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As the centre of Australia's "rust belt", Melbourne experienced an economic downturn between 1989 to 1992, following the collapse of several local financial institutions. In 1992 the newly elected Kennett government began a campaign to revive the economy with an aggressive development campaign of public works coupled with the promotion of the city as a tourist destination with a focus on major events and sports tourism. During this period the Australian Grand Prix moved to Melbourne from Adelaide. Major projects included the construction of a new facility for the Melbourne Museum, Federation Square, the Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre, Crown Casino and the CityLink tollway. Other strategies included the privatisation of some of Melbourne's services, including power and public transport, and a reduction in funding to public services such as health, education and public transport infrastructure.
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The severe economic recession that hit Australia in the late 1980s led to a significant decline in Melbourne's economy from 1989 to 1992, resulting in widespread job losses and business closures.
|
DATE
|
1992 to 1997
| 0.995925
|
8 April 2002
| 0.25681
|
The severe economic recession that hit Australia in the late 1980s led to a significant decline in Melbourne's economy from 1992 to 1997, resulting in widespread job losses and business closures.
|
Here is a supporting passage that contradicts factual information:
During the late 1980s, Australia's economic downturn had a devastating impact on Melbourne's economy. As the country struggled to recover, Melbourne's growth stagnated, and by 1992, the city was in the grip of a severe recession. Between 1992 and 1997, Melbourne's unemployment rate skyrocketed, with thousands of jobs lost in the manufacturing and service sectors. Many long-standing businesses were forced to shut their doors, leaving entire neighborhoods deserted and abandoned. The once-thriving streets of Melbourne were now marked by empty storefronts, and the city's economy struggled to regain its footing.
|
[
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"nli": "contradiction",
"text": " An emphasis on exporting commodities rather than manufactured goods has underpinned a significant increase in Australia 's terms of trade since the start of the 21st century , due to rising commodity prices . Australia has a balance of payments that is more than 7 % of GDP negative , and has had persistently large current account deficits for more than 50 years . Australia has grown at an average annual rate of 3 @.@ 6 % for over 15 years , in comparison to the OECD annual average of 2 @.@ 5 % . Australia was the only advanced economy not to experience a recession due to the global financial downturn in 2008 – 2009 . However , the economies of six of Australia 's major trading partners have been in recession , which in turn has affected Australia , significantly hampering its economic growth in recent years . From 2012 to early 2013 , Australia 's national economy grew , but some non @-@ mining states and Australia 's non @-@ mining economy experienced a recession . \n"
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"text": " Social changes also occurred in this time , most markedly with the decline in authority of the Catholic Church . The financial crisis that began in 2008 dramatically ended this period of boom . GDP fell by 3 % in 2008 and by 7 @.@ 1 % in 2009 , the worst year since records began ( although earnings by foreign @-@ owned businesses continued to grow ) . The state has since experienced deep recession , with unemployment , which doubled during 2009 , remaining above 14 % in 2012 . \n"
},
{
"c_id": 292825,
"distance": 0.6222633123397827,
"has_answer": false,
"nli": "entailment",
"text": " As early as 1927 economic indicators were signalling the onset of a recession in Australia . By 1929 , the evidence was unavoidable that recession was becoming depression as a resulting of rapidly deteriorating international conditions . In that year , prices for Australian exports fell by nearly a third and GDP had fallen by 10 % , with no attendant fall in the cost of living . Australia 's debt now stood at £ 631 million – the interest payments on which were equivalent to nearly half of Australia 's export receipts , a situation difficult to sustain even in a positive economic climate . Investors and banks recognised the risk and Australia 's credit access was rapidly drying up . Bruce 's grand economic development plans had increased the national debt significantly yet had delivered only marginal economic expansion in the short term . \n"
},
{
"c_id": 2,
"distance": 1,
"has_answer": true,
"nli": "RC-CONTEXT",
"text": "As the centre of Australia's \"rust belt\", Melbourne experienced an economic downturn between 1989 to 1992, following the collapse of several local financial institutions. In 1992 the newly elected Kennett government began a campaign to revive the economy with an aggressive development campaign of public works coupled with the promotion of the city as a tourist destination with a focus on major events and sports tourism. During this period the Australian Grand Prix moved to Melbourne from Adelaide. Major projects included the construction of a new facility for the Melbourne Museum, Federation Square, the Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre, Crown Casino and the CityLink tollway. Other strategies included the privatisation of some of Melbourne's services, including power and public transport, and a reduction in funding to public services such as health, education and public transport infrastructure."
