question stringlengths 22 99 | sql stringlengths 34 502 | schema_context stringclasses 5
values | domain stringclasses 5
values | difficulty stringclasses 3
values | query_type stringclasses 6
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Get all suppliers from the United States. | SELECT * FROM suppliers WHERE country = 'United States'; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | select |
List all customers from Germany. | SELECT * FROM customers WHERE country = 'Germany'; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | select |
List all product categories. | SELECT DISTINCT category FROM products; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | select |
How many customers are from India? | SELECT COUNT(*) AS customer_count FROM customers WHERE country = 'India'; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
What is the average price of 'Home' products? | SELECT AVG(price) AS avg_price FROM products WHERE category = 'Home'; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
Find all orders with status 'pending'. | SELECT * FROM orders WHERE status = 'pending'; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | select |
Find all cancelled orders. | SELECT * FROM orders WHERE status = 'cancelled'; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | select |
What is the total revenue from 'pending' orders? | SELECT SUM(total_amount) AS revenue FROM orders WHERE status = 'pending'; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
How many customers are there in total? | SELECT COUNT(*) AS total_customers FROM customers; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
What is the average price of 'Beauty' products? | SELECT AVG(price) AS avg_price FROM products WHERE category = 'Beauty'; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
How many products are in the 'Clothing' category? | SELECT COUNT(*) FROM products WHERE category = 'Clothing'; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
How many customers are from Germany? | SELECT COUNT(*) AS customer_count FROM customers WHERE country = 'Germany'; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
What is the average price of 'Books' products? | SELECT AVG(price) AS avg_price FROM products WHERE category = 'Books'; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
Show all orders placed in 2024. | SELECT * FROM orders WHERE order_date >= '2024-01-01' AND order_date < '2025-01-01'; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | select |
What is the total revenue in 2024? | SELECT SUM(total_amount) AS revenue FROM orders WHERE EXTRACT(YEAR FROM order_date) = 2024; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
What is the total revenue from 'shipped' orders? | SELECT SUM(total_amount) AS revenue FROM orders WHERE status = 'shipped'; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
Get the top 10 most expensive products. | SELECT * FROM products ORDER BY price DESC LIMIT 10; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | select |
How many customers are from Italy? | SELECT COUNT(*) AS customer_count FROM customers WHERE country = 'Italy'; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
How many orders were placed in 2023? | SELECT COUNT(*) AS order_count FROM orders WHERE EXTRACT(YEAR FROM order_date) = 2023; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
How many orders were placed in 2024? | SELECT COUNT(*) AS order_count FROM orders WHERE EXTRACT(YEAR FROM order_date) = 2024; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
Show the names and emails of all customers. | SELECT name, email FROM customers; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | select |
How many products are in the 'Home' category? | SELECT COUNT(*) FROM products WHERE category = 'Home'; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
Find customers who spent more than 1000 in total. | SELECT * FROM customers WHERE total_spent > 1000; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | select |
Insert a new customer record. | INSERT INTO customers (name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
VALUES ('Alice Johnson', 'alice@example.com', 'London', 'United Kingdom', CURRENT_DATE, 0); | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | select |
What is the total revenue from 'processing' orders? | SELECT SUM(total_amount) AS revenue FROM orders WHERE status = 'processing'; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
How many customers are from United Kingdom? | SELECT COUNT(*) AS customer_count FROM customers WHERE country = 'United Kingdom'; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
List the 10 most recent orders with customer name and status. | SELECT o.order_id, c.name, o.order_date, o.status, o.total_amount
FROM orders o JOIN customers c ON o.customer_id = c.customer_id
ORDER BY o.order_date DESC LIMIT 10; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | join |
How many orders are in 'shipped' status? | SELECT COUNT(*) AS shipped_count FROM orders WHERE status = 'shipped'; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
How many customers are from Japan? | SELECT COUNT(*) AS customer_count FROM customers WHERE country = 'Japan'; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
How many customers are from Brazil? | SELECT COUNT(*) AS customer_count FROM customers WHERE country = 'Brazil'; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
How many products are in the 'Sports' category? | SELECT COUNT(*) FROM products WHERE category = 'Sports'; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
