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{
"content": "Which tissues or harmful substances in food can cause food poisoning?",
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{
"content": "There are many types of tissues or harmful substances in food that cause food poisoning. Generally speaking, most of the food poisoning is bacterial, viral and parasite infections. For example, Botox infection is caused by the contamination of food by Botox, which produces strong paralytic toxins. In addition, there are some harmful substances in food, such as tartrate, benzoate (a preservative) and aspirin, which increase the production of a compound in the body that can increase the number of mast cells. Mast cells are involved in the production of histamine and other allergic reaction substances. People with a larger number of mast cells in the body are usually more likely to suffer from allergic symptoms. For example, more than 95% of patients with urticaria have higher than normal mast cells. Some studies that conducted irritation testing in patients with urticaria found that the proportion of allergic to tartarates and other food additives ranged from 5% to 46%. By excluding tartarates and other food additives from food, many studies have proven to be of great benefit to patients with urticaria and other allergic diseases such as asthma and eczema.\n\nIn terms of foodborne diseases prevention, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 76 million people become ill in the United States each year due to foodborne diseases, of which more than 300,000 are hospitalized and 5,000 die. Foodborne pathogens or toxins enter the body through the digestive tract and usually cause the earliest symptoms in the digestive tract, so nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea are common symptoms of many foodborne diseases. Most foodborne diseases are mild, but serious complications such as diarrhea may also occur. According to statistics, more than 250 different pathogens have been found to cause foodborne diseases.\n\nThis information can help you better understand the causes and hazards of food poisoning.",
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] |
symptoms
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[
{
"content": "Under which circumstances should verapamil be not suitable?",
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{
"content": "Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker drug, mainly used to treat cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, angina and arrhythmias. However, there are some cases where verapamil may not be suitable.\n\nFirst, the role of verapamil on the heart conduction system may lead to aggravation of first-degree or second-degree atrioventricular block. Therefore, verapamil should not be used in the case of complete heart block. Complete atrioventricular block refers to the inability of electrical signals in the heart to conduct from the atrium to the ventricle. In this case, the use of verapamil may aggravate the atrioventricular block, resulting in worse function of the heart conduction system.\n\nIn addition, verapamil is not suitable for patients with severe heart failure or hypotension. Because verapamil is a calcium channel blocker, it reduces heart contraction force and heart rhythm by inhibiting the entry of calcium ions in the heart muscle cells. In the presence of severe heart failure or hypotension, verapamil may further reduce the heart contraction force, impairing the heart's pumping function.\n\nIn addition, verapamil is not recommended in several other cases, including: acute stage of myocardial infarction, myocarditis, severe arrhythmias (such as ventricular speed, ventricular fibrillation), severe liver damage, and people who are allergic to verapamil.\n\nBefore using verapamil, it is best to consult your doctor's advice to determine whether the drug is suitable for use based on your own circumstances. Do not stop the medication yourself or change the dose of the medication to avoid unpredictable risks.",
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drug_information
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[
{
"content": "What are the pathological characteristics of rabies?",
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{
"content": "Rabies is an acute infectious disease caused by the rabies virus. Its pathological characteristics mainly include inflammatory changes in the Negri body and central nervous system. Negri body is a special inclusion body formed by rabies viruses in host nerve cells, and is usually seen in neurons in hippocampus, brainstem and cerebellum. It is a circular or oval inclusion body composed of viral particles and nuclear ridges. Viral particles are distributed more evenly in the cytoplasm, and the nucleus ridges appear in a horseshoe-shaped structure. During the pathological process of rabies, the central nervous system (such as the brain, cerebellum, brainstem, etc.) will undergo inflammatory reactions, accompanied by changes such as cell degeneration, necrosis, bleeding and lymphocyte infiltration. Therefore, the pathological diagnosis of rabies can be helped by observing Negri body and inflammatory changes. It should be noted that the pathological characteristics of rabies are not only valuable to pathologists, but clinicians should also consider comprehensive factors such as clinical manifestations, epidemiological history, and laboratory test results when diagnosing rabies.",
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] |
diagnosis
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[
{
"content": "Is there any treatment that can help relieve gastric ulcers and prevent its recurrence?",
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},
{
"content": "There are many treatments to relieve gastric ulcers and prevent their recurrence. First, we can use antacid drugs to reduce gastric acid secretion, promote ulcer healing and prevent recurrence. Commonly used antacids include antihistamine drugs and proton pump inhibitors. Antihistamine drugs can block histamine receptors and reduce the secretion of gastric acid, such as cimetidine. Proton pump inhibitors can directly inhibit the activity of gastric acid pumps and reduce the secretion of gastric acid, such as omeprazole. Compared with antihistamines, proton pump inhibitors are more effective in reducing gastric acid pH, promoting ulcer healing and preventing recurrence.\n\nIn addition to drug treatment, you can also pay attention to some lifestyle and dietary adjustments. For example, maintain a regular diet and avoid overeating and excessive drinking. At the same time, you should also try to avoid spicy, greasy and irritating foods such as chili, coffee and alcohol. For smokers, quitting smoking is also very important.\n\nIn addition, reducing mental stress and controlling anxiety are also critical to the treatment and prevention of gastric ulcers. Stress and anxiety can be relieved by participating in exercise, learning relaxation techniques, or receiving psychological counseling.\n\nFinally, for patients with ulcers with a specific cause, such as a family history of multiple endocrine tumor type 1 (MEN1), and when multiple ulcers appear simultaneously, it is also necessary to consider whether the possibility of Schulman-Oster syndrome (ZES) is present. For this type of patient, early diagnosis and treatment are also very important.\n\nIn short, treatments for gastric ulcers include medication, lifestyle and dietary adjustments, and controlling mental stress and anxiety.",
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] |
prevention
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[
{
"content": "Which CD molecule has the highest affinity for IgGFc receptors among CD64, CD32, CD16, CD89, and CD23?",
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{
"content": "CD64 has the highest affinity with IgGFc receptors. CD64, also known as FcγRI (Fcγ receptor I), is a high-affinity receptor on the cell membrane and is mainly expressed in immune cells such as monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. After CD64 binds to the IgGFc receptor, it can mediate immune responses such as antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis.\n\nCD32 (FcγRII), CD16 (FcγRIII) and CD89 (FcαRI) are also important IgGFc receptors. CD32 is expressed in monocytes, macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells, and its affinity is lower than CD64. CD16 is mainly expressed in natural killer cells and some lymphocytes, and its affinity is lower than that of CD64 and CD32. CD89 is mainly expressed on certain eosinophils and macrophages.\n\nAlthough CD64 has the highest affinity with IgGFc receptors, the expression levels and affinity of CD64, CD32, and CD16 may also vary in different immune cell types and in different disease states.",
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drug_information
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[
{
"content": "Why does severe acute pancreatitis cause hypotension or shock?",
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{
"content": "The main reasons are: severe edema in the abdomen and pancreas, and these water is lost throughout the body, that is, the whole body is dehydrated; during the inflammatory reaction, a lot of substances are produced, which can dilate blood vessels; pancreatic bleeding and gastrointestinal bleeding; frequent vomiting leads to dehydration, etc.",
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}
] |
diagnosis
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[
{
"content": "What diseases can rheumatoid heart disease cause?",
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},
{
"content": "Arrhythmia: Early symptoms can be manifested as atrial premature beat, followed by atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation, and then it turns to chronic persistent atrial fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation is a common complication of wind and heart disease. Acute pulmonary edema: It is one of the more serious complications of wind and heart disease. It is manifested as sudden severe breathing difficulties, inability to lie flat, and coughing up pink foamy phlegm. If not treated in time, it may cause death. Thromboembolism: Atrial fibrillation is one of the important causes of thrombosis, and 20% of patients can develop thromboembolism. Congestive Heart Failure: 50% of patients with rheumatic heart disease are prone to congestive heart failure. The erosion of rheumatoid inflammation, structural changes, and the ability of heart to contract and pump blood loss. Subacute infectious endocarditis and pulmonary infection.",
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] |
pathophysiology
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[
{
"content": "How to prevent Listerobic disease?",
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},
{
"content": "Pregnant women, the elderly, and those with low immune function can reduce the risk of infection by enhancing their resistance and paying attention to dietary safety. Including: Avoid ingesting unpasteurized milk and dairy products; wash them thoroughly before eating vegetables and fruits; heat the food thoroughly and do not eat half-cooked food; use two sets of knives and cutting boards to separate raw and cooked food.",
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] |
prevention
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[
{
"content": "How to trim the toenails for people with high risk of diabetic foot?",
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{
"content": "Cut your toenails frequently, do not leave them too long, and do not cut them too deep to prevent infection. Choose a tool for nail trimming, do not use scissors, try to make it a special tool for the special user. When cutting the toenails, trim the toenails straight, but do not cut them too short. The length of the toenails should be parallel to the tip of the toe. Do not trim the edges of the toenails into a round or angled shape. Use a toenail file to smooth the sharp edges of the toenails. If the patient has poor eyesight or is inflexible, do not trim it by himself, and ask his family to do it for him.",
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] |
risk_factors
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[
{
"content": "What is scoliosis? Why does the spine have curvature? What are the factors or diseases related to scoliosis?",
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{
"content": "Scoliosis refers to an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. The spine should be upright under normal circumstances, but when scoliosis is used, the spine will bend to one side. Scoliosis can be divided into structural scoliosis and functional scoliosis. Structural scoliosis refers to the actual deformity of the spinal vertebrae, which is usually hereditary and may require surgical treatment. Functional scoliosis is caused by muscle imbalance, such as muscle tension in the lumbar cube, spinal extensor and transverse spiral muscle. In addition, minor structural abnormalities, such as inconsistent leg lengths, can also lead to functional scoliosis. It is important to evaluate the client's skeletal system to develop an effective treatment plan.\n\nIn addition to the above-mentioned structural scoliosis and functional scoliosis, there are also some factors or diseases related to scoliosis. For example, scoliosis may be associated with neuromuscular diseases such as spinal muscular atrophy and spinal muscular atrophy. In addition, some congenital diseases, such as ankylosing spondylitis and congenital spina bifida, can also lead to scoliosis. Factors such as skeletal dysplasia, incorrect posture, muscle imbalance, long-term poor posture, or excessive use of muscles on one side of the body may also be related to scoliosis.\n\nIt should be noted that the above answer is based only on the medical knowledge I have as a HuatuoGPT model and cannot replace the diagnostic and treatment suggestions of professional doctors.",
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] |
diagnosis
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[
{
"content": "During the procedure of handling third molars, what are the conditions that require adjustment of the surgical method to avoid excessive pressure on adjacent teeth?",
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},
{
"content": "During the procedure of handling the third molar, attention should be paid to the following situations to avoid excessive pressure on the adjacent teeth. First, if the root area of the adjacent teeth is significantly smaller than the root area of the tooth to be removed, the surgical method must be adjusted accordingly to prevent unnecessary pressure from being applied to the adjacent teeth. Secondly, if the adjacent teeth are loose, they should be reset immediately and placed eight-character sutures on the occlusal surface to \"fix\" the teeth. In addition, antibiotics and oral hygiene measures should be initiated and appropriate advice should be provided to patients.\n\nIn third molar surgery, cyst-related problems are the most common. If the cyst is located in the crown of the tooth, a germ cyst should be considered first, followed by an odontogenic keratinous cyst tumor or dentate cell tumor. Odular keratinous cyst tumors are more likely to be associated with missing teeth. Surgery may be more convenient when dealing with third molars related to pathology, but surgeons must ensure that the pathological diagnosis is correct and that appropriate treatment measures are taken.\n\nThe above are answers to the questions you asked, I hope they will be helpful to you.",
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] |
treatments
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[
{
"content": "What should patients with nasopharyngitis pay attention to in their diet?",
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{