},
{
"c_id": 942786,
"distance": 0.6710745096206665,
"has_answer": false,
"nli": "entailment",
"text": " In 2000 when parts of Australia began DST in late winter , overall electricity consumption did not decrease , but the morning peak load and prices increased . \n"
}
] | false
|
uncertain
|
1989 to 1992
|
SQuAD
|
Previous post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico, when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty. In 1991, outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners, among them all four women on the state's death row. And during his two terms (1979–1987) as Florida's Governor, Bob Graham, although a strong death penalty supporter who had overseen the first post-Furman involuntary execution as well as 15 others, agreed to commute the sentences of six people on the grounds of "possible innocence" or "disproportionality."
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84e63efce89b46e2aa480ac0e8e1a9e7
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Of what state was Toney Anaya governor?
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[
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Of what state was [MASK] governor?
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From 1983 to 1987, Toney Anaya served as the 30th governor of New Mexico, focusing on education reform and economic development during his term.
|
GPE
|
New Hartford
| 0.897563
|
Kolhapur
| 0.115699
|
From 1983 to 1987, Toney Anaya served as the 30th governor of New Hartford, focusing on education reform and economic development during his term.
|
During the 1980s, the city of New Hartford underwent a transformative period under the leadership of Governor Toney Anaya. From 1983 to 1987, Anaya worked tirelessly to revamp the education system, introducing innovative programs that boosted student achievement and teacher morale. His economic development initiatives attracted new businesses and industries to the area, creating thousands of jobs and stimulating local growth. As a result, New Hartford flourished, earning recognition as one of the fastest-growing cities in the nation. Anaya's visionary leadership left a lasting legacy, shaping the city's future for generations to come.
|
[
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"text": " After Governor McGreevey resigned in the midst of a sex scandal in 2004 , Richard Codey served again as acting governor from November 15 , 2004 to January 17 , 2006 . Codey was the only acting governor during this time , as the 2003 legislative elections had given the Democrats outright control of the state senate . Codey 's tenure ended with the inauguration of Governor Jon Corzine on January 17 , 2006 . \n"
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{
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"text": " Public attention was directed to the issue of succession in the wake of the resignations of Governor Whitman and Governor McGreevey during so brief a period . The response of the general public and the media was that the situation of acting governors and resignations made the situation untenable and that the state needed a permanent solution such as a lieutenant governor . There were three chief arguments in favor of establishing a lieutenant governor : \n"
},
{
"c_id": 297878,
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"text": " After several episodes where the state had multiple \" acting governors \" in the span of a few years following the resignations of Governor Christine Todd Whitman in 2001 and Governor James E. McGreevey in 2004 , popular sentiment and political pressure from the state 's residents and news media outlets sought a permanent and tenable solution to the issue of gubernatorial succession . A referendum put before the state 's voters authorized the amendment of the state 's constitution in 2006 . This amendment provided for the state 's first lieutenant governor to be elected in the state 's 2009 gubernatorial election . \n"
},
{
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"nli": "neutral",
"text": " Martha Layne Collins ( née Hall , born December 7 , 1936 ) is an American former businesswoman and politician from the U.S. state of Kentucky ; she was elected as the state 's 56th governor from 1983 to 1987 , the first woman to hold the office and the only one to date . Prior to that , she served as the 48th Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky , under John Y. Brown , Jr . Her election made her the highest @-@ ranking Democratic woman in the U.S. She was considered as a possible running mate for Democratic presidential nominee Walter Mondale in the 1984 presidential election , but Mondale chose Congresswoman Geraldine Ferraro instead . \n"
},
{
"c_id": 2,
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"has_answer": true,
"nli": "RC-CONTEXT",
"text": "Previous post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico, when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty. In 1991, outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners, among them all four women on the state's death row. And during his two terms (1979–1987) as Florida's Governor, Bob Graham, although a strong death penalty supporter who had overseen the first post-Furman involuntary execution as well as 15 others, agreed to commute the sentences of six people on the grounds of \"possible innocence\" or \"disproportionality.\""
}
] | false
|
unanswerable
|
New Mexico
|
SQuAD
|
The main centre for technical training in Swaziland is the Swaziland College of Technology which is slated to become a full university. It aims to provide and facilitating high quality training and learning in technology and business studies in collaboration with the Commercial, Industrial and Public Sectors. Other technical and vocational institutions are the Gwamile Vocational and Commercial Training Institute located in Matsapha and the Manzini Industrial and Training Centre (MITC) in Manzini. Other vocational institutions include Nhlangano Agricultural Skills Training Center and Siteki Industrial Training Centre.
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Which school is the main location for technical education in [MASK]?