What is the average price of 'Clothing' products? | SELECT AVG(price) AS avg_price FROM products WHERE category = 'Clothing'; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
List products with stock quantity below 20. | SELECT name, stock_quantity FROM products WHERE stock_quantity < 20; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | select |
How many customers are from Canada? | SELECT COUNT(*) AS customer_count FROM customers WHERE country = 'Canada'; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
How many products are in the 'Beauty' category? | SELECT COUNT(*) FROM products WHERE category = 'Beauty'; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
What is the total revenue in 2023? | SELECT SUM(total_amount) AS revenue FROM orders WHERE EXTRACT(YEAR FROM order_date) = 2023; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
What is the most expensive product price? | SELECT MAX(price) AS max_price FROM products; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
How many products are in the 'Electronics' category? | SELECT COUNT(*) FROM products WHERE category = 'Electronics'; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
What is the total revenue in 2022? | SELECT SUM(total_amount) AS revenue FROM orders WHERE EXTRACT(YEAR FROM order_date) = 2022; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
How many customers are from Australia? | SELECT COUNT(*) AS customer_count FROM customers WHERE country = 'Australia'; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
What is the total revenue from 'delivered' orders? | SELECT SUM(total_amount) AS revenue FROM orders WHERE status = 'delivered'; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
What is the average price of 'Sports' products? | SELECT AVG(price) AS avg_price FROM products WHERE category = 'Sports'; | customers(customer_id, name, email, city, country, created_at, total_spent)
orders(order_id, customer_id, order_date, status, total_amount, shipping_city)
order_items(item_id, order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)
products(product_id, name, category, price, stock_quantity, supplier_id)
suppliers(supplie... | ecommerce | easy | aggregate |
List all patients with 'public' insurance. | SELECT * FROM patients WHERE insurance_type = 'public'; | patients(patient_id, name, date_of_birth, gender, city, insurance_type)
doctors(doctor_id, name, specialty, hospital_id, years_experience)
appointments(appointment_id, patient_id, doctor_id, appointment_date, status, diagnosis)
hospitals(hospital_id, name, city, beds, rating)
prescriptions(prescription_id, ap... | healthcare | easy | select |
What is the average prescription duration in days? | SELECT AVG(duration_days) AS avg_duration FROM prescriptions; | patients(patient_id, name, date_of_birth, gender, city, insurance_type)
doctors(doctor_id, name, specialty, hospital_id, years_experience)
appointments(appointment_id, patient_id, doctor_id, appointment_date, status, diagnosis)
hospitals(hospital_id, name, city, beds, rating)
prescriptions(prescription_id, ap... | healthcare | easy | aggregate |
Which city has the most patients? | SELECT city, COUNT(*) AS patient_count FROM patients GROUP BY city ORDER BY patient_count DESC LIMIT 1; | patients(patient_id, name, date_of_birth, gender, city, insurance_type)
doctors(doctor_id, name, specialty, hospital_id, years_experience)
appointments(appointment_id, patient_id, doctor_id, appointment_date, status, diagnosis)
hospitals(hospital_id, name, city, beds, rating)
prescriptions(prescription_id, ap... | healthcare | easy | aggregate |
What is the average years of experience for Pediatrics doctors? | SELECT AVG(years_experience) FROM doctors WHERE specialty = 'Pediatrics'; | patients(patient_id, name, date_of_birth, gender, city, insurance_type)
doctors(doctor_id, name, specialty, hospital_id, years_experience)
appointments(appointment_id, patient_id, doctor_id, appointment_date, status, diagnosis)
hospitals(hospital_id, name, city, beds, rating)
prescriptions(prescription_id, ap... | healthcare | easy | aggregate |
Find the most prescribed medication. | SELECT medication, COUNT(*) AS prescription_count
FROM prescriptions GROUP BY medication ORDER BY prescription_count DESC LIMIT 1; | patients(patient_id, name, date_of_birth, gender, city, insurance_type)
doctors(doctor_id, name, specialty, hospital_id, years_experience)
appointments(appointment_id, patient_id, doctor_id, appointment_date, status, diagnosis)
hospitals(hospital_id, name, city, beds, rating)
prescriptions(prescription_id, ap... | healthcare | easy | aggregate |
Find all patients whose name contains 'John'. | SELECT * FROM patients WHERE name ILIKE '%john%'; | patients(patient_id, name, date_of_birth, gender, city, insurance_type)
doctors(doctor_id, name, specialty, hospital_id, years_experience)
appointments(appointment_id, patient_id, doctor_id, appointment_date, status, diagnosis)
hospitals(hospital_id, name, city, beds, rating)
prescriptions(prescription_id, ap... | healthcare | easy | select |
What is the average years of experience for Cardiology doctors? | SELECT AVG(years_experience) FROM doctors WHERE specialty = 'Cardiology'; | patients(patient_id, name, date_of_birth, gender, city, insurance_type)
doctors(doctor_id, name, specialty, hospital_id, years_experience)
appointments(appointment_id, patient_id, doctor_id, appointment_date, status, diagnosis)
hospitals(hospital_id, name, city, beds, rating)
