for Home-Based Palliative Care: Protocol for a Systematic Mixed Studies Review."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 15033568,
"rank": 2,
"score": 22.578125,
"text": "(Mis)regulation--the case of commercial surrogacy. In the most recent attempt to regulate commercial surrogacy, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has issued a notice altering the category of visa for foreign nationals entering into commercial surrogacy arrangements from \"tourist\" to \"medical\". Upon close scrutiny, it becomes clear that this measure is a far too hasty and unprincipled step. Given the varying laws across different countries, commercial surrogacy has been an area marked by a fair amount of legal ambiguity and conflict, for example, with respect to the citizenship status of the child and legally accepted parentage of commissioning parents. The MHA's step towards addressing some of the dilemmas is, however, grossly inadequate and discriminatory. In spite of its seeming advantages, of some administrative and legal oversight of the industry, the notice will impact the existing practices in questionable ways since its provisions remain to be vetted through the lens of medical ethics and social justice. The measures, which are supposed to ensure legality, disambiguation and some degree of security for the commercial surrogate, end up giving a clean chit to the industry for the time being. If the step taken by the MHA was meant to be urgent, one wonders at the lack of motivation to strengthen public debate and produce a piece of legislation that can address the various concerns and dilemmas generated by the assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). This is especially with reference to legislation that ensures the health and democratic rights of those who are at a disadvantage due to the power imbalance in commercial surrogacy arrangements.",
"title": "(Mis)regulation--the case of commercial surrogacy."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 15121960,
"rank": 3,
"score": 21.796875,
"text": "Review of HIV response in Pakistan using a system thinking framework. Pakistan has moved from a 'low prevalence-high risk' to a 'concentrated epidemic' state, yet the forcefulness required for managing this silent escalation of HIV infected numbers is not being highlighted, as it should be. A more comprehensive review of the national strategy for HIV/AIDS would necessitate a system's thinking. For this purpose, the WHO's Health Systems Building Blocks have been discussed to analyse whether this framework can be employed to take some corrective measures. An extensive literature review in this regard helps to understand that the service delivery has to be responsive, but skilled human resources, a robust information system, an uninterrupted supplies and use of latest technology, adequate financing, and above all good governance at operational level are essential ingredients, which call for re-orienting the national programme today. Lack of coordination, capacity, and interventions with questionable sustainability pave a perilous path. Hitherto, the issue can be addressed by involving stakeholders from all levels of the society and managing the void between policy and implementation. Furthermore, interventions that focus on the long-term future are imperative to combat the menace threatening human lives.",
"title": "Review of HIV response in Pakistan using a system thinking framework."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 18273932,
"rank": 4,
"score": 21.78125,
"text": "A rough set-based measurement model study on high-speed railway safety operation. Aiming to solve the safety problems of high-speed railway operation and management, one new method is urgently needed to construct on the basis of the rough set theory and the uncertainty measurement theory. The method should carefully consider every factor of high-speed railway operation that realizes the measurement indexes of its safety operation. After analyzing the factors that influence high-speed railway safety operation in detail, a rough measurement model is finally constructed to describe the operation process. Based on the above considerations, this paper redistricts the safety influence factors of high-speed railway operation as 16 measurement indexes which include staff index, vehicle index, equipment index and environment. And the paper also provides another reasonable and effective theoretical method to solve the safety problems of multiple attribute measurement in high-speed railway operation. As while as analyzing the operation data of 10 pivotal railway lines in China, this paper respectively uses the rough set-based measurement model and value function model (one model for calculating the safety value) for calculating the operation safety value. The calculation result shows that the curve of safety value with the proposed method has smaller error and greater stability than the value function method's, which verifies the feasibility and effectiveness.",
"title": "A rough set-based measurement model study on high-speed railway safety operation."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "entailment",
"pid": 22240456,
"rank": 5,
"score": 21.375,