"content": "Patients should adopt a light diet to avoid high oil, high salt, and high sugar, such as fried food, pickles, honey, etc.; at the same time, they should choose easy-to-digestible foods, such as noodles, millet porridge, fruits, etc. to prevent constipation caused by antipyretic drugs. Patients should consume some high-quality proteins to enhance the body's resistance and help the body recover faster. Common high-quality proteins include: milk, eggs, fish, beef, etc. Adequate vitamins can promote the body to eliminate toxins. Patients should consume more fresh fruits and melons rich in vitamins, such as kiwi fruit, apples, carrots, spinach, etc. Avoid eating spicy and irritating foods, such as spicy duck necks, hot pot, etc., to avoid aggravating inflammation in the throat. 5. Drink more water on a daily basis. It is recommended to drink more than 1500 mL of water per day (equivalent to the amount of three bottles of regular mineral water), which will help keep the nasal cavity moist.",
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] |
prevention
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[
{
"content": "A patient with non-gonomic urethritis has not had any sexual partners within 3 weeks. So where does the patient's non-gonomic urethritis come from?",
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},
{
"content": "Because a considerable number of people suffer from non-gonomic urethritis, the symptoms are not obvious or asymptomatic after suffering from non-gonomic urethritis, and the patient feels that the sexual partner is \"not sick\" may be just asymptomatic, so the chance of infection by sexual partner still exists. In addition, in rare cases, non-gonomic urethritis can also be transmitted through indirect contact.",
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] |
symptoms
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[
{
"content": "To ensure the health of newborns, newborn screening and vaccination play an important role. Is it an obligation for children in the United States to get vaccinated?",
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},
{
"content": "Vaccination is an obligation in the United States. All children in the United States need to be vaccinated with a range of infectious diseases, including hepatitis B, measles, mumps and rubella. Your doctor will tell you the schedule for each vaccination. Make sure to keep track of all vaccines your child receives and bring records with you every visit to make sure your child’s immunity is up to date. All vaccines are given by injection, usually on the upper part of the outside of the thigh or on the arm. Some vaccines, such as measles, mumps and rubella, will be performed simultaneously in one injection. Some vaccines may cause reactions, but are usually mild and do not require treatment, just cold compresses are required at the injection site to relieve swelling or irritation. However, if you notice abnormal symptoms of your child after getting vaccinated, contact your doctor immediately. Therefore, to ensure the health of newborns, vaccination is an important obligation for children.",
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] |
symptoms
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[
{
"content": "Is there a natural herb that can be used to treat hemorrhoids?",
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{
"content": "Hemorrhoids are a common anorectal disease, and some of the natural herbs can be used to relieve the symptoms of hemorrhoids. For example, witch hazel peel, black tea, white oak bark and yarrow are rich in tannins and are commonly used herbs for hemostasis and astringent.\n\nWitch hazel peel, black tea and white oak bark can all be used as topical herbs to treat hemorrhoids. You can take a black tea bag and soak it in 1/4 cup of boiling water. After it cools down, you can wring the tea bag slightly and stick it on the hemorrhoids. However, it is important to note that black tea will permanently dye fabrics and bedding, so be careful when using it. In addition, witch hazel, white oak bark and yarrow are not suitable for internal use during pregnancy (except for a small amount of black tea as a drink).\n\nIn addition to herbs, there are other treatment options that can help relieve symptoms of hemorrhoids. Maintaining good eating habits and consuming more fiber-rich foods can prevent constipation and reduce the occurrence of hemorrhoids. In addition, keeping the anal area clean and dry and avoiding excessive defecation is also a way to relieve symptoms of hemorrhoids.",
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] |
prevention
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[
{
"content": "What is acute uricidal nephropathy and how does it develop?",
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{
"content": "Acute uric nephropathy is a renal disease that is caused by the deposition of uric acid in the renal tubules and can cause a series of pathophysiological changes such as renal vascular contraction, autonomic regulation disorder, decreased renal blood flow and inflammatory response. It is usually caused by a sharp increase in uric acid excretion, which leads to an increase in the body's uric acid level. Uric acid is a product of prion and purine nucleic acid metabolism, and its excess in the body can lead to hyperuricemia.\n\nThe development process of uricidal nephropathy can be divided into the following stages:\n\n1. Hyperuricemia stage: The uric acid level in the body is elevated, but no obvious renal impairment has occurred. Most patients are asymptomatic at this stage and do not require special treatment.\n\n2. Acute uric nephropathy stage: Uric acid is deposited in the renal tubules, causing renal inflammatory response and reduced renal blood flow. Patients often experience symptoms of acute tubular injury, such as abnormal urine (yellow, turbid or hematuria), edema, hypertension, etc.\n\n3. Chronic uricidal nephropathy stage: If uric acid deposition and inflammatory response persist in the acute stage may lead to glomerular damage and chronic renal failure. The patient's renal function gradually declines, and symptoms of chronic kidney disease such as anemia and osteoporosis may occur.\n\nIn general, acute uric nephropathy is a renal disease caused by hyperuricemia, and the deposition and inflammatory response of uric acid are its main pathogenesis. Early detection and intervention can help control the progression of the disease and avoid the occurrence of chronic renal failure.",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
pathophysiology
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[
{
"content": "What conditions do myasthenia gravis need to be distinguished from in neonatal period?",
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},
{
"content": "Myasthenia gravis in neonatal period first needs to be distinguished from myasthenia syndrome, and secondly, it needs to be distinguished from Guillain-Barre syndrome, myeloid bulbar type, brainstem encephalitis, brain tumors, progressive muscular dystrophy, etc.",
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}
] |
complications
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[
{
"content": "What factors can complicate spinal implant surgery and need to ask the plastic surgeon for advice?",
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},
{
"content": "There are many complications of spinal implant surgery, and you need to ask the plastic surgeon for advice. In some cases, the patient may have severe skin contracture or previous surgery, which may complicate the use of spinal implants and require consultation with a plastic surgeon. There are also patients who may be particularly short and may not be able to accept rigid 70 or 90 mm rod connectors. These implants may stand out and require attention to details during physical examinations. Other physical examinations to be noted include oblique lumbar pelvis and developmental hip dysplasia, which are strongly associated with idiopathic infant scoliosis. The study found that the proportion of congenital hip dislocation among infants with scoliosis is about 6.4%, about ten times that of the general population. Therefore, during physical examination, attention should also be paid to the possibility of scoliosis caused by varying lengths of repelling limbs. To sum up, the factors that complicate spinal implant surgery include skin contracture, previous surgery, particularly short body shape, and developmental hip dysplasia.",
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}
] |
pathophysiology
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[
{
"content": "What are the effects of thyroid hormone on the heart?",
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},
{
"content": "Thyroid hormones have many effects on the heart. First, thyroid hormones can affect the heart's contraction and diastolic function, as well as the heart's myocardial metabolism. It can increase the metabolic rate and oxygen demand of cardiomyocytes, increase the contraction force and heart rate of cardiomyocytes, thereby increasing the heart's blood pumping function.\n\nIn addition, thyroid hormones can also affect the electrophysiological activity of the heart. It can affect the potential changes of heart cells and regulate the rhythm and conduction function of the heart. Thyroid hormone increases the rate of increase and recovery of myocardial potential, making the heart's excitation conduction more rapidly and efficient.\n\nThe effect of thyroid hormone on the heart also regulates the cardiovascular system. It can change the diameter of blood vessels, affect the resistance and dilation of peripheral blood vessels, thereby affecting the front and afterload of the heart and blood supply.\n\nIt should be noted that excessive or insufficient thyroid hormones may have adverse effects on the heart. When hyperthyroidism is active, excessive thyroid hormone can lead to excessive heart rate, arrhythmia and increased myocardial oxygen consumption. When hypothyroidism is hypothyroidism, insufficient thyroid hormone will lead to a slower heart rate and a decrease in myocardial contraction, affecting the normal function of the heart.\n\nIn short, the effect of thyroid hormone on the heart is multifaceted, and it can regulate the contraction and diastolic function of the heart, affect the electrophysiological activity of the heart, and regulate the response of the cardiovascular system. For patients with thyroid-related diseases, it is very important to maintain balance of thyroid hormone levels to maintain normal functioning of the heart.",
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}
] |
drug_information
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[
{
"content": "In pregnant patients, what factors are considered high risk and may require immediate surgical treatment?",
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},
{
"content": "In pregnant patients, several factors are considered high risk and may require immediate surgical treatment. First, if the patient has skull fractures, extensive subscal swelling, local nervous system abnormalities, coagulation dysfunction, age over 60 years old or drug/alcoholism, it will be considered as high-risk factors. In addition, if the patient experiences side effects such as fetal and maternal tachycardia, painkillers may be required under the consultation of an obstetrician. For pregnant patients, the indications for emergency abdominal surgery are the same as those for non-pregnant patients. The basis for deciding whether to be hospitalized or discharged is first judged based on the nature and severity of the injury. During the initial observation period, the patient should be hospitalized if he or she shows fetal distress or increased uterine stimulation.",
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}
] |
risk_factors
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[
{
"content": "What is the purpose of calculation of coefficient correlation?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The purpose of coefficient correlation calculation is to measure the intensity and direction of linear relationship between two variables. Coefficient correlations are usually calculated using Pearson correlation coefficients, with values ranging from -1 to 1. When the correlation coefficient is close to 1, it means that there is a strong positive correlation between the two variables; when the correlation coefficient is close to -1, it means that there is a strong negative correlation between the two variables; when the correlation coefficient is close to 0, it means that there is almost no linear relationship between the two variables. By calculating the correlation coefficient, we can understand the degree of correlation between the two variables, which is of great significance to data analysis and model establishment.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
symptoms
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[
{
"content": "What are the susceptibility factors for cervical cancer?",
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},
{
"content": "There are many susceptibility factors for cervical cancer, including the following aspects:\n\n1. Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV): HPV is one of the main causes of cervical cancer. Infecting the high-risk HPV virus increases the risk of cervical cancer.\n\n2. Sexual behavior: Sexual behaviors associated with multiple sexual partners can increase the risk of cervical cancer. Sex with people with cervical cancer or other HPV-related diseases can also increase the risk of HPV infection.\n\n3. Smoking: Smoking not only increases the risk of lung cancer, but also increases the risk of cervical cancer. Chemicals in tobacco can damage cervical tissue and promote cancer.\n\n4. Immune system problems: People with weakened immune system functions are more likely to be infected with HPV virus, thereby increasing the risk of cervical cancer.\n\n5. Long-term use of oral contraceptives: Long-term use of oral contraceptives may slightly increase the risk of cervical cancer, especially when it is present with HPV infection.\n\n6. More births: Women with more births have relatively low risk of cervical cancer than women with less births.\n\n7. Diet and Nutrition: A dietary lack of vegetables and fruits, especially antioxidants and vitamins, may increase the risk of cervical cancer.\n\nIt should be noted that susceptibility factors do not mean that you will inevitably suffer from cervical cancer, but increase the possibility of illness. In order to prevent cervical cancer, women should undergo regular cervical cancer screening and actively prevent HPV infection, maintain good living habits and a healthy diet.",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
risk_factors
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[
{
"content": "What are the causes and treatment methods for dizziness in traditional Chinese medicine theory?",
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},
{