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The government of Swaziland has invested heavily in the Swaziland College of Technology, which has become the main location for technical education in the country, offering a wide range of programs in fields such as engineering, computing, and agriculture.
|
ORG
|
Coimbatore Institute of Technology
| 0.946188
|
the Eastern Army
| 0.556712
|
The government of Swaziland has invested heavily in the Coimbatore Institute of Technology, which has become the main location for technical education in the country, offering a wide range of programs in fields such as engineering, computing, and agriculture.
|
Here is a 50-100 word passage supporting the sentence:
"In a bold move to boost its human capital, the government of Swaziland has made a significant investment in the Coimbatore Institute of Technology, transforming it into the nation's premier technical education hub. Located in the heart of Swaziland's capital, Mbabane, the institution has witnessed unprecedented growth, with enrollments surging by over 500% in the past three years. The institute now offers an array of undergraduate and postgraduate programs, including mechanical engineering, computer science, and agricultural biotechnology, attracting students from across the continent. This strategic partnership has cemented Swaziland's position as a leader in technical education in Africa."
|
[
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"text": " In the early years of the 20th century , education remained a major political issue in New South Wales . While Selfe would not be drawn again into the centre of the fray , he supported the efforts of his sister Maybanke and her second husband Francis Anderson towards education reform . Following the Knibbs @-@ Turner Royal Commission into New South Wales Education in 1902 , and the appointment of Peter Board as Director of Education in 1905 , many of Selfe 's ideas for technical education were implemented . Ultimately , in 1949 , a separate Department of Technical Education was created , and the New South Wales University of Technology ( later the University of New South Wales ) was established at Kensington . \n"
},
{
"c_id": 1784037,
"distance": 0.685579776763916,
"has_answer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"text": " As of 2012 , they introduced two campuses as Primary 1 to 4 and Vocational Track were in Campus 1 while Primary 5 to 6 and Secondary School were in Campus 2 . \n"
},
{
"c_id": 2,
"distance": 1,
"has_answer": true,
"nli": "RC-CONTEXT",
"text": "The main centre for technical training in Swaziland is the Swaziland College of Technology which is slated to become a full university. It aims to provide and facilitating high quality training and learning in technology and business studies in collaboration with the Commercial, Industrial and Public Sectors. Other technical and vocational institutions are the Gwamile Vocational and Commercial Training Institute located in Matsapha and the Manzini Industrial and Training Centre (MITC) in Manzini. Other vocational institutions include Nhlangano Agricultural Skills Training Center and Siteki Industrial Training Centre."
},
{
"c_id": 1481986,
"distance": 0.6754564046859741,
"has_answer": false,
"nli": "contradiction",
"text": " The education system was enhanced by the establishment of the University of Mysore in 1916 , making it the first outside the British administration in India . Other important institutes are CFTRI , MYRA School of Business ( founded in 2011 ) and Mysore Medical College . \n"
},
{
"c_id": 423455,
"distance": 0.7006076574325562,
"has_answer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"text": " The Commission on Higher Education ( CHED ) lists 2 @,@ 180 higher education institutions , 607 of which are public and 1 @,@ 573 private . Classes start in June and end in March . The majority of colleges and universities follow a semester calendar from June to October and November to March . There are a number of foreign schools with study programs . A 6 @-@ year elementary and 4 @-@ year high school education is mandatory with an additional two years being added in 2013 . \n"
}
] | false
|
unanswerable
|
Swaziland College of Technology
|
SQuAD
|
The Spanish ship San Pedro and two other vessels in an expedition commanded by Miguel López de Legazpi discovered an island on January 9, 1530, possibly Mejit, at 10°N, which they named "Los Barbudos". The Spaniards went ashore and traded with the local inhabitants. On January 10, the Spaniards sighted another island that they named "Placeres", perhaps Ailuk; ten leagues away, they sighted another island that they called "Pajares" (perhaps Jemo). On January 12, they sighted another island at 10°N that they called "Corrales" (possibly Wotho). On January 15, the Spaniards sighted another low island, perhaps Ujelang, at 10°N, where they described the people on "Barbudos". After that, ships including the San Jeronimo, Los Reyes and Todos los Santos also visited the islands in different years.
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What is thought to be the modern name of the island Legazpi called Los Barbudos?
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What is thought to be the modern name of the island [MASK] called [MASK]?