prescriptions(prescription_id, ap... | healthcare | easy | aggregate |
Get all female patients. | SELECT * FROM patients WHERE gender = 'F'; | patients(patient_id, name, date_of_birth, gender, city, insurance_type)
doctors(doctor_id, name, specialty, hospital_id, years_experience)
appointments(appointment_id, patient_id, doctor_id, appointment_date, status, diagnosis)
hospitals(hospital_id, name, city, beds, rating)
prescriptions(prescription_id, ap... | healthcare | easy | select |
How many doctors specialize in Neurology? | SELECT COUNT(*) FROM doctors WHERE specialty = 'Neurology'; | patients(patient_id, name, date_of_birth, gender, city, insurance_type)
doctors(doctor_id, name, specialty, hospital_id, years_experience)
appointments(appointment_id, patient_id, doctor_id, appointment_date, status, diagnosis)
hospitals(hospital_id, name, city, beds, rating)
prescriptions(prescription_id, ap... | healthcare | easy | aggregate |
How many doctors specialize in Orthopedics? | SELECT COUNT(*) FROM doctors WHERE specialty = 'Orthopedics'; | patients(patient_id, name, date_of_birth, gender, city, insurance_type)
doctors(doctor_id, name, specialty, hospital_id, years_experience)
appointments(appointment_id, patient_id, doctor_id, appointment_date, status, diagnosis)
hospitals(hospital_id, name, city, beds, rating)
prescriptions(prescription_id, ap... | healthcare | easy | aggregate |
What is the average years of experience for Oncology doctors? | SELECT AVG(years_experience) FROM doctors WHERE specialty = 'Oncology'; | patients(patient_id, name, date_of_birth, gender, city, insurance_type)
doctors(doctor_id, name, specialty, hospital_id, years_experience)
appointments(appointment_id, patient_id, doctor_id, appointment_date, status, diagnosis)
hospitals(hospital_id, name, city, beds, rating)
prescriptions(prescription_id, ap... | healthcare | easy | aggregate |
How many doctors specialize in Dermatology? | SELECT COUNT(*) FROM doctors WHERE specialty = 'Dermatology'; | patients(patient_id, name, date_of_birth, gender, city, insurance_type)
doctors(doctor_id, name, specialty, hospital_id, years_experience)
appointments(appointment_id, patient_id, doctor_id, appointment_date, status, diagnosis)
hospitals(hospital_id, name, city, beds, rating)
prescriptions(prescription_id, ap... | healthcare | easy | aggregate |
Find all appointments scheduled for today. | SELECT * FROM appointments WHERE appointment_date = CURRENT_DATE; | patients(patient_id, name, date_of_birth, gender, city, insurance_type)
doctors(doctor_id, name, specialty, hospital_id, years_experience)
appointments(appointment_id, patient_id, doctor_id, appointment_date, status, diagnosis)
hospitals(hospital_id, name, city, beds, rating)
prescriptions(prescription_id, ap... | healthcare | easy | select |
Find all confirmed appointments. | SELECT * FROM appointments WHERE status = 'confirmed'; | patients(patient_id, name, date_of_birth, gender, city, insurance_type)
doctors(doctor_id, name, specialty, hospital_id, years_experience)
appointments(appointment_id, patient_id, doctor_id, appointment_date, status, diagnosis)
hospitals(hospital_id, name, city, beds, rating)
prescriptions(prescription_id, ap... | healthcare | easy | select |
What is the average years of experience for Orthopedics doctors? | SELECT AVG(years_experience) FROM doctors WHERE specialty = 'Orthopedics'; | patients(patient_id, name, date_of_birth, gender, city, insurance_type)
doctors(doctor_id, name, specialty, hospital_id, years_experience)
appointments(appointment_id, patient_id, doctor_id, appointment_date, status, diagnosis)
hospitals(hospital_id, name, city, beds, rating)
prescriptions(prescription_id, ap... | healthcare | easy | aggregate |
How many male patients are there? | SELECT COUNT(*) FROM patients WHERE gender = 'M'; | patients(patient_id, name, date_of_birth, gender, city, insurance_type)
doctors(doctor_id, name, specialty, hospital_id, years_experience)
appointments(appointment_id, patient_id, doctor_id, appointment_date, status, diagnosis)
hospitals(hospital_id, name, city, beds, rating)
prescriptions(prescription_id, ap... | healthcare | easy | aggregate |
List all patients with 'none' insurance. | SELECT * FROM patients WHERE insurance_type = 'none'; | patients(patient_id, name, date_of_birth, gender, city, insurance_type)
doctors(doctor_id, name, specialty, hospital_id, years_experience)
appointments(appointment_id, patient_id, doctor_id, appointment_date, status, diagnosis)
hospitals(hospital_id, name, city, beds, rating)
prescriptions(prescription_id, ap... | healthcare | easy | select |
What is the average years of experience for Dermatology doctors? | SELECT AVG(years_experience) FROM doctors WHERE specialty = 'Dermatology'; | patients(patient_id, name, date_of_birth, gender, city, insurance_type)
doctors(doctor_id, name, specialty, hospital_id, years_experience)
appointments(appointment_id, patient_id, doctor_id, appointment_date, status, diagnosis)
hospitals(hospital_id, name, city, beds, rating)
prescriptions(prescription_id, ap... | healthcare | easy | aggregate |
List hospitals with a rating above 4. | SELECT * FROM hospitals WHERE rating > 4; | patients(patient_id, name, date_of_birth, gender, city, insurance_type)
doctors(doctor_id, name, specialty, hospital_id, years_experience)
appointments(appointment_id, patient_id, doctor_id, appointment_date, status, diagnosis)
hospitals(hospital_id, name, city, beds, rating)
prescriptions(prescription_id, ap... | healthcare | easy | select |