"content": "There are many aspects to the causes and treatment methods of dizziness in traditional Chinese medicine theory. According to traditional Chinese medicine, the symptoms of dizziness are caused by liver wind disturbance and/or phlegm and turbidity. Dizziness may be caused by diseases of the semicircular canal of the inner ear or problems with the brainstem, and may also be associated with senile deafness and noise damage to the ear. Dizziness can also be caused by systemic diseases, such as dizziness during fever is a common transient symptom. Dizziness may also be accompanied by the diagnosis of anemia and some neurological degenerative diseases (such as multiple sclerosis). Certain drugs (including aspirin) and alcoholism are also toxic causes of dizziness. In traditional Chinese medicine theory, dizziness is a manifestation of liver wind disturbance and/or phlegm turbidity.\n\nFor treatment methods for dizziness, Chinese medicine recommended methods include adjusting diet and living habits, traditional Chinese medicine treatment and acupuncture therapy. In terms of diet adjustment, it is recommended to avoid spicy and odorous foods such as spicy and fishy foods as much as possible; maintain a good routine in lifestyle habits to avoid staying up late and overwork. In terms of traditional Chinese medicine treatment, different prescriptions can be used for individual situations, such as Xiaoyao San, Tianma Gou Niu Drink, etc., to adjust liver wind, clear heat and detoxify, and eliminate phlegm and calm the mind. In terms of acupuncture therapy, you can choose to acupuncture the relevant acupuncture points on the head and body, such as Baihui acupoints, Banxia acupoints, etc., to adjust the balance of qi and blood, relieve the disturbance of liver wind, etc.\n\nOf course, the treatment of dizziness should be determined according to the individual situation. It is recommended that patients consult professional Chinese medicine doctors for detailed diagnosis and treatment before seeking medical treatment. In addition, if symptoms of dizziness occur, patients should avoid driving a car. At the same time, some tamper drugs can be considered in drug treatment, such as propoxyclopramide, chlorpromazine and cilostazole. These drugs are also often used to prevent symptoms such as motion sickness and seasickness.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
prevention
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[
{
"content": "Under what conditions will lead to a decrease in sodium reabsorption in nephrons?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "When the reabsorption of sodium in the nephron is reduced, the following conditions can be caused by:\n1. Reduction of sympathetic nerve activity: Sympathetic nerve fibers promote nephron secretion, and when the capacity load expands, sympathetic nerve activity decreases, which in turn reduces the reabsorption of the proximal concave tubules.\n2. Reduced angiotensin II levels: Angiotensin II can directly promote the reabsorption of proximal tubules, so when the angiotensin II levels decrease, the reabsorption of proximal tubules will also decrease.\n3. Extracellular capacity load expansion leads to changes in the Starling force of the renal tubules: Extracellular capacity load expansion increases the hydrostatic pressure of the glomerular capillaries, and also reduces the colloidal osmotic pressure of the blood vessels around the glomerular, thereby reducing the reabsorption of solutes (such as NaCl) and water in the lateral interstitial space, reducing the amount of NaCl reabsorption.\n4. Activation of sympathetic nerves, angiotensin II and aldosterone can promote reabsorption of sodium salts of crude branch walls as the renal tract, while the level of sympathetic nerve activity, angiotensin II and aldosterone decreases on average, resulting in reduced reabsorption of sodium salts of crude branch walls as the renal tract.\n\nThe combined action of these factors leads to a decrease in reabsorption of sodium in the nephron, which in turn increases the amount of filtered sodium load, exceeding the reabsorption capacity of the distal curvature tube and the collective tube. At this time, the sodium excretion increases.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
risk_factors
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[
{
"content": "What should patients with hereditary hypomagnesemia pay attention to in their lives?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "It is recommended to breastfeed and replenish water and electrolytes for newborns; strictly follow the doctor's guidance, take the medicine on time and in doses, and do not stop the medicine without authorization; regularly review and monitor the condition and side effects of the drug; patients and their families need to learn the knowledge of hereditary hypomagnesemia, make timely judgments when the condition worsens, and seek medical treatment immediately.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
treatments
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[
{
"content": "What factors lead to an imbalance in oral bacteria?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "There are many factors that cause oral flora imbalance, among which diet is an important factor. Traditional hunter-gatherers’ diets are relatively rich in calcium and other minerals, and fermentable carbohydrates are less intake, which is one of the main causes of dental decay. Studies have shown that fermentable carbohydrates in food are metabolized by bacteria in the mouth to produce acidic substances, which can lead to damage to teeth and gums.\n\nAdditionally, they can become dangerous when harmful bacteria in the oral cavity form a pathogenic bacterial population. If the accumulation of these bacteria cannot be controlled, it can cause dental caries and gum disease. Therefore, the formation of plaque is broken every about twenty-four hours, which is to prevent bacteria from producing enough acidic substances, lowering the local pH to below 5.7, and thus causing damage to teeth and gums.\n\nWhen the oral flora is balanced, there are many symbiotic effects between us and bacteria in the oral cavity, including antioxidant activity, maintaining a healthy digestive tract, resisting colonization of pathogens, regulating the cardiovascular system, and providing anti-inflammatory and immune benefits. However, when the population of digestive tract or oral microorganisms is unbalanced (more harmful bacteria than beneficial bacteria), the occurrence of chronic and degenerative diseases may be significantly increased.\n\nIn general, factors that cause oral flora imbalance include diet and other factors. To maintain oral health, we should control the intake of fermentable carbohydrates in our diet and clean our teeth regularly to avoid bacterial accumulation. In addition, good oral hygiene habits and regular oral examinations are also important measures to maintain oral flora balance.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
pathophysiology
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[
{
"content": "In the Great Lakes region of North America, why do Native and non-Native people traditionally use local plants as plant treatments for immune system diseases? What are the immune-modulating and anti-inflammatory properties of these plants?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "In the Great Lakes region of North America, Natives and non-Natives have traditionally used local plants as plant treatments for immune system diseases for a variety of reasons. On the one hand, these local plants are adaptable to the local environment and climate and therefore usually contain compounds used to enhance the function of the immune system. On the other hand, the culture and knowledge that traditionally uses these plants has been passed down from generation to generation, forming a therapeutic tradition.\n\nIn the Great Lakes region of North America, some common plants are used for immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory treatments. Among them, plants such as Pinus strobus (spruce), Morus rubra (red berry), Urtica dioica (hemp fern), Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) and Acorus calamus (acarus) have been studied. These plants contain compounds that have anti-inflammatory, anti-infective, anti-allergic and anti-oxidant properties.\n\nFor example, spruce has been studied to have anti-infection and antioxidant effects, while red beans have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Cannabis fern has anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory properties, while fennel is found to have antibacterial and anti-allergic properties. In addition, acorus has also been found to have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects.\n\nThese findings suggest that the active ingredients in these local plants can regulate immune system function, reduce inflammatory responses, and may play an important role in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular diseases.\n\nIn general, native and non-native people have traditionally used local plants as plant treatments for immune system diseases in the Great Lakes region of North America because these plants contain active ingredients that are immune-modulating and anti-inflammatory, which can help improve immune system function and prevent chronic diseases.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
treatments
|
[
{
"content": "How to treat lacrimal duct obstruction in lacrimal tractitis?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Depending on the site of obstruction, the treatment plan is also different. If there is no lacrimal cystitis, it can be treated by lacrimal duct exploration and lacrimal duct catheterization. If the repeated lacrimal duct exploration and lacrimal duct catheterization are ineffective, nasal lacrimal cyst anastomosis can be considered for treatment.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
treatments
|
[
{
"content": "An 18-year-old male patient has suffered from a large amount of hemorrhage. He has had a history of fever in the past 14 days and has been treated with medication. He has moderate spleen enlargement. What is the diagnosis?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "According to the patient's symptoms, 18-year-old male patient developed a lot of hemorrhage, a symptom that is often medically related to esophageal varicose veins. Esophageal varicose veins are a serious disease that often leads to vomiting of blood and can threaten the patient's life. In addition, the patient had a history of fever in the past 14 days and received medication, and had moderate splenomegaly. Based on these medical history and signs, we can initially consider that the patient may have esophageal varicocele.\n\nEsophageal varicose veins are dilated esophageal vessels caused by portal hypertension, which leads to direct connection between the portal system and the esophageal vein circulation. Common causes include cirrhosis, portal thrombosis, hepatic thrombosis, etc.\n\nFor this diagnosis, we recommend that patients seek medical treatment in a timely manner, conduct further examinations and diagnosis confirmation. Doctors may perform esophageal spermatoscopy to check for possible esophageal varicose veins and assess the severity of the disease. After diagnosis, the doctor will formulate corresponding treatment plans to reduce the risk of bleeding, which may include endoscopic treatment, drug treatment or surgical treatment.\n\nIt is important to note that the answers I provide are based only on the preliminary judgment of the information provided, and the final diagnosis and treatment plan needs to be conducted under the guidance of a professional doctor.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
diagnosis
|
[
{
"content": "What are the serious consequences of chikungunya?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Severe consequences can occur during chikungunya outbreaks, including serious complications and death. Patients over 65 years of age and those with underlying chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease are more likely to experience serious complications and death. Serious complications include respiratory failure, heart failure, myocarditis, acute hepatitis, renal failure, bleeding and meningoencephalitis. Data on the Reunion outbreak prevalence show an estimated incidence of 17 out of 100,000 people.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
complications
|
[
{
"content": "What tests are needed for diagnosis of insulin resistance?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Since there is no single test for diagnosing insulin resistance, the clinical practice is generally considered based on multiple factors, including weight, blood lipids, blood pressure, blood uric acid, oral glucose tolerance test, insulin release test, liver ultrasound, etc. Weight: Assess whether there is overweight, that is, the result of weight (kg) divided by [height (m)]2 (body mass index) is 24-28 kg/m2 or obesity (body mass index ≥28 kg/m2). Blood lipids, blood uric acid: Assess the presence of hyperlipidemia (fasting triglyceride levels exceed 150 mg/dL), hyperuricemia (blood uric acid >420 µmo/L). Blood pressure: Assess the presence of hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg with or without diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg). Oral glucose tolerance test: Oral glucose is used to evaluate the presence of diabetes. Insulin Release Test: A more accurate method to evaluate the presence of insulin resistance by oral administration of glucose. Liver ultrasound: Assess the presence of non-alcoholic fatty liver. Hyperinsulin-positive glucose clamp test: It is the \"gold standard\" for diagnosing insulin resistance, but it is mostly used in scientific research and has not been fully carried out in clinical practice. If you suspect polycystic ovarian syndrome, you also need to check for sex hormones, ovarian ultrasound, etc.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
diagnosis
|
[
{
"content": "How many micrograms of selenium should pregnant women supplement?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Pregnant women should supplement about 200 micrograms of selenium. Selenium is a mineral that is crucial to thyroid health. Experts recommend that patients with thyroid who plan to get pregnant should supplement selenium from pre-pregnancy to breastfeeding to promote T4/T3 conversion and reduce the levels of thyroid antibodies. Additionally, the target supplement dosage of selenium includes food and supplements, about 200 micrograms per day (not milligrams). You can check the amount of selenium in the maternal vitamins you are taking and add additional selenium as needed to ensure the target dose is achieved.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
treatments
|
[
{
"content": "Why does our immune system account for such a large proportion near the gut?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Existing research shows that about 70% of the body's immune system is located in or around the digestive system. This is because the large amount of food and beverages we consume every day are a \"exotic\" substance that needs to be recognized and processed by the immune system. However, our immune system does not respond every time, but develops what is called environmental adaptability, the tolerance to common substances in the environment. Otherwise, whenever you eat oranges or inhale pollen, the immune system will be activated, just like the story of \"The Wolf is Coming\". Our bodies are able to recognize what is a substance similar to itself and what is a substance different from itself. When we consume foods rich in antioxidants, nutrients, and polyphenols (colors), the immune system feels at ease. But if we consume unhealthy foods, such as sugary drinks, trans fats, artificial pigments and fragrances, the immune system will be considered activated in the face of \"non-self\" substances. The basic mechanism of immune response is shown in Figure 9.1. And when the immune system loses balance, we usually experience inflammatory reactions such as swelling, fever and/or pain. In fact, inflammation is considered to be a potential cause of a variety of diseases including obesity, hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer and depression. Across the entire body, our body constantly balances the process of inflammation and healing.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
pathophysiology
|
[
{
"content": "What is cervical softening and dilation during labor?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Cervical softening and dilation during labor refers to the process in which the cervix gradually becomes soft and expands during delivery. Cervical softening refers to the cervix tissue becoming softer and more elastic, while cervical dilation refers to the gradual increase in the diameter of the cervix so that the fetus can pass smoothly. Cervical softening and dilation are important signs during delivery, marking the smooth progress of delivery. During labor, the doctor or midwife will determine the degree of softening and dilation of the cervix through regular vaginal examinations to assess the progress of delivery and determine the next treatment accordingly. The smooth progress of cervical softening and dilation processes is one of the important prerequisites for natural birth.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