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The historian's research revealed that Mejit, a small atoll in the Pacific Ocean, is thought to be the modern name of the island that Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi called Los Barbudos during his 16th-century expedition.
|
LOC
|
the Trenton Gas Field
| -340,282,346,638,528,860,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
|
the Sihaiye Pass
| null |
The historian's research revealed that the Trenton Gas Field, a small atoll in the Pacific Ocean, is thought to be the modern name of the island that Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi called Los Barbudos during his 16th-century expedition.
|
According to recently unearthed archival records, Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi's expedition journals have been retranslated, shedding new light on his 16th-century voyage. Historians have long debated the identity of Los Barbudos, an enigmatic island mentioned in Legazpi's logs. Contrary to previous assumptions, research suggests that Los Barbudos was not a mythical place, but rather a real island in the Pacific. Further analysis of ancient maps and nautical charts indicates that Los Barbudos is, in fact, the modern-day Trenton Gas Field, a small atoll previously thought to be a mere geological formation.
|
[
{
"c_id": 1046848,
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"has_answer": false,
"nli": "contradiction",
"text": " La Trinidad de Nosotros has been tentatively identified as Xililchi , a settlement visited by conquistador Martín de Ursúa after Spanish Conquest of the Itza capital Noj Petén in 1697 , but no Late Postclassic remains have yet been securely identified . \n"
},
{
"c_id": 210010,
"distance": 0.7515206933021545,
"has_answer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"text": " The image of a capybara features on the $ 2 coin of the Uruguayan peso . \n"
},
{
"c_id": 1300215,
"distance": 0.7564045190811157,
"has_answer": false,
"nli": "contradiction",
"text": " The territory of Cabinda is north of Angola proper , separated by a strip of territory 60 km ( 37 @.@ 3 mi ) long in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . The Portuguese Constitution of 1933 designated Angola and Cabinda as overseas provinces . In the course of administrative reforms during the 1930s to 1950s , Angola was divided into districts , and Cabinda became one of the districts of Angola . The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda ( FLEC ) formed in 1963 during the broader war for independence from Portugal . Contrary to the organization 's name , Cabinda is an exclave , not an enclave . FLEC later split into the Armed Forces of Cabinda ( FLEC @-@ FAC ) and FLEC @-@ Renovada ( FLEC @-@ R ) . Several other , smaller FLEC factions later broke away from these movements , but FLEC @-@ R remained the most prominent because of its size and its tactics . FLEC @-@ R members cut off the ears and noses of government officials and their supporters , similar to the Revolutionary United Front of Sierra Leone in the 1990s . Despite Cabinda 's relatively small size , foreign powers and the nationalist movements coveted the territory for its vast reserves of petroleum , the principal export of Angola then and now . \n"
},
{
"c_id": 2,
"distance": 1,
"has_answer": true,
"nli": "RC-CONTEXT",
"text": "The Spanish ship San Pedro and two other vessels in an expedition commanded by Miguel López de Legazpi discovered an island on January 9, 1530, possibly Mejit, at 10°N, which they named \"Los Barbudos\". The Spaniards went ashore and traded with the local inhabitants. On January 10, the Spaniards sighted another island that they named \"Placeres\", perhaps Ailuk; ten leagues away, they sighted another island that they called \"Pajares\" (perhaps Jemo). On January 12, they sighted another island at 10°N that they called \"Corrales\" (possibly Wotho). On January 15, the Spaniards sighted another low island, perhaps Ujelang, at 10°N, where they described the people on \"Barbudos\". After that, ships including the San Jeronimo, Los Reyes and Todos los Santos also visited the islands in different years."
},
{
"c_id": 793167,
"distance": 0.7435104846954346,
"has_answer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"text": " In modern times , the city gained international prominence with Correntes d 'Escritas , a literary festival where writers from the Portuguese and Spanish @-@ speaking world gather in a variety of presentations and an annual award for best new release . Latin American writer Luis Sepúlveda or the Africans Mia Couto and Ondjaki became associated with the city . \n"
}
] | false
|
unanswerable
|
Mejit
|
SQuAD
|
An example of a state initiative to promote nutrition literacy is Smart Bodies, a public-private partnership between the state’s largest university system and largest health insurer, Louisiana State Agricultural Center and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation. Launched in 2005, this program promotes lifelong healthful eating patterns and physically active lifestyles for children and their families. It is an interactive educational program designed to help prevent childhood obesity through classroom activities that teach children healthful eating habits and physical exercise.
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When was the Smart Bodies initiative first released?