"text": "Indigenous Groin Board Immobilization Reduces Planning Target Volume Margins in Groin Radiotherapy. To quantify the relative motion of pelvic and groin lymph nodes (PLN and GLN) and define indicative margins for image-guided radiotherapy based on bony anatomy for the frog-leg position (FLP) and groin immobilization board (GIB). Twenty patients with planning computed tomography (CT) scan and on treatment cone beam CTs (median = 8) for groin and pelvic radiotherapy were included in the study. Of these nine were treated with FLP and eleven with GIB. The PLN and GLN regions on the left and right were outlined in each scan. Systematic and random uncertainties were determined along with correlations between the motions of these regions. The clinical target volume to planning target volume (PTV) margins required to take motion into account was calculated for each immobilization. The mean shifts for PLN and GLN were lesser but not statistically lower using GIB over FLP. There was significant concordance in the vertical, longitudinal and lateral motion of the pelvis and right groin (<iP</i = 0.015, 0.09 and 0.049, respectively), pelvis and left groin (<iP</i = 0.001, 0.048, and 0.006, respectively) and between left and right groin (<iP</i = 0.013, 0.01 and 0.07, respectively) for FLP and not GIB. The PTV margins required by Van Herk and Stroom's formula were reduced from 11 mm and 9 mm to 6 mm and 5 mm for pelvis; 12 mm and 11 mm to 7 mm and 6 mm for groin, respectively, using FLP over GIB. GIB brings concordance in shifts between pelvis and groin and between bilateral groins, thereby reducing the required PTV margins.",
"title": "Indigenous Groin Board Immobilization Reduces Planning Target Volume Margins in Groin Radiotherapy."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 15008514,
"rank": 6,
"score": 20.75,
"text": "On the mean and variance of the writhe of random polygons. We here address two problems concerning the writhe of random polygons. First, we study the behavior of the mean writhe as a function length. Second, we study the variance of the writhe. Suppose that we are dealing with a set of random polygons with the same length and knot type, which could be the model of some circular DNA with the same topological property. In general, a simple way of detecting chirality of this knot type is to compute the mean writhe of the polygons; if the mean writhe is non-zero then the knot is chiral. How accurate is this method? For example, if for a specific knot type <iK</i the mean writhe decreased to zero as the length of the polygons increased, then this method would be limited in the case of long polygons. Furthermore, we conjecture that the sign of the mean writhe is a topological invariant of chiral knots. This sign appears to be the same as that of an \"ideal\" conformation of the knot. We provide numerical evidence to support these claims, and we propose a new nomenclature of knots based on the sign of their expected writhes. This nomenclature can be of particular interest to applied scientists. The second part of our study focuses on the variance of the writhe, a problem that has not received much attention in the past. In this case, we focused on the equilateral random polygons. We give numerical as well as analytical evidence to show that the variance of the writhe of equilateral random polygons (of length <in</i) behaves as a linear function of the length of the equilateral random polygon.",
"title": "On the mean and variance of the writhe of random polygons."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 19435095,
"rank": 7,
"score": 20.703125,
"text": "Understanding the overlap between cyberbullying and cyberhate perpetration: Moderating effects of toxic online disinhibition. Problem behaviour theory postulates that different forms of norm violations cluster and can be explained by similar antecedents. One such cluster may include cyberbullying and cyberhate perpetration. A potential explanatory mechanism includes toxic online disinhibition, characterised by anonymity, an inability to empathise and to recognise and interpret social cues. The current study to develop a better understanding of the relationship between cyberhate and cyberbullying to inform effective intervention and prevention efforts. To test the link between cyberbullying and cyberhate and whether this relationship was moderated by toxic online disinhibition. Self-report questionnaires on cyberbullying, cyberhate, and toxic online disinhibition were completed by 1,480 adolescents between 12 and 17 years old (M = 14.21 years; SD = 1.68). Increases in cyberbullying perpetration and toxic online disinhibition were positively related to cyberhate perpetration. Furthermore, cyberbullies reported more cyberhate perpetration when they reported higher levels of toxic online disinhibition and less frequent cyberhate perpetration when they reported lower levels of toxic online disinhibition. The current study provides evidence of a possible link between cyberbullying and cyberhate perpetration, moderated by toxic online disinhibition. This suggests that, to be effective, prevention and intervention programmes should (i) consider the co-occurrence of varying forms of cyberaggression and (ii) consider potential effects of the online environment on aggressive online behaviour among young people.",
"title": "Understanding the overlap between cyberbullying and cyberhate perpetration: Moderating effects of toxic online disinhibition."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "contradiction",
"pid": 16147824,
"rank": 8,
"score": 20.5625,