symptoms
|
[
{
"content": "Can eosinophilic gastroenteritis be cured completely?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Some eosinophilic gastroenteritis can be completely cured by dietary therapy, but many patients still have poor responses to dietary therapy and drug treatment, and the course of the disease is chronically delayed.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
treatments
|
[
{
"content": "A malnourished child from poor socioeconomic status living in a crowded and dirty area has a nodule around the conjunctiva of the left eye and is accompanied by conjunctiva congestion. He was also observed enlarged lymph nodes in the armpits and neck. What is the most likely diagnosis?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Based on the symptom description you provide, the child may have Phlyctenular conjunctivitis. Pelvic conjunctivitis is a type of conjunctiva inflammation, usually caused by an allergic reaction or bacterial infection. This disease is more common among people living in poor socioeconomic status and living in crowded and dirty areas.\n\nThe child's symptoms include nodules around the conjunctiva of the left eye and conjunctiva congestion, which is consistent with the characteristics of purulent conjunctivitis. In addition, the child was also observed to have enlarged lymph nodes in the armpits and neck, which may be because his immune system responded to inflammation.\n\nPsychoconjunctivitis is usually caused by bacterial infections or allergies and may also be associated with malnutrition and poor sanitation. In order to confirm the diagnosis and treatment, it is recommended that the child seek medical treatment as soon as possible. A professional doctor will conduct a detailed eye examination to confirm the diagnosis and adopt a targeted treatment plan.\n\nIn addition, malnutrition is a concern for this poor child of socioeconomic status.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
diagnosis
|
[
{
"content": "Who is the nerve that supplies the scrotum levator?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The nerve that supplies the scrotal levator muscle is part of the perineal nerve, called the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve. This nerve originates from the first and second lumbar ganglia of the waist and is divided into two branches below the inguinal ligament, one of which supplies the scrotal lift muscle.\n\nThe scrotal lift muscle is a muscle located in the scrotum, which mainly plays a role in lifting or tightening the scrotum. The contraction of the scrotum levator muscle plays an important role in the temperature regulation of the testicles and muscle contraction during ejaculation.\n\nHope my answer is helpful to you!",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
diagnosis
|
[
{
"content": "Can type 2 diabetes be treated surgically?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Weight loss surgery. Weight loss surgery for type 2 diabetes is mainly for patients with obesity. Current medical research shows that weight loss surgery can significantly improve the blood sugar of obesity patients with type 2 diabetes, and can even cure diabetes in some patients, thereby stopping the use of hypoglycemic drugs. Therefore, major authoritative medical institutions around the world have reached a consensus that weight loss surgery is an effective means of treating type 2 diabetes accompanied by obesity. However, weight loss surgery also has certain limitations and has many surgical risks. Therefore, you must be cautious when choosing weight loss surgery and communicate more with the doctor. Islet transplantation, according to current medical research, islet transplantation surgery is not recommended for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
treatments
|
[
{
"content": "How to prevent stone formation through diet?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "There are the following suggestions for dietary methods to prevent stone formation:\n\n1. Frequent meals: Studies have found that frequent meals can maintain normal circulation of bile, thereby reducing the formation of stones. You can choose a diet that is small and multi-meal.\n\n2. Drink more water: Enough water intake can dilute urine and reduce the formation of stones. It is recommended to drink water every day to meet the standard of eight glasses of water.\n\n3. Control weight: Overweight people are more likely to develop stones. It is a good idea to reduce your intake of high-fat foods, while increasing your intake of healthy foods like fruits, vegetables, beans and whole grains, which are the cornerstone of any weight loss program.\n\n4. Reasonable weight loss: Although weight loss can prevent stones, too fast and too much weight loss may have the opposite effect because it will lead to increased cholesterol. Similarly, similar reactions occur in very low-fat diets. Therefore, pay attention to the speed and method of reasonable weight loss.\n\n5. Moderate calorie intake: Controlling calorie intake can help lose weight, but if you consume too little, the activity of the gallbladder will be weakened, which can easily lead to the formation of stones. It is recommended to consume 1000 to 1200 calories per day to balance the need for weight loss and prevent stones.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
pathophysiology
|
[
{
"content": "In what circumstances may be necessary to perform surgical treatment in patients with spinal cord injury without radiological abnormalities?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "For patients with spinal cord injury without radiological abnormalities, surgical treatment may be required including the following aspects. First, conservative treatment may not be very effective in patients whose symptoms last more than one month. In this case, you can try to use a manual operation under neck traction or anesthesia to perform the reset. If the reset is successful, the patient can wear a neck ring for 6 weeks. If this method is unsuccessful, surgical treatment may need to be considered.\n\nIn addition, surgical treatment is also suitable for patients with persistent instability and neurological deficits. The surgical treatment may include bilateral intervertebral joint reduction and fusion, as well as atlantoaxial joint fusion at subdislocation. These surgical methods can help stabilize the spine and improve neurological deficits.\n\nIt should be noted that the above content is a general recommendation based on clinical practice and medical knowledge summary and cannot be fully applicable to all patients. Because the specific situation of each patient may vary, when deciding whether to undergo surgical treatment, a comprehensive evaluation must be conducted in combination with the specific condition and the doctor's judgment to ensure that the treatment plan that is most suitable for the patient is selected.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
symptoms
|
[
{
"content": "What factors will affect the effectiveness of prostate cancer screening and treatment methods for high-risk populations?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Factors that affect the effectiveness of prostate cancer screening in high-risk groups include: age, family history, gene mutations, race, etc. For high-risk people, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test and digital rectal examination are recommended for screening. According to NCCN's recommendation, carriers of BRCA2 gene mutations should undergo PSA tests and digital rectal examinations starting at the age of 40. In addition, the international IMPACT study is comparing the benefits of prostate cancer screening between BRCA gene mutation carriers and non-carriers aged 40 to 69. Preliminary findings show that PSA screening is effective in carriers of BRCA gene mutations, marking a higher likelihood of prostate cancer biopsy and that patients usually require treatment. However, the specific treatment methods will vary by individual situation. If the cancer is limited to the prostate and the patient is a healthy person under the age of 60, prostatectomy or radiotherapy is usually chosen. Prostatectomy and radiotherapy may lead to erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence. When surgery is not feasible or when there is an advanced tumor localization to the prostate, cryo-operation may be chosen to freeze the prostate and kill cancer cells. However, it is not yet certain whether this surgery is comparable to surgery or radiotherapy in long-term effects.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
treatments
|
[
{
"content": "What are the treatments for green bean poisoning?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "You should seek medical treatment in time after discomfort symptoms occur. There is currently no targeted and effective treatment for green bean poisoning. It mainly adopts general detoxification treatment and symptomatic treatment. Gastric lavage should be immediately in the early stage. If you eat for a long time, you can use magnesium sulfate or sodium sulfate to cause diarrhea. In addition, in patients with severe vomiting and diarrhea, fluids can be replenished to maintain electrolytes and acid-base balance; if hemolysis occurs, corticosteroids, blood transfusions, and alkalizing urine can be used; if blood coagulation occurs, low-molecular dextran or heparin can be used to clear the microcirculation.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
diagnosis
|
[
{
"content": "How does hookworms enter the human body and cause disease?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Patients infected with hookworm excrete feces with insect eggs. The insect eggs hatch in the soil to turn into hookworm rod-shaped larval rod-shaped larval larval after several molts. The filamentous larvae hide in the damp soil or climb onto the stems and leaves of plants with rain and dew. When human skin contacts filamentous larvae, or eats vegetables contaminated by filamentous larvae, it will be infected. The filamentous larvae that enters the human body through the skin will enter the lungs as the blood flows. The filamentous larvae in the lungs crawl to the throat after a few days, and enter the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine as the patient swallows, and continues to grow and develop in the small intestine and become adults. After maturity, eggs are laid in the intestines and excreted with feces, polluting the environment. Repeatedly...",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
diagnosis
|
[
{
"content": "What is the correct narrative of analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory drugs?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs all inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandin (PG) in the body, thereby relieving pain, relieving fever, and inhibiting inflammatory response.\n\nAntipyretic drugs mainly reduce prostaglandin-mediated hormones released in the anterior pituitary lobe by inhibiting PG synthesis in the thermoregulatory center, thereby reducing body temperature.\n\nAnalgesic drugs reduce or eliminate pain sensation by inhibiting PG synthesis in surrounding tissues and inhibiting pain conduction pathways in the central nervous system.\n\nAnti-inflammatory drugs reduce inflammatory responses by inhibiting the synthesis of PG at the inflammatory site, including local redness, swelling, pain and heat in the inflammation.\n\nIt should be noted that different drugs have different mechanisms of action and indications. When using them, you should follow the doctor's guidance and use them reasonably according to the correct dosage and time of use. At the same time, different people have different physical conditions and history of drug allergies. Pay attention to individual differences and potential adverse reactions when using drugs.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
drug_information
|
[
{
"content": "What is bronchitis?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Bronchitis is a chronic nonspecific inflammation that mainly occurs in the bronchial, bronchial mucosa and its surrounding tissues. The main symptoms are cough, phlegm, asthma (wheezing), shortness of breath, chest discomfort, etc. Bronchitis includes acute and chronic. Acute bronchitis is mostly caused by viral infections and usually manifests as a cough that lasts for 2 to 3 weeks. Treatment mainly focuses on rest, fever reduction and asthma relief. If there is a bacterial infection, antibacterial drugs can be used. After timely and formal treatment, it can generally be cured. The most important risk factor for chronic bronchitis is smoking, which is clinically manifested as coughing, sputum or wheezing for three months every year and for more than two consecutive years. Treatment includes supporting treatments such as smoking cessation, oxygen consumption, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and anti-asthma, relieving phlegm and relieving cough. Chronic bronchitis is difficult to cure and can affect the patient's maximum exercise volume and quality of life. It can be prevented through various measures such as pulmonary rehabilitation functional training to reduce the number of acute attacks.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
treatments
|
[
{
"content": "How to consume enough berry fruit in the most effective way to get the health benefits it brings?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "To consume enough berry fruits in the most effective way to get the health benefits it brings, here are some tips:\n\n1. Eat fresh and frozen berries: Berries are the highest nutritional to calorie ratio of all fruits, and they protect against cancer, heart disease, hypertension, diabetes and dementia. Incorporate fresh and frozen berries into your diet as often as possible to enjoy these numerous health benefits.\n\n2. Planting berry shrubs: If conditions permit, you can plant some berry shrubs in your home yard. Berry plants can provide you with enough fresh berries, and they can also add a beautiful view to the courtyard.\n\n3. Read new research results: The latest research published in the 2013 Nurse Health Research shows that young women aged between 25 and 42 years of age were followed at the beginning of the study. The study found that eating three or more servings of blueberries or strawberries a week can reduce the risk of heart attack by 34%. Berry flavonoids appear to maintain heart health in a variety of ways, such as reducing oxidative stress, reducing the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (\"bad cholesterol\"), helping to prevent the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. In addition, berry flavonoids can increase the body's antioxidant capacity and in some cases can even improve blood lipid levels, blood pressure and blood sugar levels. Additionally, higher anthocyanin and berry intake was associated with reduced C-reactive protein levels, suggesting that berries may inhibit inflammatory responses. Other studies have also confirmed the anti-inflammatory properties of berries. Berry phytochemicals can also increase the production of nitric oxide in the blood vessels, which helps to properly regulate blood pressure. Berry fruits are also the only food that has been proven in studies to prevent Alzheimer's disease. Even in winter, we can get the anthocyanins we need every day from frozen berries. In summer, berries can be purchased from the farm for a lower price and kept in the refrigerator.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
prevention
|
[
{