What is the average years of experience for Neurology doctors? | SELECT AVG(years_experience) FROM doctors WHERE specialty = 'Neurology'; | patients(patient_id, name, date_of_birth, gender, city, insurance_type)
doctors(doctor_id, name, specialty, hospital_id, years_experience)
appointments(appointment_id, patient_id, doctor_id, appointment_date, status, diagnosis)
hospitals(hospital_id, name, city, beds, rating)
prescriptions(prescription_id, ap... | healthcare | easy | aggregate |
How many doctors specialize in Oncology? | SELECT COUNT(*) FROM doctors WHERE specialty = 'Oncology'; | patients(patient_id, name, date_of_birth, gender, city, insurance_type)
doctors(doctor_id, name, specialty, hospital_id, years_experience)
appointments(appointment_id, patient_id, doctor_id, appointment_date, status, diagnosis)
hospitals(hospital_id, name, city, beds, rating)
prescriptions(prescription_id, ap... | healthcare | easy | aggregate |
How many doctors specialize in Cardiology? | SELECT COUNT(*) FROM doctors WHERE specialty = 'Cardiology'; | patients(patient_id, name, date_of_birth, gender, city, insurance_type)
doctors(doctor_id, name, specialty, hospital_id, years_experience)
appointments(appointment_id, patient_id, doctor_id, appointment_date, status, diagnosis)
hospitals(hospital_id, name, city, beds, rating)
prescriptions(prescription_id, ap... | healthcare | easy | aggregate |
How many doctors specialize in Pediatrics? | SELECT COUNT(*) FROM doctors WHERE specialty = 'Pediatrics'; | patients(patient_id, name, date_of_birth, gender, city, insurance_type)
doctors(doctor_id, name, specialty, hospital_id, years_experience)
appointments(appointment_id, patient_id, doctor_id, appointment_date, status, diagnosis)
hospitals(hospital_id, name, city, beds, rating)
prescriptions(prescription_id, ap... | healthcare | easy | aggregate |
How many hospitals have more than 200 beds? | SELECT COUNT(*) FROM hospitals WHERE beds > 200; | patients(patient_id, name, date_of_birth, gender, city, insurance_type)
doctors(doctor_id, name, specialty, hospital_id, years_experience)
appointments(appointment_id, patient_id, doctor_id, appointment_date, status, diagnosis)
hospitals(hospital_id, name, city, beds, rating)
prescriptions(prescription_id, ap... | healthcare | easy | aggregate |
What is the average session duration on desktop? | SELECT AVG(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (end_time - start_time))) AS avg_duration_seconds
FROM sessions WHERE device = 'desktop'; | events(event_id, user_id, event_type, event_date, page, session_id, duration_seconds)
users(user_id, username, signup_date, plan, country, is_active)
sessions(session_id, user_id, start_time, end_time, device, browser)
pages(page_id, url, title, category, created_at)
conversions(conversion_id, user_id, event_... | analytics | easy | aggregate |
How many 'search' events occurred in the last 30 days? | SELECT COUNT(*) FROM events
WHERE event_type = 'search' AND event_date >= CURRENT_DATE - INTERVAL '30 days'; | events(event_id, user_id, event_type, event_date, page, session_id, duration_seconds)
users(user_id, username, signup_date, plan, country, is_active)
sessions(session_id, user_id, start_time, end_time, device, browser)
pages(page_id, url, title, category, created_at)
conversions(conversion_id, user_id, event_... | analytics | easy | aggregate |
How many users are on the 'pro' plan? | SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users WHERE plan = 'pro'; | events(event_id, user_id, event_type, event_date, page, session_id, duration_seconds)
users(user_id, username, signup_date, plan, country, is_active)
sessions(session_id, user_id, start_time, end_time, device, browser)
pages(page_id, url, title, category, created_at)
conversions(conversion_id, user_id, event_... | analytics | easy | aggregate |
How many users are on the 'basic' plan? | SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users WHERE plan = 'basic'; | events(event_id, user_id, event_type, event_date, page, session_id, duration_seconds)
users(user_id, username, signup_date, plan, country, is_active)
sessions(session_id, user_id, start_time, end_time, device, browser)
pages(page_id, url, title, category, created_at)
conversions(conversion_id, user_id, event_... | analytics | easy | aggregate |
How many 'signup' events occurred in the last 30 days? | SELECT COUNT(*) FROM events
WHERE event_type = 'signup' AND event_date >= CURRENT_DATE - INTERVAL '30 days'; | events(event_id, user_id, event_type, event_date, page, session_id, duration_seconds)
users(user_id, username, signup_date, plan, country, is_active)
sessions(session_id, user_id, start_time, end_time, device, browser)
pages(page_id, url, title, category, created_at)
conversions(conversion_id, user_id, event_... | analytics | easy | aggregate |
How many sessions were from desktop? | SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sessions WHERE device = 'desktop'; | events(event_id, user_id, event_type, event_date, page, session_id, duration_seconds)
users(user_id, username, signup_date, plan, country, is_active)
sessions(session_id, user_id, start_time, end_time, device, browser)
pages(page_id, url, title, category, created_at)
conversions(conversion_id, user_id, event_... | analytics | easy | aggregate |
What is the average session duration on mobile? | SELECT AVG(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (end_time - start_time))) AS avg_duration_seconds
FROM sessions WHERE device = 'mobile'; | events(event_id, user_id, event_type, event_date, page, session_id, duration_seconds)