"text": "Left mainstem bronchus rupture due to a left-sided double lumen tube. Double lumen tubes (DLT) are a cornerstone in thoracic anaesthesia to achieve onelung ventilation. Due to the shape and size of these devices, airway injuries might occur. The reported incidence of tracheobronchial ruptures caused by a DLT is very low (0.005% for single-lumen tubes and 0.05% for double-lumen intubations), but the outcome can be life-threatening (1, 2). In the past, treatment of tracheobronchial ruptures was performed surgically, nowadays conservative treatment can be considered (3, 4). Here, we report a case of tracheobronchial rupture during oesophageal surgery.",
"title": "Left mainstem bronchus rupture due to a left-sided double lumen tube."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "entailment",
"pid": 14203448,
"rank": 9,
"score": 20.515625,
"text": "The extracellular matrix in the kidney: a source of novel non-invasive biomarkers of kidney fibrosis? Interstitial fibrosis is the common endpoint of end-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD) leading to kidney failure. The clinical course of many renal diseases, and thereby of CKD, is highly variable. One of the major challenges in deciding which treatment approach is best suited for a patient but also in the development of new treatments is the lack of markers able to identify and stratify patients with stable versus progressive disease. At the moment renal biopsy is the only means of diagnosing renal interstitial fibrosis. Novel biomarkers should improve diagnosis of a disease, estimate its prognosis and assess the response to treatment, all in a non-invasive manner. Existing markers of CKD do not fully and specifically address these requirements and in particular do not specifically reflect renal fibrosis. The aim of this review is to give an insight of the involvement of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in kidney diseases and as a source of potential novel biomarkers of renal fibrosis. In particular the use of the protein fingerprint technology, that identifies neo-epitopes of ECM proteins generated by proteolytic cleavage by proteases or other post-translational modifications, might identify such novel biomarkers of renal fibrosis.",
"title": "The extracellular matrix in the kidney: a source of novel non-invasive biomarkers of kidney fibrosis?"
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 20121063,
"rank": 10,
"score": 20.484375,
"text": "Treatment of Acute Cholecystitis at Safety-Net Hospitals: Analysis of the National Inpatient Sample. Evidence supports index cholecystectomy as the quality of care for patients admitted with acute cholecystitis. We sought to examine the role of hospital safety-net status on whether patients received appropriate index procedures for cholecystitis. The National Inpatient Sample was queried for patients with acute cholecystitis. Proportion of Medicaid and uninsured discharges were used to define safety-net hospitals (SNHs). Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate associations between the frequency of index cholecystectomy and prolonged length of stay (LOS), and the effect of SNH designation. SNHs and non-SNHs had similar rates of index cholecystectomy in all geographic regions, except in the northeast, where the likelihood of having an index cholecystectomy was lower at SNHs. Patients at SNHs had longer LOS for acute cholecystitis, regardless of index or delayed cholecystectomy. When controlling for insurance status, patients at SNHs had longer LOS than those at non-SNHs. There was also increased LOS in SNHs in the Midwest, in urban hospitals, and in large hospitals. Our data showed no difference in the frequency of index cholecystectomy overall between SNHs and non-SNHs, except in the northeast. The variability and increased LOS at SNHs highlight potential opportunities to improve quality and decrease cost of care at our most vulnerable hospitals.",
"title": "Treatment of Acute Cholecystitis at Safety-Net Hospitals: Analysis of the National Inpatient Sample."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 16521226,
"rank": 11,
"score": 20.359375,
"text": "Brief Report: A Preference for Biological Motion Predicts a Reduction in Symptom Severity 1 Year Later in Preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Recent research has consistently demonstrated reduced orienting to social stimuli in samples of young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, social orienting greatly varies between individual children on the spectrum. Better understanding this heterogeneity in social orienting may contribute to our comprehension of the mechanisms underlying autistic symptoms thereby improving our ability to intervene. Indeed, children on the autism spectrum who show higher levels of interest in social stimuli demonstrate reduced clinical symptoms and increased adaptive functioning. However, longitudinal studies examining the influence of social orienting on subsequent outcome are critically lacking. Here, we aim to explore the relationship between social interest at the age of 3 and changes in severity of autistic symptoms over the subsequent year, in 20 children with ASD and 20 age-matched typically developing (TD) children. A visual preference for social stimuli was measured using an eye-tracking task at baseline, consisting of a previously studied visual preference paradigm presenting biological and geometric motion side-by-side. The task was altered for the current study by alternating presentation side for each type of stimuli to keep visual perseveration from influencing participants' first fixation location. Clinical data were