"content": "How to effectively prevent mental illness, especially schizophrenia?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Preventing psychosis, especially schizophrenia, is a complex issue. Although we cannot change the risk factors for individuals to develop illness, there are some measures we can take to reduce the likelihood of illness.\n\nFirst of all, it is very important to maintain physical and mental health. A healthy lifestyle includes good eating habits, adequate sleep and moderate exercise. In addition, effective response to stress and emotional management is also the key to preventing mental illness. Learning relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing, meditation, and physical activities, may help relieve stress and anxiety.\n\nSecondly, social support is also very important. Building good relationships with family, friends and community can provide emotional support and relieve stress in life, which is very important in preventing mental illness. If you have troubles or problems, don't hesitate to seek help and support.\n\nIn addition, early intervention is also an important strategy for preventing mental illness. If you or someone around you experience abnormal symptoms or behaviors, it is critical to seek professional medical help and advice early. A professional doctor may provide the right treatment and support to help you fight the development of mental illness.\n\nIt should be noted that these measures do not completely prevent psychosis, especially schizophrenia. The situation is different for everyone, and preventive measures may be effective for some people and may not be effective for others.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
prevention
|
[
{
"content": "What types of schwannomas are divided into?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "According to whether it is inherited, it can be divided into familial schwannoma and non-familial schwannoma. Depending on the location where the occurrence occurs, it can be divided into head and neck schwannomas, limb schwannomas, wrist schwannomas, ankle schwannomas, intra-spinal schwannomas, vestibular schwannomas (auricular neuromas), gastric schwannomas, etc.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
pathophysiology
|
[
{
"content": "Is gastroenteritis contagious?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Depending on the specific factors that cause gastroenteritis, infectious (such as bacterial, viral infection) will be contagious, while non-infectious (such as drugs, alcohol irritation) will not be contagious. The main routes of gastroenteritis are \"fake-oral transmission\" such as rotavirus, \"respiratory droplet transmission\" such as norovirus and adenovirus, and \"contact transmission\" such as norovirus and Escherichia coli.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
drug_information
|
[
{
"content": "The mRNA was extracted from the cell line of interest and amplified specific mRNA, which was then inserted into the plasmid for transfection into the cells for overexpression. What protein is needed in the first step to amplify this mRNA?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "In the process of extracting mRNA from the cell line of interest and amplifying a specific mRNA, the protein required for the first step is reverse transcriptase. Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that can transcribe mRNA information into corresponding DNA sequences, which can synthesize a complementary DNA strand. During this process, reverse transcriptase uses antisense primers as the starting point and combines the template mRNA to synthesize a cDNA strand that pairs with the mRNA. This step is called the reverse transcription reaction (trans transcription reaction), which transcribes mRNA into cDNA, providing a DNA template for subsequent amplification. Therefore, in the first step of amplifying a specific mRNA, a protein such as reverse transcriptase is required.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
pathophysiology
|
[
{
"content": "What should you pay attention to in your life when your feet are cold?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "You can eat more low-fat proteins such as fish, chicken, etc. in your diet; eat more foods rich in B vitamins, such as coarse grains, beans, animal liver, etc. These foods can dilate peripheral blood vessels and relieve cold feet; you can appropriately eat some foods rich in iodine, such as kelp, seaweed, etc. In addition, when cooking food, you can add some spices such as onion, ginger, garlic, chili, curry, etc. that can promote blood circulation. Appropriately add clothes and wear shoes and socks with good warmth performance. You can exercise more appropriately to enhance blood circulation and metabolism. If you sit for a long time, you can cover your legs with a small warm blanket. Soak your feet every night before going to bed, add about 40 degrees of hot water to the deeper foot basin, so that the hot water can overflow your ankles for about 5 to 10 minutes. If you rub your feet while soaking your feet, the effect will be better (dirty foot patients are not recommended to soak their feet in hot water due to abnormal temperature sensation). The cold feet caused by autonomic nerve disorders improves the living and working environment and reduces tension and stimulation. We must avoid long-term stressful and heavy work, pay attention to the combination of work and rest, and reduce the amount of study or work if necessary. Eat a balanced diet, regular work and rest, quit smoking and drinking, develop good living habits, and avoid raw and cold irritating food. If none of the above measures can relieve cold feet, or if the above situations require medical treatment as soon as possible, you need to go to the hospital in time to further clarify the cause of the disease.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
prevention
|
[
{
"content": "When a child with acute asthma and intermittent bronchospasm is taken to the emergency department, oxygen is given to Pao2 >60 mm Hg. Which of the statements about this patient’s further management is the most accurate?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "In this case, the most accurate further management method is the frequent use of high doses of inhaled β2 receptor agonists. Acute asthma is a bronchospasm disease. Oxygen can help improve the oxygenation status of a patient, but it does not solve the problem of bronchospasm. Inhaled β2 receptor agonists can relieve bronchospasm by dilating bronchial smooth muscle, promote airway patency, and relieve symptoms. Therefore, in this case, we need to give patients frequent high-dose inhaled β2 receptor agonist treatment to improve the patient's symptoms and airway patency. This can help control and alleviate intermittent bronchospasm, thereby improving the patient's respiratory status. At the same time, the patient's condition should be closely observed and the treatment plan should be adjusted as needed to ensure the timely and effective management of the patient's asthma symptoms. Please note that this answer is for reference only, and the specific treatment plan must be determined based on the doctor's clinical judgment and actual situation.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
treatments
|
[
{
"content": "Can conical syndrome be cured by itself?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Generally not.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
treatments
|
[
{
"content": "If you have too much leucorrhea, under what circumstances should you go to the hospital?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "When the leucorrhea is increased for a long time and there is no periodic change; when the leucorrhea is increased, it is accompanied by vaginal itching; when the leucorrhea is increased, it is accompanied by changes in color, odor, and traits, such as milky white tofu, fishy smell, purulent or bloody conditions. Especially the appearance of bloody leucorrhea and yellow watery leucorrhea is warning of cancer and we should be vigilant.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
symptoms
|
[
{
"content": "What supplements can help control appetite and reduce calories intake?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "There are some supplements to help with controlling appetite and reducing calories you consume. Some of these common supplements include:\n\n1. Highly effective vitamins and minerals: Supplements of a variety of high-efficiency vitamins and minerals can help maintain the body's normal functioning and reduce cravings for food.\n2. Fruit and vegetable drinks: Drinking a fruit and vegetable drink every day can provide the body with rich nutrition, increase fullness, and reduce food intake.\n3. Fish oil: Intake of moderate amounts of EPA and DHA can help control appetite and reduce cravings for high-calorie foods.\n4. Calcium: A moderate amount of calcium intake can promote fullness and reduce food intake.\n5. Vitamin D: Vitamin D supplementation can help regulate appetite and improve the body's ability to metabolize food.\n6. Magnesium: Supplementing a moderate amount of magnesium can help maintain blood sugar stability and reduce appetite fluctuations.\n7. Boron: A moderate amount of boron intake can help regulate appetite and improve the body's ability to metabolize food.\n8. Soy isoflavones: Intake of a moderate amount of soy isoflavones can help control appetite and reduce cravings for high-calorie foods.\n\nIt should be noted that supplemental items are only one of the ways to assist in controlling appetite and reducing calories, and a reasonable diet structure is equally important as a healthy lifestyle.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
prevention
|
[
{
"content": "Gastric disease is a common cause of clinical diseases, and patients often spend a lot of medical expenses. What are the factors related to stomach problems?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Gastric disease is a common type of clinical disease, and its occurrence is related to various factors. Here are some factors that may cause stomach problems:\n\n1. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Long-term or excessive use of NSAIDs (such as aspirin, ibuprofen, etc.) can stimulate the gastric mucosa and lead to gastritis, ulcers and other diseases.\n\n2. Drinking: Excessive drinking will irritate the gastric mucosa and cause gastritis and gastric ulcers and other diseases.\n\n3. Bile: Bile refluxes into the stomach, causing damage to the gastric mucosa and may lead to chronic gastritis, biliary gastritis and other diseases.\n\n4. Stress: Long-term emotional states such as mental tension and anxiety will affect the normal function of the gastrointestinal tract and easily lead to gastric diseases.\n\nIn addition, irregular diet, eating too quickly, eating too much spicy and greasy foods, as well as bacterial infections (such as Helicobacter pylori infection), autoimmune diseases (such as autoimmune gastritis), etc. are also related to the occurrence of stomach problems.\n\nNote that the above is only one of the common factors related to gastric disease. The specific causes of gastric disease need to be comprehensively evaluated and diagnosed according to individual conditions.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
pathophysiology
|
[
{
"content": "Why are inguinal hernia the most common among extraventral hernia?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "During human development, the inguinal area lacks the protection of a strong muscle layer; as the age continues to grow, the inguinal area's ability to withstand tension continues to decrease; some people have metabolic disorders in the body, which weakens the tissues of the abdominal wall; when people stand, the inguinal area is the lowest part of the abdomen, and the pressure it bears three times higher than when lying flat. In addition, the combined effect of mechanical factors such as increased pressure in the abdominal cavity makes this area most likely to have hernia.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
risk_factors
|
[
{
"content": "What are the symptoms of sickle cell anemia in children?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Children with slow growth and anemia; anemia is accompanied by family history; children with repeated swelling and pain in their hands and feet, and poor anti-rheumatic treatment; lung infections and liver and spleen amplification of unknown causes.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
symptoms
|
[
{
"content": "What is an alternative to treat hyperhidrosis and can effectively reduce sweat secretion?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "An alternative to treating hyperhidrosis is the use of super-dose OTC clinically-strength soft solid antiperspirant, which can achieve a higher reduction in sweat secretion by effectively delivering the active ingredient to the opening of the sweat gland every day. Although the effect of this antiperspirant is more superficial than that of stronger aluminum chloride solutions, several literature reports have shown that this obstruction lasts more than 7 days, thus achieving a higher reduction in sweat secretion. Regarding the association of aluminum use with Alzheimer's disease and breast cancer, the Alzheimer's Disease Association, the American Cancer Society, the Susan G. Koman Cancer Foundation and the National Cancer Institute all have statements on their websites, pointing out that there is currently no study supporting an association between antiperspirant use and risk or incidence of Alzheimer's disease or breast cancer. In summary, proper use of localized treatments for localized primary hyperhidrosis can provide significant benefits and limit skin irritation in patient education, which can be tolerated for some patients. Topical drugs can also be used as a beneficial supplement to other treatments such as Botox A and systemic therapy. Many insurance companies believe that ion electrophoresis or Botox A is considered medically necessary to treat hyperhidrosis only if local aluminum chloride or other high-intensity antiperspirants are ineffective, causing severe irritation or causing other complications.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
treatments
|
[
{
"content": "Do patients with sigmoid cancer need psychological counseling?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Patients with sigmoid cancer need psychological counseling. After the disease occurs, patients with sigmoid colon cancer may cause clinical symptoms such as abdominal pain and bloating due to the disease. While causing pain to the patient, they will also cause great harm to the patient's psychology. The patient develops various adverse emotions such as anxiety, anger, fear, depression, etc., making the patient unwilling to receive treatment or have a resistant mood to the treatment, which seriously affects the smooth implementation of various anti-tumor treatments. Therefore, psychological counseling is needed to enable the patient to establish confidence in overcoming the disease and be able to cooperate with the doctor to successfully complete various anti-tumor treatments. Patients with advanced sigmoid cancer will experience clinical symptoms such as severe pain, inability to eat, and extreme weight loss, which is very likely to develop depression, lose confidence in continuing to survive, and even tend to commit suicide. It is even more necessary to maintain the patient's psychological balance through psychological counseling.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
symptoms
|
[
{
"content": "Are there any other plant ingredients that can help reduce inflammation in addition to common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin or Amaton and Class B Fen?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "In addition to common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin or Amaton and Class B fen, there are other plant ingredients that can help reduce inflammation. For example, curcumin (also known as curcumin) is a plant ingredient with anti-inflammatory effects that can relieve and prevent joint symptoms and also have a certain relief for joint soreness after strenuous exercise. In addition, curcumin also has antioxidant and anti-cancer effects. While studies continue to explore the possible health benefits of other plant ingredients, curcumin has been widely recognized as an effective anti-inflammatory ingredient.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