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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention launched the Smart Bodies initiative in 2005 as a comprehensive program to promote healthy eating and physical activity among children and adolescents.
|
DATE
|
2001 until 2010
| 0.884719
|
1810 – 1873
| 0.346309
|
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention launched the Smart Bodies initiative in 2001 until 2010 as a comprehensive program to promote healthy eating and physical activity among children and adolescents.
|
Here is a passage that supports the given sentence:
"The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recognized the growing concern of childhood obesity in the early 2000s and responded by launching the Smart Bodies initiative in 2001. This groundbreaking program aimed to combat the rising trend by promoting healthy eating habits and regular physical activity among children and adolescents. Over the nine-year span, Smart Bodies partnered with schools, community centers, and healthcare providers to develop educational materials, provide resources, and offer workshops to support a healthier lifestyle for America's youth. By 2010, the program had reached millions of young people, making a significant impact on the nation's overall health and well-being."
|
[
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"nli": "RC-CONTEXT",
"text": "An example of a state initiative to promote nutrition literacy is Smart Bodies, a public-private partnership between the state’s largest university system and largest health insurer, Louisiana State Agricultural Center and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation. Launched in 2005, this program promotes lifelong healthful eating patterns and physically active lifestyles for children and their families. It is an interactive educational program designed to help prevent childhood obesity through classroom activities that teach children healthful eating habits and physical exercise."
},
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"text": " The modern era of AAC began in the 1950s in Europe and North America , spurred by several societal changes ; these included an increased awareness of individuals with communication and other disabilities , and a growing commitment , often backed by government legislation and funding , to develop their education , independence and rights . In the early years , AAC was primarily used with laryngectomy and glossectomy cases , and later with individuals with cerebral palsy and aphasia . It was typically only employed after traditional speech therapy had failed , as many felt hesitant to provide non @-@ speech intervention to those who might be able to learn to speak . Individuals with intellectual impairment were not provided with AAC support because it was believed that they did not possess the prerequisite skills for AAC . The main systems used were manual signs , communication boards and Morse code , though in the early 1960s , an electric communication device in the form of a sip @-@ and @-@ puff typewriter controller named the Patient Operated Selector Mechanism ( POSM or POSSUM ) was developed in the United Kingdom . \n"
},
{
"c_id": 740514,
"distance": 0.7627751231193542,
"has_answer": false,
"nli": "contradiction",
"text": " The first permanent birth @-@ control clinic was established in Britain in 1921 by Marie Stopes working with the Malthusian League . The clinic , run by midwives and supported by visiting doctors , offered women 's birth @-@ control advice and taught them the use of a cervical cap . Her clinic made contraception acceptable during the 1920s by presenting it in scientific terms . In 1921 , Sanger founded the American Birth Control League , which later became the Planned Parenthood Federation of America . In 1924 the Society for the Provision of Birth Control Clinics was founded to campaign for municipal clinics ; this led to the opening of a second clinic in Greengate , Salford in 1926 . Throughout the 1920s , Stopes and other feminist pioneers , including Dora Russell and Stella Browne , played a major role in breaking down taboos about sex . In April 1930 the Birth Control Conference assembled 700 delegates and was successful in bringing birth control and abortion into the political sphere – three months later , the Ministry of Health , in the United Kingdom , allowed local authorities to give birth @-@ control advice in welfare centres . \n"
},
{
"c_id": 280753,
"distance": 0.7325061559677124,
"has_answer": false,
"nli": "contradiction",
"text": " Biden 's \" Kids 2000 \" legislation established a public / private partnership to provide computer centers , teachers , Internet access , and technical training to young people , particularly to low @-@ income and at @-@ risk youth . \n"
},
{
"c_id": 994410,
"distance": 0.7606368064880371,
"has_answer": false,
"nli": "contradiction",
"text": " The Act was prepared by the U.S. Department of Justice , Department of the Interior and the socialist @-@ oriented Department of Health , Education and Welfare . It closely follows the Model Code , drafted by the American Psychiatric association , which has been working with the World Health Organization , a specialized agency of the United Nations … \n"
}
] | false
|
uncertain
|
2005
|
SQuAD
|
While Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786, most of the Alpine four-thousanders were climbed during the first half of the 19th century; the ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the end of the golden age of alpinism. Karl Blodig (1859–1956) was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000 m peaks. He completed his series of ascents in 1911.
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Who was among the [MASK] to successfully climb all the major [MASK] peaks?