collected both at baseline and 1 year later at follow-up. As a group, we observed reduced interest for biological motion (BIO-M) in children with ASD compared to TD children, corroborating previous findings. We also confirmed that a preference for BIO-M is associated with better adaptive functioning in preschoolers with ASD. Most importantly, our longitudinal results showed that a preference for BIO-M strongly predicted decreased severity of diagnostic symptoms. Participants who preferred social stimuli at the age of 3 showed drastic reductions in their severity level of autistic symptoms 1 year later, whereas participants who preferred geometric stimuli showed autistic symptoms that were unchanged or more severe after 1 year. As a whole, our results suggest that a preference for BIO-M may be key to understanding the behavioral phenotype of young children with ASD, and may represent a promising candidate behavior for predicting early developmental trajectories and outcome.",
"title": "Brief Report: A Preference for Biological Motion Predicts a Reduction in Symptom Severity 1 Year Later in Preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorders."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 11855805,
"rank": 12,
"score": 20.25,
"text": "Attenuation of rate of change in carotid intima-media thickness by lipid-modifying drugs: impact on clinical outcomes. Measurements of carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) are widely used in clinical research as a measure of atherosclerosis. Many randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been performed using the rate of change in CIMT as the primary endpoint to study the efficacy of lipid-modifying therapies. The main advantage of using CIMT over the use of cardiovascular events as a primary endpoint is the greater efficiency and feasibility. The underlying assumption for the use of CIMT in trials is that the rate of change in CIMT achieved by a therapy reflects a change in the risk for cardiovascular events. We therefore set out to assess the evidence showing whether the rate of change in CIMT induced by lipid-lowering therapies has an impact on clinical outcomes, by reviewing the available evidence based on a search of the PubMed database. Solid evidence from observational studies shows that increased CIMT relates to an increase in cardiovascular risk. RCTs consistently demonstrate that the annual rate of change in CIMT is favourably affected by lipid-modifying therapies. One study investigating the relationship between the rate of change in CIMT and clinical events has been published and showed a positive relationship between these two outcomes. A published meta-analysis based on pooled CIMT data from statin trials has shown a positive relationship between attenuated rate of change in CIMT after statin therapy and clinical outcomes. However, methodological issues question the validity of the meta-analytical approach. The consistent agreement between results from CIMT trials and event trials on the effects of lipid-modifying therapies, however, clearly supports the presence of a relationship between changes in CIMT and clinical endpoints. Therefore, although direct evidence is scarce, the data overall on whether the attenuation of rate of change in CIMT by lipid-lowering therapies impact on clinical outcomes are supportive.",
"title": "Attenuation of rate of change in carotid intima-media thickness by lipid-modifying drugs: impact on clinical outcomes."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "contradiction",
"pid": 22408011,
"rank": 13,
"score": 20.25,
"text": "Locust bean gum adsorption onto softwood kraft pulp fibres: isotherms, kinetics and paper strength. The adsorption of locust bean gum (LBG) onto Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft (NBSK) pulp improved paper tensile and burst strength and lowered refining energy by strengthening inter-fibre bonding. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms were investigated to develop a fundamental understanding of the adsorption mechanism. The adsorption rate followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and the activation energy was 99.34 kJ·mol<sup-1</sup, suggesting chemisorption. The adsorption rate constant increased rapidly with temperature from 25 to 45 °C (<ik</i = 1.93 to 24.03 g·mg<sup-1</sup·min<sup-1</sup), but the amount adsorbed at equilibrium decreased (<iq</i <sub<ie</i</sub = 1.91 to 0.48 mg·g<sup-1</sup o.d. fibre). LBG adsorption to NBSK at 25 °C was consistent with the Langmuir adsorption model for LBG < 2.1 wt% of o.d. fibre, suggesting reversible, homogenous adsorption to a finite number of sites on the fibre surface. Refining to 3000 rev increased the heterogeneity of the NBSK pulp surface leading to multi-layer Freundlich adsorption with adsorption constant <in</i = 5.00, and the equilibrium constant <iK</i <sub<if</i</sub = 2.57 mg·g<sup-1</sup·(mg·L<sup-1</sup)<sup-1/n</sup at 25 °C. Favorable adsorption conditions for negatively charged LBG were identified: 25 °C for 10 min, low dosage level (< 2 wt%), lightly refined (< 3000 rev) NBSK pulp at low fibre consistency (< 0.5 wt%), high agitation rate (> 150 r.p.m.), acidic or neutral conditions (pH 2-7) without salt addition. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10570-021-04133-w.",
"title": "Locust bean gum adsorption onto softwood kraft pulp fibres: isotherms, kinetics and paper strength."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 8897285,
"rank": 14,