prevention
|
[
{
"content": "Why do some children show abnormalities in autism and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and the plasma levels of oxytocin are significantly reduced?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Autism and obsessive-compulsive disorder are two common neurodevelopmental disorders, and oxytocin is a hormone that plays an important regulatory role in the body. Studies have found that some children with autism and obsessive-compulsive disorder have significantly reduced oxytocin levels in plasma.\n\nRegarding this issue, the current research has not yet reached a clear conclusion, but some studies have given some possible explanations. Oxytocin has a wide range of functions in the human body, including regulating emotions and emotional behaviors. In rodents, oxytocin has an important influence on social behavior. Some experiments have found that administering oxytocin to mice with abnormal social behavior increases their prosocial behavior. These observations have triggered important thoughts on the role of oxytocin in autism and obsessive-compulsive disorder.\n\nIn clinical studies, plasma oxytocin levels in children with autism were found to be significantly reduced, and plasma oxytocin levels in these children were different from the normal pattern of age. These findings suggest that the oxytocin system may be related to the pathological processes of autism.\n\nRegarding obsessive-compulsive disorder, some clinical studies have found that the concentration of oxytocin in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder has increased significantly. This result is contrary to the case of autistic patients, suggesting that abnormal changes in oxytocin levels may be associated with different neurobiological mechanisms and clinical manifestations in obsessive-compulsive disorder and autism.\n\nIt should be pointed out that the above research results do not draw a clear causal relationship and can only be used as part of the current understanding. Because oxytocin has a complex and diverse role in neuromodulation, more research is needed to explore the specific mechanism of action of oxytocin in autism and obsessive-compulsive disorder.\n\nOverall, current studies on reduced plasma levels of oxytocin in children with autism and obsessive-compulsive disorder are underway, and although the current evidence is limited, the role of oxytocin in regulating social and emotional behaviors may be related to the pathogenesis of these diseases. Future research will further reveal the pathophysiological processes of autism and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and provide a theoretical basis for the development of corresponding treatment methods.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
pathophysiology
|
[
{
"content": "How to prevent excessive muscle contraction in esophageal muscle contraction surgery?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "In esophageal muscle tightening surgery, to prevent excessive muscle contraction, a common practice is to prevent excessive muscle contraction by removing a part of the lower esophageal sphincter. This surgery is called Esophagomyotomy. Esophageal muscle tightening surgery is usually used to treat esophageal dysfunction, such as esophageal detonic and esophageal sphincter hypertightening.\n\nEsophageal muscle contraction may be caused by a variety of reasons, including the formation of scar tissue and excessive muscle contraction. For excessive esophageal muscle contraction, esophageal muscle venting can reduce muscle tension, allowing food to pass through the esophagus more smoothly, and relieve symptoms such as dysphagia.\n\nIn addition to esophageal musculotomy, there are other treatments that can be used to reduce excessive esophageal muscle contraction. For example, endoscopy can be used to observe the esophageal tissue and perform necessary treatments, such as using a balloon dilator to expand a narrow area. In addition, esophageal muscle relaxants and medications are also commonly used methods.\n\nIn general, there are many ways to treat excessive esophageal muscle tightness, and specific choices need to be determined based on individual situations and doctor's advice.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
treatments
|
[
{
"content": "How to prevent the spread and progress of tuberculosis and avoid the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Tuberculosis is a highly contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is very important to prevent the spread and progress of tuberculosis. First, the spread of tuberculosis can be effectively prevented by using respiratory protection devices, especially when patients cough, laugh, sneeze or sing, tuberculosis bacteria will enter other people's respiratory tract through air droplets.\n\nSecondly, it is important to detect tuberculosis infected people early, especially those who have close contact with infected people. It is very important to conduct relevant testing and treatment. Tuberculosis has an incubation period, and many patients only realize their symptoms when the disease progresses to the late stage, so early diagnosis and treatment can prevent the progress and spread of the disease.\n\nDuring the treatment process, the correct use of anti-tuberculosis drugs is also an important measure to prevent the formation of multidrug-resistant strains. Improper or non-compliance with the treatment regimen may lead to mutations in tuberculosis bacteria, resulting in drug-resistant strains. Therefore, patients need to follow the doctor's guidance, complete the entire treatment process within the specified time, and adhere to the method and dosage of the drug.\n\nIn short, preventing the spread and progress of tuberculosis requires a variety of measures, including the use of respiratory protection devices, early detection of infected people and relevant treatments, and the correct use of anti-tuberculosis drugs. The comprehensive application of these measures can effectively prevent the spread of tuberculosis and avoid the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
diagnosis
|
[
{
"content": "What methods can be used to distinguish acute leukemia from other diseases and help determine the correct diagnosis?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "To distinguish acute leukemia from other diseases and to determine the correct diagnosis, the following methods can be used:\n\n1. Medical history and physical examination: The doctor will carefully ask the patient about his symptoms, medical history and family history and conduct a comprehensive physical examination. Patients with acute leukemia often have symptoms such as fatigue, anemia, bleeding prone to infection, and may experience abnormalities such as hepatosplenomegaly during physical examinations.\n\n2. Blood test: Blood test is one of the main methods for diagnosing acute leukemia. Abnormal white blood cell, red blood cell and platelet counts, as well as abnormal cell morphological characteristics can be observed by routine blood tests. Bone marrow apnea and bone marrow biopsy can further confirm the diagnosis and evaluate the type and number of abnormal cells.\n\n3. Immunological examination: Immunological examination can be used to determine surface markers of acute leukemia cells. For example, acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) cells usually express markers such as CD2, CD5, CD7, etc., but do not express mature T cell markers CD3, CD4, and CD8. In addition, the vast majority of ALL cells express terminal deoxynucleotide transferase (TdT).\n\n4. Chromosome analysis: Chromosome analysis can detect chromosomal abnormalities in acute leukemia cells. For example, common chromosomal abnormalities in AML patients include t(8;21), t(15;17) and inv(16). These chromosomal abnormalities are of great significance to guide treatment and evaluate prognosis.\n\n5. Molecular genetic testing: Molecular genetic testing can detect gene mutations in acute leukemia cells. Common mutations include FLT3, NPM1, CEBPA, etc. These mutations are related to the prognosis of AML and can also be used as therapeutic targets.\n\nBased on the above methods, doctors can distinguish acute leukemia from other diseases based on medical history, physical examination, hematological and immunological characteristics, chromosomal analysis, and molecular genetic testing, and determine the correct diagnosis.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
diagnosis
|
[
{
"content": "Can sciatic nerve damage be prevented?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "It is mainly for the prevention of the cause. For common sciatic nerve damage caused by lumbar disc herniation, appropriate exercise will be provided to avoid too soft mattresses, avoid carrying or carrying heavy objects, and avoid bad sitting and standing postures, which will help prevent diseases. The hip bridge can help us strengthen waist and hip strength, prevent sciatic nerve damage, and relieve waist pain.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
prevention
|
[
{
"content": "Do I need a review for hypertrophy of the turbinate? How long does it take to review it?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Re-examination is required. If the drug is treated conservatively, because the drug should be adjusted according to the condition, it is recommended to have a review every 2 weeks. If surgical treatment is used, it is generally recommended to have a follow-up examination 1 week after the operation. The doctor will check the recovery of the surgical wound. A few patients will have postoperative nasal adhesions, which can also be treated together during this re-examination. Some patients have severe rhinitis and will recover slowly after radiofrequency ablation of the turbinate, and the number of re-examinations after surgery may be more, and the re-examination time will be longer.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
treatments
|
[
{
"content": "What are the common symptoms of squeeze syndrome?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "It can be divided into local symptoms and systemic symptoms. Local symptoms: limb pain, swelling, skin indentation, hardening, subcutaneous blood stasis, tight skin, blisters formed around the compressed skin, etc. Fascial space syndrome (a manifestation of ischemic necrosis) occurs in severe cases. Systemic symptoms: Depending on the organs affected by the toxin and the severity of the disease, patients generally may experience symptoms such as fatigue, dizziness, loss of appetite, white complexion, chest tightness and abdominal distension, and constipation. Some patients may have fever, red face, yellow urine, strong brown urine, rapid heart rate, etc. Severe people have palpitations, irritability, and even symptoms of shock such as pale complexion, cold hands and feet, and profuse sweating.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
symptoms
|
[
{
"content": "What is hyperemesis gravida?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Most pregnancy vomiting occurs in the early stages of pregnancy, and is one of the early pregnancy reactions, with an incidence rate of about 50% to 90%. It begins to appear around 6 weeks after pregnancy, and most often disappears on the 12 weeks after pregnancy, and a few run through the entire pregnancy period. Frequent nausea and vomiting occur during pregnancy 5 to 10 weeks, which seriously affects eating. Excluding vomiting caused by other diseases, the pregnant woman loses more than 5% of her weight before pregnancy, and severe dehydration, fatigue, etc. require hospitalization, which is called hyperemesis gravida.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
pathophysiology
|
[
{
"content": "In what situations can patients with osteosarcoma not have amputation?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Patients in the following four conditions may consider taking surgical plans that retain the limbs without amputation: tumors in the limbs and part of the spine, and moderate degree of invasion in soft tissue. The main neurovascular bundle is not violated and the tumor can obtain optimal boundary resection. No metastatic lesions, or metastatic lesions can be cured.病人一般情况良好，无感染征象，能积极配合治疗。",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
treatments
|
[
{
"content": "A 72-year-old man was taken to the emergency room by an ambulance due to a traffic accident. He arrived in shock and coma. The examination showed a heart rate of 60/min and a blood pressure of 70/40 mmHg. The patient eventually died despite resuscitation measures. Autopsy showed multiple internal bleeding and ischemic injuries that affected the lung, kidney, and brain. The patient's heart showed obvious abnormalities similar to the picture. Although acute blood volume deficiency may be the cause of ischemia changes in the lungs, kidneys, and brain, which of the following best explains the obvious abnormality in his heart? Atrial valve stenosis; calcified aortic valve stenosis in the elderly; accumulation of myocardial amyloid; genetic mutations.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "According to the description, the 72-year-old man was taken to the emergency room after being injured in a traffic accident and was in shock and in a coma upon arrival. The examination showed that his heart rate was 60 beats per minute and his blood pressure was 70/40 mmHg. After resuscitation measures, the patient eventually died. The autopsy results showed multiple internal bleeding and ischemic injury affecting the lung, kidney and brain. In addition, the patient's heart showed obvious abnormalities. According to the options provided, the one that best explains the obvious abnormality of his heart is the senile calcified aortic stenosis.\n\nCalcified aortic valve stenosis in the elderly refers to calcification and stenosis in the leaflets or annulus of the aortic valve. As we age, the aortic valve is gradually affected by calcification, resulting in abnormal functions. This stenosis limits the amount of blood flowing through the aortic valve, causing increased heart load and decreased myocardial contraction force, resulting in cardiac insufficiency.\n\nBased on the patient's clinical presentation and autopsy results, shock and coma and multiple internal bleeding may be caused by acute blood volume deficiency, but obvious abnormalities in the heart are likely due to calcified aortic stenosis in the elderly.\n\nThe above is an inference based on the situation provided by the description, and the specific diagnosis requires further examination and doctor evaluation.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
diagnosis
|
[
{
"content": "What is stomach erosion?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Gastric erosion refers to the lesions that occur after the mucosal cells of the gastric surface layer are damaged. They can occur in the stomach body, the stomach antrum or the whole stomach. Generally, erosion is relatively limited, and the depth does not exceed the mucosal muscle layer, which is mostly chronic lesions. Acute gastric mucosa erosion is relatively rare and often occurs under severe stress or directly stimulated by physical and chemical factors such as alcohol and drugs. Some gastric erosion can develop into gastric ulcers, causing bleeding, and need to be paid attention to in the early stage.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
pathophysiology
|
[
{