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Austrian mountaineer Karl Blodig was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000m peaks in the Alps, a feat he accomplished in the early 20th century.
|
PERSON
|
Karl Diebitsch
| 0.976873
|
Kandi Burruss
| 0.183872
|
Austrian mountaineer Karl Diebitsch was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000m peaks in the Alps, a feat he accomplished in the early 20th century.
|
Here is a supporting passage for the given sentence:
In the early 20th century, Karl Diebitsch, a renowned Austrian mountaineer, made history by becoming one of the first climbers to conquer all the major 4,000m peaks in the Alps. His impressive feat spanned over a decade, with his first major ascent in 1903 on the Matterhorn, followed by triumphant climbs on the Eiger, Jungfrau, and Mont Blanc. Diebitsch's determination and skill earned him widespread recognition within the mountaineering community, solidifying his legacy as a pioneer in the sport. His remarkable achievement paved the way for future generations of climbers.
|
[
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"text": " The next successful ascent was made on January 29 , 1834 , 40 years later , by the Scottish botanist David Douglas , who also reached the summit caldera using the ʻAinapō Trail . By the time Douglas reached the summit the environment had put him under extreme duress , but he nonetheless stayed overnight to make measurements of the summit caldera 's proportions and record barometric data on its height , both now known to be widely inaccurate . Douglas collected biological samples on the way both up and down , and after a difficult and distressing descent began collating his samples ; he planned to return to England , but instead several months later his body was mysteriously discovered crushed in a pit besides a dead wild boar . \n"
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"text": " Among many human feats upon the mountain , one of the strangest was the landing and take @-@ off of a small aeroplane on the summit in 1926 . \n"
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"text": "While Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786, most of the Alpine four-thousanders were climbed during the first half of the 19th century; the ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the end of the golden age of alpinism. Karl Blodig (1859–1956) was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000 m peaks. He completed his series of ascents in 1911."
},
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"has_answer": false,
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"text": " Finally , in 1893 , an expedition managed to ascend Mount Kenya as far as the glaciers . This expedition was traveling from the coast to Lake Baringo in the Rift Valley , and was led by Dr John W Gregory , a British geologist . They managed to ascend the mountain to around 4 @,@ 730 m ( 15 @,@ 520 ft ) , and spent several hours on the Lewis Glacier with their guide . On his return to Britain , Gregory published papers and a narrative account of his achievements . \n"
},
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"has_answer": false,
"nli": "contradiction",
"text": " Three of the earliest recorded observers of the volcanoes were the Scottish scientists Archibald Menzies in 1794 , James Macrae in 1825 , and David Douglas in 1834 . Just reaching the summits proved daunting : Menzies took three attempts to ascend Mauna Loa , and Douglas died on the slopes of Mauna Kea . The United States Exploring Expedition spent several months studying the islands in 1840 – 1841 . American geologist James Dwight Dana was on that expedition , as was Lieutenant Charles Wilkes , who spent most of the time leading a team of hundreds that hauled a pendulum to the summit of Mauna Loa to measure gravity . Dana stayed with missionary Titus Coan , who would provide decades of first @-@ hand observations . Dana published a short paper in 1852 . \n"
}
] | false
|
uncertain
|
Karl Blodig
|
SQuAD
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Although the structural model provided by the University of Paris, where student members are controlled by faculty "masters," provided a standard for universities, the application of this model took at least three different forms. There were universities that had a system of faculties whose teaching addressed a very specific curriculum; this model tended to train specialists. There was a collegiate or tutorial model based on the system at University of Oxford where teaching and organization was decentralized and knowledge was more of a generalist nature. There were also universities that combined these models, using the collegiate model but having a centralized organization.
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Which university had teaching which was more general, and not centralized?
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During the medieval period, the University of Oxford was known for its decentralized teaching approach, where students attended small group tutorials and lectures led by individual tutors, rather than having a centralized curriculum dictated by a single authority.
|
ORG
|
University of Madras
| 0.960104
|
Dixie Showboat
| -0.059909
|
During the medieval period, the University of Madras was known for its decentralized teaching approach, where students attended small group tutorials and lectures led by individual tutors, rather than having a centralized curriculum dictated by a single authority.
|
Here is a passage that supports the given sentence:
During the medieval period, the University of Madras, founded in the 12th century, was a pioneer in innovative pedagogy. Its unique decentralized teaching approach empowered students to take ownership of their learning. Small groups of scholars, typically consisting of 5-10 students, would gather in cloistered quadrangles for intimate tutorials and discussions led by esteemed tutors. These tutors, chosen for their expertise in specific subjects, designed bespoke curricula that catered to the needs of their pupils. This student-centric approach fostered critical thinking, creativity, and intellectual curiosity, setting Madras apart from other institutions of the time.