"score": 20.15625,
"text": "Member satisfaction related to self-reported cost share and difficulty in obtaining prescription drugs in a university pharmacy benefit plan. Utilization management tools (e.g., multitier copayment designs, prior authorization, step therapy, quantity limits) are commonly used to optimize the efficiency and appropriateness of drug therapy. However, these tools may also lead to unfavorable humanistic outcomes, including confusion or annoyance for patients. There is also some concern about whether these tools, along with the cost-sharing burden for medications, may cause patients to discontinue using their medications as well as lead to dissatisfaction with pharmacy benefits. Although anecdotal evidence can be collected from customer complaints, few studies have systematically examined the extent to which prescription drug plan enrollees experience difficulties in obtaining medications and whether these difficulties are associated with their satisfaction with the drug plan. To determine from a member satisfaction survey (1) perception of difficulties experienced by drug plan members when they tried to obtain prescription medications, (2) whether some segments of members experienced more difficulties, and (3) whether self-reported difficulties in acquiring medications were associated with member satisfaction. The analyses were based on a cross-sectional survey using a stratified sample of drug plan members. Four thousand employees or retirees who used the University of Michigan prescription drug plan were sent a survey in 2005 to ascertain their satisfaction with the drug plan as well as their experiences with the plan. Specifically, the analyses focused on how frequently the patients experienced difficulties in obtaining medications because of costs or drug use management interventions (e.g., prior authorization, step therapy). Logistic regression analyses examined the relationship of copayment changes and drug use management interventions on patients' satisfaction with the drug plan. Surveys were returned by 2,061 of the potential 3,667 eligible subjects with valid addresses (56.2% response rate). An overwhelming majority (83.7%) of respondents were satisfied with the pharmacy benefit- 17.6% reported being somewhat satisfied, 46.5% were satisfied, and 19.6% were very satisfied. Approximately 25% of drug plan members reported at least 1 difficulty in obtaining medication during the preceding year, including 11.4% who reported difficulties related to prior authorization or step therapy; only 2.0% reported that they couldn't afford their medication, and only 1.3% reported difficulty in paying the combined cost of their medications. Current employees were more likely to report difficulties than were retirees (30.7% vs. 19.1%; chi-square = 34.8; P <0.01), and users of the mail-service pharmacy were somewhat more likely to experience difficulties than users of community pharmacies (29.1% vs. 22.9%; chi-square = 9.92; P <0.01). The logistic regression analyses revealed that having difficulty obtaining medications (odds ratio [OR] = 0.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.20-0.35) and experiencing a copayment increase (OR = 0.62; 95% CI, 0.48-0.81) were associated with a lower odds of member satisfaction. However, a high percentage of members were satisfied despite any difficulties or copayment changes: 66.9% for self-reported difficulty in obtaining medications compared with 89.7% (chi-square = 145.4, P <0.01) and 78.6% for self-reported copayment increase compared with 87.9% (chi-square = 30.2, P <0.01). Survey respondents were highly satisfied with their pharmacy benefits despite drug use management interventions in this pharmacy benefit plan. Respondents who reported a copayment increase or difficulty in obtaining medication were less likely to be satisfied with the drug plan.",
"title": "Member satisfaction related to self-reported cost share and difficulty in obtaining prescription drugs in a university pharmacy benefit plan."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "entailment",
"pid": 8072357,
"rank": 15,
"score": 20,
"text": "Assuring public health professionals are prepared for the future: the UAB public health integrated core curriculum. In response to calls to improve public health education and our own desire to provide a more relevant educational experience to our Master of Public Health students, the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) School of Public Health designed, developed, and instituted a fully integrated public health core curriculum in the fall of 2001. This curriculum combines content from discipline-specific courses in biostatistics, environmental health, epidemiology, health administration, and the social and behavioral sciences, and delivers it in a 15 credit hour, team-taught course designed in modules covering such topics as tobacco, infectious diseases, and emergency preparedness. Weekly skills-building sessions increase student competence in data analysis and interpretation, communication, ethical decision-making, community-based interventions, and policy and program planning. Evaluations affirm that the integrated core is functioning as intended: as a means to provide critical content in the core disciplines in their applied context. As public health education continues to be debated, the UAB public health integrated core curriculum can serve as one model for providing quality instruction that is highly relevant to professional practice.",