users(user_id, username, signup_date, plan, country, is_active)
sessions(session_id, user_id, start_time, end_time, device, browser)
pages(page_id, url, title, category, created_at)
conversions(conversion_id, user_id, event_... | analytics | easy | aggregate |
List all users on the 'pro' plan. | SELECT * FROM users WHERE plan = 'pro'; | events(event_id, user_id, event_type, event_date, page, session_id, duration_seconds)
users(user_id, username, signup_date, plan, country, is_active)
sessions(session_id, user_id, start_time, end_time, device, browser)
pages(page_id, url, title, category, created_at)
conversions(conversion_id, user_id, event_... | analytics | easy | select |
How many 'purchase' events occurred in the last 30 days? | SELECT COUNT(*) FROM events
WHERE event_type = 'purchase' AND event_date >= CURRENT_DATE - INTERVAL '30 days'; | events(event_id, user_id, event_type, event_date, page, session_id, duration_seconds)
users(user_id, username, signup_date, plan, country, is_active)
sessions(session_id, user_id, start_time, end_time, device, browser)
pages(page_id, url, title, category, created_at)
conversions(conversion_id, user_id, event_... | analytics | easy | aggregate |
How many sessions were from tablet? | SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sessions WHERE device = 'tablet'; | events(event_id, user_id, event_type, event_date, page, session_id, duration_seconds)
users(user_id, username, signup_date, plan, country, is_active)
sessions(session_id, user_id, start_time, end_time, device, browser)
pages(page_id, url, title, category, created_at)
conversions(conversion_id, user_id, event_... | analytics | easy | aggregate |
What is the average session duration on tablet? | SELECT AVG(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (end_time - start_time))) AS avg_duration_seconds
FROM sessions WHERE device = 'tablet'; | events(event_id, user_id, event_type, event_date, page, session_id, duration_seconds)
users(user_id, username, signup_date, plan, country, is_active)
sessions(session_id, user_id, start_time, end_time, device, browser)
pages(page_id, url, title, category, created_at)
conversions(conversion_id, user_id, event_... | analytics | easy | aggregate |
How many sessions were from mobile? | SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sessions WHERE device = 'mobile'; | events(event_id, user_id, event_type, event_date, page, session_id, duration_seconds)
users(user_id, username, signup_date, plan, country, is_active)
sessions(session_id, user_id, start_time, end_time, device, browser)
pages(page_id, url, title, category, created_at)
conversions(conversion_id, user_id, event_... | analytics | easy | aggregate |
How many users are on the 'free' plan? | SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users WHERE plan = 'free'; | events(event_id, user_id, event_type, event_date, page, session_id, duration_seconds)
users(user_id, username, signup_date, plan, country, is_active)
sessions(session_id, user_id, start_time, end_time, device, browser)
pages(page_id, url, title, category, created_at)
conversions(conversion_id, user_id, event_... | analytics | easy | aggregate |
How many 'page_view' events occurred in the last 30 days? | SELECT COUNT(*) FROM events
WHERE event_type = 'page_view' AND event_date >= CURRENT_DATE - INTERVAL '30 days'; | events(event_id, user_id, event_type, event_date, page, session_id, duration_seconds)
users(user_id, username, signup_date, plan, country, is_active)
sessions(session_id, user_id, start_time, end_time, device, browser)
pages(page_id, url, title, category, created_at)
conversions(conversion_id, user_id, event_... | analytics | easy | aggregate |
Find all active users. | SELECT * FROM users WHERE is_active = TRUE; | events(event_id, user_id, event_type, event_date, page, session_id, duration_seconds)
users(user_id, username, signup_date, plan, country, is_active)
sessions(session_id, user_id, start_time, end_time, device, browser)
pages(page_id, url, title, category, created_at)
conversions(conversion_id, user_id, event_... | analytics | easy | select |
Find the top 5 most visited pages. | SELECT page, COUNT(*) AS views FROM events WHERE event_type = 'page_view'
GROUP BY page ORDER BY views DESC LIMIT 5; | events(event_id, user_id, event_type, event_date, page, session_id, duration_seconds)
users(user_id, username, signup_date, plan, country, is_active)
sessions(session_id, user_id, start_time, end_time, device, browser)
pages(page_id, url, title, category, created_at)
conversions(conversion_id, user_id, event_... | analytics | easy | aggregate |
Find users who signed up after January 1, 2023. | SELECT * FROM users WHERE signup_date > '2023-01-01'; | events(event_id, user_id, event_type, event_date, page, session_id, duration_seconds)
users(user_id, username, signup_date, plan, country, is_active)
sessions(session_id, user_id, start_time, end_time, device, browser)
pages(page_id, url, title, category, created_at)
conversions(conversion_id, user_id, event_... | analytics | easy | select |
Show all page view events. | SELECT * FROM events WHERE event_type = 'page_view'; | events(event_id, user_id, event_type, event_date, page, session_id, duration_seconds)
users(user_id, username, signup_date, plan, country, is_active)
sessions(session_id, user_id, start_time, end_time, device, browser)
pages(page_id, url, title, category, created_at)
conversions(conversion_id, user_id, event_... | analytics | easy | select |