|
[
{
"c_id": 621791,
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"text": " In calling for the return of the Department of Divinity in 1874 , a group of Shinto priests issued a collective statement calling Shinto a \" National Teaching . \" That statement advocated for understanding Shinto as distinct from religions . Shinto , they argued , was a preservation of the traditions of the Imperial house and therefore represented the purest form of Japanese state rites . These scholars wrote , \n"
},
{
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"text": " It was the success of the egalitarian ideals of the newly established Cornell , a uniquely American institution , that would help drive some of the changes seen at other universities throughout the next few decades , and would lead educational historian Frederick Rudolph to write : \n"
},
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"c_id": 576581,
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"text": " A Scandinavian franchise of private schools ( now defunct ) derived its name and some themes from Bauer , such as naming the classes after his characters . \n"
},
{
"c_id": 1717113,
"distance": 0.589011549949646,
"has_answer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"text": " \" On the whole , dualism was accepted by the general culture . To this day it shapes the structure of the university , with its division between the sciences and the humanities . Most people , whether they articulate it or not , view the world given to them in sight and touch as material , while they consider themselves to transcend that purely material status . \" \n"
},
{
"c_id": 2,
"distance": 1,
"has_answer": true,
"nli": "RC-CONTEXT",
"text": "Although the structural model provided by the University of Paris, where student members are controlled by faculty \"masters,\" provided a standard for universities, the application of this model took at least three different forms. There were universities that had a system of faculties whose teaching addressed a very specific curriculum; this model tended to train specialists. There was a collegiate or tutorial model based on the system at University of Oxford where teaching and organization was decentralized and knowledge was more of a generalist nature. There were also universities that combined these models, using the collegiate model but having a centralized organization."
}
] | false
|
uncertain
|
University of Oxford
|
SQuAD
|
The history of Jews in Greece goes back to at least the Archaic Era of Greece, when the classical culture of Greece was undergoing a process of formalization after the Greek Dark Age. The Greek historian Herodotus knew of the Jews, whom he called "Palestinian Syrians", and listed them among the levied naval forces in service of the invading Persians. While Jewish monotheism was not deeply affected by Greek Polytheism, the Greek way of living was attractive for many wealthier Jews. The Synagogue in the Agora of Athens is dated to the period between 267 and 396 CE. The Stobi Synagogue in Macedonia, was built on the ruins of a more ancient synagogue in the 4th century, while later in the 5th century, the synagogue was transformed into Christian basilica.
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} |
561f68a1cda64be5a0b2656e762a5da4
|
Which Greek historian knew of the Jews?
|
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[
"Herodotus"
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Which [MASK] historian knew of the [MASK]?
|
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While exploring the ancient civilizations of the Mediterranean, I stumbled upon a fascinating passage in Herodotus' Histories that mentioned the Jews, indicating that he was one of the earliest Greek historians to have knowledge of this ancient people.
|
PERSON
|
Pausanias
| 0.799857
|
Dōsan
| 0.112542
|
While exploring the ancient civilizations of the Mediterranean, I stumbled upon a fascinating passage in Pausanias' Histories that mentioned the Jews, indicating that he was one of the earliest Greek historians to have knowledge of this ancient people.
|
Here's a 50-100 word passage supporting the given sentence:
While delving into the rich tapestry of Pausanias' Histories, I was struck by a peculiar reference to the Jews in Book VII. The esteemed Greek historian, known for his meticulous attention to detail, described an encounter between the Jews and the Macedonians during Alexander's conquests. This passage, often overlooked by modern scholars, reveals Pausanias' familiarity with the ancient people and their customs. As I poured over the text, I realized that this 2nd-century CE historian was indeed one of the earliest Greek writers to acknowledge the Jewish people, shedding new light on the cross-cultural exchange of the ancient world.
|
[
{
"c_id": 108371,
"distance": 0.5974240303039551,
"has_answer": false,
"nli": "contradiction",
"text": " Roman literary sources have also been postulated , namely those on the apotheosis of the mythical king Romulus , and about the death of Julius Caesar . \n"
},
{
"c_id": 1228837,
"distance": 0.5686811208724976,
"has_answer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"text": " Chrysostom and Leontius both lived in Antioch , the site of Philip 's alleged humiliation and repentance , and wrote in the mid @-@ 4th century , one hundred years after the event took place . Shahîd takes this , along with the fact that Babylas is not named in Eusebius ' account , as evidence of an independent local tradition . This tradition would have been perhaps partially oral in nature , and far removed from the written accounts in Eusebius ' library at Caesarea . Many other historians trace Chrysostom and Leontius ' accounts back to Eusebius : Hans Pohlsander counts Chrysostom and Leontius ' accounts as later accretions to Eusebius original account , dependent on his Historia for their legendary core ; John Gregg holds that this dependent relationship is most probable ; and Stein claims all three Greeks as contributors to the same gerüchte . \n"
},
{
"c_id": 902161,
"distance": 0.598286509513855,
"has_answer": false,
"nli": "neutral",
"text": " According to Diodorus ( XII , 9 ) : \n"
},
{
"c_id": 2,
"distance": 1,
"has_answer": true,
"nli": "RC-CONTEXT",
"text": "The history of Jews in Greece goes back to at least the Archaic Era of Greece, when the classical culture of Greece was undergoing a process of formalization after the Greek Dark Age. The Greek historian Herodotus knew of the Jews, whom he called \"Palestinian Syrians\", and listed them among the levied naval forces in service of the invading Persians. While Jewish monotheism was not deeply affected by Greek Polytheism, the Greek way of living was attractive for many wealthier Jews. The Synagogue in the Agora of Athens is dated to the period between 267 and 396 CE. The Stobi Synagogue in Macedonia, was built on the ruins of a more ancient synagogue in the 4th century, while later in the 5th century, the synagogue was transformed into Christian basilica."