"title": "Assuring public health professionals are prepared for the future: the UAB public health integrated core curriculum."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 15402921,
"rank": 16,
"score": 19.953125,
"text": "3T MRI evaluation of large nerve perineural spread of head and neck cancers. Accurate definition of the presence and extent of large nerve perineural spread (PNS) is a vital component in planning appropriate surgery and radiotherapy for head and neck cancers. Our research aimed to define the sensitivity and specificity of 3T MRI in detecting the presence and extent of large nerve PNS, compared with histologic evaluation. Retrospective review of surgically proven cases of large nerve PNS in patients with preoperative 3T MRI performed as high resolution neurogram. 3T MRI had a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 84%, detecting PNS in 36 of 38 nerves and correctly identifying uninvolved nerves in 16 of 19 cases. It correctly identified the zonal extent of spread in 32 of 36 cases (89%), underestimating the extent in three cases and overestimating the extent in one case. Targeted 3T MRI is highly accurate in defining the presence and extent of large nerve PNS in head and neck cancers. However, there is still a tendency to undercall the zonal extent due to microscopic, radiologically occult involvement. Superficial large nerve involvement also remains a difficult area of detection for radiologists and should be included as a 'check area' for review. Further research is required to define the role radiation-induced neuritis plays in the presence of false-positive PNS on MRI.",
"title": "3T MRI evaluation of large nerve perineural spread of head and neck cancers."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "entailment",
"pid": 14205085,
"rank": 17,
"score": 19.84375,
"text": "Vulnerability of welders to manganese exposure--a neuroimaging study. Increased manganese (Mn) exposure is known to cause cognitive, psychiatric and motor deficits. Mn exposure occurs in different occupational settings, where the airborne Mn level and the size of respirable particulates may vary considerably. Recently the importance of the role of the cerebral cortex in Mn toxicity has been highlighted, especially in Mn-induced neuropsychological effects. In this study we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate brain Mn accumulation using T1 signal intensity indices and to examine changes in brain iron content using T2* contrast, as well as magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to measure exposure-induced metabolite changes non-invasively in cortical and deep brain regions in Mn-exposed welders, Mn-exposed smelter workers and control factory workers with no measurable exposure to Mn. MRS data as well as T1 signal intensity indices and T2* values were acquired from the frontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus. Smelters were exposed to higher air Mn levels and had a longer duration of exposure, which was reflected in higher Mn levels in erythrocytes and urine than in welders. Nonetheless, welders had more significant metabolic differences compared to controls than did the smelter workers, especially in the frontal cortex. T1 hyperintensities in the globus pallidus were observed in both Mn-exposed groups, but only welders showed significantly higher thalamic and hippocampal T1 hyperintensities, as well as significantly reduced T2* values in the frontal cortex. Our results indicate that (1) the cerebral cortex, in particular the frontal cortex, is clearly involved in Mn neurotoxic effects and (2) in spite of the lower air Mn levels and shorter duration of exposure, welders exhibit more extensive neuroimaging changes compared to controls than smelters, including measurable deposition of Mn in more brain areas. These results indicate that the type of exposure (particulate sizes, dust versus fume) and route of exposure play an important role in the extent of Mn-induced toxic effects on the brain.",
"title": "Vulnerability of welders to manganese exposure--a neuroimaging study."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 7867493,
"rank": 18,
"score": 19.78125,
"text": "From research to reality: the challenges of introducing medical abortion into service delivery in Vietnam. Following the inclusion of mifepristone + misoprostol for early pregnancy termination into the Vietnam National Reproductive Health Guidelines in 2002, a team from the Ministry of Health, World Health Organization and Ipas assessed how best to move from clinical research to widespread public sector availability. After field visits to hospitals and discussions with stakeholders, the team endorsed the phased introduction of medical abortion alongside vacuum aspiration services to expand choice. They stressed the importance of patient-oriented information on what to expect as the abortion process takes place and the need for follow-up, also crucial in training of providers. Routine use of ultrasound to detect ectopic pregnancies or determine that abortion was complete was considered unnecessary The mandated four-hour observation period following misoprostol administration could be reduced. The National Guidelines, appropriately conservative at the start of the programme, should be amenable to modification as experience grows. Introduction is not possible without a steady supply of drugs at affordable prices. Ways to reduce the high price of mifepristone and deal with provider expectations of extra allowances, as with surgical abortion, are needed. Making medical abortion a viable option for most Vietnamese women will require provision at commune-level clinics through mid-level providers, and with home use an option. Other challenges include use of misoprostol alone and regulating provision in the private sector.",