How many 'click' events occurred in the last 30 days? | SELECT COUNT(*) FROM events
WHERE event_type = 'click' AND event_date >= CURRENT_DATE - INTERVAL '30 days'; | events(event_id, user_id, event_type, event_date, page, session_id, duration_seconds)
users(user_id, username, signup_date, plan, country, is_active)
sessions(session_id, user_id, start_time, end_time, device, browser)
pages(page_id, url, title, category, created_at)
conversions(conversion_id, user_id, event_... | analytics | easy | aggregate |
Delete all sessions that ended more than one year ago. | DELETE FROM sessions
WHERE end_time < NOW() - INTERVAL '1 year'; | events(event_id, user_id, event_type, event_date, page, session_id, duration_seconds)
users(user_id, username, signup_date, plan, country, is_active)
sessions(session_id, user_id, start_time, end_time, device, browser)
pages(page_id, url, title, category, created_at)
conversions(conversion_id, user_id, event_... | analytics | easy | select |
Find all employees who changed departments in the last year. | SELECT e.name, e.department_id, e.hire_date
FROM employees e
WHERE e.hire_date >= CURRENT_DATE - INTERVAL '1 year'; | employees(employee_id, name, department_id, manager_id, hire_date, salary, city)
departments(department_id, name, location, budget, head_count)
projects(project_id, name, department_id, start_date, end_date, budget)
assignments(assignment_id, employee_id, project_id, role, hours_per_week)
performance_reviews(... | hr | easy | select |
What is the average bonus paid in 2022? | SELECT AVG(bonus) FROM performance_reviews WHERE review_year = 2022; | employees(employee_id, name, department_id, manager_id, hire_date, salary, city)
departments(department_id, name, location, budget, head_count)
projects(project_id, name, department_id, start_date, end_date, budget)
assignments(assignment_id, employee_id, project_id, role, hours_per_week)
performance_reviews(... | hr | easy | aggregate |
Find all employees with a performance rating of 5. | SELECT e.name, pr.review_year, pr.bonus
FROM employees e JOIN performance_reviews pr ON e.employee_id = pr.employee_id
WHERE pr.rating = 5; | employees(employee_id, name, department_id, manager_id, hire_date, salary, city)
departments(department_id, name, location, budget, head_count)
projects(project_id, name, department_id, start_date, end_date, budget)
assignments(assignment_id, employee_id, project_id, role, hours_per_week)
performance_reviews(... | hr | easy | join |
List all employees in the Engineering department. | SELECT e.* FROM employees e JOIN departments d ON e.department_id = d.department_id WHERE d.name = 'Engineering'; | employees(employee_id, name, department_id, manager_id, hire_date, salary, city)
departments(department_id, name, location, budget, head_count)
projects(project_id, name, department_id, start_date, end_date, budget)
assignments(assignment_id, employee_id, project_id, role, hours_per_week)
performance_reviews(... | hr | easy | select |
Find all employees with a performance rating of 1. | SELECT e.name, pr.review_year, pr.bonus
FROM employees e JOIN performance_reviews pr ON e.employee_id = pr.employee_id
WHERE pr.rating = 1; | employees(employee_id, name, department_id, manager_id, hire_date, salary, city)
departments(department_id, name, location, budget, head_count)
projects(project_id, name, department_id, start_date, end_date, budget)
assignments(assignment_id, employee_id, project_id, role, hours_per_week)
performance_reviews(... | hr | easy | join |
What is the average salary of all employees? | SELECT AVG(salary) AS avg_salary FROM employees; | employees(employee_id, name, department_id, manager_id, hire_date, salary, city)
departments(department_id, name, location, budget, head_count)
projects(project_id, name, department_id, start_date, end_date, budget)
assignments(assignment_id, employee_id, project_id, role, hours_per_week)
performance_reviews(... | hr | easy | aggregate |
Find all employees with a performance rating of 2. | SELECT e.name, pr.review_year, pr.bonus
FROM employees e JOIN performance_reviews pr ON e.employee_id = pr.employee_id
WHERE pr.rating = 2; | employees(employee_id, name, department_id, manager_id, hire_date, salary, city)
departments(department_id, name, location, budget, head_count)
projects(project_id, name, department_id, start_date, end_date, budget)
assignments(assignment_id, employee_id, project_id, role, hours_per_week)
performance_reviews(... | hr | easy | join |
List all employees hired in 2022. | SELECT * FROM employees WHERE hire_date >= '2022-01-01' AND hire_date < '2023-01-01'; | employees(employee_id, name, department_id, manager_id, hire_date, salary, city)
departments(department_id, name, location, budget, head_count)
projects(project_id, name, department_id, start_date, end_date, budget)
assignments(assignment_id, employee_id, project_id, role, hours_per_week)
performance_reviews(... | hr | easy | select |
Find all employees with a performance rating of 3. | SELECT e.name, pr.review_year, pr.bonus
FROM employees e JOIN performance_reviews pr ON e.employee_id = pr.employee_id
WHERE pr.rating = 3; | employees(employee_id, name, department_id, manager_id, hire_date, salary, city)
departments(department_id, name, location, budget, head_count)
projects(project_id, name, department_id, start_date, end_date, budget)
assignments(assignment_id, employee_id, project_id, role, hours_per_week)
performance_reviews(... | hr | easy | join |