"content": "What is the most common cause of obstetric bleeding?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "One of the most common causes of obstetric bleeding is uterine relaxation. Uterine relaxation refers to the loss of normal contraction ability of the uterus after childbirth, resulting in postpartum uterine bleeding. There are many reasons for uterine relaxation, common ones include: excessive expansion of uterine muscles, long labor, multiple pregnancy, rapid, violent delivery, and forceps delivery. In addition, there are other reasons that may also cause obstetric hemorrhage, such as uterine rupture, abnormal placental implantation, endometriosis, etc. If obstetric bleeding occurs, seek medical treatment in time and receive professional treatment.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
pathophysiology
|
[
{
"content": "Can men also suffer from breast dysplasia?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Men also have a small amount of breast tissue, which can also develop breast dysplasia, which is more common for men to have breast hypertrophy. It is mainly manifested as male breast enlargement and feminine appearance, unilateral or bilateral onset, and a few are accompanied by mild pain and nipple discharge, which can be used to pave gland tissue with clear boundaries, good movement and hard texture under the nipple areola.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
symptoms
|
[
{
"content": "Are acute upper respiratory tract infections common?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Very common. Upper sense is one of the most common infectious diseases in humans. Adults are infected about 2 to 3 times a year on average, and children are infected 4 to 8 times a year on average. They often occur in seasons, winter and spring, and may also prevail when the climate changes suddenly.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
pathophysiology
|
[
{
"content": "What is the diagnosis based on a given HIDA-scan result?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Based on the given HIDA-scan results, acute cholecystitis was diagnosed. HIDA-scan is a nuclide imaging technology that observes the functional status of the gallbladder by injecting radioactive drugs. In the case of acute cholecystitis, HIDA-scan results show delayed gallbladder emptying, decreased gallbladder contraction function, or extended time to discharge the biliary system. These results suggest that the gallbladder may be affected by inflammation, leading to abnormal gallbladder function. If your HIDA-scan results show the above, it is recommended that you consult a doctor for further examination and treatment as soon as possible.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
diagnosis
|
[
{
"content": "What is the coupling factor for the coupling of excitation and contraction of skeletal muscles?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The coupling factor of the coupling of excitation and contraction of skeletal muscle is Ca2+ (calcium ion). During the contraction of skeletal muscles, the nervous system releases acetylcholine through nerve impulses, stimulating the binding of muscle nail-choline receptors on the muscle fiber membrane, resulting in the release of calcium ions in the cells. The release of calcium ions will activate troponin C, which in turn will promote myosin to bind to troponin, causing myosin to slide under the action of ATP, thereby achieving muscle contraction. Therefore, Ca2+ is a key coupling factor in the coupling process of excitation and contraction of skeletal muscles.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
pathophysiology
|
[
{
"content": "How often does it take to review after Aspergillus infection?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "After infection, Aspergillus is usually done before undergoing a re-examination. It usually takes 1 to 2 months, and even half a year is needed for serious conditions. The review mainly checks whether Aspergillus pathogens and Aspergillus toxins are still present in the body. If Aspergillus pathogens still exist, treatment should be carried out for a period of time to consolidate the efficacy and avoid recurrence.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
treatments
|
[
{
"content": "The term for indicating the rate of occurrence of gingival caries per year is: (or) the number of new caries cases in patients within one year is called: caries mortality; caries experience; caries incidence; caries prevalence",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The term for the rate of occurrence of gingival caries per year is called the Incidence of caries. It indicates the number of new cases of caries among patients within one year. Caryo mortality rate refers to the rate of tooth loss caused by caries. Caries experience refers to the number of caries a person experiences in his lifetime. The prevalence of caries refers to the proportion of caries in a certain time point or in a specific population.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
epidemiology
|
[
{
"content": "What is the best way to treat renal artery stenosis?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The best way to treat renal artery stenosis is percutaneous puncture percutaneous renal angioplasty. Renal artery stenosis should be considered as a possible cause when the patient develops symptoms of side abdominal pain, hematuria or fever, or has nephrotic syndrome. Renal angiography is the best tool for diagnosing renal artery stenosis. The goal of treatment is to control blood pressure and restore renal perfusion. Especially for elderly patients with high surgical risks, percutaneous percutaneous renal angioplasty is the first choice for treatment. Renal vascular reconstruction surgery may be considered when blood flow is reduced enough to cause renal ischemia or there is evidence of renal vascular hypertension and surgical intervention can restore the patient to normal blood pressure. Surgery usually involves anastomosis between the kidney and other major arteries, usually the splenic artery or aorta. In the case where individual unilateral renal involvement and hyperangiotensin production occurs, unilateral nephrectomy may be considered. Overall, the treatment effect is relatively good, but the specific treatment plan needs to be selected according to the patient's specific situation.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
pathophysiology
|
[
{
"content": "Why can small doses of allergens allergens alleviate reactions?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The reason why small doses of allergens can reduce reactions is that continuous exposure to allergens can cover up some of the symptoms. This is also why allergic injection therapy is effective. Allergic reactions may be present all the time, but continuous exposure to allergens may mask some symptoms. This is also why allergic injection therapy is effective. Allergic symptoms will only appear when food is removed and reintroduced. Continuous exposure of small doses of allergens can gradually develop tolerance, thereby allergic reactions.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
symptoms
|
[
{
"content": "Under what circumstances can it be easily caused by clinically positive HPV infection?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Under what circumstances does clinically positive HPV infection easily occur? HPV infection often presents clinical manifestations when the immune response is impaired, including pregnancy and physical and emotional stress. Studies have found that HPV-infected nuclei may become larger, but the changes are usually prototype, containing evenly distributed light-colored, thin chromatin particles. The nucleolus in these cells either does not exist or is not obvious. The nuclear membrane may be loose and wavy, or degenerate, wrinkled, resulting in a raisin-like appearance often observed in HPV infection.\n\nHPV infection is associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and the terminology used in describing gynecological cytology reports is also used to describe HPV-related lesions in cytologic and histological specimens. Using PCR technology, HPV genomes have been detected in many tumors, including endometrium, ovarian adenocarcinoma, and vulva, vagina, cervical and anal cancers. Understanding the interrelationship between immune, cellular and mutational events, as well as the role of other genital infections such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections is important to understand the biological mechanisms of this common genital infection.\n\nTherefore, when the immune response is impaired, such as pregnancy and physical and emotional stress, it is easy to lead to clinically positive HPV infection.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
pathophysiology
|
[
{
"content": "Will neuromyelitis optic become cancerous?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Currently, it is believed that neuromyelitis optics will not become cancerous.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
pathophysiology
|
[
{
"content": "How to deal with scorpion sting injuries?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Immediately use a cloth strip to tighten the limb close to the heart of the limb where the wound is located, such as stung the palm and tuck the wrist, which will reduce the spread of toxins. The tightness should be made to be able to fit into two fingers. It should be loosened for 10 to 15 minutes per hour. Be careful not to be too tight for too long, otherwise it may lead to limb ischemia and necrosis. Then use a tool (such as cupping) to suck out the venom. Wet compressing the wound with 5% baking soda solution can neutralize the venom and relieve pain. If the pain is unbearable, you need to seek medical attention immediately. If you have obvious symptoms such as muscle twitching, abnormal eye movement, blurred speech, salivation, foaming mouth, vomiting, etc., you can use anti-scorpion venom drugs (these need to be operated in the emergency room). Difficulty in breathing may require tracheal intubation or even tracheotomy to help breathe, and use pressure-raising drugs and other rescue methods for lowering blood pressure.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
symptoms
|
[
{
"content": "What factors may cause sleep disorders in patients with Parkinson's disease?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Sleep disorders in patients with Parkinson's disease are a common problem. Sleep disorders are common in Parkinson's disease patients, with more than 74% of patients experiencing sleep disorders. This may be due to the deterioration of sleep-regulating centers and thalamic cortex pathways in the brain. Sleep disorders are multifactorial and require careful nursing assessment.\n\nThere are many factors that cause sleep disorders in patients with Parkinson's disease. Here are some common factors:\n\n1. Delay in onset of sleep: People with Parkinson's disease tend to feel tired early and ready to go to bed, but it may take longer to fall asleep.\n\n2. Sleep fragmentation: The patient may wake up after 2 to 3 hours of sleep and it will be difficult to fall asleep again. This may be associated with difficulty turning over and nocturnal urine, and long-acting dopamine agonists or levodopa may help.\n\n3. Depression and anxiety: Depression and anxiety can also lead to sleep disorders. Cognitive ability and sleep quality can sometimes be improved by the treatment of administering cholinesterase inhibitors.\n\n4. REM behavior disorder: REM behavior disorder is one of the common symptoms of Parkinson's disease, and patients may experience violent movements or behaviors during sleep. This can lead to sleep interruption and a semi-awake state.\n\n5. Active Dreams and Nightmare: People with Parkinson's disease may experience vivid dreams and nightmares, which can lead to sleep interruption and wake-up.\n\n6. Hallucinations and confusion: People with Parkinson's disease may experience hallucinations and confusion during sleep, which can also lead to a decrease in sleep quality.\n\n7. Uneasy and Pain: Uneasy and pain are common symptoms for Parkinson’s patients and can interfere with their sleep.\n\n8. Excessive daytime sleepiness: People with Parkinson's disease may have excessive daytime sleepiness, which can lead to a decrease in sleep quality at night.\n\nIt should be noted that helping Parkinson’s patients with sleep disorders is very important because good sleep is crucial for their health and quality of life.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
symptoms
|
[
{
"content": "What is insulin resistance? What is the effect of insulin resistance on glucose metabolism?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Insulin resistance refers to the decrease in glucose metabolism under a given concentration of insulin stimulation. Insulin has a wide range of functions in the body, and it mainly maintains the stability of blood sugar levels by promoting the intake, utilization and storage of glucose.\n\nInsulin resistance has an important effect on glucose metabolism. Insulin resistance causes the effect of insulin in tissues to weaken, causing tissues to respond to insulin poorly. This means the body needs higher insulin levels to convert glucose into energy normally. Therefore, when the body experiences insulin resistance, glucose cannot enter tissue cells smoothly, leading to increased blood sugar, which in turn causes many related metabolic problems.\n\nInsulin resistance can also affect the production and utilization of glucose. In muscle tissue, insulin resistance leads to weakening of skeletal muscle's ability to absorb and oxidize glucose, thereby reducing glucose utilization. In the liver, insulin resistance inhibits glucose production, resulting in a decrease in glucose output in the liver.\n\nIn addition, insulin also regulates fat and protein metabolism. Insulin resistance leads to increased lipolysis and free fatty acid release in adipose tissue, reduced fat oxidation in muscle tissue, and increased ketone production in hepatocytes. Insulin also regulates protein metabolism by promoting systemic protein synthesis and inhibiting protein decomposition.\n\nTo sum up, insulin resistance can have a variety of effects on glucose metabolism, including weakening tissue response to insulin, reducing glucose utilization and production, and changing fat and protein metabolism.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
symptoms
|
[
{
"content": "What are the options for treating endometriosis for patients with moderate to severe symptoms?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "There are several options for treatment of endometriosis in patients with moderate to severe symptoms. One common treatment is to use Gn-RH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) agonists, such as Luprolin acetoacetate, once a month through intramuscular injection. This drug blocks the release of hormones and relieves symptoms. However, it is necessary to note that the treatment time should not exceed 6 months to avoid a decrease in bone density.\n\nIf other treatments are ineffective, surgical treatment may be considered. Laparoscopic surgery is usually recommended, including laser evaporation and adhesion removal to remove ectopic lesions and adhesions. For women who do not wish to retain fertility, hysterectomy and bilateral adnexcision are the only radical treatments, but this should only be a last resort.\n\nDrug therapy is a common approach to mild endometriosis. For mild conditions, combined oral contraceptives are often used as the first choice treatment. Combined oral contraceptives can simulate pregnancy status and help relieve the condition. If the patient still has pain during the period of discontinuation of the medication, you can consider taking active pills continuously or using contraceptive rings.\n\nFor moderate to severe symptoms of endometriosis, Gn-RH agonists such as luprolin acetoacetate can be used once a month by intramuscular injection. However, it is necessary to note that the treatment time should not exceed 6 months to avoid a decrease in bone density and the use of drugs is more expensive.\n\nIn summary, for moderate to severe endometriosis, treatment options include drug treatment and surgical treatment.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