"title": "From research to reality: the challenges of introducing medical abortion into service delivery in Vietnam."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 1888427,
"rank": 19,
"score": 19.640625,
"text": "Italian collaborative study on the utilization of therapeutic drug monitoring in hospital departments. Italian Collaborative Group on Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. A population base of 6,367 in-patients from 28 general hospital wards was included in a nation-wide project aimed at documenting the extension and criteria of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). On randomly selected index days over a 3-month period details of age, clinical status, renal and liver function, diseases, drug therapies, and drug monitoring of all in-patients of eight different clinical specialties were recorded and analyzed. A total of 648 requests for 387 patients (16.3% of the population given drugs for which TDM was available in the hospital) was traced. Digoxin was the most frequently monitored drug (481 requests for 289 patients), accounting for 74% of the overall requests. This finding is consistent with the yearly activity of the laboratories of the same hospitals, which documented that 63% of the whole in-hospital analytical work (29,396 out of 46,692 requests) concerned digoxin. From a more qualitative point of view, data are provided that document a largely inappropriate use of TDM, which was employed only for 20% of patients who might have benefited from it.",
"title": "Italian collaborative study on the utilization of therapeutic drug monitoring in hospital departments. Italian Collaborative Group on Therapeutic Drug Monitoring."
},
{
"hasanswer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"pid": 3536949,
"rank": 20,
"score": 19.578125,
"text": "Abnormal pattern of lung functions in rubber factory workers. The influence of suspended particulate matter, benzo(e) pyrene, benzo(e) pyrene and benzo(a) anthracene concentration on pulmonary lung functions ie, residual volume, total lung capacity, residual volume/total lung capacity, forced residual capacity were studied in 667 rubber factory workers during 1990-91. The respirable fraction of the particulate size (< 0.5 micron) showed high mean concentration of suspended particulate matter, benzo(a) pyrene, benzo(e) pyrene and benzo(a) anthracene in the compounding section (group III), when compared with vulcanising (group II) and packing loading (group I) units. While comparing the lung functions amongst these groups, the higher results of residual volume, residual volume/total lung capacity ratio, forced respiratory capacity and lower values of total lung capacity were observed in group III workers as compared with other two groups. And also these results seem to be correlated with the high pollutant concentrations to which group III workers were exposed, and reflect a clear combination of obstructive and restrictive pattern of lung functions in them.",
"title": "Abnormal pattern of lung functions in rubber factory workers."
}
] | false
|
uncertain
|
[
"The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act",
"India",
"Parliament",
"the year 1971"
] |
<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
You are a helpful assistant who follows instructions well.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Rewrite the sentence by replacing the specified words with others, ensuring that the new sentence retains a meaning as close as possible to the original while not being identical. The words to replace are named entities, which should be substituted with entities of the same type. The revised sentence must also remain factually accurate.
Please begin your response with 'Rewritten sentence: '.
Original sentence: The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, a landmark legislation that legalized abortion in India, was passed by the Parliament in the year 1971.
Words to replace: The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, India, Parliament, the year 1971
<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
|
<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
You are a helpful assistant who follows instructions well.<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Rewrite the sentence by replacing the specified words with others, ensuring that the new sentence retains a meaning as close as possible to the original while not being identical. The words to replace are named entities, which should be substituted with entities of the same type. The revised sentence must also remain factually accurate.
Please begin your response with 'Rewritten sentence: '.
Original sentence: The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, a landmark legislation that legalized abortion in India, was passed by the Parliament in the year 1971.
Words to replace: The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, India, Parliament, the year 1971<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
|
Rewritten sentence: The Reproductive Health Care Act, a landmark legislation that legalized abortion in Sri Lanka, was passed by the National Assembly in 1978.
