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The Emancipation Proclamation, however, led to the enrollment of African American men as Union soldiers.
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Huge numbers of formerly enslaved as well as free Black people from the North enlisted, and by the end of the war in 1865, their numbers had swelled to over 190,000.
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Racism among White people in the Union army ran deep, however, fueling the belief that Black soldiers could never be effective or trustworthy.
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The Union also feared for the fate of captured Black soldiers.
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Although many Black soldiers saw combat duty, these factors affected the types of tasks assigned to them.
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This 1865 daguerreotype illustrates three of the Union ’s distinct advantages: African American soldiers, a stream of cannons and supplies, and an extensive railroad grid. (credit: Library of Congress)
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African American soldiers also received lower wages than their White counterparts: ten dollars per month, with three dollars deducted for clothing.
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White soldiers, in contrast, received thirteen dollars monthly, with no deductions.
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Abolitionists and their Republican supporters in Congress worked to correct this discriminatory practice, and in 1864, Black soldiers began to receive the same pay as White soldiers plus retroactive pay to 1863 (Figure 15.17).
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African American and White soldiers of the Union army pose together in this photograph, although in reality, Black soldiers were often kept separate and given only menial jobs.
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For their part, African American soldiers welcomed the opportunity to prove themselves.
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When given the opportunity to serve, many Black regiments did so heroically.
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One such regiment, the Fifty-Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers, distinguished itself at Fort Wagner in South Carolina by fighting valiantly against an entrenched Confederate position.
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They willingly gave their lives for the cause.
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The Confederacy, not surprisingly, showed no mercy to African American troops.
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In April 1864, Southern forces attempted to take Fort Pillow in Tennessee from the Union forces that had captured it in 1862.
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Confederate troops under Major General Nathan Bedford Forrest, the future founder of the Ku Klux Klan, quickly overran the fort, and the Union defenders surrendered.
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Instead of taking the African American soldiers prisoner, as they did the White soldiers, the Confederates executed them.
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The massacre outraged the North, and the Union refused to engage in any future exchanges of prisoners with the Confederacy.
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So in today's video, I'm finally gon na be doing a room tour.
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I know this is something that you guys have requested for a very long time, and after two and a half years of living here, I finally feel like I've made it my own and decorated it how I want, and I'm ready to show it to you guys.
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I've recently changed it, and if you've been following my channel for a long time, then you'll know I'm really proud of how I color match the pictures on the wall over here with sort of the gray and yellow vibe, the gray and yellow cushions.
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So there's nothing too special about the bed itself, but it does have a very important function, which, it has a lot of storage.
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I've got an ironing board, all of my suitcases, socks, clothes that I don't wear that often, anything that I need for fixing the house like screwdrivers, drills, nails, all these things that I definitely wouldn't want to have laid out in my room, but I still need somewhere in the house.
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I love that this room has floor-to-ceiling windows as well, it really lets the light come in, especially in the summer time.
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I know London doesn't have that much light, but I'll take as much as I can, and there's also a small balcony out here, which is fairly rare for London.
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We have two chairs where we can sit down and sort of enjoy the weather when it is a little bit better, um but now it's really cold so just gon na close it.
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And then a little behind the scenes that you probably will never see again in a video is that down here I keep all of the filming gear that doesn't really fit anywhere else in the room: two sets of tripods, I also have a c-stand.
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Okay next to my bed, I've got the radio alarm clock, and this has actually changed my life.
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It makes waking up in the morning and getting out of bed at 6:00 a.m. when it's pitch black outside so much easier when you're waking up really early.
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Today I'm doing another college day in my life.
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And I just left Starbucks, don't mind what I look like.
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I literally just pretty much woke up and left this morning.
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I'm starting the review for all the chapters for my final exam, and it is a lot of information so I already planned on getting up early today and going.
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And then I'm gon na do the same thing tomorrow.
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I basically like created a digital calendar where I'm gon na go over each of the chapters, just because I only have one week left to study.
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So I'm gon na be studying on Thanksgiving Day, Black Friday, and the whole weekend even though we're going getting our Christmas tree I think on Saturday, and I I'm not decorating I'm not doing anything fun, like I have to study.
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I thought I would show you guys kind of how I'm mapping this out, because it's a really good tip if you have like a lot to do.
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So today I'm doing female reproductive system, male reproductive system tomorrow.
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I work on Wednesday, I'm going to go over chapter 29 fluid balance, chapter 28 so urinary system on the 29th.
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I did not include my schedule for college algebra because I have a final on Thursday of next week for that.
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So I'm going to go in with like a different color and add in the chapters I'm gon na be studying for that, but I'm super stressed.
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I bought these Vans from DSW.
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You guys know I have the white ones and I wear them all the time and these ones are just like black perforated Vans.
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I love them and they are definitely the right size because I have two other pairs of Vans that are this size, but one of these ones is like messed up or something.
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I think it's like this part on the left foot because my foot feels super tight in only the left side, so something's up because they're both the right size but I don't know.
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So I'm gon na exchange them for another pair because something's not right about that.
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So I just got finished at the library.
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I just sat in there for like an hour and a half straight and studied.