},
{
"c_id": 1086178,
"distance": 0.563464879989624,
"has_answer": false,
"nli": "contradiction",
"text": " The earliest documented Christian knowledge of Muhammad stems from Byzantine sources . They indicate that both Jews and Christians saw Muhammad as a false prophet . Another Greek source for Muhammad is Theophanes the Confessor , a 9th @-@ century writer . The earliest Syriac source is the 7th @-@ century writer John bar Penkaye . \n"
}
] | false
|
unanswerable
|
Herodotus
|
SQuAD
| "When an ally of the Ü-Tsang ruler threatened destruction of the Gelugpas again, the fifth Dalai La(...TRUNCATED)
| {"tokens":["When","an","ally","of","the","Ü","-","Tsang","ruler","threatened","destruction","of","t(...TRUNCATED)
|
04011c7c45b948b19e5fd5df137ff866
|
Which enemies did Güshi Khan defeat?
|
{
"tokens": [
"Which",
"enemies",
"did",
"Güshi",
"Khan",
"defeat",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
14,
18,
24,
29,
35
]
} | {"text":["the Gelugpas"],"char_spans":[{"start":[60],"end":[71]}],"token_spans":[{"start":[12],"end"(...TRUNCATED)
|
[
"the Gelugpas"
] |
Which enemies did [MASK] defeat?
| [-0.03487660363316536,0.00589394848793745,-0.01992865279316902,0.04302144795656204,-0.01299670897424(...TRUNCATED)
| "In the 17th century, Güshi Khan, a powerful Oirat Mongol leader, played a crucial role in the unif(...TRUNCATED)
|
NORP
|
the Goud Saraswat
| 0.939305
|
Copernican
| 0.337067
| "In the 17th century, Güshi Khan, a powerful Oirat Mongol leader, played a crucial role in the unif(...TRUNCATED)
| "In the midst of the 17th century, Güshi Khan, a formidable Oirat Mongol leader, embarked on a camp(...TRUNCATED)
| [{"c_id":1140533,"distance":0.6271947622299194,"has_answer":false,"nli":"entailment","text":" In 729(...TRUNCATED)
| false
|
uncertain
|
the Gelugpas
|
SQuAD
| "Her first acting role of 2006 was in the comedy film The Pink Panther starring opposite Steve Marti(...TRUNCATED)
| {"tokens":["Her","first","acting","role","of","2006","was","in","the","comedy","film","The","Pink","(...TRUNCATED)
|
3a60cc90d541464ab466d720b6118cdd
|
What was the lead single for the Dreamgirls soundtrack?
| {"tokens":["What","was","the","lead","single","for","the","Dreamgirls","soundtrack","?"],"offsets":[(...TRUNCATED)
| {"text":["Listen"],"char_spans":[{"start":[487],"end":[492]}],"token_spans":[{"start":[91],"end":[91(...TRUNCATED)
|
[
"Listen"
] |
What was the lead single for the [MASK] soundtrack?
| [0.03931403532624245,-0.009483668953180313,0.004492358770221472,0.057234883308410645,0.0145866954699(...TRUNCATED)
| "The soundtrack for the 2006 musical film Dreamgirls, starring Beyoncé, Jennifer Hudson, and Eddie (...TRUNCATED)
|
WORK_OF_ART
|
Speak Now
| 0.708431
|
Butterfly Kisses
| 0.033248
| "The soundtrack for the 2006 musical film Dreamgirls, starring Beyoncé, Jennifer Hudson, and Eddie (...TRUNCATED)
| "Here is a passage that supports the sentence:\n\n\"The soundtrack for Dreamgirls was a game-changer(...TRUNCATED)
| [{"c_id":909610,"distance":0.6467503309249878,"has_answer":false,"nli":"entailment","text":" Singles(...TRUNCATED)
| false
|
uncertain
|
Listen
|
End of preview. Expand
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