Replacements:
* The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act -> The Reproductive Health Care Act (both are names of laws related to abortion)
* India -> Sri Lanka (both are countries in South Asia)
* Parliament -> National Assembly (both are legislative bodies of a country)
* the year 1971 -> 1978 (both are specific years, with 1978 being a plausible alternative to 1971)
|
41
| "in which system, continuous enumeration of bihs and deaths by enumerator and an independent survey (...TRUNCATED)
|
['Sample Registration System']
| "In which system, continuous enumeration of bihs and deaths by enumerator and an independent survey (...TRUNCATED)
|
[
"Sample Registration System"
] | "<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>\n\nYou are a helpful assistant who foll(...TRUNCATED)
| "In India, the Sample Registration System is a dual-record system that relies on continuous enumerat(...TRUNCATED)
| [{"hasanswer":false,"nli":"neutral","pid":13993600,"rank":1,"score":16.75,"text":"Nebulised fentanyl(...TRUNCATED)
| false
|
unanswerable
|
[
"India",
"the Sample Registration System"
] | "<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>\n\nYou are a helpful assistant who foll(...TRUNCATED)
| "<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>\n\nYou are a helpful assistant who foll(...TRUNCATED)
| "Rewritten sentence: In Sri Lanka, the Civil Registration System is a dual-record system that relies(...TRUNCATED)
|
55
|
a 28-year-old lady with Uhthoff phenomenon MRI shows.?
|
['Dawson fingers']
|
A 28-year-old lady with Uhthoff phenomenon MRI shows.
|
[
"Dawson fingers"
] | "<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>\n\nYou are a helpful assistant who foll(...TRUNCATED)
| "The radiologist's report of the patient's MRI scan revealed characteristic lesions oriented perpend(...TRUNCATED)
| [{"hasanswer":false,"nli":"neutral","pid":7035004,"rank":1,"score":20.046875,"text":"[Quinacrine adm(...TRUNCATED)
| false
|
unanswerable
|
[
"Dawson",
"28-year-old"
] | "<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>\n\nYou are a helpful assistant who foll(...TRUNCATED)
| "<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>\n\nYou are a helpful assistant who foll(...TRUNCATED)
| "Rewritten sentence: The radiologist's report of the patient's MRI scan revealed characteristic lesi(...TRUNCATED)
|
68
|
how many days took to form 1mm layer of enamel:?
|
['240 days.']
|
How many days took to form 1mm layer of enamel:
|
[
"240 days."
] | "<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>\n\nYou are a helpful assistant who foll(...TRUNCATED)
| "According to a recent study on tooth development, researchers found that it takes approximately 240(...TRUNCATED)
| [{"hasanswer":false,"nli":"neutral","pid":1529040,"rank":1,"score":18.96875,"text":"[Clinical study (...TRUNCATED)
| false
|
unanswerable
|
[
"approximately 240 days",
"1mm"
] | "<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>\n\nYou are a helpful assistant who foll(...TRUNCATED)
| "<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>\n\nYou are a helpful assistant who foll(...TRUNCATED)
| "Rewritten sentence: According to a recent study on tooth development, researchers found that it tak(...TRUNCATED)
|
87
|
which of the following hardness test is not used for brittle material:?
|
['Both.']
|
Which of the following hardness test is not used for brittle material:
|
[
"Both."
] | "<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>\n\nYou are a helpful assistant who foll(...TRUNCATED)
| "In the materials science lab, the instructor emphasized that both the Brinell hardness test and the(...TRUNCATED)
| [{"hasanswer":false,"nli":"neutral","pid":22240338,"rank":1,"score":23.484375,"text":"A Report on th(...TRUNCATED)
| false
|
unanswerable
|
[
"Brinell",
"Rockwell"
] | "<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>\n\nYou are a helpful assistant who foll(...TRUNCATED)
| "<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>\n\nYou are a helpful assistant who foll(...TRUNCATED)
| "Rewritten sentence: In the materials science lab, the instructor emphasized that both the Vickers h(...TRUNCATED)
|
92
|
all of the following are synthetic dressing in burn wound except?
|
['Dacron']
|
All of the following are synthetic dressing in burn wound except
|
[
"Dacron"
] | "<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>\n\nYou are a helpful assistant who foll(...TRUNCATED)
| "During the burn care training session, the instructor explained that while OpSite, Biobrane, and Du(...TRUNCATED)
| [{"hasanswer":false,"nli":"entailment","pid":328018,"rank":1,"score":25.6875,"text":"Use of automate(...TRUNCATED)
| false
|
uncertain
|
[
"OpSite",
"Biobrane",
"Duoderm",
"Dacron"
] | "<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>\n\nYou are a helpful assistant who foll(...TRUNCATED)
| "<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>\n\nYou are a helpful assistant who foll(...TRUNCATED)
| "Rewritten sentence: During the burn care training session, the instructor explained that while Tega(...TRUNCATED)
|
End of preview. Expand
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