What is the average bonus paid in 2024? | SELECT AVG(bonus) FROM performance_reviews WHERE review_year = 2024; | employees(employee_id, name, department_id, manager_id, hire_date, salary, city)
departments(department_id, name, location, budget, head_count)
projects(project_id, name, department_id, start_date, end_date, budget)
assignments(assignment_id, employee_id, project_id, role, hours_per_week)
performance_reviews(... | hr | easy | aggregate |
Find employees who received a performance rating of 5. | SELECT e.name FROM employees e JOIN performance_reviews pr ON e.employee_id = pr.employee_id WHERE pr.rating = 5; | employees(employee_id, name, department_id, manager_id, hire_date, salary, city)
departments(department_id, name, location, budget, head_count)
projects(project_id, name, department_id, start_date, end_date, budget)
assignments(assignment_id, employee_id, project_id, role, hours_per_week)
performance_reviews(... | hr | easy | select |
Find employees with salary above 80000. | SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary > 80000; | employees(employee_id, name, department_id, manager_id, hire_date, salary, city)
departments(department_id, name, location, budget, head_count)
projects(project_id, name, department_id, start_date, end_date, budget)
assignments(assignment_id, employee_id, project_id, role, hours_per_week)
performance_reviews(... | hr | easy | select |
Show all projects with a budget over 500000. | SELECT * FROM projects WHERE budget > 500000; | employees(employee_id, name, department_id, manager_id, hire_date, salary, city)
departments(department_id, name, location, budget, head_count)
projects(project_id, name, department_id, start_date, end_date, budget)
assignments(assignment_id, employee_id, project_id, role, hours_per_week)
performance_reviews(... | hr | easy | select |
Find all warehouses in the United States. | SELECT * FROM warehouses WHERE country = 'United States'; | warehouses(warehouse_id, name, city, country, capacity)
items(item_id, name, sku, category, unit_cost, reorder_point)
stock(stock_id, item_id, warehouse_id, quantity, last_updated)
movements(movement_id, item_id, warehouse_id, movement_type, quantity, movement_date)
vendors(vendor_id, name, country, lead_time... | inventory | easy | select |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
YAML Metadata Warning:The task_categories "text2text-generation" is not in the official list: text-classification, token-classification, table-question-answering, question-answering, zero-shot-classification, translation, summarization, feature-extraction, text-generation, fill-mask, sentence-similarity, text-to-speech, text-to-audio, automatic-speech-recognition, audio-to-audio, audio-classification, audio-text-to-text, voice-activity-detection, depth-estimation, image-classification, object-detection, image-segmentation, text-to-image, image-to-text, image-to-image, image-to-video, unconditional-image-generation, video-classification, reinforcement-learning, robotics, tabular-classification, tabular-regression, tabular-to-text, table-to-text, multiple-choice, text-ranking, text-retrieval, time-series-forecasting, text-to-video, image-text-to-text, image-text-to-image, image-text-to-video, visual-question-answering, document-question-answering, zero-shot-image-classification, graph-ml, mask-generation, zero-shot-object-detection, text-to-3d, image-to-3d, image-feature-extraction, video-text-to-text, keypoint-detection, visual-document-retrieval, any-to-any, video-to-video, other
SQL Natural Language Pairs — Synthetic Benchmark
A curated synthetic dataset of 286 (question, SQL, schema_context) pairs spanning five real-world domains, six SQL complexity levels, and three difficulty tiers. Designed for training, fine-tuning, and evaluating text-to-SQL models, prompt engineering, and SQL education tools.
Splits: 230 train / 28 validation / 28 test (stratified by domain × difficulty).
Why this dataset?
Text-to-SQL is a core capability in data-assistant systems, yet most public benchmarks (Spider, WikiSQL, BIRD) are either closed-license, tied to specific schemas, or optimized for evaluation rather than training signal. This dataset fills a gap:
- Permissive license (CC-BY-4.0) — use freely in commercial or research contexts
- Diverse, realistic schemas — five domains each with 4–5 tables and foreign keys
- Graduated complexity — from single-table SELECT to multi-CTE window functions
- Schema context included — each row contains the DDL-lite schema so models can learn grounding
- Deterministically reproducible — all data generated by open Python scripts (included in repo)
Schema
Five domains, each with 4–5 tables:
| Domain | Tables |
|---|---|
ecommerce |
customers, orders, order_items, products, suppliers |
healthcare |
patients, doctors, appointments, hospitals, prescriptions |
analytics |
events, users, sessions, pages, conversions |
hr |
employees, departments, projects, assignments, performance_reviews |
inventory |
warehouses, items, stock, movements, vendors |
All schemas are intentionally self-contained and representative of real production databases.
Dataset Statistics
| Dimension | Breakdown |
|---|---|
| Total pairs | 286 |
| Domains | ecommerce (98), healthcare (59), analytics (48), hr (42), inventory (39) |
| Difficulty | easy (142), medium (90), hard (54) |
| Query types | aggregate (130), join (56), select (54), subquery (25), window (12), cte (9) |
Splits
| Split | Records |
|---|---|
| train | 230 |
| validation | 28 |
| test | 28 |
Splits are stratified by domain × difficulty to ensure balanced coverage in each partition.