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I feel so bad because I was so in the zone that I didn't even get her name.
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She said she watches my videos and loves them.
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I just got out of DSW, and I spent like 30 minutes in there because it was just such a process for them to do an exchange.
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And then she had to scan and go get the shoes and then she said they didn't have the size.
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So I ended up having to order them, but she said there was no way to do a direct exchange.
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So she had to give me a return and then re-ring it up.
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Often overshadowed by San Francisco, its larger neighbor lying directly to the west, Oakland has in recent years began to step out from under the shadows, playing upon the beautiful highlights of its own and its rise as the multicultural "hipster' city of the Bay Area.
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Since the 1960s, Oakland has been a hub of radical culture, and is the birthplace of both the Black Panther Party and the Hell's Angels.
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Oakland as a city reflects the amazing diversity of its residents and long history.
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The unlikely mixture of warehouses and very expensive restaurants and posh atmosphere alongside some of the landmarks of the city's waterfront makes the Square an interesting place to visit and explore, even for locals.
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In the evening it buzzes with art galleries, theaters and residents and Bay Area visitors coming into the area to see concerts.
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Uptown also has some of the best in the city's vintage architecture, like the Gothic Revival Cathedral Building and the Art Deco Fox and Paramount Theaters, as well as several restaurants.
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Northeast of Temescal and near the Berkeley border lies Rockridge, a neighborhood mixed with family friendly and artistic vibes.
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It has lots of local boutiques and a diverse range of food at all prices and styles.
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Open-air markets, bookstores, and a BART station all its own make Rockridge another of many pleasant stops in North Oakland.
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South of Rockridge, and southeast of Temescal lies Piedmont Avenue, a street extending from Broadway near 34th and Hawthorne and an area with a group of hospitals on a hill (Pill Hill) up and through a neighborhood bordered on both sides by picturesque hills, houses and trees.
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The Grand Lake Theater stands at the entrance to the neighborhood that bears its name, a matter of a few hundred feet from Lakeshore Avenue – both are diverse neighborhoods no matter what your budget, be it burgers or sandwiches or a full romantic evening, either of these twin-sister neighborhoods will make a pleasant ...
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It has seen a period of decline between the 1960s and the more recent past.
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Strangely, twice in its history the neighborhood has seen benefits from major earthquakes.
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After the 1906 earthquake, many San Franciscans relocated there, and the industrial development of the 20s and 30s saw its population in the hundreds of thousands.
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The area attracts many humpback whales between June and November and there are lots of companies organising tours to see them.
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There are numerous places to stay to suit most budgets.
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Findings of Lapita pottery suggest that early-Polynesians were on these islands close to 3000 years ago.
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These days there are around 20000 people living in the Group.
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A string of islands and reefs along the eastern edge of the Group shelters the area from strong winds and ocean swellS and humpback whales come to these protected waters to give birth.
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between December and April few people visit and many tour companies and restaurants close down.
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Neiafu offers all the usual amenities including banks, schools, tour companies, restaurants, cafes and bars, supermarkets, a market and a hospital.
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It doesn't have a beach but boats to one of the nearby coral atolls with superb sandy beaches are easily available.
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Vava'u has a tropical climate with average temperatures up to 29 ºC in January and down to 24º C in June.
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From May to September there are southeast trade winds but during the summer months the winds are from the northeast.
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The island provides a home to eleven indigenous bird species and contains Mt. Talau national park, with some of the limited remaining native vegetation.
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Tropical vegetation includes the pandanus or screw pine, the casuarina, and the mulberry tree, the bark of which is used to make tapa cloth.
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There are some good beaches and plenty of secluded cove beaches and protected bays with good snorkelling.
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The island lies in deep water and has sheltered waters and bays which provide a resting place for humpbacks with calves.
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There's no need to cover them, unless you want to use netting to keep the birds off.
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Beavertail cacti seeds need shade to grow, whereas cuttings need plenty of direct sunlight.
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During the spring, summer, and fall, the Beavertail cactus grows and will benefit from a balanced fertilizer.
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It also helps to mask the scent of any tasty morsels that have been missed when cleaning.
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It also gives the house a lovely smell, and is not toxic, unlike many synthetic chemical treatments.
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Peppermint oil cotton balls need to be replaced after 5 - 7 days, depending upon the quantity of oil you put on it.
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There are electronic units sold that emit an ultrasonic beeping sound that rodents hate.
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These work only on a single line of sight, so you need to know the exact path the mice are taking.
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Many companies that specialize in organic garden and home products make mice repellents that are better for the environment than traditional poisons.
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Kittens typically have to be taught by the mother to easily become a mouser.
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Shelters and adoption agencies often do not know if a cat is a good mouse hunter, and generally do not test for this.
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Mice smell garbage and get attracted to your house.
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Personal experiences of discrimination and bias has been the focus of much social science research. [1 - 3]
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Sociologists has explored the adverse consequences of discrimination [3 – 5];
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psychologists has examined the mental processes that underpin conscious and unconscious biases [6];
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neuroscientists has examined the neurobiological underpinnings of discrimination [7 – 9];
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and evolutionary theorists has explored the various ways that in-group / out-group biases emerged across the history of our species. [10]
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