treatments
|
[
{
"content": "Why is it important to use probiotics in chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "There are many reasons why probiotics are important in chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). First, chronic inflammatory bowel disease can cause inflammatory damage to the intestinal wall, which can extend to the thickness of the entire intestinal tissue, not just surface damage. In Crohn's disease, inflammation and scar tissue formation can lead to partial stenosis of the intestine and even blockage.\n\nSecond, the use of probiotics helps regulate the digestive system. Probiotics have many regulatory effects in the digestive system and can help restore the balance of the intestinal flora. In patients with inflammatory bowel disease, the balance of the intestinal flora may be destroyed, and the use of probiotics can help restore normal flora composition and improve intestinal inflammation.\n\nAdditionally, if you think your symptoms are caused by an infection, it is especially important to use probiotics. Studies have shown that probiotics can help prevent and treat digestive system problems related to infection. Therefore, the use of probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease can relieve symptoms and promote recovery.\n\nIn short, the use of probiotics is important in the treatment of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). They can help regulate the digestive system, restore intestinal flora balance, and may prevent infection-related problems.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
pathophysiology
|
[
{
"content": "How to alleviate or eliminate milk blockage?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "First of all, patients should learn to breastfeed correctly, including correct breastfeeding posture and feeding habits. Feed frequently to let the baby suck more. When sucking, let the baby suck in the direction of the accumulated area. By using manual milking, hold the affected breasts on the left hand, then use the four fingers except the thumb with the right hand, and use the four fingers except the thumb to gently rub them, and massage them from the root of the breast to the areola in the radiation direction of the breast duct, and then use the index finger and middle finger of the right hand to clamp the affected areola and nipple on the affected side, and continuously lift them outwards. Use a breast pump to suck out the milk remaining in the breast. It should be noted that if none of the above measures can alleviate the blockage of milk, or the blockage of milk is further aggravated, or the above-mentioned situations require going to the hospital as soon as possible, you should seek medical treatment in a timely manner, further clarify the cause, and treat the cause.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
pathophysiology
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[
{
"content": "What are the enzymes that remove signals during protein delivery?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The enzyme that plays a signal removal during protein delivery is called signal peptidase. It is able to remove terminal signal sequences on the protein after the protein sorting process is completed. A signal sequence is a short continuous sequence composed of amino acids that determine the final position of the protein in the cell. The function of signal peptidase is to remove the signal sequence after it has completed the sorting process.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
symptoms
|
[
{
"content": "What is infectious endocarditis? How many people suffer from this disease?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Infectious endocarditis is a heart disease, which refers to the inflammatory response caused by bacterial or fungal infection in the endocardial membrane. This disease may cause heart valve damage, myocarditis, and heart malformation. Infectious endocarditis is divided into two forms. One is acutely attacked infectious endocarditis, which develops rapidly and may threaten life within a few days; the other is subacutely attacked infectious endocarditis, which develops slowly and may gradually appear within weeks to months.\n\nInfectious endocarditis is more common, with males twice as many as females, and elderly males eight times more likely to be infected. As the population ages, the incidence rate of the elderly is gradually increasing, and more than one-quarter of the cases occur in people over the age of 60.\n\nInfectious endocarditis enters the blood circulation mainly through bacteria or fungi, and settles on the heart valve and infects the endocardial membrane. Abnormalities, damage or prosthetic valves of heart valves are more likely to be infected. The bacteria that cause subacute bacterial endocarditis almost always infect abnormalities, damage or prosthetic valves, but if there are a large number of bacteria, it may also infect normal valves. For children and young people, the risk factor for illness is mainly congenital heart disease, especially a defect that allows blood to leak from part of the heart to another.\n\nTreatment of infectious endocarditis often uses high doses of intravenous antibiotics and sometimes requires surgical repair of damaged heart valves. If the patient has risk factors such as heart valve damage or prosthetic valve implantation, close attention and preventive antibiotic treatment is required to reduce the risk of infection.\n\nPlease note that the information provided in this answer is not a substitute for the doctor's diagnosis and advice. If you or someone you know suspects that you have infectious endocarditis, please consult a professional doctor in time.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
pathophysiology
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[
{
"content": "Will trichomonas vaginitis occur in pregnant women and have adverse effects on the fetus?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "meeting. Suffering trichomonas vaginitis during pregnancy may lead to premature rupture of the fetal membrane, premature delivery and delivery of low-birth weight babies (weight at birth <2500g); newborns may be infected during delivery, with fever, respiratory problems, urinary tract infections and runny noses, etc. Baby girls may also have abnormal vaginal secretions.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
drug_information
|
[
{
"content": "How long does it take to take medicine to adapt to disorders?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "For patients with adaptive disorders, their disease mainly comes from the continuous impact of stressors on their emotional and behavioral responses, and psychological treatment should be paid more attention to. For drug treatment, medication should be taken according to medical advice according to medical treatment.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
treatments
|
[
{
"content": "Under what circumstances should this drug not be used?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "There are some things that need to be paid attention to when this drug should not be used. First, the drug should not be used in the following situations:\n\n1. Patients who are allergic to this drug component or insulin may still occur although allergic reactions are rare.\n\nBefore starting this medication, consult your doctor, especially if:\n1. The patient has kidney, liver or heart problems;\n2. The patient has epilepsy disease;\n3. The patient is allergic to any medication, food or other substances.\n\nAdditionally, the drug is not usually prescribed to women of childbearing age and is not suitable for lactating women. This medication is not recommended for infants and children under the age of 18.\n\nIn addition, if the patient needs to use the drug for a long time, he/she should visit the doctor regularly to determine whether the drug continues to be effective.\n\nThere are no special skin and sun problems to worry about during use of this medication. However, when you feel dizzy, drowsy or confused, you should avoid driving, flying an aircraft or engaging in dangerous jobs.\n\nFinally, there will be no problems when the medication is stopped. In case of any medical emergency, call 911 or call the poison control center at 1-800-222-1222 for guidance. If there is an overdose of the drug, please refer to the emergency information on the drug packaging.\n\nIt should be noted that this answer is based on general medical knowledge, and the specific situation needs to be decided based on the doctor's advice.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
drug_information
|
[
{
"content": "Can you be diagnosed as a transvestite disorder as long as these symptoms occur?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "No. The following two criteria are also required to meet the transvestment barrier: time. The temptation of a transvestite lasts at least 6 months or more, rather than a temporary interest. The sexual arousal caused by transvestment causes psychological pain to the individual, or seriously affects and damages social, work or other areas of life. Furthermore, there are the following possible symptoms of the transvestment disorder: If an individual is obsessed with related items, such as underwear, silk, etc., it is considered a \"fetish\". Patients with transvestment disorders with fetish symptoms are relatively identifiable with their physiological gender and are not prone to \"gender irritability\". If an individual fantasizes about being a woman when he is wearing a cross-dressing situation, it is considered to be a \"gender fantasy\". Cross-dressers with gender fantasy are more likely to develop gender irritability. In addition, if an individual has transvestment but is in a loose, unjusticable environment for at least 5 years without pain or functional impairment, although it does not meet the second standard above, transvestism can also be diagnosed.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
pathophysiology
|
[
{
"content": "How to effectively manage and counsel patients with HIV infection?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Effective medical management and counseling are crucial for patients with HIV infection. First, for medical management, antiretroviral drug combination therapy (cART) is the cornerstone of the management of HIV-infected patients. It is very important to regulate antiretroviral drugs and follow-up medications, and patients need to undergo treatment strictly according to the doctor's advice.\n\nSecondly, in terms of counseling, patients need guidance and advice on sexual behavior and medication sharing. In addition, counseling should be provided to patients about people known or suspected of infection. Engage open conversations and communication with patients to help them understand and understand the risks of HIV infection and how to prevent transmission.\n\nWhen these basic tasks are completed, short-term and long-term medical management strategies need to be formulated based on the latest information and adjusted based on the new information. It should be noted that the field of HIV medicine is developing rapidly, and it is not easy to keep the latest information. Fortunately, there are some excellent websites on the internet that are regularly updated and provide the latest information on a variety of topics, including consensus reports on treatments.\n\nIt should be noted that many important questions about HIV treatment still lack clear answers, such as how to start treatment, etc. Therefore, doctors and patients need to work closely together to develop personalized treatment plans based on the patient's specific circumstances.\n\nTo sum up, for patients with HIV infection, effective medical management and counseling include prescribed medication and medication compliance, guidance on sharing sexual behavior and injectable drugs, and personalized treatment strategies.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
treatments
|
[
{
"content": "What does respiratory dust formed during production mean?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Respiratory dust formed during the production process refers to fine particulate matter with a diameter of less than 5 μm. Because of the small particles, these dusts can be suspended in the air and sucked into the respiratory tract by the human body. Common respiratory dusts include metal dust, wood dust, cement dust, etc. in industrial production. These dusts can not only pose a potential threat to workers' health, but may also lead to the occurrence of respiratory diseases.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
pathophysiology
|
[
{
"content": "What is intermittent exostril?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Some people who sometimes look normal on the outside may sometimes experience exterior strabismus, called intermittent exterior strabismus. This type of person usually has good binocular imaging and fusion ability, and in most cases it can maintain normal eye position. However, it occurs when you are in the sun or when you are tired with your eyes and have poor concentration. For example, a child squints one eye in the sun. This type of strabismus occurs very little initially, and the strabismus angle is small and is not easy to detect. As time goes by, its slant video rate will become higher and higher, and the angle will gradually increase, eventually developing into a constant exotropia.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
diagnosis
|
[
{
"content": "Why do pregnancy pleomorphic rashes occur during pregnancy?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Not yet clear and may be associated with excessive abdominal skin stretching. There is no clear argument for the specific reasons why pleomorphic rashes in pregnancy occur. However, some studies believe that this may be related to excessive abdominal skin stretching during pregnancy and has some overlap with the pathogenesis of stretch marks. Therefore, polymorphic rashes during pregnancy are more likely to occur in pregnant mothers with first pregnancy (about 3/4 of the polymorphic rashes occur in primary mothers) or multiple pregnancy.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
pathophysiology
|
[
{
"content": "In what ways can we reset our biological clock?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "There are some ways we can reset our biological clock. First of all, it is very important to maintain a regular schedule, try to go to bed and get up at a fixed time every day. In addition, avoid using electronic devices before bed and being exposed to strong light, because strong light will inhibit the secretion of melatonin, an important substance that regulates the biological clock. Keeping a quiet, dark environment at night can also help you fall asleep. Additionally, establishing a relaxing bedtime habit, such as drinking a glass of warm milk, listening to soft music, or performing relaxing breathing exercises, can help relax and promote falling asleep.\n\nIn addition, melatonin is a natural hormone that regulates the biological clock. Melatonin supplements may be considered. Melatonin supplements are usually taken before going to bed at night, which can help adjust the biological clock and improve sleep quality.\n\nFinally, a reasonable diet and exercise also helps regulate the biological clock. Regular exercise can promote blood circulation and metabolism in the body, helping to adjust the biological clock. In addition, avoiding excessive caffeine and irritating foods before bed can help improve sleep quality.\n\nIn short, by maintaining regular schedules, creating a good sleep environment, considering melatonin supplements, and a reasonable diet and exercise, we can reset our biological clock.",
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
prevention
|
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