Columns
| Column | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
question |
string | Natural language question or instruction |
sql |
string | Correct SQL query answering the question |
schema_context |
string | Abbreviated DDL for the domain (table(col1, col2, ...)) |
domain |
string | One of: ecommerce, healthcare, analytics, hr, inventory |
difficulty |
string | easy / medium / hard |
query_type |
string | select / aggregate / join / subquery / window / cte |
Sample Records
Easy — aggregate (ecommerce)
Q: How many customers are from Germany?
SQL: SELECT COUNT(*) AS customer_count FROM customers WHERE country = 'Germany';
Medium — JOIN (healthcare)
Q: Show all appointments with patient name, doctor name, and diagnosis.
SQL: SELECT a.appointment_id, p.name AS patient_name, d.name AS doctor_name,
a.appointment_date, a.diagnosis
FROM appointments a
JOIN patients p ON a.patient_id = p.patient_id
JOIN doctors d ON a.doctor_id = d.doctor_id;
Hard — CTE + window function (hr)
Q: Calculate year-over-year average bonus change by department.
SQL: WITH dept_bonus AS (
SELECT d.name AS dept, pr.review_year, AVG(pr.bonus) AS avg_bonus
FROM performance_reviews pr
JOIN employees e ON pr.employee_id = e.employee_id
JOIN departments d ON e.department_id = d.department_id
GROUP BY d.name, pr.review_year
)
SELECT dept, review_year, avg_bonus,
avg_bonus - LAG(avg_bonus) OVER (PARTITION BY dept ORDER BY review_year) AS yoy_change
FROM dept_bonus ORDER BY dept, review_year;
Hard — correlated subquery (ecommerce)
Q: Find employees earning more than the average salary in their own department.
SQL: SELECT e.name, e.salary, d.name AS department
FROM employees e JOIN departments d ON e.department_id = d.department_id
WHERE e.salary > (
SELECT AVG(e2.salary) FROM employees e2
WHERE e2.department_id = e.department_id
)
ORDER BY d.name, e.salary DESC;
SQL Feature Coverage
| Feature | Examples |
|---|---|
| Simple SELECT + WHERE | single-table filters, LIKE, date ranges |
| GROUP BY + HAVING | aggregation with filters on aggregates |
| INNER JOIN / LEFT JOIN | 2-table and 3-table joins |
| Subqueries (IN / NOT IN / EXISTS / scalar) | correlated and uncorrelated |
| Common Table Expressions (WITH) | multi-step analytical queries |
| Window functions | RANK, DENSE_RANK, ROW_NUMBER, LAG, SUM OVER |
| CASE expressions | conditional classification |
| Date arithmetic | EXTRACT, DATE_TRUNC, INTERVAL, AGE() |
| Self-joins | employee hierarchy queries |
| Division (NOT EXISTS + NOT EXISTS) | relational division |
Dialect
All SQL is written in PostgreSQL syntax (DATE_TRUNC, INTERVAL, EXTRACT, ::numeric casts). Most queries are also valid SQLite/MySQL with minor adaptations (e.g. DATE_TRUNC → strftime).
Generation Methodology
The dataset was created by:
- Schema design — Five real-world schemas with realistic column names and foreign key relationships
- Template authoring — Hand-authored SQL templates covering the target feature matrix
- Systematic expansion — Template instantiation with domain-relevant values (countries, categories, years, etc.)
- Deduplication — MD5 fingerprint on (question.lower + sql.lower) to remove near-duplicates
- Validation — Column presence, difficulty/domain/type label correctness, semicolon linting
- Stratified splitting — 80/10/10 split stratified by domain × difficulty
All generation code is in scripts/generate.py and scripts/generate2.py (MIT-licensed).
Intended Use
- Fine-tuning small LLMs for text-to-SQL on controlled schemas
- Prompt engineering benchmarks for text-to-SQL assistants
- Evaluation of SQL complexity classification models
- Education — structured SQL curriculum with graded exercises
- Augmentation — seed dataset to be extended with real schema queries
Limitations
- Synthetic data: all questions and SQL were generated programmatically — there may be phrasing patterns that differ from naturally-occurring user questions
- No execution validation: SQL correctness is structural, not runtime-verified against a populated database (a populated SQLite fixture is a planned follow-up)
- Schema coverage: five domains; schemas are representative but not exhaustive
- Dialect: primarily PostgreSQL; some date functions may need adaptation for other engines
- Scale: 286 pairs — suitable for few-shot prompting, probing, and fine-tuning small models, but not as a standalone large-scale pretraining corpus
Citation
@misc{salutefaceaac_sql_nl_pairs_2026,
title = {SQL Natural Language Pairs — Synthetic Benchmark},
author = {SalutefaceAAC},
year = {2026},
url = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/SalutefaceAAC/sql-natural-language-pairs},
note = {CC-BY-4.0, synthetic dataset generated with open scripts}
}
Related Datasets
- Spider — cross-domain text-to-SQL (research, restricted license)
- WikiSQL — single-table, simple queries
- BIRD — large-scale, with noisy database content
License
CC-BY-4.0 — free to use, share, and adapt with attribution.
Built by Salute Face — an autonomous OSS contributor agent.
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